{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2795", "width": "2028", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Book_IlATai:\\nCOFYRIGIIT DEPOSfT.", "height": "2678", "width": "1887", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2726", "width": "1965", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2712", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "n^ l\\nI ^7", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "ancien qouverneur de iaville Je Castelsarrasm.\\n^miiWWiiiMI Oii fllliftliW\\nlOtHMiaqc Ju (iiucit I\\ntUtttlClVi\\naf0cla5Wlsam5ilI.tJatlUL. \u00c2\u00abnll(^^W(r(2\\ny\\nOld Cakmelite Chuhch now a Prison wheke Cadillac s uunes kei-ose.\\nThe picture and Icttcrinji are reproduced from the painting presented to the City of Detroit\\nby the Municipality of Castelsarrasin, in France.", "height": "2712", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE HISTORY\\nOF\\nDETROIT AND MICHIGAN\\nOR\\n3rhe J^ctvopolis lUustrattd\\nA CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE\\nPAST AND PRESENT\\nINCLl DINC; A FULL RECORD OF TERRITORIAL DAYS IN MICHIGAN\\nAND THE ANNALS OF WAYNE COUNTY\\nBy SILAS FARMER, Lily Historiographer^\\nnative here, and to the manor born\\nDEC 6\\nDETROIT Vi,^*\\nSILAS FARMER CO\\nCoKSER ov Monroe Avenue and Fabmek Street\\n1884", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "CorVRiGHi 1S84, UY Silas Faumek.\\nAll Rights Reser\\\\ ed.\\nD^.\\nElectrotyped and Printed by\\nThe Detkoit Frke I ress Company.", "height": "2712", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "DEDICATION\\nURING the progress of this work many friends have greatly aided me in many ways;\\none of- them, like myself a native of the city, not only assisted me in the manner of\\nothers, but also gave me special encouragement, saying, oftener doubtless than he\\nremembers Don t let yourself be hurried take time to do it well. These\\nthoughtful, helpful words were privately spoken. I delight in this public acknowledgment of the\\nlong-time friendship and hearty generosity that inspired their utterance, and gratefully dedicate this,\\nTHE FIRST HISTORY OF DETROIT,\\nTO THOMAS W. PALMER,\\nTHE FIRST SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN\\nNATIVE TO DETROIT.\\nMy best wish is that he may serve the nation, state, and city in as many ways and as effectively\\nas he has served\\nThe Author.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2712", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nAnd so I penned\\nIt down, tintil at length it came to be\\nFor length and breadtli. the bigness which yon see.\\nIn the summer of 1874 I planned a volume entitled A History of Detroit, with the purpose of\\nissuing the work during the National Centennial. As preparations progressed, the impossibility of\\nproducing a complete history in so short a time became increasingly apparent, and the plan was\\nabandoned.\\nAfter the original plan was given up. the work of gathering information went forward year by\\nyear, with the purpose of publishing only when no more material was known to be obtainable. During\\nthis period, many have asked why the volume was not finished, and to not a few, the necessity of spending\\nso much time was not clearly apparent.\\nTo me the advantages of delay have been daily manifest. I now fully understand that a local\\nhistory bears to general history the same relation that a microscopic examination bears to one made with\\nthe naked eye and that this is especially true when the history of a city nearly two hundred years old is\\nto be unfolded, and a work of permanent value produced. The main purpose haS been to write a history\\nof Detroit, but the relation of the city to the territorial government was such that I have been compelled\\nto give more of detail concerning the earlv history of Michigan than can be found in all other published\\nhistories.\\nTime, patience, discrimination, and large expenditures of money have been essential factors in\\nthe preparation of the volume; I, however, have had no regrets, for the work has been a labor of love, and\\nI have been increasingly glad that it was my privilege to write the history of my birthplace.\\nIn view of the strange and interesting incidents connected with the history of Detroit, and the fact\\nthat it epitomizes the history of h^lf the continent, and furnishes much information that is duplicated in\\nthe annals of no other city, it seems strange indeed that no one has heretofore attempted a comprehensive\\nview of our fair domain. Undoubtedly there are those who could have woven a finer web, but none\\ncould be more earnest or enthusiastic, and the work has waited many years for more skilful hands. If\\nnativity, continuojis^sidence for twoscore years, and passionate love for the Queen City of the Straits confer\\nany fitness for the work, so much, at least, is mine. 1 have studied Cadillac s own writings, handled\\ntomahawks and scalping-knives stained with the blood of a century ago, read original letters written by\\nGladwin and Clark, and, bending over the moldering dust of Hamtramck, the friend of Washington,\\nhave received inspiration for my task.\\nI am compelled to believe that no stranger or resident of a few years could have accomplished what\\nI have attempted. Without an intimate knowledge of the city, continuing through many years, various\\nobscure and buried facts could not have been unearthed, and historic problems that have eluded all\\nprevious research would have remained unsolved. A chemist sometimes finds out what elements there\\nare in one substance by adding others in history one can understand certain fapts only as he studies\\nthem in connection with collateral circumstances. Many topics are so closely related that the history of\\neither could not be written without a knowledge of the other.\\nA good history is like a landscape, in that many things are brought at once within the range of\\nvision and it should resen ible a photograph, preserving those minute points which give character to the\\nsubject. Facts of little value in themselves are often of great import when considered with attendant", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI PREFACE.\\ncircumsiances. Stars of the first magnitude are easily found it is the little asteroids that escape\\nobservation, and as these are discovered various planetary disturbances are explained.\\nIn local history, details, deemed of trifling importance, are often unrecorded. These are, therefore,\\ndifficult to obtain, but the knowledge they give is frequently essential as a key to important facts, hems\\nthat would be unimportant in a national history are in the highest degree appropriate and useful in local\\nannals. I have sometimes found that a single fact bore such relation to various subjects that illusion to\\nit, or at least knowledge of it, was necessary to an intelligent presentation of several themes. Some\\nfacts were so far away in the dim regions of the past that patient search and close observation were\\nrequired to find them, and more than once, a week has been spent in obtaining a single date. It is\\nbelieved that a special feature of the book the giving of definite dates of a great number of occurrences\\nwill add much to its practical value. The giving of so many dates has compelled the use of forms of\\nexpression that might else have been avoided, the interjection of a date often robbing a sentence of its\\nsmoothness but as the work was designed for reference, mere rhetoric has been sacrificed to definiteness\\nof detail. I have sought for seasoning, but have not desired to serve up that alone. The facts have\\ncertainly been gathered. I have made no pretence of gathering, but have been conscientiously thorough.\\nIncomplete literary work, alike with sham, mechanical endeavor, is the bane of the age; the one often\\ndestroys life, and the other debilitates that appreciation of the true which constitutes one of the joys o\\\\\\nexistence.\\nThe search for information has often been pursued under difficulties that might have been\\ndiscouraging if I had not often been rewarded by the discovery of interesting facts, entirely unknown\\nbefore. To obtain such facts the mind must be historically magnetized, so that, moving through stores of\\nmaterial, it will instinctively gather that which is appropriate and useful. If I have failed to do this, it\\nhas not been for lack of a high ideal.\\nDuyckinck describes the style of Dr. Johnson as consisting in inimitable generalization supported by\\npicturesque detail, and animating suggestions enlivened by epigram and antithesis. \u00c2\u00bbCould there be a\\nbetter standard. The tracing of some facts has been like the tracking of a hare; again and again it has\\nbeen necessary to go back on the path, and renew the search, and at times, while rummaging in the garrets\\nof old French houses and later dwellings, amid the dust and must of a century, I have almost forgotten\\nto what age I belonged, and have for the time lived in the midst of past regimes.\\nAs Columbus, when he saw branches of trees and seaweed drifting from the west, was led by the\\nlaw of induction to infer the existence of America, so a true historian by the presence of certain facts,\\nforeknows the existence of others, and, like Columbus, he is ready to sail upon every sea in search of what\\nis known but undiscovered, and as he searches for one truth, innumerable others come like reefs and\\nislands into view. When found, he gloats like a miser over a new acquisition, and delights to recur to,\\nand call the fact his own. In the search for material I have traversed many untrodden ways, and\\nsearched unnumbered papers and places that will not again yield information.\\nIn local history, division and detail are inseparable and essential. It is as impossible to carry along\\nin one narrative all the various themes pertaining to the history of a city, as to reproduce in one\\nphotograph the faces of an entire family, giving the appearance of each in childhood, youth, a/id age.\\nThe method pursued in this work of treating each subject by itself has involved much added labor,\\nand gives opportunity for clo.ser criticism than would otherwise be possible. The plan, in the fullness\\nwith which it has been attempted, is believed to be original. The chronological relation of each import-\\nant fact to every other is shown in the annals at the close of the volume. Many so-called local histories\\nshould have a more general title they give cotnparatively few items on local affairs, because the obtaining\\nof new facts involves much trouble, and it is easier to generalize than to particularize, to copy than to\\nobtain from original sources.\\nMy aim has been to offer so complete a list of subjects, such fullness of information, and such\\nthoroughness of classification, as to make the volume a model of its kind and in no instance was the major\\nportion of the information in any chapter obtained from any one person, book, or manuscript. In certain", "height": "2712", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. vii\\nsubjects, I have intentionally preserved colloquial forms of expression, because they help to show the spirit\\nof the times, and constitute part of the history of the period. I have desired to exhibit the character-\\nistics, and the growth of the city in its varied aspects, and to trace in connected form the development of all\\nthe varied forms of its social and governmental existence. Instead of summarizing their contents, 1 have\\noften quoted at length from original documents, in the belief that others besides myself would be glad to\\nhave the exact language used.\\nIf some of the chapters seem to lack interest, I can only say that certain subjects have obstinately\\nresisted any other treatment than the plain recital of facts.\\nIf to be a reliable historian, one must be always cool, and calm, and unimpassioned, as some would\\nhave us believe, then I must acknowledge that 1 was unfitted for my task. It seems to me, however, that,\\neven in local history, the historian should be full of both the fervor and the flavor of the times he would\\ndescribe. If it be thought that some statements are too highly colored, I can only say that concerning cer-\\ntain parts of our story, I have felt that no description could do full justice to the reality. As far as possi-\\nble all persons known to have been specially connected with the growth and government of the city are\\nappropriately mentioned, and no feature proved more difficult than the gathering and proper spelling of\\nthe thousands of names contained herein. Almost without exception the official records of the city and\\ncounty prior to the last thirty-five years are so meager and so carelessly written that the obtaining of\\nthe names of many regularly elected officers was only possible by comparing and consulting various\\nbooks and papers that had no necessary relation to the information sought. Many items have been\\nobtained only after hundreds of personal interviews, and the obtaining of the information was only possible\\nbecause I was able to bring it to the memory of persons interviewed by reminding them of collateral facts\\nand dates. With the aid of definite data obtained from written records, I have been able to test the\\nrecollections of aged persons, and to verify statements that otherwise would have been valueless.\\nIn the search for material I have personally examined, or caused to be examined, the collections and\\npublications of the American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester, Mass., the State Historical Society, at\\nMadison, Wis., the Western Reserve and North Ohio Historical Society, at Cleveland, Ohio, the Historical\\nSociety of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, the Massachusetts Historical Society, at Boston, the Chicago\\nHistorical Society, and the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, at Cincinnati. Examination has\\nalso been made of hundreds of old manuscripts and documents at Ottawa, Albany, Indianapolis. Pittsburgh,\\nColumbus, Cincinnati, and New York. The New York Colonial Documents in ten volumes, and the Penn-\\nsylvania Colonial Archives and Records in twenty-nine volumes, also the Calendar of irginia .State Papers\\nhave all been carefully read. From one letter to scores of letters, with information, have been received\\nfrom the following places Boston, Cambridge, Lowell, Salem, and Worcester in Massachusetts New\\nHaven and Norwich in Connecticut; Newport in Rhode Island; New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Buffalo,\\nSyracuse, Troy, West Point and Manlius in New York; Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh in Penn-\\nsylvania; Elizabeth and Trenton in New Jersey; Ann Arbor, Algonac, Armada, Albion, Grand Rapids,\\nLansing, Kalamazoo, Jackson, Jonesville, South Haven, Three Rivers, Traverse City, Mackinaw, Mt.\\nClemens, Birmingham, Howell, Battle Creek, NorthWlle, Owosso, Monroe, Meridian, Michigan Centre,\\nPort Huron, Pontiac, Plymouth, Pctersburgh, Palmyra, and Portland in Michigan Madison, Milwaukee,\\nPrairie du Chicn, Calamine, Darlington, and Plymouth in Wisconsin Chicago, Jacksonville, and Springfield\\nin Illinois; Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Columbus, and Dayton in Ohio; Indianapolis. Richmond,\\nand Peru in Indiana; St. Louis and Jefferson City in Missouri; Denver in Colorado; San Francisco in\\nCalifornia; Washington and Georgetown in District of Columbia; Baltimore in Maryland; Richmond in\\nVirginia Frankfort, Louisville, Lexington, and Newport in Kentucky Marietta in Georgia New Orleans\\nin Louisiana; Jacksonville in Florida; Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec, Kleinbergh, Brock\\\\-ille, and Hamilton in\\nCanada; and from Dublin, Ireland; London, England; and Paris, France.\\nThe whole list of letters received numbers 2,166. From the State and War Departments at Wash-\\nington a large amount of valuable information not heretofore published was obtained. The old volumes in\\nthe Wayne County register s office, and the piat-books, have all been inspected also the registers and files", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Vlii PREFACE.\\nin the probate office, the records of the county commissioners and Board of Supen-isors, and other records\\nin the offices of the county clerk, county auditors, and county treasurer, including many old township records\\nand proceedings of the Board of Election Canvassers. As having direct connection with city matters, all\\nthe old records of the Governor and Judges, and their proceedings as a land board, have been read, and\\nwith them a variety of petitions, memorials, and reports made to the Governor and Judges, the Board of\\nTrustees, and the Common Council also the records of the Board of Trustees of the town of Detroit,\\nbeginning with 1802, all of the proceedings of the Common Council from 181 5 to the present, together\\nwith innumerable ordinances which from time to time have been passed. The annual messages of mayors\\nand reports of the several city officers have been consulted, and every report made by the Water, Fire,\\nPolice, and House of Correction Commissioners and the Board of Public Works has furnished material for\\nthe work. I have also made use of the printed reports of the Board of Education, and have read, mostly\\nin manuscript, the proceedings of their several meetings, beginning with 1842, Each published Directory\\nof Detroit has been studied, and every map of the city, either large or small, consulted also the registers\\nand records of several of the old fire companies, and several hundred miscellaneous pamphlets.\\nDuring the progress of the work I have been aided in every possible way by those who have made a\\nspecialty of preserving information concerning the city. And first of all. I name with grateful thanks\\nJudge James V. Campbell, who has, at all times, given without stint the advantage of his e.xceptionally\\nreliable and complete knowledge of the past. But for his unfailing courtesy and long-continued help, I\\nshould have had much less courage in going on with the work. With his name I must also associate the\\nname of that kind and courteous gentleman, C. C. Trowbridge, who so lately passed to his reward. He\\nlaid his memory and his manuscripts under contribution to furnish scores of items for this volume. No\\none equalled him in knowledge on many subjects connected with Detroit. Miscellaneous information of\\ngreat variety and much interest was gleaned from the files of newspapers which I was fortunate in finding\\nnearly complete, for every year from 1S17 to the present time. All were carefully looked over, for\\nsome years files of two and three papers were examined, a total of twenty thousand copies having been\\nconsulted. In many of thein, even the advertisements were scanned for items and suggestions. This effort\\nalone occupied several months. For the use of various files I am under particular obligation to William E.\\nOuinby, of The Detroit Free Press; William Stocking, L. F. Harter, and H. E. Baker, of The Post and\\nTribune: and James H. Stone, C. H. Backus, and E. G. Holden, formerly connected with the last-named\\npaper. The files of The Evening News and the personal knowledge of its founder and chief proprietor,\\nJames E. Scripps, were also laid under contribution. It is not too much to say that, without an examina-\\ntion of the newspaper files, it would have been utterly impossible to prepare a history of the city which\\nwould have been at all complete. In addition to the local newspapers, the files of The National Intelli-\\ngencer at Washington from 1800 to 1817, of The Alexandria Herald from 1810 to 1825, of The Philadelphia\\nAurora from 1798 to 181 5, and also old files of The Pittsburgh Commonwealth, The Quebec Gazette, and\\na full series of Niles s Register were examined. All of these publications were issued before any\\npaper was published at Detroit, and they contained many facts not found elsewhere. Even the hotel\\nregisters have furnished some items of interest, and the reports of business, charitable, literary, and\\neducational institutions and societies have been systematically obtained and digested.\\nThe reports of the Supreme Court, and certain of the court files, calendars, and short books have\\ncontributed valuable facts, and reference has been had to various volumes in the Bar Library. Through the\\ncourtesy of C.-I. Walker, secretary of the Historical .Society organized many years ago, by General Cass,\\nH. R. Schoolcraft, and other distinguished men, 1 had access to and have copied many of the original\\nrecords, documents, and manuscripts, on different subjects, collected bv that organization. Judge Walker s\\nown library, including his private scrap-books, were also generously opened to my inspection also\\nscrap-books owned by Samuel Zug, George W. Osborn, J. E. Pittman, Levi Bishop, and others. Several\\nold wills in the probate office, the private diaries of individuals, and in several instances family records\\nhave furnished incidents and items. Many of the older families brought out for examination old\\nhair-trunks and wooden chests full of papers, and several score of these receptacles of the past", "height": "2712", "width": "1847", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. ix\\nwere dilis ently examined. In many of the old papers the signatures of Bradstreet, Carlton, Vaudreuil,\\nand Hamilton were frequently seen. Among the valuable manuscripts, which by the courtesy of indi-\\nviduals have been consulted, were the papers of Judges Woodward and May, also those of the Abbott,\\nWoodbridge. Witherell, Palmer, Cooper, Brush, and Campau families.\\nThe old account-books of the Macomb family and of Thomas Smith have afforded many curious\\nfacts. Much desirable information was secured by an examination of the original letter-books of D. Henly\\nand General Wilkins, covering the period just prior and subsequent to the surrender of the post of Detroit\\nin 1796. The very complete abstracts of titles in Wayne County, prepared by E. C. Skinner and C. M.\\nBurton, were willingly placed at my service, and through the courtesy of Rev. Father Anciaux, and with the\\naid of H. Prudhomme, the records of St. Anne s Church, dating from 1704, were examined. In preparing\\nthe history of the Roman Catholic churches and their schools, 1 was especially aided by the\\nVicar-General, P. Hennaert. and the Secretary of the Diocese, Rev. C. P. Maes. Access was also\\nhad to the private library of Bishop Borgess, who has evinced in various ways his appreciation of my\\nwork. The clergymen of every denomination, and the officers of societies of ever) kind, almost without\\ne.xception, have cordially exhibited the official records in their care, and have aided in obtaining from them\\nsuch facts as were desired. By persevering effort, continued for nearly a year, and with the help of Senator\\nH. P. Baldwin, ex-President R. B. Hayes, and Governor Charles Foster, I obtained access to the .Si.\\nClair Papers nearly two years before they were opened to the public eye, and long before they\\nwere published in book form. When read in connection with other facts, some of the letters are of\\nexceeding interest. The twenty-six v-olumes of Sir William Johnson s Manuscripts at Albany, and the\\nmanuscript volumes of the Haldimand and Simcoe Papers at Ottawa, several hundred in number, were\\npersonally examined, and many entirely new and hitherto unknown facts gleaned therefrom.\\nIn order to obtain information relating to Cadillac I pushed my inquiries to France, and under my\\ndirection journeys of inquiry and search were made to Aix. F umel, Castelsarrasin, Montauban, St. Nicolas\\nde la Grave, Caumont, Angeville, Mombeau, and Toulouse. Inquiries were made among relatives and\\ndescendants, and old notarial and parish records were examined. In these endeavors the aid ren-\\ndered by Messrs. Flamens and Taupiac. of Castelsarrasin, was of great value, and I was specially aided\\nby the services and suggestions of Hon. George Walker, the United States Consul-Generai at Paris. The\\ngratification of finding the place and date of birth of the founder of Detroit, heretofore unknown, abun-\\ndantly compensated for the trouble and outlay.\\nThrough the aid of L. P. Sylvain of the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and T. P. Bedard, Provincial\\nRegistrar at Quebec, copies of the official correspondence of the governors of New France, contained in\\nnearly threescore large manuscript folios, were examined, and a large amount of valuable and entirely new\\nmaterial e.xtracted therefrom. Access was also had to the copies of original documents and letters\\npertaining to Detroit, obtained in London and Paris by General Cass, only part of w-hich were made\\nuse of by Mrs. Sheldon, and a number of other French manuscripts have beeri translated, and\\ncollated. Information has been obtained directly from the State officers of Massachusetts. Ohio,\\nIndiana, Kentucky, and Michigan, and I have examined all the laws of the Northwest Territory the\\nterritorial documents of Indiana and Michigan, the State Laws of Michigan, the reports of Michigan State\\nofficers for every year, and all the Legislative Council, House, and Senate journals, and the governors\\nmessages the registers of the official acts of the territorial governors, and copies of the correspondence of\\nthe territorial officers, with the Departments at Washington, still on file at the national capital. The very\\ncomplete collection of books and manuscripts concerning Michigan, collected by the late W. S. George, of\\nLansing, were, with his hearty permission, consulted with much advantage. The laws of the United\\nStates from the first to the last Congress, with scores of published volumes of congressional annals and\\ndebates, and the immense tomes known as the American State Papers and American Archives, and the\\nseveral census reports from 18 10, have all been used. All the volumes in the Library of Parliament, at\\nOttawa, and the Library of Congress at Washington, and all the rich resources gathered at Madison, giving\\npromise of any information, have alSo been examined.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "X PREFACE.\\nOf published works more immediately connected with Detroit, use has been made of the Historical\\nand Scientific Discourses of Messrs. Cass, Schoolcraft, and Whiting Mrs, Sheldon s and Lanman s Histories\\nof Michigan; Blois s Gazetteer; Campbell s Outlines of the Political History of Michigan; Lanman s Red\\nBook Schoolcraft s Memoirs, Clark s History of the Wyandotts; the four volumes of Collections of the\\nMichigan Pioneer Society, Roberts Sketches of Detroit, and M. Rameau s Notes Historiques sur la Colonic\\nCanadienne de Detroit. A great number of miscellaneous works in the State, Public, Mechanics Young\\nMen s, Cass, and University of Michigan Libraries have been consulted and among those which have\\nafforded a few items, the following volumes should be noted Atwater s History of Ohio, Albach s\\nWestern Annals, Armstrong s Notices of War of 1812, Adventures of Daniel Boone, Barber s Historical\\nCollections of Ohio, Burnet s Notes on the Northwest Territory, Bancroft s History of the United States\\n(ten volumes), Bell s History of Canada, Butler s History of Kentucky, Brown s View of the Campaign of the\\nWestern Army, Bang s History of the M. E. Church (four volumes), Butterfield s Crawford s Campaign\\nagainst Sandusky and Washington-Irvine Letters, Caniff s Settlement of Upper Canada, Craig s Olden Time,\\nCampbell s Life of William Hull, Coffin s 1812 the War and its Moral, Carver s Travels, Cist s\\nMiscellany, Colden s Five Nations, Collin s History of Kentucky (two volumes), Clark s Proofs of the\\nCorruption of General James Wilkinson (two volumes), Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society\\n(forty-one volumes), Dillon s History of Indiana, Dubuisson s Report of the Siege of Detroit, Dawson s\\nLife of Harrison, Darby s Tour from New York to Detroit, Drake s Life of Tecumseh, Ue Peyster s\\nMiscellanies, Mrs. Ellet s Pioneer Women of the West, Forbes s Trial of General Hull, French s Historical\\nCollections of Louisiana (five volumes), Gayarre s History- of Louisiana, Garneau s History of Canada (two\\nvolumes), Hildreth s Pioneer History, Hull s Memoirs, Hennepin s Travels, Heckenwaelder s Narrative,\\nJefferson s Correspondence (seven volumes), James s Military Occurrences, Ketchum s Buffalo and the\\nSenecas (two volumes), Lossing s Fieldbook of War of 181 2, Laverdieres Champlain (six volumes). La\\nHontan s Travels, Loskiel s History of the Missions of the United Brethren, McAfee s History of the Late\\nWar, Mackenzie s Life of Commodore Perry, McDonald s Western Sketches, Manti s History of the Late\\nWar in North America, McKenny s Tour of the Lakes, McClung s Western Sketches, Memoirs of\\nChevalier de Beauchene, Mcmoire de Bougainville, Meinoire sur la Canada, Marshall s Kentucky, Monf ette s\\nHistory of the Valley of the Mississippi (three volumes), Margry s Relationes Inedites, and also his five\\nvolumes on Early French Discoveries, Official Correspondence of the War of 1812. Ontwa, the Son of the\\nForest, Pouchot s Memoirs (two volumes), Parkman s La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, Old\\nRegime in Canada, and Conspiracy of Pontiac, Pickett s History of Alabama, Roger s Diary of the Siege of\\nDetroit, Roger s Journal, Stoddard s Louisiana, Shea s Translation of Charlevoix s New France (six\\nvolumes). Smith s History of Canada, Smith s History of Wisconsin, Schoolcraft s Aboriginal Tribes of\\nNorth America (six volumes). Stone s Life of J. Brant, and Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Spark s\\nLetters to Washington (four volumes), Theller s Canada in 1837, Todd and Drake s Life of Harrison,\\nTasse s Les Canadiennes de I Ouest, Williams s American Pioneer, Weld s Travels in North America,\\nWilkinson s Memoirs, and Young and Smith s Life of Governor Cass.\\nThe above list of books very nearly represents the bibliography of Detroit. A notable sentence which\\nappears in many of the works was originally uttered by General Cass in an address before the State Historical\\nSociety. He said, No place in the United States presents such a series of events interesting in themselves\\nand permanently affecting, as they occurred, its progress and prosperity. Five times its flag has changed,\\nthree different sovereignties have claimed its allegiance, and since it has been held by the United States,\\nthe government has been thrice transferred twice it has been besieged by the Indians, once captured in\\nwar, and once burned to the ground. Apparently every one who has written on Detroit was impressed\\nwith the elegance with which Governor Cass epitomized the history of this region. In the course of my\\nresearches I have found the extract given in whole or in part by several score of writers, and almost with-\\nout an exception, no credit was given to the author of the paragraph, which is panoramic in the complete-\\nness with which it presents our histor)-.\\nFor personal letters containing items of interest on many subject s, I have been indebted to Francis", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. XI\\nParkman, the noted historian of the old French regime, to R. H. Collins, author of the History of Ken-\\ntucky to C. C. Baldwin, Chas. Whittlesey, and H. N. Johnson, of Cleveland, of the Western Reserve and\\nNorth Ohio, Historical Society to Prof. C. E. Anthon of New York to John H. Dillon, of Indianapolis\\nauthor of History of Indiana; to *Rev. Martin Kundig. of Milwaukee; to *Dr. Leonard Bacon; to\\nO. H. Marshall, of the Buffalo Historical Society, author of several monographs on historical subjects\\nto the Hon. Thomas Reynolds, of Ottawa to Benjamin Suite, also of Ottawa, author of the most recent\\nHistory of the French Canadians to S. F. Havens, Secretary of the American Antiquarian Society at\\nWorcester, Mass.; to L. C. Draper, LL. D., Secretary of the State Historical Society of Madison, Wis.,\\nand his co-laborer D. S. Durrie, librarian of the same society and to John Austin Stevens, former editor\\nof the Magazine of American History. 1 am also specially indebted to Douglass Brymner. Archivist of\\nthe Dominion at Ottawa, and his polite assistants, Messrs. Alexander Duff and C. Rose to Dr. John G.\\nShea, the well-known Catholic author to Benson J. Lossing, Chas. Gayarre, of New Orleans, author\\nof various historical works on Louisiana to Hon. Frederick De Peyster and General J. Watts De\\nPeyster, lineal descendants of Major .A.rent S. De Peyster, and to Charles Lanman. of Georgetown,\\naCithor of the Red Book. The librarian of Congress, A. R. Spofford. with great patience and cordiality,\\nhas answered scores of letters, and aided me in securing much information not otherwise obtainable.\\nF. Saunders, librarian of the Astor Library, performed similar services; Julius Dexter, secretary of\\nthe Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society at Cincinnati, and Robert Clarke, publisher, of the same\\ncity, called attention to facts that resulted in obtaining matter of great interest and value. Various\\nsuggestions and items, some of them highly important, were obtained by correspondence with M. B.\\nWood, of Albion, *Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, of Prairie du Chien, E. M. McGraw, of Plymouth, Wis., James\\nC. Fargo, of New York, William Sutton, of Battle Creek, Judge John E. Parke, of Pittsburg, Rev. George\\nTaylor, of Michigan, John Smith, Jr., of Romeo, L. M. Miller, of Lansing, and B. O. Williams, of Owosso.\\nJohn T. Blois, author of the Gazetteer of 1839, and Mrs. E. M. Sheldon Stewart, whose Early Days of\\nMichigan is widely esteemed, have personally furnished items of value. I am indebted for many courte-\\nsies to Henry Gillman, librarian of the Public Library both he and his predecessor. Prof. H. Chaney,\\nafforded every possible facility and privilege. 1 have also been the recipient of many favors from City\\nClerks C. H. Borgman, Louis Dillman, and Alexander A. Saenger.\\nFor translations of a number of old French letters, documents, and manuscripts I am specially\\nindebted to L. L. Barbour. I also secured much valuable aid from Messrs. Bela Hubbard, J. C. Holmes,\\nJames A. Girardin, Levi Bishop, T. P. Hall, R. K. Elliott, and J. C. W. Seymour. To name all who\\nhave aided me w-ould be impossible, but I must, in justice to myself, mention the helpful courtesy of\\nMessrs. William Barclay, Herbert Bowen, Dr. William Brodie. J. J. Bardwell. Walter Crane. M. P.\\nChristian, Gregory J. Campau, D. J. Campau, Jr.. *W. K. Coyl, S. B. Coyl, *Z. Chandler, Dr. L.\\nConnor, .Alexander Chapoton, Adam Couse, E. V. Cicotte, H. A. Chancy, Levi E. Dolsen, P. E. De Mill,\\nD. B. Duffield, S. T. Douglass, Henry Doty, S. D. Elwood, J. R. Elliott. J. S. Farrand, C. J. O Flvnn,\\nM. W. Field, *Rev. George Field, L. L. Farnsworth, Mark Flanigan, M. H. Gascoigne, Chauncy Hurlbut,\\nE. C. Hinsdale, Mrs. W. Y. Hamlin, Richard Hawley, Rev. M. Hickey, Ma:; Hochgraef. D. Farrand Henry,\\nC. B. Howell, William Harsha. Walter S. Harsha, G. A. Hough. John H. Harmon, James F. Joy, J. Huff\\nJones. *R. F. Johnstone, John Kendall (of the Fire Department), L. P. Knight, Henry W. Lord. W. N.\\nLadue, A. C. McGraw, Frederick .Morley, J. F. Munroe, L. R. Meserve, Mrs. Andrew Myler, George H.\\nMinchcner, James McKay, John Owen, Thomas W. Palmer, Philo Parsons, George W. Pattison. P rancis\\nRaymond, A. B. Raymond, C. N. Riopelle, Robert E. Roberts. A. Sheley. F. H. Seymour, Henry Starkey,\\nDr. Morse Stewart, J. M. B. Sill, Elisha Taylor, J. E. Tryon, Henry M. Utley, Caleb Van Husan, *Wiiliam\\nD. Wilkins. W. B. Wesson, Dudley B. Woodbridge, Jefferson Wiley, *J. L. Whiting, S. Williams,\\nH. N. Walker, J. C. Warner, and Dr. C. C. Yemans.\\nThe work of procuring originals from which to make illustrations of past scenes, the selecting and\\nAll these have passed away while the work was in piogress.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "Xil PREFACE.\\nobtaining subjects for engravings to represent the present period, and the gathering of data for some of the\\nspecially important pictures, proved both ditficult and expensive. In certain representations I was fortunate\\nin securing the aid of C. W. Sumner, who successfully carried out my desires.\\nWhere any picture has been produced without an original from which to copy, the utmost care has\\nbeen taken to have the illustration conform to the facts, and the few drawings for such pictures,\\nbefore being engraved, were submitted for criticism to competent persons. In the various parts of one\\npicture there are facts obtained from a daguerreotype, from an old photograph of a still older lithograph,\\nfrom an original architect s plan, from a pencil-sketch by a former carpenter who has for many years been\\nan esteemed minister; several old deeds were also consulted, and all the facts obtained, as well as the results\\nof a dozen interviews with competent critics, are embodied in the engraving. In producing the engravings\\nthe aim has been historic accuracy rather than artistic effect, and what may be lacking in the finish of\\nsome pictures is intended to be more than made up in the fullness and range of illustrations contained in\\nthe volume.\\nIn making the engravings of buildings and scenes of the present day, the photographs, in nearly\\nevery case, were taken specially for this work and in collecting all of the materials, where information\\nwas to be obtained, no question of time, or toil, or cost has been considered. Every person, place, book,\\nor depository promising information upon any subject relating to the city has been laid under contribution.\\nEvery clue has been followed, every suggested receptacle searched, and every individual interviewed that\\nthere was reason to suppose could aid in the work.\\nIn collecting and compiling, the following plan was pursued. I first searched everywhere for\\neverything of interest on every subject, and carefully copied what was found. All the facts were next\\nclassified by subjects, and then arranged in chronological order. Each subject was afterwards taken up\\nseparately, and written out as fully as the facts obtained would allow. Points or details found to be\\nlacking were noted, the necessary details looked up, and the several subjects were then again rewritten.\\nFinally, during the ten years the work has been in preparation, careful attention has been paid to all events\\npertaining to the history of the city these have been noted and added as they occurred, and up to the\\ntime of going to press the several subjects are believed to be complete. Both in the text and in the\\nillustrations certain information is given, which, if not of great present value, will become of service as\\nthe years progress.\\nIn putting into shape the materials I have gathered I have sought to be candid and accurate, and\\nhope that no evidences of narrowness or bigotry can be shown. The variety of subjects made any\\nmethodical and proper classification very difficult. The arrangement finally adopted was carefully\\nthought over, and is believed to be as convenient and appropriate as possible. A small amount of space\\nhas been devoted to business interests. Without stores and manufactories no city could exist, and the\\nestablishments represented find legitimate place in a history intended to be complete. In view of the\\nmagnitude of the work and the minuteness of the information it contains, it will be strange indeed if no\\nerrors are discovered every effort has, however, been made to insure accuracy, and the author will\\ngreatly appreciate the courtesy of any person giving information that will in any way add to the\\nvalue or completeness of future editions.\\nThe full and careful index was compiled, partlv as a labor of love, because of his interest in\\nthe work, by Prof. Henry Chancy, formerly Librarian of the Public Library. The mention of this fact\\nis a guarantee that it has been prepared with scholarly care.\\nIn the final completion of the volume I have been materially aided by the courteous and competent\\nforeman of the Free Press Book Room, Mr. Louis Beckbissinger he has made numerous practical\\nand valuable suggestions, and has faithfully supervised the work.\\nWith these statements I confidently submit the volume to all who have an appreciation of local history;\\nand if the public experience in reading, a tithe of the pleasure that I have found in gathering and gleaning.\\nI am sure of grateful remembrance.\\nS. F.\\nDetroit, August, 1S84.", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPART I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LOCALITY.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nDetroit: Its Names, Location, and Surroundings. An Old City. Remarkable Facts. Unique\\nRecords. Indian Desii^nations. Their Meaning. A Prophetic Name. Later Names. The\\nWord Detroit. Corporate Titles. Location of City. Boundaries. Latitude and Longitude.\\nRelation to Other Cities. Conformation of Ground. Mrs. Jameson s Description. Present Ap-\\npearance. Adjacent Townships and illages, Hanuramck, Springwells, Grosse Fointe, Green-\\nfield. 3-5\\nCHAPTER II.\\nThe River, Islands, Wharves and Docks, Streams and Mills. The River. Original Scenery.\\nA Natural and National Boundary. Length, Width, Depth. Character of Bottom. Harbor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nVolume of Water. Current. Elevation above Sea. Condition in Winter. Ice Supply. .Ab-\\nsence of Danger. Highest and Lowest Levels. Causes of Rise and Fall. Temperature. Boating\\nFacilities. E.xcursions. Names of Islands. Origin of Names. Curious Statements. Wharves\\nand Docks. The River Line. Improvement of River Front. Early Docks. Length of Docks.\\nThree Old Streams. Courses and Names of Streams. Accident on the Savoyard. Bridges.\\nFishing at Congress Street. Transformations. Old .Mills. Their Location. 6-10\\nCHAPTER 111.\\nSoil and Products, Game, Grain, and Fruits. Good Soil. Different Strata. Cadillac s Descrip-\\ntion. Vast Prairies. Rows of Trees. Fruits. Wild Animals. Game Birds. Large Buffaloes.\\nNative Woods. Swans and Ducks. An Indian s Illustration. Serene Skies. A Desirable\\nPlace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Weaving Buffalo Wool. Numerous Wolves.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wolf Scalps.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pigeon Roosts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bear Vis-\\nitors. Migratory Game. Song Birds. Flowers. Berries. Wild Honey. Maple Sugar.\\nEnormous Production. Indian Mococks. De Peyster s Sugar Makers. Early Han-ests.\\nIndian Farmers. Scarcity of Provisions. Help from Montreal. Bougainville s Description.\\nImportance of Detroit. A Thousand Bushels of Wheat Burned. A Famine Imminent. Two\\nDead Bodies on the Beach. Continued Scarcity.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clouds of Ducks.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sportsmen Drowned. Sup-\\nplies from the King s Stores. Acreage under Cultivation. .Apples and Cider. Pears and Poems.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTiffin s False Report. Enormous Vegetables. First Wagon-load of Flour. Exporting Flour.\\nTobacco to Baltimore. Remarkable Fruits. First Agricultural Society. Fish and Fisheries.\\nSchoolcraft s Eulogy. The State Fish Hatchery. 11-16\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nCadillac s Grant.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French Farms or Private Claims.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lands Covered by City. Seigneurial Rights.\\nCadillac s Traditional Grant. Its Limit. His Claims. Grounds of Claim. His Concessions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nConditions of his Grants. Singular Requirements. Grants within Stockade. Aigremont s\\nReport. Cadillac s Departure. His Property. Cadillac s Claims Conceded. Intrigues of\\nGovernor and Intendant. The King s Decree. His Purpose Defeated. Memorial of La Mothe,\\nJr. The Maichen s Deed. A Vague Conveyance. Misstatements. The Facts .Analyzed.\\nIllegalities of Connnandants. The Beauharnois Grants. Their Order. Explanation of Old\\nClaims. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Grants by English Commandants. Indian Deeds. The French Farms^ Settlement of\\nFrench Claims. Doings and Reports of Commissioners. Surveyors Blunders. Careless Clerks.\\nNames of Commissioners. 7-23\\n[xiii]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nThe Public Domain. The Park Lots and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. The Governor and\\nJudges Plan. Land Boards. The- Coninion Field. Co-operative Labor. The Commons.\\nUnited States Property. The Wilkiiis Letter. Claim of Inhabitants. Memorial to Congress.\\nStatements of Hull and Woodward. Indignant Inhabitants. Action of Governor and Judges.\\nLots vi-rsiis Pastures. Renewed Complaints. The Park Lots. Location. When Surveyed.\\nTen-Thousand-Acre Tract. Date of Survey. Governor and Judges Plan. Size of Ancient\\nLots. Meeting under Pear Trees. Woodward s Persuasions. Gentle s Humorous Description.\\nWoodward s Performances. Discontent of People. The Governor and Judges Regulations.\\nPrices of Lots. Hull and Woodward Visit Washington. The Act of 1806. Convivial Legis-\\nlators. Mysterious Transactions. Suspicion of Inhabitants. Unnecessary Delays. Bad Man-\\nagement. Protests of People. Plan of Division. Classification of InhalDitants. More\\nManoeuvring. Liberal Constructions. Donation Lots. Room for Criticism. Changes in\\nPlans. Changes in Numbers of Lots. Woodward s Letter to Madison. The Book of Sections.\\nThe Woodward Plan. Its Advantages. Washington the Model. The Plan Inoperative. Why\\nChanged. The Official Map. Unlawful Powers. Peculiar Management. No Financial\\nReport. Remarkable Confidence. Unique History. The Detroit Fund. Secretaries of Land\\nBoard. Termination of Trust The Transfer of 1842. Report of Hubbard and O Flynn. Old\\nand New Lot Numbers Land Board Sessions of Common Council. 24-31\\nCHAl TER VI.\\nMaps of Detroit. City Boundary at Different Periods. Cass and Brush Farms. Military\\nReserves. Plans of 1749 and 1754. The T. Smith Plan. The J. O. Lewis Map. Mullett s\\nMap. Farmer s Map. Later City Maps. Area of Town in 1802. E.xtent of Governor and\\nJudges Plan. Changes in City Boundaries. The Cass and Brush Farms. Dates of Original\\nGrants. Improvements. Desirable Locations. Military Reserves. A Powder Magazine in\\nE.xchange. Laying out the Reserve. Changes in Plan of 1807. 32-36\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nPublic Surveys. United States Land Office. The King s Surveyors. First American Surveys.\\nLocation of jffice. Names of Surveyor-Generals. United States Land Office. First Sales of\\nLands. Prices. Receipts from Public Lands. Early Emigration. Amazing Numbers. E.xtensive\\nSales. Extravagant Speculation. Paper City Period. Incidental Details. Cruel Joke. The\\nBubble Bursts. Bounds of Land District. Prices of Lands. Original Patents. Fees of\\nOfficers. Names of Registers and Receivers. 37-3^\\nCHAPTER I 1 I\\nDeeds, Mortgages, and Titles.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Past and Present Prices of Lands. Notarial Records. Recording\\nof Deeds and Mortgages. Present System. Abstracts of Title. Derivation of Titles. Evi-\\ndences of Title. Clouded Titles. Record of Subdivisions. Names of County Registers. City\\nRegisters. Incredible Prices. Normal Values. First Sale of Park Lots. Prices Paid. Cost of\\nVarious Tracts at Different Periods. 39-4\\nPART II. HYGIENIC.\\nC H P T E R 1\\nThe Climate of Detroit. Favorable Climate. Bougainville s Statement. Weather Diaries. In-\\nlluence of River and Lakes. Mean Temperature. Characteristics of Winters. Clear Atmos-\\nphere. Unrivalled Firmament. Delightful .Autumns. Equable Rains. Weather Indications.\\nCourse of Winds. Exceptional Seasons. Raining Ink. Earthquake Shocks. Ice Every Month.\\nFlowers in Winter. Extensive Fires. Dense Fogs. Boats Running Every Month. Continuous\\nSleighing. Ryan s Prophecies. July Frosts. April Snows. Wind Storms, etc. 45-47\\nCH APTE R X.\\nDiseases. Doctors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Medical Societies. Small Death Rate. Reasons for. The Usual Diseases.\\nRecord of Deaths. Fever and Ague. Dr. .Sappington s Pills. Epidemic in Army. Hun-\\ndreds Die. The Cholera in 1832. Instructions and Proclamations. Vessels Ordered Away.", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv\\nCholera on the Henry Clay. Sufferings of Troops. Excitement at Detroit. Mails Stopped at\\nVpsilanti. Travelers Driven from Rochester. Bridges Torn up. Highways Blockaded.\\nStrange Inconsistency. The Cholera in 1834. E.\\\\tensive Mortality. Burning Pitch. Burial\\nRites Shortened. The Nurse Corps. Father Kundig s Work. .Mortality of 1849. Council\\nRegulations. The Scourge in 1854. Medicine Men. Early French Surgeons. Long Titles.\\nEnglish Physicians. Names of Former Physicians. Medical Societies. Dates of Organization.\\nNames of Officers. 48-51\\nCH. \\\\rTER XL\\nCemeteries. Burials and Sextons. County Coroners. An Expressive Phrase. Indian Burial\\nPlaces. Dalyell s Cirave. .-Xn Iconoclastic Age. Burial Grounds of Fort Shelby. Removal of\\nRemains.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vn Old Tombstone. First Catholic Cemetery. Transfer of Remains. An Old\\nMemorial. Mt. Elliott Cemetery. When Opened. Number of Interments. Number of\\nLots. Cost of Grounds. Management. Trustees. Hamtramck s Grave. Protestant Burj ing\\nGround. Location. How Disposed of. First City Cemetery. Its Division. A Religious\\nConv-enience. Cemetery Lane. Second City Cemetery. Location.- Management. Later\\nUses. Elmwood Cemetery. History of Purchase. Cost of Grounds. The Chapel. The\\nGateway. Trustees. Superintendents. Woodmere Cemetery. Location. Significance of\\nName. When Opened. Names of Officers. Regulations. Jewish Cemeteries. Location.\\nWhen Opened Lutheran Cemetery. How Controlled. Oflncers. Burials and Sextons. Curi-\\nous Customs. City Se.xtons. Duties. Names of Sextons. County Coroners. Duties.\\nNames of Coroners. 52-58\\nC H A P TE R XII.\\nHealth Officers. Drains and Sewers. Scavengers. First Board of Health. Subsequent\\nBoards. Powers of. Present Organization. How Constituted. Names of Members. Regu-\\nlations. The Health Officer. Sewers. E.xperiments. Private Ditches. The Savoyard. A\\nGrand Sewer. Lack of System. Stupid Contractors. Board of Sewer Commissioners. Large\\nExpenditures. Regulations. Size of Sewers. Length and Cost of Sewers. Names of Sewer\\nCommissioners. Scavengers and Duties. S9-6i\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nWater and Water Works. Public Drinking Fountains. Water Pure and Plentiful. Walking\\nthe I lank. Primitive Meth(jds. First Regulations. Public Wells. Water Peddlers. Water\\nWorks Proposed. Berthelet s Pump. Water Works Established. Poor Arrangements.\\nBoring for Water. Pumping by Steam. Cass s Speech. Works Purchased by City. Seeking\\nInformation. Springs in Northville and Southfield. Proposed Utilization of. Progress of Water\\nWorks. Various Reservoirs. The Hamtramck Works. Plan and Description of. Analysis of\\nWater. Increased Size of Pipes. Statistics by Decades. Locations of Water Office. Water\\nRates. Stern .A.dvertisement. Names of Assessors, Collectors, Engineers, Commis-\\nsioners. Drinking Fountains. 62-72\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\nThe Parks and the Boulevard.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pastures and Pounds. Judge Woodwards Foresight. The\\nGrand Circus. Former Marshes. Improvements. Removal of Fences. Parks and Donors.\\nLocation and Names. Campus Martins. Origin of Name. A Place of Rendezvous. Former\\nCondition. Present .A.ppearance. Superintendents of Parks. The Park Question of 1870 and\\n1874. Exciting Meetings. Plans and Counter Plans. Mayor Moffat in the Way. Persistence\\nand Resistance. The Struggle Ended. Belle Isle Park. Wise Planning. Favorable Oppor-\\ntunity. Belle Isle Purchased. Park Commissioners. Improving the Park. History of the\\nIsland. Its Names. The Boulevard. Plans for. Names of Commissioners. Former Pas-\\ntures. Establishment of Pounds. Regulations. Names of Pound- Keepers. Numerous\\nDogs. Only Eight Left. The Dog Pound. 73-So\\nPART III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GOVERNMENTAL.\\nCHAPTER XV.\\nFrench and English Rule. French Motives. Political Ambition. Religious Zeal. Kings and\\nRegents. The Surrender. Powers of Commandants. List of French Governors. English\\nRegulations. Creation of Upper and Lower Canada. List of English Governors. 83-84", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nTerritorial and State Governments. Virginia s Claim. Grounds of Claim. Release of State\\nClaims. Creation of Northwest Territory. Authorship of Ordinance of 17S7. Dane versus\\nCutler. The Northwest Territorial Seal. Description and Meaning. Names of Territorial\\nOfficers. Division of Territory. Creation of State of Ohio. Wayne County Delegates E.\\\\cluded.\\nDetroit under Indiana Territory. E.xtensive Jurisdiction. Creation of Territory of Michigan.\\nMichigan Territorial Seal. Increased Size of Territory. First Delegate to Congress. First Legis-\\nlative Council. Enlarged Boundary. First State Constitutional Convention. Delegates from\\nWayne County. Convention Proposals. Adoption of Constitution. Territorial Oflicers. State\\nof Alichigan. Curtailment of Boundary. Trouble with Ohio. A New Convention. Negative\\nDecision. Democratic Convention. Congressional Provisions Accepted. Formal Admission of\\nState. Event Celebrated. The State .Seal. Second Constitutional Convention. Delegates\\nfrom Wayne County. Differences between Constitutions of 1835 and 1850. Third Constitutional\\nConvention. Constitutional Commission of 1873. Capital Removed to Lansing. Names of\\nState Officers. 85-93\\nCHAPTER X II\\nLegislatures and Laws. Legislatures under English Rule. Place and Date of Sessions. Legis-\\nlature of Northwest Territory. Places of Meeting. A Linguistic Feat. The General Assembly.\\nCry of Fraud. Names of Members. Pliant Principles. Forgiving Pllectors. Mob at Chilli-\\ncothe. Detroit Pistols. Indiana Territorial Assembly. Proposed Members from Detroit.\\nMichigan Territorial Legislature. Scarcity of Laws. Sunday Sessions. Places of Meeting.\\nPersonal Difficulties. Curious Legislation. Morbid Fears. Remarkable Enactments. Names\\nof Members and Secretaries. Gentle s Criticisms. Suspicions of People. Woodward s Lame\\nDefence. Gentle Arrested for Libel. Citizens Seek Redress. Citizens Outwitted. Alligative\\nLaws. Proposed Blue Laws. Blasts and Counter Blasts. Legislative Refreshments. Witherell\\nversus Woodward. The Several Codes. Petitions to Congress. Facts and Grievances.\\nRelief Provided. Joy of Citizens. A Proper Prayer. Members of Legislative Councils. The\\nGreen Bay Council. Compilations of Laws. First State Legislature. Last Session in Detroit.\\nE.\\\\tra Sessions. Number of Members. Districts Including Wayne County. Names of Sena-\\ntors and Representatives. 94-101\\nC 1 1 A 1 T E R X 1 I I\\nPresidential Electors, Cabinet Officers, and Members of Congress from Detroit. Presidential\\nVisits to the City. Constitutional Links. Presidential Electors. Michigan s Choice. Cabinet\\nOfficers from Michigan. Territorial Delegates. United States Senators. Representative Dis-\\ntricts. Names of Representatives. Pay of Congressmen. Visits of Presidents and ice-Presi-\\ndents. Harrison, Monroe, Johnson, Van Buren, Taylor. Grant s Residence in Detroit. An Inter-\\nview in Washington. isits of Fillmore, Pierce, Johnson and Hayes. Garfield s Visits to and Ser-\\nmons in Detroit. 102-107\\nCHAPTER XIX.\\nPolitical Parties and Campaigns. Elections. The Political System. Party Names and Meth-\\nods. Political Meetings. (laining otes. Novel Methods. Interesting Campaigns. Log\\nCabins and Hickory Hails. Monster Whig Meetings. Political Processions. Democratic Barbe-\\ncues. Peculiar Resolutions. Party Uniforms. Bonfires. Torch Bearers. Union Political\\nMeetings. Visits of Noted Politicians. First Territorial Elections. iva Voce Voting. Arbi-\\ntrary Proceedings. Original Election Districts. Remarkable Ballots. Changes in Time of\\nElection. Changes in Oualihcations of Voters. The First State Election. Humorous Incidents.\\nThe Last Two-Day Election. How Foreigners Become oters. Time of Election of A arious Offi-\\ncers. Colored Voters. Woman Suffrage. Remarkable Lhianimity of Voters. Local Issues.\\nCurious Coincidence. Qualifications of Voters. Registration. Voting Precincts. Preparations\\nfor Election. Canvassing otes. Number of Voters in arious Years. 108-1 17\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nWayne County: Its Establishment and Boundaries. County of Illinois. Kent County. Wayne\\nCounty. .Sargent s Proclamation. Sharp Correspondence. St. Clair s Dissatisfaction. The\\nCounty Name. General Wayne s Letter of Thanks. Original Boundary.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Changes in Boundary.\\nCopies of Proclamations. 1 18-122\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nCounty Officers and their Duties. Countv Commissioners. Early Finances. Due Bills Is.sued.\\nNames of Commissioners. Board of Supervisors. Few Powers. Valuations and .Assessments.\\nGrowth of City Representation. County Auditors. Importance of Office. Powers and", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV 11\\nDuties. Names of Auditors. County Treasurer. History of Office. Names of Treasurers.\\nCounty Clerk. History of Office. Office Records. Names of Clerks. County Superintendent\\nof Schools. Names of Superintendents. Drain Commissioners. Duties and Names. County\\nSurveyors. Duties and Names. 123-126\\nCHAPTER XXII.\\nThe Townships of Wayne County. Derivation of Township Names. Township Officers.\\nFirst Townships. Vague Boundaries. Urst Systematic Divisions. Date of Creation of Each\\nTownship. Changes in Names and lioundaries. Obsolete Names. Boundaries in 1883.\\nDerivation of Names. Township Officers. Duties. List of Township Supervisors. 127-132\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\\nThe Early Government of Detroit. Incorporation as a Town. Rule of the Governor and\\nJudges. Revival of Local Government. Governmental Genealogy. Interesting Details.\\nCourt of tieneral Ouarter Sessions. First Town Corporation. How Obtained. Gratitude of\\nCitizens. First Town Officers. Subsequent Elections and Appointments. Rule of Governor and\\nJudges. \\\\n Anomalous Government. .Xutocratic Methods. Strange Doings. Grasping Offi-\\ncials. Sham Charter. Insulting Absurdities. Governor and Judges still at the Helm. Unac-\\ncountable Officials.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Revival of Local Government.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First City Charter.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Names of Trustees. I33-I35\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\\nThe Common Council or Board of Aldermen. Board of CounciJmen. Ordinances. Official\\nYear. City Seals. Creation of Conimnn Council. Powers of. Seeking Light. Place and\\nTime of Sessions. Number of Members. Quorum. Rules. Standing Conunittees. Board\\nof .Aldermen. Presidents of Board of Aldermen. The City Council or Board of Councilmen.\\nTerms of Members. Names of Councilmen. Ordinances. Official Year. The Several City\\nSeals. Description of Seals. Significance of Present Seal. 1 36 1 39\\nCHAPTER XXV.\\nMayor. City Clerk.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 City Attorney. City Counsellor. City Historiographer. Duties of each\\nOffice and Names of the Incumbents. Creation of Office of Mayor. Former Duties. Present\\nPowers. Names of Mayors. City Secretaries. City Clerk. Duties. Office Records. Names\\nof Clerks. City .\\\\ttorney. Duties and Names. City Counsellor. City Historiographer. Names\\nof Officers. Object of Office. i40-i4\\nCHAPTER XXVI.\\nAldermen. Their Duties and Names. Office First Named. Aldermen at Large. First Ward\\nAldermen. Aldermanic Courts. Pay of Aldermen. Names of Aldermen at Large. Names of\\nAldermen by Wards and Years. 142-146\\nCHAPTER XXVII.\\nThe Wards: Their Establishment and Boundaries. Wards for Fire Districts. First Division of\\nCity.-- Date of Creation of Each Ward.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Changes in Boundaries. Present Boundaries. 147-148\\nCHAPTER XXVIII.\\nFrench and English Taxation. Territorial Taxes. State and County Taxes. City Taxation\\nand Finances.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 United States Taxes. Ta.\\\\es Payable in Wood. Early Territorial Taxes.\\nCharacteristic Letter. Territorial Tax Gatherers. Law of 1805.- An Old Ta.x Roll. Territorial\\nLicenses. Investigation by Grand Jury. Hull s Wasteful E.xtravagancc. People without\\nRemedy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Sale of Lands for County Ta-xes.- State and County Taxes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 How Apportioned.\\nWhen Payable. Percentages. -Ta.x Sales. Ta.xation Statistics by Decades. First Town Ta.x.\\nThe Detroit Fund. aluation of 1817. Corporation Receipts and Expenditures in 1819.\\nImprovements of 1827. The Congression;il Gift. Official Mismanagement. Property Squan-\\ndered. Due Bills Issued. Their Depreciation. Sham Improvements. City Wants $50.\\nCannot Borrow. The City Devours its Substance. Death and Taxes. Condition of City\\nFinances. Saving the Wreck. Better Methods. First Real Estate Tax. First City Bonds.\\nMore Shinplasters. Vv atching a Trunkful. Protest of the Butchers. Display of Wisdom.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "Xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nBurning Shinplasters. Chief Expenses by Decades. Valuation by Decades. Increasinsj\\nWealth. Ta.\\\\ Per Capita by Decades. Sinking Fund. Receipts fur Liquor Ta.xes. Annual Tax\\nEstimates. How Prepared. How Assessed. When Due. Increased Percentage. Ta.x Sales.\\nCollection of Back Ta.xes. Special Assessments. Property Liable to Taxation. List of Exemp-\\ntions. Changes in Fiscal Year. The Treasurer s Accounts. E.xplanation of Financial Methods.\\nCity Depository. U. S. Revenue Taxes. Stamped Paper. Various Laws. First Collection\\nDistrict. Tax Rates. Amount of Collections. Names of Assessors and Collectors. 149-160\\nCHAPTER X I\\nCitizens Meeting. Board of Estimates. Auditors, Comptrollers, Accountants.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 City and Ward\\nAssessors. Board of Review. City and Ward Collectors. City Treasurers. Receivers of\\nTaxes. Citizens Mecungs. Tax Estimates. ICxcitiiig Meetings. Citizens Meetings Abol-\\nished. Board of E.stinuites Created. Powers of the Board. Names of Members. City Auditor\\nand Duties. Name Changed to Comptroller. Names of Comptrollers. City Accountant.\\nDuties. Names of Accountants. City and Ward Assessors. Changes in Office. Tampering\\nwith Rolls. Names of Assessors. Board of Review. Duty of the IJoard. Names of Mem-\\nbers. City and Ward Collectors. Peculiar Official Notice. Names of Collectors. City Treas-\\nurer. Duties of Office. Names of Treasurers. Receiver of Ta.xes. Duties of Office.\\nNames of Receivers. 161 -168\\nPART IV.-JUDICIAL.\\nCHAP T E R X X.\\nJustice in the Olden Time. United States Circuit Court. District Court. United States\\nOfficers. Bankruptcy Court. Judicial Powers of Early Commandants. Serious Complaints.\\nFirst Legal Provisimis. Patriarchal Commandants. A Woman Hanged. Trader Murdered by\\nhis Slaves. Conflicts between Commandants and Governors. The Office of Notary. Com-\\nplaint against Dejean. His Acquittal. The First Judges. The Trial and Hanging of Coutinci-\\nnau and Ann Wyley. John Dodge s Letter. Hamilton s Oppression of Dodge and Other Citi-\\nzens. A Detroit l3ungeon. Dejean as a Jailer. Dodge s Escape and Threatenings. Hamil-\\nton Indicted. His Appeal to Haldimand. First Justices. United States Circuit Court.\\nBounds of Circuit at Different Periods. Jurisdiction. Place of Sessions. Names of Judges\\nand Clerks. United States District Courts. When First Held. Selection of Jurors. Names\\nof Judges and Clerks. United States Attorney. Duties. Names of Attorneys. United\\nStates Marshal. f- owers. Names of Marshals. Commissioners for L nited States Courts.\\nDuties. Names of Commissioners. Masters in Chancery. Duties and Names. The First\\nBankruptcy Act. The Second Bankruptcy Act. Third Bankruptcy Act. Bankruptcy Court.\\nDuties. The Judge. 171-177\\nCHAPTER XXXI.\\nSupreme Courts of the Territory and the State. Supreme Courts of Northwest Territory. Legis-\\nlative and judicial Duties Combined. Court Methods. A Festive Occasion. Names of the\\nJudges. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Origin of a Name. Supreme Court of Indiana Territory. Names of Judges. Supreme\\nCourt of Michigan Territory. jurisdiction. Varied and \\\\emarkable Powers. Time and Place\\nof Court .Sessions. Sessions at Midnight. Se.ssions in the Small Hours of the Morning. Bar-\\nroom Sessions. Sessions on a Wood-pile. Bread and Meat in the Court Room. Whiskey\\nOffered the Judges. Rules and Counter Rules. .Sessions with only a Judge Present. Decisions\\nnot to Serve as Precedents. Hanging under an ex-Post-Facto Law. How a Lawyer Failed to\\nHelp His Client. Branding and Execution of Indians. The E.xecution of Simmons. Woodward\\nand His Eccentricities, Legal Somersaults Peculiar Dress. Sixteen Cups of Tea. Literary\\nEgotism. Complaint of Grand Jury. The Gazette Articles. A Mockery of Justice. The Case\\nof the United States against British Officers. Ludicrous Account of the Arrest and Trial.\\nPublic Denunciation of Woodward. Additional Eccentricities. Congress Provides for Retirement\\nof Judges. New Judges appointed. Names of Judges and Clerks. Supreme Court of State.\\nChanges in Place of Sessions. Time of Sessions. Names of Judges. Clerks and Reporters. 178-188\\nCHAPTER XXXII.\\nDistrict Court. Orphans Court. Court of Quarter Sessions. Court of Common Pleas. Court\\nof Chancery. County Courts. Circuit Courts. District Criminal Court. District Courts\\nof Territory.- Jurisdiction. ISoundaries of District. Court Appointments. Session under a\\n(ireen Bower. Changes in Boundary of District and Jurisdiction. Names of Justices. Orphans", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xix\\nCourt. Jurisdiction Transferred. The Probate Court. Obsolete Duties. Judges and Regis-\\nters. Court of General Quarter Sessions. Jurisdiction. Names of Judges. Prisoners\\nWhipped. Services Sold. Court of Common Pleas. Jurisdiction. Names of judges. Court\\nof Chancery. Object of. Names of Judges and Reporters. Masters in Chancery. Names of\\nAppointees. County Courts. Jurisdiction. Names of Judges and Clerks. Circuit Courts.\\nHistory of Wayne Circuit. Selection of Jurors. Place of Sessions. The County Building.\\nNames of Judges and Clerks. District Cruninal Court. Object of. Judges. 189-194\\nCHAPTER X .X I II\\nMayor s Court. Recorder s Court. Police Court. Superior Court. Commissioners. Justices.\\nNotaries. Lawyers \u00e2\u0080\u0094Detroit Bar Library. Mayor s Court. Aldermanic Judges and Justices.\\nFines Remitted. Prisoners Working on Streets. Recorder s Court. Original Duties of Recorders.\\nNames of Recorders. Names of Judges and Clerks. Police Court. Jurisdiction. Place of\\nSessions. Police Justices and Clerks. Superior Court. Jurisdiction. Judges and Clerks.\\nCommissioners of Bail. Circuit Court Commissioners. Powers. Names of Commissioners.\\nJustices of the Peace. Jurisdiction. Names of Justices. Notaries. Powers. Lawyers.\\nAdmissions to Bar. The Bar Association. A Witty Retort. The Bar Library. Its Manage-\\nment. 195-200\\nCHAPTER XXXIV.\\nMorals. City Marshals. Police. Sheriffs. Prosecuting Attorneys. Constables. Reforms\\nNeeded. Pontchartrain s Recommendations. Diflicultics in the Way. No Sabbath. Sunday\\nMarkets. Their Discontinuance. Blue Law Proceedings. Higher Standards. Remarkable\\nOfficial Retribution. The Ordeal of Fire. Duties and Names of City Marshals. The Earliest\\nPolice. Night Watchmen. V olunteer Watchmen. Service not Sustained. Midnight Refresh-\\nments. Paid City Watch Asked for. Opposition of Citizens Meeting. The Merchants Police.\\nFirst Police Commission. Increasing Need of Police. Riot of 1863. Establishment of Metro-\\npolitan Commission. Opposition to the Commission. Winning its Way. Additional Powers\\nGranted. Names of Commissioners. Superintendents. Secretaries. Attorneys. Physicians\\nand Captains. Salaries. ()ualihcations of Policemen. Regulations and Suggestions. Special\\nPo icemen. Bradford Smith s Work. Mounted Police. Number of Force. E.xpenses. Arrests.\\nYearly Statements. Police Stations. Their Location, Date of Erection, and Cost. Life and\\nHealth Fund. Relief Society. Sheriffs. Duties. Names of Sheriffs. Prosecuting Attorneys.\\nDuties and Names. Constables. Duties and Names. 201-213\\nCHAPTER XXXV.\\nThe Jails and the House of Correction. Location of Jails. New Jail Purchased. Bills for\\nNew Pickets. Insufficient Jails. Jail Hired of James May. Proposed Purchase. Buildings\\nUsed as Jails. Jail Erected by Governor and Judges. An Unoccupied Jail. Tearing down a\\nJail. Erection of Clinton Street Jail. Second Jail on Chnton Street. Average Number of\\nPrisoners. Management. A Prisoner s Joke. Detroit House of Correction. Its Origin.\\nMayor Hyde s Efforts. Brockway s Suggestions. Estimates Ordered. Citizens iVIeeting Dis-\\napproves. State Aid Sought. Favorable Citizens Meeting. Building Erected. Organization.\\nManagement. Money Making. Occupation of Prisoners. Efforts for their Improvement.\\nNames of Superintendents and Inspectors. 214-218\\nPART V.-MILITARY.\\nCILAPTER XXXVI.\\nForts and Defenses. Pensions and Pension Agents. Military Officers in Command at Detroit.\\nAn Important Post. Early Posts in Michigan. Kirst Fort at Detroit. Condition at Different\\nPeriods. Enlargements. How Garrisoned. Citizens Ta.\\\\ed for Repairs. New Stockade and\\nCitadel. Erection of Fort Lernoult. Why ISuilt. Description of. Clark s Hopes. Fort\\nInjured by Bad Weather. Stockade Partially Removed. Strength of Garrison. Visits of Noted\\nOfficers. Interesting Letters. New Stockade. Fort .Shelby. Successive Garrisons. Arsenal\\nErected. Flag-staff Blown down. Distinguished Arrivals. The Fort Demolished. Fort\\nWayne. Location. Cost. Rebuilding. Fort Croghan Order for its Erection. Its Loca-\\ntion. Object. Becomes a I lay-Ground. Detroit Barracks. Their Location. Arsenal at", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "XX TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nDearborn. Early Pension Laws. Pensioners Paid from Detroit. Names of Pension .Agents.\\nFrench Commandants. Names. Time of Service. Englisli Commandants. Names. Time\\nof Service. Anecdote of Colonel England. American Commanding Officers at Forts and Bar-\\nracks. Districts and Departments Embracing Detroit. Names of Commanding Generals. 221-230\\nCHAPTER XXX^ML\\nEarly Indian Attacks. The French and English, or Seven Years War. Indian Attacic of 1703.\\nA Dog Makes Trouble. Ottawas 7 i- -s//s Miamis. Shooting of Father del Halle. A Month s\\nSiege. Disaffection of the i\\\\Iiamis. Cadillac Compels a Peace. The Attack of 1 7 1 2. Du .I3uis-\\nson s Defense. Methods of Attack. P rench Ingenuity. The Foxes Defeated. Immense\\nSlaughter. Indian Threatenings. The French and English War. Occasion of. Scalp Money.\\nHuman Scalps as Merchandise. Proposed Attack of 1747. Exposure of the Plot. The Fort Re-\\ninforced. Unfriendly Indians to be put to Death. Arrest of Indians. Organization of Ohio Com-\\npany. Uneasiness of the French. Taking Possession of the Ohio Valley. Colonists Encouraged.\\nWashington s Mission. The Pittsburgh Fort. Its Capture by the French. Defeat of General\\nBraddock. Dishonest Officers. French Activity. The English Retake the Pittsburgh Fort.\\nDefeat of English by Party from Detroit. New Defenses at Detroit. Relief sent to Niagara.\\nNiagara Surrendered. Troops and Provisions Accumulated at Detroit. Quebec Captured.\\nCanada Surrendered to English. Major Rogers Takes Possession of Detroit. Sir Wm. Johnson\\nArrives. His Treaty with Indians. 231-234\\nCHAPTER XXXVIII.\\nThe Conspiracy of Pontiac. Friendship of French and Indians. Pontiac s Project. Preliminary\\nMovements. Council of Indians. Preparations for Attack. The Plot Revealed. Gladwin s\\nPreparations. Pontiac Surprised. His Revenge. The Killing of Sir Robert Davers. The\\nIndians Invest the Fort. The First Victims. Progress of the Siege. Houses Destroyed.\\nCovmcil with Indians. Pontiac s Treachery. Attempts to Starve the Garrison. Supplies from\\nNiagara. The Blacksmith s Armory. Supply Boats Captured by Indians. Peace between French\\nand English. A Concert Given. The Prayer Bell Rings. Scarcity of Provisions. Relief\\nArrives. FJovine Reinforcements. Pontiac Seeks French Aid. The French Organized for\\nDefense. Farmers Seeking Refuge. Indian Fire Crafts. Indians Sue for Peace. Arrival of\\nDalyell. His Foolish Venture. The Battle of Bloody Bridge. Defeat and Disaster. The Grave\\nof Dalyell. Arrival of Supplies. A Letter from Gladwin. Wilkins Relief Expedition. Short\\nSupplies at Detroit. Troops Sent to Niagara. Termination of Siege. Festivities in the Fort.\\nBradstreet s Expedition. Its Arrival at Detroit. His Council with the Indians. They Yield\\nAllegiance. Visit of Capt. Croghan. 235-241\\nCHAPTER XXXIX.\\nThe Revolutionary War. British and Indian Wars and First American Occupation of Detroit.\\nFrench and Spanish Intrigues. Martial Law Proclaimed. English Fears and Plans. Lieutenant\\nGovernors Created. Object and Powers of Oflice. Misstatements Corrected. Lieutenant Gov-\\nernors iifrsiis Commandants. Governor Hay and His Troubles. His Surname. --De Peyster s\\nDislike. Importance of Detroit. Army Activities. Inciting the Savages. Distribution of Goods\\nand Trinkets. Equipment of War Parties. Oppression of American Sympathizers. Interesting\\nAffidavits. Loyalists at Detroit. French Officers and Indian Companies. Wholesale Employ-\\nment of Savages. A Barbarous Warfare. Lord Suffolk s Justification. Chatham s Scathing\\nReply. Scalping Parties Go and Come. Scalping Knives and Scalps Bought and Sold. Singing\\nWar Songs. Goods for the Indians. Enormous Supplies. An Official Estimate. Long Headed\\nSquaws. Congressional Efforts with Indians. Proposed Expedition against Detroit. Foster s\\nExpedition from Detroit. A Song by Col. De Peyster. More Expeditions from Detroit. A\\nProclamation by Hamilton. The Attack on Fort Henry. Capture of Daniel Boone. Detroit\\nForces at Wyoming. Captain Bird and His Love Affair. Simon Kenton as a Prisoner. His\\nEscape. John Leeth s Experiences. Hamilton s E.xpedition against Vincennes. Col. Clark s\\nCounter Movement. Col. Vigo s Efficient Aid. Clark Marching to incennes. The Jonal\\nDrummer. Hamilton s Surrender. Supplies Captured. Rejoicing at Detroit. Flamilton and\\nOther Officers in Virginia. Jeffer.son Justifies Their Imprisonment. Washington Favors Leniency.\\nHamilton and Hay Paroled. Character of Hamilton. Mcintosh s Expedition against Detroit.\\nBrodhead s Desires. Information Sought from Zeisberger. Clark s Plans. La Balm s Expedi-\\ntion. Immense Expenditures for Clark s Forces. Failure of Clark s Expedition. Washington s\\nDesire to Capture Detroit. English Movements at Detroit. Thousands of Savages Enlisted.\\nBird s Expedition. Ruthless AJassacre of White Settlers. The Delaware Indians and Their\\nNeutrality. The Moravian Missionaries. Their Removal to Detroit. Williamson s Expedition", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxi\\nagainst the Delawares. He Massacres the Christian Indians. Col. Crawford s Expedition. He\\nis Defeated and Burned. Ue Peyster Asks the Indians for Live Meat. Return of War Parties\\nto Detroit. Counting the Scalps. Keeping Tally of the Death Whoops. Women and Children\\nas Captives. Humane Conduct of Certain Officer s. lYoposed Surrender of Detroit. Douglass s\\nReport. Negotiations to Obtain Possession of Detroit. British Lfnwillingness to Surrender.\\nIndians Encouraged to Continue the War. Defeat of Generals Harmer and St. Clair. British Fort\\nErected on the Miami. The McKee Letters. General Wayne Defeats the English and Indians.\\nThe Jay Treaty. The Western Posts Yielded. A Letter from General Wa.shington. Final\\nArrangements for Surrender. The Date of English Departure. Americans in Possession. The\\nHenley and Hamtramck Letters. Testimony of Squire Reynolds. Complete Settlement of the\\nQuestion. Girty and His Horse. Visit of Boundary Line Commissioners. French and Spanish\\nintrigues in Detroit and the West. Powers Mission to General Wilkinson. Wilkinson s .Suspicious\\nConduct. 242-27 1\\nCHAPTER XL.\\nIndian Wars from 1790 to 1812. Impertinence and Inhumanity of English Officers. Unrest at\\nDetroit. Preparations for Defense. British Presents to the Indians. Harrison Defeats Indians\\nat Tippecanoe. Citizens of Detroit Ask Congress for Troops. 272-273\\nCHAPTER L I\\nThe War of i8i2. The Right of Search. Attack on the Chesapeake. War Declared. Militia\\nCalled for. British Activity. Mustering of Detroit Militia. .^rmy Gathered at Dayton.\\nGeneral Hull Takes Command. Hull s Baggage and Muster Rolls Captured. Hull s Army Arrives\\nat Springwells. Cass s Mission to Maiden. The Army Cross to Sandwich. Proclamation to\\nCanadians. Various Detachments Sent out. Captain Brush Arrives at the Raisin. Defeat of\\nVan Horn s Escort. The Army Returns to Detroit. Miller Sent to Relief of Brush. Defeat of\\nBritish and Indians. McArthur Seeks to Aid Miller. Miller Ordered back to Detroit. The\\nBritish Erect Batteries. Further Efforts to Relieve Brush. Brock Demands Surrender of Detroit.\\nHull s Reply. Cutting down a Pear Tree. Detroit Bombarded. Incidents of the Cannonade.\\nThe British Cross to Springwells. Colonel Anderson s Opportunity. The Fort Surrendered.\\nDisgust of the Militia. Amount of Stores Surrendered. Removal of Stores. Captain Elliott\\nCatches a Tartar. Was Hull a Traitor. Strange Stories. Mrs. Dodemead s Joke. Plans for\\nRecapture of Detroit. Battle of Frenchtown. Winchester s Defeat. Wounded Americans\\nKilled. Scalped, and Burned. Gathering the Remains. Ransoming of Prisoners. Womanly\\nSympathy. Proctor s Inhumanity. American Citizens Ordered to Leave. Their Protest. Great\\nMortality among Indians. Indian Outrages. Indian Captives. Her Mother s Scalp. American\\nTroops Marching to Detroit. Provisional Methods. Harrison s Message to Major Croghan.\\nCroghan s Singular Reply. His Arrest and Explanation. His Defense of Fort Steven.son.\\nPerry s Victory. Proctor Leaves Detroit. The Old Flag. Christening of Fort Shelby. Battle\\nof the Thames. Sheriffs and Vuctioneers Appointed for Canada. Troops Decimated by Dis-\\nease. Pits instead of Coffins. An Ingenious Ruse. Expedition against Fort Talbot.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Expedition\\nagainst Mackinaw. Indian Depredations at Detroit. The Killing of McMillan. A X olunteer\\nExpedition. McArthur s Riflemen Arrive. Insolence of British Officials. Date of Reoccupation.\\nPlentiful and Positive Testimony.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Question Settled.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Distress after the War. President\\nMadison s Letter to Congress. Relief Afforded by Government. 274-2S8\\nCHAPTER XLII.\\nThe Surrender of Detroit. An Analysis and Review of Hull s Trial, Hull s Memoirs, and\\nDearborn s Defense. Trial of General Hull. His Case Considered. Efforts in his Behalf.\\nHis Denunciations. Relatives as Defenders. General Dearborn s Defense. Candor of Mr.\\nLossing. Hull s Ingratitude. His Discreditable Administration.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Vituperation and Accusa-\\ntions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dishonesty of his Statements. Specimen Stultifications.- Base Insinuations of Certain\\nDefenders.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Memoirs. Misrepresentations.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inconsistent and Reckless Statements. The\\nReal Issue. Opinions 7v;-.s-/\u00c2\u00ab Facts. Simplicity as an Excuse for Carelessness. Specimen Petti-\\nfoggery. Pathetic Non.sense.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Coward s Reason. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Afterthought Excuses. A Fatal Ana-\\nchronism. A Wonderful Surplus. Remarkable Effrontery. Clark s Absurd Argument.\\nHalf Truths. Letters from John Ouincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Governor\\nCass. 289-298", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "xxii TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER XLIII.\\nThe Black Hawk War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Toledo War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Patriot War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mexican War. Cause of Black Hawk War.\\nTroops from Michigan. Departure of Guards and Dragoons. The Return to Detroit.\\nArrival of U. S. Troops. Black Hawk in Detroit. The Toledo War. Cause of. Laws and\\nCounter Laws. Militia on the March. The Sheriff and his Posse. Boundary Line Skirmish.\\nArrests in Toledo. Michigan Militia at Toledo. A Midnight Court. Judges on the Run.\\nGovernor Mason Superseded. Return of Troops. Humorous War Song. Impromptu Celebra-\\ntion. Prisoners Released. Governor Horner s Reason. Ohio ictorious. The Patriot War.\\nDissatisfied Canadians. Events at Buffalo. Refugees at Detroit. Hunters Lodges. Patriot\\nSympathizers. Stolen Arms. Governor Mason s E.xpedition. Sutherland s Forces. Capture\\nof Theller. Arrival of U. S. Troops. Activity of Brady Guards. The Patriots Cannonaded.\\nExcitement at Detroit. Patriot Camp near Bloody Run. General Brady Disperses Patriots.\\nPatriots Attack Windsor. Their Defeat. Theller s Escape and Trial. Quiet Restored. The\\nMexican War. Troops from Detroit. General Scott s Commendation. Premature Celebration.\\nVictory of Palo Alto. Captain Taylor s Joy. Officers of the Michigan Troops. Return of the\\nTroops. State Expenses for Troops. 299-304\\nCHAPTER XLIV.\\nThe War with the South. The Irrepressible Conflict. The Hero of Fort Sumter. War Begins.\\nUnion Meetings. Equipping tlie P irst Infantry. Individual Loans. The Oath of Allegiance.\\nFlag Raisings. War Meetings. Mustering of First and Second Regiments. TheCamp of Instruc-\\ntion. More Regiments Raised. Union Political Convention. Camp Backus Established. Cele-\\nbration of Victories. Passports to Canada. Return of General Willcox. Ward Drills. Depar-\\nture of Regiments. Riot of 1863. Gettysburg and Vicksburg. Comforts for the Soldiers.\\nReturn of Regiments. Burley and his Plot. Other Rebel Plots. The City to be Burned.\\nVictory at Richmond. News of Lincoln s Death. Bagley s Eulogy. The Funeral Procession.\\nEntertaining Returning Troops. Old Battle Flags. Number of Soldiers and Losses. Relief\\nOrganizations. Officers. Synopsis of Work. Relief and Bounty Funds. How Apportioned.\\nTotal Amounts Expended. Soldiers Monument. Organization of Association. Raising the\\nFunds. Names of Officers. Description of Monument. 305-312\\nCHAPTER LXV.\\nMilitia and Military Companies. First Regulations. Uniforms L^nnecessary. Parades at Detroit.\\nHull s Martinetism. A Peculiar Law. Militia Officers. .Absurd Regulations. Gorgeous\\nUniforms. The Governor s Clothing Store. Dissatisfaction of Inhabitants. I niforms Must be\\nProcured. Gentle s Description of Military Doings. An Awkw-ard Captain and His Awkward\\nSquad. Trouble between Hull and Griswold. Military Courts. Amusing E.xcuses. Military\\nCompanies. Date of Organization. Officers and Incidents. 3 1 3-3 1 8\\nPART VI. SOCIAL,\\nCHAPTER XL VI.\\nOriginal Inhabitants of Detroit. Indian Agents. Early Visitors. First Inhabitants. Various\\nTheories. Probable Order of Occupation. Humboldt s Opinion. Indian Mounds.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Examina-\\ntions. Contents. Probable Object. Names of Tribes. Cannibals. Location of illages.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIndian Dress. Amusements. Habitations. Occupations. Origin of Indian Names. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The\\nCouncil Fire. isits of Noted Indians. Methods and Requests. Stephenson s Metaphor.\\nEnglish Gifts. American Largess. Indian Dandies. Ouaint Designations.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian Agents.\\nIndian Treaties. First White isitors. Remarkable Journeys. Champlain and Detroit. Mar-\\nquette. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Joliet.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Galinee.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 La Salle and the Griffon. Tonty and La Forest. La Hontan.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCharlevoix. 321-325\\nCHAPTER XLVII.\\nBiography of Cadillac. The Founding and Growth of Detroit. Manners and Customs. Marriage\\nLaws. Masonic and Odd Fellows Societies. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cadillac s Real Name. Date and Place of\\nBirth. When Baptized.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Father s Histon Other Relatives.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Signature. Careless\\nRecording. The Family Name. Proofs of Identity. His Early Life. Rare Abilities. Deter-\\nmined Character. A Cosmopolite. His Marriage. Residence in Acadia. His Wife s Devotion.", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxiil\\nHer Courage. Names of their Children. History of Children. His Wife s Last Home. The\\nMt. Desert Grant. The Gregoires. Their Burial Place. Cadillac s Position. Governmental\\nEsteem. Appointed to Mackinaw. His Return to Quebec. Desires to Found Detroit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Date of\\nLeaving Detroit. Appointed Governor of Louisiana. .Arrival at Mobile. His Activity.\\nJealousy of Associates. Later Misrepresentations. Appointed Governor of Castelsarrasin. His\\nDeath and Burial. The Founding of Detroit. Cadillac s Plans. Obstacles in the Way.\\nCadillac at Quebec. Going West. Beauchene s Narrative. Birthday of Detroit. Indian Coun-\\ncils. Opposition to Colony. Vaudreuil Neglects Orders. Intrigues at Trading Company.\\nStatement of Cadillac s Son. Boldness of First Settlers. Royal Blood. St. Anne s Records.\\nFirst Birth, Marriage and Death. Growth of Population. Arrival of Prominent Families.\\nEncouragement to Settlers. Increasing Prosperity. Acadians at Detroit. Engli.sh Census\\nReports. First American Settlers. Bostonians. Poetical Praises. Potent Maps. Thousands\\nof New Comers. Emigration Song. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Arrival of Various Nationalities. Interesting F acts. An\\nObsolete Opinion. Census by Decades. Percent of Increase. Number of Families. Percent-\\nage of Children. Population Possibilities. Old Time Manners. Rough oyages. Nick-\\nnames. Styles of Dress. .A Sonnet on a Bonnet. Subjects of Thought. Provisions. Domes-\\ntic Animals. Sugar and Fish .Scales. A Delicious Drink. Governor Cass s Testimony.\\nEmployments of First Settlers. Unscientific Farmers. Gentlemen by Occupation. A Conserva-\\ntive .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\tmosphere. A Place to Enjoy Life. Characteristics of People. Personal Appearance.\\nEarly Social Advantages. Old School Hospitality. Pertinent Testimony. Noticeable Social\\nEvent. Banquet to C. C. Trowbridge. New Year s Calls. Social Societies. The Detroit\\nClub. Marriage Laws. Indian Wives. Importation of Young Ladies. Wedding Festivities.\\nA Bride with a Doll. Territorial Marriage Laws. Later Regulations. Masonic and Odd Fellows\\nSocieties. Date of Institution of Lodges. Incidents. Places of Meetings. 326-343\\nCHAPTER XL VI II.\\nSlavery and the Colored Race. First Slaves. Indian Ser\\\\-ants. Orders for Slaves. Prices of\\nSlaves. Peculiar E.xprcssions. Slavery Prohibited. Efforts to Repeal Prohibition. John Ran-\\ndolph Opposes. Colored Militia. Taxes on Slave Property. Gradual F2.\\\\tinction of Slavery.\\nUnfriendly Laws. Kidnapping Slaves. Riot of 1S33. Escape of Blackburn. Excitement at\\nDetroit. Troops from Fort Gratiot. Anti-Slavery Society. Officers of Society. The Liberty\\nAssociation. Fugitive Slave Loan. Arrest of Rose. Underground Railroad. Frequent\\nArrivals. Humorous Handbill. Anti-Slavery Sentiment. John Brown in Detroit. The Harper s\\nFerry Raid. Celebration of Emancipation. The Riot of 1863. Faulkner s Arrest and Trial. A\\nDisgraceful Mob. Houses Fired. Colored People Beaten and Killed. Sequel to Faulkner\\nCase. Colored People Ask for Citizenship. Citizenship Bestowed. 344-348\\nC H A P TE R X L I X.\\nRecreations and Amusements. Sporting Facilities. Skilful Maidens. Natural Gayety. Sunday\\nAmusements. Foot Racing. The French Champion. Sir Wm. Johnson s Visit. IVIiss Curie s\\nConquest. Old Time Ci\\\\-ilities. The Grosse Pointe Road. Dancing all Night. Compliments\\nbv Mail. Lady Musicians. War and Merriment. Miss Powell s Visit. Lord Edward Fitz-\\ngerald. Picnic on Belle Isle. Racing on the Ice. Winter Picnics. Michigan against North\\nAmerica. Characteristic Challenge. Woodbridge Grove. Old Time Rambles. Children s\\nGames. Obsolete Laws. McKinstry s Enterprise. Sports at Michigan Garden. Description\\nof Garden. First Museum. The Higgins Collection. Doctor Cavalli s Museum. Coasting\\non Piety Hill. Eariy Skating Rinks. Recreation Park. The Zoological Garden. Foot Ball\\non Jefferson venue. Billiard Tables. Noted Matches.- Novel Entertainments. Authors\\nCarnival. Roller Skates and elocipedes. City License Fees. The Turn-^ erein. The\\nCricket Club. Gymnasiums. Shooting and Fishing Clubs. Boat Clubs and Regattas. 349-353\\nCHAPTER L.\\nMusic and the Drama. Art, Artists, and Inventors. Nature s ocalists. Fifes and Fiddles.\\nParish Choristers. Hot Flip and Songs. Primitive Halls. Local Vocalists. Visits of Noted\\nSingers. Former Teachers. Musical Organizations. Harmonie Society. Musical Association.\\nDetroit Philharmonic. Concordia Society. Nicolai- Philharmonic. Detroit Musical. Chorus\\nUnion. Orpheus Musical. Arion Glee Club.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Schumann -Society. Sa;ngerbund Meetings.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFirst Piano and Organ. Detroit Composers. Successful Compositions. Leaders of Brass\\nBands. Lincoln s Opinion of Kern. Gideon s Band. Recent Bands. Military Theatricals.\\nLocation of Theatres. Visits of Noted Actors. Bronson Howard and His Plays. Art, Artists,\\nand Inventors. Works of Randolph Rogers. Stanley s Paintings. Portraits by Bradish.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fine\\nArt Exhibitions. Works by Local .-Xrtists. Exhibition of Noted Paintings, Dunlap s Bearing", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "Xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nthe Cross. Calvar and Christ Rejected. West s Christ Healing the Sick. Peale s\\nCourt of Death. Rossiter s Return of the Dove and Miriam. Dubufe s x\\\\dani and\\nEve. Power s Greelc Slave. Photographic Work. The Art Loan. Local Artists. Museum\\nof Art. Subscriptions towards Site. Gift of J. E. Scripps. Detroit Inventions. P.urt s Solar\\nCompass. Edison s Earlv isits.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An Omnivorous Reader. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Van de Poele s Light.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Felix Meier s\\nClock. Smith s Automatic Clock. Brown s Gold Pens. Day s Snow Plow. Wilder s Propeller\\nWheel. Davis s Kefrigerators. Flower s Double-Faced Valves. 354-364\\nPART VII. -ARCHITECTURAL.\\nCHAPTER LI.\\nHouses and Homes. Stores and Business Buildings. House and Store Numbers. Lighting and\\nHeating. Log Houses. Birch-Fiark Kot fs. Acadian Simplicity. Buildings Multiplying. Stone\\n()uarries. Interesting Discovery. Original Cellar Kitchen. The River Front. Picture of Special\\nInterest. A Street View in iSoo. The Cass House. Judge Campbell s Cassina. Moran and\\nLafferty Houses. First Brick Residence. Various Occupants. The Campau House. A French\\nHouse. Growth of City. Recent Statistics. Noted House Moving. Gravel and Slate Roofs.\\nBrick Rows. Effects of Street Cars. Increase of Elaboration. Residence Streets. Lawns and\\nShade Trees. Remarkable Facts. Business Corners. Former Designations. First Brick\\nStores. A Prize Conundrum. Introduction of Plate Glass. Office Buildings. Names of Busi-\\nness Blocks. Location and Date of Erection. House and Store Numbers. Primitive Fire\\nKindlers. First Matches. Bayberry Candles. Tallow Dips. Burning Fluid. Coal Oil.\\nElectric Lights. Street Lighting. Gas Inspectors. Keeping Warm. Stove Renting. Coal\\nIntroduced. Increased Use. First Steam Heating. Steam Supply Company. Boiler In-\\nspection. 367-471\\nCHAPTER LI I.\\nCouncil Houses. Court House or Capitol. City Halls. Opera Houses and Public Halls.\\nCouncil Houses. Locations. Indian Council House. Wlien Built. Governor Cass s Testi-\\nmony. Woodworth s Statement. Various Occupants. City Council House. A Moving History.\\nThe Court House. Changes and Delays. A Mistake Somewhere. Peculiar Contract. Laying\\nof Corner-Stone. Dinner by Contractor. Completion of Capitol. An Appropriate Address.\\nScrip for Contractors. The Cupola. A Favorite Lookout. Old City Hall. Selection of Site.\\nErection of Building. Campus Martins Lime Kiln. Completion of Building. Entertainments\\nin. Building Vacated and Demolished. New City Hall. The Site. Description of Building.\\nView from Tower. The Clock. Old Cannons. The Hubbard Statues, Cadillac, La .Salle,\\nMarquette, and Richard. Early Public Halls. The Old Session Room. Old Young Men s\\nHall. Firemen s Hall. Merrill Hall. Young Men s Hall. Arbeiter Hall.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 St. Andrew s Hall.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nDetroit Opera House. Whitney s Opera House. Harmonie Hall. Former Music Hall. Other\\nPublic Halls. Building Inspectors. 472-479\\nCHAPTER LIII.\\nOld Taverns and New Hotels. The Dodemead House. Smyth s Hotel. Sagina Hotel Woodworth s\\nHotel. Uncle Ben. The Long Room. American or Wales Hotel. Harriet Martineau s De-\\nscription. The First Mansion House. Everything by Turns. Prominent Landmark. Attractive\\nResort. Yankee Boarding-House. Franklin House. Eagle Hotel. Cliff s Tavern. New York\\nand Ohio House. Michigan Exchange. The National. Russell House. St. Joseph House.\\nDetroit Cottage. Andrew s Railroad Hotel. Second Mansion House. United States Hotel.\\nCentral Railroad House. CoyI House. Commercial Hotel. Indiana House. Western\\nHotel. Grand River House. Goodman House. Northern Hotel. Perkins Hotel. Johnson s\\nHotel. Bagg s Hotel. Buena ista House. Biddle House. City Hotel. American Temper-\\nance House. Grand Circus Hotel. Merchants E.xchange. Peninsular Hotel.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Blindbury s\\nHotel. Antisdel House. Garrison House. St. Charles Hotel. Tremont House. Revere\\nHouse. Leland House. The Madison. Waverly House. Howard or Griswold House. Lamed\\nHouse. Railroad Exchange. Finney House. Brighton House. Hotel Erichson. Eisenlord\\nHouse. Hotel Henry. Hotel Reiiaud. Goffinet or Bernard House. The Brunswick.\\nStandish House. Rice s Hotel. The Kirkwood. Dates of Opening. Names of Proprietors,\\netc. 480-488", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "TA13LF. OF CONTEXTS. XXV\\nCHAPTER LIV.\\nImportant Fires. Fire Marshal. Fire Limits. Chimney Sweeps. Notable Fires. Dates and\\nIncidents. Fire of 1703. Indian Incendiaries. Cadillac Injured. Fire of 1713. Buildings\\nDemolished. The Fire of 180;. Resultant Changes. Premonitions. The Laborer s Pipe.\\nOld Fire Pump. The Hatter s Vat. Inhabitants in Double Line. Excited People. Loading the\\nBoats. The Town Destroyed. Houses outside the Stockade. Dilhet s \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\ccount. Majestic and\\nFrightful Sight. Crippled Child. Munroe s Letter to Harrison. Well-Baked Bread. Hull s\\nAccommodations. Gathering Building Materials. Horrible Suspicion. Strange Proclamation.\\nRelief Contributions. How Disposed of. Later Conflagrations. Dates. Locations. Owners\\nof Property. Fire Commis.sion Records. Yearly List of Fires and flosses. Fire Marshal.\\nHistory of Office. Duties and Names of Marshals. Fire Limits. Changes in Limits.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chimney\\nSweeps. Time s Changes. 489-500\\nCHAPTER LV.\\nThe Old Fire Department. The Steam Fire Department. The Fire Department Society. The\\nSwab Brigade. Furs as Extinguishers. Engine of 179S. Sweeping the Chimneys. Fire\\nBags. Keg and Bucket Safeguards. Roof Ladders. Bucket Line. Trustee s Orders. Dis-\\nobedience Fined. A Widow s Wit. Morbid Fears. Town Inspectors. Suburban Inspectors.\\nBattering Rams. Axemen. Battering-men. Firemen. Missing Hooks and Rams. Informa-\\ntion Sought. Fire Engines Wanted. Proposed Lottery. Sunrise Practice. Shouldering Tubs.\\nUnwilling Citizens. Broken Resolutions. Engine-FIouse Site Wanted. Watchman s Cr)\\nCandles in Windows. Noise and Terror. Arrival of No. i Lazy Citizens. Triangular Bell\\nWanted.. No. 2 Organized. First RexHevV Day. Reser\\\\ oir on Wheels. Underground Reser-\\nvoirs. First Hose Company. No. 3 Organized. Engine House for No. 2. New Fire Ordi-\\nnance. Wands for Officers. Caps and Trumpets. Fire Buckets for Houses. Fire Wardens\\nand Duties. Tolling the Bells. The Steeple Watch. Districting the City. No. 4 Organized.\\nHeroic Firemen. Coats Burned Off. A Poor Corporation. Singular Resolution. No. 5 Or-\\nganized. X isiting Firemen. More Companies Organized. Annual Parades. Gay Decorations.\\nWeil-Dressed Firemen. Highest Water. Broom Carrying. False Alarms. Jealousies. Politi-\\ncal Influence. Firemen s lialls. Daring Deeds. Starting for a Fire. Rival Companies.\\nSuccessful Tricks. Exciting Scenes. Washed Out. Night Refreshments. Newspaper Thanks.\\nFiremen s Songs. Company Mottoes. Department in 1851. Engine-House Furnishings. The\\nFirst Stream. Increase of Rivalry. Costly Jealousies. Sidewalk Ordinance. Displeased Fire-\\nmen. Disbanding Companies. Old Citizens to the Rescue. New Companies Organized. The\\nFiremen s Dog. Unworthy Firemen. First Trial of Steamers. oIunteer Companies Disband.\\nThe Old Machine and Hose. Characteristic Song. First Steamers Ordered. Paid Companies\\nProvided for. First Fire-Alarm Telegraph. Chief Engineers of Volunteer Department. Steam\\nFire Department Created. Military Management. Full and Careful Reports. Department\\nExpenses and Inventories. Engine Houses. Steamers. Hose Carriages. Automatic Conveni-\\nences. Chemical Engines. A Protective Company. New Fire-Alarm Telegraph. Its Con-\\nstruction. How Operated. The Box Alarms. How Given. Hydrants and Reser\\\\-oirs.\\nOrganization of Commission. Names of Commissioners. Secretaries. Engineers. Surgeons.\\nThe Firemen. A Creditable Force. Firemen s Association. Fire Department .Society. Organi-\\nzation. Objects. Hurlbut s Letter. Firemen s Hall. Description of. an Dyke s Services.\\nAppreciative Testimonial. Cemetery Lot and Monument. Improvement of Hall. Management\\nof Society. Legislative Provisions. Names of Presidents and Secretaries. 501-523\\nPART VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RELIGIOUS.\\nCHAPTER L VI.\\nRoman Catholic Missionaries and Priests. Churches. Bishops and Dioceses, The Catholic\\nUnion. Catholic Pioneers. Jesuit Visitors. Tireless Zeal. ireat .\\\\bility. Priestly Explorers.\\nReligious Settlement. First Chapel. alliant and Del Halle. Cadillac s Preferences.\\nFranciscans Hold the Fort. Burning of Chapel. St. .Anne s Records. Carefully Preserved.\\nAuthenticity Attested. Interestmg Extracts. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The First Entry. Del Halle s Death and Burial.\\nFrequent Removal of Remains. Extracts from Records. New Church Erected. The Church\\nBurned. Visit of Charlevoix. Arrival of Bonaventure. Completion of New Church. Crespel s\\nNarrative. Richardie s Huron Mission. l^othier and Sallenauve. Death of Pothier. Visit of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nBishop Pontbriand. Riverside Chapels. The Red Chapel. Rogation Exercises. Services Dur-\\ning Pontiac War. Trustees and Pew Rents. Arrival of Father Richard. Universal Esteem.\\nRichard s Loyalty. His Election to Congress. Death and Burial. Memorial Window. Church\\nBurned in 1S05. Services after the Fire. Church Troubles. Bishop Flaget s Interdict. His\\nArrival. Difficulties Settled. Great Rejoicings. Departure of Bishop Flaget. The Melcher\\nFarm Church. Incorporation of St. Anne s. The First Trustees. The Church Property.\\nWhen Obtained. The Consideration. An Unverified Tradition. The Building of St. Anne s.\\nFather Richard s Advertisement. Counterfeit Shinplasters. Steeple en Fire. A Sleepy Pro-\\nphecy. Original Appearance of Church. Customs of the Past. Curious Ofificial Letter. A Peculiar\\nAdvertisement. Church Processions. A Valuable Bequest. Priest s House. Capacity of\\nChurch. Bounds of Parish. Names of Priests. Date of Service. Holy Trinity Church. First\\nBuilding. Its Removal. New Building. Cost. Seating Capacity. Average Attendance. Value\\nof Property. Yearly Expenses. The Mamie Disaster. Memorial Tablet. Bounds of Pari.sh.\\nNames of Priests. Terms of Service. St. Mary s Church. First Services in German. Erection\\nof Building, Size. Number of Sittings. Value of Property. Names of Priests. Time of\\nService. Franciscan Residence. Boundaries of Parish. The New Church. SS. Peter and\\nPaul Church. Consecration Services. Size and Cost of Building. Mrs. Keveny s Gift.\\nValue of Property. Names of Priests. Terms of Service. Bounds of Parish. St. Joseph s\\nChurch. Original Location. First Building. Priest s Residence. New Church. Capacity.\\nValue of Property. Church Beneficial Society. Bounds of Pari.sh. Names of Priests. Terms of\\nService. St. Anthony s Church. Location. Cost. When Completed. Capacity. Names of\\nPriests. Terms of Service. St. Patrick s Church. Location. When Completed. Cost. Date\\nof Enlargement. Priest s House. Value of Property. Names of Priests. Terms of Service.\\nBounds of Pari.sh. St. Vincent de Paul Church. Location. When Consecrated. Cost.\\nCapacity. Priest s House. Value of Property. Bounds of Parish. Priests and Terms\\nof Service. Our Lady of Help Church. Location. When Consecrated. Cost.\\nCapacity. Value of Property. Bounds of Parish. Priests and Terms. St. Boniface Church.\\nWhen Organized. Services in School Building. Priest s House. Names of Priests. Bounds of\\nParish. Church Erected. Date of Consecration. Value. St. Albert s Church. Location.\\nDate of Consecration. Cost of Church. Capacity. Bounds of Parish. Names and Terms of\\nPriests. New Church Building. St. Aloysius Church. Location. Purchase. Purchase of\\nBuildings. Improvements. Capacity. Bounds of Parish. Ser\\\\ ices of Father Van Dyke.\\nValue of Property. St. Joachim s Church. Original Name. Location. Cost. Bounds of\\nParish. Value of Property. Name of Priest. Church of the Sacred Heart. Location. Cost.\\nCapacity. Average Attendance. Names and Terms of Priests. Bounds of Parish. Value of\\nProperty. St. Wenceslaus Church. Location. Cost. Capacity. Names of Priests. Church\\nof the Holy Redeemer. First Ser\\\\-ices. Location. Cost. Capacity. Bounds of Parish.\\nPriests in Charge. St. Cassimer s Church. Location. Combined Church and School Building.\\nCost. Date of Consecration. Name of Priest. Bounds of Parish. St. Bonaventure Church\\nand Monastery. Location. Size of Building. Cost. Grotto of the Blessed Virgin Mary. A\\nPeculiar Structure. Location. Beautiful Avenue. Cost of Grotto. Description. Roman\\nCatholic Bishops and Dioceses. First Diocese in New France. Names of Bishops. Dates of\\nConsecration. Vicar-Generals. Secretaries. Catholic Union Society. When Organized.\\nObjects. How Managed. Presidents and Secretaries. 527-549\\nCHAPTER LVII.\\nEarliest Protestant Ministers. The Moravians. Later Missionaries and Clerical Visitors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFirst Regular Protestant Services. First Protestant Clergymen in Detroit. English Army\\nChaplains. Moravians Brought to Detroit. Departure of Moravians. Their Return. First\\nProtestant Services. Interesting Details. The Moravians on the Huron. New Gnadenhuetten.\\nConsecration of Church. Moravian Visits and Baptisms. Leaving New Gnadenhuetten. A\\nChaplain of the Queen s Rangers. Gen. Wayne s Army Chaplain. E.xtract from Journal. Arri-\\nval of David Bacon. Revs. Badger and Hughes. Mrs. Bacon Leaves for Connecticut. Return\\nwith Wife and Brother. His Sermons and his Hearers. Visit of a Moravian Minister.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMessrs. Badger and Hughes again. Dr. Leonard Bacon s Birthplace. Incident of his Infancy.\\nBacon Visits Maumee and Mackinaw. Goes to Ohio. Visit of Daniel Freeman. Ser\\\\-ices by\\nRev. Mr. Pollard. Rev. Nathan Bangs Arrives. Account of Visit and Ser\\\\-ices. Lot Asked for\\nProtestant Church. Rev. Wm. Case Appointed to Detroit. Bravery and Success. Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church Organized. First Protestant Church in Territory. Names of Members. Eariy\\nMethodist Preachers. Mitchell, Holmes, Ryan, and Hopkins. American Army Chaplains. Death\\nof Rev. J. T. Wilmor. Arrival of Joseph Hickcox. Low State of Morals. A Rigid Law.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Plain\\nTalk by Mr. Hickcox. Services by Rev. Gideon Lanning. The Rouge Church. Methodist\\nMinisters: Davis, Dixon, Kent, Finlay, Morey, and Strange. Rev. John Monteith Arrives, His\\nFirst Sermon. Evangelistic Society Organized. Services at Council House. Judge Woodward s\\nProposed Society. Robert Abbott s Advertisement. Burying Ground Granted to Protestant", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXVU\\nSociety. Erection of Church. Dedication of Building. Sabbath Collections. Church Due\\nBills. Pew Rents. First Protestant Society Incorporated. Departure of Mr. Monteith. His\\nSuccessor. First Protestant Society Becomes a Presbyterian Church. 550-558\\nCHAPTER LVIII.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Churches. Events of Interest to the Denomination. Circuit Riders.\\nFirst M. E. Society. First Church Buildin;.^. Notice of Meeting. Incorporation of Society.\\nNames of Corporators. Relation to the Rouge Society. Reminiscences by Dr. Brunson. Indian\\nVisitors. Christian Courtesies. Gathering Materials for Building. Location. Description of\\nBuilding. Christian Indians. Interesting Meetings. Old-Time Records Sale of Church Prop-\\nerty. Erection of New Church. Names and Terms of Pastors. Erection of Woodward Avenue\\nand State Street Churches. Consolidation of Woodward Avenue and Congress Street Societies.\\nErection of Central Church. Cost of Property. Church Societies. Members by Decades.\\nNames and Terms of Pastors. Church Societies. Central Morning Mission. Congress Street\\nChurch. First Services. First Trustees. Location of Building. Sermon by Rev. John N.\\nMaffitt. V Comprehensive Lecture. Donation Parties. General Grant as a Pew-Holder.\\nLibrary Association. Enlargement of Church. Names and Terms of Pastors. Burning of\\nChurch. Subsequent Services. Number of Members by Decades. Tabernacle Society. Former\\nNames. First Church Building. Old Location. Extensive Repairs. Sale of Property. Purchase\\nof New Site. Church and Chapel Erected. Names and Terms of Pastors. Simpson Church.\\nFormer Names. When Organized. First Building. New Location. New Building. Names\\nand Terms of Pastors. Palmer Memorial Church. Former Name. Original Location. Dedi-\\ncation. Improvements and Alterations. Yearly Expenses. Members by Decades. Value of\\nProperty. New Location. New Church. New Name. Names and Terms of Pastors. Fort\\nStreet Church. Preliminary History. Erection of Building. Location. Cost. Dedication.\\nNumber of Members. Names and Terms of Pastors. Yearly Expenses. Value of Property.\\nSi.xteenth Street Church. Location of Building. Date of Dedication. Cost. Value of Prop-\\nerty. Number of Members. List of TPastors. Junction Church. Original Location. Early\\nServices. New Site. Names of Pastors. Value of Property. Delray Church. Location.\\nWhen Dedicated. Cost. First Pastor. Wesley Church. Its Beginnings. Cost of Building.\\nDate of Dedication. Cass Avenue Church. Location. Cost of Chapel. First Pastor.\\nAsbury Mission. Location. Cost. Date of Dedication. First German Church. Date of\\nOrganization. First Meetings. Erection of Church. Location. Value of Property. Members\\nby Decades. Names and Terms of Pastors. Second German Church. Location. When Dedi-\\ncated. Cost. Members by Decades. Names of Pastors. Thirty- second Street German\\nChurch. Location. When Dedicated. Cost. First Pastor. Lafayette Street African Church.\\nJohn Stewart s Mission. First Colored Society. First Building. arious Removals. First\\nBrick Church. Location. Cost. Extensive Repairs. Value of Property. Members by De-\\ncades. Names and Terms of Pastors. Ebenezer African Church. When Organized. First\\nBuilding. Chapel Purchased. \u00e2\u0080\u0094When Dedicated. Value of Property. Names of Ministers.\\nZion A ^frican Church. First Building. \u00e2\u0080\u0094When Dedicated. Names of Ministers. Society Dis-\\nbands. New Organization. Place of Meeting. Names of Ministers. French Church.\\nLocation. Cost of Building. Names of Pastors. Society Disbanded. Church Sold. Pine\\nStreet Protestant Methodist Church. Date of Organization. Location. Names of Pastors.\\nSociety Disbanded. Bethel Evangelical Association Church. Date of Organization. First\\nBuilding. Cost. New Location. New Building. Members by Decades. Names and Terms\\nof Pastors. Events Interesting to Methodists. Names and Terms of Presiding Elders. 559-580\\nCHAPTER LIX.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Churches. Bishops, Dioceses, and Conventions. Anglo-Catholic and\\nReformed Episcopal Churches. St. Pauls Church. When Organized. Meetings at Council\\nHouse. Part of Old Burying-Ground Obtained. First Church. Enlargement of Church.\\nNames of Rectors. Service Described by Mrs. Jameson. Sale of Woodward Avenue Property.\\nErection of New Church. Names of Rectors. Annual Expenses. Value of Property. Mem-\\nbers by Decades. Christ Church. When Organized. Location. First Building. When\\nConsecrated. Addition Built. Chapel Erected. Cost. Church Erected. Cost. Size.\\nChime of Bells Donated. Names and Terms of Rectors. Memorial Window. Members by\\nDecades. Mariners Church. iVIrs. Anderson s Bequest. Special Legislation. Erection of\\nBuilding. Cost. Names of Rectors. Members by Decades. Value of Property. St. Peter s\\nChurch. First Ser\\\\-ices. Building Erected. Partially Burned. Extensive Improvements.\\nMemorial Window. Value of Property. Members by Decades. Names of Rectors. St.\\nJohn s Church.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Date of Organization. H.P.Baldwin s Gifts. Cost of Chapel and Church.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLocation. Names of Rectors Missionary Work. Value of Property. Members by Decades.\\nAssistant Rectors. Grace Church. First Services. Erection of Building. Location. Cost.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "XXVlii TAI5LE OF CONTENTS.\\nE. W. Hudson s Gift. J. W. Waterman s Donation. alue of Property. Members by Decades.\\nNames of Rectors. St. Stephen s Church. Location. When Consecrated. Names of Rec-\\ntors. Emanuel Memorial Church. First Services. Erection of Building. Mrs. Medbury s\\nGift. New Location. Names of Rectors. Value of Property. All Saints Chapel. First\\nServices. Location. Cost. Rectors in Charge. St. James Church. When Established.\\nLocation. A Church Purchased. New Building. Value of Property. Names of Rectors.\\nMission of the Messiah. Location. Cost of Building. Value of Property. Names of Rec-\\ntors. St. Mary s Mission. When Established. Chapel Erected. Location. Cost. Ministers\\nin Charge. Mission of the Good Shepherd. First Services. Building Erected. Location.\\nValue of Property. Ministers in Charge. St. Thomas Mission. Location. When Estab-\\nlished. St. Barnabas Mission. Location. When Established. Cost of Building. Rectors.\\nHoly Trinity Mission. First Services. Ministers in Charge. St. Luke s Memorial Chapel.\\nLocation. Erected by C. C. Trowbridge. Object. St. Matthew s Colored Church. First Ser-\\nvices. First Building. Names of Ministers. New Building. Cost. Ministers in Charge.\\nSt. Joseph s Memorial Chapel. Location. Cost. Donated by Mrs. Medbury. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Trinity Church.\\nWhen Incorporated. Place of Meeting. Services Discontinued. St. Mark s Church. First\\nServices. New Location. Building Erected. Services Discontinued. Property Sold. Diocese\\nof Michigan Created. Bishops. Conventions. Episcopal Residence. Diocesan Fund. The\\nChurch Association. Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church. Places of Meeting. Names of\\nClergvmen. Epiphany Reformed Episcopal Church. Date of Organization. Location. Minis-\\nters. Emanuel Reformed Episcopal Church. Places of Meeting. Date of Incorporation.\\nServices Discontinued. 5Si~593\\nCHAPTER LX.\\nThe Presbyterian Churches. Occasions of Interest to Presbyterians. First Presbyterian Church.\\nDate of Organization. Names of Original Members. First Church Property. First Session\\nRoom. Brick Session Room. Sale of Church. New Building Erected. Cost. When Dedi-\\ncated. Tower Clock. Property Sold. Burning of the Church. Utilizing the Old Bell. Services\\nafter the Fire. Church on Gratiot Avenue. Cost. When Dedicated. Names of Pastors.\\nDuffield Memorial Tablet. Value of Property. Members by Decades. School for Chinese.\\nScotch or Central Church. First Services. Building Erected. Names of Ministers. New\\nBuilding. Cost. Change of Name. Members by Decades. Fort Street Church. First\\nServices. Fir.st 13uilding. Second Building. Cost. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Names of Ministers. Extensive Repairs.\\nBurning of Church. Opera House Services. Church Rebuilt. J. D. Hayes Gift. Members by\\nDecades. Eighth Ward Mission. Jefferson Avenue Church. First Ser\\\\ ices. Erection of\\nBuilding. Names of Ministers. Members by Decades. The Frontenac Avenue Mission.\\nWestminster Church. First Services. Washington Avenue Building. Names of Ministers.\\nSale of Property. Parsons Street Chapel. New Church. Members by Decades. Calvary\\nChurch. Location. When Organized. Building Dedicated. Ministers. Members. Union\\nChurch. Brockway s Mission. First Building. Present Building. Names of Ministers. Value\\nof Property. Memorial Church. The First Mission. Places of Meeting. Memorial Buildings.\\nMemorial Windows. Historical Lectures. Trumbull Avenue Church. Cost. Location.\\nMinisters. United Presbyterian Church. Society Organized. Building Purchased. E. :tensive\\nImprovements. Names of Ministers. Number of ^Iembers. French and German Church.\\nWhen Organized. Building Erected. Location. Society Disbanded. Property Sold.\\nReformed Church of America. When Organized. Location of Building. Ministers. Mem-\\nbers. Occasions of Interest. Presbyterian Alliance. 594-604\\nCHAPTER LXI.\\nThe Baptist Churches. Occasions of Interest to the Denomination. First Church. Sen-ices in\\nUniversity Building. Erection of Frame Building. Building Sold. First Brick Church. Mrs.\\nJameson s Description of Church and Services. Names of Pastors. Second Brick Church.\\nCost. When Dedicated. The Cass Avenue Church. Size and Cost. Members by Decades.\\nSecond Church (colored). Places of Meeting. Property Purchased. Members by Decades.\\nNames of Ministers. Lafayette Avenue Church. When Organized. First Services. Erection\\nof Chapel. The Church Building. Names of Pastors. Members by Decades. Site for New\\nChurch. First German Church. When Organized. First Meetings. Location of Church.\\nCost. Number of Members. Names of Pastors. Zion Church (colored I When Organized.\\nName of Pastor. Members. Eighteenth Street Church. When Organized. Building Dedi-\\ncated. Value of Property. Names of Ministers. Twelfth Street Church. Origin. Location.\\nBuilding. I astor. Members. Church Enlarged. Second German Church. Location. Build-\\ning. Pastors. Clinton Avenue Church. Location. Chapel Erected. Pastor. The Church\\nBuilding. Shiloh Church. Organization. Places of Meeting. Pastors. French Church.\\nWhen Organized. Dedication of Church. Members by Decades. Pastor. Tabernacle", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxix\\nChurch. When Organized. Howard Street Chapel. New Building. When Dedicated.\\nNames of Pastors. Sale of I roperty. Remnants of Society. Park Street Church. Location.\\nCost of Building. Pastors. Union with First Church. Occasions of Interest. State Conven-\\ntions. Baptist Social Union. 605-C12\\nCHAPTER L.XIl.\\nThe Con^egational Churches, Notable Congregational Gatherings. First Congregational\\nChurch. Preliminary Services. Society Organized. Building Erected. Visit of President\\nFinney. Names of Pastors. The Fort Street Church. Value of Property. Members by\\nDecades. Second Church. When Organized. Erection of Chapel. The Church Building.\\nDeljt and Difficulty. Names of Pastors. alue of Property. Number of Members. Trumbull\\nAvenue Church. Origin. Original Location. New Location. Organization of Church.\\nName of Pastor. Springwells Church. Location. Building. Pastors. Harper Avenue Mis-\\nsion. Location. Management. Mt. Hope Mission. Location. Management. Notable\\nCongregational Gatherings. 613-616\\nCHAPTER L.XIIl.\\nThe Lutheran Churches. St. John s German Evangelical Church. First Services. First Building.\\nSecond Building. Names of Pastors. Third Building. Members by Decades. Semi-Centen-\\nnial E.xercise. St. Paul s German Evangelical Church. Location. Building. Cost. Pastor.\\nSt. Mark s German Evangelical Church. Location. Building. When Dedicated. Trinity\\nEvangelical Lutheran Church. When Organized. First Building. Addition Erected. New\\nBuilding. Cost. Names of Pastors. Communicants by Decades. Bethlehem German Evan-\\ngelical Church. Location. Communicants. Pastor. Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church.\\nWhen Organized. First Building. Location. New Church. New Location. Pastor. Com-\\nmunicants. Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church. When Organized. Building. Location.\\nPastor. St. Paul s Evangelical Lutheran Church. When Organized. Building. Pastors. St.\\nMatthew s Evangelical Lutheran Church. When Organized. Building. Pastors. Zion German\\nReformed Church. First Building. Second Building. Location. Communicants by Decades.\\nNames of I^astors. St. Peter s German Evangelical Lutheran Church. When Organized.\\nLocation. Pastor. Salem German Evangelical Lutheran Church. Location. When Organ-\\nized. Church Building. Pastors. St. Luke s German Evangelical Lutheran Church. Location.\\nBuilding. Pastor. St. John s Independent Lutheran Church. Location. Building. Former\\nOwners. Pastor. 617-623\\nCHAPTER LXIV.\\nThe Christian Church. The New Jerusalem Church. The Unitarian Church. The Universalist\\nChurch. The Third Avenue Mission Church. Jewish Congregations. General Church\\nStatistics. First Christian Church. Places of Meeting. Names of Pastors. Present Build-\\ning. A Donation. Members by Decades. Church of Christ. Location. Howard Street\\nBuilding. Plum Street Building. Members by Decades. Mission Building. New Jerusalem\\nChurch. First Services. Names of Ministers. Church Buildings. Members by Decades.\\nCongregational Unitarian Church. Organization. Erection of Building. Names of Ministers.\\nImprovements to Building. Members by Decades. New Church Site. Church of Our Father\\n(Universalist). First Service. Erection of Building. Cost. Pastor. State Convention.\\nThird Avenue Mission. Organization. Pastor. The Building. Beth El Jewish Society.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFirst Services. Purchase of Church Buildings. Names of Rabbis. Members of Society.\\nShaary Zedec Jevv-ish Society. When Organized. Purchase of Church Building. New Build-\\ning. Names of Rabbis. Church Statistics by Decades. Number of Buildings. Number of\\nMembers. Percentage of Members. Sittings. Percentage of Sittings. Statistics for 1 8S0.\\nAverage Attendance. Church E.xpenses. alue of Property. 624-630\\nCHAPTER LXV.\\nThe First Sunday School.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mission Schools.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sunday School Statistics, Sunday School Unions,\\nConventions, and Celebrations. The I irst Sunday School. Notice in Gazette. Date of Open-\\ning. Object. Ollicers of the .Association. K.\\\\tracts from Annual Report. Extensive Memo-\\nrizing. School for Colored Children. Books Used. Mission Schools. Extinct IMissions.\\nIndustrial School Missioo. Sunday .School Statistics for 1S63, 1870, and 1880. Names of Superin-\\ntendents. Number of Ofticers, Teachers, and Scholars. Average Attendance. Sunday School\\nUnions. Conventions and Celebrations. 631-637", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "XXX TADLK OF COiNTENTS.\\nCHAPTER L X V I.\\nUnion Religious Societies. Union Meetings. Revivals and Revivalists. Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation. First Society. When Organized. Names of Officers. Location of Rooms.\\nOrganization Di.sbands. Young Men s Christian Union. Date of Organization. Officers.\\nMethods of Worl Termination of Society. The l- resent Association. When Organized.\\nLocation of Rooms. International Convention. The Farmer Street Property. Dedication of\\nBuilding. Increased Prosperity. Mr. Skiff s Bequest. Lines of Work. New Location De-\\nsired. Sale of Property. New Rooms. The Boys Branch. Presidents and General Secre-\\ntaries. The Railroad Branch. When Organized. Location of Building. City, County, and\\nState Bible Societies. Dates of Organization. Officers. Work. Union Bethel Society. When\\nOrganized. Place of Services. Chaplains. City Tract Societies. Dates of Organization.\\nOfficers. Methods of Work. Detroit Evangelical Alliance. Object. When Organized.\\nOfficers. Detroit Ministerial Union. Organization. Meetings. Union Prayer Meetings. The\\nMorning Meeting. When Organized. Places of Meeting. The Noon Meeting. Revivals and\\nRevivalists. Visit of Rev. E. P. Hammond. The Whittle and Bliss Meetings. Services of Rev.\\nG. F. l^entecost. Meetings of Harry F. Sales. 638-643\\nCHAPTER L Y II\\nPoverty and Its Relief. The Poor Commission. City Physicians. The County Poor. Poverty\\nand Its Relief. Methods under Northwest Territory. Overseers of the Poor. Directors of\\nPoor. Manner of Relief. Unworthy Recipients. Large Benefactions. Names of Directors.\\nThe Poor Commission. Office Methods. Names of Commissioners. City Physicians. Duties.\\nDistricts. Names. Grosse Pointe Hospital. The County Poor. Early Methods. Present\\nSystem. Names of Superintendents. County Poorhouse. First Location. Remarkable Fact.\\nFather Kundig s Services. Legislative Appreciation. The Poor Farm. Location. Buildings.\\nManagement. County Insane Asylum. Original Size. Additions. -County Physicians. 644-649\\nCHAPTER L X V I 1 I\\nCharitable and Benevolent Societies and Institutions.- Yankee Innovations. Moral and Humane\\nSociety. )rganization. Object. Young Men s Benevolent Society. Presidents. Secretaries.\\nE.xpenditures. Detroit City Mission Board. Utopian Plans. Lodging House. Catholic Female\\nAssociation. Kundig s Wards. Successful Fair. Building Erected. Officers of the Associa-\\ntion. St. Vincent s Female Orphan Asylum. When Organized. Various Locations. Present\\nBuilding. Superiors in Charge. Ladies Protestant Orphan Asylum. When Organized. First\\nOfficers. Asylum Opened. Donations. Building Erected. Reorganization. Principal Offi-\\ncers. St. Mary s Hospital. When Opened. Location. Clinton Street Building. New Building.\\nRegulations. St. Andrews Society. Organization. Object. Officers. Working Men s Aid\\nSociety. Building. Location. Objects. Lafayette Benevolent and Mutual Help -Society.\\nWhen Organized. Object. Location of Building. Officers. Industrial School. Organiza-\\ntion. Object. Original Location. Removal. Obtaining Funds. New Building. Manage-\\nment. Practical Features. Names and Terms of Officers. St. Joseph s Retreat. Former\\nName. Location. Object. Building. Grounds. St. Luke s Hospital, Church Home, and\\nOrphanage. Origin. Original Location. The Fort Street Property. Large Bequests. Trus-\\ntees. Management. Officers. Hebrew Widows and Orphans Society. Organization.\\nObjects. Officers. Harper Hospital. Walter Harper. His Gift. Provisions of Deed.\\nNancy Martin s Donation. Trustees and Management. Buildings Erected by Government. Soldier\\nPatients. Ordinary Patients. Recent Bequests. New Building. Location. Cost. Accom-\\nmodations. Home of the Friendless. Origin. First Location. High Street Building. Warren\\nAvenue Building. Aims and Management. The Home Messenger. Officers. St. Anthony s\\nMale Or|ihan Asylum. Location. Value of Property. Objects. Officers. Women s Hospital\\nand Foundlings Home. Its Origin. First Location. Present Site. Design of Institution.\\nHow Sustained. Officers. House of Providence. Object. Management. Original Building.\\nPresent Location. Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Aid Society. When Organized. Original Loca-\\ntion. Removal. Membership. Beneficiaries. Officers. Italian Benevolent Society. When\\nOrganized. Object. Officers. Little Sisters Home for the Aged Poor. First Building. New\\nLocation. New Building. How Maintained. Inmates. Sister Superiors. The Thompson\\nHome. Its Founder. Original Quarters. Erection of Building. Object.- Conditions of Admis-\\nsion. Officers. The Working Women s Home. When Organized. Locations. Object.\\nOfficers. Zoar Orphan Asylum. Location. Building. Inmates. Detroit Day Nursery and\\nKindergarten Association. When Organized. Object. Location of Building. Officers. Convent\\nof the Good Shepherd. Location. Object. Roman Catholic. Beneficial Societies Names.\\nWhen Organized. Detroit Association of Charities. Object. Methods. Officers. 650-666", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "TAI5LE OF CONTENTS. XXXI\\nPART IX. -LITERARY.\\nC M A P T E R L X I X\\nEarly Methods of Publishing. The First Newspapers. The Newspaper Graveyard. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Living\\nPapers and Periodicals. City Printers. Newsboys. The Town Crier. Cliurch Notices.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOpportunities Improved. First Newspapers in Canada and the West. Defunct Publications.\\nNames of Editors and Publishers. Characteristics. Dates of First and Last Issues. The Michi-\\ngan Essav. Misstatements Corrected. Definite Information Obtained. The Paper Described.\\nThe Detroit Gazette.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Type and Press. Amusing Notices. A Carrier s Address. Remark-\\nable Libel Suit. Editor Imprisoned. Public Dinner in the Jail. Release of Mr. Sheldon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPrinters Discouragements. The Michigan Herald. The Gazette Frangaise. The Detroit Tele-\\ngraph. Herald of Literature and Science. Michigan State Register. Evening Spectator and\\nLiterary Gazette. The Spy in Michigan. The Detroit Morning Post. McGinnis versus Bagg.\\nA Clever Retort \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Craftsmen of Michigan. Michigan Observer. The World. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Jeffer-\\nsonian Democrat. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Day Book. The Michigan Agriculturist.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Eglantine. The Mirror of\\nthe Lakes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Journal of Education. Spirit of 76. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Western Farmer. Michigan Farmer.\\nFanner s Companion. The Western Rural.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Rat Gazette. Michigan Christian Herald.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMichigan Literary Gem. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Washingtonian. The Daily Times. The Constitutional Demo-\\ncrat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 American Citizen. Western Catholic Register. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Daily Gazette.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit Magazine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nL Amie de la Jeunesse. American Vineyard. Evangelical Observer. Detroit Register. Daily\\nNews. Western E.xcelsior. Michigan journal of Homoeopathy. Western Literary Miscellany.\\nWellman s Literary Miscellany. Northwestern Advocate. Daily Herald. American Gleaner.\\nThe Monthly Hesperian. The Medium. Le Citoyen. Peninsular Fountain. Northwestern\\nMusical Herald. Western Evangelist. Commercial Bulletin. The Republican. Student s\\nOffering. The Atlantis. The Catholic Vindicator. The Guardian. The Daily Times No. 2.\\nThe Peninsular Journal of Medicine. Medical Independent. The Peninsular and Independ-\\nent. The Michigan Homocopatliic Journal. The Michigan Journal of Education and Teachers\\nMagazine. Waymarks in the Wilderness. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Little Wolverine. The Ashlar. The Evening\\nNew-s. The Firemen s Journal. Preston s Bank Note Reporter. Brown s Reporter. The\\nMagazine of Travel. The Young Men s Journal. The Transcript. The Herald. The Spirit\\nof the Week. The Michigan Democrat. The True Democrat. Der Radicale Democrat.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe Shrapnel. Froth. The Christian Unionist. The Journal of Commerce. The Daily\\nSun. The Peninsular Herald. The New World. The Review of Medicine and Pharmacy.\\nThe Peninsular Journal of Medicine (No. 2). The Medical Journal. The Western Medical\\nAdvance. The Price Current. The Monitor. The Mechanic and Inventor. The Scientific\\nManufacturer. Journal of Commerce (No. 2). Sunday Times. The Odd Fellows Wreath.\\nThe Western Catholic. Baptist Tidings. L Impartial. The Anti-Roman Advocate. L Etoile\\nCanadienne. The Song Journal. Our Mutual Friend. The Popular Appeal. The Commercial\\nBulletin. Leather Apron. Our Yankee Land. The Pulpit. The Mystic Star.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Boy of the\\nPeriod. The Michigan Journal of Homaopathy. Michigan Edition of Northwest Reporter.\\nOur Dioceses. The Sunday Guest. The Better Age. The Wolverine Messenger. The Weekly\\nPrice Current. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Little People. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Truth for the People. Michigan Truth Teller.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Capi-\\ntol. The Evening Star. The Travellers Illustrated Railway Reporter. Le Courier. Le Journal\\nde Detroit. The Herald. The Sont.ag Zeitung. Marine Record. The American W ork-\\nman. Rose s Nose. The Red and White Ribbon. The Western Era. The National. The\\nMichigan Weekly Sun.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Socialist. The Michigan Homestead. The Penny Times. The\\nPopular Era. The Family Journal. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Moore s Masonic Messenger. Public Spirit. Detroit\\nGraphic. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Sunday Herald. The Times. The Lever. Detroit Illustrated. The Sunday\\nSun. The Daily Mail. Commercial Law News. The Pursuivant. The Northwestern Re-\\nview. The Labor Review. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Detroit Gazette. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Our Catholic Youth. The Anglo Catholic\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOur Churches. Michigan Trade Review. The Unionist. The Evening Telegram. The Daily\\nTimes (No. 3). The National People. Living Papers and Periodicals with Publications Merged\\nTherein. Northwestern Journal. The Journal. The Courier. Daily Advertiser. Daily\\nExpress. Free Democrat. Michigan Organ of Temperance. Temperance Advocate. Daily\\nEnquirer. Democrat and Enquirer. Daily Tribune. Peninsular Freeman. Advertiser and\\nTribune. Free Union. Daily Post. Post and Tribune. Free Press. Commercial Bulletin.\\nThe .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\llgemeine Zeitung. Michigan Volksblatt. Michigan Staats Zeitung. Journal ami Herald.\\nCommercial Advertiser. American Observer. The Familien Blaetter. .Agricultural and Hor-\\nticultural Journal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Michigan Farmer and State Journal of Agriculture. Progress of the Age.\\nWestern Home Journal. Evening News. Daily Union. Michigan Christian Herald. Public\\nLeader. Michigan Christian Advocate. The Amphion. Die Stimme der Wahrheit. Wayne\\nCounty Courier. Medical Advance. Leonard s Illustrated Medical Journal. The Index. New\\nPreparations. Therapeutic Gazette. -Daily Hotel Reporter. Michigan Railroad Guide. The", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "XXXU TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nFamily Circle. Detroit Lancet. Medical Age. Michigan Medical News. Detroit Clinic. A\\nNew Idea. Michigan A. O. V. W. Herald. Detroit Society News. Every Saturday. Chaff.\\nMarine News. Family Herald. Home Messenger. The Indicator. Western Newspaper L nion.\\nManufacturer and Inventor. Western Land Guide. Detroit Plaindealer. The Spectator. Michigan\\nMirador. Detroit Commercial. The Evening Journal. The Times. American Meteorological\\nJournal. Editors. Publishers. Dates of First Issues. Incidental Items. City Printers. News\\nBoys. 669-693\\nCHAPTER LXX.\\nEarly Book Printing. Books and Booksellers. Almanacs. Gazetteers. Directories. Maps\\nof Michigan. Governor Hamilton s Proclamations. The Macomb Press. Father Richard s\\nEnterprise. First Books and Printers. Disposition of Father Richard s Type. Books and Book-\\nsellers. Former Standard Authors. The First Bookstore. Later Establishments. Names of\\nProprietors. Dates of Changes. Almanacs Printed at Detroit. Titles and Publishers. State\\nGazetteers. When Issued. Publishers. City Directories. Dates of Issue. Names of Pub-\\nlishers. Number of Pages and Names. Maps of Michigan Issued at Detroit. P. E. Judd s\\nProposals. Orange Risdon s Prospectus. John Farmer s Map. The First Issue. E.xtensive\\nCirculation. Remarkable Accuracy. Later Maps. 694-699\\nCHAPTER LXXI\\nCitizen and Visiting Authors. Cadillac s Writings. Later Authors and Their Works. Anthon.\\nAdams. Aikman. Atchinsnn. Allen. Bangs. Bacon. Brownson. Boardman. Buchanan.\\nBaraga. Bagg. Burt. Bibb. Bishop. Brinton. Brearley. Ballard. Bates. Beard. Blodg-\\nett. Brunson. Buckley. Brown. Buck. Backus. Cass. Chipman. Chase. Cooke. Carter.\\nCastor. Carleton. Campbell. Chaney. Coyle. Codde. Couse. De Peyster. Duffield.\\nDolan. Dowling. Davenport. Donovan. Eddy. Ellis. Edouard. Fasquelle. Fox. Fitch.\\nFuller. Field. Ford. Forbush. Fairbanks. Gillman. Griffith. Goadby. Gilchrist. Girar-\\ndin. Holmes. Hubbard. Henry. Houghton. Howard. Howe. Hawley. Hailmann.\\nHamlin. Howell. Haigh. Hall. Harris. Isham. Inglis. Jacobs. Jennison. Jones. Kirk-\\nland. Kalisch. Kelso. Kitchell. Lodge. Lord. Lundy. Lambie. Leonard. Laidlaw.\\nLevington. Lewis. Mackenzie. Macomb. Morris. Mayhew. McCoskry. Munger. Mc-\\nCarty. Mason. McCracken. Maes. Mercer. Merwin. Newberry. Nail. Noble. Owen.\\nO Brien. Perkins. Pilcher. Potts. Poole. Post. Pierson. Pattison. Peavey. Rich-\\nards. Roberts. Robertson. Rayne. Robinson. Russell. Ryan. Rouse. Shattuck.\\nSchoolcraft. Sheldon. Snelling. Smith. Silver. Seaman. Stebbins. Scripps. Smart.\\nShurley. Stewart. Sill. Silber. Seymour. Stokes. Stowe. Trumbull. Thomson. Tyler.\\nTurnbull. Theller. TenBrook. Trowbridge. Thompson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thomas. Terry.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Throop.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Tripler.\\nTaylor. Tibbets. Tuttle. Van Fleet. Varney. Woodward Whiting. Webb. Witherell.\\nWillis. Walker. Ward. Watson. Willcox. Waterman. Warner. Wilkins. Wanless.\\nWight. Winder. Washburn. Wooley. Young. Zundell. Vht/inif Authors: La Salle.\\nGaiinee. Hennepin. La Hontan. Tonty. Charlevoix. Crespel. Rogers. Carver. Zeisberger.\\nLord Fitzgerald. Volney. Weld. Burnett. Heriot. Watson. Earl of Selkirk. Darby.\\nMorse. Finley. McKinney. Colton. Kinzie. De Tocqueville. Beaumont. Hoffman. Mar-\\ntineau. Marryatt. Marshall. Webster. Jameson. Marsh. Marcy. Grimes. Lanman.\\nBuckingham. Barnard. Fuller. Parkman. Beecher. Stowe. Geikie. Cooper. Greeley.\\nAgassiz. Cabot. Atwater. Bancroft. Bremer. Seward. Ellet. Kidder. Chambers.\\nAmpere. Albach. Hopkins. Bacon. incent. Pardee. Lossing. Wise. Eddy. Clark.\\nTrollope. Peto. Haven. Custer. Eggleston. Newman. Lee. Allcott. Fanny Fern.\\nParton. Taylor. Disturnell. Newman Hall. Newton. Mueller. Thompson. Locke.\\nWhite. Holmes. McCosh. Casgrain. Russell. Hurst. Simpson. Merrill. Peck. Foster.\\nWarren. Wiley. Suite. Tanguay. Kelton. D Aligny. Fallows. Webb. Atkinson.\\nDuffield. Author Visitors from the University Angell. Adams. Brunow. Boise. Cooley.\\nCocker. D Ooge. Dunster. Douglass. Evans. Franklin. Ford. Frieze. Frothingham.\\nGray. Herrington. Johnson. l\\\\IcLean. Morris. Olney. Hayne. Palmer. Prescott. Peck.\\nRose. Stoweil. Tappan. aughn. Winchell. Watson. Whedon. White. Wood. Lectures\\nby: Phillips. Shillaber. Hayes. Youmans. King. Prentice. Maur) Taylor. White. Hale.\\nBurlingame. Simpson. Raymond. Emerson. Curtis. Holland. Everett. Brownlow.\\nBrown. Abbott. Greeley. Du Chaillu. Twain. McCarthy. Field. Douglass. Cook.\\nWillard. Capel. Arnold. Benjamin. Fowler. Burritt. Shaw. Saxe. Milburn. Bungay.\\nPunshon. Guard. Beecher. Dickinson. Hawkins. Proctor. Morris. Train. Talmage.\\nTilton. X andenhoff Ingersoll. Gough. 700-709", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxxiii\\nCHAPTER LXXII.\\nLiterary, Historical, and Scientific Societies. Lotteries and Literature. First City Library.\\nDetroit .-Vthenaeum. Location. .Management. Young Men s Society. When Organized.\\nLectures. First Hall. Electioneering Methods. New Location. Dedication of Hall. Sale of\\nProperty. Removal to Merrill Block. Society Disbanded. Names of Presidents. The\\nLyceum. When Organized. First Ofticers. Woodward s Phraseology. E.xtracts from Consti-\\ntution. The Lyceum of Michigan. Organization and Officers. Historical Society of Michigan.\\nOfficers. Lectures. Collections. Present Status. Detroit Mechanics Society. When Organ-\\nized. First Officers. Donation from City. Hall Erected. Management. Value of Property.\\nNew Building Erected. Misfortunes. Presidents and Secretaries. Wayne County Pioneer\\nSociety. Object and Officers. Detroit Scientific Association. Objects. Officers. Contents of\\nMuseum. Various Locations. Officers. 710-714\\nCHAPTER LX.XIII.\\nPrivate Schools and Seminaries. Church Schools. Early Educational Facilities. Truant Boys.\\nMcDougall s Vow. Children of the Regiment. Old Schools and Teachers. Garrit. Re-\\ncours. Balpour. Pattison. Burrell. Donovan. Serrier. David Bacon. Gough. Curtis.\\nPayne. Rowe. Danforth. Cook. The Gazette s Warning. Teachers. Banvard. Brook-\\nfield. Deming. Goodwin. Young. Trowbridge. Brownson. Kinney. Carpenter. Shepard.\\nHealy. Kinnicutt. Hathon. Jerome. Tucker. First Female Seminary. Location. Manage-\\nment. Teachers. Williams Farrand. Wilson. Coe. Howe. Crane. Tappan. Nichols.\\nBellows. Marsh. Fay. .A.bbott. W. A. Bacon. Elms. Himes. Weed. Clancy. East-\\nman. Blois. Mitchell. Meany. Vail. Fitch. Millette. Higgins. O Brien. Fowler.\\nCochran. Curtis. Brewster. Clements. Br\\\\ ant. Hurd. Grinold. Branigan. West.\\nMoir. Hurlbut. Zinger. Kuhn. Miss Hunt s Seminary. Location. Patrons. .Select\\nSchools. Teachers. Funke. Stutte. Campbell. Soldan. Hosmer. Emerson. Ellin-\\nwood. Rockwell. Reighley. Detroit Female Seminary. Location. Principals. Private\\nSchools of Patterson and Romer. German American Seminary. Curious Legislation. Erec-\\ntion of Building. Management. Later Teachers. James. Leonard. Jones. Schantz.\\nBrown. Ziegler. Liggett s Home and Day School. When Established. Location. Build-\\ning. Church Schools. Cadillac s Plans. Father Richard s Schools. Educational Enterprise.\\nCommunaute de Ste. Marie. The Church Farm School. St. Philip s College. Professors.\\nPupils and Pranks. Sisters of Ste. Claire Seminary. Female Charity School. Sisters of\\nCharity Arrive. Catholic Free Schools Established. St. Vincent s Seminary. Ste. Anne s\\nSchool. Trinity Catholic School. St. Mary s School. Schools of SS. Peter and Paul. St.\\nJoseph s School. St. Boniface School. St. Vincent de Paul School. School of Our Lady of\\nHelp. St. Albert s School. Polish Franciscan Convent. St. Joachim s School. Sacred Heart\\nSchool. Holy Redeemer School. St. Cassimer s School. St. .Anthony s School. Academy of\\nthe Sacred Heart. Detroit College. St. John s German Evangelical School. St. Mark s German\\nEvangelical School. St. Matthew s Lutheran School. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School. Zion\\nGerman I^eformed School. Salem Lutheran School. Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran School.\\nZion Evangelical Lutheran School. St. Paul s Lutheran School. St. Paul s German Evangelical\\nSchool. St. Peter s German Evangelical School. Cost of Buildings. Number of Teachers.\\nNumber of Scholars. Charges for Tuition. Various Statistics. 7 1 5-727\\nC H A P T E R L X X I V.\\nThe University of Michigan. Commercial Colleges. Medical Colleges. University Schools.\\nCurious Assumption. I3irthday of University. A Comprehensive Corporation. Multum in\\nParvo. Large Words. Statutes of University. Obtaining Funds. Singular Proceedings.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Erec-\\ntion of Building. First Teachers. Monteith. Dickie.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 .Shattuck. Farmer. Cost of Tuition.\\nNew Corporation Created. Lancasterian Schools. University Removed to Ann Arbor. Branch\\nSchools. Teachers at Detroit Branch. Fitch. Meigs. Bissell. Harvie. Howard.\\nWalker. Gray. Ba.xter. Loundsberry. Close of School. Commercial Colleges. Gregory s.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCochran s. Goldsmith, Bryant, Stratton s. Mayhew s. Spencer, Felton, Loomis, \u00c2\u00abS: Co. s.\\nDetroit Medical College. Michigan College of Medicine. Homoeopathic College. Faculty.\\nAdvantages. Number of Graduates. 72S-754\\nCHAPTER LXXV.\\nThe First Common Schools. The Board of Education, Its Schools and Its Management.\\nOrdinance of 17S7. Lands Granted for Schools. School .Act of 1809. Act of 1827. Subse-\\nquent Schools. City Divided into Districts. The Free School Society. Tomato Catsup and\\nFairs. Act of 1833. Special l^rovisions for Detroit. Barren Results. Law of 1837. Edu-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\ncational Facilities. Committee of Investigation. Election of School Inspectors. Common\\nSchools in 1838 and 1839. Districts. Teachers. School Books. Statistics. Location of\\nSchools. Apportionment of Primary School Fund. Names of Inspectors. Directors and\\nModerators. School Statistics and Management in 1840 and 1841. Meeting to Promote Free\\nSchools. Encouraging Results. Books Used. The Bible in the Schools. Petitions and Pro-\\ntests. Text Books and Date of Introduction. Scholars. Conditions of Admission. Average\\nAttendance by Decades.. Number of Scholars for Each Teacher by Decades. Yearly Cost per\\nCapita by Decades. Health Regulations. Primary and Middle Schools. L^nion System.\\nClassification and Grading. School Hours. Terms. Vacations. Lengthy Service of Mr.\\nNichols. A One Sided Resolution. A Patriotic Resolve. Special Teachers. Music. Pen-\\nmanship. Drawing. Reading. School Buildings. A Capitol Steal. Names of Buildings.\\nReason for Names. Location. Date .of Erection. Description. The High School. When\\nEstablished. Location. Military Drills. Principals. Condition of Admission. Yearly Num-\\nber of Pupils. .Alumni Association. Separate Colored Schools. Equal Opportunities Asked.\\nRequest Refused. Persistence of Colored People. Their Triumph. Yearly Statistics. alue\\nof School Property. Children in City. Pupils Enrolled. Average Attendance. Number of\\nSittings. Annual E.xpenditures. Number of Teachers. Number of Schools. Salaried Officers.\\nSuperintendents. Clerks. Messengers. Supervisor of Repairs and Building. Names of\\nPresidents and .Secretaries. Financial Resources. Growth of School Taxes. Receipts from\\nPrimary School P und. Number of Inspectors in Various Years. Ward Inspectors Discontinued.\\nInspectors at Large Provided for. Sessions of Board. Description of Seal. Names and Terms\\nof Inspectors. 755-/58\\nCHAPTER L X X A I\\nThe Public Library. Constitutional Provision for District Libraries. First Receipts from Fines.\\nDifficultv of (Obtaining Fines. Results of Increased Vigilance. Opening of District Library.\\nLibrary liuilding in Rear of Capitol. Larger Quarters Needed. Centre Park Granted for Library.\\nErection of Building. Yearly Receipts from Fines. Library Commissioners. Librarians. Regu-\\nlations. Classification. Valuable Works. Number of Volumes. Number of Patrons. Yearly\\nStatistics. 759-762\\nPART X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COMMERCIAL.\\nCHAPTER LXXVII.\\nMerchants and Trading. Custom House and Collectors. The Board of Trade. A Commercial\\nColony. Cadillac s Expectation. Broken Faith. The Trading Company. Montreal Jealousy.\\nExorbitant Prices. Dishonest Agents. Cadillac s Offer. He Obtains Control. Intrigues of the\\nTrading Company. Cadillac Arrested.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 His Acquittal. Trading Permits. Tonty s Exactions.\\nNames of Early Traders. Defrauding the Government. English Regulations. Commissioners\\nof Trade. Large Powers. Bad Character of Certain Traders. Mohawk Merchants. Sharp\\nPractices. A Tankard for a Boy. Enormous Quantities of Goods. Description of a Trading\\nStore. Merchants in 1767. Later Merchants. The Fur Trade. Methods of Trade. Large\\nProfits. Slow Returns. Indian Visitors and Goods. French and English Accounts. Old\\nLedgers. Licenses. Business Establishments in 1819. Dickering. Flush Times of 1836.\\nOfficial Auctioneers. Jealous Merchants. Changes in Trade Methods. Mabley s Stores. Old\\nEstablishments. The Drug Business. Large Importations. Mercantile Capital. Changes in\\nBusiness Centres. Street RIerchants. Street Cries. First Seed Store. D. M. Ferry Co. s\\nEstablishment. Travelling Agents. Retail Delivery. Show Windows. Curious Signs. Ad-\\nvertising Methods. Commercial Agencies. Objects and Managers. Merchants and Manufac-\\nturers Exchange. Objects and Officers. Custom House Regulations. Bounds of District.\\nDuties of Collector. Bonded Warehouses. Imports and Exports. Names of Collectors. Board\\nof Trade. First Organization. First Officers. Places of Meeting. Forwarding and Commission\\nHouses. Present Board of Trade. First Officers. Commencement of Daily .Sessions. Yearly\\nStatements. Joint Stock Building Company. Dedication of Building. International Commercial\\nConvention. Telegraphic Reports. New Hall. Arbitration Committee. Inspectors. Fees and\\nCommissions. Conditions of Membership. Presidents and Secretaries. 765-792\\nCHAPTER LXXVII I.\\nMarkets. Marketing and Prices. Departed Glory. Market Greetings. French Ponies and\\nCarts. Old Time Methods. Market Place Idlers. Former Woodward Avenue Market. Loca-\\ntion. Cost. Discontinuance. Berthelet Market. Various Agreements. Careless Officials.", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXV\\nFinal Disposition of Property. City Hall Market. Various Buildings. Dates of Erection and\\nCost. Street Set apart for Market. The Washington Market. Location. Cost. Closing of\\nMarket. The Cass Market. Location. Cost. Site Given by General Cass. Market Clerks.\\nDuties. Names and Terms of Clerks. Market Regulations. Sunday Markets. When Discon-\\ntinued. Opening and Closing of Market. Resolution of Citizens. Servants Disobey. Market\\nHours. Forestalling. Private Meat Markets. Market Rents. Fees from Market Wagons.\\nMeat Inspector. The Town Baker. Prices Fi.xed for Him. Sealer of Weights and Measures.\\nDuties of Sealers. Names and Terms of Officers. Wood Markets. Inspectors and Districts.\\nHay Markets. Various Locations. Weigh Masters. Names and Terms. Prices of Different\\nArticles at Various Times. 793-801\\nCHAPTER I. X X I X\\nManufacturing Advantages. Articles Produced. Leading Establishments. Favorable Loca-\\ntion. Superior Advantages. Raw Materials Easy of Access. Lake Superior Iron. Famous\\nMines. Grindstone Quarries. Lumber Manufacturing. Plaster Beds. Clay, Limestone, and\\nSand Deposits. Manufacturing Sites. Lhilimited Water Supply. Cheap Fuel. Prices of Build-\\ning Materials. Water Communication. Railroad Facilities. Low Taxation. Living E.xpenses.\\nFavorable Climate. Manufacturing Capital. Articles .Manufactured. Leading Establishments.\\nLocations. Officers. Products. Localities Supplied. Michigan Car Co. and Detroit Car Wheel\\nCo. Detroit Steel and Spring Works. Peninsular Car Works. Russel Wheel and Foundry Co.\\nDetroit Bridge and Iron Works. Fulton Iron and Engine Works. Buhl Iron Works. Eagle Iron\\nWorks. Michigan Malleable Iron Co. Michel s Wood Working Machinerv Establishment. National\\nWire and Iron Co. Detroit Safe Co. Detroit Bronze Co. The E. T. Barnum Wire and Iron\\nWorks. The Detroit Stove Co. The Michigan Stove Co. Peninsular Stove Co. Eureka Iron\\nand Steel Works. Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Co. Middlebrook and Post Manufacturing\\nCo. National Pin Co.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Detroit File Works. Detroit Emery Wheel Co. Union Door Knob\\nCo. Detroit Stamping Co. Parke, Da\\\\ is, Co., Manufacturing Chemists. The Stearns Pharma-\\nceutical Manufacturing Co. Hubel s Capsule Laboratory. Michigan White Lead and Color\\nWorks. Detroit White Lead Works. Detroit Linseed Oil Co. Berry Bros. Varnish Factory.\\nShulte Bros. Soap Factor) Laitner Bros. Brush Factory. American Eagle Tobacco Co. Banner\\nTobacco Factory. Scotten s Hiawatha Tobacco Factory. Globe Tobacco Factory-. Burk, Rich\\nCo. s Cigar Manufactory. Hargreaves Manufacturing Co. Richardson Match Factory.-- Clough\\nWarren Organ Co. M. J. Murphy cS: Co. s Spring Bed and Chair Factory. Gray Baffy,\\nManufacturing L^pholsterers. Sutton Manufacturing Co. Mumford, Foster.S; Co. s Last Factory.\\nDetroit Willow Ware Factory. Pingree Smith s Shoe Factor)-. Vail Crane s Cracker Fac-\\ntory. Hugh Johnson s Carriage Establishment. The Johnston Optical Co. 802-836\\nCHAPTER LXXX.\\nThe Liquor Traffic and Temperance Efforts. Early Difficulties. Plots and Counter Plots.\\nBrandy for the Savages. (Jne Glass at a Time. Cadillac s Brewer) General Rum Store.\\nSuspicious Circumstances. Early Territorial Licenses. City Ordinances. Disorderly Indians.\\nTavern Licenses. First Temperance Society. Later Organizations. Local Option in 1845.\\nCity Votes against Licenses. State Prohibition of Licenses. Cough s Lectures. A Long\\nPrayer. State Law- of 1853. The Vote on its Adoption. The Carson League. Justice Bagg s\\nDecision. Resolution of Liquor Dealers. Prohibitory Law of 1855. Success and Failure.\\nIncreased Number of Saloons. Petition of Ladies. The Sunday Ordinance. Petitions and\\nRemonstrances. Final Action. Young Men s Father Mathew Temperance Society. The\\nWomen s Crusade. The Women s Christian Temperance Union. State Meeting of Liquor\\nDealers. The Liquor Ta.x Law. Council Favors Liquor Dealers. Moffat s Vetoes. Law and\\nOrder Meetings. Supreme Court Decisions. The Red Ribbon Movement. Liquor Ta.xes In-\\ncreased. Receipts from Liquor Ta.\\\\. Brewers Convention. Women s Christian Temperance\\nUnion Convention. Order of White Cross. S37-845\\nCHAPTER L X X X I\\nBanks and Currency. Insurance and Insurance Companies. Card Money or Playing Card Cur-\\nrency. Pontiac s Due-Bills. Wampum. Its Manufacture. Peltry Currency. York and\\nHalifa.x Currency. Merchants Bills. Cut Money. A Public Nuisance. Action of Grand\\nJury. Proctor s Bills. Ohio Currency. Heavy Discounts. Shinplasters of 1817. Irresponsible\\nIssues. Father Richard s Scrip. Governor and Judges Scrip. Unreliable Bills. The United\\nStates Bank. Government Deposits Withdrawn. State Banks as Fi.scal Agents. Extended\\nFacilities. Bewildering Prosperity. Enormous Importations. E.xtravagant Expenditures. New\\nUnited States Bank. Jackson s Specie Circular. Panic of 1837. Suspen.sion of Detroit Banks.\\nConfidence Gone. Fortunes Lost. Disaster Ever)-\\\\vhere. Dishonest Debtors. Wildcat\\nBanking Law. Mushroom Banks. Bogus Certificates. Nails and Window- (jlass as Specie.\\nBank Notes by the Bushel. Wayne County Wildcats. Officers and Directors. Bank Commis-\\nsioners. Dishonesty of Bank Officers. Bank Notes as Wall Paper. The City in a Quandary.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "XXXVl TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPanic of 1857. Its Results. Crisis of i860. Stump-Tail Currency. Treasury Notes. Disap-\\npearance of Coin. Postage Stamps as Change. IVIercantile Scrip and Tokens, -r- Postal Cur-\\nrency. First Greenbacks. Enormous Premiums for Gold. National Banks Created. Panic of\\n1873. Greenbacks Reach Par. The Detroit Bank. Petition for Establishment. Bank Build-\\ning. Gentle s History of Bank. Absurd Propositions. Peculiar Transactions. Extended Circu-\\nlation. Amazing Issues. The Governor and Judges as Promoters and Stockholders. Congress\\nDisapproves of the Bank. The Bank Continues Business. Governor Hull s Statement. Bank\\nof Michigan. When Organized. First Shareholders. Directors. Relation to Other Banks.\\nNames of Presidents and Cashiers. Various Locations. Erection of Bank Building. Branch\\nBank of Bronson. Successful Management. The Tide Turns. Termination of Bank. Farmers\\nand Mechanics Bank. St. Joseph Branch. Large Operations. Enormous Dividends. Suspen-\\nsion of 1837. Cashier s Duties. Presidents and Cashiers. Michigan Insurance Company Bank.\\nIts Banking Powers. Presidents and Cashiers. Panic of 1857. Organization of National Insurance\\nBank. Michigan State Bank. Presidents and Cashiers. Suspension of Bank. Proposed State\\nBank of Michigan. Revival of Michigan State Bank. Successful Termination of Career. Bank\\nof St. Clair. Officers. Detroit Savings Bank. First Officers. Remarkable Care. Cashiers and\\nDirectors. Peninsular Bank. Names of Corporators. Profitable Business. Disasters Come.\\nBusiness Wound Up. State Bank of Michigan. Officers. Merged into First National Bank. The\\nNew Organization. Presidents and Cashiers. Reorganization of 1882. Directors and Officers.\\nSecond National Bank. Officers and Directors. Reorganized as Detroit National Bank. American\\nNational Bank. Presidents and Cashiers. Merchants and Manufacturers Bank. Reorganized as\\na National Bank. Officers and Directors. The Mechanics Bank. Officers. The People s Sav-\\nings Bank. Officers. German American Bank. Wayne County Savings Bank. Officers and\\nLocation. Safe Deposit Co. Object. Advantages. The City Bank. When Discontinued.\\nMichigan Savings Bank Location and Officers. The Market Bank. Location and Officers.\\nCommercial National Bank. Officers. Directors. The State Savings Bank. Officers. Dime\\nSavings Bank. Officers. Plymouth and Wyandotte Banks and Officers. Private Bankers. Past\\nand Present Firms. Legal Holidays. ro\\\\vth of Bank Capital. Insurance and Insurance Com-\\npanies. Early Agents. Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company. Michigan Mutual Life\\nInsurance Company. Western Union Mutual Life and Accident Society. Commercial Mutual\\nAssociation. Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company. Standard Life and Accident Insurance\\nCompany. S46-87 5\\nPART XL-COMMUNICATION.\\nCHAPTER L X X X I I\\nThe Post Office and Mails. Telegraph and Telephones. Army Expenses. Indian Messengers.\\nFirst Post Road. Post Office Established. Irregular Mails. Blowing the Horn. Daily Mails\\nfrom East Begin. Mail Regulations in 1S32 and 1837. First Mails through Canada. Postal\\nRates at Various Times. Singular Provisions. Introduction of Envelopes and Stamps. First Postal\\nCards. Receipts for Postage at Detroit by Decades. The Registry System. Money Orders and\\nPostal Notes. Amounts Sent and Received. Free Delivery System. Growth of Service. Office\\nForce and Salaries. Various Post Office Locations. Erection of Government Building. Loca-\\ntion. Description. Names of Postmasters. How Abbott Received Norvell. Telegraphs and\\nTelephones. First Exhibition of Telegraph. The Speed, O Reilly, and Snow Lines. First Mes-\\nsages East and West. The Telegroff Wurking. Location of Offices. Northern Michigan\\nLine. River Cables. First News by Atlantic Cable. General Rejoicings. LTnited States Tele-\\ngraphic Co. Atlantic and Pacific Lines. American L nion Line. District Telegraph Systems.\\nApparatus and Messengers. First Exhibition of Telephone. Growth in Use of Telephone.\\nState Telephone System. 879-886\\nC H A P T E R L X X X I I I\\nJourneying. Transportation Facilities. Express Companies. First Horses. French Ponies.\\nRide and Tic Method. Indian Trails. Bridle Paths. To Washington and Back on Horseback.\\nFrench Carts. The First Carriage. First Four Wheeled Wagon. Governor Cass as a Bor-\\nrower. First Stages. Stage Routes and Time. Public Hacks. Omnibus Lines. Transporta-\\ntion Facilities. Freight Rates. Pack Horses. Opening of Erie and Welland Canals. Naviga-\\ntion of the Huron. The Five Million Loan. Internal Improvements. Defunct Enterprises.\\nSt. Mary s Falls Ship Canal. Freight Lines. Great Changes. River Ferriage. Bridge and\\nTunnel Projects. Plans and Counter Plans. Wheat Elevators. Drays and Trucks. Package\\nand Baggage Co. Express Companies. When Established. Location of Offices. Names of\\nAgents. 8S7-892", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXVll\\nCHAPTER L X X X I V.\\nRailroads. The Prophecy of the Gazette. Pontiac and Detroit Railroad. New Corporation. Build-\\nuVfi the Road. Sink-Holes. First Locomotive. First Passenger Coaches. Slow Time. Strap\\nRails.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Passenger Depot. E.xtension Down Gratiot Road.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Track Torn Up by the People.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nRoad E.Ntended to Campus Martius. Depot Buildings. New Proprietors. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Consolidation with\\nOakland Ottawa R. R. Date of Completion to Various Stations.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Financial History.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Principal\\nOfficers and Terms. Michigan Central Railroad. Original Estimates. Local Subscriptions.\\nSubscriptions horn City of Detroit. Remarkable Economy. Completion of Road to Ypsilanti.\\nE.xcursion and Celebration. A Locomotive and Train Drawn by Horse-Power. Newspaper\\nNotices. Road Opened to Ann Arbor. f)ate of Completion to Various Points. Political Com-\\nplaints. Sale of Road. Proposed Cut in Woodward Avenue. The Track on Woodward Avenue\\nand Atwater Street. Third Street Depot First Used. Property on River and at Junction. Strife\\nwith Michigan Southern R. R. Road Completed to Chicago. Lines of Boats to Buffalo and\\nCleveland. Railroad Conspiracy Case. Dates of Extensive Fires. Introduction of Sleeping\\nCars. Passenger Traffic and Earnings by Decades. Principal Officers and Terms. Chicago\\nCanada Southern R. R. Fast Time. Officers. Detroit Bay City R. R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Date of Completion\\nto Various Points. Lake Shore Michigan Southern R. R. Original Charter. First Locomo-\\ntive.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First Ground Broken. Date of Opening between Various Stations. Sale of Road. Detroit\\nand Toledo Line. Local Officers and Terms. Detroit, Hillsdale Southwestern R. R. City\\nAid Sought. Voters Refuse. Completion of Road. Great Western R. R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meeting in and\\nAid from Detroit. Road Completed to Windsor. Great Celebration. Municipal Extrava-\\ngance. Third Rail Laid. Ferriage of Freight and Passenger Cars. Chicago, Detroit Canada\\nG.T. Junction R. R.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit Agents. Flint Pere Marquette R. R. Detroit, Lansing North-\\nem R. R. City Aid Sought. 8300,000 oted. Law Unconstitutional. Bonds Invalid. Com-\\npletion of Road. Detroit. Mackinaw Marquette R. R. Officers. Detroit, Butler St. Louis\\nR. R. $200,000 Donated bv Citizens. .-Xgents at Detroit.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cincinnati, Hamilton Dayton R. R.\\nRoute and Agents. Detroit Union R. R. Station and Depot Co. R. R. Bridges and Gates.\\nWhere Located. A Double Bridge. 893-906\\nCHAPTER LXXXV.\\nNavigation on Rivers and Lakes. Canoes and Dug-outs. Birch Bark Canoes. Expedition to\\nUpper Lakes. Mackinaw Boats. Pirogues. The First Sail Vessels. The Griffon and Lake\\nSte. Claire.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Celebration of 1 879. Schooners During Pontiac War. Revolutionary War essels.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLater essels. Chicago Colonized from Detroit. Arrival of the Walk-in-the- Water. Notice\\nfrom Gazette. The Superior and Her Successors. The Steamboat Michigan. Increase of\\nSteamboat Travel. Venturesome Vessels. Campau s Opinion. Sinking of the Atlantic.\\nDetroit and Cleveland Line. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Its History. Names of Boats and Routes. Direct Shipments to\\nLiverpool. Tugs. Detroit Dry Dock Co. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Officers and Facilities. List of Steamers Built at\\nDetroit. Yearly List of First .Arrivals and Departures. Number and Tonnage of Vessels Arriving\\nand Departing. The First Ferries. Rates of Ferriage. The Horse-Boat. Osborn s Poem.\\nLater Ferries. Harbor and Harbor Masters. 907-917\\nCH.APTER LXXXVI.\\nUnited States Lake Survey.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lighthouses and Their Construction. Life Saving Service.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHarbor Improvements. Inspector of Steamboats. Signal Service. Marine Hospital.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nNavigators Charts. Survey of Lakes Petitioned for. First Appropriation. Immense Benefits.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMethods of Work.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Issuing of Charts. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Valuable Instruments.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Officers in Charge.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lighthouses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTheir Construction and Repair. Lighthouse Engineers. Names and Terms. Lighthouse\\nDistricts. Care of Lighthouses and Buoys. Supply and Storage Depot. Lighthouses on\\nRiver. Location. When Erected. Kind of Light. Names and Terms of Inspectors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Life\\nSaving Service. District Headquarters. Appliances. Stations. Superintendents. Harbor\\nImprovements. First Appropriation.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Yearly Expenditures. Officers in Charge. Inspectors of\\nSteamboats.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Duties of Inspectors. Engineers and Pilots Licenses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Supervising and Local Inspec-\\ntors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Names and Terms. The Signal Ser\\\\^ice. When Organized.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Takmg of Obsena-\\ntions. Description of Instruments. Weather Maps and Storm Signals. Names of Observers.\\nMarine Hospital. Description of Building. How Supported. Patients and Disbursements.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSurgeons and Stewards. 918-924\\nCHAPTER LXXXVI I.\\nMilitary and Plank Roads. Streets and Street Paving. Side and Cross Walks. Street Rail-\\nroads. Street and Road Officers. Board of Public Works. Lack of Roads. .ovcrnment\\nHighways. When Established. Proposed Lottcrj- to Build a Road. Bad Roads and Costly\\nFile!.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sloughs and Delav. Restricted Traffic. First Plank Roads. Pioneer Experiments.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nUnsatisfactor Results. improved Methods. Large Expenditures. Great Advantages. Rates", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "Xxxviii TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nof Toll. Length of Roads. Number of Gates. .Streets and Street Paving. Picturesque\\nScenes. Narrow Ways. Fast Driving Prohibited. A Blessing in Disguise. Woodward s Fore-\\nsight. W!ide Avenues. Encroachments of Citizens. Improper Subdivisions. Supervision of\\nPlats. Street Openings. Costly Experiences. Widening of Streets. Closing of Streets.\\nNotable Instances. Cemetery Lane. Bolivar Alley. Dequindre Street. Peculiar Localities.\\nCorktown. Dutchtown. Kentucky. Polacktown. Piety Hill. Peddler s Point. Swill Point.\\nThe Potomac. The Heights. A Long Street. Lafayette Avenue in Winter. Characteristics\\nof Woodward Avenue. Griswold Street Features. A Pun in Verse. Former Condition of\\nStreets. Stalled Teams. Convict Labor. First Paving. Kind and Location. Specifications\\nof 1835. Extensive Wood Paving. Moffat s Opposition. Paving Bonds. Repairing and Re-\\npaving. Street Cleaning. Street Sweeping Machines. Length of Paved Streets and Alleys.\\nPrimitive Sidewalks. Brick, Plank, and Stone Walks. Cross Walks and Crossing Sweepers. The\\nStreets in 1850. Poetical Description. Care of Sidewalks. Claims for Accidents. Street Rail-\\nroads. Names of Lines. Routes. When Opened. Length of Routes. Number of Cars and\\nHorses. Time of Trip. Rates of Fare. Taxation of Lines. Transit Railroads. Location.\\nHow Operated. Road Supervisors and Duties. koad Districts and Officers. -Ward Supervisors\\nand Overseers. Street Commissioners and Duties. City^urveyors. Duties and Names. Commis-\\nsioners on Plan of the City. Duties and Names. ^Commissioners of Grades. Powers. Names\\nof Commissioners. Board of Public Works. When Established. Powers and Duties. Names\\nof Engineers and Commissioners. 925-936\\nCHAPTER L X X X V I 1 1\\nStreet Names and Their Origin. Changes in Names. A Curious Melange. Names of Past and\\nPresent Streets. First Record of Names. Origin of and Reason for Names. Changes in\\nNames. Dates of Changes. Woodward s Puns. McCabe s Natnes for Alleys. Historiographer s\\nReport. Street Names as Historic Memorials. 937-94^\\nPART XII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SUPPLEMENTAL.\\nCHAPTER L X X X 1 X.\\nAnnals of Detroit. History Epitomized. Different Epochs. Curious, Significant, and Interesting\\nEvents. Local. Religious, and Political Meetings. Governmental and Business Changes. Import-\\nant Judicial and Military Occasions. Noted Meetings and Conventions. Date of Visits of Authors,\\nStatesmen. Politicians, and Prominent Personages. Noted Celebrations. Important Citizens Meet-\\nings. Notable Storms and Disasters. First Arrival and Departure of Steamboats. Railroad\\nTrains. Telegraphic Messages. Local Excitements of Various Kinds. Dates of Interesting\\nExhibitions. Lectures. Gaines and Entertainments. The First Street Lighting. Water\\nPipes. Steam Fire Engines. Street Railroads, Etc. 951-976\\nAPPENDIX A\\nFrench Farms or Private Claims. Acres in Claims. Names of Original Claimants. Dates of Con-\\nfirmation. Later Designations. Discrepancies in Numbers. Duplicate Numbers. 977-982\\nAPPENDIXB.\\nCity Charters, Amendments, and Special Laws. The First Corporation. Later Charters. Amend-\\nments. Chief Characteristics. 983-988", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\n1 Old Carmelite Church (now a prison),\\nwhere Cadillac s bones repose. Frontispiece.\\nPage\\n2 Map showing route of former streams\\nand old river line, 9\\n3 Windmill Point, on Bela Hubbard Farm,\\nand the river in 183S. 10\\n4 Reduced fac- simile of the Governor\\nand Judges Plan, 30\\n5 Plan of Detroit in 1749, 32\\n6 Map of the city in 1796, 33\\n7 Reduced fac-simile of the Lewis Map of\\nthe Governor and Judges proposed\\nPlan, 34\\n8 Map of additions to the city limits, 35\\n9 Specimen of tornado work. From a\\nphotograph, 47\\n10 Entrance to Mt. Elliott Cemetery, 53\\n1 1 Map of Mt. Elliott Cemeterj 54\\n12 Entrance to Elmwood Cemetery, 56\\n1 3 Entrance to Woodmere Cemetery, 56\\n14 The Old Round House, foot of Orleans\\nStreet, 65\\n15 Old Reservoir and Embankment, 66\\n16 Plan of New Water Works, 67\\n17 The New Water Works Engine-House\\nand Tower of Stand Pipe, 68\\n18 One of the Water Works Engines, 69\\n19 Plan of Belle Isle Park, 76\\n20 Police Station, Belle Isle, 77\\n21 Superintendent s House, Belle Isle, 77\\n22 Map of Northwest Territory under Or-\\ndinance of 1787 and Treaties of 1783\\nand 1795, ^5\\n23 Seal of Northwest Territory, 86\\n24 Map of Northwest Territory. Law of\\nMay 7, 1800, 86\\n25 Map of Indiana Territory, Law of .Vpril\\n30, 1802,\\n26 Seal of Indiana Territory,\\n27 Map of Territory of Michigan, Law of\\nJanuary 11, 1805,\\n28 Seal of Territory of Michigan, e.xact .size,\\n29 Map of Michigan Territory, Law of\\nApril 19, 1 8 16, 88\\n30 Map of Michigan Territory-, Law of 56\\nApril 18.1818, 89\\n[xxxix]\\n3\\n32\\n33\\n34\\n35\\n36\\n37\\n39\\n40\\n41\\n42\\n43\\n44\\n45\\n46\\n47\\n49\\n50\\n51\\n87\\n87\\n52\\n88\\n53\\n88\\n54\\n55\\nMap of Michigan Territory. Law of\\nJune 28. 1834.\\nMap of State of Michigan. Law of April\\n20, 1836,\\nGreat Seal of State of Michigan.\\nGeneral Grant s Old Home,\\nFac-simile of letter from \\\\j S. Grant.\\nElection Cut from Advertiser. Ictober\\n22, 1840,\\nElection Cut from Advertiser. October\\n15. 1852,\\nElection Cut from Tribune, November\\n5. 1856,\\nElection Scene, First State Election.\\nReduced fac-simile of First Proclama-\\ntion establi. ihing Wayne County.\\nMap of Wayne County. Proclamation of\\nAugust 15, 1796,\\nMap of Wayne County, Law of May 7,\\n1800,\\nMap of Wayne County. Proclamation of\\nJuly 10, 1800,\\nMap of Wayne Ccxmty. Law of April\\n30. 1802,\\nMap of Wayne County, Proclamation of\\nJanuary 14, 1803,\\nMap of Wayne County. Law of J;uiuary\\nII, 1805,\\nMap of Wayne County. Proclamation\\nof November 21. 1815,\\nMap of Wayne County, Proclamation\\nof October 18, 1816,\\nMap of Wayne County, Proclamation\\nof July 14, 1817,\\nMap of Wayne County, Proclamation\\nof January 15, 1818,\\nMap of Wayne County, Proclamation\\nof September 10. 1822,\\nMap of Wayne County. Law of No-\\nvember 20. 1826,\\nTownship Map of Wayne County,\\nSeal of the City,\\nFac-simile of i2 ^-cent .shinplaster of\\n1838,\\nFac-simile of 18^- cent shinplaster of\\n1841,\\nPace\\n89\\n90\\n91\\n104\\n105\\n109\\nI 10\\nI 12\\nIlS\\n119\\n119\\n119\\n120\\n120\\n122\\n129\\n138\\n153\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a254", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "xl\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\n57\\n58\\n59\\n60\\n61\\n62\\n63\\n64\\n65\\n66\\n67\\n68\\n69\\n70\\n71\\n72\\n73\\n74\\n75\\n76\\n77\\n78\\n79\\n80\\n81\\n82\\n83\\n84\\n85\\n86\\n87\\n89\\n90\\n91\\n92\\n93\\n94\\n95\\n96\\n97\\nFac-simileof 25-cent shinplasterof 1838,\\nFac-simile of 50-cent shinplaster of 1837,\\nFormer County Building, southeast cor-\\nner of Griswold and Congress Streets.\\nGratiot Avenue Police Station,\\nTrumbull Avenue Police Station,\\nCentral Police Station,\\nGrand River Avenue (sub) Police Station,\\nPolice Headquarters,\\nOld Block House, Jefferson Avenue.\\nOld Jail, on site now occupied by l^iblic\\nLibrary,\\nSheriff s Residence, Jail, and Police\\nCourt Room,\\nDetroit House of Correction,\\nSuperintendent s House House of Cor-\\nrection,\\nOld U. S. Arsenal, corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Wayne Street,\\nOfficers Quarters at Fort Wayne,\\nOld Pontiac Tree,\\nPontiac s Conspiracy revealed.\\nSignature of J. F. Hamtramck,\\nReduced fac-simile of Hull s Proclama-\\ntion to the Canadians,\\nReduced fac-simile of printed .Articles of\\nCapitulation of General Hull,\\nReduced fac-simile of Proctor s lYoclam-\\nations of 181 2 and 1813,\\nPresentation of Colors to First Regiment,\\nTriumphal Arch erected in honor of Col.\\nO. B. Willcox.\\nDeath of Lincoln. Meeting on the\\nCampus Martius. April 16, 1S65,\\nSoldiers and Sailors Monument,\\nFac-simile of Cadillac s Signature,\\nDetroit Club House,\\nOld Masonic Hall.\\nOld Odd Fellows Hall. Woodward\\nAvenue, 1857,\\nOdd Fellows Hall, head of Monroe Ave.\\nHandbill of Underground Railroad,\\nfac-simile, yi, size.\\nThe John Brown House,\\nRecreation Park, Entrance and Recep-\\ntion Building,\\nConcert handbill of fifty years ago,\\nfac-simile, size.\\nHarmonic Hall,\\nStore of C. J. Whitney,\\nStore of Roe Stephens,\\nThe Watson Gallery,\\nRandall s Photographic Studio,\\nPlan of Art Loan Building,\\nFormer Store of M. S. Smith Co.,\\nPresent Store of M. S. Smith Co.,\\nPace\\n55\\n99\\n,56 I\\n00\\n194 I\\n01\\n207\\n207 I\\n02\\n208 I\\n03\\n208 I\\n04\\n209 1\\n05\\n215\\n06\\n07\\n215\\n08\\n216\\n09\\n217\\n10\\n218\\n1 1\\n12\\n224\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n225\\n14\\n239\\n15\\n241\\n268\\n16\\n17\\n275\\n18\\n19\\n278\\n20\\n21\\n279\\n306\\n23\\n124\\n307\\n25\\n26\\n3 9\\n27\\n312\\n28\\n326\\n29\\n340\\n30\\n342\\n31\\n32\\n343\\n33\\n343\\n34\\n35\\n347\\n3^\\n34S\\n37\\n38\\n352\\n39\\n40\\n354\\n41\\n355\\n42\\n356\\n43\\n356\\n44\\n359\\n45\\n360\\n146\\n36.\\n47\\n363\\n148\\n363\\n149\\nPage\\nView of Detroit in 1796, 367\\nRiver front of Cass and Jones farms in\\n1S19. 368\\nPart of St. Anne Street (now Jefferson\\nAvenue) in 1800, 368\\nThe Old Cass House on Larned Street, 369\\nOld Moran House, 372\\nThe Old Lafferty House, 372\\nResidence of Gov. Wm. Woodbridge, 373\\nGovernor Hull s Residence, 373\\nThe Campau House, 373\\nFormer Gothic Residence of T. H.\\nHinchman, 374\\nReduced fac-simile of Map showing lo-\\ncation of all buildings in 1853, 375\\nThe James Abbott Residence, 376\\nThe John Palmer Residence, 376\\nThe John Farrar Residence, 377\\nThe John Farmer Property, 377\\nThe Cass Residence on Fort Street, 377\\nThe Duffield Homestead, Woodward\\nAvenue, 378\\nThe Brush Homestead, Randolph Street, 378\\nResidence of William Barclay, 379\\nFormer Residence of Solomon Davis, 379\\nResidence of Mrs. James A. Van Dyke, 380\\nFrancis Palms, 380\\nJames Flattery, 381\\nR. H. Hall, 381\\nE. B. Wight, 382\\nA. H. Dey, 382\\nA. C. McGraw, 383\\nA. E. Brush, 383\\nJohn S. Newberry, 384\\nJames McMillan, 385\\nW. G. Thompson, 3S6\\nH. R. Newberr 386\\nThomas Ferguson, 387\\nS. D. Miller, 387\\nRobert P. Toms, 388\\nMrs. H. E. Benson, 38S\\nThe Thomas Palmer Homestead, 389\\nResidence of W. K. Muir, 389\\nChauncy Hurlbut, 390\\nGeorge McMillan, 390\\nHugh Moffat, 391\\nGeorge S. Davis, 391\\nS. B. Grumraond, 392\\nMrs. Charles Ducharme, 392\\nS. D. Elwood, 393\\nWm. B. Wesson, 393\\nJ. Greenslade, 394\\nJ. Michels, 394\\nC. I. Walker, 395\\nJohn Owen, 395\\nG. V. N. Lothrop, 396", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTR\\nATIONS.\\nxli\\nP.\\\\GE\\nPage\\nI50\\nResidence of Charles Root,\\n396\\n205\\nResidence of J. G. Dickinson.\\n424\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a251\\nHenry P. Baldwin,\\n397\\n206\\nEdward Burk,\\n425\\n152\\nJ. F. Joy.\\n398\\n207\\nJ. E. Scripps,\\n425\\n153\\nMrs. Zachariah Chandler,\\n398\\n20S\\nH. H. LeRoy,\\n426\\n54\\nH. A. Newland,\\n399\\n209\\nE. S. Heineman,\\n426\\n55\\nCaleb Van Husan.\\n399\\n210\\nMrs. L. R. Medbury,\\n427\\n.56\\nAlfred Chesebrough and\\n211\\nC. J. Whitney,\\n427\\nCharles Buncher,\\n399\\n212\\nD. Whitney, Jr.,\\n428\\n57\\nAllan Shelden,\\n400\\n213\\nJohn Pridgeon,\\n428\\n158\\nFormer Residence of George S. Frost,\\n400\\n214\\nJ. S. Farrand,\\n429\\n59\\nResidence of Benjamin Vernor,\\n401\\n215\\nSamuel Heavenrich,\\n429\\ni6o\\nDon IVI. Dickinson,\\n401\\n216\\nMrs. H. S. Frue,\\n430\\ni6i\\nMrs. N. W. Brooks,\\n402\\n217\\nR. W. King.\\n430\\n162\\nThe De Garmo Jones Residence,\\n402\\n218\\nWilliam C. Williams,\\n431\\n63\\nResidence of Alexander Delano,\\n403\\n219\\nPhilo Parsons,\\n431\\n164\\nMrs. T. F. Abbott,\\n403\\n220\\nF. W. Haves,\\n432\\n165\\nJ. P. Phillips,\\n404\\n221\\nW. W. Leggett.\\n432\\n166\\nClement Lafferty,\\n404\\n222\\nJ. Babillion,\\n433\\n167\\nEmily Ward,\\n405\\n223\\nJ. L. Edson,\\n433\\n168\\nHenry Heames,\\n405\\n224\\nJoseph Black,\\n434\\n169\\nEdwin Reeder,\\n406\\n225\\nA. G. Lindsay,\\n434\\n170\\nW. E. Lovett,\\n406\\n226\\nR. H. Fyfe,\\n435\\n171\\nF. Buhl,\\n407\\n227\\nB. F. Farrington,\\n435\\n172\\nBela Hubbard,\\n408\\n228\\nHenry Stephens,\\n436\\n73\\nDaniel Scotten,\\n40S\\n229\\nC. D. Farlin.\\n437\\n174\\nC. H. Buhl,\\n409\\n230\\nGeorge F. Moore,\\n437\\n175\\nWm. Brodie,\\n409\\n23\\nJohn Burt,\\n438\\n176\\nM. S. Smith,\\n410\\n232\\nWells Burt,\\n438\\n177\\nT. D. Buhl,\\n410\\n233\\nWilliam A. Moore,\\n439\\n178\\nGeorge W. Bissell,\\n4 i\\n234\\nW. H. Stevens,\\n439\\n179\\nE. Y. Swift,\\n4\\n235\\nThomas W. Palmer,\\n440\\n180\\nWm. A. Butler,\\n412\\n236\\nL. L. Farnsworth,\\n44\\n181\\n\\\\V. H. Tefft,\\n412\\n237\\nMrs. E. C. Eaton,\\n441\\n182\\nFormer Residence of Alfred Russell,\\n413\\n238\\nC. A. Newcomb,\\n442\\n83\\nResidence of George C. Langdon,\\n413\\n239\\nC. C. Bowen,\\n442\\n184\\nD. M. Richardson,\\n414\\n240\\nW. Boeing,\\n443\\n185\\nGeorge H. Hammond,\\n414\\n241\\nC. R. Mabley,\\n443\\n186\\nNeil Flattery,\\n415\\n242\\nCharles Endicott,\\n444\\n.87\\nRt. Rev. C. H. Borgess,\\n4 5\\n243\\nW. J. Waterman,\\n444\\n188\\nJ. \\\\V. Waterman,\\n416\\n244\\nH. K. White,\\n445\\n189\\nRobert McMillan,\\n416\\n245\\nG. S. Wormer,\\n445\\n190\\nthe late M. I. Mills,\\n417\\n246\\nA. H. Wilkinson.\\n446\\n191\\nJohn Moore,\\n417\\n247\\nD. M. Ferry,\\n446\\n192\\nMrs. John J. Bagley,\\n418\\n248\\nSimon Heavenrich,\\n447\\n193\\nthe late S. F. Hodge,\\n418\\n249\\nGeorge C. Codd,\\n447\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a294\\nDavid Preston,\\n419\\n250\\nG. M. Traver,\\n448\\n19s\\nJ. S. Vernor.\\n419\\n251\\nElisha Taylor,\\n448\\n.96\\nE. W. Voigt,\\n420\\n252\\nA. E. F. White,\\n449\\n197\\nJ. B. Wayne,\\n420\\n253\\nJames V. Campbell,\\n449\\n198\\nJ. A. Roys,\\n421\\n254\\nGeorge Jerome,\\n450\\n99\\nAlanson Sheley,\\n421\\n255\\nG. S. Frost,\\n451\\n200\\nG. 0. Robinson,\\n422\\n256\\nC. W. Noble,\\n451\\n201\\nDavid Ward,\\n422\\n257\\nthe late H. P. Bridge,\\n452\\n202\\n0. W. Shipman,\\n423\\n258\\nFormer Residence of W. and W. S.\\n203\\nF. B. Dickerson,\\n423\\nHarsha,\\n452\\n204\\nWilliam Cowie,\\n424\\n259\\nResidence of T. P. Hall. Grosse Pointe,\\n453", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "xl\\nu\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\n260 Residences of John S. Newberry and\\nJames McMillan, Grosse Pointe,\\n261 Residences of H. B. Ledyard and Hugh\\nMcMillan, Grosse Pointe,\\n262 Residence of J. I. David, Grosse Isle,\\n263 Residence of the late Edward Lyon.\\nGrosse Isle,\\n264 The Smart Block Present site of Mer-\\nrill Block,\\n265 View of north side of Jefferson Avenue\\nand Grisvvold Street in 1837,\\n266 Northwest corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Larned Street in 1862,\\n267 The Abbott Block in 1845.\\n268 The Rotunda Building-,\\n269 View of southwest corner of Griswold\\nand Larned Streets in 1870,\\n270 The Campau Building D. Preston\\nCo. s Bank Commercial National\\nBank,\\n271 The Newberry McMillan Building,\\n272 The CoyI Block,\\n273 The Merrill Block,\\n274 The Ferry Building Newcomb, Endi-\\ncott, Co. s Store,\\n275 The Wesson Building Taylor, Wool-\\nfenden, Co. s Store,\\n276 The Cleland Building,\\n277 The Moffat Building,\\n278 J. E. Pittman s Coal Dock, foot of Rio-\\npelle Street,\\n279 Old Council House original appearance,\\n2 So Council House as enlarged,\\n28 1 Old Court House or Capitol,\\n282 Fac-simile of Scrip issued by the Gov-\\nernor and Judges,\\n283 Old City Hall and Surroundings,\\n284 The City Hall,\\n285 .\\\\rbeiter Hall,\\n286 Detroit Opera House Stores of J. L.\\nHudson,\\n287 Whitney s Opera House,\\n288 Former Music Hall, now White s\\nGrand Theatre,\\n289 Woodworth s Steamboat Hotel.\\n290 The Mansion House,\\n291 National Hotel in 1846,\\n292 The Russell House,\\n293 Andrew s Railroad Hotel and Pontiac\\nDepot,\\n294 Perkins Hotel,\\n295 Eisenlord House,\\n296 Burning of First Presbyterian Church,\\n297 Old No. I, The Goose Neck,\\n298 An Old Fire-bucket,\\n299 Old Firemen s Hall,\\n300\\n454\\n455\\n303\\n456\\n304\\n456\\n305\\n457\\n306\\n457\\n307\\n458\\n458\\n308\\n459\\n309\\n459\\n310\\n3\\n461\\n3 2\\n402\\n463\\n313\\n464\\n314\\n465\\n315\\n3.6\\n466\\n467\\n317\\n468\\n318\\n3 9\\n470\\n320\\n472\\n321\\n472\\n473\\n322\\n474\\n323\\n476\\n324\\n477\\n478\\n325\\n326\\n478\\n479\\n327\\n328\\n479\\n480\\n329\\n48.\\n330\\n482\\n33\\n483\\n332\\n333\\n4S4\\n485\\n334\\n4S7\\n335\\n495\\n336\\n503\\n337\\n505\\n506\\n33S\\nOld No. 5 Engine House, Clifford Street,\\nA Mose of the Olden Time,\\nThe Banner of Old No. 4,\\nOld Joe, the Firemen s Dog,\\nClifford Street Engine House, and\\nSteamer No. 3 ready for Funeral Pro-\\ncession of President Lincoln,\\nFire Commissioners Office and Engine\\nHouses,\\nEngine House, corner of Larned and St.\\nAntoine Stredts,\\nEngine House, corner of Larned and\\nRiopelle Streets,\\nEngine House, corner of Fort Street and\\nElmwood Avenue,\\nEngine House, Eighteenth Street.\\nEngine House, Hastings Street, between\\nCongress and Larned Streets,\\nEngine House, Alexandrine Avenue,\\nEngine House, corner of High and Rus-\\nsell Streets,\\nEngine House, corner of Sixth and\\nBaker Streets,\\nEngine House. Montcalm Street,\\nEngine House, Clifford .Street,\\nEngine House, Sixteenth Street, head of\\nBagg Street,\\nA Steam Fire Engine,\\nFiremen s Hall, Jefferson Avenue,\\nFirst Page of St. Anne s Records,\\nResidence erected by Bishop Rese,\\nSt. Anne s Catholic Church, original ap-\\npearance,\\nSt. Anne s Catholic Church, present ap-\\npearance.\\nHoly Trinity Catholic Church.\\nMemorial Tablet in Holy Trinity Catho-\\nlic Church\\nSt. Mary s Catholic Church.\\nResidence of Franciscan Fathers of .St.\\nMary s Church,\\nPriest s Residence St. Anne s Church,\\nCatholic Church and former Cathedral\\nof SS. Peter and Paul,\\nOriginal St. Joseph s Church,\\nSt. Joseph s Catholic Church,\\nSt. Anthony s German Catholic Church,\\nSt. Patrick s Catholic Church,\\nSt. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church and\\nPriest s House,\\nCatholic Church of Our Lady of Help,\\nSt. Boniface Catholic Church,\\nSt. Albert s Catholic Church,\\nSt. Aloysius Catholic Pro-Cathedral and\\nPriest s House,\\nNew St. Albert s Catholic Church.\\nP.M.Ii\\n507\\n508\\n510\\n511\\n512\\n5 3\\n514\\n5 4\\n515\\n515\\n516\\n516\\n517\\n518\\n518\\n519\\n520\\n521\\n522\\n528\\n533\\n534\\n534\\n536\\n537\\n538\\n538\\n538\\n539\\n540\\n540\\n541\\n541\\n542\\n542\\n543\\n544\\n544\\n545", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nxliii\\n339\\n34\u00c2\u00b0\\n341\\n342\\n343\\n344\\n345\\n346\\n347\\n348\\n349\\n350\\n351\\n352\\n353\\n354\\n355\\n356\\n357\\n358\\n359\\n360\\n361\\n362\\n363\\n364\\n365\\n366\\n367\\n368\\n369\\nSt. Joachim s French Catholic Church\\nand School,\\nSacred Heart German Catholic Church\\nand School,\\nSt. Wenceslaus Catholic Church,\\nCatholic Church of Holy Redeemer,\\nSt. Cassimer Catholic Polish School and\\nChurch,\\nSt. Bonaventure Catholic Church and\\nMonastery,\\nGrotto at Church of the Assumption\\nConnor s Creek,\\nFirst Protestant, afterwards Trinity Cath-\\nolic Church,\\nFac-simile of Scrip issued by First Pro-\\ntestant Society,\\nReduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-\\nporation of First Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, 1st page.\\nReduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-\\nporation of First Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, 2d page.\\nReduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-\\nporation of First Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, 3d page,\\nReduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor-\\nporation of First Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch. 4th page.\\nFirst Methodist Episcopal Church ori-\\nginal brick building.\\nFirst Methodist Episcopal Church, corner\\nWoodward Ave. and State Street,\\nCentral Methodist Episcopal Church\\nChapel and Parsonage.\\nCongress Street Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch,\\nOriginal Lafayette Street Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church,\\nTabernacle Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nWalnut Street JSIethodist Episcopal\\nChurch,\\nSimpson Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nJefferson Avenue Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch,\\nPalmer Memorial Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch,\\nFort Street Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nSixteenth Street Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch,\\nJunction Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nDelray Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nWesley Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nFirst German Methodist Epi.scopal\\nChurch,\\nAsbury Methodist Episcopal Chapel,\\nCass venue Methodist Episcopal Chapel,\\ne;j.6\\n370\\n54^\\n371\\n546\\n546\\n372\\n547\\n373\\n547\\n548\\n374\\n548\\n556\\n375\\n376\\n557\\n377\\n378\\n560\\n379\\n380\\n381\\n56!\\n382\\n562\\n563\\n383\\n384\\n385\\n386\\n565\\n387\\n566\\n38S\\n568\\n389\\n570\\n390\\n570\\n391\\n570\\n392\\n571\\n571\\n393\\n394\\n572\\n395\\n572\\n396\\n573\\n397\\n398\\n573\\n399\\n574\\n400\\n574\\n401\\n574\\n402\\n403\\n575\\n404\\n575\\n575\\n405\\n406\\nSecond German Methodi.st Episcopal\\nChurch, 576\\nThirty-second Street German Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church, 576\\nLafayette Street African Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church, 577\\nEbenezer African Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, 577\\nliethel Church of Evangelical Associa-\\ntion Original Building, 578\\nBethel Church of Evangelical Associa-\\ntion Second Building 57S\\nSt. Paul s Protestant Episcopal Church, 582\\nChrist Protestant Episcopal Church\\nOriginal Building. 583\\nChrist Protestant Episcopal Church, 583\\n.St. Peter s Protestant Episcopal Church, 584\\nSt. John s Protestant Episcopal Church, 585\\nGrace Protestant Episcopal Church, 586\\nSt. Stephen s Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch, 587\\nEmanuel Memorial Protestant Episco-\\npal Church, 587\\nAll Saints Protestant Epscopal Mission, 588\\nSt. James s Protestant Episcopal Church, 588\\nProtestant Episcopal Mission of Messiah, 589\\nSt. Mary s Protestant Episcopal Mission\\nChapel, 589\\nGood Shepherd Protestant Episcopal\\nMission, 589\\nSt. Barnabas Protestant Episcopal Mis-\\nsion, 590\\nHoly Trinity Protestant Episcopal Mis-\\nsion, 59\u00c2\u00b0\\nSt. Luke s Protestant Epi5co])al Memo-\\nrial Church, 590\\nOriginal St. Matthew s Protestant Epis-\\ncopal Church, 591\\nSt. Matthew s Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch, 59\\nSt. Joseph s Protestant Episcopal Memo-\\nrial Chapel. 591\\nEpiphany Reformed Episcopal Church, 592\\nView of Churches on Woodward Ave-\\nnue in 1S49, 594\\nFirst Presbyterian Church, 595\\nCentral Presbyterian Church, 596\\nFort Street Presbyterian Church, 597\\nJefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church. 598\\nFrontenac Avenue Presbyterian Mission, 599\\nWestminster Presbyterian Church, 599\\nCalvary Presbyterian Church, 600\\nUnion Presbyterian Church, 601\\nMemorial Presbyterian Church, 601\\nTrumbull Avenue Presbyterian Chapel, 602\\nUnited Presbyterian Church, 602", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "XllV\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\n407 Dutch Reformed Church,\\n408 Original Building of First Baptist Church,\\n409 Baptist Church, corner of Fort and Gris-\\nwold Streets First Brick Building,\\n410 Baptist Church, corner of Fort and Gris-\\nwold Streets Second Brick Building,\\n411 Cass Avenue Baptist Church,\\n412 Second Baptist Church (colored),\\n413 Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church,\\n414 First German Baptist Church,\\n415 Eighteenth Street Baptist Church,\\n416 Twelfth Street Baptist Church,\\n417 Second German Baptist Church,\\n41S Clinton Avenue Baptist Chapel,\\n419 Clinton Avenue Baptist Church,\\n420 French Baptist Church,\\n421 F irst Congregational Church Original\\nBuilding,\\n422 First Congregational Church, Fort Street,\\n423 Second Congregational Church,\\n424 Trumbull Ave. Congregational Church,\\n425 Springwells Congregational Church,\\n426 Harper Avenue Congregational Mission\\nChapel,\\n427 Mt. Hope Avenue Congregational Mis-\\nsion Chapel,\\n42S View of Monroe Avenue and St. John s\\nChurch in 1S72,\\n429 First German Evangelical Protestant St.\\nJohn s Church and School,\\n430 Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church,\\n431 St. Mark s German Evangelical Church,\\n432 St. Paul s German Evangelical Church,\\nSeventeenth Street,\\n433 Original Immanuel Evangelical Luth-\\neran Church,\\n434 Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church,\\n435 Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church,\\n436 St. Paul s Evangelical Lutheran Church,\\nJoseph Campau Avenue,\\n437 St. Matthew s Evangelical Lutheran\\nChurch,\\n43S Zion German Reformed Church,\\n439 St. Peter s German Evangelical Lutheran\\nChurch,\\n440 Salem German Evangelical Lutheran\\nChurch,\\n441 St. Luke s German Evangelical Church,\\n442 St. John s Independent Lutheran Church,\\n443 Washington Ave. Christian Church,\\n444 Disciples of Christ Church,\\n445 Mission Church of Disciples of Christ.\\n446 New Jerusalem Church.\\n447 Congregational Unitarian Church,\\n448 Church of Our Father LTniversalist,\\n449 Third Avenue Mission Chapel,\\nPage\\n603\\n450\\n605\\n451\\n452\\n605\\n453\\n606\\n454\\n607\\n455\\n607\\n456\\n608\\n457\\n608\\n458\\n609\\n459\\n609\\n460\\n610\\n610\\n461\\n610\\n462\\n611\\n463\\n464\\n613\\n465\\n6t4\\n466\\n615\\n6.5\\n467\\n616\\n468\\n469\\n616\\n470\\n616\\n471\\n617\\n472\\n473\\n618\\n474\\n619\\n475\\n619\\n476\\n477\\n619\\n478\\n479\\n620\\n480\\n620\\n481\\n620\\n482\\n483\\n621\\n484\\n4S5\\n621\\n486\\n622\\n487\\n622\\n488\\n489\\n622\\n490\\n623\\n491\\n623\\n624\\n492\\n625\\n493\\n625\\n494\\n626\\n495\\n626\\n496\\n627\\n497\\n628\\n498\\nBeth El Synagogue,\\nSynagogue of Shaary Zedec,\\nCounty Insane Asylum and Poorhouse,\\nSt. Vincent s Catholic Female Orphan\\nAsylum,\\nProtestant Orphan Asylum,\\nSt. Mary s Hospital original building,\\nSt. Mary s Hospital new building.\\nOld Industrial School,\\nNew Industrial School,\\nSt. Joseph s Retreat for the Insane,\\nSt. Luke s Hospital, Church Home and\\nOrphanage,\\nHarper Hospital original building.\\nHarper Hospital new building.\\nHome of the Friendless,\\nWomen s Hospital and Foundlings Home\\nHouse of Providence,\\nThe Little Sisters Home for the Aged\\nPoor,\\nThe Thompson Home,\\nZoar Orphan Asylum, Springwells,\\nDetroit Day Nursery and Kindergarten\\nBuilding,\\nConvent of Mission of the Good Shep-\\nherd,\\nPost and Tribune Building,\\nFree Press Btiilding,\\nEvening News Building,\\nMichigan Christian Herald Building,\\nA Newsboy,\\nDetroit News Company s Store,\\nOld Female Seminary, Griswold Street,\\nThe Liggett Home and Day School,\\nGerman American Seminary,\\nTrinity Catholic School,\\nSt. Mary s Catholic School,\\nSt. Joseph s Catholic School,\\nSt. Vincent de Paul Catholic School,\\nOur Lady of Help Catholic School,\\nSt. Albert s Catholic School,\\nPolish Franciscan Convent and Mother\\nHouse,\\nAcademy of the Sacred Heart,\\nDetroit College,\\nTrinity Lutheran School,\\nOld University Building, Bates .Street,\\nGoldsmith, Bryant, Stratton s Busi-\\nness University,\\nMichigan College of Medicine,\\nFirst Public School Building,\\nOld Second Ward Public School,\\nThe Barstow School,\\nThe Houghton School,\\nThe Tappan School,\\nThe Jackson School,\\nPage\\n628\\n629\\n649\\n651\\n652\\n653\\n653\\n655\\n655\\n656\\n656\\n658\\n659\\n660\\n,662\\n662\\n663\\n664\\n665\\n665\\n666\\n684\\n687\\n688\\n6S9\\n692\\n696\\n716\\n719\\n719\\n721\\n722\\n722\\n723\\n723\\n724\\n724\\n725\\n725\\n726\\n730\\n732\\n734\\n738\\n745\\n745\\n746\\n746\\n746", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSFRATIONS.\\nxlv\\nPage\\n499 The John Owen School, 747 555\\n500 The Nichols School, 747 556\\n501 The Campbell School. 747 557\\n502 The Wilkins School, 748 558\\n503 The Lincoln School, 748 559\\n504 The Franklin School, 748 560\\n505 The Cass School oritji[i.il appearance, 749 56!\\n506 The Cass School as enlarged. 749 562\\n507 The High School, 750 sC 3\\n508 The Diiffield School. 750 564\\n509 The Firnane School, 751 565\\n510 The New Irving School, 751 566\\n511 The Webster School, 752 567\\n512 The Trowbridge School, 752 568\\n513 The Bishop School original appearance, 753 5 59\\n514 The Bishop School as enlarged, 753 570\\n.515 The Jefferson School, 754 571\\n516 Seal of the Board of Education, 755 572\\n517 The Public Library, 759\\n518 Fac-simile of a Trader s License, 768 573\\n519 Stores of Beattie, Fitzsimons, Co., 769 574\\n520 Stores of H. P. Baldwin 2d Co., 769 575\\n521 Store of George Kirby, 770 576\\n522 Stores of C. R. Mabley Company, 771 577\\n323 Store of Flattery Bros., 772 578\\n524 Store of R. H. Fyfe Co., 772 579\\n525 Stores of Farrand, Williams, Co., 773 5S0\\n526 Stores of T. B. Rayl Co., 773 581\\n527 Seed Warehouse of D. I\\\\L Ferry Co., 774 582\\n528 Seed Farm of D. M. Ferry Co., 775 583\\n529 Stores of L. A. Smith Co., 776 584\\n530 Stores of G. R. McMillan, 776\\n531 Stores of Dean, Godfrey, Co., 777 5S5\\n532 Store and Residence of P. Blake, 777\\n533 Store of P. A. Billings, 778 586\\n534 Store of Mumford, F oster, Co., 778 587\\n535 Establishment of Thorndike Nourse, 779 5S8\\n536 Stores of James E. Davis Co., 779 589\\n537 Stores of John J. Dodds Co., 7S0 590\\n538 Stores of William Reid, 780 591\\n539 Stores of Edson, Moore, Co., 781 592\\n540 Stores of Allan Shelden iJt Co., 782\\n541 Stores of F. Buhl Co.. 783 593\\n542 Stores of Heineman, Butzel, cS: Co., 783 594\\n543 Stores of Heavenrich Bros., 784 595\\n544 Stores of Charles Root Co., 7S4 596\\n545 Stores of A. C. IMcGraw Co., 785 597\\n546 Stores of H. A. Ncwland Co., 785 598\\n547 Store of A. R. W. F Linn, 786 599\\n548 Store of A. C. Bacon Co., 786 600\\n549 Stores of T. H. Hinchman Sons, 787 6o[\\n550 Store of Dwyer hay. 787 602\\n551 Stores of W.J. Gould Co., 788 603\\n552 Old Board of Trade Building, 788 604\\n553 Stores of Ducharme, Fletcher, Co., 789 605\\n554 New Board of Trade Building, 789 606\\nStore of B. F. Farrington li Co.,\\nStores of Standart Bros.,\\nStores of Phelps Brace,\\nStores of Rathbone, Sard, Co.,\\nStores of Buhl Sons Co.,\\nFormer Woodward Avenue Market,\\nVegetable Market,\\nOld Washington Market,\\nCentral Market Building,\\nMichigan Car Co. s Works,\\nDetroit Steel and Car Spring Works,\\nRussel Wheel Foundry Co. s Works,\\nDetroit Bridge Iron Works,\\nFulton Iron Engine Works,\\nBuhl Iron Works,\\nEagle Iron Works,\\nMichigan Malleable Iron Co.,\\nMichels Wood Working Machinery\\nFactory,\\nNational Wire Iron Co. s Works,\\nDetroit Safe Co. s Works,\\nDetroit Bronze Co. s proposed building,\\nDetroit Stove Co. s Stores.\\nThe Barnum Wire and Iron Works,\\nDetroit Stove Co. s Works.\\nPeninsular Stove Co. s Works,\\nEureka Iron Co. s Works, Wyandotte,\\nMichigan Stove Co. s Works,\\nNational Pin Co. s Factory,\\nDetroit File Works,\\nDetroit Lake Superior Copper Co. s\\nWorks,\\nThe Middlebrook Post Manufacturing\\nCo. s Works,\\nDetroit Stamping Works.\\nDetroit Emery \\\\Vheel Co. s Works,\\nParke, Davis, cS: Co. s original Laboratory,\\nParke, Davis, Co. s present Laboratory,\\nLaboratory of Frederick -Stearns iS: Co.,\\nCapsule Factory of F. A. Hubel,\\nBoydell Bros. White Lead and Color\\nWorks,\\nDetroit White Lead Works,\\nDetroit Linseed Oil Co.,\\nBerry Brothers Varnish Factory,\\nSchulte s .Soap and Candle Factory,\\nA. Laitner s Store and Brush Factory,\\nThe first Tobacco Factory in Detroit,\\nThe American Eagle Tobacco Factory,\\nThe Banner Tobacco Factory,\\nThe Globe Tobacco Factory,\\nScotten s Hiawatha Tobacco Factory,\\nHargreaves Manufacturing Co. s Factory.\\nBurk, Rich, Co. s Cigar Factory.\\nRichardson s Match Factory.\\nThe Clough Warren Organ Factory.\\nPage\\n789\\n790\\n790\\n791\\n791\\n793\\n794\\n795\\n796\\n803\\n805\\n805\\n806\\n806\\n807\\n807\\n808\\n808\\n809\\n809\\n8ro\\n811\\n812\\n813\\n814\\n814\\n815\\n816\\n816\\nS17\\n818\\n818\\n819\\n820\\n821\\n822\\n822\\n824\\n824\\n825\\n825\\n826\\n826\\n827\\n827\\n828\\n828\\n829\\n829\\n830\\n831", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "xlvi\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\n607 Gray li Baffy s Furniture and Upholster-\\ning Establishment,\\n608 M. J. Murphy Co. s Spring Bed and\\nChair Factory,\\n609 The Suttun Pail Factory,\\n610 A. Uondero s Willow-ware Factory,\\n61 1 Pingree Smith s Shoe Factory,\\n612 Vail Crane s Cracker and Biscuit Fac-\\ntory,\\n613 Carriage Factory and Store of Hugh\\nJohnson,\\n614 Fac-simile of one of Father Richards\\nShinplasters,\\n615 Fac-simile of Note of Detroit City Bank,\\n616 Fac-simile of Note of Detroit Bank,\\n617 Fac-simile of Note of Bank of Michigan,\\n618 Fac-simile of Note of Farmers and Me-\\nchanics Bank,\\n619 Fac-simile of Note of Michigan Insur-\\nance Bank,\\n620 Detroit Savings Bank,\\n621 Fac-simile of Note of The Peninsular\\nBank,\\n622 Fac-simile of Note of The State Bank,\\n623 First National Bank,\\n624 People s Savings Bank,\\n625 Wayne County Savings Bank, exterior\\nview,\\n626 Wayne County Savings Bank, interior\\nview,\\n627 View of the Vaults of the Safe Deposit\\nCompany,\\nPage\\n628\\n832\\n629\\n630\\n832\\nS33\\n631\\n833\\n834\\n632\\n633\\n\u00c2\u00ab35\\n634\\n635\\n\u00c2\u00ab35\\n636\\n847\\n637\\n851\\n857\\n638\\n860\\n639\\n861 640\\n863\\n864\\n641\\n642\\n865\\n866\\n643\\n867\\n868\\n644\\n869\\n869\\n645\\n646\\n647\\n870\\n648\\nPage\\nMichigan Savings Bank, 871\\nState Savings Bank, 872\\nOffice of Detroit Fire and Marine Insur-\\nance Company, S73\\nOffice of Michigan Mutual Life Insur-\\nance Company, 874\\nThe Post-Office, 882\\nRailroad Ferry Dock, 8go\\nDetroit Milwaukee Depot in 1S65, 894\\nFac-simile of M. C. R. R. Ticket of\\n1S38. 896\\nOriginal Michigan Central Freight Depot, 898\\nOld Depot Buildings of Michigan Central\\nRailroad on Third Street, 899\\nNew Michigan Central Depot, 900\\nFirst Locomotive in the West and old\\nPassenger-car, 902\\nDouble Railroad Bridge at Baker and\\nFifteenth Streets, 905\\nJefferson Avenue Railroad Bridge, 906\\nFac-simile of Collector s Entry on arrival\\nof the Walk-in-the-Water, 909\\nGeneral Offices of the Detroit and Cleve-\\nland Steam Navigation Company, 911\\nDocks and Yard of the Detroit Dry\\nDock Company, 912\\nIron Ship-building Docks of Detroit Dry\\nDock Company at Wyandotte, 913\\nThe Ferry-boat Argo, 916\\nGovernment Storehouse Lighthouse\\nDepartment, 920\\nThe Marine Hospital, 923", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "PART I.\\nLOCALITY.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2707", "width": "1875", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I,\\nDETROIT: ITS NAMES. LOCATION, AND SURROUNDINGS.\\nNAMES.\\nAmerica has but few cities that can properly be\\ncalled old. Detroit is one of these, and its his-\\ntory is unique and peculiarly interesting. Before\\nNew York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, or Boston was\\nsettled, and long before the time of Oliver Crom-\\nwell, the Sieur de Champlain had nearly reached\\nour border, and the Indians had described our site.\\nThe city was founded before Peter the Great had\\nbuilt St. Petersburg.\\nWhen Cadillac came the East India Company\\nand the South Sea Bubble had not been heard of,\\nand there was not a newspaper or a post-oftice in\\nthe United States. The first colony here established\\nwas like a bit of Francp in the wilds of the New\\nWorld, and no city in the Eastern States, and but\\none or two in the South and West, have anything in\\ncommon with our earlier life. Some of the old\\nrecords read like a page of Froissart, and visions of\\nmedi;eval scenes and pictures of savage life are\\nstrangely intermingled in the Records of our past.\\nCradled in romance, nurtured in war, and trained in\\nthe school of conservatism, the city now glories in\\nher position as the most attractive and most sub-\\nstantial of all the cities whose traditions reach back\\nto the days of the Grand Monarch. Like some\\nold castle on the Loire, with cresting, tile, and finial\\nadded to the ancient towers and moss-grown bat-\\ntlements, so Detroit stands, a proud relic of the\\npast, graced and crowned with all the gifts of the\\npresent. Even in its names, it is favored above\\nmost cities. At different times it has been desig-\\nnated by no less than six distinct appellations, and\\nhas had three different corporate names.\\nIn the old traditions of the Algonquin Indians, it\\nwas known by the name of Yon-do-ti-ga, or Yon-do-\\nti-a, A Great Village its first name was thus pro-\\nphetic of its future. It was also called Wa-we-a-\\ntun-ong, Circuitous Approach, on account of its\\nlocation at the bend of the river. The Wyandotts\\ncalled the site of Detroit Toghsaghrondie, or Tysch-\\nsarondia, which name, variously spelled, will be\\nin\\nfound in the old Colonial Documents, published by\\nthe State of New York it has been modernized into\\nTeuscha Grondie, and has reference to the course of\\nthe river. The Huron Indians called the place\\nKa-ron-ta-en, The Coast of the Strait.\\nWhen first settled, the location received the name\\nof Fort Pontchartrain, in honor of Count Pontchar-\\ntrain, the then French Colonial Minister of Marine.\\nAs the number of inhabitants increased, and the\\nsettlement grew into a village, it received its present\\nname from the word dctroit, or strait. Its popular\\ncognomen, the City of the Straits, is thence derived.\\nIt is an interesting fact that the name of the\\noldest city in the Canadian Dominion and the first\\ncapital of that region, the place from which Cadillac\\nand the first settlers came hither, is derived from the\\nAlgonquin word qitcheis or quclibcc, signifying a\\nstrait the cities of Detroit and Quebec thus bear\\nnames similar in origin and signification.\\nThe early French colonists applied the name\\nDetroit to the settlements on both sides of the river,\\ncalling one North Detroit, the other South Detroit.\\nIt is also known that early French travelers desig-\\nnated all of the waters between Lakes Erie and\\nHuron as the iWroit. This generalization has led\\nseveral modern authors into the error of locating\\nevents here that really occurred on the river St.\\nClair.\\nThe city s corporate names have been as follows\\nBy Act of January i8, 1802, it was designated as\\nthe Town of Detroit. By Act of October 24,\\n181 5, it was called the City of Detroit. On April\\n4, 1S27, it was enacted that the corporate name\\nshould be The Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen of\\nthe City of Detroit; On February 5, 1857, it was\\nenacted that the name should be City of Detroit.\\nLUCATION.\\nThe city is located near the head of the river, on\\nits northerly and westerly banks. The eastern\\nboimdary is about four miles from Lake St. Cl.air,\\nand the western, nearly twenty miles from Lake", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "LOCATION SURROUNDINGS.\\nErie. The river separates the Britisli Province of\\nOntario, formerly Upper Canada, from the State of\\nMichigan, Coimty of Wayne. The city is bounded\\non the north by the townships of Greenfield and\\nHamtramck, on the east by Hamtramck, and on the\\nwest by the township of Springvvells. Reckoning\\nfrom the flagstaff on the City Hall tower, Detroit\\nlies in latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0 19 50.2S north and longitude\\n83\u00c2\u00b0 2 47.63 west of Greenwich, England, and 5\\n59 45. S3 west of Washington, D. C. Our time is\\ntherefore 23 minutes 59.06 seconds slower than that\\nof Washington. Rome and Constantinople are in\\nnearly the same latitude, and Havana and Calcutta\\nare longitudinally in the same range. Upon a globe\\nthe city appears as opposite the northwest corner of\\nthe Chinese Empire, and on an air line, it is about\\none thousand miles northeast of New Orleans, or the\\nGulf of ;\\\\Ie.xito, and seven hundred miles west of\\nNew York and the .-Atlantic Coast.\\nThe older portions of the city, including all south\\nof Adams Avenue, are built on a succession of\\nridges running parallel with the river, their general\\ndirection being from east 10 west. Counting from\\nthe river to Adams Avenue, there were at least four\\nridges. At the corner of Woodward and Jefferson\\nAvenues the ground is twenty-two feet above the\\nriver. From oodward Avenue the ground slopes\\ngradually away to the west until, at Second Street,\\nthe roadway is on a level with the whar\\\\-es. An-\\nother ridge is shown at Fort Street. It crossed\\nWoodward Avenue and extended beyond Farmer\\nStreet. The third ridge was just south of the Grand\\nCircus; and the property of H. H. Leroy on the\\nwest side of Woodward Avenue shows that the\\nstreet at that point has been graded down nearly\\nfour feet. At High Street, and again at Fremont\\nStreet, the rise of ground is quite noticeable. At\\nthe Holden Road the elevation is fully fifty-two feet\\nabove the river.\\nBeautiful for situation, the city wins the praises\\nof all who look upon it. No one has more faithfully\\nportrayed its appearance, and the feelings of a visi-\\ntor, than Mrs. Jameson. She says\\nThe day has been most intolerably hot; even on the lake there\\nwas not a breath of air. But as the sun went down in his glury,\\nthe breeze freshened, and the spires and towers of the city of\\nDetroit were seen against the western sky.\\nThe schooners at anchor, or drojiping into the river, the little\\ncanoes flitting across from side to side, the lofty buildings, the\\nenormous steamers, the noisy port and busy streets, all bathed in\\nthe light of a sunset such as I had never seen, not even in Italy,\\nalmost turned me giddy with excitement.\\nSince her visit in 1837, the city has both gained\\nand lost in beauty. The old pear-trees no longer\\nform a setting to the houses of white and red, and\\nthe tints of gray and brown have mostly disap-\\npeared. Rarer architecture now looms amid the\\ntrees and richer coloring greets the eye, and those\\nwho come to see, linger to admire.\\nSURROUNDINGS.\\nA large portion of the adjoining township of\\nHamtramck is built up near the river, and iron\\nsmelting, stove and hollow-ware manufacturing, and\\nother kindred industries are extensively carried on\\nthere. Stores and shops line the main road, an\\nextension of Jefferson Avenue, and many elegant\\nresidences are located on the river-side. Belle Isle\\nlies in front, and opportunities for boating are unsur-\\npassed. The new City Water Works, with receiv-\\ning basins, substantial engine-houses, and other\\nbuildings, are in the extreme eastern corner. Here\\nalso are Linden Park, the Driving Park, and the\\nGerman Shooting Grounds, and Milwaukee Railroad\\nJunction. The villages of Leeville and Norris are\\nalso within the township limits. This latter suburb\\nis about six miles from the city. It was laid out in\\nAugust, 1873, by Colonel P. W. Norris, after whom\\nit is named. He purchased the grounds in 1865.\\nThe village is located about thirty feet above the\\nforks of Connor s Creek, on gently undulating\\nground the soil is dry and sandy, but very fer-\\ntile. Prairie IMound, once a favorite haunt of the\\nIndians, and one of their burial-places, is in full view\\nof the village.\\nAn abundant supply of good well-water is easily\\nreached. All the streets and a\\\\-enues are seventy\\nfeet wide one is one hundred feet wide and extends\\nto Woodward Avenue. A large Orphan Asylum,\\ncontrolled by the Lutheran Church, is here located.\\nNear the village is the crossing and station of the\\nBay City and Grand Trunk railroads.\\nThe township of Springwells, on the southwest\\nboundary of Detroit, contains a noted railroad junc-\\ntion, originally called the Grand Trunk Junction the\\npost-office name is now Detroit Junction. Connec-\\ntions are here made between the Michigan Central,\\nGrand Trunk, Detroit, Lansing Northern, Lake\\nShore Michigan Southern, Flint Pere Marquette,\\nand Detroit Butler railroads. The car shops of\\nthe Michigan Central Railroad, consisting of four\\nlarge and other smaller buildings, were located here\\nin 1873, and many railroad employes have built\\nhomes near by. Here, also, are the extensive car\\nmanufacturing shops of the Michigan Car Company,\\nan establishment unrivalled by that of any other\\ncar-building company in the United States. The\\nextensive dry docks and ship yard of John P. Clark,\\nthe Baugh steam forge establishment, the leather\\nmanufactor) of the late Marshall Jewell, and the\\nlarge tobacco manufactory of Daniel Scotten, several\\nlarge nurseries and extensive brick-yards, the smelt-\\ning works of the Detroit Lake Superior Copper\\nCompany, the illage of Delray, the Detroit Glass", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SURROUNDINGS.\\nWorks, Fort Wayne. St. Luke s Hospital, and Wood-\\nmere Cemeter\\\\- are in this town.\\nThe shore Hne of Grosse Pointe township, which\\njoins Hamtramck on the north, is washed by the\\nclear blue waters of Lake St. Clair. The township\\nis celebrated for its cherries. It is the summer resort\\nof a number of Detroit families, who have erected\\nelegant residences and determined its future as the\\nmost desirable and attractive suburb that Detroit\\ncan ever possess. A lighthouse, on what is known\\nas Windmill Point, marks the entrance of the river\\ninto the lake, and is the chief landmark of the\\n\\\\-icinity.\\nThe township of Greenfield adjoins the city on the\\nnorth. Here is the immense seed farm of D. M.\\nFerrj- Company, embracing three hundred acres.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nTHE RIVER, ISLANDS, WHARVES AND DOCKS, STREAMS AND ]\\\\III.I.S.\\nTHE RIVER.\\nLondon has its Thames, Paris, the Seine, Rome,\\nthe Tiber, and New York, the Hudson but in\\neverything the Detroit excels them all. It is no\\nwonder that the first visitors came by water when\\nsuch a stream flowed by theni and beckoned them\\nalong. All the early travelers bore testimony to the\\nbeauty of the ri\\\\ er and the volume of its waters,\\nwhich the population of a score of the largest cities\\ncannot diminish or defile. Then as now islands,\\nlike emeralds, were strung along its way, and myriads\\nof wild fowl then fed upon its shores; its waters\\ndid not dash high on a stern and rock-bound\\ncoast, but were so still and calm and clear that\\nthe smoke of wigwams, nestled on their banks, was\\nmirrored on their smooth surface. Scores of canoes\\nwere hauled up on the river-side, while others flashed\\nalong the current or plied to either shore. Later\\non, windmills stretched their broad arms to the\\nbreeze, and, with fish-nets hung on reels, formed the\\nlandmarks of their day.\\nThe Detroit River is undoubtedly one of the most\\nremarkable in the world. It forms a natural boun-\\ndary between the United States and Upper Canada,\\nseparating the State of Michigan from the Province\\nof Ontario the boundary line opposite Detroit is\\nabout midway of the stream, and for most of the\\ndistance nearest the Canadian shore. The United\\nStates thus has jurisdiction over the larger portion.\\nIt was declared to be a public highway by Act of\\nCongress December 31, i8ig. From Windmill\\nPoint Liglit, at the foot of Lake St. Clair, to Bar\\nPoint, where the river empties into Lake Erie, the\\ndistance is 27 miles, 151 5 yards. The distances\\nbetween other established points are as follows\\nP om Windmill Point Light to foot of Isle La Peche,\\n1 534 yards; from Isle La Peche to foot of Belle Isle,\\n3 miles, 254 yards; from Belle Isle to Woodward\\nAvenue, 2 miles, 347 yards; from Woodward Avenue\\nto head of Fighting Island, 7 miles, 7S0 yards from\\nFighting Island to Bois Blanc Lighthouse, 1 1 miles,\\n640 yards; from Bois Blanc Lighthouse to Bar\\nPoint, 2 miles, 1480 yards.\\nThe greatest width of the river is three miles in\\nits narrowest point, opposite the city, it is a little\\nover half a mile wide. Its average width is one\\nmile. The depth varies from ten to sixty feet, with\\nan average of thirty-four feet. The river bottom,\\nfor the most part, is sandy or stony. It is navigable\\nfor vessels of the largest class, is almost entirely\\nfree from obstructions of any sort, and offers one of\\nthe largest and safest harbors in the world. Lon-\\ndon is the largest port, but more tonnage passes\\nDetroit than ever enters the Thames.\\nThe waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron,\\nand St. Clair, of Green, Saginaw, and Georgian\\nBays, also of thousands of streams that enter them,\\nflow into the Detroit. It is. in fact, the natural\\ndrain or channel for the passage of waters from\\neighty-two thousand square miles of lake surface,\\nand one hundred and twenty-five thousand square\\nmiles of land, thus rivalling the Ohio, which is more\\nthan forty times as long.\\nThe current is rapid and generally uniform the\\nma.ximuni velocity is 2.44 miles per hour, the mean\\nvelocity, 1.79 miles. It is estimated that two hun-\\ndred and twelve thousand cubic feet of water pass\\nthe city each second of time.\\nMore fresh water is discharged through this river\\nthan through any other in the world except the Ni-\\nagara and the St. Lawrence. The incline amounts\\nto one and one half inches per mile, or three feet for\\nits entire length. The elevation above sea-level, at\\na point opposite the Marine Hospital, is five hundred\\nand seventy-seven feet. The river is not generally\\nfrozen over until the latter part of December or\\nJanuary but in extreme cold weather the ice is from\\ntwelve to twenty inches thick.\\nPrevious to 1854, persons and teams frequently\\ncrossed over on the ice; and on February 10, 1855,\\nthe river was so completely frozen that a little shanty\\nwas erected in the middle, in which liquors were\\nsold.\\nThe breaking of the ice by the daily trips of the\\nRailroad Ferry Boats, since 1S54. has precluded any\\nfurther crossing on foot in front of the city. Such\\nis the rapidity of the current that the river is soon\\ncleared of floating ice. The gathering of ice is an\\nextensive business, and from 50,000 to 100,000 tons\\nare annually stored for sunmier use. The water sup-\\nplied to citizens amounts to 6,000,000,000 gallons\\nyearly.\\n5]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE RIVER ISLANDS.\\nThe river is usually tranquil and never danijer-\\nously rough. The water is of a bluish tinge, and in\\ntransparency and purity is unrivalled.\\nLike other bodies of water, the river rises and\\nfalls, but unlike other large rivers, the variations are\\nnever so sudden or extreme as to cause any incon-\\nvenience, and buildings are erected at the water s\\nedge without fear of damage.\\nIn the year iSoo, again in 1S14-1815, and also in\\n1827-1828, and in 1838, the river rose from three to\\nsi.x feet above its usual level, remaining so for two\\nor three years, and then subsiding quite rapidly.\\nThe mean annual rise is about sixteen inches dur-\\ning July or August. The low-water period is in\\nFebruary or March. The highest recorded level\\nwas on June 2, 1838, when the water was only two\\nand eight tenths feet below the water table of the\\nWater Works Engine House. One of the lowest\\nlevels recorded was in the winter of 1819, when the\\nwater was eight and five tenths feet lower than\\nusual.\\nA succession of wet seasons, or winters of heavy\\nsnows, causes it to rise, and the reverse occurs in\\ndry seasons. The most marked effect is produced\\nby winds the river is perceptibly lowered when a\\nsouthwest wind strikes it, and the water is driven\\ninto Lake St. Clair and blown down into Lake Erie.\\nIn March, 1873, a strong wind of this kind lowered\\nthe river some five feet below its mean level. A\\nnortheast wind will reverse the above conditions\\nand cause it to rise proportionately.\\nThe temperature of the water varies from 33\u00c2\u00b0\\nFahrenheit for the winter months to 73 for the sutu-\\nmer season. The variation between the surface and\\nthe bottom is about 3\\nThe breadth, general safety, and smoothness of\\nthe river make it specially inviting for boating and\\nyachting, and in later years many persons have\\navailed themselves of the facilities afforded. Sev-\\neral noteworthy regattas have been held here, and\\nboatmen all concede that no finer location can be\\nfound for a trial of skill. During the summer sea-\\nson, excursions up and down the river, and to differ-\\nent islands, are of almost hourly occurrence.\\nISLANDS.\\nThe islands vary in size from one to several thou-\\nsand acres. Two of them are located abcne, and\\ntwenty below the city. Beginning at the head of\\nthe river, the first is Isle La Peche, or Isle of the\\nFishes, also called, in 1810, Peach Island. It is\\nsituated on the Canadian side of the river, and was,\\nduring the summer months, the home of Pontiac.\\nBelle Isle, the City Park, is described in the article\\non Parks. Beginning at a point six miles below the\\ncity are the islands known as Fighting, Mud, Grassy,\\nGrass, Mama-Juda, Crosse, Turkey, Stoney, Slo-\\ncum s, Humbug, Fox, Elba, Calf, Snake, Hickory,\\nSugar, Bois Blanc, Horse, Cherry, and Tawa, or\\nCeleron. Fighting Island, also called in 1796, Great\\nTurkey Island, was originally occupied by the Wyan-\\ndotts, and in 1858 it was sold by the Canadian Gov-\\nernment for their benefit. In iSio Indian intrench-\\nments were plainly visible on the northeast end of\\nthe island, and from these warlike appearances the\\nisland took its name.\\nAn old French memoir of the date of 171 7 says\\nTwo leagues from Fort Detroit is an island called Isle aux Din-\\ndes. It is so called because Turkeys are always to be found there.\\nIt contains only very little timber, only prairie. Four or five years\\nago, a man named Le Tonnerre, principal Chief of the Foxes, and\\ntwo of the same tribe, were killed there by the Hurons, settled at\\nDetroit. The two Foxes who were with Le Tonnerre were de-\\nvoured by wild beasts, crows, or other vermin; but the body of Le\\nTonnerre was still uninjured a year afterward, not an animal hav-\\ning touched him.\\nGrosse, or Great Island, is the largest in the\\nriver. The French memoir just quoted says:\\nIt is very fine and fertile and extensive, being, as is estimated,\\nfrom six to seven leagues in circumference. There is an extraor-\\ndinary quantity of apple trees on tllis island, and those who have\\nseen the apples on the ground say that they are more than half a\\nfoot deep; the apple trees are planted as if methodically, and the\\napples are as large as small pippins. Abundance of excellent mill-\\nstones are found on this island; all around it are very fine prairies.\\nIt was a long time doubtful whether Detroit should not be founded\\nthere. The cause of the hesitation was the apprehension that the\\ntimber might some day fail.\\nAt one time, the locating of Fort Wayne on this\\nisland was seriously considered, and on some\\naccounts it would have been an extremely favorable\\nsituation. The banks rise abruptly from the water\\nin many places to fully twenty feet in height. In\\n1776 Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton gave William\\nMacomb leave to occupy the island, and on July 5,\\n1793, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe gave his family\\npermission to continue.\\nSeveral citizens of Detroit have elegant residences\\nhere, and there are many fine farms and homes.\\nThe Canada Southern Railroad extends to the\\nisland, connecting by ferry with the Canada shore.\\nMama-Juda Island contains twenty-nine acres,\\nand is named from an old squaw, who, prior to 1807,\\nused to camp there year after year, during the fish-\\ning season. She finally died on the island.\\nSlocum s Island, of about two hundred acres, is\\nowned by G. B. Slocum.\\nHumbug Island, of some forty acres, just below,\\nis also owned by Mr. Slocum. It is not inappro-\\npriately named, for it is rather a part of the main\\nland than an island.\\nElba Island, in 1817, was thickly covered with\\ntrees.\\nBois Blanc, or Whitewood Island, on the Cana-\\ndian side of the river, was occupied by the Huron", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "8\\nISLANDS WHARVES AND DOCKS STREAMS AND .MILLS.\\nIndians in 1742. and contained a village regularly\\nlaid out and inhabited by several hundred people.\\nFather Pothier was in charge of a mission among\\nthem, but in 1 747 they became estranged from the\\nFrench and he returned to Detroit. The following\\nyear the difficulties were settled, and a Huron Mis-\\nsion was established at Sandwich under charge of\\nFathers Pothier and De la Richardie.\\nIn 1796, when the British yielded up Detroit, they\\nerected a blockhouse on this island, but as the\\nUnited States protested that it did not belong to\\nthem, they for the time yielded the point, and soon\\nafter erected a fort at Maiden.\\nIn 1 81 3, during the fight which preceded Perry s\\nvictory, Tecumseh and his Indians were here\\nencamped. When the patriots were in possession\\nin 1838, they denuded it of the trees in order to get\\nbetter range for their cannon.\\nCeleron Island, of seventy acres, is so named\\nafter Sieur de Celeron, once Commandant of Detroit.\\nWHARVES AND DOCKS.\\nBy the building of wharves and docks, and the\\nextension of the shore by made land the river is\\ncontinually encroached upon. At the foot of Wood-\\nward Avenue, it once came up seventy-seven feet\\nnorth of the north line of Atwater Street; and\\nbetween Woodward Avenue and Wayne Street it\\ncovered half the space occupied by the blocks\\nbetween Atwater and Woodbridge Streets. At\\nCass Street it covered a part of what is now Jeffer-\\nson Avenue. On T. Smith s map of the town as it\\nwas in 1796 are shown two wharves called respect-\\nively Merchants and Public or King s Wharf.\\nOne of the earliest records concerning the wharves\\nrecounts the voting of a tax, on July 26, 1 804, of\\ntwenty-eight pounds eight shillings New York cur-\\nrency for repairing wharf. The \\\\\\\\harf repaired was\\nprobably that formerly known as King s Wharf, still\\nin use in 1823.\\nIn 1819 permission was granted to H. Berthelet to\\nbuild a wharf at the foot of Randolph Street.\\nWhar\\\\-es were also built, about this time, by Mr.\\nHudson and Mr. Roby. As the city grew, an increas-\\ning amount of rubbish ant! refuse was deposited on\\nthe low grounds at the river s edge. This created\\nan almost constant nuisance, and from time to time\\nefforts were made to correct the evil. On July 3,\\n1820, a tax of five hundred days labor was voted to\\nbe spent on the border of the river. In 1826 the\\npermanent improvement of the river front was begun\\nby the depositing, along the margin, of earth from\\nthe embankment of Fort Shelby. During the\\nfollowing years up to 1834, the A\\\\-ork was continued\\nat an expense of over \u00c2\u00a710.000.\\nOne of the improvements of 1827 was known as\\nthe Steam Mill Wharf. The City Council voted to\\ngive the perpetual use of sixty feet in width on\\nWoodward Avenue, from Atwater Street to the\\nchannel of the river, to a Steam Mill Company, for\\nthe erection of a mill, provided it was built within\\ntwo years; the City also expended \u00c2\u00a73,000 in filling in\\nand building a dock for the site of the mill, which\\nwas never erected. Since that time the work has\\ngone on until good and substantial docks, nearly five\\nmiles in length, now line the river along the city\\nfront.\\nSTREAMS AND MILLS.\\nWithin the present city limits thres different\\nstreams once flowed on their winding way, buoying\\nup the light canoe, or turning the mills of the French\\nsettlers.\\nThe courses of these streams, in their relation to\\npresent street lines, in so far as old deeds, maps and\\nobservations furnish data for judgment, are indicated\\non the accompanving map.\\nThe Savoyard Creek, branch of the Huron, or\\nXavier River, as it is variously called, had its rise in\\na willow swamp on the Guoin Farm, near where\\nRiopelle Street now crosses Congress. In 1821 the\\nsouth bank of the stream was one hundred and\\nninety-one feet north of the south side of Earned\\nStreet; meandering westward, it reached Woodward\\nAvenue at Congress Street, and here a wide bridge\\nspanned the stream. At other places, single planks\\nenabled pedestrians to cross. In 1822 L. E. Dolson,\\nthen a boy of nine years, was jumping on one of\\nthese foot bridges on Congress Street, just east of\\nGriswold, when the plank broke, letting him fall into\\nthe water, which was about eight feet deep. Be-\\ncoming entangled in the reeds and rushes which\\nwere plentiful at the bottom, he barely escaped\\ndrowning.\\nThe stream, in early times, was much used in go-\\ning to and from the river and boy-anglers found\\nsuccessful fishing at the corner of Woodward Ave-\\nnue and Congress Street. Its outlet was at a point\\non the Jones Farm close to the Cass line, about\\nwhere Fourth Street intersects Woodbridge Street.\\nPrior to i\\\\Iay, 1826, there was a jog in Woodbridge\\nStreet at this point, and an old bridge which crossed\\nthe creek, not being in line with the street, was re-\\nmoved by order of the Common Council, and a new\\none of stone was built in proper line. A channel,\\nwalled with wood, was also constructed from the\\nbridge to the river. On December 4, 1826, a certi-\\nficate was issued to De Garmo Jones for S422.31 for\\nconstructing said bridge and channel.\\nIn course of time, and increasingly as the years\\nwent on, the people living near the border of this\\nstream used it as a drain, and after Fort Shelby was\\ndemolished, the bottom and sides, for some dis-\\ntance, were planked with lumber from that fortifica-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "STREAMS AXD MILLS.\\ntion. It then became practically an open sewer;\\nand, as such, lost all its primeval charms, and grew\\nso offensive and malodorous that in 1836 the city\\nwas compelled, at a great expense, to convert it into\\na deep and covered sewer by enclosing it in stone.\\nA grand sewer it became, and still fulfils its mis-\\nerected the first grist-mill on the stream, just north\\nof what is now Fort Street, and near the railroad\\ncrossing. The stream supplied water sufficient to\\nrun the mill six or eight months of the year.\\nParent s Creek, or Bloody Run, is the real historic\\nstream. It was first named, presumably, after\\nM.\\\\i- Sho\\\\vi.\\\\(J KofTE OF F0K.MICK Streams, a.nd Old Rivek Line.\\nsion. The creek is said to have been named Savo-\\nyard from the fact that one of the earliest settlers on\\nits banks came from Savoy.\\nThe stream more recently known as May s Creek,\\nafter Judge May, was formerly called Cabacier s\\nCreek, from Joseph Cabacie, or Cabacier, who lived\\nhere in 1780. It was designated in 1747 as Cam-\\npau s River. It is claimed that Jacques Peltier\\nJoseph Parent, a gfunsmith, whose name appears in\\nSt. Ann s records on May 21, 1707. Only a few\\nyears ago the entire course of the .stream could be\\ntraced; now nearly half its length is filled in, and\\nits channel will soon be entirely obliterated.\\nThe name was changed to Bloody Run after the\\ndefeat and slaughter of Captain Dalyell and his\\ncompany by the Indians, on July 31, 1763.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "lO\\nSTREAMS AND MILLS.\\nOn John Farmer s map of Michis^an for 1830, a\\nmill is marked on this stream, just south of what is\\nnow Jefferson Avenue. There was also, at one\\ntime, a mill where the stream crossed the Gratiot\\nRoad.\\nKnagg s Creek was just outside the present western\\nlimits of the citv, and the course of the stream\\ncan still be traced. Near its terminus, on the Bela\\nHubbard Farm in Springwells, was located the\\nold Knags s Windmill, built in 1810. It was in\\nuse till about 1840, and was torn down in 1853 or\\n1854.\\nWl.VD.MILL POI.NT (ON V,El.A HUOBAKD KaUM) ANH IHE KlVER I.N 1838.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III,\\nSOIL AXD PRODUCTS, CAME, GKAIX, AND FRUITS.\\nAlmost all of the land in the city and vicinity is\\navailable for gardening and farming, producing\\ngood crops with but little fertilizing.\\nIn boring for a u-ell on Fort Street, near Shelby,\\nin 1S29, the following strata were successively\\nreached alluvial earth, ten feet yellow and blue\\nclay, with veins of quicksand, one hundred and\\nfifteen feet sand and pebbles, two feet geodiferous\\nlimestone, sixty feet lias limestone, sixty-five feet.\\nA small stratum of carbonate of lime was then\\nreached, and then mure lias limestone.\\nThree miles from the ri\\\\-er, and a few rods south\\nof where the railroad crosses Woodward Avenue,\\nis a broad belt of land, of a lower level, which proves,\\nwith drainage, both rich and fertile.\\nThe natural products were well set forth by\\nCadillac in a description written October 8, 1701, to\\none of the French oflicials. He said\\nThe business of war being so different from that of writing, i\\nhave nt t the ability to make a portrait of a country so worthy of a\\nbetter pen than mine; but since you have directed mc to render an\\naccount of it, I will do so, premising that the Detroit is actually\\nbut a channel or river of medium breadth and twenty-five leagues in\\nlength, according to my estimate, through which flows and\\nescapes slowly and with sufTiciently moderate current, the living\\nand crystal waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron (which\\nare so many seas of sweet water) into Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, or\\nFrontenac, and which finally, together with the waters of the St.\\nLawrence, mingle with those of the ocean.\\nIts borders are so many vast prairies, and the freshness of the\\nbeautiful waters keeps the banks always green. The prairies are\\nbordered by long and broad rows of fruit trees which have never\\nfelt the careful hand of the vigilant gardener. Here, also, orchards,\\nyoung and old, soften and bend their branches, under the weight\\nand quantity of their fruit, towards the mother earth which has\\nproduced them. It is in this land, so fertile, that the ambitious\\nvine, which has never wept under the knife of the vine-dresser,\\nbuilds a thick roof with its large leaves and heavy clusters, weigh-\\ning down the top of the tree which receives it, and often stifling it\\nwith its embrace.\\nUnder these broad walks one sees assembled by hundreds the\\ntimid deer and faun, also the squirrel bounding in his eagerness to\\ncollect the apples and plums with which the earth is covered.\\nHere the cautious turkey calls and conducts her numerous brood\\nto gather the grapes, and here also their mates come to fill their\\nlarge and gluttonous crops. Golden pheasants, the quail, the par-\\ntridge, woodcock, and numerous doves swarm in the woods and\\ncover the country, which is dotted and broken with thickets and\\nhigh forests of full-grown trees, forming a channing perspective,\\nwhich sweetens the sad lonesomeness of the solitude. The hand\\nof the pitiless reaper has never mown the lu.\\\\uriant grass upon\\nwhich fatten woolly buffaloes, of magoiticent size and propor-\\ntion.\\nThere are ten species of forest trees, among them are the walnut,\\nwhite oak, red oak, the ash, the pine, white-wood and cotton-\\nwood; straight as arrows, without knots, and almost without\\nbranches, except at the very lop, and of prodigious size. Here\\nthe courageous eagle looks fi.xedly at the sun, with sufficient at\\nhis feet to satisfy his boldly armed claws. The fish are here\\nnourished and bathed by living water of crystal clearness, and their\\ngreat abundance renders them none the less delicious. Swans are\\nso numerous that one would take for lilies the reeds in which they\\nare crowded together. The gabbling goose, the duck, the widgeon,\\nand the bustard are so abundant that to give an idea of their num-\\nbers I must use the cxpressioa of a savage whont I asked before\\narriving if there was much game. So much, he said, that they\\ndraw up in lines to let the boats pass through. In a\\nword, the climate is temperate, and the air purified through the\\nday and night by a gentle breeze. The skies are always serene\\nand spread sweet and fresh influences which makes one enjoy a\\ntranquil sleep.\\nIf the situation is agreeble, it is none the less important because\\nit opens and closes the door of passage to the most distant nations\\nwhich are situated upon the borders of the vast seas of sweet\\nwater. None but the enemies of truth could be enemies to this\\nestablishment so necessary to the increase of the glory of the king,\\nto the progress of religion, and the destruction of the throne of\\nBaal.\\nIn addition to the animals named, other early ac-\\ncounts tell of elk, moose, wolves, bears, rabbits,\\notters, lynxes, wildcats, beavers, and musk-rats; and\\nsay they were very numerous in the vicinity of De-\\ntroit. So numerous and large, indeed, were the\\nwild bisons, that the making of garments from their\\nwool was seriously considered.\\nBetween 1S20 and 1830 the howling of the wolves\\nwas frequently heard in the edge of the town.\\nBounties of three and four dollars were paid by the\\ncounty for killing them; and no small share of the\\ntaxes was devoted to paying for wolf scalps.\\nIn 1824, and also in other years, myriads of wild\\npigeons made their roosts in the forests of the\\ncounty. They were so numerous that hundreds\\ncould easily be killed with a walking stick.\\nAs late as the fall of 1834 deer were abundant\\nwithin a morning s walk, and black bears would oc-\\ncasionally perambulate the streets. W M turkeys\\nand quails were numerous up to about 1850, and\\nfrequently stray ones came into the city, and innu-\\nmerable flocks of ducks and geese, in their annual\\nmigrations, swept over the town, often flying so low\\nthat their notes could easily be heard.\\nThe surrounding woods and meadows have always\\nbeen enlivened with the songs of meadow-larks,\\nt.o", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "12\\nSOIL AND PRODUCTS, GAME, GRAIN AND FRUITS.\\nrobins, brown thrushes, and bobolinks; and year by\\nyear bright-plumaged humming birds flit about the\\ntrumpet-vines.\\nIt was not alone the gayly-feathered birds that\\nmade the place a pleasant one. In the forests were\\nwild honeysuckles, and the eglantine, or Michigan\\nrose. Snow-berries and fleurs-de-lis were scattered\\nhere and there, and the perfume of locust blossoms\\noften filled the air, while river and streams were\\nbordered with the white and blue of the pond-lily\\nand the sweet flag. Strawberries, whortleberries,\\ncranberries, and raspberries were indigenous, and\\nmelons, beans, and other vegetables were cultivated\\nby the Indians before the whites appeared. In addi-\\ntion to those named by Cadillac, the forest included\\ntrees of beech, birch, hickory, maple, elm, butter-\\nnut, cedar, basswood, and coniferous trees of various\\nkinds.\\nIn the way of sweets, the wild bees stored up\\nhoney in the trees. The maples also contributed\\ntheir store of .sweetness. In 1S19 one hundred and\\nfifty thousand pounds of maple sugar were produced\\nin Michigan, and in September, 1825, one merchant\\nadvertised forty thousand pounds for sale. Charle-\\nvoix says the Indians did not know how to make\\nsugar out of the maple sap until the French mission-\\naries came. Prior to that time, they made only\\nsyrup. They soon became experts, and a sugar\\nbush, to them, was better than a farm.\\nMaple sugar was used almost exclusively until\\nrecent years. Loaf sugar was the only other kind\\nkept for sale, and was used only on state occasions.\\nThe maple sugar was brought in by the Indians in\\nmococks, which held all the way from four oimces\\nto fifty pounds. One of the smaller mococks was\\na toothsome prize for children in days gone by,\\nand was appreciated far more highly than the\\nFrench bon-bons of to-day. The method of making\\nthis sugar, together with several points regarding life\\nin those days, is set forth in the following lines, writ-\\nten by Colonel De Peyster while at Mackinaw\\nTHE MAPLE SUGAR MAKERS.\\nTcNE The jfoliy Beggtirs.\\nI ll sling my papoos cradle, l said Kitchenegoe s Meg,\\nWith kettle, bowl, and ladle, and scoutawaba^ keg.\\nChorus A sug ring 1 will go, will go, will go, will go,\\nA sug ring 1 will go.\\nNasib and Charlotte Farlie, of whom the lads are fond,\\nShall drag their father early out to the twelve-mile pond.\\nChorus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A sug ring I will go, etc.\\nCome Nebenaquoidoquoi, and join the jovial crew,\\nSheeshib and Matchinoquoi shall tap a tree with you.\\nChorus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A sug ring 1 will go, etc.\\nThe Indian child, swaddled upon a flat board, and carried upon\\nthe squaw s back by a band across the forehead, by which it is at\\nnight often hung on a tree.\\n^Rum, which they take with them to make sweet grog of the\\nliquor when half boiled, to entertain their friends who may walk\\nout to see them.\\nOn a bark sleigh, he being lame,\\nBright Kesis, deign to aid us, and make the sap to run,\\nEnmga,* who arrayed us, at least should have a tun.\\nChorus A sug ring I will go, etc.\\nIn kettles we will boil it, on fires between the rocks.\\nAnd lest the snow should spoil it, there tramp it in mococks.^\\nChorus A sug ring I will go, etc.\\nOf all our occupations, sweet sug ring is the best,\\nThen girls and their relations can give their lovers rest.\\nChorus A sug ring I will go, etc.\\nBut when the season s over, it will not be amiss,\\nThat I should give my lover a sissobaquet kiss.*\\nChorus A sug ring I will go, etc.\\nAs to cereals, old records show a good harvest in\\n1 703, and abundant supplies for a garrison of one\\nhundred and fifty men. Up to about 1706 almost\\nthe only grain grown \u00e2\u0096\u00a0was Indian corn. Cadillac\\nthen procured eight tons of French wheat and other\\ngrain from (Quebec. After this there was a good\\nsup]3lv of wheat, which, then as now, was sown in\\nboth spring and fall.\\nThe Hurons and Ottawas were excellent farmers\\nand raised large quantities of corn. In 1714 twenty-\\nfour hundred bushels were sent from Detroit. Agri-\\nculture was, however, greatly neglected, and the con-\\nditions on which grants of land were made tended\\nto discourage any intelligent efforts at farming.\\nIn 1747, owing chiefly to the number of Indians\\nwho gathered here and consumed the supplies, pro-\\nvisions were very scarce, and M. de Longueuil was\\ncompelled to apply to Montreal for help. On Sep-\\ntember 22 a convoy of provisions arrived under com-\\nmand of M. de Celeron, escorted by one hundred\\nand fifty men, including merchants and servants.\\nTheir coming saved the settlers from starvation.\\nM. Bougainville, in his memoirs on Detroit, under\\ndate of 1757, says:\\nThere are two hundred habitations abundantly provided with\\ncattle, grains, and flour. The fanners can raise as many cattle as\\nthey want, as there is abundant pasture. They gather,\\nin ordinary years, two thousand five hundred measures of wheat\\nand much oats and corn. They formerly sowed some fall wheat,\\nbut very often that seed produced only rye. farmer of that\\nplace assured me that he sowed two measures of very good wheat,\\nbut the product was only rye. They sow during the months of\\nFebruary and March, and gather in the month of July; the pro-\\nduct in wheat is usually twenty measures for one. It would\\nbe well for the authorities to encourage the inhabitants of Detroit\\nin the cultivation of their land and afford them facilities for selling\\ntheir produce. It would be a great advantage to procure from\\nthem all the provisions needed in the garrisons of the forts Presque\\nIsle, Marchand, Rivi6re-de-Bceuf, and Duquesne.\\nThese provisions would cost less than those sent from Montreal.\\nas the expenses of transportation from there are excessively high;\\nand there is such great difliculty in getting the provisions that the\\ngarrisons are often in danger of being in need.\\nThe commandant s lady, who at this time of the year generally\\ngives the neighboring squaws each a chintz shift, and some ver-\\nmilion, and other articles.\\n6 Bo.\\\\es made of birch-bark, sewed with the fibre of the spruce-\\ntree root (called watap), holding from thirty to fifty pounds each.\\nsweet kiss. The Indian maidens are remarkable for white\\nteeth and sweet breaths.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "SOIL AND PRODUCTS, GAME. GRAIN, AND FRUITS.\\n13\\nNotwithstanding various discouragements, wheat\\nwas raised in considerable quantities. On Septem-\\nber 9, 1763, the barn of Mr. Reaunie, containing\\nabout one thousand bushels of wheat, was burned.\\nIn 176S there were five hundred and fourteen and a\\nhalf acres of land under cultivation, and ninety-seven\\nhundred and eighty-nine French bushels of corn pro-\\nduced; but in 1770 food was so scarce that a famine\\nbecame imminent.\\nThe Annual Register, an English periodical, con-\\ntains a letter from Paris, dated March 19, 1770,\\nwhich says\\nLetters from Detroit by Monday s New York mail inform us\\nthat several boats with goods have been seventy days crossing\\nLake Erie, in which time the distress of the people has been so\\ngreat that they have been obliged to keep two human bodies, that\\nthey had found iinburied upon the shore, in order to collect and\\nkill the ravens and eagles, that came to feed on them, for their\\nsubsistence.\\nMany other boats have been frozen up within forty miles of\\nDetroit, and several traders small boats with goods have been\\nlost.\\nTen years later the inhabitants were again in\\ntrouble for want of certain kinds of provisions. On\\nMarch 10, 1780, Colonel De Peyster wrote to Colonel\\nBolton at Niagara, saying The distress of the in-\\nhabitants here is very great for want of bread, not an\\nounce of flour or a grain of corn to be purchased.\\nIMany will be at a loss for grain to put in the ground;\\nthe fall wheat, however, has a good appearance from\\nha\\\\-ing had a quantity of snow. In the same letter\\nhe said, I am sorry to inform you, sir, that Lieuten-\\nant Bunbury and Mr. Godfrey, the conductor, are\\ndrowned by the overturning of a canoe. The ducks\\nflying in clouds past the fort, the gentlemen, forgetting\\nthey had been desired not to go in canoes, too eager\\nof sport, have lost their lives.\\nThis accident occurred the day before he wrote.\\nOn March 12, 1780, he wrote to Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor Sinclair, saying Everything here is in the\\ngreatest tranquility except the cry for bread, the\\ninhabitants being so much in want that without the\\nassistance of the King s stores, many must starve.\\nThe same year, however, twelve thousand and\\neighty-three acres of land were reported as under\\ncultivation.\\nP rom a very early period the pear, apple, and\\ncherry trees were prominent features in the scenery\\nof Detroit. Our orchards have produced many\\nnoted varieties of fruit, among which the Snow-\\nApple is particularly famous. In 1796 a large apple\\ncalled Pomme Caille, deep red from skin to core,\\nwas noted for its flavor. Cider was largely made\\nand freely used a century ago. In i8r8 our exports\\nof fish and cider were valued at sixty thousand dol-\\nlars. Immense pear trees, a hundred feet and more\\nin height, with trunks from one to three feet thick,\\n\\\\vith large, thick limbs and hea\\\\y foliage, were at\\nonce the pride and pest of their owners for then,\\nas now, boys and pears affiliated. Almost every\\nfarmer had from one to half a dozen of these\\ntrees, which produced from thirty to fifty bushels\\neach.\\nThe seeds or young trees from which they were\\ngrown were probably brought from France. None\\nof the early travelers mention their existence, and\\nalthough they were once numerous they have largely\\ndisappeared.\\nIn the absence of further facts concerning these\\ngrand old trees, their memory deserves to be honored\\nby the insertion of two poems that they inspired.\\nThe first, giving them legendary origin, was written\\nseveral years ago by L. J. Bates twenty-three out\\nof the thirty-three verses are given\\nTHE MISSION PEARS.\\nIn his deerskin covered chair\\nOverlooking blue St. Clair,\\nRippling to its marshy edges,\\nSat the Jesuit father, thinking.\\nAnd the summer odors drinking\\nFrom the wind-blown, wavy sedges\\nWide the mission lodge before,\\nTwi.xt the forest and the shore.\\nTwice and thrice, with zeal unspent,\\nUrgent missives had he sent\\nTo the Jesuit colleges\\nIn far France, o er land and ocean,\\nBegging help of their devotiim\\nTo convert the savages,\\nThat the Church might found and keep\\nRealm and empire broad and deep.\\nSend me one of burning zeal,\\nSomeone who can speak and feel.\\nThat these heathen stocks shall hear him;\\nSomeone with an holy unction.\\nEloquent in every function.\\nBold, that savage hearts may fear him;\\nSomeone patient, quick to teach;\\nSomeone wise, and strong to preach.\\nNigh two hundred years ago,\\nSat the father, thinking so.\\nIn the Jesuit mission garden.\\nLooking o er the St. Clair marshes\\nSpreading to the forest arches,\\nWhile, each side, an Indian warden,\\n(Irim and silent in his place.\\nStood and watched his master s face.\\nStirred the leaves upon the trail\\nFrom the forest, and a pale\\nFace, impressed with wasting sorrow.\\nToward them came, young, sad, exalted;\\nr.y the father s chair it halted.\\nAnd a sad voice said, (iood morrow!\\nWhile the stranger bent his knee.\\nLo, a missive sent to thee.\\nLong his countenance he bent\\nO er the missive, strangely sent\\nFrom the far-off Jesuit college;\\nHim we send, though young, is fervent.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "H\\nSOIL AND PRODLXTS, GAME, GRAIN AND FRUITS.\\nP^aithfui, resolute, obser\\\\ ant,\\nValiant, earnest, full of knowledge,\\nEloquent and wise of speech;\\nPatient, tender, quick to teach.\\nAnd the wise Superior wrote,\\nIn a separate sealed note\\nMost discreet, a private letter,\\nTelling of a lady, fairest\\nOf the bellts of France, and rarest.\\nBound in haled marriage fetter,\\nFondly by this youth adored.\\nMurdered by her jealous lord.\\nWork him ever, night and day,\\nElse his heart will eat away,\\nAnd a gallant life be wasted.\\nUse him, for his soul s salvation,\\nGive him constant occupation.\\nDeath he hath already tasted,\\nAnd its after-coming pain.\\nWork may make him whole again.\\nSoon this pale-faced eloquent.\\nEver on his tasks intent,\\nWon the love of all around him.\\nAll the children loved him nearly.\\nAll the women held him dearly;\\nFlinty hearted warriors found him\\nFull of strange attractiveness\\nWith his strong, sad gentleness.\\nBut when every task was done.\\nOften, at the set of sun,\\nWhen the sky, with glory gleaming,\\nFlooded the blue waters sparkling.\\nReedy marsh and forest darkling.\\nWould he stand, as one day-dreaming,\\nGazing o er the fair expanse,\\nWhile his heart returned to France.\\nOnce, as thus he stood distrait.\\nLike a soul o crbcrne by fate,\\nThe good father, coming on him.\\nSaw him pluck from out his bosom\\nWithered pear and clover-blossom.\\nWhile to silent tears they won him.\\nOn his head the father laid\\nDisapproving hand, and said:\\nSon, this world thou hast put off,\\nEarthly love or earthly scoff,\\nNevermore, hast vowed, shall move thee.\\nMuch it grieves me, in this fashion.\\nThen, to witness mortal passion\\nCall me, loving, to reprove thee.\\nGive those tokens to my care.\\nAnd betake thyself to prayer.\\nFather, for each erring soul\\nOne hath died to make it whole:\\nMe unworthy! me heart-broken!\\nTwo for mc, most undeser\\\\ ing!\\nFor my sin have died unswer\\\\-ing;\\nAnd I look upon this token\\nAs my penance, seeing there\\nAll my sin and my despair.\\nSpoke in kindness, not commanding:\\nSon, thy penance is abated.\\nThis thy token holds within\\nThat which may relieve thy sin.\\nGenuine love, though at its worst.\\nRarely hath been wholly cursed;\\nStill some spark of good is in it.\\nIn thy passion, so forbidden.\\nMay we find one blessing hidden.\\nAnd from out the evil win it.\\nPossible that good may be\\nCure or comfort unto thee.\\nSon, 1 bid thee rise and stand,\\nLook upon this needy land!\\nIn thy withered pear lies dormant\\nNature s power to bloom, and bless\\nThis unfruitful wilderness.\\nHere is healing for thy torment!\\nMany and many a voice of prayer\\nLong may bless thy withered pear.\\nSon, thine own hand shall prepare\\nMold, and plant the seed with care;\\nHaply with it may be buried,\\nFor a noble resurrection.\\nMurdered love, unblest affection.\\nFaith and truth that so miscarried.\\nPeace and rest descend on thee.\\nFirst fruit of the earliest tree!\\nThus, like souls redeemed from ein.\\nDid the mission pears begin\\nIn the ancient Jesuit garden;\\nAnd the shoots, as they ascended,\\nPrayerfully were watched and tended,\\nTill the wood could grow and harden.\\nOften, in their early years.\\nWatered by repentant tears.\\nThen, to other missions sent,\\nWandered far the eloquent.\\nTill forgotten for another;\\nAnd the father slept, immortal\\nMany years; when, at the portal.\\nBent a sick and feeble brother,\\nCraving rest, from travel sore.\\nAt the mission s welcome door.\\nIn the sunset red, one day,\\nLo, the stranger dying lay\\nUnderneath the pear-trees, laden\\nWith their ripe fruit, bent and swaying,\\nWhere the happy children, playing.\\nLittle man and rosy maiden,\\nLoved to visit. On each child\\nSweet the dying brother smiled.\\nGlowed the western sky like fire.\\nThis, he muttered, this is Loire,\\nRippling through the sedges slowly\\nOf his marshes. Lo, my lady\\nWalks the old pear-orchard shady!\\nO beloved, purged and holy,\\nThou dost bring deliverance.\\nHome, and peace, and love, and\u00e2\u0080\u0094 France!\\nLong the father walked apart,\\nDeep communing with his heart,\\nWhile the brother knelt and waited;\\nThen, at last, the father, standing,\\nOld French settlers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 work and place\\nBlended with a mighty race,\\nMightiest earth hath ever vaunted:\\nStill the old faith rarely falters.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "SOIL AM) I KOnUCTS, GAME, GRAIN AXD FRUITS.\\n15\\nThough it kneels at other altare,\\nIn the neighboring city planted:\\nAt the shrine of good St. Ann,\\nWorships still the habitan.\\nMany a thrifty Mission Pear\\nYet o erlooks the bliit: St. Clair,\\nLike a veteran, faitlifid warden;\\nAnd their branches, gnarled and olden.\\nYield their juicy fruit and gt l(U-n.\\nIn the ancient Jesuit garden\\nStill, each year, their blossoms dance,\\nScent and bloom of sunny ranee.\\nThe following verses were wrilten in icS4y by\\nH. Coyle, then a resident of the city\\nTO THE OLD PEAR TREES OK J)KTROrr.\\nAn hundred years and more ye have stood\\nThrough sunshine and through storms,\\nAnd still, like warriors clad in mail,\\nYe lift your stalwart forms.\\nProud in your might ye challenge the winds\\nAs in your palmy days;\\nAnd ye laugh in scorn at the howling blast\\nAnd the lightning s lurid blaze.\\nYe have seen the boy in his childhood play\\nIn your cool shades, blithe and brave.\\nAnd have moaned with the evening s summer breeze\\nO er the old grandsire s grave.\\nFrom your lofty tops o er the river blue\\nYe have looked, long, long ago,\\nAs the savage leaped on the shining sands\\nWith scalping-knife and bow,\\nNeath your leafy boughs the painted chief\\nHas pitched his peaked tent.\\nAnd the council fire through your quivering leaves\\nIts silver smoke has sent.\\nFrom the frontier fort ye have seen the flash,\\nAnd heard the cannons boom.\\nTill the stars and stripes in victory- waved\\nThrough the battle s glare and gloom.\\nWhen the ancient city fell by the flames,\\nYe saw it in ashes expire,\\nBut, like true sentinels, kept your posts\\nIn the blazing whirl of fire.\\nAnd where tall temples now lift their spires\\nAnd priest and people meet.\\nYe have seen the giant forest oak\\nAnd the wild deer bounding fleet.\\nWhere the white-sailed ship now rides the wave\\nYe have watched the bark canoe,\\nAnd heard in the night the voyager s song\\nAnd the Indian s shrill halloo.\\nThe lingering few vicux habitans\\nLook at ye with a sigh,\\nAnd memory s tear-drop dims their gaze\\nWhile they thtnk of the times gone by.\\nOh! those were honest and happy times,\\nThe simple days of old.\\nWhen their forefathers quaffed and laughed.\\nAnd lived for more than gold.\\nOne by one, like brown autumnal leaves,\\nThey are falling to the grotmd.\\nAnd soon the last of that honored race\\n*Neath the yew-tree will be found.\\nLive on, old trees, in your hale green age!\\nLong, long may your shadows last,\\nWith your blossomed boughs and golden fruit,\\nLoved emblems of tlie past.\\nThe interior of the State was for many years\\ndeemed almost useless for agricultural purposes.\\nOn November 30, 181 5, Edmund Tiffin, Surveyor-\\nGeneral at Chillicothe, wrote to General Meigs,\\nCommissioner of the Land Office at Washington,\\nthat in the whole of Michigan Territory there was\\nnot one acre in a hundred, if there would be in a\\nthousand, that would in any case admit of cultiva-\\ntion. It is all swampy and sandy. On December\\nII he again wrote: Subsequent accounts confirm\\nthe statements, and make the country out worse, if\\npossible, than I had represented it to be.\\nDetroit and the private claims near by were repre-\\nsented as being somewhat better, without so many\\nswamps and lakes, but the region as a whole was\\nsaid to be extremely sterile and barren. Such repre-\\nsentations must have been founded on unpardonable\\nignorance or knavery. No State in the Union has a\\nlarger proportion of excellent farming lands. The\\nwheat crop in 1879 amounted to thirty-five million\\nbushels, and the productions of our gardens, fields,\\nand orchards are unexcelled.\\nIn 1821 H. Berthelet raised a pumpkin that was\\nsix feet eight inches in circumference, and after it\\nhad been picked three \\\\\\\\-eeks it weighed one hun-\\ndred and sevent) -four pounds and twelve ounces.\\nThe previous year, two seeds planted at Grosse\\nPointe produced thirteen hundred and fourteen\\npounds of pumpkins.\\nAs early as 1823 water-melons weighing from\\nthirty-six to forty-four pounds were frequently seen,\\nand beets weighing eighteen pounds and water-\\nmelons weighing forty pounds were common.\\nThe following item from the Gazette of December\\n13, 1825, tells its own sttiry;\\nBetter Prospects. We mention as a singular fact, and entirely\\nnew in this territory, that a wagon-load of FLOUR arrived in\\ntown last week from the interior. It was made at Colonel Mack s\\nMills at Pontiac, and we understand that there are several hundred\\nbarrels there which will be brought in soon.\\nThis notice marked an era, and soon after Detroit\\nhad bread to eat and flour to sell. In 1827 she made\\nher first export of flour to the amount of two hun-\\ndred barrels. About this same time, in 1828, she\\nbegan to contribute what some would call one of the\\nluxuries of life to other places. sending coals to\\nNewcastle in the shape of one hundred hogsheads\\nof Michigan tobacco shipped to Baltimore, besides\\npackages to other places.\\nIn 1827 a pear, weighing thirty ounces, was grown\\nby Judge Sibley it was seven and a half inches\\nlong and fourteen and a half inches in circum-\\nference.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "i6\\nSOIL AND PRODUCTS, GAME, GRAIN AND FRUITS.\\nOn November 13, 1S33, Mr. Moon exhibited a\\nbeet two feet and si.K inelies long and two feet and\\nfive inches in circumference. It weighed seventeen\\npounds without the top. In June, 1848, a straw-\\nberry nearly three inches in diameter was grown by\\nHorace Hallock; and in 1854, in the garden of John\\nFarmer, on Monroe Avenue, one tree produced plums\\nmeasuring nearly six inches in circumference, and\\nthe peach trees were heavily laden with peaches as\\nlarge as any ever seen in this market. A garden\\nnear by produced a potato of such immense size\\nthat it furnished a full supply of that edible for four\\nmeals to a family of two. A quince tree in the same\\ngarden produced quinces one of which weighed\\nnearly three pounds.\\nNotwithstanding the productiveness of the soil,\\nprovisions, in early days, were very dear. .The\\nreason is given in the Detroit Gazette of January,\\n1819; it says: There are families owning from\\none hundred to two hundred acres of land in the\\nvicinity of the city who are in the constant habit of\\nbuying their bread at the baker s and \\\\-egetables of\\ntheir more enterprising neighbors.\\nIn 1837 so much interest was taken in the raising\\nof fruits and grain that a meeting was held on April\\n24 at the City Hall to organize an Agricultural and\\nHorticultural Society. Colonel McKinstry acted as\\nchairman and H. G. Hubbard as secretary. An\\norganization was effected which continued in exist-\\nence for some twenty years, and its annual exhibition\\nwas looked forward to as among the most interest-\\ning events of the year.\\nIn ancient days, as now, whitefish, sturgeon, pick-\\nerel, pike, perch, black bass, catfish, sunfish, and\\nbullheads were plentiful. Large numbers of fish\\nfrom the half-pound perch to the one-hundred-and-\\ntwenty-pound sturgeon are caught yearly. Who\\nthat has lived here so long does not remember the\\nlarge reels that twenty years or more ago were so\\noften seen along the river-bank, with the fishers\\nnets hung upon them\\nOf all species, the whitefish is most numerous and\\nhighly prized. Schoolcraft thus sings their praise\\nAll friends of good living by tureen and dish\\nConcur in exalting this prince of a fish,\\nSo fine in a platter, so tempting a fry^\\nSo rich on a gridiron, so sweet in a pie,\\nThat even before it the salmon must fail,\\nAnd that mighty bonne-bouche, the land beaver s tail.\\nIts beauty and flavor no person can doubt,\\nW^hen seen in the water or tasted without;\\nAnd all the dispute that opinion ere makes\\nOf this king of lake-fishes, this deer of the lakes,\\nRegards not itsch oiceness to ponder or sup,\\nBut the best mode of dressing and serving it up.\\nIn 1818 whitefish were worth only three dollars\\nper barrel, and boat-loads were sold for fifty cents\\nper hundred.\\nIn 1S22 there were taken at Hog Island twelve\\nhundred barrels, then worth from four to five dollars\\nper barrel. On the grounds they were sold at from\\nfour to eight shillings per hundred. In 1823 the\\ncatch was not so large, and they sold at from two to\\nthree dollars per hundred. In the early part of the\\nW Cek ending October 23, 1824, at the fishery on\\nGrosse Isle, twenty-five and thirty thousand white-\\nfish were caught in a single day. In 1825 they were\\nworth six and seven dollars per barrel, and thousands\\nof barrels were shipped to Ohio and New York.\\nIn 1827 they were so numerous that fifteen thou-\\nsand were taken with a single seine, in five hauls.\\nThe catch in Detroit River from 1836 to 1840\\naveraged about thirty-five hundred barrels per year,\\nworth eight dollars per barrel. In 1880 there were\\ncaught about twelve thousand half-barrels, worth\\nfour dollars and se\\\\-enty-five cents each.\\nThe importance of fish as an article of food\\ninduced the establishment, in 1873, of a State Fish\\nCommission. The first fish hatchery in the State\\nwas successfully operated in the winter of 1 873- 1 874,\\nby N. W. Clark, about one million five hundred\\nthousand young fish being produced. On April 14,\\n1874, five thousand young whitefish were deposited\\nin Yerkes Lake, Plymouth Township. On March\\n13, 1875, three hundred and si.xteen thousand young\\nfish were deposited in the Detroit River. On\\nAugust 3, 1876, the Commission resolved to estab-\\nlish a hatchery at Detroit. A cheap frame building,\\ntwenty by fifty feet, was erected at Number 475\\nAtwater Street, near Dequindre with the apparatus,\\nit cost $1,300. It was completed September 25,\\n1 876, and fully equipped by November i Between\\nNovember i and 12, 1876, four hundred and five\\nfemale fish were stripped on the fishing grounds and\\nten million eggs procured nearly twice as many\\nmale fish were also stripped, and the hatchery was\\nset in operation. More recently large fish are kept\\nin the hatchery, and eggs are obtained more easily.\\nThe first eggs hatched out on March I, 1877. Up\\nto 1 883, nearly one hundred millions of fish had\\nbeen produced. In the spring of 1883, thirty-eight\\nmillions were hatched out, and many of them were\\ndeposited in the Detroit River. AVhen from eight\\nto fifteen days old. the young fr\\\\ are shipped to such\\nplaces as the superintendent may designate. In 1883\\na new building for the hatchery was erected on the\\nnortheast corner of Lafayette Street and Joseph\\nCampau -A. venue.\\nIn the winter months, and especially in March or\\nApril when the fish are hatching, the institution is\\nwell worth a visit.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nCADILLAC S GRANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\nTh E city of Detroit, as now laid out. includes not\\nonly the ancient town, but several adjoining farnis,\\nand some public land never owned by private per-\\nsons until granted by the United States. It is pos-\\nsible that the French occupied the site of Detroit\\nseveral years before the founding of the city by Ca-\\ndillac, but if so, the previous occupation, whether\\ntemporary or continuous, involved no personal rights.\\nIn the more settled portions of New France, grants\\nwere made of seigneuries giving the seigneur entire\\ncontrol of large estates, which were generally par-\\nceled out to purchasers, or, if retained by the seig-\\nneur, were cultivated by his own people, or farmed\\nout to ordinary lessees on such terms as the parties\\nagreed upon.\\nThe terms on which lands might be sold by hiin\\nwere not left to his own option, but were fixed by\\nthe Coutume de Paris or by special decrees of the\\nking. When an officer was allowed to build a fort\\nin a new place, he was frequently made proprietor of\\nthe fort and certain adjacent lands, which he could\\nlease or sell.\\nAntoine de la Mothe Cadillac, the founder of De-\\ntroit, is said to have been granted a domain of fifteen\\narpents square. The arpent, however, was not a\\nuniform measure. The United States standard fixes\\nit at 192.24 feet. A woodland arpent is a little more\\nthan a square acre but arpents and acres are often\\nused as interchangeable terms. Mr. C. Jouett, the\\nIndian agent at Detroit in 1803, so used them. He\\nsaid that Cadillac s grant was fifteen acres square, or\\ntwo hundred and twenty-five acres in all. If that\\nwere true, it would now be bounded on the east by\\nthe farm known as the Brush Farm, west by the\\nCass Farm, in front by the Detroit River, and in the\\nrear by Grand River Street. As usually regarded, it\\nreached to the present line of Adams Avenue.\\nOriginal documents, copies of which are on file in\\nQuebec, show that he claimed all of the land on both\\nsides of the Detroit, from Lake Erie to Lake Huron;\\nand it is not probable that he would have made this\\nclaim if prexnously there had been granted to him a\\ndomain of only fifteen arpents square. He claimed\\nthe entire strait because of the great expense he in-\\ncurred in establishing the first colony, because of\\nthe general benefits accruing to New France from\\nthe peace he secured with the Iroquois, and also for\\nthe reason that the establishment of the fort at De-\\ntroit prevented the English from reaching the west-\\nern Indians.\\nIn pursuance of his claim, he made a concession\\nto his eldest son of a tract of land on the river, be-\\nginning at the entrance into Lake Erie, with a front-\\nage of six leagues, and extending five leagues back\\nfrom the river. This concession included Grosse\\nIsle and all the adjacent islands.\\nIn support of his demand for all the lands on the\\nstrait, Cadillac said that he had established French\\nor Indians here and there along the whole course of\\nthe river. There can be doubt that he was granted\\npower by the king to dispose of land on the river,\\nfor there is abundant evidence to that effect in a\\nletter from Pontchartrain, dated June 14, 1704, and\\nalso in the decrees of June 14, 17, and 19, 1706.\\nUnder these decrees he made two grants, now in-\\ncluded in the city, and known as Claims No. 12\\nand No. 90, or the Guion and, Witherell Farms.\\nThe grant to Frangois Fafard de Lorme embraced\\nwhat is now known as Private Claim 1 2 and part of\\n13. It was made March 10, 1707, and covered a\\nstrip of land four hundred feet wide by four thou-\\nsand feet long, or nearly thirty-two acres. De Lorme\\nwas to have the privilege of trading, hunting, and\\nfishing, but was not to kill hares, rabbits, partridges,\\nor pheasants. He was to pay annually, on March\\n20, five li\\\\Tes as seigneurial dues or rental, and ten\\nlivres for the right to trade. He was to commence\\nimprovements in three months, and was to plant, or\\nhelp plant, annually, a May-pole before the door of\\nthe seigneur. He also bound himself to have his\\ngrain ground at the public mill, and to pay toll, at\\nthe rate of eight pounds for each minot, a measure\\nof three bushels. He could not sell or give his land\\nas security without consent; and in case of sale,\\nCadillac was to have the first right to purchase. He\\nwas also to furnish timber for vessels and fortifica-\\ntions when desired: and further promised not to\\nwork as a blacksmith, cutler, armorer, or brewer,\\nwithout special permit. He might import goods,\\nbut could employ no clerks unless they lived in De-\\ntroit; and he was not to sell liquor to Indians.\\nOther conditions, common to grants in this period,\\n[\u00e2\u0096\u00a07l", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "i8\\nCADILLAC S GRANT.\\nwere that the grantees should pay, on St. Martin s\\nDay, a certain number of fowls, so many dozen eggs,\\nor a definite number of measures of grain for each\\nfront arpent occupied and in addition to having\\ntheir grain ground in the seigneur s mill, they were\\nobliged to have their bread baked in his ovens.\\nAt Detroit the boundariesof these farms, or claims,\\nwere defined by ditches. The Private Claim now\\nknown as No. 90 was granted by Cadillac to Jacob\\nde Marsac Jouira, dit Desroches, on the same day\\nthat the grant was made to De Lorme. He also\\nmade two other grants of the same size, one to\\nM. -St. Aubin and the other to the widow Beaus-\\nseron. Cadillac also granted to Michel Campau a\\npiece of land fifty-three feet long upon St. Antoine\\nStreet, and seventeen feet on St. Ann Street, within\\nthe stockade, for which he was to pay an annual\\nrent of five livres and five sous. For a right to\\ntrade, ten livres additional were charged. The\\nrents were payable on March 20, in furs or silver\\nmoney when there shall be any. The grantees\\nwere to pay eight livres per minot for the grinding\\nof their grain. No transfer could be made without\\nthe consent of Cadillac, and with every transfer a fee\\nwas to be paid him. In case the grantees neglected\\nor did not wish to plant the May-pole, they were\\nrequired to pay three livres in silver or peltries.\\nCadillac also granted a lot inside the fort to ^L\\nMalette. Other lands within and without the pick-\\nets were granted by him to Messrs. Langlois, Tru-\\ndeau, Magnau, Des Rivieres, De Ruisseau, Com-\\nparet, Dufresne, Hubert, Lacroix, and Monier.\\nIn 1708 M. d Aigremont officially reported that he\\ncaused the lands at Fort Pontchartrain to be meas-\\nured, and found that there were three hundred and\\nfifty acres improved, of which La Mothe had one\\nhundred and fifty-seven acres, and the French in-\\nhabitants forty-si.x acres; that sixty-three inhab-\\nitants possessed lots inside the fort, and twenty-nine\\nof them farms outside. M. d Aigremont arrived\\nat Detroit July 15, 170S, and remained nineteen days.\\nThe records of St. Ann s Church, under date of July\\n29, 1708, note his presence under the following name\\nand title Francois Clarembault, Esq., .Sieur d Ai-\\ngremont, Navy Commissary in Canada, sub-delegate\\nof the Surveyor, and King s Deputy for surveying\\nthe Military Posts in Canada.\\nIn 1 7 10 Cadillac was appointed Governor of Loui-\\nsiana. In the summer of 171 1 he was relieved of\\nthe command at Detroit, and on his departure his\\nproperty was placed in the care of Pierre. Roy.\\nAfter he left, there were so few immigrants, and\\nthe settlers were so much discouraged, that no\\ngrants were made for many years. It appears evi-\\ndent that while Cadillac was in Louisiana his inter-\\nests at Detroit received but little attention. Set-\\ntlers, however, began to murmur at the demands\\nmade upon them under the concessions he had\\ngranted, and in April, 17 16, the king revoked all\\ngrants made by Cadillac on the ground that they\\nwere not gi\\\\-en in ordinary form, and that too much\\nwas exacted of the occupants. This decree, how-\\ne\\\\ er, was accompanied with a proxnsion which left\\nthe settlers in possession as before. The next year\\nCadillac returned to France, and in 17 19 or 1720 the\\nking directed that he be put in possession of the\\nlands which he had cleared at Detroit, together with\\nthe rights that he had in connection with lands he\\nhad conceded to others. He was also to be put in\\npossession of the buildings, furniture, and cattle\\nwhich he left when he went to Louisiana, together\\nwith the increase of the live stock. His other claims\\nhe was to bring before an officer for adjudication,\\nand a patent was to be granted to him for the lands\\nwithin two years.\\nM. Vaudreuil, the Governor, and Begon, the In-\\ntendant of New France, probably at the instigation\\nof Tonty (then in command here), and presumably\\nin the interest of those occupying the lands claimed\\nby Cadillac, offered various reasons why it would be\\nimpolitic and impossible to carry out the directions\\nof the king. In connection with their protests they\\nstated in their memorial of November 4, 1721, that\\nthere were then only four who had farms outside the\\nfort, and that thirty others had locations inside the\\nstockade. The king responded to these protests by\\na decree, dated May 19, 1722, which conceded to\\nCadillac all the land he had cleared and rights over\\nthat which he had granted to others, except that the\\ndues exacted from traders were thereafter to be paid\\nonly to the commandant of the post. He also di-\\nrected that Cadillac should have two years from the\\ndate of the decree in which to have his claims sur-\\nveyed. No evidence can be found that the claims\\nof Cadillac were ever surveyed and defined in ac-\\ncordance with the intent of the decree. On the\\ncontrary, Vaudreuil and Begon, in a letter dated\\nOctober 14., 1723, said; The lands cleared by M.\\nde la Mothe are not yet surveyed, neither do we\\nknow what he has conceded, the revenues of which\\nmust be paid to him.\\nIt is not probable that the lands and claims of\\nCadillac were settled according to the king s decree,\\nand it is clearly evident that the governor-general,\\nintendant, and local commandants evinced a masterly\\ninactivity in bringing his claims to a final and just\\nconclusion. The proof that his claims were left in\\nvague and unsatisfactory shape is made almost con-\\nclusive by the following facts. In 1730, the year of\\nCadillac s death, his eldest son, in a memorial to\\nCount Maurepas, said that his father had the promise\\nof the post of Detroit, with the title of seigneur.\\nNow, this son was with Cadillac, and old enough to\\nbe an ensign, when his father came and if his rights", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\n19\\nhad been definitely settled according to the king s de-\\ncree of 1722, his son would undoubtedly have known\\nabout it and have so stated in his memorial. This\\nview of the case is made still more certain by an ex-\\namination of the Maichens Deed, so called. This deed\\nwas first heard of in Detroit in 1872, when Rev. J.\\nC. A. Desnoyers, curate of the parish of St. Fie, in\\nLower Canada, forwarded it to E. N. Lacroi.x, of\\nDetroit. It purported to be a deed for a tract of\\nland on the Detroit, executed on August 28, 1738,\\nto Bernard Maichens, of Marseilles, by the widow\\nand heirs of Cadillac. The deed was subsequently\\nobtained from the same priest, on November 29,\\n1873. by Levi Bishop, and on pages 343 and 344 of\\nVolume I. of the Pioneer Collections of Michigan, he\\ng^ves a translation of it. The deed conveys All\\nthe property generally left by the said deceased An-\\ntoine de la Mothe Cadillac, and which said .Madame\\nand her said sons, in consequence of his death, pos-\\nsess at Detroit, upon Lake Erie, in North .Vmerica,\\nconsisting of cleared lands forty arpents in depth,\\nwidi the buildings and animal stock together in title\\nand enjoyment with the right of hunting and fish-\\ning granted on the 19th of May, A. D. 1722, by the\\nCouncil of State of His Majesty, for the benefit of\\nsaid deceased with the right of quit rents and\\narrearages of such rents in stock and other movable\\nproperty- which appertains thereto, and in such\\nquantity and consistence as belongs thereto, in said\\nDetroit. Including in this sale all that may belong\\nto said vendors in regard to said lands, fruits, farms,\\nleases, buildings, stock, arrearages, and rents wher-\\never they may appear.\\nIt will be noticed that this deed, although made in\\n1738, makes no allusion to any grant or decree ex-\\ncept the one of May 19, 1 722. That decree provided\\nthat Cadillac s claims should be surveyed within two\\nyears, evidently in order to determine their real ex-\\ntent and number. If such sur\\\\-ey had been made,\\nand his claims clearly defined, the fact would un-\\ndoubtedly have been referred to in the Maichens\\nDeed. The most casual e.xamination discloses the\\nfact that just what was being conveyed was not\\nclearly known. The deed deals only in generalities,\\nwhich would not be the case if Cadillac s claims had\\nbeen fully adjusted. The statement of Mr. Bishop\\nthat the deed conveyed the site of Detroit, with all\\nrights and property thereto belonging, and that\\nthe whole of Detroit and .its appurtenances were\\nsold for about ten thousand dollars, was made\\nwithout a knowledge of the real facts in the case.\\nIt was never conceded by either the king or the\\ncouncil that Cadillac owned all of Detroit and its\\nappurtenances. Only the lands he had cleared or\\ngranted were to be restored to him, and there was\\nmuch uncertainty as to how much would thus be\\nembraced. Accompanying the deed (which was\\nonly a duplicate) there W as a letter dated Boston,\\nAugust 20, 1798, addressed to a Mr. Sicart, signed by\\nMme. Gregoire, granddaughter of Cadillac, setting\\nforth that Maichens paid only half of the purchase\\nprice, and left for Detroit immediately after getting\\nthe deed that they had since been unable to hear\\nfrom him or get any satisfaction as to the further\\nsum due, although the property conveyed was by\\nthe deed mortgaged to the family of Cadillac until\\npaid for in full. The object of this letter was to\\ninduce some lawyer to recover the property, and\\nMme. Gregoire proposed togive one quarter of all that\\nmight be realized from the claim. The probability\\nis that Maichens himself, at that early day, never\\nrealized as much as he actually paid for whatever\\ncame into his possession.\\nOnly about ten years before writing the above\\nmentioned letter, Mme. Gregoire had obtained from\\nthe Commonwealth of Massachusetts a grant of Mt.\\nDesert Island and portions of the main land. Her\\nclaim for that estate was based on a grant made to\\nCadillac, prior to his arrival at Detroit, in evidence\\nof which she furnished a copy of the king s decree\\ndescribing and granting the lands. Her success in\\nsecuring this grant would undoubtedly have caused\\nher to make a more earnest effort to obtain the grant\\nat Detroit had there been like conclusive evidence\\nof her rights.\\nIt is matter of record that there was much confusion\\nfor many years concerning the lands of Detroit.\\nLa Forest, Tonty, and Sabrevois all made grants,\\nbut none of them had authority to do so. About\\n1720 Tonty compelled the inhabitants to bring their\\ncontracts of concession to him, and he retained the\\ngreater part of them.\\nOn May 14, 1728, Louis XIV. gave permission to\\nlease the farms at Detroit; and on March 15, 1732,\\nhe directed the settling of all lands granted, on pain\\nof forfeiture. In 1734 Beauharnois, (iovernor-Gen-\\neral, and Hocquart, Intendant of New F rance, began\\nto grant farming lands at Detroit. These conces-\\nsions were subject to much the saine conditions indi-\\ncated in the grant by Cadillac to De Lorme. The\\nfirst lands granted were the farthest from the fort,\\nand each new grant was a little nearer the fort than\\nthe one preceding; consequently, in each case, the\\ngrants were bounded by the unconceded lands of the\\nfort. In fact, nine different claims are described as\\nbeing bounded on one side by Fort Pontchartrain.\\nAn important condition of the grants was that, with-\\nin two years, a patent of confirmation should be\\nobtained from the Crown, but this was almost uni-\\nversally neglected. The following grants were con-\\nfirmed by Louis XV. on February 22, 1735: they\\nhad been granted by the governor and intendant on\\nthe dates appended: P. C. 15, to Jean Gilbert, dit\\nsans pere, on July 9, 1734; P. C. 16, to Charles", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "20\\nFREN-CH FARMS OR PRn ATE CLAIMS.\\nChene. on July 14, 1734; P. C. 18, to Jacques Cam-\\npau, pere, on July 10, 1734. This last grant was also\\nconfirmed to Nicholas Campau, pere, and P. C. 38,\\nto Jean Cass St. Aubin, pere, on July 15. 1734.\\nThe following twenty-three grants were made on\\nthe dates named, but for some reason were not con-\\nfirmed by the king. It will be noticed that all the\\nfirst grants were on the east side of the town the\\nlast grant on the east was made on May I, 1747, on\\nthe very day that the first grant to Robert Navarre\\nwas made on the west side of the fort.\\nGrants on East S/iii of Town.\\nPresent No.\\nNo. of\\nof claim. Arpents.\\nTo whom grantfd. Date of grant.\\n5, 2x40 Jean Chapatone\\n(^chirurgien), June 18, 1734\\n91 and 14, 5x40 Pierre Eustache, July 3. 1734\\n733 5^4\u00c2\u00b0 Louis Campau, July 5, 1734\\n9, 4x40 .St. Marsac Des-\\nrocher, pere, July 6, 1734\\n7, 4x40 Pierre Meloche, July S, 1734\\n19, 4.X40 Named Moran, July 11, 1734\\n257, 4x40 Francois Gilbert,\\ndit sans pere, Sept. 10, 1736\\n26, 4x40 Gaeten Seguin,\\ndit Lederout, Sept. 10, 1736\\nE. part of 2, 3x40 Jean Bt. Beau-\\nbien. May 30, 1745\\nW. part of 2, 2.X40 Jean Maria\\nBarios, May i, 1747\\nI, 2.X4Q Eustache Gamelin.May I, 1747\\nGrants on M est Sittc of To^un.\\n22, 3.X40 Robert Navarre, May i, 1747\\n27, 3x40 Antoine Robert, April i, 1750\\n473, 3x40 Charles Chene,\\n23, 2.X40 La Veuve Vital\\nCaron,\\n24, 2x40 Pierre Labadie,\\n726, 3x40 Lacharie Cicot,\\n55, 3.X40 Franqois Burrois,\\n55, 2.X40 Jean Bt. Debutes,\\ndit St. Martin,\\n55, 2.X40 Jacques Godet,\\n44, 3.X40 Claude Audrey,\\ndit St. Andrie,\\n474, 2x40 Alexis Delille,\\n77 and 78, 8.X40 Named De-\\nquindre. May 16. 1753\\nIt is not claimed that the above list includes all of\\nthe grants that were made. A Canadian oflicial\\nlist of old claims shows that M. Chauvin received a\\ngrant of two arpents by forty on June 16, 1734,\\nbounded on one side towards the east northeast\\nby the land of Faffard de Lorme which he holds of\\nSieur de la .Mothe Cadillac. This would identify\\nthe grant with what is now known as P. C. 182, or\\nthe Mullett Farm. It is also known that on Septem-\\nber I, 1736, a grant of a farm two arpents wide,\\nlying next west of a grant made to Frangois Lauzon,\\nwas conceded to Charles Bonhomme, dit Beaupre,\\non September i, 1736. Al.so that a farm of the\\nsame size, lying immediately east of the fort and\\nbetween it and the present Brush Farm, was granted\\nto Pierre Reaume on April i. 1750. The knowledge\\nof this last grant explains the existence of the old\\nclaims on the east which interfered with the Gov-\\nernor and Judges Plan.\\nThe farthest claim on the east of the city, granted\\nby the governor and intendant, so far as shown by\\nthe Proceedings of the Land Commissioners, was\\nClaim 26 in the town of Grosse Pointe. Going\\nwest towards the city, the following claims, not\\nshown to have been granted by the governor and\\nthe intendant, are interspersed with those which they\\nare known to have granted, and with the six claims\\nthat were fully approved by the commissioners.\\nTheir order is as follows Numbers 688, 724, 387,\\n725. 337. 152. 10, 644, 723, 155, 734, 180, 679, 100,\\n678. 573. 1 1, 453, 454, 609, 14, 8, 17, 182, 181, and 6.\\nThe farthest claim on the west of the city shown\\nin the Proceedings of the Commissioners to have\\nbeen granted by the governor and the intendant is\\nP. C. 77, or the Hubbard Farm. Going east towards\\nthe city, the following claims, in their order, are not\\nshown to have been granted by the governor and\\nthe intendant, viz.: Numbers 21, 20, 727, 728, 729,\\n338, 228, 227, 248, 247, 246, and 592. Between the\\ntwo extremes there are thus embraced thirty-eight\\nclaims that were, very likely, granted by the governor\\nand the intendant, but no evidence of the kind was\\npresented to the Commissioners of Claims. In fact,\\nit seems to ha\\\\ e been impossible, in the case of all,\\nor nearly all, the claims, to show a chain of title\\nfrom the time of the original grants and as the\\nclaims were confirmed in accordance with possession\\nand improvements on a given date, there was but\\nlittle use in presenting any of the original grants to\\nthe commissioners.\\nAn idea once prevailed that affairs in remote\\nFrench posts were conducted without much regard\\nto legal correctness. The more closely the question\\nis examined, the more careful the local authorities\\nappear to have been and if all the facts could be\\nascertained, it is not unlikely that the claims con-\\nfirmed by the L^nited States on purely equitable\\ngrounds might have been more generally based on\\nperfect rights than has been supposed. There can\\nbe no doubt that the British Government looked\\nupon most of the French titles as clear. In imita-\\ntion of the French commanders, the English lieu-\\ntenant-governors and commandants gave possessor)\\nrights in and near Detroit, some approved by the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\n21\\nPrivy Council, and some not acted upon but such\\ngrants could never legally become absolute. Several\\ngrants to individuals on the west of the town were\\nmade by the Indians, and approved by the local\\nauthorities but none of these were valid. The\\nking s proclamation of 1763 expressly forbade such\\ngrants, and they were never lawful. By both British\\nand American law, all Indian purchases must be by,\\nor with, the consent of the Government which is\\nassumed to own the ultimate title, subject to Indian\\noccupancy. Among the more notable Indian grants\\nwere those of the Navarre and Campau farms,\\ngranted by the Potawatamies to Isadore Chene and\\nRobert Navarre, to keep in order the resting-places\\nof their dead. Their village and place of graves\\nwere on these lands, and the grants were made\\nwhen the tribe removed from this neighborhood.\\nThe front of the French farms on the river was\\noccupied by the dwelling-house and garden back of\\nthis was generally a very valuable and beautiful\\norchard and in the rear of the orchard were wheat\\nand com fields. The farms were narrow, so as to\\ngive river fronts to as many as possible, and also to\\nkeep the occupants close together for convenience\\nand safety. The depth of the farms was always in-\\ntended to be forty French acres, the width varied\\nfrom two to five acres, or in other words, the farms\\nhad a river frontage of from four hundred to nine\\nhundred feet, with an average depth of one and a\\nhalf miles.\\nWithin the fort the building-lots were small, and\\nthe entire population those holding farm lands out-\\nside as well as others had homes inside the stock-\\nade for a great many years.\\nAs late as 1778 the largest lots were twenty-five\\nby one hundred feet. It is probable that all the lots\\nwithin the pickets were permanently disposed of,\\nsubject to fines of alienation, and to certain annual\\ncharges, including a contribution towards keeping\\nthe fort in repair.\\nWhile Michigan was still a part of Indiana Terri-\\ntory Congress, by Act of March 26, 1S04 (United\\nStates Laws, Volume II., page 227), appointed the\\nRegister and Receiver of the Detroit Land Office as\\ncommissioners to examine and report on all claims\\nunder French and English grants. Under this Act\\nthe commissioners examined a number of claims,\\nand rejected all e.xcept three, viz., P. C. 16, claimed\\nby F. P. Matcher, P. C. 18, claimed by George Mel-\\ndrum, and P. C. 90, claimed by J. M. Beaubien.\\nThey decided that the other claims presented to\\nthem were not founded upon any legal grant made\\nby the French Government prior to the treaty of\\nParis, of February 10, 1763, or upon any legal grant\\nmade by the British subsequent to said treaty, and\\nprior to the treaty of peace of September 3, 1783,\\nbetween the United States and Great Britain: or\\nupon any resolution or Act of Congress had subse-\\nquent to said treaty of peace.\\nBy Act of March 3, 1805 (United States Laws,\\nolume II., page 343), they were authorized to ex-\\namine and report on claims actually possessed and\\nimproved on July i, 1796, the official date on\\nwhich the Territory passed from the British into the\\npossession of the American Government.\\nThey were also to examine into claims based on\\nall grounds whatever and persons were to have till\\nNovember 1, 1805, to file their claims, which were\\nto be surveyed at the expense of the Government.\\nBefore the commissioners had forwarded their first\\nreport to Congress Detroit was destroyed by the fire\\nof June II, 1805. Under the provisions of the law\\nof I S05 in connection with the law of 1 804, the com-\\nmissioners subsequently reported on six classes of\\ntitles, viz.j I. Grants by French governors confirmed\\nby the King of France. 2. Grants by French gov-\\nernors not confirmed by the king. 3. Occupancies\\nby permission of French commandants without grant,\\nand perhaps without evidence of the permission, but\\nwith long and undisturbed possession. 4. Occu-\\npancies under French possession, without any per-\\nmission, but with undisturbed possession. 5. Simi-\\nlar titles, together with purchases from Indians\\nunder British rule. 6. Occupancy and possession\\nunder American Government, and .purchases from\\nIndians. They sent three reports to the .Secretary\\nof the Treasur) one dated December i, another\\nDecember 16. 1805, and the third March 6, 1806.\\nThey again reported in favor of the three claims ap-\\npro\\\\ed under the first law, and also in favor of P. C.\\n15, claimed by Phillis Peltier, and P. C. 38, claimea\\nby the heirs of Antoine Morass. These five claims\\nthey reported as valid so far as original title was con-\\ncerned, but it was not claimed that the chain of title\\nsince the original grant was complete. The sixth\\nclaim confirmed by the commissioners was that of\\nCharles and Nicholas Guoin, and embraced what is\\nnow known as P. C. 1 2 and 1 3. It was claimed in\\none parcel, and was confirmed in separate tracts.\\nThey also reported claims for many other tracts\\nbased on ownership and occupation.\\nThe American State Papers state that the commis-\\nsioners found only six titles that had been confirmed\\nby the king. This is undoubtedly an error, caused\\nby including the two grants of Cadillac with the four\\ngrants that were actually confirmed by the king.\\nThe State Papers also say that eight claims were con-\\nfirmed, which error is apparently caused by counting\\nthe two grants of Cadillac twice.\\nOn March 3, 1807 (United States Laws, Volume\\nII., page 4371, Congress confirmed the six tracts al-\\nready alluded to, and also all tracts reported upon\\nby the commissioners which were occupied, im-\\nproved, and settled upon prior to and on July 1,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "ii\\nFRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\n1796, and that had continued to be occupied up to\\nthe date of the Act. By Law of April 25, 1808\\n(United States Laws, Volume II.. page 502), claim-\\nants were allowed until January i 1 809, to file their\\nclaims.\\nBy the Act of 1S07, the claims were to be sur-\\nveyed under the direction of the surveyor-general.\\nAll certificates issued by the commissioners were re-\\nquired to be entered at the land office at Detroit be-\\nfore January I, 1809. The claims confirmed under\\nthis last Act included nearly all the original private\\nclaims in Wayne County, not excepting the inex ita-\\nble six French grants, which were again confirmed\\nas held by possession. The claims were surveyed\\nby Aaron reely, and his map is referred to on page\\n158, Volume v., of the American State Papers in\\nconnection with the Abraham Cook Claim. His\\nmanuscript map was afterwards engraved.\\nOn April 23, 181 2 (United States Laws, Volume\\nn., page 710), Congress confirmed the claims as sur-\\nveyed by Aaron Greely under direction of the sur-\\nveyor-general, making his survey authority even\\nwhere it did not correspond with the description of\\nthe claims as confirmed by the commissioners.\\nThere is abundant evidence that in making his sur-\\nveys he frequently gave extra measure by adding\\nthe length of his Jacob s staff from one to three\\ntimes. Tradition says a bottle of wine or brandy\\nhad something to do with this proceeding.\\nOther sun eyors, among tliem Josei^h Fletcher and\\nJohn Mullett, were afterwards employed in surveying\\nthe rear concessions.\\nThe patents for the lands confirmed reached De-\\ntroit just before or during the War of 181 2, and were\\nseized or destroyed by the British.\\nIn addition to grants of lands fronting on the river,\\nthe commandants at Detroit are said to have made\\ngrants known as second, rear, or back conces-\\nsions, whereby the depth of the farms was extended\\nto eight arpents. Many persons claimed of the\\nCommissioners of Claims a similar duplication of\\ntheir farms upon the plea that the lands claimed had\\nalways been used for obtaining wood, and that the\\nGovernment would have granted these rear conces-\\nsions at any time if asked. On September i, 1807,\\nthe commissioners reported to Congress, recom-\\nmending that as the arable land fronting on the\\nriver was exhausted, and mostly without wood for\\nfires, lands in the rear be added as asked for.\\nBy Law of April 23, 181 2, it was provided that\\nadditional lands might be granted for farms that had\\nbeen confirmed only forty arpents in length, and\\nclaims for the additional land were to be filed before\\nDecember i, 181 2, but no farm was to be over eighty\\narpents in depth.\\nBy Act of March 3, 1817 (United States Laws,\\nVolume III., page 3901, the time for the filing of\\nclaims for back concessions, under Act of 181 2, was\\nextended to December i, 181S. On May 11. 1820\\n(United States Laws, Volume III., page 572), Con-\\ngress revi\\\\ed the powers of the commissioners, and\\nauthorized them to decide on claims presented under\\nAct of 1 817, and they were to report on or before\\nOctober i, 1821. This Act was construed as reviv-\\ning all the powers possessed by commissioners under\\nformer Acts and several original claims, confirmed\\nunder Act of 1S20, are contained in Report or Book\\nNumber 4, in Volume V., page 146, of American\\nState Papers, entitled, A Report of Absolute\\nClaims. The last Act pertaining to the hearing\\nand deciding upon claims by commissioners was\\npassed on February 21, 1823 (United States Laws,\\nVolume III., page 724). It provided that the Act\\nof 1820 should be in force until November 1, 1823,\\nand that the final report of the commissioners should\\nbe laid before Congress and the Secretary of the\\nTreasury. The Act also confirmed claims reported\\non under Act of 1820, as reported by the Secretary\\nof the Treasury. The numbers of the claims in\\nWayne County, filed under the several Acts, range\\nfrom I to 734. Many of the numbers between these\\ntwo extremes are for claims in other parts of the\\nthen Territory of Michigan. The total number of\\nclaims confirmed in Wayne County was only two\\nhundred and sixty-eight.\\nRear concessions were granted for about one hun-\\ndred claims. The number of acres granted origin-\\nally to claims ranged from less than one half an acre\\nto six hundred and forty acres, and the rear conces-\\nsions covered from three acres to three hundred acres.\\nJudging by the testimony given before the commis-\\nsioners, there must have been a very general, and\\napparently a concerted, effort among many claim.ants\\nto swear through each other s claims. The com-\\nmissioners themselves reported that the records of\\nthe earlier Boards had been so mutilated that it was\\nimpossible fully to imderstand them. The unravel-\\nling of the history of the claims is made difficult also\\nby the fact that the different Boards designated the\\nsame books by different numbers. Volume L is\\nsometimes called I., sometimes II., and then ap-\\npears as number III. These errors were appropri-\\nately supplemented by the careless transcribing and\\ntransposing of the names of claimants, surveyors,\\nand clerks, the same names being spelled in several\\nways. As late as 1823, at least thirteen original\\nclaims were confirmed by Commissioners of Claims\\nthat had been left unconfirmed by the first commis-\\nsioners. To these claims they gave new numbers.\\nIn the list of claims most of them are designated\\nby the new numbers. The only other tract in Wayne\\nCounty;, aside from the Ten Thousand Acre Tract,\\n1 See .Appendix A,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\nbearing a specific name or number, and separately ceeded Bates. Under Act of 1807, the Secretary\\nsurveyed, is the Ship Yard or University Tract on the of Territory, Stanley Grisvvold, was added to the\\nRouge. It is called Ship Yard Tract because, during Commission. On March 18, 1S08, Reuben At water\\nthe British occupation, and also under American rule succeeded Griswold, and up to October, 18 14.\\nin the War of 1812, vessels were there built and the Commission consisted of Audrain, Atwater,\\nfitted out. It was selected at an early date as part and Abbott. In 18 14 William Woodbridge suc-\\nof the lands devoted to the University, and thus ceeded Atwater. In 1819 Jonathan Kearsley suc-\\ncame to be called also the University Tract. The ceeded Abbott. In 1821 H. B. Brevoort succeeded\\nfirst commissioners were George Hoffman, Register, Audrain, and he, in 1823, was succeeded by John\\nand Frederick Bates, Receiver of the Land Office. Biddle. The last commissioners w ere Woodbridge,\\nOn April 16, 1806, Peter Audrain succeeded Hoff- Kearsley, and Biddle.\\nman, and on April 4, 1807, James Abbott sue-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nTHE PUBLIC DOMAIN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE PARK LOTS AND THE TEN-THOlfSAND-ACRE TRACT.\\nTHE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\nTHE PUBLIC DOMAIN.\\nDuring French rule the lands outside the stock\\nade and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Pontchar-\\ntrain were, in part at least, cultivated in common by\\nthe inhabitants. Lands similarly situated at Kas-\\nkaskia, Illinois, were guaranteed in perpetuity by the\\nking to the inhabitants and used by them as a com-\\nmon field and rights of the same nature are known\\nto have been exercised by the inhabitants of Detroit.\\nThe common field was usually enclosed, and\\neach head of a family had a portion entirely at his\\ndisposal, subject only to such regulations as would\\nprevent injury to the rights of others. Under these\\ngeneral regulations, the field was usually cultivated\\nsimultaneously by its several owners, and much of\\nthe work done in common. Outside of these cul-\\ntivated lands were the commons, used for pastur-\\nage by all alike.\\nIt would not have been expedient to allow the\\nlands adjoining the fort to be built upon to any\\ngreat extent. A certain amount of open space about\\nthe stockade was necessary as a protection both\\nfrom fire and from the Indians. If houses were too\\nnear together, they might afford a place of ambush,\\nbe used to shoot from into the fort, or serve as look-\\nouts wherefrom to discern the numbers and the\\npreparations of the garrison. A few houses were\\nbuilt outside, but they proved a source of danger\\nand annoyance, and were repeatedly torn down. A\\nletter addressed to James McHenry, Secretary of\\nWar, by John Wilkins, Jr., Quartermaster-general,\\nancestor of the late Colonel William D. Wilkins,\\ngives interesting particulars of the status of the\\ncommons and other property at Detroit, at the\\ntime it was first surrendered to the United States.\\nIt reads as follows\\nPiTTSBl RGH, 17 February, 1797.\\nSir,\\nThe United States have succeeded to a great deal of property at\\nDetroit. The whole ground on which the town of Detroit is\\nsituated seems, originally, to have been reserved by the British for\\nthe use of the fort; but the merchants and tradesmen preferring to\\nlive under the protection of the garrison, grants of lots have been\\ngiven to them, which, in time, have formed a regular town.\\nBut there yet remains around the town a quantity of vacant\\nground, which, of course, becomes the property of the United\\nStates. This, from its situation, is valuable. But in order to pre-\\nser\\\\e it, there will be a necessity of preventing any persons build-\\ning on it, or the United States should have it laid out in lots and\\nsold.\\nThe vacant ground I allude to is without the pickets; within\\nthe pickets, exclusive of the fort and barracks, there are a number\\nof houses and lots of ground, which the United States have suc-\\nceeded to, such as the council-house, store-houses, wharf, etc.,\\nand two large gardens for the garrison; and outside of the pickets,\\na ship-yard, consisting of a number of work-shops. I was in-\\nformed, when at Detroit, that there were a number of other\\nbuildings than those we got possession of, which had belonged to\\nthe British Government, but that, since their removal, were\\nclaimed by people living in them. These claims ought to be\\ninquired into.\\nThe public domain or commons included at least\\nall of the northern half of the Governor and\\nJudges Plan, and practically all of the land beyond\\nlying between the Cass and Brush farms within a\\ndistance of three miles from the river.\\nA few years subsequent to the date of the Wilkins\\nletter, the Northwest Territorial Legislature adopted\\nthe following instructions to their delegate to\\nCongress\\nU /ieri aSy The inhabitants of Wayne County, in the town of\\nDetroit, have, time out of mind, enjoyed a small piece of land\\nadjacent to the town, as a public common, for the use of the\\ninhabitants, until partially dispossessed by military authority,\\ntherefore,\\nKesoh edy That Paul Fearing, F.sq., be instructed to use his\\nendeavors to have the right of the said common confirmed by the\\nUnited States to the inhabitants aforesaid.\\nNo action was taken by Congress on this or\\nother claims in this region until 1 803. The Govern-\\nment then directed Mr. Jouett, the Indian agent at\\nDetroit, to inquire into and report the situation of\\nthe titles and occupation of the lands private and\\npublic. In accordance with instructions, Mr.\\nJouett made a report concerning claims and settle-\\nments on the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers, but it\\ncontained little of permanent value. In a communi-\\ncation presented to the House of Representatives on\\nJanuary 17, 180;, in regard to the settlement of\\nclaims for farms, signed by Francois de Joncaire\\nand others, the following passages occur\\nYour memorialists further solicit the attention of Congress in\\nfavor of the claims set up by the citizens of Detroit to the com-\\nmons or domain adjoining said town; and request tliat the same,\\nby law, may be confirmed to them and their successors with power\\n[=4]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.\\nin said corporation to make sale of a part to accommodate persons\\nwith lots for building, and to regulate the use of the residue.\\n\\\\Ve stale as a fact generally believed in this country, and con-\\nfirmed by many aged persons now living in this district, that a\\ngrant was made by the French Government at the time said town\\nwas laid out, vesting and conferring in the then inhabitants, their\\nheirs and successors, both the ground plat of said town and the\\ncommons, which have ever since been held, used, and enjoyed as\\nsuch by the inhabitants, to the exception of some unwarrantable\\nencroachments by individuals uAon the same.\\nBut unfortunately for the citBns of said town, neither the grant\\nitself nor the record thereof can now be foimd, the grant being\\neither lost or wrongfully withheld, and the record removed to\\nplaces without the district and wholly unknown to your memor-\\nialists.\\nOn August 3, 1805, Governor Hull wrote to Judge\\nWoodward, who was then in Washington, tliat the\\ninhabitants claimed the common in consequence of\\na grant from the French Government, and have used\\nit as a common pasture since the settlement of the\\ncountry. Their title to it is, at least, doubtful, and\\nit will probably rest with Congress to determine\\nwhat disposition shall be made of it.\\nAt the request of the Government, Governor Hull\\nand Judge Woodward made a report, on October I o,\\n1805, as to the title to the town and commons.\\nTheir report says, The circumjacent ground, the\\nbank of tlie river alone excepted, was a wide com-\\nmons and though assertions are made respecting\\nthe e.xistence, among the records of Quebec, of a\\ncharter from the King of France conferring this\\ncommons as an appurtenance to the town, it was\\neither the property of the United States, or, at least,\\nsuch as individual claims did not pretend to cover.\\nThe Commons was the subject of another\\nmemorial from the inhabitants of Detroit to the\\nHouse of Representatives. On February 17, 1808,\\nMr. Gardner presented a memorial of the inhabi-\\ntants, praying that the title to a certain parcel of\\nland, amounting to about two thousand acres ad-\\njoining the said City of Detroit, may be granted, in\\nfee simple, to the corporation thereof, for the free\\nuse in common of all the memorialists, under such\\nreservations as to the wisdom of Congress shall\\nseem meet.\\nThis petition was referred to the Committee on\\nPublic Lands, but was never reported on ami the\\nGovernor and Judges assumed control of and dis-\\nposed of the property.\\nIt is very doubtful whether they had any right to\\ndispose of these lands, and their legal right was by\\nno means unquestioned they, however, claimed\\nthe right, and having the power, disposed of the\\nproperty. The lands were laid out. and designated\\nas Park Lots, and on March 6, 1809. forty-one of\\nthem were sold at auction. Very naturally, the sale\\ndid not meet the approval of the inhabitants, and on\\nJune 3, 181 1, a petition was presented to the Gov-\\nernor and Judges, praying them to annul the sale,\\nand convey the lots to be held by the inhabitants\\nof the town of Detroit forever as a commons.\\nThe records state that the petition was received\\nand read, and the prayer thereof not granted.\\nThis decision the older inhabitants received with\\nmingled grief and indignation, one of them saying,\\nIt has come to pass that the lands on the common,\\nthat our ancestors and ourselves owned more than\\none hundred years before the Congress of the United\\nStates or the Governor and Judges of Michigan\\nowned one foot of land on the face of the earth, are\\nnow exhibited for sale at public auction, to the origi-\\nnal proprietors, on the humiliating conditions that\\nwe pay twenty prices for it.\\nThe laying out of a portion of tlie commons, south\\nof what is now Adams Avenue, into regular city lots\\nwas also protested against. Addressing the chief\\nexecutive of the Territory, one of the inhabitants\\nsaid, Governor, if you had laid out the commons in\\nlots of from six to twelve acres, they would have\\nmade us good meadows or pastures for our cattle in\\nthe summer season, and we could afford to pay a\\nhandsome price for them but the lots you are now\\nattempting to sell are not worth the deeds and re-\\ncording. Believe us, Governor, no town will ever\\nexist in these marshes.\\nOthers of them, in a memorial to the President,\\ncomplained that the Governor and Judges had\\nlavished between five and six hundred dollars of our\\ntaxes in digging wells and erecting pumps on the\\ncommons, near half a mile behind the town of De-\\ntroit, where no town, in our opinion, will ever exist,\\nand no wells be necessary; and when they were\\nabout half finished, the enterprise was abandoned.\\nAll of these protests and memorials were, how-\\never, alike unavailing. The Governor and Judges\\nwere a law unto themselves, and continued to do as\\nthey pleased.\\nTHE PARK LOTS AND THE TEN-THOUSAND-ACRE\\nTRACT.\\nThe Park Lots and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract\\ntogether constitute the ten thousand acres which the\\nGovernor and Judges, by Act of 1806, were author-\\nized to lay out, adjacent to Detroit. The Ten-\\nThousand-Acre Tract, so-called, is separated from\\nthe rest of the land because it was not surveyed\\nuntil several years after the Park Lots were laid out.\\nThe Park Lots lie on both sides of Woodward\\nAvenue, and extend northwards for nearly two and\\na half miles from Adams Avenue. They were\\nordered sur\\\\-eyed by the Governor and Judges on\\nDecember 14, 1808. James McCloskey, the sur-\\nveyor, was instructed to commence his sur\\\\-ey north-\\nwest of the street which runs through the Grand\\nCircus, parallel with the same street, and to begin", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "26\\nTHE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\nwith lots of five acres, and increase the .size of lots\\nas he proceeds.\\nThe land was sun-eyed into eighty-six parcels or\\nlots, numbers i to 46 inclusive lying on the east, and\\nthe rest on the west side of Woodward Avenue.\\nOwing to the fact that the lines of the Cass and\\nBrush farms narrowed the domain on its northern\\nextremity, the lots were irregular in size and in num-\\nber of acres.\\nThe Ten-Thousand-.^cre Tract was surveyed by\\nJoseph F letcher in 1S16 into forty-eight lots, of one\\nhundred and sixty acres each, and twelve lots of\\neighty acres each. Half of these smaller lots are\\nsituated on the eastern, and half on the western side\\nof the tract.\\nTHE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES PLAN. LAND\\nBOARDS.\\nPrior to the fire of 1S05. the town embraced an\\narea of about two acres. Immediately after the fire,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0some of the inhabitants erected temporary dwellings\\nin the midst of the ruins of their former homes.\\nOthers determined to take possession of portions of\\nthe commons and build thereon. According to a\\nreport made on June 24, 1805, by Matthew Ernest,\\nFrancois Lasalle, and Charles Moran, there were\\nsixty-two proprietors of lots in the old town. The\\nsize of lots varied from twenty-four to one hundred\\nand sixty-one feet frontage, and from twenty-four\\nto one hundred and twenty-five feet in depth. On\\nMonday, July i, 1805, the inhabitants assembled\\nunder the pear-trees in the Public Garden and\\ninformally adopted a plan similar to the old one\\nincluding a portion of the commons. Judges\\nWoodward and Bates, who were present, pre\\\\ ailed\\non theni to defer further action until the arrival\\nof the governor, and they concluded to wait two\\nweeks. On the evening of the same day the\\ngovernor arrived. In a letter written August 3,\\n1S05, he says, .\\\\fter a conversation with the\\njudges it was determined to attempt to convince the\\nproprietors of the impropriety of their proceedings.\\nxhey very readily agreed to relinquish\\ntheir plan and wait fur our arrangements. We\\nimmediately fixed on a plan, and employed the best\\nsur\\\\-eyor we could find in the country to lay out\\nthe streets, squares, and lots. If possible, the plan\\nshall be forwarded by this conveyance. I hope it\\nwill be approved by the Government.\\nThe people considered that not more than two or\\nthree days w ould be necessary to lay out and reg-\\nulate the new town. But they were doomed to\\ndisappointment.\\nA few days after the meeting under the pear-\\ntrees Judge Woodward was appointed a standing\\ncommittee to lay out the new town agreeable to the\\nplan t ney had adopted and his Britannic Majesty s\\nsurveyor, Thomas Smith, was brought over from\\nUpper Canada to assist in that arduous undertaking.\\nMr. John (icntle, who wrote a full account of the\\nproceedings to a Pittsburgh paper, says\\nAfter a ffw days spent in preparing their apparatus, the judge\\nbegan his operations on a height contiguous to the fort. There\\nhe placed his instruments, astronomical and astrological, on the\\nsummit of a huge stone, which stone shall ever remain a monu-\\nment of his indefatigable perseverance.^\\nFor the space of thirty days and thirty nights he viewed the\\ndiurnal evolutions of the planets, visible and invisible, and calcu-\\nlated the course and rapidity of the blazing meteors. To his pro-\\nfound obser\\\\ ations of the heavenly regions the world is indebted\\nfor the discovery of the streets, alleys, circles, angles, and squares\\nof this magnificent city, in theory equal in magnitude and splen-\\ndor to any on the earth.\\nBut the most arduous and tedious performance was the laying\\nout and measuring the marshes a mile back from the town into\\nstreets, lots, circles, and grand squares, measuring and unmeasur-\\ning them, arranging and deranging them, for the space of two full\\nmonths more. The patience of the people was at length exhausted;\\nand they became so clamorous at last that the Governor and\\nJudges were constrained to rest from their labors and agree to\\nmake a division of the lots.\\nThe inhabitants were told to go and choose lots, and if more\\nthan one chose the same lot, the legislature would decide which\\nshould have the choice. They reasoned against this mode of\\ndivision, because they well knew it would not succeed; but it was\\nof no use. Several went and chose the same lot; the legislature\\nwas applied to for a decision, and a dispute took place between\\nthe legislature and the people, in consequence, as was intended,\\nthis mode of division was abandoned.\\nUy way of killing time, the judge went to work again with his\\ninstruments, and measured the commons over and over for about\\nthree weeks more. A few lots were then advertized for sale at\\nauction, on these conditions: If the proprietors of lots in the old\\ntown purchased, they were at liberty to offset the lots they pur-\\nchased with their old lots, foot for foot; and if the old ground was\\nnot sufficient to cover the new, two cents would be e.vacted per\\nfoot for the overplus; and all purchasers were to give bonds, pay-\\nable in five years in five installments, to illiam Hull, Esq., his\\nheirs, etc.. etc.\\nThe first lot was purchased by James .\\\\bbott, who was instructed\\nby Judge Woodward to bid it up for him, for five hundred dollars.\\nThe next, by James Henry, at three hundred dollars: he had old\\nground to cover with. The next, by Charles Curry, at six hun-\\ndred dollars: he also had ground to cover with. The ne.xt was bid\\nup to two thousand six hundred dollars, by Henry and Abbott.\\nThe average price of the fourteen lots sold was now taken, and\\nfixed as a general medium for all future sales. Many applied\\nafterwards for lots; but none could be obtained unless they agreed\\nto pay the fi.xed average price, which was three hundred dollars\\nfin the lower side of the main street and two hundred and fifty\\non the upper side. As no title could be given, no payments were\\nrequired to be made under one year.\\nEarly in November, 1S05, Governor Hull and\\nJudge Woodward left for Washington, carrying\\nwith them a plan to aid in obtaining desired legisla-\\ntion. The plan embraced the old site and also most\\nof the so-called Commons or Public Land, which\\nwas almost entirely destitute of trees for a mile or\\nmore on all sides, and afforded a fine location for\\nthe proposed new city.\\nThe stone referred to was undoubtedly the same immense\\nboulder that lay on the Campus Martius, at the junction of Mon-\\nroe and Woodward .\\\\venues, until the street was paved, when it\\nwas buried out of sight,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE GO\\\\ KR.\\\\OR AND JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\nThis plan was, probably, lost or destroyed at the\\ntime the liriti.sh were in possession in 1S12; in the\\nyear 18 15 careful search failed to reveal any trace\\nof it.\\nThe visit of Hull and Woodward to Washington\\nresulted in the passage of the Act of April 21, 1806.\\nwhich authorized the Governor and Judges to lay\\nout a new town and ten thousand acres of land\\nadjacent, and to convey a lot, not to exceed fi\\\\^\\nthousand feet in size, to every person above the age\\nof seventeen years who owned or inhabited a house\\nin Detroit at the time of the fire, and who did not\\nprofess or owe allegiance to any foreign power. The\\nbalance of the lands were to be devoted to erecting\\na court-house knd jail.\\nIt would appear that members of Congress even\\nthen were credited with being open to the influences\\nof conviviality, for Judge Woodward is quoted as\\nsaying that he expended three hundred dollars in\\nwine to treat the members of Congress with the\\npurpose of influencing them to pass the bill.\\nAll of the transactions of the Governor and Judges\\nare involved in mystery and the action of Congress\\nin passing the Act of 1806 seems strangely at\\nvariance with what might naturally have been\\nexpected.\\nThe giving away of ten thousand acres of valuable\\nUnited States land, and many of the town lots as\\nwell, to enable the Territory to build a court-house\\nand a jail, seems a strange proceeding, especially\\nwhen it was claimed that the surplus taxes of the\\nTerritory for 1805 alone would have been more\\nthan suflficient to build a court-house and a jail\\nlarge enough to accommodate the sparsely inhabited\\ncountry. It is said that the lands were then of\\ncomparatively little value but if lands, in and near\\nDetroit, were of so little worth, why was the Gov-\\nernment so dilatory and so careful in the con-\\nfirmation of the private claims, so-called, which\\nlay on both sides of the town Looking at these\\nland matters in all their bearings, it is no wonder\\nthat some of the inhabitants thought there was a\\ndesire on the part of some of the oflicials to dis-\\npossess them of their property and drive them out\\nof the Territory.\\nThe delay in the definite adoption of any plan\\nforced the inhabitants to remain scattered here and\\nthere, in improvised abodes, all through the summer\\nand fall of 1805. Winter came, and still no action\\nwas taken and such w ere the delays in connection\\nwith the plans of 1806 that not a single house was\\nerected that year; up to May, 1807, only nineteen\\ndeeds had been given for lots in the new town.\\nThese delays cannot be justified: indeed, there can\\nbe no question that had there not been a settled pur-\\npose to delay action, plans might have been adopted,\\nlots staked out, and proprietorship agreed upon,\\nmuch earlier, and all such action would have received\\nwhatever of congressional sanction was necessary.\\nAll the old records, and the earliest deeds, show that\\nthere was gross mismanagement and vexatious delay\\nin the distribution of lots.\\nThe first meeting of the Governor and Judges as\\na Land Board was on September 6, 1806, and\\nduring the month various resolutions were adopted\\nin relation to the manner in which lots should be\\ndisposed of. Corner lots, and those most valuable,\\nwere to be sold, and others not so advantageously\\nsituated were to be given away. This plan did not\\nmeet the approval of the citizens, and on October 6,\\n1806, a public meeting was held and the citizens\\nprotested against it vigorously. On October 1 1 the\\npeople were requested to present such a plan as\\nthey would approve, and on October 16 a plan was\\npresented which was substantially adopted just one\\nmonth later.\\nI Uder this plan the inhabitants of the town, at\\nthe time of the fire, were divided into three classes\\n1. Those who owned lots in the town at the time;\\n2. Those who owned or occupied houses; 3. Those\\nindividuals who resided in the town, but who did\\nnot own or occupy any lot or house. Those persons\\nin the first class who had improved their lots subse-\\n(juent to the fire were allowed to retain the lands\\noccupied or enclosed by them but as the lots, ac-\\ncording to the new plan, were, in some instances,\\nlarger than they had before occupied, they were re-\\nquired to pay from two to three cents per square\\nfoot for any excess in size.\\nTowards Christmas the governor, by agreement,\\ndecided the rights of all the claimants, one by one,\\nand located the donation lots; and about New Year\\nevery person, male and female, who lived in the\\ntown when it was burned, and whom the go\\\\ernor\\njudged eligible, to the number of two hundred and\\nfifty-one, drew their donation lots.\\nAbout three weeks after, the board came to-\\ngether, and the governor introduced the question\\nWhether those who came to Detroit since it was\\ngiven up to the Americans by the British, who had\\nnot taken the oath of allegiance, should receive do-\\nnation lots, and delivered a lengthy speech in favor\\nof said class of claimants. Judges Woodward and\\nGriffin seemed also at first inclined to favor giving\\nthem lots, but the final decision was against such\\nclaimants. About two thirds of the two hundred\\nand fifty-one persons who had drawn donation lots\\nbut a few days previously were, by this decision,\\ndeprived of them. So the farce went on, the people\\nbeing alternately threatened and cajoled until many\\nof them became almost ready to yield their old\\nholdings and leave the TerritoPi-.\\nEventually the terms of the .Act of 1 806 were very\\nliberally construed, and not only indi\\\\-idual owTiers", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "28\\nTHE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\nand occupants but in some cases their wives, and\\neven their slaves, were the recipients of donation\\nlots.\\nThe claims allowed to individuals in all three classes\\nwere bought up, traded, and transferred, in many\\ninstances never being owned for any length of time\\nby the persons to whom the lots were given.\\nThere would seem to be no end to the opportunity\\nfor legitimate criticism of the proceedings of the\\nGovernor and Judges. One would naturally sup-\\npose that the Congressional Act of 1 806 was intended\\nto relieve, as far as possible, the necessities of those\\nwho suffered by the fire. That was the ostensible\\nobject of the Act; but in fact the most valuable lots\\nwere sold to and taken up by persons who were not\\nsufferers by the fire, nor even residents of the town\\nwhen it occurred. The Governor and Judges sought,\\nby various methods, to compel the people to purchase\\nlots, and the donation lots were offered rather as a\\nsort of bonus than as a gift.\\nThe Donation Files are in the office of the city\\nclerk. File Number One contains a list of claim-\\nants to lots under the first, second, and third classes,\\nwith the numbers of lots according to the old plan.\\nFile Number Two contains a list of unsettled claims.\\nFile Number Three gives a list of proprietors and\\nresidents of the town on Jhne 11, 1805. There\\nare one hundred and fifty-eight receipts for donation\\nlots.\\nThe difficulty of distributing the donation lots\\nsatisfactorily, and the troubles between the Governor\\nand Judges, are indicated in the following extract\\nfrom a letter by Judge Woodward to James Madison,\\nthen Secretary of State. He says\\nThe town titles will be definitely arranged as soon as the mili-\\ntary resen-ation is made. We gave great dissatisfaction in the dis-\\ntribution of the donations. Mr. Bates and myself were clearly of\\nopinion that the donations should not be suffered to run foul of the\\nadjustment of the ancient titles. The governor gave way to the\\npublic storm. .\\\\s their wish was, however, impracticable in its\\nown nature, not from the mere reluctance of those who were to\\nmake the distribution, we have been constantly obliged to pain-\\nfully tread back upon our own steps; and none of us have given\\nsatisfaction to the people. Perhaps none could have done it under\\nthe jealousies and dissensions existing among them. But they\\nwould have been more respectful towards the Government if it had\\nbeen steady and firm. On one side desiring nothing wrong, and\\nnot to be driven from what they knew to be right on the other.\\nThe plan of 1805 was superseded by the plan of\\n1806, made by Abijah Hull. This plan differed\\nfrom that of 1 805, both in the size and the boun-\\ndaries of the lots. What is probably the original is in\\nthe city clerk s office it is pasted on a piece of stiff\\npaper, and bears on its face the words Abijah\\nHull, Derby, Conn. (the birthplace of Governor\\nHull) and the words Abijah Hull, Detroit, Mich.,\\ntogether with a rough outline of two buildings, evi-\\ndently intended to represent the capitol and the\\npenitentiary.\\nThere is also in the city clerk s office a plan on\\nparchment, mounted on rollers, entitled, Copy of\\nPlan of 1806, by Abijah Hull, Detroit, Mich., bear-\\ning the words, The figures in black ink denote the\\nplan of 1806, the figures in red denote the plan of\\n1807. This last-named plan was fully identified in\\n1877 by J. F. Munroe as the copy of the Abijah Hull\\nplan, which was made by him while in A. E. Hae-\\nthon s employ, from Brush s abstract of titles and\\nthe Governor and Judges papers.\\nIn 1807 Abijah Hull prepared plans of sections\\nI, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. These plans, in the shape\\nof some of the lots, and also in the numbering,\\ndiffer from former plans. This series of section plans,\\ncalled the Book of Sections, was adopted by the\\nGovernor and Judges, all the plans being attested\\nwith the signatures of William Hull, Governor, and\\nPeter Audrain, Secretary. The certificate of the\\ncounty register as to the recording of these plans was\\nnot attached until December 23, 1848.\\nAll of the sections named are marked as approved\\non April 7, 1807, except Section No. 7, which\\nwas approved April 13, and -Section No. i, which\\nwas approved on April 27 of the same year. Sub-\\nsequently to 1807, Aaron Greely appears to have\\nbeen employed by the Governor and Judges as sur-\\nveycjr, and he is said to have deviated from all the\\nprevious plans. Deeds were issued in accordance\\nwith lots as shown on the several plans, and grants\\nwere made that conformed to none of the plans, but\\nsimply confirmed titles to tracts of land in the old\\ntown and adjoining domain, the boundary lines being\\ndescribed by old landmarks regardless of later plans.\\nThe main features of the plans of 1805. 1806, and\\nI S07 were undoubtedly the same, and do great credit\\nto the foresight of their author. Judge Woodward.\\nHis views of the future of Detroit were nearly a\\ncentury in advance of his time.\\nIn the light of existing facts, no one who studies\\nthe original plan can avoid wishing that it could have\\nbeen adhered to. The portions of the city of which\\nwe are most proud and which are most admired by\\nstrangers, our main a\\\\ enues, the Campus Martius,\\nthe Grand Circus, and the smaller public .squares,\\nare all parts of Judge Woodward s plan. His\\ndiagonal streets and avenues have produced several\\nlocations of special prominence which afford excep-\\ntional opportunities for architectural display. Pecu-\\nliar and pleasing \\\\nstas result in many places from\\nthe triangular intersection of streets arranged for in\\nhis plan.\\nThat the plan was suggested by Judge Woodward\\nis evidenced by the fact that seven pages of his\\nPrivate Memorandum Book, commenced March\\n29, 1802, are occupied with a map of the city of\\nWashington cut into sections. Anyone who looks\\nat this book, and examines the old plan of 1806,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE GO^ ER^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0OR AND JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\n29\\nwill be convinced that it was made by Woodward\\nfrom suggestions afforded by the plan of Washing-\\nton. That city had been laid out only fourteen\\nyears before. When Mr. Woodward came here\\nfrom Alexandria, he was full of plans for remodel-\\nling Detroit after the national capital, which was so\\nnear his old home. The capital itself was laid out\\nby a French engineer, Major Lenfant, who took\\nportions of ersailles as his model. Our old French\\ncity thus has features in its plan which perpetuate\\nremembrances of the capitals of its earliest and its\\nlatest Government.\\nThe Governor and Judges Plan covered some\\nold claims and also the Government Reserve but\\nin so far as any of the owners yielded to the plan, it\\nwas largely of choice. In all cases where the old\\nproprietors were willing, lands were exchanged with\\nthem foot for foot but in several instances the\\nowners preferred to retain their old holdings, giving\\nup or exchanging only so much as was covered by\\nthe new streets. The entire front of the old town,\\nso far as it was in private hands, was retained in its\\noriginal shape, and hence the lots south of Jefferson\\nAvenue, and extending west from a point not far\\nbelow Griswold Street, do not conform to the plan\\nof 1807. The same is true of scattered lots north\\nof Jefferson Avenue, as well as some east of Wood-\\nward and south of Jefferson A\\\\;enue, which were\\nconfirmed as original private holdings.\\nA space one arpent wide from the west part of\\nthe Askin or Brush Farm, and extending back to\\nMichigan Avenue (perhaps a little farther), scjUI by\\nMr. Askin, and partly built up several years before\\nthe fire, never yielded to the plan.\\nOn November 17, 1808, James McCloskey, by re-\\nquest of Governor Hull and Judge Witherell, made\\na plan of the city, laying it out at right angles, which\\nthey sought unavailingly to have adopted. In 1816,\\nseemingly at the request of the Governor and Judges,\\nThomas Smith examined all deeds and records that\\ncould be found, and, taking Hull s Book of Sec-\\ntions, so far as possible, as a guide, prepared a new\\nplan about six feet square. This plan appears to\\nhave been endorsed by the Governor and Judges, as\\nuse was made of it at various public land sales, but\\nno trace of it can now be found.\\nThe Governor and Judges were required, by the\\noriginal Act of Congress, to report their proceed-\\nings; but they made no report until Congress, by\\nAct approved May 30, 1830, retiuired them to trans-\\nmit a plat of the city. In accordance with this law,\\nJohn Farmer of Detroit was engaged by Governor\\nLewis Cass and Judges William Woodbridge, Solo-\\nmon Sibley, and Henry Chipnian to prepare a plan\\nof Detroit. The map was drawn on a scale of two\\nhundred and fifty feet to one inch, and was for-\\nwarded to Congress by the Governor and Judges,\\nwith other documents, on January 8, 1831. Much\\nopposition was made to it by many citizens at the\\ntime, as private interests were not consulted in its\\npreparation, only the ofiicial and legal representation\\nof lots being given. On February 12. 1831, the\\nCommittee on Territories reported a bill in favor of\\nthe map as drawn by John Farmer but as the Gov-\\nernor and Judges were found to have full power in\\nthe matter, no further action was thought necessary.\\nThe map, on a reduced scale, is reproduced in Vol-\\nume V. of the American State Papers, Public Land\\nSeries and a fac-simile, one third the size of that\\nreproduction, is given. It is the only official map\\nforwarded by the CJovernor and Judges, or recog-\\nnized by Congress, and is frequently referred to in\\nlaw cases where the highest authority is desired. It\\nwill be noticed that the sub-divisions of the Military\\nReser\\\\ e, although laid out several years before the\\nmap of 1 83 1 was made, are not shown on the map;\\nthe reason lies in the fact that the Reserve was laid\\nout by the city, and not by the Go\\\\-ernor and Judges.\\nThe Governor and Judges made no report to Con-\\ngress in regard to their management of the Park\\nLots or the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. J. F. Mun-\\nroe says that when the papers of the Governor and\\nJudges were turned over to A. E. Haethon, city\\nsur\\\\-eyor, there was among them a survey of these\\nlands, and that Haethon neglected to give it to his\\nsuccessors. His office was subsequently destroyed\\nby fire, and the survey was undoubtedly burned.\\nThe Governor and Judges, first in charge, un-\\ndoubtedly assumed unlawful power in giving awav\\nlots to various churches ^nd societies, and exceeded\\ntheir authority in many particulars. None of these\\npowers were included in the Act creating the Land\\nBoard. The ease with which their sessions changed\\nfrom land-board to legislative, and from legislati\\\\-e\\nto judicial, as the exigencies of the case seemed to\\nthem to demand, was something marvellous even for\\nthat time of transition. They were not asked to\\npresent any detailed account of their management as\\na Land Board or of the disposition of their trust\\nand no report was ever rendered by them as to the\\ndisposal of a single lot, or of a single dollar recei\\\\-ed\\nfrom the sale of lots. Different persons served in\\nconnection with the important trust, and as no ac-\\ncount of their acts was ever officially called for, they\\ncannot well be blamed; but it certainly was a mani-\\nfestation of great confidence or of great carelessness\\nto suffer any set of men to wield so much power\\nwithout requiring from them any report.\\nThere were at their disposal ten thousand acres of\\nland immediately adjoining the city.over four hundred\\ncity lots in the best and oldest part of the town, and\\nall of the lands known as the Park Lots, lying north\\nof Adams Avenue and on both sides of Woodward\\nAvenue, between the Cass and Brush farms, and e.x-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "THE GOVERNOR AXD JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\ntending nearly to the present railroad crossing, a\\ndistance of two and one half miles and the old capi-\\ntol, the jail, and a few scattering lots, comprised the\\nnet proceeds of their far-seeing efforts.\\nReduced Fac-simile of the Governor and Judges Plan.\\nThat no account was rendered is made apparent\\nby the fact that the memorial of a committee of citi-\\nzens to Congress, in January, 1823, printed in the\\nDetroit Gazette, says that no statement of the receipts\\nor expenses of the Territory had ever been made\\npublic, and that even the appropriation laws had not\\nbeen published, except in one or two instances. The\\narticle also set forth, That the Governor and\\nJudges, as trustees of the Detroit fund, had already\\nbeen in the management\\nof that trust for si.Nteen\\nyears, and no court-house\\nis as yet built, or any\\nsteps taken towards build-\\ning one; no account has\\never been rendered of their\\nproceedings in the man-\\nagement of said fund,\\neither for the information\\nof the people for whose\\nbenefit the grant was made,\\nor to Congress who made\\nthe grant. That one of\\nthe judges is directly and\\nvoluntarily interested to a\\nvery large extent in the\\nfunds of that trust and we\\nha\\\\ e reason to believe,\\nfrom his conduct as a\\nmember of the Land\\nBoard, that that interest\\nhas a direct influence on\\nthe management of the\\nconcerns of that trust.\\nThe financial transactions\\nconnected with their doings\\nunder the Act were kept\\nby the treasurer of the\\nTerritory in an account\\ncalled the Detroit Fund\\nbut the most diligent search\\nhas failed to rind any re-\\ncord or statement of re-\\nceipts or expenses credited\\nor charged to the fund dur-\\ning the first twenty years\\nof their administration.\\nThe following persons\\nacted as secretaries of the\\nLand Board\\nPeter Audrain, 1806-1809\\nJoseph Watson, 1809-181S\\nA. E. Wing 1S18-1822\\nA.G.Whitney, 1822-1824\\nE. Brush 1824-1826\\nH. Chipman 1826-1829\\n829\\nL. B. Sturges\\nE. A. Brush 1830-1832\\nThomas Rowland 1832-1834\\nA. S. Kellogg 1 834-1 837\\nAfter the State was admitted into the Union, there", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES PLAN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAND BOARDS.\\n31\\nremained neither territorial governor nor judges\\nlegally competent to deal with such lands as re-\\nmained of the original trust, and of necessity the\\ntrust was terminated.\\nThe last session of the Governor and Judges as a\\nLand Board was held on July i, 1836, when they\\nconveyed a lot to the Detroit Young Men s Society.\\nTheir functions ceased two days after.\\nFor twenty-two years after the establishment of a\\nregular cit)- government, the Governor and Judges\\ncontrolled and disposed of the property originally\\ncommitted t(; them, although the occasion and neces-\\nsity for the continuance of their trust had long before\\npassed away; and not until five years after their\\nauthority ceased was any one charged with the duty\\nof closing up their affairs.\\nWhen their regime closed various city lots were\\nstill undisposed of. the titles of others were not se-\\ncured to their rightful owners, and the business gen-\\nerally was in a confused and unfinished state.\\nOn April 25, 1837, a Committee of the Common\\nCouncil was appointed to inquire into the state of\\nthe Detroit Fund, and on May 9 the council directed\\nthe recorder to prepare documents to be presented\\nto Congress, in order to obtain the transfer to the\\ncity of the balance of the funds, or lots.\\nOn August 5 the recorder presented the form of\\na memorial which was adopted; and on March 24,\\n1838, \u00c2\u00a7200 were ordered to be paid to Ross Wil-\\nkins for making mvestigations and preparing the\\nmemorial. No action was taken by Congress, and\\nthe work of petitioning was repeated in 1840. On\\nApril 14 a memorial was signed by all the members\\nof the council; and on August 29, 1842, Congress\\npassed a law making the mayor, recorder, and\\naldermen the successors of the (Governor and Judges,\\nand directing them to take an oath to carry out the\\nlaw which authorized them to sit as a Land Board.\\nThe law also required them to report, on or before\\nJanuary i, 1844. This last requirement, however,\\nthey neglected to obser\\\\-e.\\nOn September 27, 1842, the city clerk was di-\\nrected to take charge of all the old Land Board\\ndocuments; and on December 20, 1842, Bela Hub-\\nbard and C. J. O Flynn were appointed to make a\\nfull examination and report concerning the origin,\\nadministration, and present condition of the trust\\noriginally committed to the Governor and Judges.\\nOn November 26, 1844, they presented an elabor-\\nate report, with many interesting details, including a\\ncomplete list of the changes in numbers of lots, re-\\nsulting from the various and conflicting plans of the\\nGovernor and Judges. The numbers according to\\nthe new plan are the numbers now used, the num-\\nbers according to the old plan being of value only in\\ntracing early ownership.\\nLIST\\nOF CHANGES IN-\\nnc.mbers of lots.\\nOld\\nNew\\nOld\\nNew\\nOld\\nNew\\n1 Old\\nNew\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nPlan.\\nSection i.\\n51\\n59\\n49\\n48\\n57\\n59\\n9 12\\n10\\n3^\\n60\\n50\\n49\\n58\\n60\\n-,6\\n42\\n48\\n49\\n50\\n51\\n52\\n53\\n54\\n55\\n56\\n53\\n61\\n51\\n50\\n59\\n61\\n11\\n43\\n44\\n45\\n46\\n54\\n62\\n52\\n51\\n60\\n62\\n;s\\n63\\nS3\\n52\\n6i\\nP\\n56\\n64\\n54\\n53\\n62\\n64\\n57\\n65\\n55\\n54\\n63\\n6s\\n58\\n66\\n56\\n55\\n64\\n66\\ni\\n67\\n76\\n74\\n68\\n71\\n47\\n43\\n82\\n97\\n77\\n75\\n69\\n72\\nl^\\n98\\n78\\n76\\n70\\n73\\n49 50\\n50 i 5t\\n84\\n87 97\\n99\\n103\\n80\\n81\\n11\\n79\\n71\\n72\\n73\\n74\\n75\\n76\\n51\\n3\\nSection 3.\\nS3\\n80\\n74\\n77\\n52\\n53\\n57\\n58\\n57\\n58\\n64\\n11\\n39\\n53\\n54\\n55\\n84\\n85\\n86\\n8z\\n82\\n83\\n75\\n76\\n77\\n78\\n80\\n81\\n82\\n83\\n84\\n59 60\\n60 59\\n61\\n62\\n65\\n66\\n67\\n68\\n40\\n42\\n4\\n56\\nSect\\n21\\nION 7.\\n21 22\\n81\\n82\\n63\\n69\\nSection 4.\\n22\\n23\\nSection 8.\\n6^\\n65\\n66\\n67 i 115\\n68\\n84\\n86\\n87\\n70\\n49\\n53\\n23\\n24\\n24\\n25\\n21\\n21 22\\n71\\n72\\n73\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\nSI\\n52\\n54\\n55\\n=6\\n25\\n26\\n27\\n26\\n27\\n28\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n74\\n92\\n93\\n94\\n53\\n,54\\n53^55\\n56\\n11\\n61\\n62\\n28\\n29\\n3\u00c2\u00b0\\n31\\n29\\n30\\n31\\n32\\n2\\n11\\n26\\n27\\n28\\n29\\nSect\\nION 2.\\n32\\n33\\n33\\n34\\n29\\n30\\n30\\n31\\n16\\n19\\n59\\n34\\n35\\n3\\n32\\n17\\n20\\n6q\\n6t\\n62\\n64\\nS5\\nC6\\n3S\\n36\\n32\\n33\\n18\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a09\\n21\\n22\\n36\\n37\\n37\\n38\\n33\\n34\\n34\\n35\\n23 24\\nP\\n67\\n68\\n38\\n39\\n35\\n36\\n21\\n25\\n39\\n40\\n36\\n37\\n22\\n26\\n65 09\\n40\\n41\\n37\\n38\\n23\\n27\\n28\\nSection 6.\\n41\\n42\\n38\\n39\\n24\\n42\\n43\\n39\\n40\\n-5\\n29\\n35\\n34\\n43\\n44\\n40\\n41\\n26\\n3\u00c2\u00b0\\n36\\n35\\n44\\n45\\n41\\n42\\n27\\n31 32\\n37\\n36\\n45\\n47\\n82\\n43\\n28\\n33\\n38\\n37\\n46\\n48\\n42\\n44\\n41\\n48\\n35\\n38\\n47\\n49\\n43\\n42\\n49\\n40\\n39\\n48\\n50\\n44\\n46\\n43\\n50\\n41\\n40\\n49\\n51\\n45\\n47\\n44\\n51\\n42\\n4\\n50\\n52\\n46\\n48\\n45\\n52\\n43\\n42\\n5t\\n53\\n47\\n49\\n46\\n53\\n44\\n43\\n52\\n54\\n48\\n50\\n47\\n54\\n45\\n44\\nS3\\n55\\n49\\n5\\n48\\n55\\n46\\n45\\n54\\n56\\n50\\n52\\n41\\n56\\n47\\n46\\n55\\n57\\n5\\n33\\n5^\\n57\\n48\\n47\\n56\\n58\\n52\\n54\\nTheir report showed that the city had become the\\nabsolute owner of twenty-nine lots, with possible or\\npart title in nearly seventy others. Ever since 1 842,\\nas occasion has required, land-board sessions of\\nthe council have been held, decisions made, and\\ndeeds issued to claimants and purchasers. Sessions\\nhave also been held from time to time to perfect\\ntitles of property originally deeded by the Governor\\nand Judges, and to define the powers and rights of\\nthe city as to various parks laid out on the original\\nplan. In 1880 a session of the council as a Land\\nBoard was held to perfect the title to a portion of\\nSt. Ann s Church property. It seems hardly possi-\\nble that Congress by the Act of 1842 intended to\\ngive the city government, for an indefinite length of\\ntime, the peculiar power it has since continued\\nto exercise, and a limitation of its power in this\\ndirection would probably be no injustice.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nMAPS OF DETROIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CASS AND BRUSH\\nFARMS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MILITARY RESERVES.\\nMAPS OF DETROIT.\\nThe earliest plans or maps yet discovered were\\nmade in 1749 and 1754 by Joseph Gaspard Chausse-\\ngros de Lery, a French lieutenant and engineer. A\\nfew of his papers fell into the possession of Father\\nLouis Antoine Pothier, and in 1845 Jacques Viger,\\nof Montreal, made copies of some of them, including\\nthe maps named. In 1854 C. I. Walker obtained\\ntracings of them, one of which is here reproduced.\\nThe only differences between the plans of 1749 and\\n1754 are as follows: In the plan of 1754 the\\nstockade is extended a little farther east, and the\\nlocation of a bake-house and store-house are\\nmarked, while the location of the cemetery is not\\ndesignated. From an examination of the plan of\\n1 749 it will be seen that in its general outline and\\nmethod of laying out the streets, it is almost a fac-\\nsimile of the earliest map of New Orleans. The\\nnext oldest plan of Detroit is the one made by T.\\nSmith in 1816, showing the city as it was in 1796.\\nIn 1877 what is believed to be the original copy of\\nthis map was in the possession of Eugene Robinson.\\n.VLOt^\\nK^^^^^.a-i^^\\nUP\\nAS IT WAS\\nAugust 20th, 1749.\\nBEFEBENCES.\\nA* CommaQdanl s Bouse.\\nB.- Qiiard House and Barracks.\\nr.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Powd/^r Magazine,\\np.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Parish Church.\\nE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Priest s House.\\nF.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cemetery.\\nO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Royal GardenSw\\nH.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Individual Qardens.\\nIf H\\nPlan of Detroit m 1749.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "MAP S OF DETROIT.\\nengraved\\nwhifh is,\\nIt was bought by A. E. Haethon, of Detroit, of\\nHenry Berthelet, of Montreal, for fifteen dollars.\\nThe plan in Mrs. Sheldon s History of Michigan\\nwas made from it by J. F. Munroe. The full title\\nof the map is Plan of the Town and Fortifi-\\ncations of Detroit as they stood before the year\\n1796.\\nAbout 1S25 J. O. Lewis, of Detroit\\nand published a small map of the city\\nprobably, a fair representation of\\nthe proposed plans of 1805 and\\n1806, with the addition of public\\nbuildings as they existed at the time\\nof publication. This map is on\\na scale of five hundred feet to one\\ninch, and was, probably, drawn by\\nJohn Mullett; it had no official\\nsanction. In 1877 copies w ere pos-\\nsessed by Sidney D. Miller and\\nothers. An engraved copy of the\\nmap with 1807 attached to the\\ntitle, and without the numbers of\\nthe lots, was in possession of James\\nA. Girardin in 1878. It was litho-\\ngraphed by Compton Gibson, at\\nBuffalo, New York. A copy of one\\nof the ori;,nnal maps is reproduced\\nin olume V. of the American\\nState Papers, Public Land Series,\\nin connection with the report of\\nthe Governor and Judges. A fac-\\nsimile, reduced to one half size, is\\ngiven.\\nIn 1S30 John Mullett made and\\npublished a map of the city. It,\\nhowever, laid down alleys which had\\nno legal existence, and failed to\\nshow the lines of many claims and\\nlots, tlie boundaries of and rights to\\nwhich had been recognized by the\\nGovernor and Judges. This map is\\nalso reproduced, with a slight change\\nin title, in V olume Y. of the .Ymeri-\\ncan State Papers, Public Land Se-\\nries. In 1878 J. C. Holmes had a\\ncopy of the original map, of which\\nfive hundred copies are said to have\\nbeen sold at a dollar a copy.\\nThe plan of 1831, drawn by John\\nFarmer, is described in connection with the history\\nof the (iovernor and Judges Plan. The next map\\nwas drawn by John Farmer while holding the\\noffice of district surveyor. It was published in\\n1835, and was the first map of Detroit which gave\\naccurately the size of the lots, and carefully deline-\\nated the old land lines. The size of the map was\\n30.X44. inches. Its price was three dollars. It had\\na ery large sale and has furnished the ground-work\\nfor all the maps of the city that have since been\\nmade. The copyright of this map was sold to J.\\nH. Colton Co., and it was subsequently published\\nby A. E. Haethon. He i.ssued two editions, dated\\n1S46 and 1856 respectively.\\nIn 1837 Morse Brother issued a hastily prepared\\nmap of the city; and in 1853 Henr)^ Hart published\\na map showing the location of the buildings. In\\nMap of the City in 1796.\\n1858 J. F. Munroe, city sur\\\\ eyor, issued the best\\nmap made from 1835 till then. On account of the\\ngrowth of the city, it was necessarily much larger\\nthan any that preceded it. A new edition was pub-\\nlished in 1868. In 1S71 Eugene Robinson, city\\nsurveyor, compiled a large map, which was published\\nby Calvert Company. A second edition was\\nissued in 1879.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "MAPS OF DETROIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.\\nSeveral small maps of the city have been pub-\\nlished in connection with the city directories, that of\\nJames Dale Johnson being the first. Complete\\nsmall street maps of the city were first published in\\n1863, and have been issued almost yearly since, by\\nthe firm of S. Farmer Company. In 1875 this\\nfirm issued the first edition of a Map of the City of\\nDetroit and Its Environs. It was drawn by C. H.\\nReduced F.\\\\c-simile of the Lewis Map of the Governor and Judges Proposed Pla\\nEllis, is four by five feet in size, and shows all of\\nDetroit with a large portion of the adjoining town-\\nships of Hamtramck, Springwells, and Greenfield,\\nincluding the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and the\\nvillage of Norris it takes in the new Water orks\\nand Belle Isle, on the east, and extends far enough\\nwest to include Fort Wayne, Delray, the Grand\\nTrunk Junction, and Woodmere Cemetery. Both\\nsides of the river are shown, with the Canadian vil-\\nlages of alkertown, indsor, and Sandwich.\\nCITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.\\nIn 1803 Mr. C. Jouett, the Indian agent, wrote to\\nthe War Department that of the two hundred and\\ntwenty-five acres granted to Cadillac in 1701, only\\nfour were occupied by the\\ntown and Fort Lernoult\\nthe remainder, except\\ntwenty-four acres added\\nto William McComb s\\nfarm, is a common. The\\nboundaries of the town,\\nby the Act of 1802, werp\\nas follows Bounded\\nin front by the river, or\\nStrait of Detroit east-\\nwardly by the division\\nline between John Askin,\\nEsq., and Antoine Beau-\\nbien westwardly by the\\ndivision line between the\\nfarms belonging to the\\nheirs of the late William\\nMcComb and Pierre\\nChesne extending back\\nfrom said river two miles,\\nat an equal width rear as\\nin front.\\nThe Pierre Chesne\\nFarm is now known as\\nthe Jones or Crane Farm.\\nThe adopted Plan of\\nthe Governor and Judges\\nleft out the Brush and L.\\nBeaubien farms on the\\neast, and the Cass Farm\\non the west, and extended\\nonly about one mile back\\nfrom the river, thus re-\\nducing the limits of the\\ntown on three sides.\\nOn October 24, 181 5,\\nthe city limits were ex-\\ntended so as to include\\nthe Cass Farm for a dis-\\ntance of two miles from the river; but by Act of\\nMarch 30,1820, the Cass Farm was again thrown\\noutside of the city.\\nThe Witherell Farm, which became part of De-\\ntroit by the Act taking effect April 4, 1836, was left\\noutside of the city by the Act of February 15, 1842.\\nBy Act of .April 12, 1873, parts of the townships\\nof Hamtramck and Greenfield were added to the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CITV BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CASS AND BRISH FARMS.\\n35\\ncity, but the Supreme Court decided that the Act\\nwas illegal.\\nIt thus appears that the boundaries of the city\\nhave been curtailed no less than four times. Its\\nlimits have, however, been actually and permanently\\nextended no less than seven times, as appears from\\nthe accompanying map, which, with the above ex-\\nplanations, gives a complete showing of the area of\\nDetroit at different periods of time.\\nCASS AND BRUSH FARMS.\\nAmong all the old claims embraced wthin the city,\\nprobably none are so frequently mentioned as the\\nCass and Brush farms. These farms bounded the\\noriginal Governor and Judges Plan, the Brush Farm\\nlying on the easterly, and the Cass Farm on the\\nwesterly side of the town.\\nPortions of the tract now included in the Cass\\nFarm were granted to Robert Navarre on May i,\\n1747, and other portions, in 1750, to three several\\npersons, Messsrs. Barrois. Godet, and St. Martin.\\nThe Pontiac Manuscript shows that the person last\\nnamed was occupying a portion of the farm in 1763.\\nOn March 20, 1 781, it was purchased at auction of\\nthe estate of Jacques St. Martin by W. Macomb for\\n^1060. About this time, twenty-four acres are said\\nto have been added to the tract, without authority so\\nfar as is known. The tract now known as the\\nCass Farm embraces Private Claim No. 55, con-\\nfirmed, by the United States Commissioners, to John,\\nWilliam, and David Macomb on November 16.1807;\\nfcl\\nM or He Several Aiiittons \u00e2\u0080\u00a2sS\\nSonllliBe of 10,000 acre tncl\\nCITY OF DETEOITr^ivyifj-p-n-f-jiras\\nPolo B.OM tMt to 1 inch. I g mi WX_ U. J- ai.JiOi 1\\n.DETROIT RIVER.\\nMap of Additions t\u00c2\u00ab ii-.- 7,imits.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "36\\nCASS AND BRUSH FARMS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^llLITARY RESERVES.\\nand also Private Claim No, 592, which was confirmed\\nto the same parties on December 31, 1S08.\\nThe occasion of the transfer to Governor Cass was\\nas follows: The ordinance of 1787, and Acts creat-\\ning subsequent Territorial Governments based on\\nthat ordinance, required the governor to be a free-\\nholder to the extent of at least one thousand acres of\\nland. Governor Cass, in order to conform to this\\nlaw, after he had brought his family from Ohio, pur-\\nchased of the Macombs in 1816 the farm which has\\nsince borne his name, and about the same time\\nbought a large tract near the mouth of the river.\\nThe front of the farm was originally a very high\\nbank, the river coming up to where stores are now\\nlocated at the intersection of Jefferson Avenue and\\nSecond Street. The bank was dug away and the\\nstreets graded in 1836, twenty-five thousand cords\\nof earth being removed. In September and October\\nof that year lots on the Cass front, embracing\\nthat part of the farm between Lamed Street and the\\nriver, were offered for sale at auction, the entire\\ntract having pre\\\\nously been sold to a company of\\nten persons for one hundred thousand dollars.\\nThe property was then so far away from the\\ncenter of the city that the lots would not sell, and\\nafter spending a large amount of money in improve-\\nments, the majority of the original purchasers were\\nvery glad to have General Cass take back the prop-\\nerty at the price they had originally agreed to pay.\\nThat part of the farm between Larned Street and\\nMichigan Avenue, was laid out in May, 1 841, the\\nportion north of Michigan Avenue in 1 851, the lots\\nnorth of Grand River in 1859.\\nThe land now known as the Brush Farm was con-\\nceded to Eustache Gamelin on May i, 1747, and on\\nMarch 15. 1759, by consent of Commandant Bellestre\\nit was transferred to Jacques Pilet. On October 31,\\n1 806, the farm, e.xcept a few lots on the western side,\\nwas conveyed by John Askin to Elijah Brush. The\\nentire farm, as far north as High Street, was laid\\nout into lots in 1835, and north of High Street in\\n1S63. A large number of the lots have always been\\nleased, the rental being determined by a valuation\\nof the lots, new appraisals being made from time to\\ntime as agreed upon. The southern ends of both\\nthe Cass and Brush farms were built upon and im-\\nproved many years ago, but the larger part was not\\nsold or leased until improvements had been made\\non either side consequently the owners were able,\\non account of the demand for central property, to\\naffix conditions of sale that have been greatly to the\\nadvantage of themselves and purchasers. Houses\\nof a certain value were required to be erected within\\na definite number of years, and thus these farms are\\nnow largely covered with elegant and comfortable\\nresidences, more being found on them than in any\\nother part of the city.\\nriLITARY RESERVES.\\nWhen the English surrendered the city in 1796,\\nthe grounds occupied by the fort, the citadel, and\\nother government buildings became the special\\nproperty of the United States Government. The\\nplan of the Governor and Judges was made to\\ninclude the government property, but as they had\\nno control over it, the plan was so far inoperative,\\nand the Reser\\\\-es remained in possession of the\\nUnited States until May 26, 1824, when Congress\\ngave to the city the Military Reser\\\\-e between\\nLamed Street and Jefferson Avenue, bounded west\\nby the street leading to the public bam (now Wayne\\nStreet), and east by the line of the large Reser\\\\-e,\\nnear the line of the present Griswold Street. On\\nAlay 20, 1826, Congress granted the balance of the\\nMilitary Reser\\\\-es to the city, including the grounds\\noccupied by Fort Shelby, reser\\\\ ing only the arsenal\\nand military store-keepers lots, the grant being\\nconditioned upon the building, by the corporation,\\nof a magazine outside of the city.\\nIn accordance with the pro\\\\ isions of the Act, the\\ncity, on November 8, 1830, advertised for proposals\\nfor building a powder magazine for the United\\nStates, on the Gratiot Road, near what is now Russell\\nStreet, where the barracks were afterwards located.\\nThe magazine was completed in September, 1 831.\\nThe city was put in formal possession of the Reserve\\non September 11, 1826, and on April 4, 1827, the\\nLegislative Council gave the Common Council\\npower to alter all that part of the Governor and\\nJudges Plan lying north of Larned Street, south of\\nwhat is now Adams Avenue, and between Cass and\\nBrush Streets. Indinduals owning lots within the\\nboundaries designated, whose rights were disturbed,\\nwere to have other lots assigned them, or be paid\\nthe value of their lots. Against this action many\\ncitizens protested vigorously; and on the same day\\nthat the Act was passed a memorial was sent to\\nCongress praying that body to prevent the proposed\\nchange in the plan. The protest was of no avail,\\nand by ordinance of April 23, 1827, the city pro-\\nvided for obtaining the consent of lot-owners to the\\nplan of the new sub-division as laid out by John\\nMuUett. His plan was finally agreed to, and on\\nMay 16, 1827, a public auction of lots on the site of\\nthe old fort took place at Military Hall, one of the\\nold buildings of the cantonment. The conditions of\\nsale were that a stone, brick, or frame house, two\\nstories in height, be erected on each lot before the\\nexpiration of the time for the last payment, or else\\nall pre\\\\nous payments and rights to the lot were to\\nbe forfeited. Some buildings belonging to the old\\nfort were fitted up for tenants, and for several years\\nthe city performed the part of landlord. For further\\nparticulars as to the sale of lots see chapter on Taxa-\\ntion and Finances.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 1 1\\nPUBLIC SURVEYS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE.\\nPUBLIC SURVEYS.\\nI J the earliest days of the settlement, lands were\\nsurveyed under the direction of the king, by an\\nofficer appointed for the purpose, and the same\\nmethod prevailed under English rule. This copy of\\nan old document making such appointment is of\\ninterest\\nIn consequence of repeated complaints made by several of the\\ninhabitants tliat tlieir neighbors have encroached on their famis,\\nand that they do not actually possess the quantity specified in the\\nprimitive grants, and for which they pay rents to His Majesty;\\ntherefore, Mr. James Sterling being an experienced and approved\\nsurveyor, I have appointed him King s Surveyor at Detroit; and\\nfor the future his surveys only shall be looked upon as valid and\\ndecisive; and all whom it may concern are hereby ordered to con-\\nform thereto.\\nGiven under my hand and seal at Detroit, April 21, 1774.\\nHesrv Bassett, Major and Commandant.\\nFrom Other old records it appears that Philip Frey\\nwas the surveyor on March 27, 1785. He appointed\\nThomas Smith his deputy on May 8, 1787. P.\\nMcXiff acted as surveyor in 1794 and 1799.\\nUnder the American Government, by law of May\\n16, 181 2, .Jiaron Greely was paid S5.5 j5-92 for sur-\\nveying private claims in Michigan. The first public\\nsurveys under a general law were commenced in\\n181 5, and the sur\\\\ ey of the entire State was com-\\npleted in 1857. In the month of May, 1845, the\\noffice of surveyor-general for the district including\\nMichigan was removed from Cincinnati to Detroit.\\nWilliam Johnson was then surveyor-general. The\\nsubsequent appointees were as follows: 1845 to\\n1851, Lucius Lyon; 1S51 to 1853, Charles Noble;\\n1853 to 1857, Leander Chapman; 1857, Charles J.\\nEmerson. The office was closed at Detroit May 1 1,\\n1857, and the Record of Surveys deposited with the\\nCommissioner of the Land Office at Lansing. The\\nrecords show that the State contains 56,45 1 square\\nmiles or 36,128,640 acres.\\nUXriKD ST.VTK.S L.\\\\XD OFFICE.\\nThe first Land Office in what is now Michigan\\nwas established at Detroit under Act of Congress on\\nMarch 26, 1804. On May i, 1818, a proclamation\\nof President Monroe authorized the first public\\nauction sale of lands in Michigan. It took place at\\nthe Council House on July 6, 18 1 S. The prices\\nranged from \u00c2\u00a72 to \u00c2\u00a740 per acre, the average price\\nbeing S4. Up to 1826, United States lands were\\nsold on credit, only a small amount being required\\nto be paid down. In 1S26 the law requiring full\\npayment went into effect, and sales were greatly\\nreduced. The receipts for L^nited States lands sold\\nat Detroit up to 1830 were as follows One half year\\nof 1820. $2,860.32; 1821, $7,444.39; 1822, $17,359.38;\\n1823, $30,173.34; 1824, $61,917. 15; 1825, $92,332.55;\\n1826, $41,125-13; 1827, $34,805.45; 1828, $17,433.72;\\n1829, $23,329.48. Total, $718,548.36.\\nFrom 1825 to 1837, the immigration from the\\nEastern States increased so rapidly that business\\nflourished, and by the purchase and clearing of\\nlands large sums of money were brought into and\\nscattered about the Territory. As early as 1833\\ncapitalists began to come from New York to invest\\nin wild lands. In 1836 the number of immigrants\\nwas simply amazing; the steamers and sailing ves-\\nsels were literally loaded down with people who\\ncame to settle in Michigan and the West. From\\nfive hundred to seven hundred frequently arri\\\\ed on\\na single boat. During the month of May public\\nlands were entered so rapidly that on Monday, May\\n9, tl\\\\e register had to close his door and receive ap-\\nplications through the window, and the receipts at\\nthe Land Office between the ist and the 25th of the\\nmonth were $278,000. The total amount received\\nat the three Michigan land offices, namely, Detroit,\\nKalamazoo, and -Monroe, was over $1,000,000. Dur-\\ning the year the total sales in Michigan amounted to\\nthe enormous sum of $7,000,000. Numerous asso-\\nciations were formed for the purchase of wild lands\\nand embryo city sites, and at the mouth of ever)-\\nwestern river, and almost every township corner,\\ntowns were laid out. On paper, creeks were\\nmagnified into streams, and comparatively insignifi-\\ncant streams were transformed into large rivers\\nfloating steamboats and other water-craft, while on\\nthe land the speculator s dreams took form in\\nimaginary hotels, churches, schools, and railroads.\\nAbsolute forests were in imagination transformed\\ninto cities, and sold at ten thousand per cent ad-\\nvance. The laying out and making maps of these\\npaper cities kept the few draughtsmen then in\\nDetroit busy all day long and far into the night.\\nHundreds of dollars, in the wildcat currency of\\nthe times, were frequently paid for a draughtsman s\\nser\\\\-ices for a single day. Leading men of both\\nparties formed pools with fifty or a hundred thousand\\ndollars, and committed the amounts to the discre-\\n[37]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE.\\ntion of agents who were to be compensated by a\\nshare of the profits in the lands purchased.\\nThe details of some of these enterprises are so\\nludicrous as to be hardly credible. There remain to\\nthis day survivors of the crowds which, in the height\\nof the season, occupied the entire width of Jefferson\\nAvenue in front of the Land Office, each individual\\nawaiting his turn to enter and secure his prize. Some-\\ntimes large sums were given to secure the services of\\nthe fortunate man at the head of the column by\\nanother who was far in the rear. Horses were merci-\\nlessly driven and killed in the race to reach the\\nLand Office. In one instance, at midday, two men\\non horseback were seen turning the corner of Wood-\\nward and Jefferson Avenues, hastening at full speed\\nto the Land Office. It turned out that they were\\nvictims of a cruel joker in Genesee County. Each\\nof them had ridden all night, breaking down two\\nhorses apiece in the seventy-mile race, in order to be\\nthe first to enter a certain tract of land. The\\nsequel showed that they desired to purchase entirely\\ndifferent parcels. Men who one day were the pos-\\nsessors of meadow or pasture lots near some village\\nor city found themselves, the ne.xt day, the proprie-\\ntors of innumerable fractions into which their acres\\nhad been subdivided, and could hardly believe they\\nwere the same persons who, so short a time before,\\nhad been hewers of wood and drawers of water.\\nIt is utterly impossible to describe, in terms which\\nthe present generation would comprehend the actual\\ncondition of the public mind at that period. This\\nabnormal activity began to show itself in 1834,\\ngrew rapidly in 1835, and culminated in 1836; and\\nwhen the panic came, the sites of many paper\\ncities could be bought for less than the price of\\nwild land, and to this day are owned and assessed\\nas farni lands. At the present time the Detroit\\nDistrict of the United States Land Office embraces\\nparts of the counties of Huron, Sanilac, Lapeer,\\nSt. Clair, Macomb, Oakland, Livingston, Ingham,\\nJackson, Washtenaw, W ayne, Hillsdale, Lenawee,\\nand Monroe. All the government lands, however,\\nin these counties are sold. The district also em-\\nbraces the counties of Cheboygan, Presque Isle,\\nAlpena, Montmorency, and Otsego, in parts of\\nwhich government land is for sale. In 1880 about\\none hundred thousand acres were still subject to\\nentry. Lands within six miles of an existing or pro-\\nposed railroad are held at twenty shillings per acre.\\nAll other government lands are sold for ten shillings\\nper acre. No credit is given, and payment must be\\nmade in cash, or lands may be selected, and obtained\\nby the use of Bounty Land Warrants or United\\nStates scrip, so called. This scrip is of the nature\\nof a due-bill, issued bv the Government to holders\\nof land claims, in some of the Southern and Western\\nStates, at the time certain territor\\\\- was ceded by\\nforeign governments.\\nThe Land Office contains a record of the names\\nof the original purchasers of all government lands in\\nthe counties above named and where parties have\\nfailed to call or send for the patent issued by the\\nGovernment and ha\\\\e it put on record, the names\\nof original owners can be obtained only from this\\noffice and the Land Office at Washington. When\\npayments are made for lands, a receipt is given for\\nthe money, and a record is forwarded to Washing-\\nton. The government patent or deed is then issued.\\nThe receipt of the receiver for the payment of the\\nprice of a piece of land is considered good e\\\\ idence\\nof ownership, but unless the government patent or\\ndeed is placed on file the chain of title is not com-\\nplete in the county records. That many persons\\nneglect to obtain their patents is evident from the\\nfact that there are between twenty and thirty thou-\\nsand uncalled-for patents in the office at Detroit.\\nThere are two officers connected with this office,\\none is designated as the register, the other as\\nthe receiver, and each of them has a salary of\\nfive hundred dollars per year and one half of the\\nfees. The fees consist of two per cent, on the\\ngross value of all selections for which cash or\\nland-warrants are received, and two per cent, on\\nthe cash valuation of lands taken up under the\\nHomestead Act. There is also a government fee\\nof ten dollars when the amount of land entered\\nis over eighty acres, and five dollars when eighty\\nacres or less are entered. The total receipts by the\\nLTnited States from sales of land in Michigan, up to\\nJune 30, 1S83, amounted to $18,501,522.\\nThe following persons have ser\\\\^ed as registers\\nof the Land Office\\n1804 and 1805, George Hoffman; 1806-1821,\\nPeter Audrain; 1821-1S23, Henry B. Brevoort\\n1 823-1 837, John Biddle; 1 837-1 839, Thomas Hunt;\\n1839-1841, Olmstead Hough; 1841-1847, Robert A.\\nForsyth; 1847-1849, Elisha Taylor; 1849-1S53,\\nLorenzo B. Mizner; 1853-1857, Daniel J. Campau\\n1857-1861, Charles F. Heyerman; 1861-1863, J- G.\\nPeterson; 1 863-1 S69, Arnold Kaichen; 1869-1871,\\nAddison Mandell; 1 871-1877, Frederick Morley;\\n1877-1883, Joseph B. Bloss 1883- Adam E.\\nBloom.\\nThe receivers of the Land Office have been as\\nfollows\\n1804-1807, Frederick Bates; 1807-1819, James\\nAbbott; 1S19-1851, Jonathan Kearsley; 1851-1853,\\nEzra Rood; 1853-1857, Elisha Taylor; 1857-1861,\\nJacob Beeson; 1861-1865, H. K. Sanger 1865-1869,\\nEdward Le Favour; 1869 to October, 188 1, John M.\\nFarland; 1881 to July, 1882, E. W. Cottrell; 1882-\\nLyman G. Willcox.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII,\\nDEEDS. MORTGAGES. AND TITLES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PAST AXD PRESENT PRICES OF LAXDS.\\nDEEDS, MORTGAGES, AXD TITLES.\\nUnder French and English rule, all deeds were\\nrecorded by a notary in a book kept for the purpose.\\nBy law of June i8, 1795, of the Northwest Territory,\\nthe office of register was created. The first Act\\nconcerning the registering of deeds under Michigan\\nTerritory was passed August 29. 1805; it provided\\nthat deeds might be recorded with the clerk of any\\ncourt. An Act, passed on January 19, iSi i, author-\\nized the register of probate to record deeds; and\\nby Act of November 4. 1S15, deeds were required\\nto be recorded in his office.\\nOn April 12. 1827, the register was directed to\\npro\\\\nde a book for the recording of mortgages. On\\nJanuary 29, 1835, the office of county register was\\ncreated, and the register of probate ceased to have\\nthe recording of deeds or mortgages. The deeds\\nand mortgages are recorded in separate volumes,\\nwhich are numbered or lettered in the order in\\nwhich they are filled. The records are open to free\\nconsultation. Under the Rex-ised Statutes of 1846,\\nthe register is required to keep and record alphabet-\\nically the name of ever party to each instrument,\\nwith a reference to the book and page where the\\nname is recorded. These index volumes are so\\nnumerous and the arrangement so incomplete that\\nin almost all transfers of real estate reference is had\\nto abstracts furnished by private parties.\\nThe most thorough and comprehensive abstract\\nhistor\\\\ of lands in Wayne County is possessed by\\nSkinner Burton. Mr. Skinner has spent many\\nthousands of dollars and years of labor in making\\nthe compilations and collections, all of them being\\nstored in an elegant fireproof building erected by\\nhim especially for their preser\\\\-ation.\\nUpon so important a question as the title to real\\nestate there ought to be nothing vague or uncertain.\\nA very few lots are held under deeds obtained under\\nEnglish rule, and for these a long chain of title can\\nbe shown. All other titles to lands in the city are\\nderived primarily frqm the United States and sec-\\nondarily: 1st. from persons to whom old French\\nfarms were confirmed by the United States com-\\nmissioners 2d. from the Governor and Judges, who\\nwere authorized to convey by Congress; 3d. from\\nthe Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen of the city.\\nand later the Common Council, who were made the\\nsuccessors of the Governor and Judges, and who\\nalso received some of the Military Reser\\\\-es as a\\ngift from the United States; 4th, from the United\\nStates, who deeded directly some of the Govern-\\nment Reserves and 5th, from the State, which\\nissues deeds for lands on which the ta.xes are not\\npaid to any one who will pay the amount due.\\nTo constitute a perfect title there should be a\\nchain of deeds starting from some one of these\\nclasses, and continuing, without a break, down to the\\nlatest claimant or owner and each new deed should\\nbe signed by all the parties to whom the property\\nhad pre\\\\-iously been deeded, or their heirs or assigns.\\nIf any of the parties have married since the deed\\nwas made to them, the deed should be signed by\\nthe new parties, and the man and \\\\\\\\-ife should in all\\ncases unite in the signing of deeds.\\nIf any of the parties making a new deed are the\\nheirs of parties who made the last conveyance, it\\nshould be so stated in the deed. The description of\\nthe property conveyed should be the same in each\\ndeed or, at least, it should be carefully examined to\\nsee that it covers the same land. To make it certain\\nthat there are no tax titles on the land, the books of\\nthe county and city treasurers should be examined,\\nor, as is usual, a certificate or statement should be\\nobtained from each of these officers showing that\\nnothing is due for taxes or special assessments. If\\nthe land has been sold for taxes, this is a cloud\\nupon the title that needs to be removed, and the\\nbooks in either office will show who has acquired the\\ntax title.\\nA warranty deed from a responsible party is con-\\nsidered to insure a perfect title, but as mistakes may\\nhappen in the making out of deeds, and parties may\\ncease to be able to make good their warranty, the\\nsafe course is to make sure that the abstract of title\\nshows the title to be vested in the party or parties\\nwho convey. A quit claim deed from parties in\\nwhom the title to land is clearly vested, is considered\\nas good as a warranty deed. If any mortgages have\\nbeen given covering the land, it should be seen that\\nthey are all discharged by the parties to whom they\\nwere given. A discharge may be made either by a\\n\\\\vritten document, which should be placed on record.\\nL39]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "40\\nPAST AN D PRESENT PRICES OF LANDS.\\nor by the mortgagee writing Discharged on the\\nface of the original record, with the date and their\\nname.\\nBy law of March 9, 1S44, deeds from the Gov-\\nernor and Judges were required to be recorded at\\nlength; and a transcript of the same was to be\\nprhiia facie evidence in cases where the original\\ndeed would be evidence.\\nA further law of May 7, 1847, pro\\\\nded that it\\nshould not be necessary to have or prove the\\nacknowledgments of the Mayor and Aldermen, in\\nthe case of deeds duly executed by them. An Act\\nof April I, 1 8 50, provided that in the case of deeds\\nand conveyances from the Governor and Judges\\nheretofore recorded, but not acknowledged, the\\nrecord of such deed, or a certified copy, should be\\nevidence in case it is proved the original deed is lost.\\nIn addition to the other records, in the office of\\nthe register of deeds, all subdi\\\\ isions of property\\nin the city or county, and all plats affecting the\\ndivision of property, are required to be filed.\\nUp to January i, 1881, the county register re-\\nceived no salary, hired his own clerks, and was paid\\nsolely by the fees of the office, which were estimated\\nto amount to from ten to twelve thousand dollars\\nyearly. By law of 1879, his salary is fi.xed by the\\ncounty auditors at not less than twenty-five hundred\\ndollars nor more than three thousand dollars per\\nannum, and all the fees are required to be paid into\\nthe county treasury. The county registers have\\nbeen as follows: 1835, R. S. Rice; 1836, C. W.\\nWhipple; 1837-1841, George R. Griswold; 1S41\\nand 1S42, Josiah Snow; 1 843-1 847, Silas A. Bagg;\\n1847-1851, C. V. Selkrig; 1851-1855, Henry Cam-\\npau; 1855 and 1856, H. R. Nowland; 1857-1861,\\nH.S.Roberts; 1861 and 1862, H. M. Whittlesey-;\\n1863 and 1864, E. N. Lacroix; 1 86 5-1 869, W. E.\\nWarner; i8 69-i873, Alonzo Eaton; 1873 and 1874,\\nJohn W. McMillan; 1S75-1879, Charles Dupont;\\n1879 and 1880, Henry Plass; 1S81 and 1882, J. I.\\nMitchell; 1S83- C. M. Rousseau.\\nUnder Act of July 28, 1818, the governor was\\nauthorized to appoint a city register for Detroit, to\\nrecord all papers concerning real estate. A further\\nlaw of March 27, 1820, provided that his compensa-\\ntion should be the same as that of the register of\\nprobate and all deeds and mortgages, in order to\\nbe valid as against any new purchaser, were re-\\nquired to be recorded before I^ecember i, 1821. A\\nlaw of July 14, 1830, authorized the register to ap-\\npoint a deputy, and by law of March 22, 1837. the\\noffice was abolished and its duties combined with\\nthose of the county register. The following persons\\nserved as city registers 1 798- 1 804, Peter Audrain\\n1806-1818, Joseph Watson; 1818-1822, A. E. Wing;\\n1822 and 1823, A. G. Whitney; 1823-182 5, E. A.\\nBrush; 1825, P. Lecuyer; 1826-1830, John Whip-\\nple; 1830-1835, Theodore W^illiams; 1836, C. W.\\nWhipple.\\nPAST AND PRESKXT PRICE.? OF LANDS.\\nIn 1760 M. de Bellestre, the French commandant,\\npaid M. Vernet a sum equal to \u00c2\u00a72,500 for two lots\\nwhose combined size was only 30x50 feet. In\\n1767, under English rule,_\u00c2\u00a322o, New York currency,\\nwas paid for a lot forty feet wide on St. James\\nStreet extending through to St. Ann s Street.\\nThese prices for that early period seem enor-\\nmous; yet it is well known that such prices were\\nfrequently paid. Judge Woodward, in a letter\\ndated March 6, 1806. states that property in the old\\ntown of Detroit bore so enormous a value that he\\nwould not name it, as it would be deemed incredible.\\nThe protection afforded by the stockade, and the\\nprivileges of trading, had much to do with the value\\nput on lots within the pickets. After the town\\npassed under the control of the United States, real\\nestate resumed its normal value, and prices became\\nmore definite. According to the report of a com-\\nmittee appcjinted by the proprietors of lots, after the\\nfire of 1805, the value of lots 27x54 feet was\\n$123.50, and of lots 161x175 feet. $614.50. The\\ntotal value of all lots owned by the sixty-nine pro-\\nprietors was \u00c2\u00a714,205.50.\\nAfter the fire, and the distribution of the lots, the\\nhighest sum paid for the excess was seven cents,\\nand the average four cents per square foot.\\nOn March 6, 1809. forty-one of the Park Lots,\\ncontaining five and ten acres each, were sold at auc-\\ntion, the auctioneer being paid one fourth of one per\\ncent commission. The conditions of sale were one\\nfourth cash, one fourth in six months, and the remain-\\ning half in twelve months from date of sale.\\nUpon these terms the following persons bought\\nthe lots indicated, at the prices named\\nPurchaser.\\nNo. of Lot.\\nJohn Palmer 81\\nJacob Sanders 21\\nDaniel Stevens 51 and 52\\nWilliam Scott 40\\nII. i^. ij. 14\\nRichard Smythe 72 and 73\\n53 and 54\\nSolomon Sibley 49 and 50\\n22 and 23\\n42 and 43\\n74. 75. 77. a\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 7S\\n8 and 9\\nB. Woodworth 24, 25, :f6, 27\\nJohn R. Williams 55\\n47 and 48\\n44an(l45\\nI, 2, 3, and 4\\nJohn Whipple 68 and 69\\nS55\\n00\\n21\\n50\\n27\\n13\\n20\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a295\\n62\\n23\\n78\\n30\\n50\\n24\\n74\\n26\\n87\\n45\\n62\\n123\\n52\\n115\\n00\\n70\\n00\\n12\\n55\\n31\\n37\\n45\\n62\\n18S\\n75\\n22\\n20", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "PAST AND PRESENT PRICES OF LANDS.\\n41\\nAs late as 1 8 1 7 the Park Lots were valued at only-\\nfifteen dollars per acre. In 181 5 Governor Cass\\npurchased five hundred acres of land, now known as\\nthe Cass Farm, for $12,000. In 1816 the south-\\nwest corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues,\\nwith a frontage of forty feet on Jefferson Avenue\\nby one hundred on Woodward Avenue, was sold for\\n\u00c2\u00a72,010. In November, 1816, Lot 49, 40x80 feet,\\non the northwest corner of Griswold and Wood-\\nbridtje Streets, was sold to B. Stead for $11.90. In\\n1817 the L niversity Lot, on the northwest corner of\\nBates and Lamed Streets, eighty feet on Lamed by\\ntwo hundred and ten on Bates Street, sold for \u00c2\u00a7So.\\nOn April 15, 1864, it was bought by Farrand, Sheley,\\nCo. for $22,010. In 1819 a large number of lots\\nin the \\\\-icinity of the present City Hall were sold at\\nauction by the Governor and Judges. Among the\\npurchasers was Judge Sibley. After the sale Major\\nRowland said to C. C. Trowbridge, A fool and his\\nmoney are soon parted. Sibley has just been buy-\\ning about twenty lots at seven dollars each, and 1\\nwould not g^ve him sev enty cents each.\\nIn 1829 David Cooper bought the lot on Michigan\\nAvenue, for many years occupied by his residence,\\nfor S200. On October 27, 1829, Robert Abbott\\nreported that there were seventy-four city lots still\\nunsold, which were then worth $5,000, or an average\\nof less than seventy dollars each.\\nOn June 10, 1835, the Journal and Courier con-\\ntained the following\\nBuying and sellinj; is the order of the day. Our city is filled\\nwith speculators, who are all on tiptoe. Several snug fortunes of\\nfrom ten to twenty thousand dollars have already been made.\\nGovernor Cass has disposed of the front part of his farm, as far\\nback as Lamed Street, fur $100,000.\\nIn January, 1836, real estate was very active, and\\nover three hundred and fifty thousand dollars worth\\nof property changed hands. In February, 1836, one\\nof the city papers said\\nAs proof of the rapidly increasing value of property in the city,\\nten acres of land, one mile from the river on the Pontiac Road,\\nwithout any buildings, has been sold for $10,000.\\nOn June 15, 1836, several lots on Jefferson Avenue,\\nnear Cass Street, were sold at auction, bringing\\nfrom S300 to $4 50 per foot front.\\nOn October 18, 1836, lots on the Cass front, to\\nthe amount of $190,000, were sold at auction, the\\nwater lots selling at from $146 to $220 per foot.\\nIn January, 1843, the lot on the southeast corner\\nof Griswold and Congress .Streets was sold by the\\nBank of Michigan to the county for $1,800. and on\\nJuly 25, 1859, it was sold at auction to C. H. Buhl\\nfor $12,550. The lot has a frontage of thirty-five\\nfeet on Griswold Street. In 1842 Colonel Winder\\nbought ten acres of land on the northeast corner of\\nWoodward Avenue and High Street for $1,500.\\nOn May 28, 1846, forty-two acres were purchased\\nfor the proposed Elmwood Cemetery, for $1,858. A\\nlot on Jefferson Avenue, nearly opposite the Ex-\\nchange, fifty-two feet front by seventy feet deep,\\nwas sold at auction, February 17, 1851, for $6,400, or\\nabout $1 23 per foot front. The same year St. Paul s\\nChurch Society sold sixty feet front by one hundred\\nfeet deep, on Woodward Avenue, where the church\\nthen stood, for $12,642, and four years later the\\nadjoining property, on the south, was sold by the\\nPresbyterian Church for $50,000.\\nIn 184S and 1850 H. R. Andrews bought the\\nground on which the Detroit Opera House is located\\nfor $6,500. In 1 86 1 it was sold by the executors of\\nhis estate for $23,500. In 1867 it was sold for\\n$50,000, and in 1868 Dr. E. M. Clark paid $55,000\\nfor the property.\\nThe ground and building occupied by the F irst\\nNational Bank were sold at auction October 4. 1855,\\nfor $24,000, one third cash, and the remainder in\\ntwo years, without interest.\\nIn February, i860, the property on southwest cor-\\nner of Griswold and Congress Streets, eighty feet\\nfront on Griswold by one hundred feet on Congress\\nStreet, was sold to C. H. Buhl for $334 per foot\\nfront.\\nIn 1S62 Mr. E. S. Heineman bought the house\\nand grounds on the north corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and Adelaide Street for $20,000.\\nIn 1S63 the five lots now occupied by the Central\\nM. E. Church were bought for $8,600. In October\\nof the same year the lot on the northeast corner of\\nCongress and Randolph Streets, with a frontage of\\nfifty-four feet on Randolph Street by ninety feet on\\nCongress Street, with the building, sold for $9,000.\\nOn November 11, 1863, two lots on the north side\\nof Jefferson Avenue, near Wayne .Street, twenty-five\\nfeet front each, sold for $83 per foot front.\\nOn July 10, 1873, one hundred and fifty-two lots\\nat the Grand Trunk Junction were sold for an aggre-\\ngate of $55,455; and on July 18 ninety-two more\\nlots were sold for the sum of $28,1 10.\\nThe lot on the northwest corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Ciriswold Street was sold to Albert Ives\\nin September, 1876, for $27,000.\\nThe size of lots varies according to the fancy of\\nthose who make the subdivisions. The usual sizes\\nare 30x100 and 50x150. According to the loca-\\ntion, either business or residence lots sell at from\\n$10 to $1,500 per foot frontage. Among the many\\npersons who have laid out large tracts into city lots,\\nMessrs. F. J. B. Crane. W. B. esson, Walter Crane.\\nJohn Gibson, and J. W. Johnston have been espe-\\ncially prominent. They have enriched themselves,\\nand promoted the interests of the city by their busi-\\nness sagacity, and it is largely owing to their efforts\\nthat so great a proportion of our inhabitants are\\nfreeholders.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "PART II.\\nHYGIENIC", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE CLIMATE OF DETROIT.\\nThe climate of Detroit very favorably impressed\\nthe early travelers. M. de Bougainville, who was\\nhere in 1757, says: The atmosphere is of great\\nbeauty and serenity. It is a magnificent climate,\\nhaving almost no cold weather, and only a little\\nsnow. The cattle stay in the fields all winter and\\nfind their living there.\\nAll investigations indicate that the climate is\\nmodified by the surrounding bodies of water. Of\\nlate it seems to be more variable than formerly, but\\nis seldom sutJject to such extremes of heat and cold\\nas are common to the latitude. The mean of sum-\\nmer temperature is 67 in winter the mean is 26\\nA diary of the weather, kept in 18 16, from the 24th\\nof July to the 22d of October, or for eighty-nine\\ndays, showed that fifty-seven days were fair and\\ntwelve cloudy, and that on twenty days showers\\nfell. A record kept at the fort for one hundred and\\nfive days, from November 15, 181 8, to P ebruary 28,\\n18 1 g, showed forty days clear, forty days cloudy,\\nthirteen variable, and twelve cloudy, with rain and\\nsnow. In the winter of 1818-1819 the average tem-\\nperature in November was 43 in December 25% in\\nJanuary 30\u00c2\u00b0, and in February 33\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit. Tak-\\ning the years together, the mean temperature is\\nabout the same as that of Elmira, Albany, Portland,\\nBoston, Buffalo, and Rochester.\\nThe uncommon beauty and serenity of the au-\\ntumns and the usual mildness of our winters have\\noften been the subject of remark. The increased\\ntemperature, due to the extensive and open-water\\nsurfaces of this region, causes the snow to melt almost\\nas soon as it falls. In many winters the snow has been\\nhardly sufficient for good sleighing. A mild and\\nopen winter is ordinarily succeeded by an early\\nspring, the proportion as to cold or late springs\\nbeing about two to one. Cold, snowy winters are\\nalways followed by cold and backward springs.\\nOur deepest and longest lasting snow usually occurs\\nin February which is also the coldest month.\\nWinter often lingers in the lap of Spring, and\\nthen, with a bound, leaps into the arms of Summer.\\nThe region is noted for the clearness of its atmos-\\nphere, the intense blue of its sky, the brilliancy of\\nits moonlight, and the gorgeous and glowing colors\\nof its sunsets. Indeed, in these particulars, it not\\nL45l\\nonly excels the Eastern States, but rivals the far-\\nfamed skies of southern Italy. We have in a single\\nmonth more clear firmament, and of an intenser blue,\\nthan that land has in half a year. The autumn here\\nis one of the most enjoyable of the seasons, afford-\\ning a wonderful contrast to the dull, wet seasons of\\nEuropean countries in the same latitude. The latter\\npart of November is usually so mild that it is known\\nand enjoyed as the Indian .Summer. True, the\\nleaves are mostly gone from the trees, and nature\\nwould seem cheerless but for a dreamy haze and a\\nspringlike mildness in the atmosphere that more\\nthan atones for the lost glories of summer.\\nThe climate is the driest in the United States,\\neast of the head-waters of the Mississippi. The\\nrains are quite equally distributed through all but\\nthe winter months, and they have only one sixth of\\nthe entire precipitation. Crops seldom suffer for\\nwant of moisture. About the end of September it\\nis usual to expect a rainy period of some days dura-\\ntion, known as the equinoctial storm, but often-\\ntimes no such storm appears. During midsummer\\nviolent rains of brief duration frequently come to\\ncool and clear the atmosphere, and a feature peculiar\\nto this locality is the rains that so often occur\\nduring nights which are preceded and followed by\\ncloudless days.\\nIn the months of December and F ebruary there\\nis the least rainfall. From I ebruary to June there\\nis a gradual increase. The mean fall of the spring\\nmonths is 2.8 inches. In June, the month of largest\\nprecipitation, it amounts to 3.9 inches, and the mean\\nof the summer is 3. 1 inches. The mean for Septem-\\nber reaches 3.3 inches; in the autumn it is 2.4\\ninches. The average yearly rainfall, for the period\\nbetween 1840 and i860, was /i feet. The greatest\\nfall of rain was in 1855, it being 6 feet; the least was\\nz^{ feet in 1S59.\\nAs a rule, warm summers, if succeeded by dry,\\npleasant autumns, are followed by mild and open\\nwinters. Cold summers and autumns are ordinarily\\nsucceeded by cold winters, the exceptions being\\nabout one to two, and the probabilities are four to\\none that early springs will be followed by warm and\\npleasant summers.\\nIn winter the prevailing winds are west or west-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "46\\nCLIMATE OF DETROIT.\\nerly. In the spring, for nearly half the time, east and\\nnortheast winds prevail. The winds vary from east\\nto west and from northeast to south, seldom coming\\nfrom the northwest. In summer southwest winds\\nare most prevalent east and west winds are also\\nfrequent, but there are few northwest or southeast.\\nAutumn brings westerly winds, varying from south-\\nwest to south. Taking the yearly average, probably\\ntwo thirds of the winds are southwest, west, and\\nnorthwest.\\nOf course there are e.vceptions to all the above\\ngeneral rules, and some of these exceptions, gleaned\\nfrom old records and letters, will astonish the old-\\nest inhabitant. Jonathan Carver states that in\\nOctober, 1762, dense black clouds hung over the\\ncity, from which fell rain of a sulphurous odor, and\\nof such dark color that some was collected and used\\nas ink. The winter of 1779- 1780 was the most\\nsevere on record. Horses and cattle died from\\ne.xposure to the cold, and in the spring hundreds of\\nthem were found dead in the woods. On May 16,\\n1780, Colonel De Pey.ster wrote to Colonel Bolton\\nat Niagara, saying: After the most severe winter\\never remembered at Detroit, this is the earliest we\\nthink prudent to venture a vessel to Fort Erie. In\\nthe spring and summer of 1782 the rains, the most\\nviolent ever known, washed away a large portion of\\nthe embankment of Fort Lernoult. Early in 1 784\\nan extraordinary frost set in, extending all over this\\nregion. The oldest resident could not remember\\nany such deep snow as that of the succeeding win-\\nter; in some places it was five or six feet deep,\\nand caused great distress. As late as March 6 the\\nsnow was four feet deep. In Lake St. Clair, a mile\\nfrom the shore, the ice was three feet thick, and it\\ndid not disappear until May.\\nThe winter of 181 1-1812 brought an earthquake\\nin place of storms. Its first and most destructive\\nmanifestations occurred at New Madrid on the Mis-\\nsissippi. On December 16, 181 1, it destroyed the\\nentire village, which was located on a bluff, fifteen\\nfeet above high-water mark, sinking it five feet un-\\nder water. Sand-bars and islands disappeared,\\nlakes si.xty miles long and one hundred feet deep\\nwere formed, and the air was full of sulphurous\\nvapor. Up to December 21 shocks were of daily\\noccurrence, and they were felt at intervals until late\\nin February. They were especially severe about\\nthirty miles below New Madrid, and were felt all\\nover the valley of the Ohio as far east as Pittsburgh.\\nThey were especially noticeable at Detroit on Janu-\\nary 22 and 23, on the 24th, at 7 P. .M., and also on\\nFebruary 7, 18 12.\\nIn 1816, at Detroit, ice formed even, month in the\\nyear. From the 14th to the 20th of .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\pril, 1821,\\neight inches of snow fell. The winter of 1823 was\\nvery mild. Flowers blossomed in the winter out of\\ndoors, and a vessel arrived from Sandusky on Janu-\\nary 13. On May i, 1824, there was a foot of snow\\non the ground. In 1826 the winter was so mild\\nthat grass is said to have grown a foot in January.\\nNovember 12, 1827, was remarkable as being a very\\ndark day. In October, 1828, there were extensive\\nfires in J;he woods, caused by lack of rain, and last-\\ning for two weeks. They began on the Huron\\nRiver, and ran over a large portion of the State. It\\nwas impossible to see houses along the road. Arti-\\ncles exposed gathered a sticky residuum from the\\nsmoke. It was humorously said that a pig which one\\nman killed became good bacon while he was dressing\\nit. 1829 was a dry season, but the traditional six\\nweeks of sleighing in the month of February were\\nduly enjoyed. On December 4. 1833, there was no\\nice, and steamers and schooners were arriving and\\ndeparting. February 22, 1834, there was a great\\ngale of wind that blew down chimneys and unroofed\\nhouses. February 8, 1835, the mercury was below\\nzero all over the country. The winter of 1838 was\\nparticularly mild. On January 8 the steamer Robert\\nFulton arrived from Buffalo. March 23, 1840, a\\nsnow-storm began which lasted eighteen hours, and\\neight inches of snow fell. In 1845 -steamers arrived\\nfrom Buffalo every month in the year.\\nIn 1853, with the exception of a slight shower on\\nSeptember 14, there was no rain all the summer and\\nautumn, up to October 21. Fires in the woods were\\nnumerous, and the fog in Detroit was disagreeable\\nand dangerous, old citizens actually losing their way\\nin the streets. The spring and summer of 1855\\nwere rainy, and the wheat was generally damaged;\\nthe winter was quite severe. In January and Febru-\\nar) 1856, there was continuous sleighing. In the\\nfall of 1856 and the winter of 1S57 the public were\\namused with the prophecies of W. W. Ryan in\\nregard to the weather. On January 27 he gave a\\nlecture at the City Hall. In 1859 there was frost\\nevery month, and especially heavy frosts on the\\n4th and loth of June and the 3d and 4th of July did\\ngreat damage to fruits and vegetables. January I,\\n1864, there was a sudden fall in temperature from 10\u00c2\u00b0\\nabove freezing point on December 31 to 20\u00c2\u00b0 below on\\nJanuary i. The summer of\\nwas one of the\\nhottest for many years, and much rain fell; the In-\\ndian Summer, extending all through November, was\\nparticularly warm. From the 19th to the 20th of\\nJanuary, 1866, the temperature fell 60\u00c2\u00b0. On the 2d\\nand the 4th of May. 1867, there was a frost. On\\nthe 1st and the 2d of March, 1868, immense quan-\\ntities of snow fell, almost stopping travel. Other\\nsnow-storms came on the 2d, 3d. 4th, 7th, i8th. and\\n25th of .-^pril; in fact, all through the month, and all\\nthrough May, there were frosts, which were especially\\nnoticeable on the i8th. On April 12, 1869, there\\nwas a light fall of snow, and on the next day a heavy\\nsnow-storm. On October 23, while the trees were in\\nfull foliage, six inches of snow fell, and many trees", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE OF DETROIT.\\n47\\nwere broken with its weight. On April 26, 1870,\\nover one hundred vessels were waiting at the St.\\nClair Flats for the ice to move out of the channel,\\nwhere it was fully ten feet in height.\\nOn April 20, 1871, ice one fourth of an inch in\\nthickness formed at night; and on August 17, 18, and\\n19 there were heavy frosts. No rain had fallen for\\na long time, and it was very dry. In September and\\nOctober there were extensive fires in Michigan and\\nthe West, followed by the great fire in Chicago.\\nDecember 23, 1871, there was a severe wind-storm.\\nThe winter which followed was very severe.\\nApril 13, 1872, occurred a storm of wind, which\\ndid much damage to vessels and poorly built houses.\\nJanuary 29, 1873, was the coldest day of the\\nseason, the mercury ranging from 18\u00c2\u00b0 to 35\u00c2\u00b0 below\\nzero. April 3 two inches of snow fell. On December\\n4 a wind-storm did much damage, blowing down\\nchimneys and signs and unroofing houses.\\nApril 5, 1874, snow fell sufficient for good sleigh-\\ning, and on May 7 ice formed. The ne.xt month, on\\nJune 28, the mercury was 98 in the shade.\\nOn March 3, 1875, snow fell fifteen inches on a\\nlevel. On June 27 there was an occurrence entirely\\nunusual. About 6 P. M. a whirlwind commenced\\nnear the corner of Ash and Williams Streets, and\\nmade its way across Grand River Avenue, a dis-\\ntance of nearly a mile, sweeping a track fully one\\nhundred and fifty feet wide, destroying thirty-three\\nsmall buildings and injuring twenty-eight others.\\nTwo persons were killed and ten slightly injured.\\nMarch 20, 1876, there was a severe snow-storm.\\nJuly 5, there was a very heavy wind; trees were\\nuprooted, carriages and wagons overturned, vessels\\ndragged their anchors, and the ferr\\\\--boats were\\ncompelled to stop running. In December ice\\ntwelve inches in thickness was formed in the river.\\nOn the 1 5th and i6th, there was a very severe wind,\\nand the snow and ice were piled up in great masses\\nin front of the city.\\nOn January 15, iS 77, there was a heavy snow-\\nstorm, which for a time stopped all travel. Febru-\\nary 7 was extraordinarily warm, and on March 20\\nthere was a sharp snow-storm, accompanied by\\nthunder and lightning. It so affected the electrical\\napparatus in connection with the City Hall bell that\\nat every flash the bell struck one.\\nIn 1S78 no ice formed until Februar)- g. There\\nwas no snow until February 1 1 and boats kept on\\nrunning. For a week in the July following, the\\nmercury ranged from 90\u00c2\u00b0 to 100\u00c2\u00b0. On July i there\\nwas a very heavy thunder-storm and much rain.\\nIn January and February, 1879, there were no\\nfrosts, but on the 6th and the 17th of June this\\nremissness of the winter was atoned for. On July\\n10 there was an immense fall of rain, flooding the\\nsewers and filling cellars. On August i hailstones\\nas large as walnuts fell in great quantities; during\\nthe last week in January, i88i, and the first two\\nweeks in the February following, we had clear\\nweather and sunshine every day, and the ground\\nwas entirely free from snow.\\nThe first two weeks of Februar)-, 1S83, were in\\nmarked contrast there were several inches of snow,\\nand the trees during the entire period were covered\\nwith sleet and ice. During the night of Monday,\\nMay 21, there was a heavy wind, accompanied with\\nrain, which turned to hail and snow the ne.xt morn-\\ning, the storm continuing at intervals all the day.\\nOn the night of September 8 there was a heavy\\nfrost, which did great damage to fruits and vege-\\ntables.\\nSpecimen- of Tornado WnRk-. {Froma f,hoto!:rafli.)", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X\\nDISEASES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DOCTORS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MEDICAL SOCIETIES.\\nDISEASES.\\nDetroit cannot be recommended as the paradise\\nof physicians. The general mildness of the climate,\\nthe pure breezes from the river and lake, the com-\\nplete system of drainage, for which there are e.xcep-\\ntional facilities, the inexhaustible supply of superior\\nwater, the abundance and variety of fish, meat,\\nfruits, and vegetables in its markets, the favorable\\nsanitary conditions, resulting from our wide and\\nwell-kept streets, the enlightened and efficient\\nefforts of the Health Officers and Sanitary Police,\\nthe almost entire absence of tenement houses, and\\nthe fact that a large majority of the inhabitants own\\ntheir homes, are all to be taken into account in\\nexplaining its fortunate condition as one of the most\\nhealthy cities in the world.\\nIn cases of disease, these advantages are fa\\\\ or-\\nable to the physicians, making their prescriptions\\nmore effective and increasing the average of cures.\\nThe doctors thus get full credit for their skill, and\\nthis fact, added to other desirable features, makes\\nthe city attractive to physicians as a place of resi-\\ndence, notwithstanding its general healthfulness.\\nDuring the last forty years the prevailing diseases\\nhave been malarious fever, rheimiatism, pneumonia,\\ncholeraic affections, croup, and pleurisy. There\\nhave also been occasional visitations of the ordi-\\nnary epidemic and contagious diseases, such as\\ninfluenza, measles, scarlet-fever, small-pox, etc.,\\nand within twenty years typhoid, or rather typho-\\nmalarial fevers and diphtheria have been added to\\nthe above list, which, it will be observed, embraces\\nonly the diseases common to temperate climates.\\nDetroit has an advantage over other ordinarily\\nhealthy cities in the same latitude, in that these dis-\\neases, when they occur, are exceptionally mild in\\ntype. The yearly death-rate averages only about\\ntwenty for every i ,000 persons. The total number\\nof deaths reported in 1880 was 1,074; in 18S1, 1,709;\\nin 1882. 2.712; and in 1883, 2,957.\\nOld records show that in 1703 the small-pox\\nmade severe inroads upon the infant colony. It is\\nalso undoubtedly true that the first American settlers\\nsuffered much from fever and ague, and whiskey, as\\nan antidote, was freely used by almost every one.\\nIn course of time quinine was substituted, and this,\\ncombined with other remedies, was first administered\\nunder the name of Dr. Sappington s Pills.\\nIn the fall and winter of 181 3 a severe epidemic\\nprevailed in General Harrison s army. Hundreds of\\nsoldiers died, and were buried near the fort. The\\nremoval of their remains in 1826, at the time the\\nJNlilitary Reserve was laid out into lots, was doubt-\\nless one of the causes of the illness of that year\\nwhich carried away H. J. Hunt, A. G. Whitney, and\\nother prominent citizens.\\nThe first serious epidemic among citizens occurred\\nin 1832, and in anticipation of its coming the Board\\nof Health, on June 25, issued printed instructions\\nfor the prevention and cure of the cholera, including\\nlists of medicines and prescriptions for children and\\nadults. The mayor s proclamation, appended to\\nthese instructions, forbade vessels from any other\\nport to approach within a hundred yards, or to land\\nany person until after an examination by a health\\nofficer.\\nOn July 4 the steamer Henrj- Clay arrived she\\nwas on her way to Chicago with three hundred and\\nseventy soldiers for the Black Hawk War, under\\ncommand of Colonel Twiggs. On July 5 one of the\\nsoldiers died of cholera, and the vessel was immedi-\\nately ordered to Hog Island. From there she went\\non her way, but the disease attacked so many of the\\ntroops that it was useless for the vessel to proceed,\\nand she was compelled to stop at Fort Gratiot.\\nFrom there the soldiers began to make their way to\\nDetroit, but many of them died on the road, and\\nwere devoured by wild beasts only one hundred\\nand fifty reached the city, arriving here about July\\n8. They then embarked on the steamboat Wm.\\nPenn, but the disease compelled them to leave the\\nvessel, and they went into camp at Springvvells,\\nwhere they remained until the scourge had expended\\nits force.\\nMeanwhile, on July 6, two citizens died of the dis-\\nease, and a panic was at once created. Many per-\\nsons left their business and fled from the city. In\\nthe country the excitement was even greater than at\\nDetroit. On the arrival of the mail-coach at Ypsi-\\nlanti, the driver was ordered by a health officer to\\n[48]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "DISEASES.\\n49\\nstop, that an examination of jiassengers might be\\nmade. The driver refusing, his horses were fired\\non one was l illed, and the driver himself had a\\nnarrow escape. .At other places fences were built\\nacross the roads, and travelers were compelled to\\nturn back. /Xt Rochester persons from Detroit were\\nturned out of the hotel and their baggage thrown\\nafter them, and the bridges were torn up to prevent\\npersons from entering the village. At Pontiac a body\\nof men were armed, and sentinels were stationed\\non the highway to prevent ingress. One of the\\ncitizens of this latter place, Dr. Porter, came here to\\ninvestigate the disease, but on his return he was\\nrefused admittance to his own home and compelled\\nto re\\\\nsit our city. In Detroit the Board of Health\\nissued regular bulletins, and the court and juiy-\\nrooms in the old capitol were used for hospital pur-\\nposes. By August 1 5 the epidemic was practically\\nover. The deaths, ninety-six in number, could be\\ntraced in most instances to intemperance and care-\\nlessness.\\nTwo years later the disease again appeared, and\\nthis time with added horrors. It began its work of\\ndestruction the first of .August, and continued till the\\nlast of September. The greatest number of deaths\\nin anv one day was sixteen. In twenty days there\\nwere one hundred and twenty-two deaths from\\ncholera, and fifty-seven from other causes. Ninety-\\nfive of these victims were strangers. Se\\\\-en per\\ncent of the population died in a month. The old-\\nest and best citizens, as well as those comparatively\\nunknown, were numbered among the dead. Busi-\\nness was hardly thought of. The air appeared un-\\nusually oppressive, and to purify it large kettles of\\npitch were burned at night in front of various houses,\\nand at intervals along the streets the burial rite was\\nshortened and persons were not allowed to enter\\nor leave the city without inspection and due delay.\\nIt had been the custom to toll the bell on the occa-\\nsion of a death, but the tolling became so frequent\\nthat it increased the panic, and was therefore discon-\\ntinued.\\nMayor Trowbridge was especially active. Day\\nafter day he visited the hospital, and in many ways\\ncared for the sick, most honorably fulfilling his\\nduties as the chief magistrate of the city in its time\\nof greatest need. A nurse corps was organized, and\\namong those who gave special and personal atten-\\ntion to the patients were Drs. Whiting, Rice, and\\nChapin, Peter Desnoyers, Z. Chandler, John Farmer,\\nand W X. Carpenter.\\nSome of the patients were saved by the care of\\nvolunteer attendants after they had been given up by\\nthe regular physicians. In the case of one man thus\\ngiven over, Mr. Farmer asked if he might give the\\nman some No. 6. The answer was Yes give\\nhim arsenic if you want to. meaning that the\\nman s case was hopeless. Some No. 6 was ad-\\nministered the man s pulse returned, he got better,\\nand in three days was up and at his work.\\nTall, strong, brave Father Martin Kundig out-\\nshone and outdid all others by his tireless devotion\\nto the sick and the dying. Soon after the cholera\\nmade its appearance. Father Kundig bought the old\\nPresbyterian Church, which had just been moved to\\nthe northwest corner of Bates Street and Michigan\\nGrand Avenue, and divided it into two apartments,\\nfor male and female patients respectively. Out of\\nfour rows of pews, every second one was remo\\\\ed,\\nand his hospital was ready. A one-horse ambulance\\nwas then prepared, and morning after morning, night\\nafter night, he went here and there, gathering in the\\nsick and taking them to the refuge which combined\\nsanctuary and hospital. He was so much of the\\ntime among the patients that he was avoided on the\\nstreets lest he should spread the contagion. Dying\\npatients, as they passed away, committed their chil-\\ndren to his care, and the trust was faithfully admin-\\nistered. The Legislature, on March 1 8, 1837, voted\\nhim $3,000 in acknowledgment of his ser\\\\-ices but,\\nas is shown elsewhere, he was never fully reimbursed\\nfor the expenses he incurred.\\nFather Kundig was ably seconded by the Catholic\\nFemale Association and by the Sisters of St. Claire-\\nMr. Alpheus White also rendered efficient aid, not\\nonly neglecting his business himself, but giving also\\nthe time of his employees.\\nIn June, 1849. the reappearance of the cholera\\nwas feared, and the following notice appeared in the\\ndaily papers\\nTHE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.\\nFriday, the 22d inst. havinjj been appointed by his Honor, the\\nMayor, as a day of prayer, fasting, and thanksgiving in view of\\nan impending and terrible yet withheld epidemic, the Public\\nSchools of the city will therefore be dismissed for that day.\\nLe\\\\i Bishop,\\nChairman Committee on Schools.\\n.At this time the citizens turned out in force to\\nclean up the city and to see that all nuisances were\\nabated. The Common Council, at the suggestion of\\nthe Board of Health, passed an ordinance forbidding\\nthe sale of fresh fish, oysters, fruits, vegetables, veal,\\nor pork. On July 9 the first death took place. July\\n16 there were three deaths. July 18 there were\\nfour, and on the 19th there were ten cases of\\ncholera. On the 23d three died, and on the 25th\\nseven deaths were reported. The mortality con-\\ntinued to increase, the aggregate of interments for\\nthe month being seven hundred and eighty-one.\\nThe average of deaths from cholera was twelve per\\nday, and on several days the number of deaths\\nranged from thirty-five to forty. From the ist to the\\n20th of August the number of deaths was two hun-\\ndred and eighty.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "50\\nDISEASES. DOCTORS. MEDICAL SOCIETIES.\\nThe scourge, at this time, was a national one, and\\nby proclamation of President Taylor the first Friday\\nin August was observed as a day of fasting and\\nprayer. Soon after this the mortality decreased, and\\non August 22 a Committee of the Council, appointed\\nto make a daily report, was discharged, and the ordi-\\nnance prohibiting the sale of certain fruits, meats\\nand vegetables was rescinded. On August 25 the\\ndisease again brolce out, raged with virulence until\\nthe early part of September, and then gradually sub-\\nsided. Its last victim died on September 12.\\nIn 1854 the pestilence again visited the city, and\\nthe papers made daily appeals to citizens to sprinkle\\nlime. It made its appearance in the latter part of\\nMay. In June the number of deaths averaged two\\nor three per day. In July the number of deaths\\nfrom all causes was two hundred and fifty-nine, a\\nmajority being reported as from cholera. During\\nAugust the scourge disappeared.\\nDOCTORS.\\nMedicine men are no modern innovation.\\nThe red men of the forest used long words and mys-\\nterious decoctions long before the French chirur-\\ngeons came. The Wa-be-no, a secret society of In-\\ndian prophets, or medicine men, once held its annual\\nmeeting near Springwells, and their mystic incanta-\\ntions and incomprehensible compounds formed a\\nfitting prelude to the cabalistic signs and abbreviated\\nLatin of their regular and irregular successors.\\nThe old records of St. Anne s Church contain the\\nnames, not only of the cures, but of the healers as\\nwell, and as early as May 9, 1 7 10, the name of\\nM. Henry Bellisle, Chtrurgeo?i, was inscribed there-\\nin. The names of others appear, on the following\\ndates: November 26, 1715, M.Jean Baptiste For-\\nester; January 20, 1720, M. Pierre Jean Chapaton,\\nJr. February 8, 1755, he name of Gabriel Christo-\\npher Legrand, Surgeon-Major of the Troops,\\nappears. The records also show that, as a titled\\nsurgeon, he outranked any of his predecessors or\\nsuccessors. He was the son of Gabriel Louis Le-\\ngrand, Esq., Sieur de Sintre, Viscount de Mortoim,\\nChevalier of the Royal and Military Order of St.\\nLouis, and of Henrietta Catharine de Cremay.\\nA return of January I2, 1761, by George Croghan,\\nof persons employed by the Government at Detroit,\\ncontains the name of Doctor Antoney, at five\\nshillings per day. This is undoubtedly meant for\\nthe name of Dr. George C. Anthon. He came to\\nDetroit on November 29, 1760, with Major Rogers,\\nand was the sole medical oflScer of the post. The\\ntroops of the army and navy, the inhabitants, and\\nthe Indians, all alike in turn were patients of this\\ngifted physician. He resigned on August 4, 1786.\\nIn 1780 the name of Dr. William Menzies ap-\\npears.\\nThe earlier physicians carried medicines and little\\nscales, weighing out their prescriptions at the houses\\nof their patients, and their long cues, powdered hair,\\nand ruftled shirt-fronts enforced the respect which\\ntheir profession commanded. In his relation to\\ntheir personal well-being, the doctor often comes to\\nbe esteemed and reverenced among men as much\\nas the pastor. His touch and his tread become\\nknown and loved, and his questions and his quassia\\neven are longed for. The names of some of the\\nphysicians of the past are as ointment poured\\nforth, and their memory lingers like the perfume of\\ncedars strength and grace were theirs. Among the\\nmost widely known of the physicians of former days\\nwere the following\\nWilliam McCroskey, William Brown, Stephen C.\\nHenry, J. L. Whiting, Marshall Chapin, Douglas\\nHoughton, E. Hurd, Zina Pitcher, A. L. Porter, R.\\nS. Rice, Shelomith S. Hall, A. R. Terry, George B.\\nRussell, Abraham Sager, J. B. Scovel, L. F. Starkey,\\nRobert McMillan, T. B. Clark, E. A. Theiller, H. P.\\nCobb, L. H. Cobb, E. G. Desnoyers, Francis Breck-\\nenridge, Justin Rice, Linus Mott, J. H. Bagg, E. W.\\nCowles, Pliny Power, Moses Gunn. J. C. Gorton, E.\\nBatwell, C. S. Tripler, C. N. Ege, Ira M. Allen, J.\\nM. Alden, David Inglis, E. H. Drake, George Bige-\\nlow, E. M. Clark, A. L. Leland, J. J. Oakley, Isaac\\nS. Smith, N. D. Stebbins, S. B. Thayer, S. M. Ax-\\nford, Rufus Brown, D. Day, E. Kane, A. B. Palmer,\\nL. C. Rose, M. P. Stewart, S. G. Armor, A. S. Hea-\\nton, and D. O. Farrand.\\nThe physicians now resident in Detroit are located\\nconveniently all over the city. Many of them are\\nestablished on and near Lafayette Avenue, and those\\ndesiring treatment by any of the popular pathies\\nof the day can be accommodated.\\nTwo Medical Colleges graduate a large number of\\nstudents every year, several excellent hospitals afford\\nexceptional clinical advantages, and a number of\\nvaluable medical journals are published in the city.\\nMEDICAL SOCIETIES.\\nWhile the doctors have often been enabled to\\nkeep their patients alive, their own societies have\\nover and again died for want of care and because of\\nimproper treatment. It is evidently easier to com-\\npound drugs than to harmonize the views of mem-\\nbers of the profession, and a diagnosis of some\\nSociety cases would perhaps reveal symptoms of\\nmental poisoning.\\nThe first society was authorized by an Act of the\\nLegislative Council of June 14, 18 19. Lender this\\nAct the physicians and surgeons of the Territory-\\nwere authorized to meet in Detroit on July 3. 1S19.\\nto form a medical society.\\nThe Act also proxnded for the formation of county\\nsocieties, who were authorized to examine persons", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "rvIEDICAL SOCIETIES.\\n51\\nseeking to practice, and to grant diplomas. A\\nfee of Sio was to be paid for each diploma, and\\nwithout such diploma no one might practice. Dis-\\naster of some kind soon terminated the existence of\\nthese organizations. In 1839 the Michigan Medical\\nSociety was in existence, with D. O. Hoyt as\\npresident and E. \\\\V. Cowles as secretary. A few\\nyears later the Sydenham Medical Society was\\norganized. It ceased in 1848. The Wayne County\\nMedical Society was organized in May, 1 865, and\\nlived for ten years. It was then disbanded, and\\non August 17, 1876, a new society by the same\\nname was organized. William Brodie, president,\\nand W. H. Rouse, secretary, have served from its\\norganization.\\nA Wayne County Homoeopathic Institute was\\norganized July 3, 1868. and continued in existence\\nfor ten years. It was succeeded, in 1878, by the\\nHomoeopathic College of Physicians and Surgeons,\\norganized October 21, 1878, and incorporated on\\nJanuary 20, 1879. The presidents and recorders of\\nthis institute have been as follows Presidents,\\n1878-1881, F. X. Spranger; 1S81. C. C. Miller;\\n1882. R. C. Olin; 1883, J. McGuire 1884, Phil\\nPorter. Recorders,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1878-1883, J. G. Gilchrist;\\n1883- J. M. GrifiRn. Since April. 1880, it has\\nmaintained a Free Dispensary, which is a con-\\ntinuation of a Free Homoeopathic Dispensary organ-\\nized by a number of ladies in 1876.\\nThe Detroit Academy of Medicine was organized\\non September 18, 1869, at the office of Richard\\nInglis. The officers have been as follows: Presi-\\ndents, 1869, Richard Inglis; 1870, E. W. Jenks\\n1871, H. F. Lyster; 1872, James F. Noyes; 1873,\\nHenry A. Cleland; 1874, E. L. Shurly; 1875, C. B.\\nGilbert; 1876, George P. Andrews; 1877, Leartus\\nConnor; 1878, A. B. Lyons; 1879 and 1880, Theo-\\ndore A. ]\\\\IcGraw; 1881, H. O. Walker; 1882-\\nJudson Bradley. Secretaries, 1869, W. H.\\nLathrop; 1870, A. B. Lyons; 187 1, L. Connor;\\n1872, A. B. Lyons; 1873, Frank Livermore; 1874,\\nA. B. Lyons; 1875, H. O. Walker; 1876 and 1877,\\nJames D. Munson; 1878, E. A. Chapoton; 1879\\nand 18S0, J. W. Robertson; 1881, A. E. Carrier;\\n1882. Morse Stewart, Jr.; 1883- A. B. Lyons.\\nThe Detroit Medical and Library Association was\\norganized October 4, 1 876, and incorporated March\\n12, 1877. The officers have been as follows:\\nPresidents, 1877, J. A. Brown; 1878, .A. S. Heaton;\\n1879. E. L. Shurly; 1880, H. A. Cleland; 1881,\\nT. A. McGraw; 1882, N. W. Webber; 1883-\\nR. A. Jamieson. Secretaries, 1877 and 1878, T.\\nF. Kerr; 1879. F. D. Porter; 1880- Willard\\nChaney.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nCEMETERIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BURIALS AND SEXTONS. COUNTY CORONERS.\\nCEMETERIES.\\nThe cemeteries of the past and the present are\\nnaturally divided into eight classes, \\\\iz. The old\\nIndian burial places, the Military, Catholic, Protes-\\ntant, City, Jewish, and Lutheran grounds, and the\\ncemeteries uf private corporations.\\nIndian Bu -ial Places.\\nThey have put the sand over him was the\\ncommon Indian expression when telling of the death\\nof one of the tribe. One of the places where the\\nIndian dead were buried was the Navarre Farm,\\nmore lately known as the Brevoort Farm. Both\\nthe \\\\-illage and the burial place of the Potawatamies\\nwere there, and the tribe deeded the entire farm to\\nRobert Navarre on May 26, 1771. The deed said,\\n\\\\ye give him this land forever that he may culti-\\nvate the same, light a fire thereon, and take care of\\nour dead; and for surety of our word we have\\nmade our marks, supported by two branches of\\nwampum. At various times since the deed was\\nmade the march of improvement and the shovel\\nof the Milesian have seriously disturbed the re-\\nmains of the dusky forms there buried. In 1867,\\nwhile Woodbridge Street was being graded, twenty-\\nfive or thirty skeletons were exhumed. There were\\nalso found several pipe-bowls, together with toma-\\nhawks and flints in great number. Other remains\\nhave been found within the last few years.\\nMilitary Burying Grounds.\\nAs early as 1763, and probably much earlier, the\\nground immediately in the rear of the present First\\nNational Bank Vvas used as a military burial-place.\\nAfter the battle of Bloody Bridge, or Bloody Run,\\nthe remains of Captain Dalyell, and other officers\\nwho perished in that fearful massacre, were buried\\nthere. In 1847. while workmen were exca\\\\-ating\\nfor a building near the northeast corner of Griswold\\nand Woodbridge Streets, skeletons and portions of\\nold tombstones v.-ere found; and one stone was\\nbroken up and put in the cellar-wall. It is a sad\\ncommentary on the spirit of the age that there is\\nscarce a grave or gravestone left, or even a record\\nof the present place of burial of those who died at\\nOften written Dalzell\\nDetroit a century ago. All, all, have disappeared\\nThe tombstone of Hamtramck alone remains as a\\nmemorial stone for the thousands who passed away\\nbefore him.\\nIn 18 1 3, and later, a portion of the grounds be-\\nlonging to Fort Shelby, and even the glacis itself,\\nwas used as a burial-place. Seven hundred soldiers\\nwere buried west of the fort in the winter of 1 8 1 3-\\n1814. On October 31, 1817, Lieutenant John Brooks\\nwas buried on the grounds of the fort. There was\\na long funeral procession, and the ser\\\\nces were con-\\nducted by Rev. Mr. Earned.\\nAfter the granting of the Military Reserve to the\\ncity, the street commissioner, on August 27, 1827,\\nwas directed to re-inter, in the new cemetery, the\\nbones of soldiers which were exposed by grading\\nabout the fort and a large number were removed.\\nThe ground was located between Michigan and La-\\nfayette Avenues, and occupied a part of both blocks\\nbetween Wayne and First Streets. In 1855, when\\nCass Street was being paved, many coffins were dug\\nup, and excavations for cellars in that locality have\\nfrequently unearthed other old graves. In 1869\\ntwenty-five bodies were dug up on Cass Street, and\\nin i88r, while preparing foundations for a new block\\non the corner of Michigan Avenue and Cass Street,\\nthe remains of several bodies were revealed.\\nThe little enclosure shown at the left in the pic-\\nture of Detroit in 1 796 is believed to have been a\\ngraveyard, and from a coiuparison of maps and\\nplans it seems probable that the bones alluded to in\\nthe Detroit Journal of December 9, 1829, were from\\nthis little military burial-place. The Journal says\\nThe workmen employed by Major Schwartz in removing earth\\nfrom premises adjoining the Mansion House in this city discovered\\na tombstone inscribed to Ensign John Gage uf 31st Regiment of\\nFoot. Masonic emblems are engraved on it. The date is 1778.\\nWhat was done with the stone is now unknown.\\nCatholic Cemeteries.\\nThe location of the earliest known burial-place is\\nshown on the maps of 1749 and 1796. The records\\nof St. Anne s Church state that on June 25, 1755,\\ncertain bodies were transferred from the old ceme-\\ntery to the new one. This new cemeterv was inside\\nof the stockade, and covered a portion of the grounds\\nof St. Anne s Church, then located on what is now\\nJefferson Avenue, between Griswold and Shelbv\\n[32]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CEMETERIES.\\nDO\\nStreets. The records of St. Anne s Church give the\\nnames of a number of priests, commandants, and\\nother persons of distinction who, at various periods,\\nwere buried even within the church walls. The\\nstockade was enlarged just before the removal in\\n1755, and this seems to have been deemed a fitting\\ntime to bring certain remains into ground nearer the\\nchurch. It IS well known that many persons were\\nburied about the old church, and there are living wit-\\nnesses who, as late as 1818, saw graves occupying\\na portion of what is now Jefferson Avenue and\\nfrom time to time since then, as excavations have\\nbeen made for sewers and cellars in the vicinity, re-\\nmains have been uncovered. When the new town\\nwas laid out in i8o6, the question of allowing the\\nold graveyards to remain gave rise to much hard\\nfeeling, and for nearly a dozen years there was a\\nquadrangular struggle between two parties in the\\nchurch, Father Richard, the priest, and the Governor\\nand Judges, as to the vacating of the grounds. The\\nquestion was not settled until the arrival of Bishop\\nFlaget, in 1818. The following transcript from St.\\nAnne s records gives the date of removal of certain\\nremains from the old grounds\\n1817, the first day of May and the fifth of the same month,\\nwe, undersigned priest rector of St. Anqe s, have made disinter-\\nment of a certain quantity of bones from the middle of the main\\nstreet, where were formerly tne old burying grounds and old\\nChurch of St. Anne. We buried these remains, with all the re-\\nquired ceremonies, in a square grave, in the middle of the new\\nburying ground this in presence of the undersigned. Etienns\\nDubois, and a great number of people.\\n(Signed) Etiexne Di^bois,\\nGabriel Richard.\\nIt was as a quid pro quo for these grounds that\\nSt. Anne s Church received the large tract on\\nLamed Street, east of Bates .Street.\\nE.NTR.\\\\NCE TO Mt. r.i.l.l-u 1 CliMlvll^RV.\\nAn old memorial, dated April 22, 1807, addressed\\nto the Governor and Judges, says:\\nAbout the year 1796 or 97 it was deemed expedient for the\\nbenefit and health of the inhabitants of the ancient town of De-\\ntroit (considering the great length of time that the small space of\\nground adjacent to the church has been used as a public place of\\ninterment) that a new burial-ground should be allotted to our con-\\ngregation on the then public commons. Accordingly the ground\\nwhich we now hold was picketed in, with the approbation of the\\ncorporation of Detroit, and the consent of Colonel Hamtramck,\\nthe military commandant of this place, under whose jurisdiction\\nthe commons was then in some measure considered.\\nThe Statements of the memorial are confirmed by\\na letter from Peter Audrain to Governor St. Clair,\\ndated November i, 1798, on file at Columbus, Ohio.\\nIt says\\nI think it my duty to inform your E.\\\\cellency that the com-\\nmandant of this post has granted an acre of ground on the com-\\nmons joining the town, to be used as a burying ground by the\\nRoman Catholics. This grant answers a very good purpose, as\\nthe old burying ground joining their church and within the pickets\\n15 so full that it IS a real public nuisance, and has been presented\\nas such by several grand juries.\\nThe grounds on Lamed Street, thus obtained, con-\\ntinued to be used up to 1827, when the city gave the\\nCatholics the use of one half of the then new City\\nCemeter)- on the Beaubien Farm.\\nMount EllioH Cemetery.\\nThis is located on the Leib Farm, and is bounded\\nby German Street on the north, Macomb Street on\\nthe south. Mount Elliott Avenue on the east, and\\nElmwood Cemetery on the west. In 1882 it con-\\ntained sixty- five acres. The first purchase of\\neleven acres was made on August 31, 1 841. The\\ncemeterv is named after Robert T. Elliott, one of\\nthe original projectors and purchasers. His own\\ninterment, the first in the\\ngrounds, took place on\\nSeptember 1 2, 1 841 From\\nthat day to January-, 1 884,\\nthe aggregate of inter-\\nments reached about 25,-\\n765, not including the re-\\nmains of 1.490 graves\\nremoved from the old City\\nCemetery on the Beaubien\\nFarm in the fall of 1869.\\nThe ground is laid out\\ninto about 6,000 lots, of\\nwhich upwards of 4,000\\nhave been sold at prices\\nranging from $25 to $300.\\nSingle graves are sold at\\na fixed price and the poor\\nare buried free. The cost\\nof the several purchases of\\nland up to 18S4 amounted\\nto $45,190, and nearly an", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "54\\nCEMETERIES.\\nequal amount has been expended for inipro\\\\e-\\nments. The cemetery was opened in September,\\n1 841, and was consecrated the same year by Bishop\\nLefevre. A second lot of ground was consecrated\\nf liiliiliiii\\ni\\nL^iiiiiii] u. ^im m\\nML\\nA\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e,i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Hv.\\n,:,;;;-;v:v;^l;PH\\nL.\\n1\\nJ\\nMap of Mt. Elliott Cemetery.\\nby the same prelate on December 7, 1865, and a later\\npurchase by Bishop Borgess on October 16, i88i.\\nA stone gateway was completed in September.\\n1882. at a cost of \u00c2\u00a76.000. The cemetery was originally\\nunder the direct care of the bishop of the diocese.\\nOn November 5, 1865, it was incorporated, and\\nplaced in the care of twelve trustees, two each being\\nelected from the parishes of St. Peter and St. Paul,\\nSt. Anne s, St. Mary s, Holy Trinity, St. Joseph s,\\nand St. Patrick s. Of those first chosen only Messrs.\\nElliott and Heffron remain on the board. The\\nBoard of Trustees in 1883 was as follows From\\nthe Church of St. Peter and Paul, Richard R. Elliott,\\nHenry D. Barnard; from St. Anne s, Alexander E.\\nViger, Joseph B. Moore from St. Mary s, Francis\\nPetz, Joseph Schulte; from Holy Trinity, Jeremiah\\nCalnon, John Monaghan; from St. Joseph s,\\nA. Petz; from St. Patrick s, John Heffron,\\nC. J. O Flynn.\\n\\\\Vhen the ground was first opened it was placed\\nin charge of P. Burns, who in 1872 was succeeded\\nby John Reid. One of the chief points of interest\\nis the grave and tombstone of Colonel John Francis\\nHamtramck, the first American commandant at\\nDetroit. He was originally buried in the graveyard\\nof St. Anne s, but in July, 1866, under the super-\\nintendence of R. R. Elliott, the remains were removed,\\nplaced in an oaken casket, and deposited in Mount\\nElliott. The grave is located at the intersection of\\nShawe and Resurrection Avenues. The inscription\\non the stone is as follows\\nSacred\\nto the Memory of\\nJohn Francis Hamtramtk, Esq.,\\nColonel of the ist United States Regiment of Infantry\\nand\\nCommandant of\\nDetroit and its Dependencies.\\nHe departed this life on the nth of April, 1803,\\nAged 45 years, 7 months 28 days.\\nTrue Patriotism,\\nAnd a zealous attachment to National liberty,\\nJoined to a laudable ambition\\nled him into Military service at an early\\nperiod of his life.\\nHe was a soldier even before he was a man.\\nHe was an active participator\\nin all the Dangers, Difficulties and honors\\nof the Revolutionary War;\\nAnd his heroism and uniform good conduct\\nprocured him the attention and personal thanks of\\nthe immortal Washington.\\nThe United States in him have lost\\nA valuable officer and a good citizen,\\nAnd Society an Useful and Pleasant Member;\\nto his family the loss is incalculable,\\nand his friends will never forget\\nthe Memory of Hamtramck.\\nThis humble monument is placed over\\nhis Remains\\nby the officers who had the Honor\\nto ser\\\\ e under his command\\nA small but grateful tribute to\\nhis merit\\nand\\nhis worth.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CEMETERIES.\\n55\\nProtestant Cemeteries.\\nThe earliest record concerning a Protestant ceme-\\ntery is contained in tlie proceedings of the Board of\\nTrustees for Octobers. 1803. It says, It is well\\nknown that the Protestant burying ground is in very\\nbad order, and Charles Curry is requested to open a\\nsubscription for that object.\\nThe ground referred to covered a portion of what\\nis now Woodward Avenue, between Earned and\\nCongress Streets, and was probably a part of the\\nsame grounds shown in the maps of 1749 and 1796.\\nIn 1818 it was known as the English burying\\nground, and meetings of citizens were held on July\\n18 and 25, to consider the necessity of enclosing\\nthe grounds and on being petitioned to do so, the\\ntrustees resolved to enclose them, by tax if neces-\\nsary. On July 26, 1819, a portion of this burying\\nground was granted by the Governor and Judges to\\nthe First Protestant Society. It was used for burials\\nup to June, 1827, and then the city passed an ordi-\\nnance forbidding its further use for such purposes.\\nThe remains of persons buried in the grounds were\\nremoved at various times as necessity demanded.\\nA notice from the trustees, requesting the removal\\nof the remains by friends, was published as late as\\nFebruary 5, 1851.\\nCity Cemeteries.\\nThe establishment of the first City Cemetery\\ngrew out of a meeting of citizens held on December\\n16, 1826. when a committee was appointed to report\\nupon a site for burial purposes outside of the city.\\nThe Common Council then took action, and a com-\\nmittee was appointed to procure suitable grounds.\\nOn March 22, 1827, they reported that they had\\npurchased of Antoine Beaubien two and one\\nhalf acres for a burial ground, for which they paid\\n$500. At the same meeting the mayor submitted a\\nresolution for the payment of the $500 which had\\nbeen borrowed from the Bank of Michigan. The\\npurchase was fully consummated on June i. 1827,\\nand on June 19 the council appointed a committee,\\nconsisting of Recorder E. P. Hastings and Alder-\\nman P. J. Desnoyers, to divide the grounds into two\\nequal parts, and these parts were thereafter desig-\\nnated respectively as the Catholic and the Protestant\\nCemetery. The lots had been laid out previous to\\nthis division, and when the dividing fence was erect-\\ned it ran directly across many of the lots. This fact,\\nhowever, proved of great practical convenience, for\\nmany families, who had both Protestant and Catholic\\nrelatives, bought these lots lying along the line of\\nthe fence, and buried their Catholic friends on one\\nside and their Protestant relatives on the other thus\\nthe sanctity of the ground was preserved, while in\\nthe same lot. and yet in two different cemeteries,\\nthose of opposite faiths reposed in peace. On Sun-\\ndays this place was a favorite resort. Being within\\neasy walking distance, scores and hundreds of chil-\\ndren and grown people, on pleasant Sabbaths, wan-\\ndered about the grounds, reading and comparing\\nthe tombstone inscriptions. The first lots in the\\nProtestant portion of the cemetery were sold at\\nauction on March 26, 1828, and the money received\\nwas used for improvements. The grounds lay be-\\ntween Gratiot and Clinton Streets, and extended a\\nlittle east of St. Antoine Street, bounded on the west\\nby what is now known as Paton Street. This last\\nstreet was then called Cemetery Lane, and extended\\nfrom the Gratiot Road to Jefferson Avenue. In\\n1836 a gate was erected at the entrance on Jefferson\\nAvenue, midway between Beaubien and St. Antoine\\nStreets. The lane was laid out in 1827, partially\\nenclosed in 1836, and fully enclosed in 1843. In\\nJune, 1845, a petition was circulated to have it\\nopened, but it was decided that the city had no\\nrights therein. After 1855 no interments were\\nallowed to be made in the cemetery, and in Feb-\\nruary, 1859, MuUett Street was opened through the\\ngrounds. A large portion is now designated as\\nClinton Park.\\nThe second City Cemetery dates from May 31,\\n1834. The mayor on that day bought at auction,\\nfor $2,010, fifty-five acres of the Guoin Farm, just\\nnorth of the Gratiot Road, and now bounded on the\\nwest by Russell Street. The tract was deemed too\\nlarge for a cemetery, and thirty-five acres were di-\\nvided into lots and sold. A plan of the grounds was\\nadopted on September 30, 1835, and the price of\\nlots was fi.xed at $10 for full, and $5 for half lots.\\nOriginally the city sexton had charge of the grounds\\nand sold the lots. From 1841 to 1863 sales were\\nmade by the city clerk, and after 1863 the comp-\\ntroller was charged with the care of the plan and the\\nsale of lots. On April 20, 1869, it was ordered that\\nno more bodies be buried in the grounds, and on May\\n14, 1879, an order of the Circuit Court was issued\\nvacating the cemetery. This gave the city full con-\\ntrol over it for other purposes, and since then the\\nwork of removing the graves has gone rapidly for-\\nward. One thousand four hundred and ninety-three\\nbodies were removed in 1880, at a cost of $2,019,\\nand buried at Grosse Point, a portion of the hospital\\ngrounds having been set apart for the purpose in\\n1 88 1 one thousand six hundred and sixty-eight\\nadditional bodies were removed, and during 1882 the\\nwork was completed by the removal of the remains\\nof one thousand three hundred and fifty-seven\\nbodies. The House of Correction and one of the\\nHay and Wood Markets occupy a portion of the\\nground and, as opportunity offers, the city is per-\\nfecting its title to the entire cemetery by buying\\nup the rights of lot-owners.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "56\\nCEMETERIES.\\nEhnivood Ccmctcrv.\\nThis beautiful cemetery lies in the eastern part of\\nthe city. The ground is of a light, porous nature,\\nand from its natural conformation admirably adapted\\nfor the purpose. Parent s Creek, or Bloody Run,\\nwinds gracefully through the grounds and adds\\nmuch to the attraction of the place. The money to\\npurchase the first forty-one acres was obtained by\\nEntrance to Elmwood Cemetery.\\nsubscription. The land cost $1,858, and was con-\\ntracted for in the spring of 1846. On October 8, fol-\\nlowing, the cemetery was opened, and the ne.\\\\t day,\\nat an auction sale, the subscribers had their choice\\nof the lots. Those of the subscribers who did not\\nwant lots, had their subscriptions refunded. The as-\\nsociation was incorporated by special Act on March\\n5, 1849, and under the Act all moneys received from\\nsale of lots, over and above the cost of the grounds,\\nmust be devoted to their improvement. The deed\\nfor the first purchase was dated July 10. 1850. The\\ndate and cost of subsequent purchases are as fol-\\nlows August 26, 1 85 1, iiyVu acres, $1,200; De-\\ncember 6, 1851, Lots 21 and 22 of Hunt Farm,\\n6oo; January 24, 1852, 2^^% acres, $200; Septem-\\nber 12, 1864, five acres of D. C. Whitwood, $3,500\\nMay 12, 1871, iij^ acres, $16,000. By the opening\\nof German Street three and one third acres were\\nleft outside the enclosure, leaving seventy-eight acres\\nin the grounds. In 1852 a tasteful and substantial\\nmonument was erected on the grounds designated as\\nthe Strangers Lot.\\nThe Chapel was built in 1855, and cost $4,000.\\nIt is a Normaa Gothic structure of quarried lime-\\nstone, about thirty-four feet long by twenty wide.\\nThe stone gatewav, fronting Elmwood Ax enue, at\\nthe head of Croghan Street, was completed in 1870,\\nand cost $6,000. The size of lots varies from i 5 x 20\\nto 20.x 30; the prices in 1850 were from $15 to\\n$100 each. On January i. 1SS4, there were about\\n3,500 lot;Owners, and 55 lots were still unsold. The\\ntotal number of interments at that date was 2 1 ,42 1\\nThe first trustees were K. I). Eraser, president\\nJohn Owen, treasurer; Henry Ledyard, secretary;\\nC. C. Trowbridge, Israel Coe, and J. S. Jenness.\\nOn Augu.st 9, 1854, C. I. Walker took the place of\\nIsrael Coe, removed to New York. On July 16,\\n1861, D. B. Duffield was elected in place of\\nH. Ledyard, and C. I. Walker became secre-\\ntary. On June 14, 1862, Caleb Van Husen\\nbecame a trustee in place of J. S. Jenness,\\nremoved from the city. On April 4, 1868,\\nMr. Walker resigned, and William A. Butler\\nwas then elected a trustee and D. B. Duffield\\nchosen secretary. On January 22, 1878,\\nR. r. Toms succeeded A. D. Eraser as a\\ntrustee, and in 1883, after the death of C. C.\\nTrowbridge, his place was filled by the ap-\\npointment of A. H. Dey. From the time\\nthe cemetery was opened until May 2, 1870,\\nat which date the office was discontinued,\\nRobert Bell acted as collector and agent of\\nthe trustees.\\nThe superin.tendents have been as fol-\\nlows Wm. Hudson to April, 1855 Thomas\\nMatthews to April, 1856; and D. Gladewitz\\nto .August 5, 1868; William R. Hamilton\\nw-as appointed September 3, 1868, and his successor,\\nGeorge H. Harris, on March I, 1875. Mr. Harris\\nresigned February 9, 1876, and on April 12, 1S76,\\nA. W. Blain was appointed.\\nWoodmen; Cemetery.\\nThis cemetery lies in the town of Springwells, four\\nand one half miles from the City Hall, and occupies\\npart of the Ship Yard Tract. It is bounded west\\nEntrance to WooD:\\\\iERn Cemetery.\\nby Baby Creek, a wide bayou, which extends within\\nthe grounds on the south the grounds are bounded\\nby Fort Street, and on the east by the Dix Cross", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CEMETERIES. BURIALS AND SEXTONS.\\n57\\nRoad. Woodmere Station, on the L. S. C. S. Rail-\\nroads, is located within easy walking distance of the\\nentrance. It is a coincidence worthy of passing\\nnotice that a locality known as World s End, on the\\nriver Rouge, is quite near the grounds. The name\\nof the cemeter) is a compound of wood and\\nmere, and is suggestive of its woods and waters.\\nThe grounds embrace two hundred and two acres,\\nare e.xempt from ta.\\\\ation, well adapted for burial\\npurposes, and capable of being made very attractive.\\nThe association was organized July 8, 1867, and\\nreorganized February 19, 1869, and in the fall of this\\nlast year the first interments were made. On April\\n6, 1868, the board authorized the construction of the\\nentrance, and in 1869 it was built. On May 10,\\n1869. the following persons were chosen directors\\nJohn J. Bagley, E. \\\\V. Hudson, C. I. Walker, M. S.\\nSmith, M. W. Field, Bela Hubbard, I). M. Richard-\\nson. G. W. Lloyd, Daniel Scotten, E. A. Elliott,\\nWilliam Phelps, Amos C. Hubbard, and C .eorge\\nKirby. At a subsequent meeting the following ofi i-\\ncers were elected John J. Bagley, president E. W.\\nHudson, vice-president; C. I. Walker, secretary;\\nM. S. Smith, treasurer; Moses W. Field and Bela\\nHubbard, E.xecutive Committee.\\nThe officers in 1883 were R. W. Gillett, president\\nE. Y. Swift, vice-president; M. S. Smith, treasurer;\\nC. I. Walker, secretary; with the following persons\\nas additional directors: G. W. Latimer, E. Y. Swift,\\nM. W. Field, Philo Parsons, B. Hubbard, J. Greusel,\\nS. J. Murphy, R. W. Allen, and George Kirby.\\nThe cemeterv was formally dedicated July 14,\\n1869, when an address was delivered by C. I. Walker.\\nThe number of lot-owners up to 1884 was 1,487, and\\nthere were about 17,000 lots still for sale. The\\nnumber of interments, exclusive of the 2,000 removed\\nfrom the old City Cemetery, was 6,541. In Nov-em-\\nber, 1868, the city contracted for about five acres, at\\nten cents a square foot, to be used for the burial of\\nthe city poor. The ordinary price for lots is from\\ntwenty-five to fifty cents a square foot.\\nThe general rules of the cemetery are as follows\\nAll erections known as head and foot boards are\\nprohibited. All family burial lots and all single\\ngraves are sodded and kept in good order by the\\ncorporation without charge. Hedges, wooden trel-\\nlises, and posts and chains are not allowed for the\\npurpose of enclosure.\\nNo corpse is allowed to remain in the public vault\\nover one week, unless permission is obtained in\\nwriting from the president or secretary. F. W. Hig-\\ngins is superintendent office at the cemetery.\\nJewish Cemeteries.\\nThe Reform Congregation Beth El Temple, on\\nWashington Avenue, opened a cemetery adioining\\nElmwnod about 1S50. It w;is foriii;illy recognized\\nas a cemetery by the council on July 16, 1861, but\\nno regular record of interments was kept till about\\n1870. It is now used only by those who own lots\\nthere no new lots are sold. On April 5, 1873, the\\ncongregation contracted with the officers of Wood-\\nmere for the sole control of about three acres in\\nSection F north.\\nIn 1864 the congregation of Shaary Zedec pur-\\nchased one and one half acres for cemetery purposes\\nnear the D. M. R. R. Junction, for $450. In 1882\\nhalf an acre was used by the congregation of Beth\\nIsrael, one fourth of an acre by the Detroit Lodge\\nKesher Shel Basal, and three fourths of an acre by\\nthe original purchasers.\\nLiit/u-ran Cemetery.\\nThis cemetery, containing ten acres, is located\\nabout three miles from the City Hall, on the left-\\nhand side of the Gratiot Road, on the Meldrum\\nFarm. It was purchased January 1 1, 1868, at a cost\\nof $2,600. It is controlled by the congregation of\\nthe Trinity Lutheran Church on the corner of\\nGratiot Avenue and Prospect Street. The price of\\nlots is $30. The officers in 1883 were, H. A. Chris-\\ntiansen, secretary, and C. H. Beyer, treasurer, with\\nChristian Schroederas superintendent.\\nBURIALS AND SEXTONS.\\nThe use of hearses in Detroit dates from about\\n1830. Prior to their introduction, coflnns were car-\\nried to the grave upon biers or bars, borne sometimes\\nupon the shoulders, and often carried by hand. At\\nthe funeral of a person of wealth, the bearers vi-ere\\nprovided with long white linen scarfs. These scarfs\\nwere tied with linen cambric, which, according to\\ncustom, was used for the bosoms of the shirts which\\nthe bearers were expected to have made from the\\nscarfs.\\nFormerly there was great carelessness in the\\nkeeping of the records by cemetery officials and\\nsextons. At the present time permits for burials\\nmust be obtained from the health officer, and are\\nissued only upon evidence within his knowledge\\nas such officer, or upon the certificate of a reputable\\nphysician, or a coroner.\\nA city sexton was appointed as early as 1827, but\\nthe office was not definitely created until March 17,\\n1829. It was the duty of the sexton to superintend\\ninterments in the Protestant ground, and he was\\npaid by the amounts received for his services, which\\nwere prescribed by ordinance. It was possibly at\\nthis time that\\nThe doctor told the sexton.\\nAnd the sexton tolled the bell,\\nas an ordinance allowed the latter fifty cents for\\ntolling. On September 18. 1829. the council was\\npetitioned to prevent the further tolling of the bell.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "58\\nBURIALS AND SEXTONS. COUNTY CORONERS.\\nand this part of his duties ceased for a time. In\\n1841 it was made his duty to report the names of\\nall persons dying in the city, with the cause of\\ndeath, and the name of the attending physician.\\nMore recently it was his duty to file the physician s\\ncertificate with the city cleric. He was also charged\\nwith the care of the grounds of the City Cemetery.\\nHe was appointed by the council on nomination of\\nthe mayor. From 1863 he had a salary of $200\\nper year in addition to the amounts allowed to be\\ncharged for the burial of paupers.\\nBy ordinance of 1870 the amount allowed was \u00c2\u00a78\\nif buried in Elmwood or Mt. Elliott, and $9 if buried\\nin Woodmere. On an order from the Director of\\nthe Poor, it was the duty of the se.xton to give any\\nperson, dying without means, or the body of any\\npauper or criminal, a burial. By a charter amend-\\nment in 1879 the office terminated with that year,\\nand the duties were transferred to the Commission-\\ners of the Poor. The following persons ser\\\\ ed as\\ncity sextons\\n1827, E. W. Barnes; 1 828-1 833, Israel Noble;\\n1833-1835, George Combs; 1835-1841, I. Noble;\\n1841-1844, C. H. Eckhff; 1844-1847, R. C. Scadin\\n1847-1850, James Sutherland; i850-i852,E. IVIyers;\\n1852-1857, F. Deinecke; 1857-1S59, P. Clessen\\n1859-1861, A. T. Ray; 1861. Joseph Parkinson;\\n1862-1864, V.Geist; 1864, Neil Flattery; 1865-1868,\\nThomas Roche; 1868-1871, V. Geist; 1871-1874,\\nGeorge Heron; 1874-1876, R. Bronson; 1876-1878,\\nJames Hickey; 1878, V. Geist.\\nCOUXTY CORONERS.\\nThe office of coroner is as old as the Northwest\\nTerritor\\\\ Under Michigan Territory, by Act of\\nSeptember 1 3, i S05, the territorial marshal was con-\\nstituted coroner. Act of November 3. 181 5, pro-\\nI ided that coroners should be appointed by the\\ngovernor. Act of April 21, 1825, pro\\\\ ided for their\\nelection on the second Tuesday of October for\\nterms of three years. Under Constitution of 1835\\nthe term of office was two years. By law of 1 836\\ntwo were to be elected instead of one as before,\\nTlie Constitution of 1850 made no provision for the\\noffice, and none were elected between 1851 and\\n1857. The Revised Statutes of 1857 revived the\\noffice.\\nIn any case where death is sudden, and not to be\\naccounted for on natural grounds, the coroner may\\nhold an inquest. The fees are paid by the county\\nauditors and are as follows: For viewing a body,\\n$3 for each mile traveled in going to the place, ten\\ncents for each subpoena served on witnesses called\\nto aid in determining cause of death, twenty-five\\ncents for administering oath to witnesses, ten cents.\\nJurymen serving on coroner s inquests are paid $3\\nper day. Si.x persons constitute a jury.\\nThe names of the coroners, with their terms of\\nservice, are as follows\\n1796, Herman Eberts; 1799 and 1801, John Dode-\\nmead 1 803. Joseph Harrison 1 804, Joseph Wilkin-\\nson; November 21. 181 5 to 1836, Benjamin Wood-\\nworth; 1836, B. Wood worth, A. S. Schoolcraft;\\n1837-1840, D. Petty, A. Y. Murray; 1840, A. Y.\\nMurray, David French; 1841 and 1842, James\\nHanmer, James Gunning; 1S43, James Beaubien,\\nJohn Simons; 1844, W. W. Howland, J. B. Sprague;\\n1845 and 1846, Paschal Mason, Alexander Lead-\\nbeter; 1 847-1 850, John H. Hill, H. R. Nowland;\\n1850, C. W. Jackson, Alanson Parsons; 185 1 and\\n1852, D. D. Hustis; E. Lewis; 1857, George Moran,\\nDaniel Murray; 1858-1861, C. W. Tuttle, A. W.\\nSprague; 1861-1863, E. Lauderdale, C. H. Bar-\\nrett; 1 863-1 865, J. W. Daly, Reuben Huston;\\n1865-1867, Timothy McCarthy, J. W. Daly 1867-\\n1869, P. B. Austin. J. W. Daly; 1869-1873, John\\nGnau, James Cahill; 1873, A. F. Jennings, J. S.\\nGriffin; 1874, N. B. Rowley, J. S. Griffin; 1875 and\\n1876, N. B. Rowley, James Cahill; 1877, Peter Oaks,\\nJohn Wilson; 1S78 and 1879, Peter Oaks, Adam\\nSchulte; 1880, A. Schulte; 1881, A. E. Carrier, J. D.\\nRichards; 1882, W. Y. Clark, A. E. Carrier; 1883-\\nM. Denne, J. Locke.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI I.\\nHEALTH OFFICERS. DRAINS AND SEWERS. SCAVENGERS.\\nHEALTH OFFICERS.\\nThe first mention made of a Board of Health is\\nfound in the Council Proceedings of 1831. The\\nboard was composed of Drs. J. L. Whiting and R.\\nS. Rice in 1S32 Drs. Henry and Chapin were ad-\\nded and on account of the prevalence of cholera,\\nthe aldermen also, occasionalh resolved themselves\\ninto a Board of Health. In 1837 fear of small-po.x\\nagain led the council to institute a Health Board.\\nSeveral physicians were appointed to vaccinate the\\npoor, and on April 1 2 they were requested to organ-\\nize for that purpose. In 1S49 the fear of cholera\\nled to the appointment of a Board of Health, con-\\nsisting of Drs. L. H. Cobb, R. S. Rice, and Z.\\nPitcher. A board was also provided for by ordi-\\nnances of 1861 and 1870. It consisted of the senior\\nalderman of each ward and four physicians, ap-\\npointed by the council, two of whom were required\\nto be city physicians. The president of the Board\\nof Police Commissioners, by irtue of his office, was\\na member of the board. Five members consti-\\ntuted a quorum the city clerk kept the records.\\nNo regular meetings were held, but members were\\ncalled together whenever it was deemed desirable.\\nThey were paid Si -50 for each session attended.\\nThe board had power to do all things needful for\\nthe health of the city, but matters involving special\\ne.xpenditures required the approval of the council.\\nThe ordinance of 1861 was not fully carried out\\nuntil 1864, and the first appointments of physicians\\nas members of the board were made that year. The\\nphysicians, other than city physicians, appointed\\nunder the ordinance were as follows: 1864, J. C.\\nGorton, C. H. Barrett 1865, Z. Pitcher, C. Brumme\\n1866-1S71, Z. Pitcher, William Brodie; 1871, D.\\nO. Farrand, H. E. Smith 1872, W. A. Chandler, E.\\nH. Drake; 1873, E. H. Drake, H. F. Lyster; 1874,\\nC. C. Yemans, A. Barrowman; 1875, G. A. Foster,\\nJ. H. Carstens; 1876, T. F. Kerr, J. H. Carstens;\\n1877, E. Leach, A. F. Hoke; 1878, H. A. Torrey,\\nE. Leach; 1S79, G. A. Foster, E. Leach, P. P. Gil-\\nmartin, and Duncan McLeod; 1880, D. O. Farrand,\\nMorse Stewart, and John Flinterman.\\nAn entirely new organization was provided by the\\nlaw of May 26. 1881. Under this law three practic-\\ning physicians are appointed by the council on\\nnomination of the mayor the first appointees were\\nto serve for one, two, and three years each, and then\\nbeginning with 1882, one was to be appointed yearly\\non the third Tuesday of June, for a term of three\\nyears. These physicians, with the mayor, comp-\\ntroller, and president of the Police Board, con-\\nstitute the Board of Health. The medical members\\nof the board on June i, 1881, were as follows: D.\\nO. Farrand. appointed for one year, John Flinter-\\nman for two years, and Morse Stewart for three\\nyears. In 1882 the board remained the same. In\\nMarch, 1883, on the death of Dr. Farrand. T. A.\\nMcGraw was appointed as his successor.\\nIn 188 1 the board appointed O. W. Wight as the\\nhealth officer, at a salary of \u00c2\u00a73,000 per year.\\nUnder his supervision the Health Department has\\nobtained an efficiency never before possessed. All\\nburial permits are issued from his office, and full\\nstatements of the age of the deceased, cause of\\ndeath, name of attending physician, and place of\\nburial are required to be filed with this officer.\\nMonthly statements of these and other facts pertain-\\ning to the health of the city are regularly printed and\\nissued. The Health Officer has the aid of the sani-\\ntar)- squad of the Police Department, and placards\\nall houses where infectious diseases e.xist, using for\\ncases of small-pox notices printed on yellow cards,\\nfor scarlet fever, red cards, and for diphtheria, blue\\ncards. An oversight is kept of such premises as are\\nplacarded, and after the recovery or death of the\\npatient, they are disinfected.\\nThe scavengers and meat inspector are required to\\nco-operate with the Board of Health, and legislation\\nis hoped for that, if obtained, will secure pure ice,\\npure milk, proper ventilation, good plumbing, and\\nfreedom from obno.xious sewer-gas and coal-smoke.\\nDRAIN S AND SEWERS.\\nAn Act of -April 24, 1824, gave the council power\\nto pronde for the construction of sewers, but the\\ndesirability of building them seems to have been for\\nmany years an unsettled question. On March 12,\\n1827, a committee consisting of Lewis Cass, John\\nBiddle, J. Kearsley. D. C. McKinstr P. J. Desnoy-\\ners, and John Mullett presented a lengthy report to\\nthe council, in which tliey said In regard to com-\\n[59]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "6o\\nDRAINS AND SEWERS.\\ninoii sewers, doubts have been expressed respecting\\ntheir effect upon the public health, yet we are in-\\nclined to thinlt it would be expedient to make an ex-\\nperiment by establishing one in Woodbridge Street.\\nIn the light of facts that now exist, such a report\\nsigned by such persons seems curious indeed.\\nOn May i, 1827, it was determined to make an\\ne.xperiment, and the council adopted the following:\\nRcsolzt^d^ that the drain or ravine commonly called the River\\nSavoyard, be deepened from the outlet into the Detroit River,\\nthrough the farm of Governor Cass, to the line of the Military\\nReser\\\\ ation, with the consent of the proprietor of said farm and\\nthat a drain in continuation thereof be e-xtended through the said\\nreservation in the alley between Congress and Lamed Streets to\\nits easterly termination.\\nThis plan was carried out, and the timbers from\\nold Fort Shelby were used to form the sides of an\\nopen sewer which followed the course of the stream.\\nAt that time, even the ditches in the streets were\\nmade and owned by private parties and on June 20,\\n1828, the council appointed a committee to confer\\nwith the proprietor of the ditch leadiiig along Bates\\nStreet to the great sewer, with a view to purchase\\nthe same for the use of the city. Old records show\\nthat the city expended $1,278, in 1828, in digging\\nthese open sewers or ditches. These primitive drains\\noffended the eye and outraged the nostrils for several\\nyears.\\nBut little real progress was made in building\\ndrains or sewers until May 20, 1835. A committee\\nof the council then presented an elaborate report on\\nthe subject, and recommended the construction of\\nwhat is known as the Grand Sewer. This was\\nagreed to, and in December, 1835, the council\\noffered a premium of $100 for an acceptable plan for\\ndraining the city betw-een the Cass and Brush farms.\\nA plan was adopted, and in 1836 the first under-\\nground sewer was built, at a cost of $22,607. It is\\nstill doing excellent service, and deserves its name\\nof Grand. Its route is from Beaubien Street on\\nFort to Randolph, through Michigan Grand Avenue\\nto Bates Street, along Bates and Congress to Gris-\\nwold, diagonally across Griswold to the alley between\\nCongress and Lamed Streets, along the alley to\\nFirst Street, and down First Street to the river. It\\nis constructed of stone, having side walls eighteen\\ninches thick, with a brick arch of two feet spring.\\nThe bottom is paved with hard-burned brick. It is\\nfour feet six inches wide and five feet high in the\\nclear the average depth of the excavation is ten feet.\\nIn the main it follow the route of the Savoyard.\\nThe sewer proved such a success that others fol-\\nlowed, and from year to year the number has in-\\ncreased. For many years, however, there w as no\\ngeneral system, and contractors were often careless,\\nand ignorant of the first principles of drainage. It\\nis a fact of record that during 1849 sewers in the\\nFirst and Fifth wards, and on Randolph Street, were\\nso constructed that, when nearly complete, it was\\nfound the water, instead of taking the direction\\ndesired, ran towards the locality sought to be\\ndrained. In 1856 the great sewer in Woodward\\nAvenue south of Congress .Street was built, and for\\nmonths afterwards immense banks of earth remained\\nin the street as monuments of the stupidity and mis-\\nmanagement of contractors and officials. Until 1857\\nall private sewers were built by individuals, of such\\nmaterials and in such places as they pleased. The\\nresult was that mam lots were without drainage,\\nand others with only partial or defective drains.\\nThe city charter of 1857 remedied these evils by\\nproviding for a board of three sewer commissioners,\\nto be nominated by the mayor and appointed by the\\ncouncil. They served without pay, and were origin-\\nally appointed for terms of three, four, and five years,\\nand then for five years each. More of system was\\nnow introduced all sewers, public and private, were\\nplaced under their control and built by their direc-\\ntion, and no drain could be put in without their ap-\\nproval.\\nSewers are called public sewers when built by\\norder of the Common Council and paid for by pub-\\nlic tax for general drainage purposes. These are\\nalmost invariably built in the streets. Lateral sewers\\nare usually built in the alleys, and are paid for by\\nspecial assessment upon the particular lots bene-\\nfitted, each lot paying according to the number of\\nsquare feet it contains. The theory is that every\\nlot is entitled to drainage; and on the petition of\\neven one person, a lateral sewer may be built in order\\nto drain his lot, and the adjoining lots must help to\\npay the cost. Persons desiring to connect a drain\\nwith a lateral sewer are required to pay Si -oo for the\\nprivilege of the connection, which is made, without\\nfurther charge, by the Board of Public Works.\\nBy Act of April 13, 1 871, the city was authorized\\nto issue $300,000 in bonds for the purpose of build-\\ning sewers, provided the citizens meeting approved.\\nUnder this law, in 1872, $80,000 were raised by the\\nsale of bonds, and the number of public sewers was\\nlargely increased. In 1874, on the creation of the\\nBoard of Public Works, the powers of the sewer\\ncommissioners were transferred to that body. By\\nAct of February 18, 1875. the council was again\\nauthorized to issue $300,000 in bonds for sewer pur-\\nposes; and under the two laws of 1871 and 1875\\nbonds for building public sewers, to the amount of\\n$397,500, were issued. Both public and lateral sew-\\ners are built of brick; the connections from houses\\nare generally of sewer pipe, although wood is some-\\ntimes used. The main sewers vary in size from\\n21 X 28 inches to 6x8 feet, and are from twenty to\\nforty feet below the surface. Lateral sewers are\\ngenerally of egg shape, and 1 5 x 20 inches.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "DRAINS AND SEWERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCAVENGERS.\\n6 I\\nThe public sewer in Griswold Street, from Con-\\ngress Street to the river, ua.s built in 1877, by tun-\\nneling under the street instead of excavating from\\nthe surface, and was the first sewer so built in the\\ncity. The method proved advantageous, as travel\\non the street was not materially interfered with, and\\nit has since been generally adopted.\\nThe total length of public sewers built from 1S35,\\nto 1884, is 80 miles, and the cost $2,056,872. The\\nlength of lateral sewers built since 1S55 is 1 1 1 miles,\\nand they have cost $581,099.\\nThe superintendents of sewers were, 1852. C.\\nJackson; 1853, Stephen ^^artin 1854, J. M. Davis,\\nMatthew Oliver; 1855, H. C. Moors; 1856, Isaac\\nFinehart.\\nThe members of the Board of Sewer Commission-\\ners were as. follows: 1857, C. Hurlbut, A. Chapo-\\nton, James Shearer 1 858, J. Houghton. C. W.\\nJackson, A. Chapoton; 1859, C. Hurlbut. \\\\V. Bar-\\nclay, T. H. Hinchman 1 860-1 863, \\\\V. Barclay. A.\\nSheley, T, H. Hinchman 1 863-1 866, W. Barclay,\\nA. Sheley, A. Chapoton; 1866. A. E. Bissell, A. S.\\nBagg, W. Barclay; 1867-1871, A. E. Bissell, Wil-\\nliam Barclay, A. Sheley; 1871, W. H. Coots, Wil-\\nliam Barclay, A. E. Bissell 1 872-1 874, A. E, Bissell,\\nHarvey King, W. H. Coots.\\nThe following persons ser\\\\-ed as engineers of\\nsewers: 1859-1862, E. W. Smith 1862-1874. Thos.\\nLedbeter.\\nSCAVENGERS.\\nThe office of scavenger was created by ordinance\\nof 1852, which provided that a scavenger should\\nbe appointed yearly by the council.\\nBy ordinance of 1855 several scavengers might be\\nappointed, and they were authorized to charge eight\\ncents a cubic foot for the cleaning of vaults and\\ndrains. In 1883 the legal charge was twelve cents.\\nIn 1864 that part of the business pertaining to the\\nremoval and burial of dead animals was first done\\nbv contract. Ordinances of 1863 and 1870 provide\\nthat, by paying one dollar and giving surety for\\nfaithful ser\\\\ices, any proper person may be licensed\\nbv the mavor as a scavenger. They are under the\\ndirection of the Board of Health.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nWATER AND WATER-WORKS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS.\\nWATER AND WATER-WORKS.\\nThe first settlers had no need for wells, engines,\\npumps, or reservoirs. The water along the shore\\nwas not defiled by sewers and refuse from shop and\\nfactory instead of containing impurities, it washed\\nand whitened the sandy beach and was e\\\\erywhere\\nas clear as a diamond.\\nEach farmhouse had its single rough-hewn log or\\nplank projecting into the stream, and barefooted\\nmaidens, morning by morning, walked the plank,\\ndashed a bucket into the river, and with the rope to\\nwhich it was attached drew out the water for their\\ndaily needs. There were no assessors to inquire\\nhow many the family included. Shut-offs were\\nunknown. The supply was literally as free as air,\\nand whosoever would might draw or drink.\\nAs the settlement grew, buckets gave partial place\\nto barrels, therefore the wharf was used, and when\\nthe Bostonians came they brought rules and\\nregulations. One of the earliest Acts of the Board\\nof Trustees was the passage on July i6, 1S04, of an\\nordinance requiring each person taking water from\\nthe Merchants Wharf to pay one dollar in ad\\\\-ance\\nfor the privilege of so doing. This did not please\\nthe French and on August 6, the ordinance was\\nrepealed. After the fire of 1805 the Governor and\\nJudges concluded that it was not safe to rely alto-\\ngether upon the river for a water supply, and they\\nundertook to provide public wells. On November\\n29, 1806, an account was presented by George Huff\\nfor smithwork done at the pumps, and on\\nDecember 3 following the governor was appointed\\na committee to cause the pumps to be stored and\\npainted.\\nAn appropriation bill, passed by the Governor and\\nJudges on March 20, 1807, contains the following\\nitem For completing wells and pumps in the\\nvicinity of the court-house and prison, $100 charge-\\nable to Detroit Fund. Their records for March\\n28, 1807. .state that the marshal is authorized to\\ncomplete the wells and pumps in the vicinity of the\\ncourt-house by causing the said wells to be deep-\\nened, and walled with bricks or stones, and causing\\nthe said pumps to be put in complete order for use.\\nOne of the last named wells was on Jefferson\\nAvenue near Wayne Street. Wells were also pro-\\nvided on the commons back of the town, in the\\nregion of the square now designated at the Campus\\nMartins. The digging of wells in this locality gave\\ngreat offence to the people. Both cattle and persons\\nfell into them, and on May 7, 1S08, the Grand Jury\\npresented the wells on the domain as a dangerous\\nnuisance. In consequence of this action, on De-\\ncember 15, 1808, the marshal was directed tO dis-\\npose of the pumps, stone and other articles which\\nhave heretofore been furnished for the wells on the\\ncommons. On March 7, 1809, W. McD. Scott pre-\\nsented an account of $134.50 for expenses incurred\\nin digging public wells, which was duly allowed.\\nOne of the wells with a pump was located on\\nthe north side of Jefferson Avenue between Bates\\nand Randolph Streets. On February 3, 1819, Mr.\\nStead was paid $30 for repairing well and putting\\nin a pump. It was worked with a windlass, and\\nwas in use for several years. In 182S the city paid\\n$2.37 for filling it up.\\nDuring these years water was frequently carried in\\nbuckets suspended from the ends of a wooden yoke,\\nborne upon the shoulders. It was also hauled in\\nbarrels in the old two-wheeled French carts, and\\nsold at sixpence per barrel. Two barrel were con-\\nsidered a load, and from them, as the carts jogged\\nover the rough, unpaved streets, much water was\\ndistributed alcjng the way.\\nThe erection of water-works was publicly sug-\\ngested by the trustees of the city for the first time\\non February 25, 1820, on which date a notice was\\npublished inviting proposals, to be made before June\\nI, for the exclusive privilege of erecting such works.\\nThe first proposition, from John W. Tompkins,\\nwas received March 21, 1820. His offer was not\\nsatisfactory, and meantime the authority of the cor-\\nporation to grant the exclusive right for supplying\\nthe city with water having been called in question,\\non June i H. J. Hunt was appointed to examine and\\nreport on the subject. His report was doubtless\\nsatisfactory, for further proposals were invited, and\\non July 27, 1820, the tru.stees voted to meet August\\n10, to receive them. The proceedings of the trus-\\ntees do not indicate that any proposals were received\\n[6=]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "WATER AM) WATKR-WORKS.\\n63\\nat this meeting, and on October 19 $20 was ap-\\npropriated towards expense of digging a well in\\nJefferson Avenue already erected near Dr. William\\nBrown s.\\nThe subject of water-works continued to be agi-\\ntated, and on June i, 1822, a meeting of citizens was\\nheld at the council-house to consider a proposition\\nfrom George Deming for furnishing the city with\\nwater, and on June 4 they resolved that it is ex-\\npedient to promote the enterprise of George Deming\\nand his associates for supplying the city with water,\\nand that upon equitable conditions we favor his\\nhaving exclusive privileges for a certain number of\\nyears. The enterprise was without bottom, or\\nthe resolution leaked, for no water-works were\\nobtained.\\nThe next step in the histor)- of our water supply\\nwas the passage of an Act on August 5, 1824,\\nauthorizing Peter Berthelet to erect a wharf on the\\nriver Detroit in the continuation of Randolph Street\\nand running to the ship channel of said river, pro-\\nvided that the said Peter Berthelet, his heirs and\\nassigns, shall at all times during the existence of the\\nabove grant, at his own or their own expense, erect,\\nmake, and keep in repair, at some convenient place,\\nat or near the end of said wharf, next the channel of\\nthe river, a good and sufficient pump, at which all\\npersons who may reside in the city of Detroit shall\\nbe at all times free of wharfage or other expenses,\\nentitled to take and draw water for their own use\\nand convenience; and for that purpose a free use\\nof said wharf shall be given, for carts, wagons,\\nsleigh s, or other machinery to be used in drawing\\nand carrying away the water. The dock and\\npump were duly erected, and the pump remained\\nuntil March 19, 1835, when it was removed by the\\nCity Council.\\nThe pump, although an improvement, was still\\nan unsatisfactory method of obtaining water, and\\noccasioned much complaint. The same year that\\nBerthelet s pump was authorized, the father of Jacob\\nS. Farrand, Bethuel Farrand, who was then en-\\ngaged in the manufacture of pumps at Aurelius,\\nCayuga County, New York, learned of the condition\\nof affairs, and conceived the idea of getting the\\nright to erect water-works at Detroit. He came\\non foot to the city, and submitted his proposi-\\ntion to the council on Februar)- 16, 1825, and on\\nFebruary 19 a meeting of citizens was held to con-\\nsider his offer. It met their approval, and on Feb-\\nruary 2 1 the council appointed a committee to con-\\nclude the contract. The next day they passed an\\nAct granting to Bethuel Farrand and his legal\\nrepresentatives the sole and exclusive right of water-\\ning the city of Detroit and for other purposes. Mr.\\nFarrand went home, and in May, accompanied by\\nRufus Wells, he again arrived in Detroit. He at\\nonce commenced operations, spending the summer\\nin cutting and rafting tamarac logs from the Clinton\\nRiver for the purpose of making pipes. Ikfore the\\nworks were fairly established, Mr. Wells purchased\\nMr. Farrand s interest, and on March 31, 1827, an\\nordinance was passed granting to Rufus Wells, or\\nhis legal representatives, the exclusive right of sup-\\nplying the city of Detroit with water. A further\\nordinance, passed October 10, 1827, granted addi-\\ntional rights.\\nThe pump-house was located on the Berthelet\\nWharf. It was a frame building, twenty feet square,\\nwith two pumps of five inches bore. By means of\\nhorse-power the water was forced into a forty-gallon\\ncask, located in the cupola of the pump-house, which\\nwas forty feet above the wharf, from where it was\\nconveyed by wooden logs to the reser\\\\ oir located on\\nRandolph Street, at the rear of the lot now occupied\\nby Firemen s Hall. The reservoir was sixteen\\nfeet square, built of white oak plank, two inches\\nthick and six feet long, caulked with oakum it\\nrested on a frame of timber sixteen feet high, was\\ncovered with a shingle roof, and had a capacity of\\n9, 580 imperial gallons. A few wooden logs conveyed\\nwater through portions of Jefferson Avenue, Larned\\nand Congress Streets. All the arrangements were\\nvery primitive upon one occasion a wooden plug at\\none of the houses on Larned Street was carelessly\\nknocked out, and the cellar was soon filled with water,\\nand the reservoir nearly emptied, causing almost\\nevery pen-stock to fail. The company were required\\nto put in service pipes, and for both pipes and water\\nfamilies paid but $10 per year in quarterly instal-\\nments.\\nAfter a few years, other parties became interested\\nwith Mr. Wells, and in June, 1829, as it was evident\\nthat works of greater capacity were needed, the\\nHydraulic Company, as the association was called,\\nreceived from the city a grant of the south end of\\nLot 8, the second lot from the southeast corner of\\nWayne and Fort Streets. On this lot they were to\\nerect a new reservoir, and bore for water, the idea\\nhaving gained prevalence that water could be had\\nmore easily from a well than from the river. On\\nAugust 6, 1829, The Gazette contained this item:\\nThe Hydraulic Company of this city are boring for water on\\nthe site of the old fort, the highest ground within the limits of the\\ncorporation. They have penetrated one hundred and twenty feet\\nand are still going on with their labor.\\nAfter boring a hole four inches in diameter to the\\ndepth of two hundred and sixty feet, one hundrea\\nand forty-four feet of which was tubed with cast-iron\\ntubing, the pebbles and quicksand accumulated in\\nthe pipe, and early in April, 1830, the project was\\nabandoned. The chief engineer of the company, at\\nthis time, was Mr. Failing, who seems to have been\\nappropriately named.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "64\\nWATER AND WATER -WORKS.\\nThe company now determined to again erect\\npumping- works and resort to the river, and in view of\\nthe greater expense that they must incur, they sought\\nto be relieved from furnishing service pipes and pen-\\nstocks, to obtain an extension of the time during\\nwhich tlicy were to have the exclusive privilege of\\nsupplying water, and also to be released from the\\nobligation of surrendering their works without com-\\npensation at the termination of their charter. After\\nvarious meetings and excited discussions, their de-\\nmands were granted, and in 1830 new works were\\nconstructed.\\nThe reser\\\\ oir, located on the Fort .Street lot, was\\nof brick, eighteen feet square and nine feet deep,\\nenclosed with wood; it held 21,811 gallons. On\\nAugust 4, 1830, the company commenced laying\\nwater-pipes from the river to Jefferson Avenue, just\\nabove the Mansion House their new works went\\ninto operation at 2 p. M. on Monday, October 11,\\n1830. A large crowd gathered at the engine-house\\nto witness the letting on of the water. The wooden\\npipes, put together with iron thimbles, lay just under-\\nneath the ground, and their course could be easily\\ntraced by the water which oozed out, the imperfect\\njoints allowing it to leak at every length. Governor\\nCass, who with others was present to witness the\\nletting on of the water, was called upon for a\\nspeech. Mounting a barrel near by, and casting his\\neye over the route of the pijje, he began by saying\\nFellow-citizens, what an age of progress No\\none then thought his words sarcastic. The pump-\\ning was done by a ten-horse-power engine belong-\\ning to the Detroit Iron Works, located on the corner\\nof Jefferson Avenue and Cass Street. The engine\\ndid double duty, supplying power for its owners as\\nwell as for the Hydraulic Company. In consequence\\nof a defect in the boiler, during a whole week in\\nNovember, 1831, no water could be pumped. .A.t\\nthis time there were but two lines of wooden logs\\nof three inches bore.\\nIn 1 83 1 an additional reservoir was constructed,\\nadjoining the old one it was built of oak plank, was\\nforty feet square, ten feet deep, and held 119,680\\ngallons. The reser\\\\ oir first built remained in use\\nuntil 1839, when it was sold and taken down. The\\nother one was used occasionally up to 1842, during\\nwhich year the logs were relaid, many of them\\nhaving been impaired by frost in the winters of\\n1830 and 1 83 1. At the same time a twenty-horse-\\npower engine was built, and located in a building-\\nerected for it on the north side of Woodbridge\\nStreet, between Wayne and Cass Streets.\\nThe company supplied water until 1836, losing\\nmoney each year, and hearing constant and ell-\\ngrounded complaints that the water was neither\\nclear, pure, nor wholesome, and very uncertain as to\\nquantity. Finally a Committee of the Council was\\nappointed to examine the matter. They reported\\nthat the company had failed to fulfill their contract,\\nand that their charter was null and void. After\\nmuch discussion, it was decided that the city would\\nbuy the works, and on May 18, 1836, a Committee\\nof the Council reported that they had purchased all\\nthe real and personal estate of the Hydraulic Com-\\npany for $20,500, the property to be surrendered\\nJune I, 1836, and to be paid for in city bonds bear-\\ning six per cent interest, due on June i, 1856. A\\nspecial session of the council was next held on June\\n9, when it was\\nResolved^ that Noah Sutton be, and he is hereby appointed,\\nas agent for this Board, to proceed to the cities of Pittsburg, Phila-\\ndelphia, New York, to examine the water-works in those cities,\\nand obtain all needful information in regard to the construction\\nand operation thereof and the said agent to be authorized and\\nempowered to contract in the behalf of the corporation of this city\\nfor cast and wrought iron pipes for conducting the water into the\\ncity.\\nResoh ed., that the sum of $150 be appropriated for the defraying\\nthe expenses of the agent of the corporation, and that a warrant\\nfor that amount be issued on the Treasury,\\nA committee was also appointed to purchase a\\nwater lot above the city, upon which to erect works.\\nOn June 15, 1836, the recorder reported that they\\nhad purchased from Major Antoine Dequindre\\nthree water lots in front of the Dequindre Farm, with\\na front of 350 feet on the river, for $5,500. The\\nwork of building was begun at once, and on June\\n30, 1836, John Farrar was appointed to superintend\\nand inspect the erection of the wharf. It is evident\\nthat there were some misgivings as to the success or\\ndesirability of the plan for obtaining water from the\\nri\\\\ er, for on the same day the council proceedings\\nshow the passage of the following resolution\\nResolved, that David French and H. Wilmarth be appointed\\na committee to examine the several springs in NorthviUe and\\nSouthlield, also others in the vicinity, to ascertain if a sufficient\\nquantity of pure water can be obtained from them to supply this\\ncity, and the probable cost of conveying it hither.\\nOn August 3 Mr. French reported that by a con-\\ncentration of several springs in the town of Farming-\\nton an abundant supply of pure water could be\\nobtained. Nothing further came of this report, and,\\nin the light of later experiences, one cannot help\\nwondering whether the members of the council had\\nnot been drinking something besides water when\\nthey adopted the resolution.\\nMeantime the newly purchased works continued\\nto be used, and in 1836 an ordinance was passed\\nthat, on application, water may be conveyed 50\\nfeet from front line of lots to be kept flowing at\\nleast twelve hours out of the twenty-four, provided\\nthe corporation does not have to make more than\\n100 feet of new pipe to supplv any one applicant.\\nIn 1837 work was begun on the reser\\\\-oir at the\\nfoot of Orleans Street. In 1838 iron pipes, the first", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "WATER AND WATER-WORKS.\\nin the city, were laid on Jefferson Avenue, from Ran-\\ndolph Street to Woodward Avenue. In 1840 a\\ncontract was made with Charles Jackson and Xoah\\nSutton to build an engine-house, lay nine miles of\\ntamarac logs, four and one half of iron pipes, furnish\\na forty-five-horse-power engine, erect the iron reser-\\nvoir, and finish its tower. The plan of the reservoir,\\nor round-house, was copied by Noah Sutton from\\nthe old Manhattan Works of New York City.\\nWilliam Burnell was the contractor for the brick-\\nwork, which was completed in 1838. John Scott\\nsuperintended the construction. The brick part was\\nfifty feet high, surrounded by a wooden top twenty\\nfeet in height. The iron tank, twenty feet high and\\nsixty feet in diameter, was located in the upper por-\\ntion of the building, resting on numerous brick\\npiers and arches. A narrow, crooked, and winding\\nstairway, with a rough, wooden platform extending\\nout over the reser\\\\-oir, led to the top of the building,\\nfrom which a fine view could be obtained in the\\nolden time a visit to this reser\\\\ oir was one of the\\nthings to be enjoyed by all visitors.\\nOld Rol nd li\\nRLEAxs Street.\\nThe reservoir had a capacity of 422.979 United\\nStates standard gallons, and weighed one hundred\\nand forty tons. It was in constant use until 1857\\nand in partial use until i860. In 1866 the round-\\nhouse was torn down. The work was begun on\\nMarch 27, and the old land mark soon disappeared.\\nMeanwhile the rapid growth of the city made it\\napparent that more extensive works were needed,\\nand in anticipation of the erection of reservoirs out-\\nside of the city, a charter amendment of March 1 6,\\n1847, gave control oA-er any works that should be\\nestablished.\\nIn 1850 an additional pumping engine of one-\\nhundred-and-fifty-horse-power was set up. Even\\nwith these additional facilities, the supply of water\\nwas uncertain, and in 1851 four acres of land on the\\nMullett Farm were purchased as a site for a new\\nreservoir. This investment gave rise to much dis-\\ncussion, and in the winter of 1851 and 1852 the\\npapers were filled with arguments and communica-\\ntions for and against proposals to sell the water-\\nworks to a private corporation. Finally, by ordi-\\nance passed February 24, 1852, the management of\\nthe works was vested in a board of five trustees,\\nand a year later, on February 14, the same trustees,\\nby Act of the Legislature, were constituted a Board\\nof Water Commissioners. From this time the\\nboard had control of all the property of the water-\\nworks, which, on December 30, 1862, was conveyed\\nto them by deed of the council.\\nThe continued increase of the city and its pro-\\nspective wants led the commissioners to dispose of\\nthe four acres on the Mullett Farm; and in 1854\\nthey purchased ten acres on the Dequindre Farm, a\\nmile and a half from the river, at a cost of $7,363.\\n.This ground, the highest in the city available for the\\npurpose, is twenty feet higher than the level at the\\ncorner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues.\\nA new reser\\\\ oir was begun upon this site in 1854.\\nIt was first used in November, 1857, but was not\\nfully completed until i860. It is bounded by Wil-\\nkins, Calhoun, Riopelle, and Dequindre Streets, and\\nconsists of two basins enclosed by a sloping em-\\nbankment thirty feet high, composed principally of\\nclay. The embankment is one hundred and three\\nfeet thick at the base and fifteen feet wide at the\\ntop. The outside is handsomely sodded. The\\nbasins were originally lined with brick. After a few\\nmonths use, heavier and more durable material was\\ndeemed necessary, and stone, with brick for a few\\nfeet at the top, was substituted. Steps lead from\\nthe northwest corner to the top of the embankment,\\nupon which there is a gravel walk 1,003 feet long..\\nThe two basins are surrounded by a neat fence, and\\na flight of steps from top to bottom of the interior of\\neach affords easy accesS for cleaning or repairs.\\nThe dividing wall between the basins contains a\\nstairway leading to the shut-offs, so that water can\\nbe let on or shut off from either basin without inter-\\nfering with the other. Each basin is two hundred\\nfeet square at the top, one hundred and fourteen\\nfeet square at the bottom, and twenty-eight and one\\nhalf feet deep; and together they cover an area of\\n530 X 320 feet, or nearly four acres. The capacity of\\nthe two is 9,000,000 gallons. The water is forced in\\nand distributed through pipes two feet in diameter.\\nThe total cost of the reser\\\\-oir, aside from the\\nground, was $116,287.58. A keeper resides on the\\ngrounds, and on week-days from April i to Decem-\\nber I, from 9 A. M. till sunset, and on Sundays from\\n2 J M. to sunset, the grounds are open to visitors.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "66\\nWATER AND WATER -WORKS.\\nAs the top is seventy-seven and one half feet above\\nthe river, it commands an extensive view of the\\nnortheastern portion of the city.\\nThe various extensions and enlargements de-\\nmanded increased expenditures, and the commis-\\nsioners were authorized by Act of February 6, 1855,\\nto borrow $250,000, and an Act of February 10,\\n1857, gave power to borrow an additional $250,000.\\nIn July, 1858, a new pipe was sunk in the river, the\\ninlet end being one hundred and .seventy-five feet\\nfrom the wharf-line, and the quality of the water ob-\\ntained was greatly improved.\\nIn 1856 a new engine was contracted for, to be\\nbuilt in New York. It was completed and deliv-\\nered, but failed to do the work agreed upon, and\\nwas rejected by the commissioners, who refused to\\npay for it. A suit was instituted against them, and\\na decision rendered under which the contractors\\nrecovered $26,500. In 1S62 a new engine was pro-\\ncured, which cost $25,000. Again it became neces-\\nsary to enlarge the capacity of the works, and on\\nFebruary 17, 1869, the Legislature authorized the\\nboard to borrow $250,000. A further Act of April\\n5 gave power to le\\\\y a tax of three cents a foot\\nfrontage on all vacant lots passed by the supply\\npipes, with power to sell the lots after a certain time\\nif the taxes were not paid. Comparatively few per-\\nsons paid the tax, and in June, 1876, the law was\\ndecided to be illegal, and all moneys collected under\\nit have been, or are liable to be, refunded.\\nDuring 1870 many persons who lived adjoining\\nthe city petitioned to be served from the water-\\nworks, and in October the pipes, for the first time,\\nwere extended outside the corporation. In this same\\nyear the ever-recurring consideration of enlargement\\nwas again a prominent theme, and the question of an\\nentirely new location occasioned much research and\\ninvestigation. Various plans and locations were\\ndiscussed by city officers, private citizens, and the\\nWater Board. The Legislature, on March 8, 1873,\\ngave the board power to borrow $1,000,000 for the\\npurpose of erecting new works, and the Act pro-\\nvided for the raising of $75,000 yearly by direct tax,\\nthe surplus over the necessities of the board to be\\nKEi^ER\\\\OIK AND EMBANKMENT BETWEEN RlOPELLE AND DeQUINDRE StkEETS.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "WATER AND WATKR -WORKS.\\n67\\nset apart as a sinking fund. A further Act of April\\n12, 1873, defined with much detail the powers of the\\nboard, provided for condemning private property for\\ntheir use, and gave them power to erect and control\\nworks outside the city. In furtherance of plans for\\nenlargement, the board, in January, 1874, bought\\nseventy acres for $35,000 of Robert P. Toms as a\\nsite for the new works. The land has a frontage on\\nthe Grosse Pointe Road of 967 feet and extends to\\nthe river, a distance of 2,7 1 5 feet it covers parts of\\nPrivate Claims Nos. 337 and 257 in Hamtramck,\\nabout four miles from the City Hall. The wisdom\\nof the location was called in question, and Generals\\nG. W. Greene and G. Weitzel were appointed by\\nthe mayor and the Board of Public Works to inves-\\ntigate the subject of location and of the proposed\\nworks. Their report was presented in August,\\n1874. They approved of the location purchased,\\nand advised the erection of works substantially as\\nrecommended by D. Farrand Henry, the engineer\\nof the board. The bill of General Greene for his\\nser\\\\ ices on this occation was \u00c2\u00a71,134 and that of Gen-\\neral Weitzel, Si.074-35- These bills were presented\\nAugust 18, and ordered paid on August 24, 1874.\\nThe reasons given in favor of the new location were\\nthat the works would be beyond the reach of fire\\nfrom adjoining premises, and would be accessible at\\nall seasons of the year; the water would be obtained\\nfrom a river channel Seldom or never contaminated.\\nand, by means of settling basins, could be freed\\nfrom impurities. Proposals for constructing the\\nsettling basin, docks, and a short slip or canal were\\ninvited, and the contract was let to Messrs. Lacey,\\nWalton, Walker for $106,130. Work was begun\\nin December, 1874, the works were completed in\\nthree years, and on December, 15, 1877, water for\\nthe first time was supplied therefrom.\\nThe inlet pipe is near mid-channel, in about\\ntwenty-seven feet of water, and is sunk at right\\nangles with the current, with the grating side down\\nstream it is of wrought iron, one fourth of an inch\\nthick, five feet in diameter, made in lengths of\\ntwenty-five feet, and extends eleven hundred feet into\\nthe river, where it is enclosed by a crib in twenty-\\ntwo feet of water, the water flowing into the pipe\\nfrom the west. The strainer is of pine lumber, the\\nends and one side eight inches thick, the top and\\nbottom four inches thick. The extreme length is\\nfifty-seven feet, width seven feet eight inches,\\nheight six feet. The grating, extending on one side\\nthe whole length, is of hard-wood slats.\\nThe water is forced by gravity through the\\nstrainer, influent pipe, and gate-well into the settling\\nbasin, thence, intercepted by submerged bulkhead,\\ninto effluent gate-well, effluent pipe, and strainer\\nwells to the pump wells, whence it is pumped into\\nthe forty-two-inch mains; these are so connected\\nPlan of Detroit Water-Works,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "68\\nWATER AND WATER-WORKS.\\nthat either or both can be used they run by differ-\\nent routes, one 16,000 feet in length, the other 28.000\\nfeet, to the supplying mains.\\nThe settling basin is three hundred and sixty-t ive\\nfeet wide and the two sides measure seven hundred\\nand fifty and eight hundred feet respectively. It\\nvaries in depth from thirteen feet at the channel or\\nsouth bank to seventeen feet on the north or engine\\nside at low-water mark it is separated from the\\nriver by a natural bank of solid earth two hundred\\nfeet in width on the other three sides there are\\nplank walls supported by piles driven seven feet in\\nblue clay outside of the plank walls there are solid\\nembankments of blue clay, puddled in by hand,\\nfrom eleven to fourteen feet wide. On the west\\nside the embankment, which is covered with plank,\\nconnects with and leads to the dock, which is nine-\\nteen hundred feet long and twenty-five feet wide.\\nWest of the embankment is a canal forty-five feet\\nwide and seventeen feet deep. About seventy-five\\nfeet from the north bank of the settling basin is a\\nsubmerged breakwater, which prevents a direct cur-\\nrent from the inlet to the outlet pipe, and facili-\\ntates the deposit of any sedimentary matter. The\\nbasin has an area of something over six acres,\\nand the pipe conveying the water from it to the\\nwell in the engine-house, like the inlet pipe, is\\nsi.K feet above the bed of the basin, thus allow-\\ning all sediment to fall below the mouth of the\\npipe.\\nThe upper portion of the grounds is occupied by\\ncoal-house, settling basin, and canal the lower por-\\ntion is reser\\\\ ed for the site of an additional basin,\\nshould it be required. The grounds adjacent to the\\nstreet are graded, seeded, and ornamented with\\nshrubbery and two small lakes; driveways lead to\\nthe engine-house.\\nThe engine-house, of brick, stands nearly in the\\ncentre of the upper half of the grounds, eight hun-\\ndred feet from the front line. The height of the\\nbuilding to the top of the main walls is forty feet,\\nto the peak of the roof seventy-five feet, and to the\\ntop of the tower one hundred and fourteen feet.\\nThe engine-room proper is 93 x 69 feet, and is open\\nto the roof. Two boiler-houses join the rear, and\\nare each fifty-three and six tenths by forty-seven and\\nfour tenths feet inside measurement, with a height\\nof forty feet. A space of thirty-seven feet between\\nthem is used as store-room, wash-room, and work-\\nshop. The brick chimneys on the outer wall of each\\nboiler-room are five feet in diameter inside, and one\\nhundred and twenty feet high. There are two com-\\npound-beam pumping engines, both designed by\\nJohn E. Edwards, and each of them capable of\\npumping 24,000,000 gallons daily. A third engine\\nof the same kind will be completed during 1884.\\nThe New Watek-Wokks Engine House, and Tower of St.and Pipe.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "WATER AND WATER-WORKS.\\n69\\nOne of the engines was first used in 1 877, and was\\nbuilt by the Detroit Locomotive Works the other\\nwas completed in 1881 by S.F. Hodge, at the River-\\nside Iron Works.\\nThe engine built by the Detroit Locomotive\\nWorks has a high steam cylinder, forty-two inches\\nin diameter, and a low steam cylinder, eighty-four\\ninches in diameter, with six-foot stroke. The beam\\nis composed of six half-\\ninch steel plates, twenty-\\nfive feet long by five feet\\nsix inches wide. The\\ncentre column, which\\nsupports the beam and\\nforms the air vessel, is\\nforty-four feet high, ten\\nfeet in diameter at the\\nbase, and seven feet five\\ninches at the top. The\\ntotal height from base\\nplate to top of beam is\\nfifty feet three inches.\\nThe fly-wheel is twenty-\\nfour feet in diameter, and\\nweighs about thirty tons\\nthe crank shaft is fifteen\\ninches in diameter.\\nThe engine built by\\nthe Riverside IronWorks\\ndiffers slightly from that\\nbuilt by the Detroit Lo-\\ncomotive Works. The\\nhigh steam cylinder has\\nfour inches more, and the\\npump three fourths of an\\ninch more diameter. The\\nbeam of this engine is\\ncomposed of four three-\\nfourth-inch steel plates,\\ntwenty five feet four\\ninches long by five feet\\nsix inches wide, weighing\\n3,350 pounds each. The\\nfly-wheel is twenty-four\\nfeet four inches in diam-\\neter and weighs nearly\\nforty tons. The pump-\\ning wells are forty-one feet long, twenty-one feet\\nwide, and twenty-two feet deep, with walls about\\nfour feet thick. Each engine with its air-pumps\\nweighs nearly five hundred tons. There are eight\\nboilers, usually called marine boilers, each of them\\neight feet in diameter by nineteen feet six inches\\nlong; height from bottom of furnace to top of shell,\\neight feet eight and one half inches; weight of\\neach boiler, .seventeen and one half tons; heating\\nsurface, 1,364 square feet. The stand-pipe aids in\\nsecuring a uniform pressure of water through the\\nforce mains; it is made of boiler iron and has a\\ndiameter of five feet at the base and thirty inches\\nat the top, the plates ranging from five eighths to\\nthree sixteenths of an inch in thickness. It has a\\nheight of one hundred and thirty-two feet from the\\nfoundation upon which it rests. The tower which\\nencircles it is built of the best quality of pressed\\nbrick the base or lower section is extended out-\\nward from the main shaft to allow of a passageway\\nor vestibule to the winding stairway one hundred\\nand twenty-four feet high, which leads to an ob-\\nservatory at the top. There are two hundred and\\nfour steps.\\nAn analysis of the water by Professor Douglass in\\n1854 showed the contents of i.ooo grammes to be\\nsulphate of potassia, .00283 grammes; sulphate of\\nsoda, .0075; carbonate of lime. .033; phosphate of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "70\\nWATER AND WATER -WORKS.\\nlime, .0311 alumina, .0105; silica, .005; and car-\\nbonate of iron, .00S14 or a total of .09807 grammes\\nof solid matter in 1,000 in other words, a gallon of\\nwater contained only 5.722 grains of solid matter,\\nand this of such minerals, in such proportions, as to\\nbe of no real detriment. The iron pipe from which\\nthe water for analysis was taken extended only\\ntwenty-five feet beyond the wharf-line. An analysis\\nof a gallon of water by Professor A. B. Lyons in\\nSeptember, 1879. from water obtained at the new-\\nworks gave the following result potassium, trace\\nsodium chloride, .229; sodium carbonate, .394; cal-\\ncium sulphate, 1.043; calcium carbonate, 3.353;\\nmagnesium carbonate, 1.209; alumina, .241 ferrous\\ncarbonate, trace; silica, .306. Total, 6.775 grains.\\nThe cost of the new works, including the grounds,\\nup to Januarv 1884, was $1,271,739.\\nAll general distribution pipes are laid at the ex-\\npense of the city as fast as the commissioners deem\\nnecessary; and all applications for extensions made\\nat the office are carefully considered. Service pipes\\nare required to be put in by a licensed plumber, at\\nthe expense of the individual. Plumbers pay five\\ndollars a year to the board as a license fee. A con-\\ntrast between the methods and facilities of the past\\nand the present is suggested in the following item\\nfrom a daily paper of July, 1850\\nPlitmber, Why is it that in a city of 25,000 inhabitants, with\\none Hydraulic Worlis, and the very extensive improvements every-\\nwhere going fonvard, that we have no professional plumber among\\nus?\\nPetitions to make connections with the water-\\npipes must be made at the office, on blank forms\\nthere furnished, and a charge of $1.75 to $3.00 for\\nservice cock and for connecting must be paid when\\nthe permit is granted. Between the first day of\\nDecember and the first day of March no connections\\nare allowed to be made without special permit.\\nUp to January i, 1S84, there were 16,978 service\\nconnections in the iron pipes, and 8,278 in the\\nwooden logs there was a total of one hundred\\nand sixty-two miles of iron pipe, and seventy-eight\\nmiles of wooden logs. The iron pipe varies in size\\nfrom three to forty-two inches in diameter, and\\nthe bore of the wooden logs from two and one\\nquarter to four inches. The winter of 1874-1S75\\nbeing remarkably cold, the water-pipes were more\\ngenerally affected than ever before, and many of the\\nstreet mains froze and burst, causing serious incon-\\nvenience.\\nIn 1827 the force mains, or main pipes, delivering\\nto the supply pipes consisted of tamarac logs of\\nfour-and-one-half-inch bore. In 1830 three-inch\\niron pipes were used, in 1840 ten-inch pipes, in 1854\\ntwenty-four-inch pipes, and in 1875 pipes of three\\nfeet six inches in diameter were first employed.\\nThe following table gives a good idea of the\\ngrowth and extent of the water-works\\nValue of\\nWorks.\\nAmount of\\nDebt.\\nInterest\\npaid.\\nCost of\\noperating.\\n1853\\ni860\\n1870\\n1880\\n1883\\n355,240\\n689,783\\n1,176,076\\n=,750,700\\n3,316,000\\n252,771\\n650,000\\n850,000\\n1,503,000\\n1,555,000\\nii43 ,837\\n54,757\\n99,610\\n114,322\\n$\u00e2\u0096\u00a03,356\\n4,543\\n35,109\\n45,732\\n54,451\\ni8s3\\ni860\\n1870\\n1880\\nWater\\nRates.\\n25,482\\n49,434\\n127,143\\n227,452\\n285,658\\nNo. of\\nFamilies.\\nGallons\\npumped.\\n4,283\\n6,950\\n14,717\\n22,733\\n27,087\\n303.531.743\\n870,036,451\\n1,866,060.068\\n5,552,965,310\\n7.379.327,188\\nMiles of\\nPipeage.\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i\\n129\\n209\\n242\\nThe office was at one time located in the old City\\nHall. In 1852 it was removed to the old Firemen s\\nHall, on the corner of Bates and Larned Streets. In\\nJuly, 1862, it was moved to a store in the central\\nportion of the Biddle House Block, and in May,\\n1 872, to the north side of Jefferson Avenue, between\\nBates and Randoloh .Streets. On Saturday, June 16,\\n1877, the office was established on the east side of\\nGriswold Street, midway between Michigan Avenue\\nand State Street, in a building specially erected for\\nthe purpose, and rented to the commissioners.\\nUnder ordinance of 1836 the water rates were as\\nfollows: Each common dwelling-house, $10 yearly;\\neach dwelling larger than common, with one\\nhorse or cow, $12 each family in house with several\\nfamilies, $8; each livery with four horses, $10; each\\nstore, $6 each office, $5. The tax was to be paid\\nsix months in advance, and no water supplied for\\nless than six months. As at present managed, in\\nMay and June of each year personal inspection and\\ninquiry is instituted throughout the city and from\\nfacts thus obtained a list of consumers is made.\\nOn the last business day in June the rolls are\\nconfirmed, and are final and conclusive except as\\nadditional assessments may become necessarj by\\nincreased use of water. Any reduction claimed\\nby reason of diminished use of water can apply\\nonly to the succeeding quarter. The present rates\\nfor each house range from five dollars upwards,\\nwith special rates for varying circumstances and\\nparticular kinds of business. If not paid within\\nthe first month of the quarter, five per cent is added\\nif not paid before the expiration of the quarter, ten\\nper cent is added and if not then paid, the supply\\nof water is shut off, and before it is let on again, not\\nonly the water tax but an extra charge of fifty cents\\nfor turning on the water must be paid.\\nA law of 1873 required the board to charge for the\\npipes, and double rates for water supplied to persons\\nliving outside of the corporation. After ten years,\\ntrial, in 1883. discretionary power was given to the\\nboard as to the amount to be charged.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "WATER AXD WATER -WORKS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2I\\nWater meters were tested in 1854, but can hardly\\nbe said to have been in use -jntil 1874. and in 1883\\nthere were but thirty-two meters and twelve water-\\nindicators in the city. The rate in 1875 was two\\ncents, in 1S83 one cent for each one hundred\\ngallons registered.\\nWhen the city took charge of the works, the\\nsuperintendent had charge of assessments and col-\\nlections. In 1S45 the rates were collected by the\\ncity collector. The following advertisement indi-\\ncates the sternness of municipal management in\\nthat day\\nPay Vour Water Taxes. I will be at the Common Council\\nRoom everj- morning from ten until half-past twelve o clock to\\nreceive the delinquent water-taxes. Every man and woman who\\ndoes not pay up by Monday, the 21st instant, will be reported to\\nthe Council, and the water in ever case shut off. I am not\\njoking.\\nMorgan Bates, City Cotiector\\nDetroit, .April 10, 1845.\\nIn 1848, under a permissive ordinance of 1842,\\nassessors of water-rates were appointed by the\\ncouncil. At the present time, and since the crea-\\ntion of the Water Commission, the board appoints\\nthe collectors.\\nThe assessors of water-ta.\\\\es appointed by the\\ncouncil were as follows 1848, W. Barclay, E. Ben-\\nham; 1849, X. B. Carpenter, G. Spencer; 1850. L.\\nD. Clairou.x, John E. Norton; 1851, X. T. Taylor,\\nFrancis McDonald.\\nBy appointment of the commissioners, the asses-\\nsors and collectors in 18S3 were; James Fenton, L.\\nN. Case, T. R. Putnam, and F. L. Seitz.\\nFrom 1836 to 1849 the council appointed the\\nsuperintendent of the works. The salary in 1839\\nwas S500 a year. By charter of 1849, it became an\\nelective office, and so remained up to the creation of\\nthe Water Commission in 1853.\\nThe following persons ser\\\\ ed as superintendents\\n1827-1833, A. E. Hathon; 1833-1837, David\\nFrench; 1837, Sanford Brittain; 1838-1840, Ed-\\nward M. McGraw; 1840-1843, William Barclay;\\n1843, B. B. .Moore; 1844-1846, David Thompson;\\n1 846- 1 84S, James Stewart; 184S, Washington Bur-\\nley, N. Greusel 1849-1851, Da\\\\-id Edsall; 1851-\\n1854, E. McDonald.\\nThe engineers have been as follows: 1 830-1 840,\\nCharles Howard 1840, E. H. Rees 1841, Benja-\\nmin Keeney; 1842-1861, F. M. Wing; 1861-\\nJ. E. Edwards. In 1853 Jacob Houghton was ap-\\npointed general superintendent and engineer and\\nser\\\\-ed until 1861. In 1872 D. Farrand Henr)- was\\nappointed chief engineer. Under his supervision the\\nnew works were carried into successful operation,\\nwhen the office ceased. B. B. Moore was appointed\\nSuperintendent of Extension and Repairs in 1850.\\nand continued to serve until his death. In April,\\n1877, he was succeeded by Henry Bridge. Robert E.\\nRoberts was appointed secretar) on the organization\\nof the board, and continued in office until 1872,\\nwhen he was succeeded by Henry Starkey. George\\nE. Kunze, the receiving clerk, has been in the office\\nsince 1872.\\nThe Act creating the Water Commission named\\nfive commissioners, who were to ser\\\\ e for three,\\nfour, five, six, and seven years respectively and in\\nApril, 1856, and yearly thereafter, one was to be\\nelected annually by the Common Council for the\\nterm of five years. They were to serve without\\ncompensation. Under law of 1879 their terms were\\nto begin on the first Tuesday of May, and by Act of\\n1 88 1 members of the commission can be appointed\\nonly on the nomination of the mayor. The board\\norganized May 16, 1853, and consisted of S. Conant,\\npresident; J. A. Vandyke, W. R. Xoyes, E. A.\\nBrush, and H. Ledyard. In 1855 James A. X-xa-\\ndyke died, and A. D. Eraser was appointed to fill\\nhis place. At the expiration of the term of S. Co-\\nnant in 1859, he was succeeded by J. D. Morton, and\\nthe same year John V. Reuhle was appointed suc-\\ncessor to Henr)- Ledyard, who removed from the\\ncity. In 1S61 J. V. Reuhle entered the army, and\\nhis place was filled by Chauncy Hurlbut. His term\\nexpired in 1863, and S. G. ight was appointed.\\nIn 1S65 W. R. Xoyes resigned, and the vacancy was\\nfilled by the appointment of Jacob S. Farrand. In\\nthe same year the vacancy occasioned by the decease\\nof J. D. Morton was filled by the appointment of\\nJohn Owen. In 1868 E. A. Brush resigned, and\\nCaleb Van Husan was appointed, and the term of\\nS. G. Wight having expired, Chauncy Hurlbut was\\nagain appointed a member of the board. The term\\nof X. D. Eraser closed in 1871, and Samuel F.\\nHodge succeeded him, and the next year Elijah\\nSmith took the place of Caleb an Husan. He was\\nsucceeded in 1877 by Michael Martz. In 1879\\nJames Beatty was appointed in place of S. F. Hodge,\\nand John Pridgeon in place of John Owen. The\\nboard in 1883 consisted of J. S. Farrand, C. Hurl-\\nbut, M. Martz, J. Beatty, and J. Pridgeon.\\nRegular meetings of the commissioners are held\\nmonthly on the Wednesday after the first Saturday\\nin each month. About forty persons are constantly\\nemployed by the board, with salaries varying from\\n$100 to $2. 200 yearly. During the summer season,\\nwhen new pipes and extensions are laid, from sev-\\nenty-five to one hundred and fifty additional men\\nare employed, and \u00c2\u00a760,000 is yearly paid out for\\nsalaries and labor.\\nPUBLIC DRINKING FOUNT.\\\\INS.\\nBoth citizens and dumb animals are indebted to\\nMoses W. Field for the suggestion of public drinking\\nfountains. He petitioned the council in regard to\\nthem on May 23, 1871. On the 30th a committee", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "72 PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS.\\nreported favorably, and on June 27 the comptroller and Woodward, foot of Woodward, First and Jeffer-\\nwas directed to advertise for se\\\\ en. Nine more son. Twenty-first and Woodbridge, Twelfth and\\nwere ordered in July, 1874. They are generally Fort, Fourteenth and Michigan, Twenty-fourth and\\nplaced at the intersection of streets. In 1883 foun- Michigan, Cass and Ledyard, Grand River and\\ntains were located at the corner of McDougall and Trumbull, Twelfth and Baker, and at East and\\nJefferson, Orleans and Franklin. Riopelle and Gratiot, West Hay and Wood Markets. It is the duty of\\nGratiot and Randolph, Congress and Bates, Fort the gas inspector to care for them.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nTHE PARKS AND THE BOULEVARD.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PASTURES AND POUNDS.\\nTHE PARKS AND THE BOULEVARD.\\nWe are certainly indebted to Chief Justice Wood-\\nward for our half-acre parks and broad avenues\\nbordered with thrifty elms and maples. His sug-\\ngestions were embodied in one of the earliest Acts\\nof the Governor and Judges, which made provision\\nfor the planting of trees on the streets, squares, and\\navenues. Of all the smaller parks, the Grand\\nCircus is the most beautiful. As we rest in the\\nshade of the trees, enjoy the plash of the fountains,\\nor watch the children at play upon the lawns, it is\\nhard to realize that up to 1 844 these parks were\\nponds and marshes, enlivened only by the music of\\nthe bullfrog, and used as a place of deposit for\\nrefuse of every kind. In that year a number of\\ncitizens combined for their improvement, and, under\\nthe direction of H. H. Leroy, the grounds were\\nraised from one to four feet.\\nIn 1846 the council appropriated a lot on the\\nsouthwest corner of Clifford and Adams Avenue,\\nand also a lot on west side of JMacomb Avenue near\\nClifford, to pay for additional improvements, and\\ndirected that the lots be sold at auction on July 26,\\nthe first lot to be sold for not less than $15\u00c2\u00b0. and\\nthe other for at least $125. In the spring of 1853\\nthe further sum of $1,500 was expended in setting\\nout trees and building fences. The park on the\\nwest side of Woodward Avenue receixed the most\\nattention, a fountain being there erected and walks\\nlaid out in the summer of 1S60. In .September,\\n1866, the speaker s stand was moved from the\\nCampus Martins to the park. It was erected on\\nAugust 27, 1862, on the present site of the City\\nHall, for use at the reception of General O. B. Will-\\ncox. In 1874 a fountain was placed in the East\\nCircus Park. Two years later it was removed to\\nAdelaide Campau Park, and replaced by another.\\nIn order to insure the perfect rooting of the trees\\nand grass, the parks were kept closed until May,\\n1866, when they w-ere opened to the public on Sun-\\ndays. In July, 1873, the fences were removed from\\nall the parks except the Clinton and Cass. The\\nfence of the latter park was reduced in height at the\\nsame time, and in 1879 was entirely removed.\\nAll the smaller parks have been much used and\\nappreciated since they were thrown open. Linden\\nPark, located in the township of Hamtramck, is three\\nmiles from the City Hall, about three fourths of a\\nmile beyond the eastern limits of the city, and half a\\nmile north of the river, between Lincoln and Bald-\\nwin Avenues. It contains twenty-five and seventy\\none-hundredths acres. It was given to the city by\\nMoses W. Field, on October i, 1875, upon condition\\nthat the city appropriate $3,000 annually for im-\\nproving it. On February 25 Mr. Field gave an-\\nother piece of land six hundred feet wide, on the\\nnorth side of the park, and so modified the condi-\\ntions of his first gift that, upon spending $4,500 in\\nimproving the grounds, the city should have a full\\ntitle. Including Linden Park, seven of the thirteen\\nparks have been gi\\\\en by individuals. The list is as\\nfollows\\nElton\\nCrawford.\\nCass\\nStanton...\\nMacomb\\nAdelaideCam-\\npau\\n1 Intersec. of 5th\\ni and Orchard,\\nIntersec. of 5th\\nand High,\\nj 2d St bet. Led-\\nj yard and Bagg\\n1 Intersec.of 17th\\nand Marquette\\nIntersec.of 17th\\nI and Rose,\\nI Intersect. Jos.\\nCampau and\\nClinton Aves.\\nCrane Wesson\\nCrane Wesson\\nLewis Cass,\\nS. K. Stanton,\\nS. K. Stanton,\\nI T. J. D. J.\\nr Campau,\\nWhkn-given.\\nDec. 58, 1850\\nDec. 28, 1850\\nJuly 10, i860\\nJuly 23, 1861\\nJuly 23, 1861\\nSept. 6, 1865\\nCentre Park, named February i, 1840, is between\\nFarmer, Farrar, and Gratiot Streets, and is occupied\\nby the Public Library. School Park, between Gris-\\nwold, Rowland, and State Streets, is occupied en-\\ntirely by the High School buildings, Clinton Park\\nis part of the old City Cemetery. It was dedicated\\nas Clinton Park on August 7, 1 868. It is locajed\\nbetween Gratiot, Clinton, Paton, and St. Antoine\\nStreets. Randolph Park was so named April 27,\\n1869; it was formerly called Miami Square and also\\nNorth Park. East Park is located between Farmer,\\nBates, and Randolph Streets. In 1883 it was given to\\nthe police commissioners as a site for a new building\\nto be occupied as their headquarters. West Park\\nlies between W est Park Place. Park Place, and State\\nStreet. The following table shows the number of\\nacres in each park, except Belle Isle Adelaide\\nCampau, 95-100 acres; Linden, 25 and 71-100;\\n[7.0", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "74\\nTHE PARKS.\\nRandolph, 24-100; Centre or Library Park, 27-100;\\nSchool, 524-1000; West, 524-1000; Grand Circus,\\n4 and 595-1000; Clinton, l and 32-1000; Elton,\\n703-1000; Crawford. 703-1000 Stanton, 61 i-iooo\\nMacomb, 489-1000; and Cass, 4 and 18-100. Total,\\n40 and 53-100 acres.\\nThe most prominent public square is the Campus\\nMartins, so named after the principal square at\\nMarietta, the first settlement and capital of the\\nNorthwest Territory. That square was named\\nCampus Martins by the directors and agents on July\\n2, 1788, because the blockhouse stood in the centre\\nof it. The Campus Martins of ancient Rome was\\nthe most celebrated of its parks or public grounds.\\nIt was at first set apart for military exercises and\\ncontests, but afterwards became a public park or\\npleasure-ground, with gardens, theaters, baths, etc.\\nIt received the name of Martius from being origin-\\nally consecrated to Mars, the God of War. One\\nwould think that our Campus Martius had been\\ndedicated to every deity, for everything in turn has\\ncentered at this hub of the city. It has been occu-\\npied as a hay and wood market, as a standing-place\\nfor farmers wagons, and a rendezvous for hucksters\\nand peddlers of every kind. Here patent medicine-\\nmen, lightning calculators, cheap jewelry auc-\\ntioneers, peddlers of knife-sharpeners, cements, toy-\\nballoons, oranges and bananas, have filled the air\\nwith their cries; and lifting, striking. electri-\\ncal and lung testing machines have all been\\noperated on this famous square. Huge bonfires\\nhave often illuminated the surrounding buildings,\\nand hundreds of political speeches have here been\\nmade to the throngs that so many times gathered at\\nthis grand old meeting-place. It was not always so\\nattractive as now. Rough, muddy, unpaved. and\\nuneven, only a prophet could have foreseen the\\npresent beauty of the place and its surroundings.\\nThe first step towards its improvement was made on\\nApril 22, 1835, when the recorder of the city sub-\\nmitted a resolution for a committee to cause the\\nCampus Martius to be graded, enclosed, planted with\\ntrees, and sodded. The resolution was adopted, and\\nthe recorder and Alderman Palmer were appointed\\nas said committee. Under their direction the square\\nwas graded down fully four feet, and the earth dug\\naway used to fill in the valley of the Savoyard. The\\ndecorating was left until more recent years and now\\nthe wide walks, the plats of grass, the fountains, the\\nflower-beds, and the \\\\iew afforded, are worthy of any\\ncity.\\nA Committee on Parks was first appointed on\\nMay 30, 1854; and in 1863 a superintendent was\\nappointed to ser\\\\ e during the summer season.\\nSince 1 870 the smaller parks have been under the\\ncare of the Board of Public Works. The following\\npersons have ser\\\\-ed as Su[ierintendents of Parks\\n1S62, Timothy Ryan; 1863. G. F. Jones; 1864-\\n1867. Timothy Ryan; 1867, Luke Daly and A.\\nBlumma; 1868- 1870, George Henrion 1870,\\nAugust Goebel.\\nNo history of the parks would be complete without\\nsome reference to the Park Question which agitated\\nall Detroit from 1870 to 1873. The desirability of\\na park or parks and a boulevard had been the sub-\\nject of numerous articles in the daily papers during\\nthe fall of 1870, and on June 24, 1871, an informal\\nmeeting of citizens was held at Young Men s Hall\\nto consider the subject. The project of laying out\\na large park met with great favor, and on April i 5\\nthe Legislature passed an Act appointing commis-\\nsioners to receive propositions for sites and giving\\nthem power to decide as to location.\\nThe commission met and organized, and soon re-\\nceived offers from various parties for locations in all\\nparts of the city and its suburbs. They decided\\nthat the most desirable location was a tract of land\\nin Hamtramck, a little over three miles from the\\nCity Hall, embracing parts of Private Claims 180\\nand 734, with a river frontage of half a mile. The\\ndecision of the commission was unsatisfactory to\\nmany, but the council approved their action, and on\\nNovember 21, 1871, a resolution was offered author-\\nizing the comptroller to prepare bonds to the amount\\nof $200,000 to pay for the grounds.\\nThe resolution was postponed for two weeks,\\nwhen, on December 27, at the call of the mayor, a\\ncitizens meeting was held in the Circuit Court room,\\nto vote on the question of issuing the bonds. There\\nwas an immense crowd present, and amid great con-\\nfusion the vote was declared carried but there was\\nso much doubt and dissatisfaction that neither the\\ncouncil nor the citizens regarded the vote as decisive.\\nIn order to obtain a more satisfactory vote the\\ncouncil, on April 19, 1872, requested the mayor to\\ncall another meeting to reconsider the question.\\nAccordingly, on May I, a meeting was held at the\\nGriswold Street front of the City Hall. Again a\\ngreat crowd assembled. There was plenty of\\namusement and much confusion, but no decision\\nwas reached.\\nThis was the last so-called citizens meeting. It\\nwas unsatisfactory to all good citizens, who were gen-\\nerally agreed that some better method of approving\\nthe tax estimates should be devised. Meantime, on\\nMarch 14, 1873, the Legislature, by special Act,\\ngave the Park Commissioners power to purchase\\nthe grounds, and directed the council to pro\\\\nde\\nmeans to pay for them. Soon after they passed\\nActs abolishing citizens meetings, providing for a\\nBoard of Estimates, and annexing a large part of\\nthe townships of Hamtramck and Greenfield to the\\ncity. It was generally believed that these Acts were\\ndrawn in the interest of those who wished to have", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE PARKS.\\n75\\nthe park located in Hamtramck, and the opponents\\nof the park united in an endeavor to secure a Board\\nof Estimates who would oppose the purchase of the\\npark. On April 2 they held a large meeting at\\nYoung Men s Hall, and so successful was their pro-\\ntest that on April 7 a board was elected composed\\nof persons known to be unfavorable to the location\\nof the park in Hamtramck.\\nThe question, however, was still unsettled, as both\\nthe council and the Park Commission desired to\\npurchase the ground selected for the park. Those\\nopposed to the plan did not relinquish their efforts,\\nand on August 18 and 21 anti-park meetings were\\nheld to protest against the providing of money by\\nthe council to pay for the lands contracted for. The\\nPark Commissioners, however, proposed to complete\\nthe purchase. The question of their right to do so\\nwas brought before the Supreme Court, and on\\nDecember 3, 1873, they reported to the council\\nthat the court had decided they had no power to\\nbind the city to pay for the lands they therefore\\nasked the council to determine what action they\\nshould take. The council took the ground that, as\\nthe Park Act said, The council shall provide money\\nto pay for the purchase of the park, they were under\\nobligations to do so, and on December 1 2 they recom-\\nmended the issue of bonds to the amount of \u00c2\u00a7200,-\\n000, and directed the comptroller to prepare them.\\nOn December 16 Mayor Moffat disapproved of\\nthe action of the council, as the law creating the\\nBoard of Estimates pro\\\\-ided that no bonds should\\nbe issued unless authorized by them, and the coun-\\ncil, on the same day, again directed the comptroller\\nto prepare bonds. On December 30 the Park\\nCommissioners reported that they had bought the\\nlands. Meantime the bonds had not been prepared,\\nand on January 6, 1 874, the council again directed\\nthe mayor and comptroller to issue them. On Jan-\\nuary 9 Mayor Moffatt returned unapproved that\\npart of the proceedings relating to these directions\\nfor the same reasons given by him on December\\n16, and said moreover that the council was without\\nauthority over his actions and could not compel him\\nto sign the bonds. The council, for the third time, re-\\npeated its order to issue the bonds, and on February\\n20 directed the city councillor to take legal proceed-\\nings to compel the mayor to sign the Park Bonds.\\nThe council persisted and the mayor resisted, and\\nfinally the question was brought before the Supreme\\nCourt, where, on May 12, 1874, it was decided that\\nthe purchase must be approved by the Board of\\nEstimates. Their approval could not be obtained,\\nand the subject dropped.\\nThus ended one of the most persistent and bitter\\nconflicts in regard to municipal matters that ever\\ntranspired in Detroit. The idea of purchasing Belle\\nIsle for park purposes was first conceived bv I.. L.\\nBarbour. He consulted the several owners, ob-\\ntained refusals of their interests, and arranged that\\nthe contracts to sell should be made in the names of\\nseveral gentlemen whom he interested in the sub-\\nject. On .-^pril 8, 1879, these gentlemen. Messrs.\\nGeorge C. Langdon, J. J. Bagley, Bela Hubbard, C.\\nI. Walker, M. S. Smith, and D. O. Farrand, sent a\\ncommunication to the council suggesting that the\\ncity purchase Belle Isle they stated that they had\\nprocured agreements which would give the city the\\nentire island for $200,000, and that the proposal was\\nentirely devoid of any personal or pecuniar) interest.\\nAnother communication from leading citizens f e-\\ntitioned the council to seek legislation for the pur-\\npose of buying the island and building a bridge. It\\nwas a favorable time to present the project, for the\\nquestion of bridging or tunneling the river for rail-\\nroad purposes was then being discussed. The\\ncommunication was favorably received, and a reso-\\nlution was adopted praying the Legislature to pass\\nan Act authorizing the city to issue bonds to the\\namount of $700,000 to purchase Belle Isle and con-\\nstruct a bridge.\\nMany citizens objected, but on May 27, 1879, the\\nLegislature authorized the city, with consent of. the\\nBoard of Estimates, to issue bonds for the amount\\nproposed, a portion of them to be used to secure the\\nbuilding of either a bridge or a tunnel. The Act\\nalso gave the council power to improve parks either\\nwithin or without the city limits.\\nOn May 27 the Legislature passed an additional\\nAct authorizing the council, with consent of the\\nBoard of Estimates, to purchase the island and\\nimprove it as a park, to issue bonds for not more\\nthan $200,000, and gi\\\\ ing them power to erect a\\nbridge to the island.\\nOn June 30 the Board of Estimates approved of\\nthe purchase, and on September 25 it was consum-\\nmated. The care of the park was next considered,\\nand on December 23, 1879, acting under the old\\nPark Act of 1871, Mayor Langdon nominated and\\nthe council confirmed six commissioners. On Janu-\\nary 3, 1880, they organized, and on May 28, 1880,\\nthe council voted to turn over the park to their care.\\nThe ne.xt day, during the absence of Mayor Thomp-\\nson, Charles Ewers, as acting mayor, approved of\\nthe proceedings of the council. During that same\\nday Mayor Thompson returned, and in a communi-\\ncation to the council disapproved of their action of\\nthe 28th, on the ground that the Act under which\\nthe commission had organized was a nullity. He\\nalso claimed that the approval of the action of the\\ncouncil by the acting mayor was not legal, inasmuch\\nas he had not been absent from the city long\\nenough to make action upon the proceedings neces-\\nsar\\\\ The opinion of Mayor Thompson was su.s-\\ntained by the Supreme Court in a decision rendered", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "76\\nTHE PARKS.\\nNovember lo, 1880, and a fur-\\nther decision on June 15, 1881,\\ndeclared that the commissioners\\nappointed by Mayor Langdon\\nhad no legal control over Belle\\nIsle Park.\\nUnder ordinance of August 29,\\n1 88 1, Mayor Thompson nomi-\\nnated the following persons as a\\nBoard of I- ark Commissioners\\nM. I. Mills. A. Marxhausen, Wm.\\nA. Moore, and James McMillan,\\nfor terms of one, two, three, and\\nfour years respectively, and a\\ncommissioner was to be ap-\\npointed annually. W. B. Moran\\nsucceeded M. I. Mills on Sep-\\ntember I, 18S2. Jas. McMillan\\nresigned in 1SS3, and was suc-\\nceeded in 1884 by D. M. Ferry.\\nThe board organized on Sep-\\ntember 8, 1881 on December\\n1 7 elected John Stirling as sec-\\nretary, and soon after contracted\\nwith Frederick Law Olmstead to\\nlay out the park. A sur\\\\ ey was\\nmade by Eugene Robinson in\\n1882, and the work of planning\\nand preparing the island for\\npark purposes was begun. In\\n1882 the council appropriated\\n$20,000 for the park, and $4,000\\nadditional was received for rent\\nof fishing grounds, ice privi-\\nleges, restaurants, etc. Of these\\namounts, $14,504 were expended\\nin that year. By law of March\\n28, 1883, the board was given\\nfull control over all taxes levied\\nfor the purpose of maintaining\\nthe park.\\nAbundant indications of the\\nappreciation of the privileges of\\nthe island are afforded in the\\nfact that between June i and\\nOctober i, 1882, 268,000 adults\\nvisited the park.\\nDuring 1 883 the circular canal\\nat the upper end of the island,\\nshown in the proposed plan, was\\ncompleted at a cost of about\\n$11,000. The canal is five feet\\ndeep and fifty feet wide.\\nDuring the French occupancy\\nof Detroit, Belle Isle, a portion\\nof it at least, was treated as an\\nappendage of the garrison and\\nM m", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE PARKS.\\nPolice Station, Eklle Isle.\\nused as a place for pasturage. On June 12, 1752,\\nthe governor and intendant granted the island to M.\\nDouville Dequindre, but it is probable that this grant\\nwas not confirmed by the king, as there are indica-\\ntions that the Government continued to exercise\\ncontrol over it.\\nOn l\\\\Iay 9, 1763, when Pontiac s conspiracy was\\ndiscovered, a party of Indians crossed to the island,\\nand finding there Sergeant James Fisher, his wife\\nand two children, l:illed them, and also the twenty-\\nfour cattle belonging to the garrison, which had\\nbeen left in their charge. During the subsequent\\nsiege most of the wood for the fort was obtained\\nfrom the island by sending large parties there under\\nthe protection of armed schooners.\\nOn May 4, 176S, George 111. and his council gave\\nto Lieutenant George McDougall permission to\\noccupy the island so long as the military establish-\\nSuperintendent s House, Belle Isle P.\\\\kk.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "78\\nTHE PARKS.\\nment was continued at Detroit, provided that he\\ncould do so without causing dissatisfaction to the\\nIndians, and that the improvements he made should\\nbe of such character as to be of service in supplying\\nthe wants of the fort and garrison. On June 5 of\\nthe following year Lieutenant McDougall bought the\\nisland of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians for five\\nbarrels of rum, three rolls of tobacco, three pounds\\nof vermilion, and a belt of wampum, an additional\\nthree barrels of rum and three pounds of paint to\\nbe delivered when possession was taken. The value\\nof the island was estimated at /194 los.\\nIn 1 77 1 Lieutenant McDougall had it surveyed\\nby a Mr. Boyd, who reported that it contained\\nseven hundred and four acres. The same year Mc-\\nDougall built a dwelling-house and out-buildings,\\nand his tenant, one Cassity, cultivated about thirty\\nacres. After a few years John Loughton took Cas-\\nsity s lease. There were then two farms on the\\nisland, comprising eighty acres of cultivated land,\\ntogether with houses and barns. One of the farms\\nwas cultivated by a man named Ridley.\\nOn January 15, 1778, Lieutenant-Governor Ham-\\nilton wrote to Governor Carlton as follows\\nThe inhabitants having represented to me the losses and damage\\nthey suffer by being deprived of tile commonage of Hog Island, 1\\nhave directed Captain McDougall s brother-in-law, who is his\\nattorney at this place, to acquaint him that, unless I have your\\nexcellency s orders to the contrary, the inhabitants shall be re-in-\\nstated in the possession of it on the ist day of May, 1779, which\\nis time sufficient for him to prove a right.\\nMeantime McDougall died, and General Haldi-\\nmand, who had succeeded Governor Carlton, wrote\\nto Major De Peyster at Detroit that the executors\\nof Colonel McDougall must not be allowed to offer\\nIsle au Cochon for sale, as he intended to reclaim it\\nfor the use of the garrison at Detroit. He said further\\nthat Mrs. McDougall need not be alarmed that\\nhe would see that her rights were protected.\\nOn July 13, 1780, in a letter from Haldimand to\\nDe Peyster, after informing him that in order to\\nraise food and diminish e.xpenses he proposed to\\nhave ground cultivated at each post, he added I\\nhave therefore to desire you will immediately re-\\nclaim for his Majesty s use the ground comtuonly\\nknown by the name of Hog Island, and appropriate\\nit to the above-mentioned purpose, exactly upon\\nthe same terms and footing with those at Niagara,\\nagreeably to the enclosed articles. The articles\\nalluded to provided that he should establish set-\\ntlers upon the island, and furnish them with\\nimplements. This letter contained also this direc-\\ntion As I wish to make i\\\\Irs. McDougall a reason-\\nable compensation for what houses, etc., may be\\nfound upon the island, you will please to appoint\\nproper persons to appraise them and transmit me\\ntheir report.\\nAccordingly, on September 5, 17S0, the buildings\\non Hog Island were appraised by Nathan Williams\\nand J. B. Craite, master carpenters. Their report\\nwas as follows\\nI dwelling house 250 i old barn without a top. 18\\nI 40 A fowl house 6\\nI 10 Some lumber 10\\nTotal (N. Y. currency) 334\\nOn September 9 De Peyster wrote to Haldimand,\\nsaying I propose to settle Mr. Riddle s family,\\nwith three other families, on the island as soon as\\npossible, reserving part of the meadow ground for\\nthe grazing of the king s cattle.\\nOn October 10 he wrote: Agreeably to your\\nexcellency s desire, I have fixed loyalists upon Hog\\nIsland conformable to the terms prescribed.\\nThe island is, however, sufficient for two substantial\\nfamilies only, there being much meadow ground and\\nswamp on it, and it being absolutely necessary to\\npreserve a run for the king s cattle that being the\\nonly place of security. I have sent your ex-\\ncellency a sketch of the island, which contains only\\nseven hundred and sixty-eight acres.\\nEventually William McComb, guardian of the\\nheirs of McDougall, petitioned Sir Frederick Haldi-\\nmand, the governor-general, for redress against De\\nPeyster, who then offered six hundred guineas for\\nthe island. This offer was rejected, and De Pey-\\nster was compelled to restore the island, and to\\nerect a barn and furnish a scow as compensation for\\nthe use of it.\\nOn November 11, 1793, h^ heirs of McDougall\\nsold the island to William McComb. Like all titles\\noriginating prior to American occupancy, the claim\\nto this island was passed upon by the United States\\nCommissioners. The deed from the Indians was of\\nbut little force, as neither the British nor the Ameri-\\ncan Government recognized deeds from Indians to\\nprivate parties but as the McCombs were in posses-\\nsion before the Americans came, the commissioners,\\non November 6, 1809, confirmed the island, or six\\nhundred and forty acres of it, to the heirs of William\\nMcComb. No one claim at that time was allowed\\nto include more than six hundred and forty acres,\\nand then, and even as late as 1833 (when surveyed\\nby J. Mullett), it was considered doubtful if the\\nisland contained that amount of land. On January\\n7, 1S17, the register of probate and a committee\\nassigned the island to D. B. McComb, as one of the\\nheirs of William McComb. On March 31, 1817, D.\\nB. McComb conveyed it to B. Campau for $5,000,\\nwhich amount, tradition says, was paid in bills of\\nsuspended Ohio banks. On Nov-ember i, 1823, the\\nUnited -States Commissioners on Claims recom-\\nmended that the entire island be confirmed to D.\\nCampau.\\nThe island has borne no less than four different\\nnames. Originally called Mah-nah-be-zee, The", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE BOULEVARD.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PASTURES AND POUNDS.\\n79\\nSwan, by the Indians it was re-named by the\\nFrench Isle St. Claire. At one time it was overrun\\nwith rattlesnakes, and a number of hogs were\\nallowed to run at large in order to destroy them;\\neventually the hogs became so numerous that the\\nisland came to be known as Isle au Cochons, or Hog\\nIsland. During the years just previous to 1S45 the\\nisland became a very popular place of resort for\\npicnic parties, and just prior to July 4. 1845, it was\\nannounced in the daily papers that on the Fourth a\\npicnic party would give it a more euphonious name.\\nAccordingly, about five o clock p.m., a large number\\nha\\\\-ing assembled on the island, Morgan Bates was\\ncalled to the chair, and William Duane Wilson\\nelected secretary and on motion of Mr. Goodell, it\\nwas resolved that the island be known hereafter as\\nBelle Isle, possibly in honor of the ladies who fre-\\nquently patronized it on picnic occasions.\\nThe island is covered with beautiful hickory, oak,\\nmaple, and elm trees interspersed with numerous\\nnatural lawns. At the time of its purchase by the\\ncity, two avenues, fifty feet wide, extended from end\\nto end. and it was possible also to drive entirely\\naround the shore. It was sur\\\\ eyed in 1882, and\\nfound to contain nearly 690 acres; in its greatest\\nextent it is 10,800 feet long and 2,400 feet wide.\\nDuring the agitation of the Park question from\\n1871 to 1875 much was said concerning the advan-\\ntage that would be derived from a boulevard extend-\\ning entirely around the city. Si.x years later the\\nsubject was again agitated, and on May 21, 1879,\\nthe Legislature provided for a Board of Boulevard\\nCommissioners, to consist of one person each from\\nthe townships of Greenfield, Hamtramck, and\\nSpringwells, together with the mayor and Board of\\nPublic Works of Detroit.\\nThe members from the townships vi-ere chosen on\\nthe first Monday in April, 1880, and were to serve\\nthree years, or until their successors were elected,\\nand all were to serve without pay. The board was\\nauthorized to lay out a boulevard, not less than one\\nhundred and fifty feet wide, from Jefferson Avenue\\nin Hamtramck to such a point in Springwells as\\nmight be agreed upon, and were given power to\\ncondemn and take possession of lands in the same\\nway that roads are opened they were also author-\\nized to construct and improve the boulevard when\\nestablished, the cost of the boulevard to be raised\\nby general taxation from both city and townships.\\nThe first commissioners for the townships w-ere\\nHamtramck, J. V. Reuhle; Springwells, John\\nGreusel; Greenfield, E. Chope.\\nThe commissioners for 1883 were: Hamtramck,\\nA. S. Bagg Greenfield, E. Chope Springwells,\\nC. Clippert.\\nThe route was established on February i, 1882.\\nThat portion between Woodward .Avenue and Rus-\\nsell Street was given by property owners on the\\nroute, and the boulevard was formally dedicated on\\nSeptember 28, 1882. The last of the deeds of land\\nfor the boulevard from Woodward Avenue to\\nTwelfth Street was obtained in November, 1S83.\\nPASTURES AND POUNDS.\\nA large portion of the commons about the stock-\\nade of Detroit was once used for pasturage, and in\\ncomparatively recent years much of the land withm\\nthe city limits was unenclosed and used as public\\nproperty. Prior to 1850 the milkman s bell was un-\\nknown almost every family kept a cow or cows, or\\nbought milk of their neighbors. The cows were\\nturned out in the morning, and found their way to\\nunoccupied lands, where they browsed at their\\nleisure, or perchance, if this public feed grew scarce,\\nthey were driven to and from an enclosed field.\\nThese customs have almost entirely passed away.\\nThe milk-carts traverse every street, and the call of\\nCo bos Co bos can no longer be numbered\\namong the street cries of Detroit.\\nPrior to the fire of 1805 the narrowness of the\\nstreets made it necessar that animals and fowls\\nshould be prevented from running at large. Pounds\\nwere therefore established and pound-keepers ap-\\npointed at an early date, and if age confers dignity\\non an office, then that of pound-keeper is the most\\nancient and honorable in the city, for there is none\\nother so old.\\nOn March 12, iSoi, Elias Wallen was appointed\\npound-keeper, and the old records of the Court of\\nCommon Pleas for Wayne County of that date have\\nthis entry\\nThe Court of Common Pleas, with the approbation of Major\\nHunt, commanding officer )f the garrison of Detroit, order that\\nthe yard of the Council House be used as a Pound.\\nThe council house referred to was located near\\nthe river, between what are now Griswold and\\nShelby Streets. Although the dignity of that local-\\nity may be somewhat disturbed by this reminiscence,\\nthere can be no doubt of its truth.\\nUnder ordinance of 1836 any person could take\\nup an animal running at large and be paid twelve\\nand one half cents a day for its keeping. Notice was\\nto be given within twelve hours to the marshal, and\\nafter advertising four days any animal was sold.\\nThe marshal received ten per cent on total proceeds\\nfor his services the person impounding had one\\nhalf of the balance, and the other half was to go to\\nthe Poor Fund. None of the early ordinances as to\\npounds were strictly enforced, and up to very recent\\ntimes cattle were allowed to roam at their own sweet\\nwill in various parts of the city. By ordinance of\\n1855 two pound-keepers might be, and in 1861 two\\nwere required to be, appointed to ser\\\\^e for eight\\nmonths, at a salary of $45 a month. Under ordi-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "8o\\nPASTURES AND POUNDS.\\nnance of March 24, 1 870, amended May 4, the [pounds\\nwere to be open between April i and December i\\nand the keepers were paid $6\u00c2\u00b0 per month for the\\nterm of eight months. After 1874 they were\\nappointed for the full year, and paid the same\\namount per month.\\nThe pounds are located on the same grounds as\\nthe wood and hay markets. The following persons\\nhave served as pound-keepers: 1854, D. L. Shaw;\\n1855, Peter Laderoot; 1856, J. J. Reid, D. L. Shaw;\\n1857, A. B. Solis, J. Normandin, William Barry;\\n1858, C. Gebhart, C. R. Page; 1859 and i860, J. C.\\nSchultz, F. Fulda; 1S61, H. H. Covert, John Green-\\nwood; 1862, J. Stork, John Brennan; 1863 and 1864,\\nJ. Stork, R. Sullivan; 1865 and 1866, N. Jungblut,\\nJohn fvers; 1867, J. Dieler, J. Ivers; 1868, J.\\nDieler, G. O. Walker; 1869, A. Taubits, George\\nRidette; 1870, A. Taubits, James Joy; 1871 and\\n1872, Harris Jacobs, Robert Watson; 1873 and 1874,\\nA. Peine, F. C. Neipoth 1875, A. Peine, J. Ivers;\\n1876, Noah Sutton, George Crabb 1877, Charles\\nSchmidt, B, Reilly; 1878, E. W. Pindar, T.\\nMahoney; 1879, Eastern District, E. Fiertz, West-\\nern District, D. J. Spinning; 1880, Eastern District,\\nD. J. Briggs, Western District, H. Jacobs; 1881 and\\n1882, Eastern District, Thomas Rooks, Western\\nDistrict, Henry Gross; 1883, Eastern District, H.\\nStebner, Western District, H. Gross.\\nIn 1805 the law provided that the owner of every\\ndog three months old and upwards, kept by any one\\nperson or family, shall pay a tax for the same of\\nfifty cents. There can be no doubt that a dog ta,x\\nwas then necessary, for in 1805, with only five hun-\\ndred and twenty-five heads of families, there were\\ntwo hundred and nineteen dogs in the town of\\nDetroit. A like proportion now would give eight\\nthousand dogs, but there were only about two thou-\\nsand licensed in 1883.\\nDogs were deemed essential as a protection against\\nthe Indians in past time, and some families evidently\\nbelieved in protection. During the War of 1S12,\\nafter the arrival of Harris .)n s troops, a Frenchman\\ncame one day to the officer of the day, and com-\\nplained, The soldiers last night killed most all my\\ndogs. How many did they kill. Nine.\\nHow many have you left? Only eight.\\nConsidering the condition of things which then\\nexisted, and continued to exist for many years, it is\\nno wonder that the question, Would a diminu-\\ntion of dogs in the city of Detroit and its vicinity\\nredound to the public benefit? was proposed in\\n1 81 9, as a subject for discussion in the Detroit\\nlyceum.\\nComing down to recent years, we find that an\\nordinance providing for the licensing of dogs was\\napproved on May 2, 1881, and a dog-pound estab-\\nlished on July I. No record was kept of the num-\\nber of dogs impounded until November i, 1881.\\nFrom that date up to November i, 1882, there\\nwere captured eighteen hundred and sixty-eight\\nunlicensed dogs, and of this number fifteen hundred\\nand sixteen were drowned, one hundred and four-\\nteen redeemed on payment of the pound or license\\nfee, seventy-seven released on proof of ha\\\\ing been\\nlicensed, seventy-five sold, sixty given to medical\\ncolleges for dissection, eighteen escaped, and eight\\ndied a natural death. The number of dogs\\ncaptured in 1883 was fifteen hundred and six.\\nDrowned dogs are delivered to the city scavenger.\\nUnlicensed dogs are captured by means of a net\\nattached to a long pole, and are then deposited in a\\ncovered wagon for conveyance to the pound. A\\npoliceman is detailed to catch the dogs, and there is\\nalso a driver for the wagon. The license fee for\\nmale dogs is one dollar, for females two dollars, and\\nten cents additional must be paid for the brass\\nlicense-check which is required to be attached to\\nthe collar of all dogs. The money from licenses,\\nand all moneys obtained through the dog-pound, are\\nrequired to be paid to the city treasurer.\\nThe dog-pound is located at the foot of Riopelle\\nStreet and is in charge of a policeman.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "PART 111.\\nGOVERNMENTAL,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nFRENCH AND ENGLISH RULE.\\nThe fish of Newfoundland, the furs of New\\nFrance, and French jealousy of Spanish achieve-\\nments, were all prime factors in the efforts made by\\nFrance to obtain possession of this new world.\\nAdded to these, there were political and religious\\nambitions that knew no limit, incarnated in men\\nwho feared nothing and would dare everything to\\nfurther the interests of la belle France and the\\nJesuit order. They went everywhere, and every-\\nwhere the Lily and the Cross marked the route they\\ntraveled. Colonies followed in their wake, and all\\ndeeds done in each were spread before the king, and\\ndiscoursed upon by his ministers. From the time\\nIVL de Champlain visited the lakes, the French Gov-\\nernment claimed this region as its own. All of\\nCanada, and what is now known as the Northwest,\\nwas variously designated as New France, Louisiana,\\nor Canada.\\nDuring French rule, no less than three kings and\\nthree regents exercised authority over Detroit and\\nits surroundings. After the death of Henry IV\u00e2\u0080\u009e on\\nMay 14. 1610. his widow, Mary de Medici, became\\nregent, and continued as such until 1617, when\\nLouis XIII., at the age of sixteen, assumed the\\nkingship. The celebrated Cardinal Richelieu was\\nappointed as his prime minister, and served until\\n1642. During his sway, on July 29, 1629, Quebec\\nwas captured by the English, and remained in their\\npossession, with Louis Kertk as governor, until the\\ntreaty of March 29, 1632, when it was surrendered\\nto the French. Louis XIII. died May 14, 1643, and\\nhis widow, Anne of Austria, became regent, with\\nCardinal Mazarin as prime minister. He continued\\nin office until 1661. The regency of Anne of\\nAustria ended in 1651, and Louis XIV., at the age\\nof fourteen, became king. He reigned until his\\ndeath. September i, 171 5. The Duke of Orleans\\nthen became regent, serving until 1 723, when Louis\\nXV., then only thirteen years old, was crowned\\nking. During his reign, on September 8, 1760,\\nCanada was surrendered by Marquis Vaudrcuil to\\nGeneral Jeffrey Amherst, and on November 29,\\n1760, Detroit was given up by the French Com-\\nmandant Bellestre to Major Robert Rogers. In\\n1763, by the Treaty of Paris, sometimes called the\\nTreaty of Versailles, it was fully surrendered, and\\nGeorge III. of England became the sovereign of\\nDetroit. Four kings, therefore, have ruled this\\nregion.\\nUnder the French Government, a governor-gen-\\neral, appointed by the king, commanded at Quebec.\\nLocal commandants were appointed for Detroit and\\nother posts with almost plenary power, but they\\nwere supposed to, and probably did, conform their\\nauthority as far as possible to French law. They\\nwere held responsible to the governor-general, to\\nwhom they reported.\\nThe following is a list of the French governors of\\nNew France\\n1603-1612, M. Chauvin, Commander de Chastes,\\nand M. de Monts.\\n161 2-1619, Samuel de Champlain, with Prince de\\nConde as acting governor.\\n1619-1629,- .Admiral iVIontmorenci as acting gov-\\nernor.\\n1633-1635, Samuel de Champlain.\\n1636, M. de Chateaufort.\\n1 637- 1 647, M. de Montmagny.\\n1647-165 1, M. d Aillebout.\\n1651-1656, M. Jean de Lauson.\\n1656-1657, M. Charles de Lauson-Charny.\\n1657-1658, M. d Aillebout.\\n1658-1661, Viscount d Argenson.\\n1661-1663, Baron d Avangour.\\n1663-1665, Chevalier de Saffrey-Mesy.\\n1665-1672, Chevalier de Courcelles.\\n1 672- 1 682, Comte Frontenac.\\n1682-1685, M. Lefebere de la Barre.\\n1 685- 1 689, Marquis de Denonville.\\n1 689- 1 699, Comte Frontenac.\\n1 699-1 705, Chevalier de Callieres.\\n1 705-1 726, Marquis de Vaudreuil.\\n1 726- 1 747, Marquis de Beauharnois.\\n1 747-1 749, Comte de la Galissonere.\\n1749-1752, Marquis de la Jonquire.\\n1752. Baron de Longueuil. acting governor\\na .short time.\\n1 752-1 755, Marquis Duquesne de Mennevillc.\\n1 7 55-1 760, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de au-\\ndreuil-Cavagnal.\\n[83]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "84\\nFRENCH AND ENGLISH RULE.\\nAfter the surrender of Canada by the Marquis\\nVaudreuil to General Amherst, the following mili-\\ntarv- governors were appointed General James\\nMurray to command at Quebec, General Gage at\\nMontreal, and Colonel Benton at Three Rivers.\\nIn 1763, by proclamation of George III., the\\nboimdary of Quebec and other provinces was estab-\\nlished, but no part of the territory northwest of the\\nOhio was included in any of the provinces then\\ncreated. The same proclamation appointed General\\nJames Murray governor-general, and provided for\\nhis forming a council composed of the lieutenant-\\ngovernors of Montreal and Three Rjvers, the chief\\njustice, the inspector of customs, and eight leading\\ncitizens.\\nOn June 22, 1774, under the so-called Quebec\\nAct, a civil government was first provided for the\\nterritory which included Detroit. By the terms of\\nthis Vet the legislative power was vested in the\\ngovernor, lieutenant-governor or commander-in-\\nchief, and a council of not less than seventeen nor\\nmore than twenty-three persons, to be appointed by\\nthe king.\\nNone of the governor-generals, however, exercised\\nany authority over this region, except as military\\nofficers. As under French government, so also\\nunder English rule, the resident commandant e.xer-\\ncised the functions of both a civil and a military\\nofficer, subject to the orders of the commanding\\ngeneral and all posts west of Detroit were gov-\\nerned from this establishment.\\nA law dividing the province of Quebec into the\\ntwo general provinces of Upper and Lower Canada\\nbecame operative on December 26, 1791, and as the\\nOttawa River was the dividing line, Michigan there-\\nafter formed part of Upper Canada.\\nThe following is a list of the English governors\\n1 760-1 763, General Jeffrey Amherst.\\n1 763- 1 766, General James Murray.\\n1766- Paulius Emelius Irvine (President of\\nE.xecutive Council), for 3 months.\\n1766-1770, Sir Guy Carleton (Lieut.-Governor).\\n1 770- 1 774, Hector T. Cramahe (President of E.x-\\necutive Council).\\n1774-1778. Sir Guy Carleton.\\n1778-1784, General Frederick Haldimand (Lieut.-\\nGovernor).\\n1784- Henry Hamilton (Lieut.-Governor).\\n1785- Colonel Henry Hope (President of\\nCoimcil).\\n1 785- 1 792, Guy Carleton, as Lord Dorchester.\\n1792-1796, John Graves Simcoe (Lieut.-Governor\\nof Upper Canada).", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI\\nTERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\nThe question as to what State, by irtue of its\\noriginal colonial charter, possessed this portion of\\nthe West has been frequently discussed. The claim\\nof Virginia seems as well founded as that of any of\\nthe other States, and her claims were fortified by the\\nfact that she was the only colonial State that ever\\nattempted to exercise authority or jurisdiction in the\\nTerritories north and west of the Ohio. In October,\\n1778, as appears by the Statutes at Large (Vol. I.X..\\npage 557). the Assembly of Virginia organized the\\nterritory on the west of the Ohio, adjacent to the\\nMississippi, into the county of Illinois, and appointed\\nColonel John Todd military commandant. It is also\\nshown by a letter from Winthrop Sargent, addressed\\nto the President on July 31, 1790, and quoted in\\nAmerican State Papers. Public Land .Series. Vol. I.,\\nthat Todd transferred certain powers to a Mr.\\nLegras, and that a court was held at Vincennes and\\nvarious acts performed under direction of its judges.\\nThis would seem to be almost conclusive evidence\\nof the rights of Virginia.\\nDissensions in regard to the claims of the several\\nStates hindered the formation of the Union but all\\nof the States finally surrendered their claims.\\nTo prepare the way for the cession, a law was\\npassed in October, 1780. providing that the territory\\nto be ceded should be disposed of for the common\\nbenefit of the whole Union that the .States erected\\ntherein should be of suitable extent, not less than\\none hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty\\nmiles square. After the passage of this law, on\\nMarch i, 1781, New York released her claims;\\nVirginia, on March I, 1784; Massachusetts, on April\\n19, 1785; and Connecticut, on September 14, 1786,\\nand May 30. 1800. The particular region embrac-\\ning Detroit was ceded by Massachusetts.\\nThe Northwest Territory.\\nOn July 13, 1787, Congress passed an ordinance\\nfor the government of the territory of the United\\nStates northwest of the river Ohio. Nathan Dane,\\nof Beverly, Massachusetts, founder of the Dane Law\\nSchool of Cambridge, has been generally credited\\nwith the authorship of the ordinance. There is,\\nhowever, no probability that the vital points of the\\nordinance were originated by Mr. Dane. As long\\nago as October, 1841, an article appeared in the\\nNorth American Review containing copious extracts\\nfrom the diary of Dr. Manasseh Cutler, in which he\\ndistinctly claimed the authorship, without amend-\\nment, of portions of the ordinance. As the ordi-\\nnance was expressly framed in the interest of the\\nland company he represented, it is presumably the\\nportion excluding slavery and providing for schools\\nthat is attributable to him. Further evidence of his\\nauthorship is contained in an elaborate article in the\\nsame periodical for April, 1876, written by William\\nN. W. TERRITORY\\nBy OrLlinance of\\n1787,\\nTreaties of I7B3 1795.\\nMap of Territorial Boundarv. No. i.\\nF. Poole, librarian of the Public Library of Chicago.\\nHe shows that at the time the ordinance was framed\\nthe country was in debt and in great need of money;\\nand that the ordinance was designed to insure the\\nsale to Dr. Manasseh Cutler, agent of the Ohio Com-\\npany of .\\\\.ssociates, of one and one half million acres\\nof land in the Northwest Territory. Further, by\\nthe history and language of all the preceding pro-\\nposed ordinances, and of the committees on them\\nby a comparison of the language of the ordinance as\\npassed, with the style of Mr. Dane and the state-\\nments of his own biographer by the names of the\\ncommittee who reported the final ordinance by an\\nanalysis of the vote by which it was passed by a\\nhistory of the organization in 1786- 1787 of the Ohio\\n[85!", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "86\\nTERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\nCompany of Associates and, finally, by direct quo-\\ntations from Dr. Cutler s own memoranda, in which\\nthere are evidences of clear-headed business capa-\\ncity, and rare ability as a writer, diplomat, and cor-\\nrespondent, he proves that Dr. Cutler was the author\\nof the language which gives character to that most\\nremarkable document.\\nMr. Poole also shows that General St. Clair, then\\npresident of Congress, was induced to aid in the\\npromotion of the scheme by the promise of being\\nmade governor; and that Winthrop Sargent, the\\nfirst secretary of the Northwest Territory, was one\\nof the officers of the company which founded the\\nfirst settlement at Marietta, Ohio.\\nThe ordinance provided for the appointment, from\\ntime to time, by Congress, of a governor, whose\\ncommission should continue in force three years,\\nunless sooner revoked. He was to reside in the\\ndistrict, and, while acting as governor, was required\\nto have therein a freehold estate of one thousand\\nacres of land. The secretary, whose commission\\nwas to continue in force for four years unless\\nrevoked, was also to reside in the district, and was\\nrequired to possess five hundred acres of land while\\nin office.\\nBy law of 1793 the United States Secretary of\\nState was directed to provide a seal for the officers\\nof the Territory. The seal furnished was really\\nsymbolic. It shows the short, thick trunk of a\\nprostrate tree, evidently a buckeye, felled by a wood-\\nman s axe, while near by stands an apple-tree laden\\nwith fruit. The buckeye is a species of the horse-\\nchestnut, indigenous to and very numerous on the\\nbanks of the Ohio and tributary streams, and not\\nfound elsewhere. From this fact the tree derives\\nSeal 01- NoKiHWiisT Terku\\nI K-vact size.)\\nits specific name, Ohioensis. The abimdance of\\nthese trees gave the name of Buckeye State to Ohio.\\nThe tree is called buckeye from the resemblance of\\nthe nuts to the beautiful brown eyes of the native\\ndeer. The presence of the buckeye tree was an\\nN. W. TERRITORY\\nunfailing evidence of the richest soil, yet the tree\\nwas worth little except for its shade. The felling of\\nthe useless buckeye, and the substitution of the\\nfruit-tree, gives force to the motto, Meliorem lapsa\\nlocavit. (The fallen has made room for a better.;\\nThe aptness of the seal and motto is enforced by\\nthe fact that Ohio orchards, almost from the first,\\nhave been noted for the profusion and good quality\\nof their fruit. In early days most of the supply for\\nDetroit came from that State.\\nThe first territorial officers were appointed on\\nJuly 13, 1787. They were as follows: Arthur St.\\nClair, governor; Samuel H. Parsons, James M.\\nVarnum, and John Cleve Symmes, judges and\\nWinthrop Sargent, secretary. Governor St. Clair\\ncontinued in office, even after the Territory of Indi-\\nana was created, and was the only governor this\\nregion had under the Northwest Territory. Win-\\nthrop Sargent was succeeded on June 28, 1798, by\\nWilliam Henry Harrison, and he in turn by Charles\\nW illing Byrd. John Rice Jones was attorney-gen-\\neral in 1800, and William Mcintosh, territorial\\ntreasurer in 1801.\\nBy law of May 7, 1800,\\nthe Northwest Territory\\nwas divided, and the Ter-\\nritoryof Indiana created;\\nand on April 30, 1802,\\nCongress provided that\\nwhen the citizens of the\\nregion to be called Ohio\\nadopted a constitution,\\nconforming to certain\\nconditions prescribed by\\nCongress, the region in-\\ncluding Detroit should be\\nattached to the Territory\\nof Indiana. Although a\\nmajority of the people of\\nthe Territory were op-\\nposed to the holding of\\na convention, and the\\ncreation of the State of\\nOhio, yet a convention was called. It began at\\nChillicothe on November i, 1802, and closed Nov-\\nember 29. Notwithstanding the fact that the pro-\\nposed State of Ohio embraced a portion of what\\nwas then Wayne County, and the population of the\\nentire county was counted to make up the requisite\\nnumber of inhabitants for a State, yet delegates from\\nWayne County were not admitted to the convention.\\nNeither was the constitution which the convention\\nframed submitted to vote of the people.\\nThe convention modified the conditions made by\\nCongress, the modifications were accepted on March\\n3. 1803, and the admission of Ohio was thus com-\\npleted.\\nKentucky B.\\nMap of\\nTerritorial Boundary.\\nNo. 2.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\nHalf of what is now the State of Michigan,\\nincluding Detroit, was tlius annexed to Indiana\\nTerritory without the wish or consent of the citi-\\nzens, and in defiance of their protests.\\nThe Territory of Indiana.\\nThe oflicers of Indiana Territory, during our con-\\nnection with that commonwealth, were as follows\\nINDI NH TERRITflflY\\nAprU 30. 1803.\\nSIkv of Teukitokial Boundary. No. 3.\\ngovernor, William Henry Harrison secretary, John\\nGibson (it was to him that the celebrated chief\\nLogan made his noted speech in 1774); attorney-\\ngenerals, J. R. Jones and Benjamin Park. The\\nSeal of Inuian-a Terkitorv. {Exact size.)\\nofficials of Indiana seemed indifferent as to their\\nrelation to Detroit, or realized that it was only of\\na temporary character. A vote of the Territory\\non September 11, 1804, showed a majority of one\\nhundred and thirty-eight in favor of a General\\nAssembly, and Governor Harrison issued a procla-\\nni.ition that the Territory h. id passed into the second\\ngrade of government. On Saturday, October 13.\\n1804, a town-meeting was held in Detroit to petition\\nthe General Government for a separate territory. The\\nAnnals of Congress, pages 20 and 21, show that\\non December 5, 1804, Mr. Worthington presented\\nthe petition of James May and others, praying that\\nthat part of Indiana Territory north of an east and\\nwest line, extending to the southern boundary of\\nLake Michigan, may be a separate territory. On\\nDecember 6 Mr. Worthington also presented the\\npetition of The Democratic Republicans of the\\nCounty of Wayne, in the Territory of Indiana,\\nsigned by their chairman, Robert Abbott, praying\\nfor a division of said Territory. It received the\\nsame reference as the previous petition of James\\nMay and others.\\nWhile these proceedings were being had, an Act\\nof March 26, 1804, which took effect October i,\\n1804, placed under the government of Indiana all of\\nthe newly acquired Territory of Louisiana which lay\\nnorth of an east and west line on the thirty-third\\ndegree of north latitude. For a period of three\\nmonths Detroit was thus included in a territorial\\ngovernment which had jurisdiction over all of the\\npresent States of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Min-\\nnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, and Nebraska, nearly\\nall of Kansas and Wyoming, over one third of Col-\\norado and Indian Territories, and all of Dakota,\\nMontana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.\\nThe Territory of Michigan.\\nOn January 1 1, 1805, by a law to take effect June\\n30, 1805, Congress divided Indiana Territory into\\ntwo territories, named Indiana and Michigan. The\\nlatter was to include that part of Indiana Territory\\nlying north of a line drawn east from the southern\\nend of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie and on July\\n2, 1805, tlie oath of office was administered at De-\\ntroit to the Governor and Judges. A territorial sea]\\nwas adopted on July 9, 1805, probably identical with\\nthe private seal of Governor Hull. A seal, designed\\nexpressly for a territorial seal, was described by\\nGovernor Cass, and recorded on December i, 1814.\\nThe motto, Tandem fit surculus arbor (The shoot\\nat length becomes a tree), indicated that a measure\\nof independence was secured by a separate territorial\\ngovernment.\\nOn February 16, 1818, the people of the Territon,-\\nvoted on the question of passing to what was known\\nas the second grade of government, and, strange to\\nsay, the majority was against it. In April, 1816,\\nCongress took a strip from the southern part of the\\nTerritory, and included it in the bounds of the new-\\nState of Indiana. Two years later, on April 18,\\n1818, Congress increased the size of the Territory by\\nadding to it all of what is now the State of Wiscon-\\nsin and the western half of the L pper Peninsula.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "88\\nTERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\nBy Act of Congress of July i6. 1819, the Territory\\nwas authorized to elect a delegate to Congress. On\\nMarch 3, 1 823, Congress transferred the government\\nof the Territory from the Governor and Judges to\\nthe governor and a council of nine persons, to be\\nMICHIGHN TERRITOBY\\nJumary lU 1605.\\nMap of Territorial Boundary. No. 4.\\nSeal of thf. Terkitokv of Michigan. {Exact size.)\\nselected by the President from eighteen persons\\nelected by the people of the Territory.\\nBy Act of January 29, 1827, the people of the Ter-\\nritory were authorized to elect thirteen persons to\\nconstitute the legislative council. A second addition\\nto the territorial limits of Michigan was made on\\nJune 28, 1834. All of the present States of Iowa,\\nMinnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and a large part of\\nDakota, were then included in Michigan Territory.\\nOn January 26, 1835, the legislative council provided\\nfor the election, on April 4, of eighty-nine delegates\\nto a convention, to form a State constitution. The\\nconvention assembled at Detroit on May 11, 1835,\\nand concluded its labors on June 24.\\nThe following delegates from ayne County were\\npresent at the convention Caleb Harrington. John\\nMcDonnell, Ammon Brown, John R. Williams,\\nTheophilus E. Tallman, Alpheus White, George W.\\nFerrington, Amos Stevens, Asa H. Otis, Conrad\\nTen Eyck, Charles F. Irwin, Louis Beaufait, Wm.\\nWoodbridge, Peter Van Every. John Biddle. J. D.\\nDavis, and John Nor\\\\ ell.\\nThe conventiT)n proposed to Congress that certain\\nlands be set apart for the establishment of schools\\nfor the university, and for the erection of public\\nbuildings and also that the State have a certain\\nnumber of the salt springs, and a percentage on the\\nsales of all public lands lying within the State. It\\nalso asked that the northern boundary should be\\nfi.\\\\ed in accordance with the provisions of the ordi-\\nnance of 1787 and the Act of 1805. which created\\nMichigan Territory.\\nThe constitution, thus prepared, was adopted by\\nthe people at an election held the first Monday of\\nOctober, 1835.\\nThe ofificers of the Territory of Michigan, so far\\nas known, were as follows. The list is necessarily\\nsomewhat incomplete, because the records of ap-\\npointments by the governor, prior to 1814, were\\ndestroyed in the War of 1812:\\nMICHIGftN TERRITORY\\nor\\nAPRU,, le, 1816.\\nGOVERNORS.\\nM.\\\\F OK Territorial Bou.xdarv. No. 5.\\nWilliam Hull, March i, 1805. to October 29, 1813.\\nLewis Cass, October 29, 1813, to August 6, 183 1.\\nGeorge B. Porter, .August 6, 1831, to July 6, 1834.\\nStevens T. Mason, July 6, 1834, to September\\n20, 1835.\\nJohn S. Horner, September 20. 1835, to Novem-\\nber 2, 1835.\\nsecretaries.\\nStanley Griswold, March i, 1805. to March 18,\\n1808.\\nReuben .Atwater, March 18, 1808, to October 15,\\n1814.\\nWm. Woodbridge, October 15, 18 14, to January\\n15, 1828.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\n89\\nJames Witherell, January 15, 1828,10 May 20, 1830.\\nJohn T. Mason, May 20, 1830, to July 12, 1831.\\nStevens T. Mason. July 12, 1 831, to September 30,\\n1835-\\nMICHIG N TERRITORY\\nApril 18, 1B18.\\nMap of Territorial Boi ndarv. No. 6\\nJohn S. Horner. September 30. 1835, to Novem-\\nber 13. 1835.\\nTREASl RERS.\\nFrederick Bates, 1S05 to November 26, 1S06.\\nElijah Urush, November 26, 1S06, to December\\n13, 1813.\\nRobert Abbott, December 13, 1S13, to January i,\\n1830.\\nLevi Cook, Januar)- i, 1830, to February 19, 1836.\\nV MICHIGAN TERRITORY\\nJune 28, 1834.\\ncuflwimif BBL By nun Dlivni\\nMap of Territorial Boi-ndarv.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No. 7.\\nauditors of plblic accolnts.\\nRobert Abbott, 1809 to Febraarj- 19, 1836.\\nSolomon Sibley, October 4, 18 14, to 181 7.\\nGeorge McDougall, October, 18 14, to 1817.\\nRichard Smyth. December 21, 181 7.\\nJames McCloskey, August 8. 1817.\\nADJfTANT -GENERALS.\\nJames May, October 3, 1 805. to September 29, 1 806.\\nGeorge McDougall, September 29, 1806, to\\nAugust 2, 1818.\\nJohn R. Williams, August 2, 1818, to April 14,\\n1829.\\nDe Garmo Jones. April 14, 1829, to October 23,\\n1829.\\n\\\\V. L. Newberr) October 23, 1829, to March 14,\\n1831.\\nJohn E. Schwartz, March 14, 1831.\\njrDGE-ADVOCATES.\\nA. G. Whitney, to .September, 1823.\\nB. F. H. Witherell, September, 1823, to\\nQUARTERMASTER-GENERALS.\\nJames McCloskey, August 14, 18 18, to\\nSEALERS OF LEATHER.\\nCalvin Baker, August 10, 1822, to\\nJefferson Morris, March 7, 1834, to\\nT/ie State of Aiichigan.\\nThe history of the legislation in regard to the\\nboundaries of the Territory and the State of Michi-\\ngan is a histor of alternate enlargement and con-\\ntraction of her possessions. The autocratic and un-\\njustifiable exclusion of delegates of Wayne County\\nfrom participation in the convention which carved\\nout the State of Ohio has already been mentioned.\\nIn 1828 a proposition was made in Congress to\\norganize a Territory by the name of Huron, and to\\nmake the Lake Superior region\\na part of it. On Februar 1 5,\\n1828, a meeting of citizens of\\nDetroit was held to protest\\nagainst it, and the project failed.\\nThe next effort of this kind, in\\n1835, was more successful, and\\nis described in connection with\\nthe Toledo War.\\nOn March 18, 1836, a public\\nmeeting was held in Detroit to\\nprotest against permitting Ohio\\nto possess the territor)- in dis-\\npute, which consisted of about\\nfour hundred and seventy square\\nmiles on the southern boundary\\nof the State. Meantime, by Act\\nof April 20, 1836, vi hich took\\neffect on July 3, 1836, the State of Wisconsin was\\ncreated.\\nAll protests against the curtailing of the southern\\nboundary were unavailing: and on June 15, 1836.\\nCongress passed an Act admitting Michigan as a\\nState, provided she would accept of boundaries\\nwhich gave the disputed territory to Ohio. A few\\ndays later, on June 23, Congress passed another Act,\\naccepting the proposition of the convention of 1835,\\nwith some modifications, which denied to Michigan\\nthe boundar)- she claimed. This last proposition of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "90\\nTERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\nJ\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01\\nSTATE OF MICHIGAN\\nMap of Tekkitoriai. Boundary. No. 8.\\nCon.i^ress occasioned much controversy, agitating\\nthe public mind all through 1 836. Meetings were\\nheld in Detroit, on September 2 and October 12, to\\noppose the yielding of the territory to Ohio, and to\\narrange for the election of county officers who would\\noppose it. Finally the legislature of Michigan Ter-\\nritory, by Act of July 20, 1836, provided for the\\nelection of delegates to a convention, which was to\\nbe assembled to settle the question. The following\\ndelegates from Wayne County were elected on Sep-\\ntember 12: Titus Dort, D. C. McKinstry, Louis\\nBeaufait, B. B. Kercheval, Amnion Brown, Eli\\nBradshaw, H. A. Noyes, and John McDonnell. The\\nconvention met at Ann Arbor September 26, 1836,\\nand decided against accepting admission with the\\nboundary as proposed by Congress. On November 1 4\\nfollowing the Democratic County Committee issued a\\ncircular, recommending the holding of another con-\\nvention at Ann Arbor on December 14. They\\nurged that the people of the State elect delegates to\\nsuch a convention, saying that, although the vote of\\nthe Washtenaw County delegates defeated the ac-\\nceptance of the proposition of Congress, the people\\nof that county had since then elected members of\\nthe Legislature who were in favor of accepting the\\nterms of Congress. They further urged that speedy\\naction was necessary, in order to secure to the new\\nState a share of the surplus revenue that Congress\\nwas about to distribute, and also the percentage on\\nsales of public lands in Michigan.\\nGovernor Mason favored the project, and the\\nconvention was held as proposed. The following\\npersons were present, as delegates from Wayne\\nCounty: John R. Williams, Ross Wilkins, Charles\\nMoran, Marshall J. Bacon, D. Goodwin, B. F. H.\\nWitherell, J. E. Schwartz, Reynold Gillett, Eli Brad-\\nshaw, H. A. Noyes, Elihu Morse, Warner Tuttle,\\nA. Y. Murray, James Bucklin, Josiah Mason, and\\nCharles F. Irwin.\\nThis last convention unanimously resolved to\\naccept the prescribed conditions of admission; the\\nvalidity of its action was recognized by Congress,\\nand on January 26, 1837, the State was, by a new\\nAct, formally admitted as the twenty-sixth State of\\nthe Union.\\nIt thus appears that a convention, called by a\\npolitical party as such, brought about the admission\\nof Michigan as a State. A suggestive feature of\\nthe convention was the fact that there were no\\ndelegates present from Monroe County, in which\\nToledo was then located. The action of the con-\\nvention that provided for the admission of Ohio in\\n1802, and refused to admit delegates from Wayne\\nCounty, was thus fully equalled.\\nThe people were now relieved of an anomalous\\ngovernment, neither territorial nor state. Without\\nspecific congressional authority, they had possessed a\\nstate government, with a full set of officers, for a\\nperiod of nearly two and a quarter years before the\\nState was recognized as such by Congress. Under\\nthe ordinance of 1787, the people of the Territory,\\nhowever, had a right to a state government, as the\\nTerritory contained si.\\\\ty thousand inhabitants.\\nThe citizens were exceedingly pleased at the final\\nsettlement of the question of admission to the\\nUnion; and on February 9, 1837, a great celebra-\\ntion was had in honor of the event. The Brady\\nGuards paraded, twenty-six guns were fired. Jefferson\\nAvenue was illuminated, and bonfires flamed every-\\nwhere.\\nA State seal was adopted by the constitutional\\nconvention of 1835. On June 2 the president of the\\nconvention stated that he had received a design for\\na seal and on the same day Mr. Wilkins of Lena-\\nwee offered the following\\nResolved, that the president of the convention tender to Hon-\\norable Lewis-Cass the thanks of this convention, representing the\\npeople of Michigan, for the handsome State Seal presented by\\nhim to tlie forthcoming State.\\nThis resolution was laid on the table, and adopted\\non June 22. On the same day that the design was\\npresented, on motion of Mr. Norvell of Wayne, the\\nfollowing was adopted as part of the proposed con-\\nstitution A great seal shall be provided by the\\ngovernor, to contain device and inscription, described\\nin papers relating thereto, signed by the president of\\nthe convention, and deposited in the office of the\\nSecretary of Territory. Concerning the mottoes\\non the seal, D. B. Duffield. in a letter to General John\\nRobertson, quoted in his Flags of Michigan, gives\\nthis information He says, When a law student\\nwith Major Lewis Cass, in the year 1841, we had\\nsome conversation on the subject, and as I now recall\\nit, he then stated that the late General\\nCass selected and modified the celebrated inscription\\nupon the black marble slab that marks the tomb of\\nSir Christopher Wren in the crypt of St. Paul s\\nCathedral, of which he was the distinguished archi-\\ntect. That inscription reads, Si monumentum\\nrequiris, circumspice. (If you require a monu-\\nment, look around you.)", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\n91\\nIn view of the distinguishing feature of the State,\\nits peninsular character, General Cass modified the\\ninscription as given on Wren s tomb by substituting\\nquseris peninsulam amoenam for the words\\nmonumentum requiris, so that the motto, in its\\nnew form, would read If you seek a pleasant\\npeninsula, look around you. Mr. Duffield had no\\nfacts as to why the word tuehor was used, but\\nsurmised that it had reference to the frontier posi-\\ntion of Michigan, as a defender on the border of\\nBritish territory. More probably it was suggested\\nby the desire and determination of the people to\\nhold the territory on the south, then claimed by\\nOhio. The holding of that territory occupied a\\nprominent place in the discussions of the ver) con-\\nvention that adopted the seal. The description of\\nthe seal says that it shows a man with a gun in his\\nhand. The word man was evidently used design-\\nedly, the idea being that it was a citizen or settler,\\nnot a soldier, that stood ready with his gun, saying,\\nTuebor, I defend.\\nGreat .Seal of the State of Michigan. {Exact sizt\\\\)\\nAfter fifteen years of growth, a new constituticm\\nwas deemed desirable; and on June 3, 1850, the\\nsecond constitutional convention opened its session\\nat Lansing. It concluded its work on August i 5.\\nThe following persons were delegates from Wayne\\nCounty: H. J. Alvord, J. H. Bagg, Amnion Brown,\\nPeter Desnoyers, E. E. Eaton, H. Fralick, and John\\nGibson. The new constitution was submitted to\\nthe peojjle, and approved on the first Tuesday of\\nNovember. 1850, becoming operative on lanuary I,\\n185 1. The chief points of difference between the\\nConstitution of 1835 and that of 1850 are as follows:\\nBy the Constitution of 1835. all judges and all State\\nofficers, e.xcept the governor and lieutenant-governor,\\nwere appointed, and their salaries determined, by\\nthe Legislature. The Constitution of 1850 made\\nthese officers elective, and fixed their salaries. The\\noriginal constitution pro\\\\nded that the Legislature\\nmight establish courts, and appoint regents of the\\nuniversity; that of 1850 prescribed what courts\\nshould be established, allowing only municipal\\ncourts to be created by the Legislature, and pro-\\nvided for the election of regents of the university.\\nThe Constitution of 1835 provided for annual ses-\\nsions of the Legislature; that of 1850, for biennial\\nsessions. The one of 1835 prohibited the passage\\nof laws for general corporate organizations, and\\nauthorized special charters; that of 1850 prescribed\\na course directly the reverse. The first constitution\\nprovided that private property might be taken for\\npublic use by allowing just compensation, and the\\npowers of boards of supervisors were quite re-\\nstricted. The Constitution of 1850 made more\\nstringent provision as to taking private property for\\npublic use, and gave larger legislative power to\\nboards of supervisors. The Constitution of 1835\\nsaid nothing about the licensing of the sale of liquor;\\nthat of 1850 prohibited the Legislature from author-\\nizing licenses for its sale.\\nA third constitutional convention came together\\nat Lansing, on May 15, 1867, and continued in ses-\\nsion until August 22. The delegates from Wajaie\\nCounty were Robert McClelland, Daniel Goodwin,\\nPeter Desnoyers, Wm, A. Smith, Jonathan Shearer,\\nand W. E. Warner. The result of their labors was\\ndisapproved by the people.\\nIn 1873 a constitutional commission, provided for\\nby the Legislature, held sessions at Lansing, from\\nAugust 27 to October 16, 1873. Ashley Pond and\\nE. W. Meddaugh were delegates from the first dis-\\ntrict, which embraced Wayne County. Nearly all\\nof the recommendations of the commission failed\\nof adoption.\\nThe Constitution of 1835 provided that Detroit\\nshould be the capital until 1847, when the final\\nlocation was to be determined by the Legislature.\\nLender a bill approved March 16, 1847, the capital\\nwas located at Lansing, and on December 25 it was\\nthere established.\\nThe name Lansing was probably given to that\\ntown because its first settlers came from Lansing.\\nTompkins County, N. Y., which town was named\\nafter John Lansing, Chancellor of the State of New\\nYork from 1801 to 1814.\\nThe State officers and their terms of office, have\\nbeen\\nGoveruors.\\nTerms\\nbegan.\\nended.\\nStevens T. Mason\\n1835\\n1840\\nWilliam Woodbridge\\n1840\\n1 841\\nJ. Wright Gordon (acting)\\n184I\\n1842\\nJohn S. li.irry\\n1842\\n1846", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "92\\nTERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\nTerms\\nTerms\\nBEGAN.\\nENDED.\\nBEGAN.\\nENDKD.\\nAlpheus Felch\\n1846\\n1847\\nWilliam Jenney\\n1879\\n1883\\nWilliam L. Oreenly (actin;^)\\n1847\\n1848\\nHarry A. Conant\\n1883\\nEpaphroditus Ransom\\n1848\\n1850\\nJohn S. Barry\\n1850\\n1852\\nState Treasurers.\\nRobert McClelland\\n.852\\n1853\\nHenry Howard\\n1836\\n839\\nAndrew Parsons (acting)\\n1853\\n1855\\nPeter Desnoyers\\n1839\\n1840\\nKinsley S. Bingham\\n1855\\n1S59\\nRobert Stuart\\n1840\\n1841\\nMoses Wisner\\n1859\\n1861\\nGeorge W. Germain\\n1 841\\n1842\\nAustin Blair\\nI 861\\n1865\\nJohn J. Adam\\n1842\\n1845\\nHenry H. Crapo\\n1865\\n1S69\\nGeorge Redfield\\n845\\n1846\\nHenry P. Baldwin\\n1869\\n1873\\nGeorge B. Cooper\\n1846\\n1850\\nJohn J. Bagley\\n1873\\n1S77\\nBernard C. Whitemore\\n1850\\n1855\\nCharles M. Crosswell\\n1877\\n18S1\\nSilas M. Holmes\\n1855\\n1859\\nD. H. Jerome\\nI88I\\n1883\\nJohn McKinney\\n859\\n1861\\nJ. W. Begole\\n1883\\nJohn Owen\\n1S61\\n1867\\nEbenezer 0. Grosvenor\\n1S67\\n1871\\nLieut ntant-Girnernors.\\nVictory P. Collier\\n187I\\n.875\\nEdward Mundy\\n1835\\n1840\\nWilliam B. McCreery\\n1S75\\n1879\\nJ. Wright (Gordon\\n1840\\n1 841\\nB. D. Pritchard\\n1879\\n1883\\nT. J. Drake (acting)\\nI84I\\n.842\\nEdward H. Butler\\n1883\\nOrigen D. Richardson\\n1842\\n1846\\nWilliam L. Greenly\\n1846\\n1847\\n\\\\u(iitor-Gene\\nah.\\nC. P. Bush (acting)\\n1847\\n1848\\nRobert Abbott\\n1836\\n1839\\nWilliam M. Fenton\\n1848\\n1852\\nHenry Howard\\n1839\\n1840\\nAndrew Parsons\\n1852\\n1853\\nEurotas P. Hastings\\n1840\\n1842\\nG. R. Griswold\\n853\\n1855\\nAlpheus Felch\\n1842\\n1842\\nGeorge A. Coe\\n855\\n1859\\nHenry L. Whipple\\n.842\\n1842\\nEdmund B. Fairfield\\n1859\\n1861\\nCharles G. Hammond\\n1842\\n1845\\nJames Birney\\n1861\\n1861\\nJohn J. .\\\\dam\\n1845\\n1846\\nJoseph R. Williams\\n1 861\\n1862\\nDigby V. Bell\\n1846\\n1848\\nHenry T. Backus\\n1862\\n1863\\nJohn J. Adam\\n1848\\n1851\\nCharles S. May\\n1863\\n1865\\nJohn Swegles, Jr.\\n1851\\n1855\\nE. O. Grosvenor\\n1865\\n1867\\nWhitney Jones\\n1855\\n1859\\nDwight May\\n1867\\n1869\\nDaniel L. Case\\n1859\\n1861\\nMorgan Bates\\n1869\\n1873\\nLangford G. Berry\\n1861\\n1863\\nHenry H. Holt\\n1873\\n1877\\nEmil Anneke\\n1863\\n1867\\nAlonzo Sessions\\n1877\\n1881\\nWilliam Humphrey\\n1867\\n1875\\nM. S. Crosby\\n1881\\nRalph Ely\\n1875\\n1879\\nW. Irxing Lattimer\\n1879\\n1883\\nSi cretarics of\\nState.\\nWilliam C. Stevens\\n1883\\nKintzing Pritchette\\n1835\\n1838\\nRandolph Manning\\n1838\\n1840\\nAttoruey-Gene\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ah.\\nThomas Rowland\\n1840\\n1842\\nDaniel LeRoy\\n1836\\n1837\\nRobert P. Eldridge\\n1842\\n1846\\nPeter Morey\\n1837\\n1841\\nGideon O. Whittemore\\n1846\\n184S\\nZephaniah Piatt\\n1841\\n1843\\nGeorge W. Peck\\n1848\\n1S50\\nElon Farnsworth\\n1S43\\n1845\\nGeorge Redfield\\n1850\\n1850\\nHenry N.Walker\\n1845\\n1848\\nCharles H. Taylor\\n1850\\n853\\nGeorge V. N. Lothrop\\n1848\\n1851\\nWilliam Graves\\n853\\ni8[;?\\nWilliam Hale\\n1851\\n1855\\nJohn McKinney\\n1855\\nI8q9\\nJacob M. Howard\\n1855\\n1861\\nNelson G. Isbell\\n1859\\n1861\\nCharles Upson\\n1861\\n1863\\nJames B. Porter\\n1 861\\n1S67\\nAlbert Williams\\n1863\\n1867\\nOliver L. Spaulding\\n1867\\n1871\\nWilliam L. Stoughton\\n1867\\n1869\\nDaniel Striker\\n1871\\n1875\\nDwight May\\n1869\\n1873\\nE. G. D. Holden\\n1875\\n1879\\nByron D. Ball\\n1873\\n1874", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS.\\n93\\nIsaac Marston\\nAndrew J. Smith\\nOtto Kirchner\\nJ. J. Van Riper\\nCo iiiii/ssii\u00c2\u00bbu-rs of Stale Land\\nDigby V. Bell\\nAbiel Silver\\nPorter Kibbee\\nSeymour B. Treadwell\\nJames \\\\V. Sanborn\\nSamuel S. Lacey\\nCyrus Hewitt\\nBenjamin D, Pritchard\\nCharles A. Edmonds\\nLeverett A. Clapp\\nBenjamin F. Partridge\\nTerms\\nTerms\\nBEGAN.\\nENDED.\\nBEGAN.\\nENDED.\\n1874\\n1875\\nJames .\\\\I. Neasmith\\n1879\\n1883\\n1875\\n1877\\n.Minor S. Newell\\n1883\\n1877\\n1881\\nI88I\\nSuperintendents of Pubtie\\nInstruction\\nOffice.\\nJohn D. Pierce\\n1838\\n1841\\n1844\\n1846\\nFranklin Sawyer. Jr.\\n1 841\\ni\u00c2\u00ab43\\n1S46\\n1850\\nOliver C. Comstock, Sr.\\n1843\\n.845\\n1850\\n1855\\nIra Mayhew\\n1845\\n1849\\n1855\\n1839\\nFrancis W. Shearman\\n849\\n1855\\n1859\\n1861\\nIra Mayhew\\n1855\\n1859\\n1861\\n1865\\nJohn M. Gregory\\n859\\n1865\\n1865\\n1867\\nOramel Horsford\\n1865\\n1873\\n1867\\n1871\\nDaniel B. Briggs\\n1873\\n1877\\n1871\\n1873\\nHorace S. Tarbell\\n1877\\n1878\\n1873\\n1877\\nCornelius K. Gower\\n1878\\n1883\\n1877\\n1S79\\nHerschel R. Gass\\n1883", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII\\nLEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\nThe first Legislature under English rule was\\ncalled by proclamation from Kingston, in the name\\nof the king, on July i6, 1792. Lieutenant-governor\\nSimcoe, of Canada, then defined the limits of nine-\\nteen counties. Kent County included the region\\nembracing Detroit, and was to have two mem-\\nbers of the Legislature. In August, 1792, an elec-\\ntion was held, and W m. Macomb and Wm. Grant\\nwere elected as members of the first Legislature of\\nUpper Canada from the county of Kent.\\nThe legislative session began September 17, at\\nNewark, now Niagara, and closed October 15, 1792.\\nThe second session began at Newark on May 31,\\n1793, d lasted till July 9. The third session\\nbegan June 2, 1794, and closed July 9. The fourth\\nsession lasted from July 6, 1795, August 10, and\\nthe fifth from May 16 to June 3, 1796.\\nUnder the Act of Congress of 1787, the Governor\\nand Judges of the Northwest Territory constituted\\nthe Legislature. They arrived at Marietta on July\\n9. 17S8, and their first enactments were dated from\\nthat place, and published by being nailed on a tree\\non the banks of the Muskingum. As Detroit was\\nin possession of the English, none of their laws\\nwere in force here until after July 11, 1796. The\\nlaws of the Governor and Judges were issued from\\nMarietta, Vincennes, and Cincinnati. This last\\nnamed place was originally called Losantiville it\\nwas so named by Israel Ludlow, one of the original\\nproprietors. As the town was opposite the mouth\\nof the Licking River, he took the first letter of that\\nname, the Latin word os (the mouth), the Greek\\nword (opposite I, and the French 7 ///c. (a town),\\nand built up the name, thus rivalling in his ingenuity\\nthe linguistic feats of our Judge Woodward. Cin-\\ncinnati was made the seat of justice on January 2,\\n1 790, and in 1 795 the Governor and Judges assembled\\nthere to revise their former regulations and adopt\\nnew laws.\\nBy the ordinance of 1787. as soon as there were\\nfive thousand free male inhabitants in the Territory,\\nan assembly was to be elected, with one member for\\neach five hundred free white males. When the\\nnumber of delegates reached twenty-five, the assem-\\nbly W as to regulate the ratio of representation.\\nHaving ascertained that there were in the Territory\\nthe requisite number of male citizens, over twenty-\\none years of age. Governor St. Clair, on October 29,\\n1791, issued a proclamation, directing the electors to\\nchoose representatives to a General Assembly, which\\nhe ordered to convene at Cincinnati on January 22,\\n1799. Three members were allotted to Wayne\\nCounty, and an election was held on the third Mon-\\nday of December, 1799. Owing to some informality\\nor fraud, another election was deemed necessary,\\nand was held at Detroit, and in other parts of\\nWayne County, on January 14 and 15, 1799, result-\\ning in the election of Solomon Sibley, Jacob Visger,\\nand Charles F. Chabert Joncaire. Although the\\nAssembly was to have met on January 22, 1799, its\\nsessions did not begin until February 4.\\nAn upper house or council, as it was called, was\\ncreated, consisting of five persons, selected by the\\nPresident and confirmed by Congress, from persons\\nnominated by the Assembly. This first council con-\\nsisted of James Findlay, Jacob Burnet, Henry Van-\\nderburg, DaWd Vance, and Robert Oliver.\\nOn the creation of the Territory of Indiana, Judge\\nVanderburg, who lived within its limits, lost his seat\\nin the council Solomon Sibley, of Detroit, was ap-\\npointed in his place, and Jonathan Schiefflin was\\nelected Sibley s successor in the Legislative As-\\nsembly. The delegates from Wayne County, at the\\nfirst session of the second Assembly, on November\\n23. 1801, consisted of Charles F. Chabert Joncaire,\\nGeorge McDougall, and Jonathan Schiefflin. It is\\na curious fact, illustrating the pliant principles and\\npolitics of that day, that Schiefflin and Joncaire, both\\nof whom served under Governor Hamilton, and\\njoined with the Indians in killing and scalping the\\nwhite inhabitants in the Territory, were afterwards\\nelected to represent in the Territorial Legislature the\\nvery regions they had ravaged.\\nAs late as May, 1797, Jonathan Schiefflin had\\nofiicially declared himself an English subject, and\\naffirmed that he did not intend to become an Amer-\\nican citizen.\\nAfter the nomination of ten persons as councilmen\\nby the .Assembly, it was prorogued by the governor,\\nuntil September 16, 1799, at which time he ordered\\nit to assemble at Cincinnati. When the Assembly\\nconvened, there was present only one member of the\\n[94]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "LEt.ISLATLRES AND LAWS.\\n95\\ncouncil, Jacob Burnet, and but four representatives,\\nMessrs. Goforth, McMillan, Smith, and Ludlow.\\nBy September 24 the rest of the members had ar-\\nrived, and both houses organized, and continued in\\nsession till December 19, when, having finished their\\nbusiness, the go\\\\ernor. at their request, prorogued\\nthe Assembly until the first Monday of the follow-\\ning November. After the closing of the session, on\\nAugust 20, 1798, Congress passed a law remo\\\\ing\\nthe seat of government from Cincinnati to Chilli-\\ncothe, and on November 3, 1 800, the Assembly met\\nat that place.\\nOn November 23, 1801, the General Assembly\\nagain met at Chillicothe, continuing in session until\\nJanuary 23. 1802, when it was adjourned by the\\ngovernor, to meet at Cincinnati on the fourth Mon-\\nday of the following November. The proposed re-\\nmoval of the seat of government did not please the\\ninhabitants of Chillicothe, and some of them attacked\\nthe house at which the governor and Mr. Schiefflin\\nwere boarding. The member from Detroit pro-\\nduced a brace of pistols, and the mob soon dispersed.\\nBefore the .Assembly again convened. Congress, by\\nlaw of Xpril 30, 1802, attached what is now Michi-\\ngan to Indiana Territor) The law, however, did\\nnot take full effect until certain conditions were com-\\nplied with, and these were not fulfilled until March\\n3, 1803.\\nUnder Indiana Territory, no Legislature was\\nprovided for until called by proclamation of Gover-\\nnor Harrison. He fi.xed January 3, 1805, as the\\ntime for holding an election for members of an As-\\nsembly, to meet at incennes on February I. The\\nproclamation did not reach Wayne County in time,\\nand no election was held, and no representatives\\nsent. Other representatives assembled, and on\\nFebruary 7, 1805, they elected ten persons, whose\\nnames were to be forwarded to the President, from\\nwhich number he was to select five to constitute the\\ncouncil. Among the ten names sent were those of\\nJames May and James Henry of Detroit. President\\nJefferson declined to select, as he was unacquainted\\nwith the persons, and left the selection to Governor\\nHarrison. Meantime, by law taking effect June 30,\\n1805, Michigan Territory was created. The gover-\\nnor and the three judges, who were constituted the\\nLegislature, met on July 4, 1 805, and organized for\\nbusiness.\\nThe first law passed and published by them was\\ndated July 9. 1805. It described and adopted a seal\\nfor the Territory. The laws adopted by the Gover-\\nnor and Judges, prior to May, 1806, were adopted\\nas a whole at that time. Most, if not all, of them\\nhad been drafted by Judge Woodward, and were\\ndesignated as the Woodward Code. They were\\nprinted in Washington, and on June 18, 1807, Judge\\nWoodward wrote to the Secretary- of Stale that the\\nlaws of the Territory had just arrived, and that\\nhitherto there had been but one copy in the Terri-\\ntory, and of the Northwestern and Indiana laws\\nthere is not a complete copy in the Territory.\\nIn view of their official position, the disregard of\\nthe Sabbath by the Governor and Judges is especial-\\nly noticeable. On Sunday, February 26, 1807, one\\nof the judges introduced a bill, which was read three\\ntimes and passed; other sessions were also held on\\nthe Sabbath.\\nMany of their sessions were held in Richard\\nSmyth s tavern, on Woodward Avenue, near Wood-\\nbridge Street. There was constant disagreement\\nand trouble between Governor Hull and Judge\\nWoodward; and on all points of difference, the vote\\ngenerally stood Hull and Bates, or Witherell, against\\nWoodward and Griffin. Judge Woodward also dis-\\nagreed with Stanley Griswold, the secretary of the\\nTerritory. On March, 17, 1808, he wrote as follows\\nconcerning the governor and the secretary:\\nI have found it embarrassing and almost an impossible task to\\navoid the enmity of their respective adherents, according as I\\nhappen to be successively suspected of favoring the one or the\\nother. The only mode I could adopt was to avoid, as far as prac-\\nticable, particular intercourse with both. For sixteen months past\\nI have had no intercourse whatever with the secretary, and for\\nabout eight months none with the governor.\\nAmong the curiosities of the legislation of this\\nperiod was the passage of an Act on September 14,\\n1 8 10, To regulate the internal government and\\npolice of the several districts of the Territory of\\nMichigan. It provided for the election of five\\nselectmen, or councilors, in each district, with power\\nto provide for the support of the poor, for the\\nmaintenance and repair of roads and bridges, and,\\ngenerally, for the internal government and police of\\nthe district, for the education of youth, and for these\\nand other purposes shall levy and collect rates and\\nta.\\\\es. Under this Act, Richard Smyth, Gabriel\\nGodfroy, .Sr.. Peter Desnoyers, Augustus B. Wood-\\nward, and James McCloskey were elected for the\\ndistrict of Detroit, on October 8, 181 1, and in 181 2\\nthe same persons were serving, e.xcept that H. J.\\nHunt had taken the place of A. B. Woodward.\\nThe Governor and Judges seemed to have a\\nmorbid fear that some of the old English laws\\nwould remain in force, and therefore, at inten als of\\never few years, a new Act was passed, abolishing,\\neither specifically or generally, all .Acts of the English\\nParliament. An .4ct of February- 21, 1821 (page\\n800, section 12, of Volume I. of Territorial Laws),\\nrepeals so much of any law, or supposed law, as\\nmight operate to require four knights girt with\\nswords to be on the jury for the trial of the issue,\\njoined in an action of right, be, and the same is\\nabolished, abrogated, and repealed. \\\\n .Act of\\nMay II, 1820 (page 586, olunie I.), abolished trial\\nby battle, and this was again specifically abolished", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "96\\nLEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\nby law of Februar) 21, 1821 (page 802). As late as\\nApril 12, 1827, a law gravely provided that the\\nbenefit of clergy shall be, and the same is hereby\\nabolished. The term clergy, originally limited\\nto ecclesiastics, had long been construed to mean\\nany person who could read, and all such, at one\\ntime, were exempt from capital punishment. Be-\\ntween 1820 and 1824, a few laws were adopted, and\\nprinted in pamphlet form.\\nThe following judges, with the governor, or the\\nsecretary of the Territory as acting governor, consti-\\ntuted the Legislature: 1805 to November, 1806, A.\\nB. Woodward, F. Bates, John Griffin; November,\\n1806, to October, 1808, A. B. Woodward, John\\nGriffin; October, 1808, to June 7, 1824, A. B. Wood-\\nward, John Griffin, James Witherell. The following\\npersons acted as secretaries to the governor and\\njudges in their legislative capacity: 1805 to 1807,\\nPeter Audrain; 1807 to 1 817, Joseph Watson; 1817\\nJohn Stockton; 1818 to 1823, A. G. Whitney; 1823\\nto 1825, E. A. Brush.\\nMany of the doings of the Governor and Judges\\nwere so utterly devoid of justice and such a mock-\\nery of government that the inhabitants, almost en\\nmasse, were enraged and disgusted. There is\\nabundant evidence that the picture of their mis-\\ndoings could scarcely be overdrawn. So intolerable\\ndid their action become that John Gentle, in 1807,\\npublished in The Philadelphia Aurora and Pittsburgh\\nGazette a series of articles detailing the grievances\\nof the people in language that was far from being of\\nthe tenor the author s name might indicate.\\nThese articles criticized not only the doings of the\\nGovernor and Judges as legislators, but also their\\ncourt proceedings and their actions as a Land Board\\nand intimated that they were controlling for their\\nown pecuniary advantage the lots in the city\\nand the Ten-Thousand-Aere Tract, and that the\\nDetroit Bank was a scheme designed to further the\\nsame object. Governor Hull and Judge Woodward\\nespecially were charged with intrigue, deception, and\\nuntruth; and the charges were apparently proven.\\nIt was believed by many of the people that Hull was\\nin league with .A.aron Burr, and that his design was\\nto impoverish the people and drive them out of the\\nTerritory, that his plans might be more easily carried\\nout; some even affected to believe, or did believe,\\nthat the burning of the town the day before the\\narrival of the Governor and Judges was a part of\\ntheir conspiracy.\\nIt was claimed in the articles of i\\\\Ir. Gentle, and\\nalso in other published articles, that Governor Hull\\nfabricated stories of Indian attacks and excited false\\nalarms, in order to divert the thoughts of the people\\nfrom his wrong-doing.\\nIt does not appear that Governor Hull made any\\npublished reply to the articles of Mr. Gentle he cer-\\ntainly did not in the paper which contained the\\ncharges. In 1808 Judge Woodward replied in a\\nseries of articles published also in the Pittsburgh\\nCommonwealth. His defence consisted chiefly in\\nattributing the articles to spite, caused by the rejec-\\ntion of the author s claim for a donation lot, and in\\ndenying that he was in any way interested in lands.\\nThe records, however, show that, if not then inter-\\nested, he soon after became an extensive owner of\\nreal estate in this region and though a desire for\\nretaliation may have incited the articles of Gentle,\\ntheir truthfulness, at least in the main, must be con-\\nceded. Judge Woodward made no attempt to\\ndefend Governor Hull; on the contrary, he intimated\\nstrongly that the governor was interested in the\\nDetroit Bank, as a matter of speculation, and conceded\\nthat he had been precipitate in erecting fortifications\\nand stockades.\\nThe charges of Mr. Gentle seem more than half\\nproven by the lame defence of Judge Woodward,\\nand by his testimony in regard to Governor Hull.\\nIn so far as Woodward was concerned, the articles\\nin the Detroit Gazette of October and November,\\n1822, many of them written by James D. Doty,\\nafterwards Governor of Wisconsin, show that Wood-\\nward s conduct was so unexampled, so extravagantly\\nillegal, that any one in official position, who, having\\nthe power to prevent or expose his action, neglected\\nto do so. must have been either in sympathy with\\nhim or cowardly in the extreme.\\nAt the time Mr. Gentle published his articles,\\nthere was no paper issued in Detroit. (lentle says\\nhe published a portion of one of the articles in\\nDetroit. John L. Talbot, in his sketch of early times,\\nwritten nearly forty years ago, says this was done by\\nwriting each article, which was then hung out dur-\\ning the day from the houses, guarded by arms, and\\ntaken in at night.\\nThe fact that they were resisted and defied in De-\\ntroit greatly exasperated the (lovernor and Judges.\\nMr. Gentle was attacked in his own house by some\\nof their friends, but was protected by Mr. Campau.\\nIt is stated in the Gazette for November i, 1823,\\nthat he was indicted for libel. When arraigned,\\nhe plead that he was guilty of the writing and pub-\\nlishing, and offered to prove the truth of every fact\\nstated. In those days, however, the truth of a libel\\ncould not be given in evidence, and he was found\\nguilty. The majority of the people, however, did\\nnot approve of the verdict.\\nOne of his articles says\\nmeeting of the citizens of Detroit was again called to draft a\\nmemorial to the general government, praying for redress of our\\ngrie\\\\ ances. E. B. and G. McD., who still remained neuter, now\\ncame forward (or rather were sent forward by the governor), and\\ndeclared in favor of the people, and by the force of their eloquence\\nchan,ged the intention of the meeting into a resolve that a com-\\nmittee be chosen to draft an impeachment against Judges Wood-\\nward and Bates, and they had the address to have themselves", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\n97\\nchosen on the committee, along with James Abbott, J. Harvey,\\nand H. R. Martin. The committee sitt at Mr. U. s, and labored\\nseveral days, framing the impeachment. .\\\\ll on a sudden, Mr. li.\\nwas appointed by the governor treasurer of the Territory, in place\\nof Judge Bates, and U. McIJ. was appointed clerk of the district\\ncourt. Progress of the impeachment was then by degrees rela.\\\\ed,\\ntill at last it was totally abandoned.\\nA memorial, signed by about four hundred inhabi-\\ntants, dated September i, 1808, was, however, sent\\nto the President, praying for the removal of Hull\\nand Woodward, but it was unheeded.\\nThe Governor and Judges were empowered, by\\nthe Act appointing them, to adopt such of the\\nlaws of the original thirteen States as they deemed\\nbest suited to the needs of the Territory. That\\nthey violated both the letter and the spirit of the\\nordinance of 1787 is abundantly evident. Instead\\nof merely adopting laws from some of the original\\nStates, they would take the title of the Act from\\nlaws of one State and parts of .\\\\cts from laws of\\ndifferent States, and this so frequently that the\\norigin of a territorial law could not be traced. The\\nfollowing statement may be taken as almost literally\\ntrue. They would parade the laws of the original\\nStates before them on the table, and cull letters from\\nthe laws of Maryland; syllables from the laws of\\nVirginia, words from the laws of New York, sen-\\ntences from the laws of Pennsylvania, verses from\\nthe laws of Kentucky, and chapters from the laws\\nof Connecticut. Xnd many times they did not\\ntrouble themselves to make selections from laws of\\nthe original States, but used any that they could\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2find. After a full and candid e.xamination of the\\nwhole subject, I have no doubt that even the follow-\\ning statement of Mr. Gentle was true\\nSeveral attempts were made about this time, December, 1806, by\\nthe Governor and Judges to revive and introduce, for the well-\\nbeing and good govemraenC of this Territory, that famous code of\\nancient and provincial laws, by the New England folks, commonly\\ndistinguished by the appellation of the Blue Laws of Connecticut.\\nThe governor first presented his version to the Legislature, and\\nafter the usual routine of disputation, it was rejected by his asso-\\nciates, we suppose, for its tyrannical and destructive tendency.\\nBut we were, as usual, egregiously mistaken for the day following\\nJudge Woodward displayed a second edition, enlarged and im-\\nproved, which covered the surface of several sheets of paper,\\nexhibiting, at one view, the most refined system of barbarity meth-\\nodized that was ever proposed, even by the ringleader of a den of\\nthieves for the government of banditti. The transmigration into\\nthis Territory of the aforesaid Blue Laws of Connecticut, revised,\\nenlarged, and improved, as far as necessary, and suitable to the\\ncircumstances of Michigan, excited serious alarm. We went\\nforward in great numbers to the legislative board, and manifested\\nour disapprobation and abhorrence of this diabolical system of\\nsubordination by horrid grins and dismal smiles, expressive,\\nalthough symbolically, of our aversion to, and disbelief in, the\\ndoctrine of non-resistance and passive obedience. Finding, by\\nthe reports of their spies, that the sentiments entertained by the\\npeople out of doors coincided with the grimaces of those within\\ndoors, the Governor and Judges deemed it expedient to postpone\\nthe adoption of the Blue Laws until a more convenient seas(m.\\nThey made laws themselves, and frequently passed\\nthem without deliberation. A single judge would\\ndraw up a law, and then carry it around to the lodg-\\nings of the other judges to be there signed. The\\ngovernor, on one occasion, undertook to sign a law,\\nand publish it, without the requisite majority of the\\nboard. The judges pronounced this a violation of\\nthe law, and a contest arose. The governor issued\\nan inflammatory proclamation, calling the military\\nto his aid the judges declared his action calumnious,\\ndenounced him for calling for aid from the military\\nauthorities, and decided that if they granted the\\nmandamus, requested by the law in question, they\\nwould subvert their own decisions. This ended the\\nmatter, and the dignity of the court was finally sus-\\ntained. The judges often submerged their dignity\\nand reversed their own decisions, but they had no\\nidea of allowing others to do it for them.\\nThough the Governor and Judges observed no\\nregular place or time of meeting for official duties,\\nthe time for refreshments was duly observed, as the\\nfollowing authentic copy of a bill against the Terri-\\ntor) clearly shows\\nOctober 28, 1806.\\nTerritory of Mighig^vn.\\nTo James May, Dr.\\nSix bottles of cider Sept. g, for use of Legislature, is 6s\\nSix black bottles is 6d 9s\\nThree pint tumblers, double flint cut, los ^i los\\nSix bottles cyder September 13, for use of 6s\\nDuring the winter of 1808-1S09, while Judge\\nWoodward was absent at Washington, under the\\nsupervision of Judge Witherell many radical changes\\nwere made in the laws, forty-four new Acts were\\npassed, and what was called the Witherell Code,\\ntook the place of the Woodward Code. When\\nJudge Woodward returned, he refused to recognize\\nthe legality of the Acts passed in his absence, assert-\\ning that they were not properly attested, and the\\nbusiness of the courts was greatly deranged. In\\nconnection with this difficulty, on .August 24, 1810.\\nJudge Witherell introduced the following preamble\\nand resolution\\nWhereaSy by the most extraordinary and unwarrantable stretch\\nof power ever attempted to be exercised by the Judiciary over the\\nLegislature and a free government, two of the judges of the\\nSupreme Court of this Territory, at the September term of said\\nCourt in 1809, did declare and decide on the bench of said court,\\nin their judicial capacity, that the laws adopted and published the\\npreceding winter, by the Governor and two of the Judges of said\\nTerritory, were unconstitutional, and not binding on the people of\\nthe said Territory, under the frivolous pretext that they were\\nsigned only by the Governor as presiding officer and whereas, by\\nthe said declaration and decision of the said judges, the peace and\\nhappiness, the rights and interests, of the good people of this\\nTerritory have been and are still very much disturbed and put in\\njeopardy and whereas the good people of this Territory, after\\nnearly one year and a half acquaintance with the said laws, have\\nmanifested strong wishes that the same, with a few exceptions,\\nshould be continued in operation in the said Territory, in order to\\neffect wliich and remove all doubt on the subject,\\nResoh ed^ that the Governor and Judges, or a majonty of them,\\ndo proceed immediately to sign said laws.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "98\\nLEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\nThis resolution was considered and rejected and\\nfor nearly a year there ensued alternate victory and\\ndefeat for both parties. Finally Judge Witherell\\ntriumphed, at least in part and many of the laws\\nin question are embraced in the reprint of the terri-\\ntorial laws. It should be mentioned here that the\\nseverest criticisms were applied to the doings of the\\nlegislative board before Judge Witherell was ap-\\npointed. In 1816, during the administration of\\nGovernor Cass, some entire laws, and portions of\\nothers, were collected, and printed at Detroit in one\\nvolume, and this was designated as the Cass\\nCode. In 1820 they were again collected, and\\nthose printed at that time are known as the Code\\nof 1820.\\nIn the winter of 1819, and until November 27,\\n1820, Judge Woodward absented himself entirely\\nfrom the legislative board. Judge Griffin took no\\ninterest in the revision of the laws and drew up but\\none statute. He is quoted as having said that the\\nothers made a mere drudge of him. The eccen-\\ntricities of Judge Woodward became at length ut-\\nterly unbearable. The people were weary of being\\ngoverned by four men, none of whom were chosen\\nby themselves. P rom being restive they became\\ndetermined. On March 11, 1822, a meeting was\\nheld at the Council House to petition Congress to\\nseparate the judicial from the legislative power, and\\nto vest the latter in a certain number of our citi-\\nzens. A petition was duly drawn up and for-\\nwarded, setting forth the fact that Congress had\\nfailed to correct or review the acts of the Governor\\nand Judges, except in the single instance of the Act\\nincorporating the Bank of Detroit and praying them\\nto take action in behalf of the people. On October\\n26, 1822, a numerously signed call brought the citi-\\nzens together in the Council House, and again a\\ncommittee was appointed to draw up a petition to\\nCongress. The names of the committee were, John\\nBiddle, A. E. Wing, John L. Leib, James .McClos-\\nkey, A. G. Whitney, Shubael Conant, Richard\\nSmyth, John S. Roby, David C. McKinstry, Louis\\nDequindre, Calvin Baker, John Meldrum, John P.\\nSheldon, Ebenezer Reed.\\nIn January, 1823, they sent to the Judiciary Com-\\nmittee of Congress what was called a statement of\\nfacts, giving reasons why a change in the go\\\\ ern-\\nment of the Territory was necessar\\\\-. Their state-\\nment, printed in the Detroit Gazette for January 24,\\n1823, says\\nThe legislative board do not meet to do business at the time\\nfi.\\\\ed by their own statutes for that purpose, and they have no\\nknown place of meetini; and when they do meet, no public notice\\nof the lime or place is priven and when that can be ascertained by\\ninqiriry, they are found sometimes at private rooms or offices,\\nwhere none have a right, and few except those immediately inter-\\nested in the passage of the laws have the assurance to intrude\\nthemselves, or can find room or seats if they should. Laws\\nare frequently passed and others repealed, which take effect\\nfrom the date, and vitally affect the rights of the citizens, and\\nare not promulgated or made known to the community for many\\nmonths.\\nThis statement of facts was effective, and on\\nMarch 3, 1823. Congress enacted that the govern-\\nment of the Territory be transferred to the governor\\nand a council. The people were to elect eighteen\\npersons, from whom the President was to select\\nnine, who should, on confirmation of the Senate,\\nconstitute the Council of the Territory. The mail\\nwhich arrived at Detroit at noon on Thursday,\\nMarch 27, 1823, brought the news of the passage of\\nthis law. Colonel Smyth, of the Sagina Hotel, was\\nat once requested by several citizens to prepare a\\nsupper. At sunset Captain Woodworth s companv\\nfired a federal salute, with an extra gun or two for\\nMichigan; and at eight o clock there was music and\\nfiring of guns and crackers. Supper was serx^ed\\nsoon after. Governor Cass presiding.\\nOn June 7, 1824, the first territorial council was\\nheld in Detroit. One of the sessions was opened\\nwith prayer by Rev. Father Richard, the Catholic\\npriest, who prayed that the legislators may make\\nlaws for the people, and not for themselves, a\\nprayer that might be appropriately made at every\\nsession of a legislative fjody. By Act of February\\n5, 1825, provision was made for increasing the size\\nof the council by the election of twenty-six persons,\\nfrom whom the President was to select thirteen, to\\nconstitute the council.\\nBy Act of April 12, 1825, Wayne County was\\nmade the first district, and was to elect eight of the\\ntwenty-six persons whose names were to be for-\\nwarded to the President. By Act, approved Jan-\\nuary 29, 1827, the people were authorized to elect\\nthirteen persons, who should constitute the council,\\nwithout requiring the approval or confirmation of\\nthe President. The passage of this Act caused\\nmuch rejoicing.\\nThe members of the legislative council from\\nWayne County were as follows First Legislative\\nCouncil, June 7, 1824, Abram Edwards. Second\\nLegislative Council, November 2, 1826, Abram\\nEdwards, Henry Connor, Robert A. Forsyth.\\nThird Legislative Council, May 5, 1828, Henry\\nConnor, William Brown, Abram Edwards, John\\nMcDonnell. Fourth Legislative Council, May 11,\\n1830, William Brown, William Bartow, John Mc-\\nDonnell, William A. Fletcher. Fifth Legislative\\nCouncil, May i, 1832, John McDonnell, Joseph W.\\nTorrey, Charles Moran. Sixth Legislative Council,\\nJanuary 7, 1834, Charies Moran, John McDonnell,\\nElon Farnsworth.\\nA second session of the sixth legislative council\\nwas held at Detroit, lasting from .August 17 to 25,\\n1835. They passed an Act pro\\\\iding for the elec-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\n99\\ntion of a delegate to Congress, together with numer-\\nous other Acts.\\nWhat is sometimes designated as the seventh\\nlegislative council was held at Green Bay from Jan-\\nuary 6 to 13, 1S36. It was called by proclamation\\nof John S. Horner, acting governor, in order to peti-\\ntion Congress to provide for the organization of the\\nTerritory of Wisconsin. A memorial was also\\nadopted to be presented to Congress for an appro-\\npriation to secure the improvement of the Fox and\\nWisconsin rivers. Only three counties, in what\\nwas afterwards Wisconsin, were represented in the\\ncouncil, viz.. Brown, Milwaukee, and Crawford.\\nThe Territory now known as Iowa was also repre-\\nsented. Governor Horner not being present. Colonel\\nW. S. Hamilton was chosen president. A. G. Ellis\\nwas secretary.\\nIn 1824 the legi.slative board published a compila-\\ntion of the laws then in force. Most of the copies\\nof these early laws have disappeared, and a com-\\nplete set of all the laws cannot now be found.\\nIn 1833 the laws were again condensed, arranged,\\nand published by the legislative council. On March\\n8, 1836. William A. Fletcher was appointed to pre-\\npare a code of laws for the State. He was after-\\nwards appointed chief justice, and Messrs. E. B\\nHarrington and E. Y. Roberts were appointed by\\nthe governor to complete the work. At an extra\\nsession of the Legislature the re\\\\isions were accept-\\ned, and became the law of the State in September,\\n1838. In 1846, by authority of the Legislature,\\nJudge Sanford M. Green prepared a revision of the\\nlaws, which is known as the Revised Statutes of\\n1846. In 1857 Thomas M. Cooley prepared a\\ncompilation in two volumes, which is designated as\\nthe Compiled Laws of 1857. In 1871 Judge\\nJames S. Dewey, by authority of the Legislature,\\nprepared a similar compilation, which was published\\nin two volumes, under the title of Compiled Laws\\nof 1871. By law of May 4, 1883, a compilation\\nprepared by Judge Andrew Howell, of Adrian, was\\nauthorized to be received as e\\\\idence, and the pur-\\nchase of nine thousand copies, at five dollars each,\\nwas ordered.\\nThe laws of each session are published at Lan-\\nsing, and since 1 87 1 they have been somewhat\\nsystematized when published, by issuing the private\\nand local laws in one volume and the general laws\\nin another. Copies of all the laws are sent to the\\ncounty clerk, who furnishes them free of charge to\\nall judges and justices, regents of the university,\\ncounty officers, to the supervisor and town clerk of\\neach township, and also to the city clerk. In 1871\\nand 1 874 copies of such territorial laws as could be\\nobtained were published by the State, in three\\nvolumes. The compilation, however, is incomplete,\\nin that it omits all the laws passed at the second\\nsession of the. sixth legislative council. A list of\\nearly laws, known to be missing, is given in one\\nof the volumes since then a number of them have\\nbeen found.\\nUnder a provision of the Constitution of 1835,\\nand anticipating admission as a State, one regular\\nand one extra session of the Legislature was held\\nin 1835 and 1836, before the State was formally\\nadmitted to the Union. The first regular State\\nLegislature began its session January 2, 1837.\\nAnnual sessions were held up to 1851, since which\\ntime, in accordance with the Constitution of 1850,\\nregular sessions have been held every two years.\\nThe last regular session in Detroit closed on\\nMarch 17, 1847. The sessions since then have been\\nheld at Lansing, which city, after that year, became\\nthe State capital. Up to 1883 nine extra sessions\\nhad been held, the occasions for them and their\\ndates being as follows: In 1851, to provide for\\npaying the indebtedness of the State and for a new\\nlegislative and congressional apportionment, also to\\nprovide for elections and other matters made neces-\\nsary by the new constitution. In 1858, to redistrict\\nthe .State for circuit courts, and to provide for paying\\nState bonds. In 1861, to provide men and means\\nfor the war then in progress, and to furnish relief\\nfor families of volunteers. In 1862, to consider the\\nquestion of assuming a portion of the direct tax\\nproposed to be levied by the United States, and to\\nprovide for enrolling the militia. In 1864, to provide\\nfor filling the State quota of troops, to provide a\\nState bounty, and to arrange for receiving the votes\\nof soldiers in the field. In 1870, to provide for\\nsubmitting an amendment to the constitution,\\nauthorizing payment, by counties, of bonds voted by\\nthem in aid of proposed railroads. In 1872, to make\\nnew apportionments for representatives to Congress,\\nand provide for investigation of the State land office.\\nIn 1874, to provide for extending time of completion\\nof railroad from iSIackinaw to Marquette, and to\\nmake provision for submitting the question of woman\\nsuffrage at a State election. In 1882, to make a new\\ncongressional apportionment, provide a new tax law,\\nand to aid sufferers by fires in Eastern Michigan.\\nBy Constitution of 1835, the State House of\\nRepresentatives was to consist of not less than\\nforty-eight nor more than one hundred members.\\nThe Senate was to number, as near as possible, one\\nthird as many members as the House. Under Con-\\nstitution of 1850, the House was to consist of not\\nless than sixty-four nor more than one hundred,\\nand the Senate was to have thirty-two members.\\nBy an amendment to the constitution, adopted\\nNovember 8, 1874, the House of Representatives\\nmay consist of not less than sixty-four nor more\\nthan one hundred persons. No township or city may\\nbe divideii to form representative districts but all.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "lOO\\nLEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\nfrom each city, are to be elected on a general ticket.\\nCounties entitled to more than one representative,\\nare to be divided for election purposes, by the Board\\nof .Supervisors.\\nWayne County has always been in the first sena-\\ntorial district of the State. The convention of 1835\\nprovided that it alone should constitute the first dis-\\ntrict, with three senators. By law of April 3, 1 838,\\nthe first district was to have but two senators. By\\nlaw of April 12, 1841, Wayne, Macomb, St. Clair,\\nSanilac, and Huron Counties were constituted the\\nfirst senatorial district.\\nBy Act of March 10, 1846, the first district was\\ncomposed of Wayne, Macomb, and St. Clair Coun-\\nties. An Act of June 27, 1851, provided that\\nWayne County should be divided into several dis-\\ntricts, as follows\\nFirst District: Third, Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh\\nWards, Hamtramck and Grosse Pointe.\\nSecond District First, Second, Fifth and Eighth\\nWards, Springwells, Greenfield, Ecorce, and Mon-\\nguagon.\\nThird District: Brownstown, Huron, Sumpter,\\nTaylor, Romulus, Van Buren, Canton, Plymouth,\\nLivonia, Nankin, Dearborn, and Redford.\\nBy Act of F ebruary 13, 1855, Wayne County was\\ndivided as follows:\\nFirst District Third, Fourth, and Seventh Wards,\\nHamtramck, and Grosse Pointe.\\nSecond District Second, Fifth, and Sixth Wards.\\nThird District First and Eighth Wards, Green-\\nfield, Springwells, Ecorce, and Monguagon.\\nFourth District: Plymouth, Livonia, Redford,\\nDearborn, Nankin, Canton, Van Buren, Romulus,\\nTaylor, Brownstown, Huron, and Sumpter.\\nBy Acts of March 15, 1861, and May i, 1875, the\\ndistricts in Wayne County were as follows\\nFirst District Second, Third, Fourth, Seventh,\\nand Tenth Wards, Greenfield, Hamtramck, and\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nSecond District: First, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and\\nNinth Wards.\\nThird District All towns except the three above\\nnamed.\\nThe names of State senators from Wayne County\\nin various years have been as follows\\n1835-1837, John McDonnell, Conrad Ten Eyck,\\nJonathan D. Davis.\\n1838-1839, B. B. Kercheval, Wm. Woodbridge,\\nJohn McDonnell.\\n1840-1841, De Garmo Jones, B. F. H. Witherell.\\n1842, Jonathan Shearer, Lyman Granger.\\n1843- 1844. Jonathan Shearer.\\n1 845 -1 846, William Hale.\\n1847, A. T. McReynolds, John E. Schwartz.\\n1848, John E. Schwartz, Geo. R. Griswold.\\n1849, Geo. R. Griswold, Titus Dort.\\n1850-1851, A. Harvey, Titus Dort.\\n1S53. G. R. Griswold, A. H. .Stowell, H. Fralick.\\n1855, B. Wight, G. Jerome, N. Ladd.\\n1857, A. H. Redfield, Geo. Jerome. H. Ledyard,\\nJ. L. Near.\\n1859, A. Dudgeon, H. Barns, T. F. Brodhead,\\nW. E. Warner.\\n1861, William Adair, H. P. Baldwin, H. T.\\nBackus, J. L. Near.\\n1863, Wm. Adair, W. C. Duncan, W. E. Warner.\\n1865, Wm. Adair, Joseph Godfrey, Adam Minnis.\\n1867, Paul Gies, Alanson Sheley, Oliver C. Abell.\\n1869, Wm. Adair, Lorenzo M. Mason, Elliot T.\\nSlocum.\\n1 87 1, James W. Romeyn, Alanson Sheley, Robt.\\nD. Briggs.\\n1873, W. B. Wesson, D. M. Richardson, W. C.\\nSutton.\\n1875, Wm. Adair, John Greusel, James I. David.\\n1877, Wm. Adair, Thos. H. Hinchman, Matthew\\nMarkey.\\n1879. J. D. Weir, T. W. Palmer, W. W. Duffield.\\n1 88 1 James Caplis, John Greusel, Thos. Morrison.\\n1883, James W. Romeyn, John Greusel, James\\nHueston.\\nThe convention of 1835 provided that Wayne\\nCounty should have eight representatives. Subse-\\nquent apportionments have given it the following\\nnumber of representatives: Act of 1838, seven.\\nActs of 1 84 1 and 1846, six. Act of 1851, seven.\\nActs of 1855, 1861, and 1871, nine. Act of 1875,\\nten.\\nThe names of representatives have been as fol-\\nlows\\n1835-1836, Peter Van Ever\\\\-, Chas. W. Whip-\\nple, Jonathan P. Foy, Ammon Brown, H. A. Noyes,\\nGeo. W. Ferrington, John Strong, Elias Bradshaw.\\n1837, Chas. W. Whipple, Wm. IMunger, Job\\nSmith, John Martin, Ammon Brown, N. P. Thayer,\\nCaleb Herrington, Geo. W. Ferrington.\\n1838, A. W. Buel, Louis Beaufait, Levi Cook, L.\\nGoodman, J. M. Howard, Joshua Howard, Chas.\\nMoran, Theodore Williams.\\n1839, Louis Beaufait, J. L. Near, A. Mack, Harry\\nSaunders, Ebenezer Eaton, T. F. Sheldon, Titus\\nDort.\\n1840, Chas. Moran, Joshua Howard, D. E. Har-\\nbaugh, A. T. McReynolds, H. T. Backus, Wm. S.\\nGregory, John Forbes.\\n1841, John Biddle, A. T. Mather, F. A. Harding,\\nRoswell Root, Eurotas Morton, L. E. Dolsen, Shad-\\nrach Gillett.\\n1842, Titus Dort, James Gunning, Thos. Lewis,\\nJohn Norvell, John Scott, B. F. H. Witherell.\\n1843, Geo. A. O Keefe, D. H. Rowland, J. C.\\nVaughan, Peter Godfrey, A. Y. Murray. Daniel\\nGoodell.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATURES AND LAWS.\\nlOI\\n1844, John V. Reuhle. Jr., H. N. Walker, John\\nBlindbur) Harr)- Saunders, Elijah Hawley, Jr.,\\nDavid H. Rowland.\\n1845, -Andrew Har\\\\ ey, Wm. O. Rose, John E.\\nSchwartz, Arch. Y. Murray, Wni. Munger, N. W.\\nPuUen.\\n1846, G. E. Hand, George Moran, Conrad Ten\\nEyck, Elijah Hawley. Jr.. SI. E. Ames, Thos.\\nLewis.\\n1847, Edward C. Eaton, Geo. W. Ferrington,\\nHenry Fralick, James Mcp arlan, Geo. W. Moore,\\nGeo. B. Throop.\\n1848, Jed. P. C. Emmons, Cyrus Howard, Bethuel\\nNoyes, Hiram H. Stone, Abram P. Young, A. W.\\nBuel.\\n1849, Wm. F. Chittenden, Orrin Da\\\\-id, E. Haw-\\nley, Jr., George Moran, Amos Stevens. arren\\nTutlle.\\n1S50, H. D. Carpenter, Jonathan Hudson. David\\nSackett, Bethuel Xoyes, Asa H. Otis, Hiram Mills-\\npaugh.\\n1851, B. F. Hyde, Jonathan Shearer, Levi Eaton,\\nAlfred B. Gulley, Jared Se.xton, George Martin.\\n1853, First District: Wm. F. Chittenden, J. Q.\\nCallaghan, John Reno. Second District W. W.\\nIrwin. Third District Thos. P. Matthews. Fourth\\nDistrict: W. H. Gregory-. Fifth District: W. E.\\nWarner.\\n1855, First District: H. H. Wells, Pliny Power,\\nAsa P. Moorman. Second District F. C. St.\\nAubin. Third District Chas. Noble. Fourth\\nDistrict: W. H. Gregory. Fifth District: Arthur\\nEdwards.\\n1857, First District: Sheldon McKnight, C.\\nO Flynn, M. A. Chase, E. Kanter, J. M. Davis.\\nSecond District: S. Ludlow. Third District A. B.\\nGulley. Fourth District W. H. Gregory. Fifth\\nDistrict Wm. Munger.\\n1859, First District A. W. Buel, T.J. Campau,\\nD. P. Bushnell, John McDermott, Paul Gies.\\nSecond District R. H. Connor. Third District\\nJ. B. Wallace. Fourth District Geo. A. Stark-\\nweather. Fifth District J. I. David.\\n1861, First District: J. F. Joy, J. G. Peterson,\\nWm. Phelps, T. W. Lockwood. Wm. Chapoton.\\nSecond District John Strong. Third District\\nJ. S. Tibbits. Fourth District A. J. Leetch. Fifth\\nDistrict Ira Da\\\\Hs.\\n1863, First Di.strict: T. W. Lockwood, A. Chapo-\\nton, L. M. Mason, S. G. Wight, Wm. Warner.\\nSecond District H. W. Deare. Third District\\nAlex. Tinham. Fourth District B. Hodgkinson.\\nFifth District: R. E. Clark.\\n1S65, First District: Wm. S. Bond. J. Logan\\nChipman, Paul Gies, Richard Hawley, Wm. P.\\nWells. Second District: Benjamin May. Third\\nDistrict Titus Dort. Fourth District John M.\\nSwift. Fifth District Moses R. Nowland.\\n1867, First District Edward C. Walker, Thos. D.\\nHawley, Thos. R. Spence, Jefferson Wiley, Wm.\\nWarner. Second District: Chas. B. Chauvin.\\nThird District C. C. Smith. Fourth District\\nGeo. W. Swift. Fifth District: Jared A. Sexton.\\n1869, First District: J. W. Romeyn, C. N. Rio-\\npelle, P. Klein, W. Purcell, T. W. Harris. Second\\nDistrict Peter Ternes. Third District R. V.\\nBriggs. Fourth District Geo. W. Swift. Fifth\\nDistrict James -Stewart.\\n1871, First District: Lyman Cochrane, W. C.\\nHoyt, J. Greusel, J. Gibson, James McGonegal.\\nSecond District L. Dalton. Third District B.\\nPierson. Fourth District O. R. Pattengil. Fifth\\nDistrict P. D. Peari.\\n1873, First District: J. Greusel, J. Burns, H. D.\\nEdwards, J. Caplis, J. J. Speed. Second District\\nM. Markey. Third District: O. O. Pierce. Fourth\\nDistrict Winfield Scott. Fifth Di-strict Henry\\nGordon.\\n1875, First District Cleveland Hunt, James Daly,\\nWm. Livingston, Jr.. James Craig, Peter Klein.\\nSecond District Michael Greiner. Third District\\nH. N. Ocobock. Fourth District D. B. Northrop.\\nFifth District Cady Neff.\\n1S77, First District R. Hawley, F. A. Baker,\\nP. McGinnis, E. F. Conelj-, Stephen Martin, Louis\\nDillman, Paul Gies. .Second District Geo. W.\\nCrandall. Third District MyTon Coon. Fourth\\nDistrict Thos Morrison.\\n1879, First District: A. Goebel, J. C. Donnelly,\\nF. A. Noah, Geo. H. Hopkins, J. E. Girardin, J.\\nKuhn, Geo. W^. Moore. Second District F. W. A.\\nKurth. Third District: E. W. Cottrell. Fourth\\nDistrict Jo.seph Waltz.\\n1 88 1, First District: Geo. H. Hopkins, Geo. B.\\nRemick, .\\\\dam E. Bloom. Robert E. Bolger, M. V.\\nBorgman, Chas. Ewers, Henr)- Klei. Second Dis-\\ntrict: C. B. Hubbard, Third District: E. W.\\nCottrell. Fourth District A. P. Young.\\n1883, First District: Geo. H. Hopkins, Robert E.\\nBolger, Conrad Bittinger, W. H. Coots, L. A. Brant,\\nJohn Devlin. O. N. Case. Second District H. W.\\nRiopelle. Third District George Tinham. Fourth\\nDistrict M. H. Ellis.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV III\\nPRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS, CABINET OFFICERS, AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS\\nFROM DETROIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY.\\nPRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS, CABINET OFFICERS,\\nAND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.\\nThe direct connection of the State and the city\\nwith the Government of the United States comes\\nprimarily through the appointment, by vote at the\\npresidential elections, of as many presidential elec-\\ntors as the whole number of United States Senators\\nand representatives to which the State is to be\\nentitled when the President elected comes into office.\\nThese presidential electors are bound by honor\\nalone to cast the vote of the State in favor of the\\ncandidate of the ticket upon which they were\\nelected. They are required to meet on the first\\nWednesday of December, in their own .States, and\\ndeposit their votes. The record of their votes is\\nthen certified to and sealed, after which some one is\\nappointed to deliver it personally to the president of\\nthe Senate, at Washington, before the first Wednes-\\nday in January following their meeting. Another\\ncopy is sent by mail to the same officer, and a third\\ndeposited with the judge of the district.\\nOnly States fully admitted into the Lfnion may\\nchoose presidential electors.\\nThe first presidential election in which Michigan\\nparticipated was the thirteenth. It was held in the\\nfall of 1836, and placed Martin Van Buren in the\\npresidential office. The names of the presidential\\nelectors of Michigan, who have lived in Detroit, are\\nas follows\\nThirteenth election, David C. McKinstr\\\\ four-\\nteenth, none from Detroit; fifteenth, Louis Beaufait\\nsixteenth, L. M.Mason; seventeenth, D. J. Campau;\\neighteenth, none from Detroit nineteenth, George\\nW. Lee and Rufus Hosmer; twentieth, none from\\nDetroit; twenty-first, W^illiam Doeltz and John\\nBurt; twenty-second, E. B. Ward and Herman\\nKiefer; twenty-third, William Doeltz; twenty-fourth,\\nE. H. Butler.\\nAll the presidential candidates voted for by Michi-\\ngan have been elected except Generals Cass and\\nFremont, and Detroit has furnished the following\\ncabinet officers General Lewis Cass, Secretary of\\nWar under President Jackson, and Secretary of\\nState under President Buchanan; Governor Robert\\nMcClelland, Secretary of Interior under President\\nPierce; and Zachariah Chandler, Secretary of In-\\nterior under President Grant.\\nUnder the Northwest Territory the following per-\\nsons were delegates to the United States Congress\\n1799-1800, W. H. Harrison; 1800-1801, William\\nMcMillan; 1801-1803, Paul Fearing. During our\\nconnection with Indiana Territory W. H. Harri-\\nson was again chosen delegate.\\nAs a Territory, Michigan had no representative\\nin Congress until, by Act of February 16, 18 19, she\\nwas authorized to elect a delegate.\\nThe following persons served as delegates for the\\nterms named all of them, except Messrs. Wing and\\nJones, were residents of Detroit: 1819-1821, Wil-\\nliam Woodbridge 1821-1S23, Solomon Sibley;\\n1823-1825, Gabriel Richard; 1825-1829. A. E.\\nWing; 1829-1831, John Biddle; 1831-1833, A. E.\\nWing; 1833-1835, Lucius Lyon; 1835-1836, Geo.\\nW. Jones.\\nLInited States senators are elected everv six years\\nby a majority vote of the State Legislature in joint\\nconvention. Of the sixteen different senators elected\\nunder the State organization, the following nine\\nhave been from Detroit: 1836-1840, Lucius Lyon;\\n1836-1841, John Norvell; 1840-1845, A. S. Porter;\\n1841-1847, William Woodbridge; 1845-1857, Lewis\\nCass; 1 8 57- 1 87 5 and 1879-1881, Zachariah Chan-\\ndler; 1862-1871, Jacob M. Howard; 1881-1883, H.\\nP.Baldwin; 1SS3- Thomas W. Palmer.\\nLInited States representatives for the several dis-\\ntricts are elected directly by the people, for terms of\\ntwo years. The population of the State at the time\\nof its admission entitled it to only one representative,\\nbut its growth was such as to treble the number in\\n1843. The counties of Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee,\\nWashtenaw, and Hillsdale were, by Act of March 2,\\n1843, niade the first district. The census of 1850\\nshowed that the State was entitled to four representa-\\ntives, and the Act of June 26, 1851, made the first\\ndistrict to consist of the counties of Wayne, Wash-\\ntenaw, Jackson, and Livingston. In 1861 the State\\nhad become entitled to six representatives and an\\nAct of March 1 5 provided that the fir.st district\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0=1", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "MEMBERS OF CONGRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PRESIDENTIAL VISITS.\\nlO-\\nshould embrace the counties of Wayne, Monroe,\\nLenawee, and Hillsdale. The United States census\\nof 1870 showed a population entitled to nine repre-\\nsentatives, and an Act of March 29, 1872, made the\\nfirst district to consist of Wayne County only. The\\ncensus of 1880 showed a population entitled to\\neleven representatives, and the apportionment under\\nState Law of March 14. 1882, continued Wayne\\nCounty as the first district.\\nUnder the several enlargements of the number of\\nrepresentatives, up to 1883, si.xty-seven different\\npersons have been elected from Michigan, and of\\nthe whole number the following ten were from\\nDetroit Jacob M. Howard, Lucius Lyon, Robert\\nMcClelland, A. W. Buel, W. A. Howard, M. W.\\nField. A. S. Williams, John S. Newberry, Henry W.\\nLord, and William C. Maybury.\\nThe pay of senators and representatives, under\\nvarious laws, has been as follows By law of Sep-\\ntember 22, 1789, they were each paid si.x dollars a\\nday while attending the session, and si.\\\\ dollars for\\neach twenty miles traveled in going to Congress.\\nBy law of March 19, 1816. they were to be paid\\n\u00c2\u00a71,500, without mileage, for each Congress attended.\\nThis law was repealed in 181 7, and by law of Janu-\\nary 22, 1S18, each was to be paid eight dollars a\\nday. and eight dollars for each twenty miles traveled.\\nBy law of August 15, 1856, they were to receive\\n$6,000 for the two sessions, also mileage. On\\nDecember 23, 1857, the law was so amended that\\nthey were to receive $250 per month and mileage.\\nA law of March 3, 1873. fixed their pay at S7.500\\nwith actual traveling expenses for one trip each\\nsession.\\nPRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITV.\\nThe city has been favored, at different times, with\\nthe presence of persons who, at the time of their\\nvisit or subsequently, filled the office of President.\\nThe first was W. H. Harrison, who was in Detroit\\non May 10, 1803, as Governor of the Territory,\\nagain, on the first day of the re-occupation, Septem-\\nber 29, 1 81 3, on October 6 following, and also on\\nSeptember 8, 181 5.\\nThe first time that Detroit was honored with a\\npresidential visit was on August 13, 1817. Unan-\\nticipated intelligence was received, about 8 M.,\\nthat President Monroe, with Governor Cass and\\nGenerals Brown and Macomb with their suites,\\nwere at the mouth of the river, and woukl be within\\nthree miles of the city at ten o clock. A meeting\\nof citizens was immediately called, with William\\nWoodbridge in the chair and Major Charles Larned\\nas secretary, and a committee, consisting of Solomon\\nSibley, Major A. Edwards, Captain J. McCloskey,\\nA. E. Wing, Charles Larned, Colonel Stephen Mack,\\nCaptain Antoine Dequindre, and O. W. Miller, was\\nappointed to make suitable arrangements for a\\nreception. At ten o clock a large number of citi-\\nzens, in carriages, on horseback, and on foot, col-\\nlected at Springwells. and proceeded to the river\\nEcorce, where the presidential party had arrived in\\nbarges from the vessel. Solomon Sibley, on behalf\\nof the citizens, congratulated the President on his\\narrival. A procession was then formed, which\\nescorted the President to the city. When opposite\\nFort Shelby a salute was fired the procession then\\nmoved on through the principal streets, escorting the\\nPresident to the residence of Governor Cass. At\\nnight the city was illuminated the bill for which,\\npaid to Abram Edwards by order of the Common\\nCouncil, amounted to the sum of $23.26 the vessels\\nin the harbor were tastefully decorated with lights,\\nand there was a display of fireworks, under the\\ndirection of Lieutenant Howard of the United States\\nOrdnance Department.\\nThe following day the city authorities waited upon\\nthe President, and an address was delivered, by\\nMajor Charles Larned, on behalf of the city author-\\nities and the citizens. The day after, at 8 a. m.,\\nthe troops of the post, under command of Lieu-\\ntenant-colonel Smith, were reviewed by the Presi-\\ndent and General Brown after which a sword,\\nvoted by the Legislature of New York to General\\nMacomb, was presented to him by Governor Cass.\\nOn Friday evening a ball was given at B. Wood-\\nworth s Steamboat Hotel, the President and other\\nnotables being in attendance. On Sunday President\\nMonroe attended divine ser\\\\-ice in the old Indian\\ncouncil-house, located on the site now occupied by\\nFiremen s Hall. He remained in Detroit five days,\\nduring which time he received many testimonials of\\nregard, among which was the gift of a carriage and\\nspan of horses, presented by the city. On Monday,\\nAugust iS, he was accompanied by a number of\\ncitizens to Springwells, where he embarked in a\\nbarge, to meet a vessel waiting for him at the mouth\\nof the river.\\nOur next visitor in this list was a vice-president,\\nColonel R. M. Johnson, reputed to have killed\\nTecumseh. He was here in attendance on a demo-\\ncratic meeting, held September 28, 1840. Ex-Presi-\\ndent Martin an Buren made Detroit a visit on\\nFriday, July 8, 1842, on his return from a trip to\\nLake Superior. The steamer Fairport, bearing a\\nparty of citizens, went up to Lake St. Clair, and\\nmet the Great Western, on which he was a passen-\\nger. The two boats were lashed together, and\\nMajor Kearsley, chairman of the committee of\\narrangements, welcomed the noted politician and\\nex-president. At 3 P. M. the boats arrived at the\\ncitv, where Mr. Van Buren was welcomed by Mayor", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "104\\nPRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY\\nHoughton and Governor Barry. A procession of\\ncitizens and militar) was then formed, and he was\\nescorted through the principal streets to the Ameri-\\ncan Hotel. A company gathered on the upper\\nbalcony, and he replied- at some length to an address\\nby Alderman Ten Eyck. In the evening, and also\\non Saturday morning, a reception was held at the\\nhotel, and on Saturday evening Mayor Houghton\\ngave him a reception at the residence of Dr. Pitcher.\\nOn Sunday morning Mr. Van Buren attended the\\nMethodist Church, and in the afternoon visited the\\nRoman Catholic and Episcopal Churches; in the\\nevening another reception was held at the hotel.\\nOn Monday morning he visited Ann Arbor, return-\\ning in the afternoon, when a fourth address was\\nmade by John B. Schick, on behalf of the German\\ncitizens. At 8 p. m., on Monday, he took his\\ndeparture for Cleveland on the steamer Fairport,\\nreceiving a parting salute of twenty-six guns.\\nIn 1845 General Zachariah Taylor, afterwards\\ntwelfth President of the United .States, was here\\non a visit to Captain Joseph Taylor, his brother,\\nthen stationed at Detroit.\\nPresident Grant at one time lived in Detroit, as\\nthe accompanying letter shows.\\nOn his first arrival Lieutenant Grant boarded at\\nthe National Hotel. In July, 1849, he moved to\\nthe house, still standing on its original site, known\\nas No. 253 Fort Street East. From there he moved\\nto what, in later years, was known as the Bacon\\nHouse, which he occupied in company with Captain\\nGore. The house stood on the northeast corner\\nof Russell Street and Jefferson Avenue. It was\\nsold and moved away in 1873. C. R. Bacon has in\\nhis possession part of a pane of glass, from one\\nof the chamber windows, on which is the name\\nLieutenant U. S. Grant. it is believed that he\\ntraced it while an occupant of the house. His\\noccupancy of the Fort Street house is verified by\\nthe fact that the directory for 1850 contains the\\nfollowing: Grant, Lieutenant U. S. A. N. S. Fort\\nstreet bet. Russell and Rivard. The Free Press\\nof May 25, 1S50, contained this advertisement:\\nFor Sate^ Rcnt^ or Exchange A two-story dwelling-house on\\nFort Street, between Ri\\\\-ard and Russell Streets, now occupied by\\nLieutenant Grant of the U. S. A. Possession given immediately.\\nFor further particulars inquire of G. jM. Rich, on the comer of\\nFort and Randolph Streets.\\nOn many occasions General Grant has shown a\\nlively interest in the welfare of his old home. His\\nremembrance of old acquaintances in Detroit has\\nalways been hearty and appreciative. Even those\\nnot personally acquainted have noticed his glad\\nrecognition of former citizenship. The writer well\\nremembers the morning of December 17, 1864.\\nHaving called at the White House to see Mr. Nico-\\nlay, the President s secretary, I was directed by the\\nporter to go up stairs. Reaching the landing I\\nfound the doors leading from the hall all closed,\\nwith no indication as to which might give admit-\\ntance to Mr. Nicolay. Retracing my steps, I said to\\nthe porter, The doors are all closed, and I did not\\nfind him. A cheerful, bright-faced boy near by\\nsaid, I think I can find him. Come up .stairs\\nagain. And up we went, he with a sort of fiying\\nleap, as though he felt at home, and surely he had a\\nright, for he was none other than little Tad. I\\nhave always been glad for this brief knowledge of\\none so dear to our Lincoln. Opening the door of\\none of the rooms. Tad called out, Is Nick here.\\nGeneral Grant s Old Home on Fort Street.\\nThe reply was, He is at the War Department.\\nTo the War Department I went, and there learned\\nthat Grant had come from the army, then before\\nRichmond, and was in consultation with Lincoln\\nand Stanton in an adjoining room. Possibly a dozen\\npersons were waiting in the corridor. Very soon\\nMr. Stanton came out, and immediately after fol-\\nlowed the tall, thin form of Lincoln thinner and\\nhomelier than any representation I have ever seen;\\nhis eyes were sad, and manner burdened. Stanton\\nmade some remark, which did not reach my ear.\\nInstantly Mr. Lincoln responded, in a tone vibrant\\nwith anxiety and care, and almost harsh in its im-\\nperiousness, What s that, Mr. Secretary. A\\nmoment more, and he was gone. Immediately after\\nGeneral Grant appeared, and there was at once a\\nrush to greet him. One gentleman stepped up. say-\\ning, I am from New Hampshire we occasionally\\nhear of you up there. Ah, said Grant, I hope", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "V^t i^^-^\\nFac-simile of Letter from General U. S. Grant.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "io6\\nPRESIDENTIAL \\\\ISITS TO THE CITY.\\nyou 11 hear of me in Richmond soon. I then gave\\nmy residence. From Detroit said he. Why,\\nI used to live there once. Have you seen Charley\\nTrowbridge lately? The name of Detroit proved\\na passport to his attention, and he evinced great\\nwillingness to hear of his old home. It so happened\\nthat a detailed account of General Sherman s\\nadvance on Savannah had appeared that morning\\nfor the first time: the papers were also full of Gen-\\neral Thomas victory over Hood. To an allusion to\\nthe good news from Sherman he replied, Yes, and\\nGeneral Thomas is doing splendidly, splendidly.\\nOn August 12, 1865, he visited Detroit, and\\nreceived a welcome that must have been gratifying.\\nHe was accompanied by his wife and four children.\\nAt Port Huron he was met by a committee which\\nhad gone there for the purpose, and on reaching\\nDetroit, at 11 a. m., he was greeted by immense\\nthrongs, which almost blockaded the streets.\\nIn the evening he held a reception at the Biddle\\nHouse, where addresses were made by Theodore\\nRomeyn and Jacob M. Howard. Later in the even-\\ning he visited Ex-Governor Cass. On .Sunday he\\nattended .St. Paul s Church. Monday morning, with\\na party of about one hundred, he enjoyed an excur-\\nsion on the United States steamer Michigan. In the\\nevening Senator Chandler gave a reception in his\\nhonor and at 4 p. .m. on Tuesday he departed from\\nthe city. On June 15 and 16, 1882, he again xnsited\\nDetroit, participating in the reunion of the Army of\\nthe Potomac.\\nOn September 27, 1849, Vice-President Millard\\nFillmore paid a visit to Detroit. He was the guest\\nof Mayor Howard, who gave a reception in the\\nevening.\\nFranklin Pierce, the fourteenth President, was\\nhere one day, and part of another, in June, 1S61, on\\na visit to Ex-Secretary McClelland.\\nAndrew Johnson came September 4, 1866, while\\nswinging round the circle and upholding the\\nConstitution in true stump-speaker style.\\nPresident Hayes, with his wife and two sons,\\naccompanied by General W, T. Sherman, arrived\\nSeptember 18, 1879. The mayor, George C. Lang-\\ndon, with a party of citizens, went down to Grosse\\nIsle to meet the steamer Northwest, which was on\\nher way to Detroit with the presidential party.\\nThe steamer was hailed, the reception party taken\\non board, and the President duly welcomed. A\\nresponse was made by General Sherman. On reach-\\ning Detroit, at 9 A. M., the party proceeded to the\\nresidence of Ex-Governor Baldwin, by whom they\\nwere entertained. About eleven o clock, escorted\\nby the military, the party visited the Fair Grounds,\\nwhere the President delivered an address. While\\nMrs. Hayes was on the grounds, Messrs. Pingree\\nSmith, leading shoe manufacturers, caused the\\nmeasure of her foot to be taken, and an elegant pair\\nof French kid buttoned boots were cut out, made,\\nand presented to her, all the work being done m\\ntwenty-three minutes.\\nIn the evening a reception took place in the lower\\ncorridor of the City Hall, which was elegantly decor-\\nated for the occasion. An immense throng was in\\nattendance. The following day President Hayes\\nvisited the Fair Grounds, Recreation Park, and the\\nNational Pin Factor) A reception was given at\\nEx-Governor Baldwin s in the evening, and the fol-\\nlowing night the party left the city.\\nOur city was honored more than we then knew\\nby the presence of the lamented Garfield. He\\nisited Detroit no less than four times, on two occa-\\nsions, at least, accompanied by Mrs. Garfield. At\\neach visit he was the guest of Richard Hawley.\\nHis first visit was probably in the summer of 1863.\\nIn company with Mrs. R. Hawley, J. G. and T. D.\\nHawley, he and his wife went to Marquette, return-\\ning to Detroit the latter part of September or early\\nin October. On the way down, two of the boat s\\ncrew quarrelled, and were just about to attack each\\nother, one being armed with a knife, and the other\\nwith a heavy bar of wood or iron. Word was\\nbrought to the captain, who seemed to hesitate not\\nso the strong-armed Garfield, who, rushing below,\\nlaid hold of the men with a power that thoroughly\\nsubdued them, then flung them apart, and the strife\\nwas ended.\\nOne Sunday afternoon in the summer of 1864,\\nprobably in August, he spoke briefly in the Jefferson\\nAvenue Christian Church. In the evening he spoke\\nfrom Romans xiii., 1-7, on the general subject of the\\nduty of the Christian to the State, or Christianity\\nin its Relation to Civil Government. On one of his\\nvisits, believed to be this one, he delivered a political\\naddress in Merrill Hall. On another occasion, in the\\nfall of 1 866, he again spoke in the Jefferson Avenue\\nChristian Church. Rev. A. J. Hobbs, then pastor\\nof the church, says. He was with us on Lord s\\nday. He declined to occupy the pulpit, morning or\\nevening, but consented to speak at the communion\\nmeeting in the afternoon. His subject was, Christ,\\nthe Tried Stone. The Scripture was Isaiah x.wiii.,\\n16, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a\\ntried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foun-\\ndation, he that believeth shall not make haste. He\\ndescribed the various practical tests to which build-\\ning stones are subjected, to prove their capability of\\nresisting heat or frost, moisture or pressure. He\\nthen reviewed the tests to which Jesus Christ had\\nbeen subjected, and at last the final tests of Geth-\\nsemane and of the cross, showing thus his true\\ndi\\\\ inity and fitness to be the foimdation of the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY. IO7\\n7\\ntemple of God. The whole discourse was instruc- circumstance of walking with him to church, their\\ntive, impressive, tender, and calculated to prepare his way talcing them past the present City Hall, whose\\nhearers for a joint participation, with himself, in the foundations were then being laid. It was undoubt-\\nLord s Supper, which was then celebrated. edly those very foundation stones that suggested\\nMrs. John Har\\\\-ey has a clear reniembranoc of the theme of his brief but well-remembered dis-\\nthe sermon, as has also P, C. Gray, who recalls the course.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nPOLITICAL PARTIES AND CAMPAIGNS. ELECTIONS.\\nPOLITICAL PARTIES AND CAMPAIGNS.\\nThe American system of government is based\\nupon the supposition ttiat the people will always\\nfeel enough interest in the management of local\\nand national affairs to provide for certain prelimi-\\nnaries for elections without being required to do so\\nby statute.\\nThe primary elements in all elections are the\\nnominations, and these are usually arranged by self-\\nappointed committees, or by committees appointed\\nat a political meeting. A caucus is held, and\\nnominations made vh ii I oce, by ballot, or by select-\\ning delegates to a nominating convention.\\nThe expenses of conventions and public meetings,\\nincluding the printing of tickets, etc., are voluntarily\\nprovided for by the various candidates. The ex-\\npenses directly connected with the holding of an\\nelection, such as the providing of polling places,\\npublishing registration lists, and paying inspectors\\nand clerks, are defrayed by the city.\\nThe following caucus notice of the olden time,\\nbefore party politics governed city elections, is from\\nthe Detroit Gazette\\nCity Election. The citizens of Detroit are requested to meet\\nat the Hotel of Captain Eenjainin Woodvvorth to-morrow even-\\ning, at candle lighting, for the purpose of taking into consider-\\nation the propriety of forming a ticket, to be supported at the\\nelection of corporation officers, on Monday ne.\\\\t.\\nDetroit, September 3, 1824.\\nOne of the earliest political parties bore the\\nname of Democratic Republicans. This party\\n_ had an existence in Wayne County almost as soon\\nas the county was organized and even as late as\\n1 840 a call for a meeting of members of that party\\nwas published in The Detroit Free Press.\\nThe Democratic party afterwards succeeded to\\nthe first half of the old name, and about 1832 the\\nWhig party gave the first signs of vigorous life. In\\nthe interest of the latter party, Daniel Webster\\ndelivered a speech on the finances, July n, 1837, in\\na grove on the Cass Farm, located, as the city is\\nnow laid out, near First Street, and between Fort\\nand Lafayette Streets. Some fifteen hundred ladies\\nand gentlemen were present at the meeting, after\\nwhich, at 4 p. m.. a dinner was served under the\\ntrees to about fi\\\\-e hundred people. Mr. Webster,\\nwith his family, came to the city on July 8, partly\\nto visit his son, Daniel F. Webster, a lawyer, then\\nresiding in Detroit.\\nWe of the present day have little realization of\\nthe intensity of the party feeling that existed, espe-\\ncially between the years 1830 and 1844. In the\\neffort to win a victory at the polls, any and every\\nmethod was deemed legitimate. Voters by the\\ndozen, and even by the hundred, were imported,\\nprevious to elections, and their expenses paid.\\nMany other methods employed in those days to\\ninfluence votes were no better than those more\\nrecently in vogue. What was done, however, was\\ndone openly. The following notice is from The\\nAdvertiser, of March 30, 1838:\\nTo the Poor. The Whigs will distribute one hundred dollars,\\nin bread and pork, among the city poor to-morrow evening. Due\\nnotice of the hotir and place will be given in the morning paper.\\nAccordingly, on Saturday they distributed bread,\\npork, and fish to all who called at their headquar-\\nters and in some instances the same persons called\\nagain and again, and their efforts to obtain as much\\nas possible were supplemented by the efforts of\\nothers who came even from Canada to obtain a\\nshare of the bounty.\\nOn election day, April 2, both parties were out in\\nfull force and there was an abundance of noisy\\nmusic, processions, whiskey, and broken heads.\\nSurely, we need not regret the former times.\\nThe presidential campaign of 1 840 is remembered\\nby many as the time when, as the stump-speakers\\nsaid, the prairies were ablaze, the settlements in\\nflames, and the woods on fire with enthusiastic\\nzeal. Tippecanoe and Tyler too and Polk\\nand Dallas were the party Shibboleths. And al-\\nmost every four corners in the west had its Tippe-\\ncanoe club, with log-cabin and hard cider.\\nOn April 15, 1840, a log cabin was raised on the\\nnortheast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph\\nStreet, a bottle of Harrison brand hard cider being\\nplaced beneath each corner of the building. The\\ncabin measured forty by fifty feet, would hold nearly\\none thousand people, and cost one thousand dollars.\\nOn one side of the door was a grindstone, with a\\nscythe hanging above it over the door was a musk-\\nrat-trap. Stuffed owls, wildcats, and raccoons, a\\n[108]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS.\\n109\\nlive bear, and a Bible were among the attractions of\\nthe place. The walls were decorated with a copy\\nof the Declaration of Independence and of Wash-\\nington s Farewell Address, and a map of the United\\nStates. Strings of dried apples, pumpkin, and seed\\ncorn, and flitches of venison and bacon were sus-\\npended from beams and rafters. Tliere were also\\ndisplayed caricatures of the an Buren administra-\\ntion, roughly framed with bark. Prior to the day\\nof dedication, by notice in the Advertiser, the ladies\\nwere called upon to supply for the occasion corn-\\nbread, and such other log-cabin fare as their kind\\nhearts and ingenuity may dictate.\\nApril 2 1 was fi.xed upon as the day of dedication,\\nand at 4 p. m. the cabin was thrown open for the\\nentrance of the Whig ladies with the good things\\nthey had prepared. In the evening it was dedicated,\\nthe attendants bringing candles to illuminate the\\nroom. The main light, however, came from candles\\nattached to the roots of a tree hung from the roof\\nas a chandelier. After the addresses a dinner-horn\\nwas sounded, and then, from inviting tables around\\nthe sides of the room, pumpkin-pie, pork and beans,\\nhominy, mush and milk, johnny-cake, venison, and\\nparched corn were served to all alike. Toasts,\\ndrunk with hard cider, finished the day.\\nOn June 11, 1840, an immense Whig meeting was\\nheld on General Harrison s old battle-ground at\\nFort Meigs, the general himself adding by his\\npresence to the enthusiasm of the occasion.\\nFree passage was pro\\\\nded for those who would\\nattend. Delegates came to Detroit from all over\\nthe State. They met at the cabin, had a free lunch,\\nand then marched to the wharf. Five steamboats,\\nthe General V ance, Erie, Michigan, Huron, and\\nMacomb, were loaded with these political passengers,\\ntwo thousand in ail, and at 9 a. m. on June 10, after\\na salute of twenty-six guns, they went on their way.\\nThe meeting was a great success. Harrison spoke,\\na sham battle was fought, and in the evening fire-\\nworks and hard cider fizzed everywhere, to the\\ngratification of twenty thousand persons. Up to\\nthat time, this was the largest political gathering\\nlield in the West. It was supplemented, on Sep-\\ntember 30, by a great State Whig meeting in\\nDetroit, at which, it was estimated, fifteen thousand\\nwere present. So great was the multitude that the\\npublic houses could not contain them, and all\\ncitizens, even those of opposite political faith, were\\nconstrained to open their houses to accomodate the\\nthrong. Even then the number was too great to be\\nprovided with beds at one private house, twenty-\\ntwo persons slept on the parlor flour. One hundred\\nand three wagons, containing si.\\\\ hundred persons,\\ncame in from Farmington, and seventy-three from\\nPlymouth and Livonia. It rained, but still they\\ncame, on boats and cars, on foot and on horseback.\\ntill it seemed as if the country would be depopulated.\\nThe delegation from Dearborn came in a log cabin\\ndrawn by twenty yoke of o.xen. The arrangements\\nfor feeding these multitudes were fortunately ample.\\nOne delegation brought a johnny-cake twelve feet\\nlong. Williams Wilson s warehouse was the\\nprovision depot, and there two tables, eacli one\\nhundred and twenty feet long, were spread with over\\na ton of food.\\nThe procession was an immense affair. Its prin-\\ncipal feature of attraction was the ship Constitution,\\nfull rigged and manned, and drawn by six gray\\nhorses. Some delegates carried flags and banners,\\nand others busied themselves by keeping in motion\\na huge leather ball, .some fifteen feet in diameter,\\nsinging as they went, The ball is rolling on. A\\nnewspaper cut of a scene similar to this last\\nappeared in almost every Whig paper of that day.\\nEj-ECTION CCT, FROM ADVERTISER, OCTOBER 22, 1840.\\nIn the evening meetings were held at the Capitol,\\nCity Hall, Log Cabin, and the Yellow Warehouse.\\nBy such means the fight was won. During the\\ncampaign barbecues were frequent, at which oxen\\nwere roasted whole, and other provisions were\\nfurnished to the crowds who came together to hear\\nsome noted speaker.\\nOn September 28, 1840, a Democratic barbecue\\nwas held on the Cass Farm. Colonel Richard M.\\nJohnson, Vice-President of the United States and\\none of the heroes of the War of 181 2, was present.\\nCrowds came to hear him, but the enthusiasm on\\nthe other side was against them, and many of the\\nrank and file only kept their spirits up by pouring\\nspirits down. Although defeated in that year, a\\nresolution, adopted a few years later at a Democratic\\nmeeting in the sixth ward, shows some members of\\nthat party still eager for the fray. It read\\nResolved, that we oppose the many-named monster, now desig-\\nnated Whiggery, and fearlessly engage that, though he had as\\nmany heads as names, we would chop them off, and tiample his\\nnondescript carcass in the Black Swamp.\\nGeorge Robii, Secretary.\\nDetroit, March 22, 1843.\\nThe presidential campaign of 1S44 was hardly\\nless exciting than that of 1840. Each party erected\\nbuildings for their meetings. The Whig cabin was\\nnicknamed the Coon Pen; that of the Democrats", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "no\\nPOLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS.\\nwas called Hickory Hall. As before, large gather-\\nings took place. The Whigs held a Clay and Fre-\\nlinghuysen meeting, for Wayne and St. Clair\\ncounties, on October 1 7, 1 844. This time the Demo-\\ncrats were \\\\nctorious.\\nThat Same Old Coon.\\nElection Cut, Advertiser, Octorer 13, 1852.\\nThe Republican party, organized at Jackson in\\n1856, was the first to make use of regularly officered\\npolitical companies. They were uniformed in caps\\nand capes, and being well drilled, presented an at-\\ntractive appearance. IVIany thousands of them\\ncame together in Detroit on October 2 to attend a\\nElkctiom Ci T, Triiu NE, November 5, 1856.\\nState Republican meeting, which was held on the\\nvacant lot now occupied by the Central Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church.\\nThese were the days of bonfires and fireballs, and\\noften several cords of wood were burned on the\\nCampus Martins, whole barrels of rosin giving bril-\\nliancy to the flames. The active help of mischievous\\nboys could always be counted upon to add fresh\\nfuel to the pile and woe to the unlucky merchant\\nwho had left boxes or barrels in sight, for they were\\nconfiscated at once, and the huge pyramids and\\nthe hopes of many candidates went up in smoke\\ntogether. Both parties e\\\\ entually availed them-\\nselves of drilled torch-bearers, whose manoeuvres\\nenlivened the campaign, as they marched to ranch\\nor wigwam.\\nDuring the campaign of 1 860, when Lincoln was\\nrimning for his first presidential term, there was a\\ngreat Republican meeting, held on September 4, at\\nwhich thirty-five hundred Wide-Awakes were on\\nparade. In the evening the multitude listened to a\\nspeech from Hon. William H. Seward. On the\\nfifteenth (jf the following month, an immense Demo-\\ncratic throng gathered to hear an address from Hon.\\nStephen A. Douglass, the Little Giant of Illinois,\\nand candidate for the presidency.\\nSo great was the desire for harmony, in the early\\ndays of the war with the South, that a union politi-\\ncal convention, held on October 26, 1861, composed\\nof members of both political parties, decided to\\nnominate but one city ticket.\\nDuring the campaign of 1864 a grand Union and\\nRepublican demonstration was held on the first of\\nNovember. Thirty thousand strangers were present.\\nOrations were delivered by Hon. Salmon P. Chase\\nand others, and an immense procession took place\\nat night. In the election of this year the soldiers in\\ncamp and field were allowed to vote, commissioners\\nbeing appointed by the State to afford them the\\nopportunity of so doing.\\nOn October 28, 1866, just prior to the State elec-\\ntion, General B. F. Butler made a speech at the D.\\nM. R. R. Depot and on November i following,\\nHon. Schuyler Colfax spoke in Young Men s Hall.\\nELECTIONS.\\nTerritorial Elections under Northwest Territory.\\nWhen the first election was held, Detroit had\\nonly a township organization. The occasion was as\\nfollows: In 1798 a census showed that there were\\nfive thousand or more inhabitants in the Territory,\\nand in accordance with the pro\\\\-isions of the ordi-\\nnance of 1787, Governor St. Clair issued a procla-\\nmation, ordering an election to be held on the third\\nMonday of December, 179S. to elect delegates to a\\nGeneral .Assembly to be held at Cincinnati. Even\\nin this first election there was the cry of fraud, and\\nJudge May went to Cincinnati to consult Governor", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "ELECTIONS.\\nI I I\\nSt. Clair in regard to it. As a result of his visit,\\nanotlier election v\\\\ as ordered. It was held on Janu-\\nary 14. and 15, 1799. The voting was done vhni\\nvoce. The sheriff, with Peter McNiff, and another\\njudge of the Court of Common Pleas, acted as\\ninspectors. They were very arbitrary in the exercise\\nof their powers, refusing some votes on the ground\\nthat the candidate voted for was not eligible, and\\nadjourning from ten o clock to three o clock on the\\nfirst day. During the two days, one hundred and\\nninety-eight votes were called. Concerning this\\nelection, in a letter commenced on the 14th and\\nfinished on the 1 5th, addressed to James May, then\\nat Cincinnati, Peter Audrain says: McNiff came\\nfour tiines to the street door, and earnestly recom-\\nmended to the friends of Wisewell to e.xert every\\nnerve in their power to get more votes for him.\\nWhereupon old Cissne and Christian Clemens offered\\none hundred dollars for ten votes to several bystand-\\ners. This fact can be proved upon oath.\\nAn Act of December 6, 1799, provided for an\\nelection for representative to the General Assembly,\\nwhich was to sit the second Tuesday of October,\\n1800, and every two years thereafter. The polls\\nwere to be opened between 10 and 11 M., and to\\nremain open till 5 p. m. the first day, to be then\\nadjourned till 10 M. ne.xt day, when they were to\\nbe kept open until 5 P. M,\\nThe same Act provided that free male inhabitants,\\ntwenty-one years old, residents of the Territory,\\nformer citizens of other States, or persons who had\\nbeen two years in the Territory, should be voters,\\nprovided they possessed fifty acres of land in any\\ncounty, or any land in their own county which, with\\nimprovements, was worth one hundred dollars.\\nAn Act of December 9, 1800, provided that three\\nelection districts should be established in Wayne\\nCounty, and that elections should be by ballot, the\\npolls to open at 10 m. and to close at 5 p. .\\\\i. On\\nSaturday, September 5, iSor, the Court of Quarter\\nSessions, at Detroit, determined that the bounds of\\nthe three election districts should be as follows\\nFirst District, from the foot of the Rapids to Rocky\\nRiver, inclusively, the Presbytery on the River Raisin\\nto be the central point, or voting place. Second Dis-\\ntrict, from Rocky River to Milk River Point, with\\nDetroit as the voting place. Third District, from\\nMilk River Point to Lake Huron.\\nTerritorial Elections under Indiana Territory.\\nThe only general election participated in by citi-\\nzens of Detroit while under the government of\\nIndiana Territorv- was that of .September 11, 1804,\\nheld to determine whether the people wanted a\\nGeneral .Assembly. Only a majority of one hundred\\nand thirty-eight, in the whole Territory, were in\\nfavor of an Assembly but in accordance with the\\nlaw, Governor Harrison issued a proclamation order-\\ning an election in each county, on January 3. 1805,\\nto elect delegates to the Assembly. This proclama-\\ntion did not reach Wayne County in time, and\\ntherefore no election was held.\\nTerritorial Elections under Michigan Territory.\\nThe first territorial election was held on Monday,\\nP ebruary 16, 1818, to decide whether a General\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\ssembly should be held, and the second grade of\\ngovernment adopted. A majority of votes were\\ncast against the proposition.\\nBy Act of February 16, 1819, Congress provided\\nfor the election of a delegate to that body, and all\\nfree white male citizens, above the age of twenty-\\none years, who had resided in the Territory one\\nyear, and paid a county or territorial ta.x, were made\\nTOters. The time for holding this election was fre-\\nquently changed. It was first held on the first\\nThursday in September, 1819. In 1824 the time\\nwas changed to the first Monday in April. In 1825\\nthe last Tuesday in May was selected, and the elec-\\ntion was to occur every second year.\\nAt the election for delegates in 1825 there were\\nthree candidates, Austin E. Wing, John Biddle, and\\nGabriel Richard. The inspector s return of votes\\ngave Biddle seven hundred and thirty-two. Wing\\nseven hundred and twenty-eight, and Richard seven\\nhundred and twenty-two.\\nThat the number of votes for the three candidates\\nwas so nearly equal, in an office voted for by all\\nelectors in the region now covered by both the\\nStates of Wisconsin and Michigan, was a most\\nremarkable showing, and probably no similar in-\\nstance has ever occurred. Father Richard con-\\ntested the election, on the ground that his supporters\\nwere intimidated and maltreated by sheriffs and\\nconstables. The Congressional Committee decided\\nthat there could have been little intimidation,\\nwhen his votes so nearly equaled those of the other\\ncandidates.\\nIn 1827 the time for the election of delegates was\\nchanged to the second Monday of July, the polls to\\nbe open between the rising and the setting of the\\nsun. In 1835 the first Monday of November was\\nfixed as the time for holding the election.\\nMembers of the Legislative Council were first\\nelected on the last Tuesday of May, 1825. By Act\\nof April 13, 1827, the day of election was changed\\nto the first Monday of November.\\nOn April 4, 1835, an election was held for dele-\\ngates to the constitutional convention. Under the\\nfirst Constitution, all voting was done by ballot.\\nThe first election was held the first Monday in\\nOctober, 1835, and continued two days.\\nThe constitution provided that the electors should\\nbe white male persons, twenty-one years of age.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "J I 2\\nELECTIONS.\\nwho resided in the State at the time of the adoption\\nof the constitution, or for six months preceding any\\nelection, and provided also that they should have\\nresided in the district voted in. It will be noticed\\nthat this provision reduced the time of residence for\\nvoters from one year to six months, and it also did\\naway with the former requirement that voters shoukl\\nbe tax-payers. As a consequence, and for the first\\ntime, great numbers of foreign-born persons had\\nthe privilege of voting, and many of the citizens\\nwere greatly displeased one of the papers com-\\nplained that a majority of the votes cast were those\\nof British and German subjects.\\nIn arranging the preliminaries for the State Gov-\\nernment, delegates to a convention held to consider\\nthe question of accepting the boundaries of the State\\nprescribed by Congress were elected on the second\\nMonday of September, 1836.\\nS/ii/i Elcctio7is.\\nFollowing the custom of elections, as held under\\nthe territorial governments, a law of 1836 provided\\nthat the polls should be kept open for two days at\\nthe elections of .State and county officers.\\nSome of the scenes which occurred at the State\\nelection of 1837 are portrayed in a painting made\\nby T. H. O. P. Burnham, an artist, and a publisher\\nof that period. Mrs. A. S. Williams, for many\\nyears the fortunate possessor of the picture, has\\nkindly permitted it to be engraved for this work.\\nThe large building on the right will be recognized\\nas the old City Hall; the building in the center,\\nwith the cupola, represents the old Jail, then occu-\\npying the site of the present Public Library. The\\nhouses on the left, and near the foreground, were on\\nthe site of the Detroit Opera House. C. C. Trow-\\nbridge was the Whig candidate for governor, and\\nStevens T. Mason, who was the secretary of the\\nTerritory and acting governor, was the Democratic\\nnominee. A portion of a Whig procession, ha\\\\ang\\npassed down on the further side, is seen advancing\\ntowards the front of the City Hall. In the center\\nof the picture, and forming a part of the \\\\Vhig pro-\\ncession, is the Ship of State, with various mottoes.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0lIMiailllllJjIigaiggi\\ntiiiiiiiiiBiiniiei\\nt\\ns7 i K \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Mf^ ^5ri\u00c2\u00a3^\\nCI I\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-Vf\\nB^^\\n-^i.^--\\nElection Scene.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 First State Election.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "ELECTIONS.\\n113\\none of which reads, Free Trade and Sailors\\nRights, a banner follows the Ship of State bear-\\ning the inscription, Whig Nomination for Gov-\\nernor, C. C. Trowbridge. The bill which is being\\noffered to the boy with the basket is on the Bank\\nof Lapeer; the other inscriptions can all be read.\\nThe pole of the banner carried at the head of the\\nprocession on the e.xtreme left, it will be noticed, is\\nsurmounted with a loaf of bread, a piece of pork, and\\na fish. These emblems, and the motto on the\\nbanner, have reference to actual occurrences at that\\nperiod. At the head of a Democratic procession,\\njust approaching on the extreme right, is seen a\\ncharacter of the period, the redoubtBble Stillson\\non his inevitable horse. Following him, although\\nnot shown in the picture, were several yoke of oxen,\\ngarlanded and decorated with ribbons and flags.\\nAfter these came some two hundred newly made\\ncitizens from the Emerald Isle; they were employed\\non city work, and as they all voted the Dimmy-\\nchratic thicket, they formed the balance of power\\nthat carried the day for Mason. Gathered about in\\nfront of Stillson are representations of Major Mc-\\nKinstry, George C. Bates, F. H. Harris, Kingsbury\\nof the Morning Post, and Frank Sawyer, in his well-\\nknown cap, all supposed to be eagerly disputing,\\nand proclaiming the praises of their favorite candi-\\ndates. The black-coated and silk-hatted figure,\\nnear the center of the picture, towards the left,\\nrepresents the candidate, Tom Mason, shaking\\nhands, and presenting a ticket at the same time.\\nOn the ticket are the words, For Governor, Stevens\\nT. Mason. Near him, on the right, are two sov-\\nereigns, one with a pick, the other with bottle high\\nin air, from which flows a stream of old Monon-\\ngahela.\\nIn those days the possession of muscle was a\\nprime political necessity and there are living staid\\nmen of worth and solidity, men now deacons, elders,\\nand trustees, who, when in the mood, will tell how\\nthey used their boots and their fists on the election\\ndays of auld lang syne.\\nUnder the Act of March 21, 1837, the polls were\\nopened between the hours of 9 and 1 1 a. m., and\\ncontinued open until 4 P. M., the inspectors being\\nauthorized to close the polls temporarily at any time\\nwhen all present had voted.\\nOn Monday and Tuesday, November 3 and 4,\\n1845, a two days election was held, for the last\\ntime, an Act of May 16, 1846, providing that State\\nelections thereafter should be held on the first\\nTuesday of November.\\nUnder the Constitution of 1850 the following\\nclasses of persons were made voters: every w^iite\\nmale citizen, every white male inhabitant residing in\\nthe State on the fourth day of June, 1835, and every\\nwhite male inhabitant residing in the State on Janu-\\nary I, 1850, also every man who has declared his in-\\ntention to become a citizen of the United States, six\\nmonths prior to an election, or who, having resided\\nin the State two years and six months, declares his\\nintention as aforesaid; besides the above every\\ncivilized male Indian, not a member of any tribe,\\nwas also constituted an elector. Each elector, how-\\never, must be over twenty-one years of age, and\\nmust have resided in the State three months, and in\\nthe ward, where he proposes to vote, for the ten\\ndays next preceding an election.\\nThe declaration of intention to become a citizen\\nis called taking out first papers. These are is-\\nsued usually by the county clerk, but may be issued\\nby any judge or clerk of any court of record hav-\\ning a common-law jurisdiction. These papers qual-\\nify the holder to vote and hold local offices. Under\\nsecond papers, so-called, the holder may be\\nelected to State, legislative, and United States\\noffices but these papers cannot be issued, until two\\nyears after the first papers have been taken out.\\nOn June 27, 1851, an Act was passed fixing the\\ntime for the State election on the first Tuesday after\\nthe first Monday of November, and no change has\\nsince been made. State officers are elected every\\ntwo years, the election being held in those years in\\nwhich the last figure in the date of the year is an\\neven number. County officers are elected at the\\nsame time as State officers, and all of them for two\\nyears, except the judge of probate, who is elected\\nfor four years. Township officers are elected yearly\\non the first Monday of April. Two judges of the\\nSupreme Court and two regents of the university\\nare also elected on the first Monday of April, every\\ntwo years, for terms of eight years each.\\nColored people were first allowed to exercise the\\nright of suffrage at the State election of November\\n8, 1870.\\nAfter the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment\\nto the Constitution of the United States, some per-\\nsons claimed that it gave the right of suffrage to\\nwomen. Upon this supposition, at an election for\\nState officials, on April 3, 1871, Mrs. Nannette Gard-\\nner, who had previously registered her name in the\\nninth ward, was allowed to deposit a vote, but the\\nact was protested against as illegal. The subject of\\nwoman suffrage was soon after agitated all over the\\nState, and the Legislature submitted the question of\\nconferring the right to hold office upon women, in\\nthe form of a constitutional amendment.\\nAt the election which decided the question, com-\\nmittees of ladies were .stationed at the various poll-\\ning places, and mottoes in favor of woman suffrage\\ninvited the attention and the ballots of voters.\\nThe subject was thoroughly canvassed and dis-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "114\\nELECTIONS.\\ncussed, and in November, 1S74. the people, by vote\\nof 135,957 against 40,077, decided against tlie amend-\\nment.\\nCity Elections.\\nUnder Act of January 18, 1802, incorporating the\\ntown of Detroit, the first purely local election was\\nheld on May 3 of that year.\\nThe Act of September 13, 1806, which gave the\\ncity its first city charter, provided that the first elec-\\ntion for members of the Upper House of the Com-\\nmon Council should be held on the last Monday of\\nSeptember of the same year members of the Lower\\nHouse were to be elected on the first Monday of\\nOctober and all persons over twenty-one years old,\\nwho had rented a house within a year, and paid\\ntheir public taxes, were made voters.\\nThe city charter of October 24, 181 5. ordered a\\nspecial election for October 30 of the same year,\\nand provided that the regular election should be on\\nthe first Monday in May.\\nIn those earlier days there were but few issues in\\nthe corporate elections, and oftentimes there was\\npractically but one candidate in the field. At the\\ncity election, on April 4, 1825, John R.Williams was\\nchosen mayor by a total of one hundred and two\\nvotes against eleven scattering.\\nThree years later John Biddle was elected to the\\nsame office, by a total of one hundred and ninety-\\nnine votes, five other persons receiving one vote\\neach.\\nBy Act of September 4, 1824, a special election\\nwas to be held for city officers on September 6, and\\nregular city elections thereafter were to take place\\non the first Monday of April. Under this law, up\\nto 1833 or later, it was customary for persons to\\napply to the Common Council to have their names\\nregistered as voters.\\nAn Act of March c-], 1839, ordered an election\\nfor city officers on the third Monday in April follow-\\ning, and provided that after 1839 the city election\\nshould be held on the first Monday in March.\\nAt the time of the city election of 1853, it was\\nbelieved that the regular Democratic nominations\\nhad been made in the interest of persons opposed\\nto the public-school system. An independent Demo-\\ncratic ticket was therefore nominated, and success-\\nfully elected.\\nTwo years later occurred the great struggle in\\nwhich the so-called Know-Nothing party supported\\nwhat was styled the native American element.\\nThe candidate of this party for mayor received\\n2,026 votes, against 2,798, and they elected their\\naldermanic candidates in the first, second, fifth, and\\nsixth wards, or one half of the whole number.\\nOn February 12 of this year a charter amendment\\nprovided that after 1855 the city election should be\\nheld on the first Tuesday in February. Two years\\nlater, on February 5. 1857, a new law provided that\\nthe city election should be held on the first Tuesday\\nafter the first Monday of November.\\nIn case a vacancy occurs in the office of mayor,\\ncouncilman, or alderman more than six months\\nprior to the time of an annual election, the Com-\\nmon Council must order a special election. When\\npossible, these special elections are held on the first\\nMonday of April, the time fixed for the election of\\ncertain state officials. By special Act, the school\\ninspectors are also required to be elected at that\\ntime.\\nSeveral noticeable coincidences have occurred in\\nconnection with city elections. In 1862 the rival\\ncandidates for the office of school inspector, in both\\nthe third and the fifth ward received the same\\nnumber of votes and the same state of facts\\nexisted in the first ward as to candidates for over-\\nseer of highways. Another curious incident oc-\\ncurred in connection with the regular city elections\\nof November, 1868 and 1869. On both occasions\\nLucien Zink was a candidate for overseer of high-\\nways in the tenth ward and at both elections\\nthere was a tie-vote between him and his competitor.\\nBy provision of the charter, in sucli cases the presi-\\ndent of the council determined by lot who should\\nhold the office; and each year the drawing was in\\nfavor of Mr. Zink. In the same ward, in April, 1S73,\\nthree hundred and thirty-five votes were cast for\\neach of two rival candidates for the Board of Esti-\\nmates.\\nMuch interest was felt in the election of April 7,\\n1873, at which a Board of Estimates was elected\\nwho were opposed to the expending of money for a\\npublic park. The local election of November 2,\\n1875, also e.xcited much interest, Alexander Lewis\\nbeing elected mayor on what was called the Law\\nand Order Ticket, supported by those who favored\\nthe closing of saloons on the Sabbath.\\nDuring the winter of 1877 a State law was passed\\nrequiring saloons to be closed on all election days,\\nand on November 6, 1877, for the first time in the\\nhistory of Detroit, the saloons were closed on the\\nday of an election.\\nUnder Acts of 1824 and 1827, the mayor fi.\\\\ed tlie\\ntime when polls should be opened. At the election\\nof April 5, 1 830, the polls w-ere opened at 9 A. M. and\\nclosed at 10 p. m. Five years later, on April 4, they\\nwere opened at 8 A. M. and closed at 6 P. M. At\\nthe present time they are opened at 8 A. M. and\\nclosed at 5 P. M.\\nQualifications and Registration of Voters.\\nBy Act of 1802 all freeholders or householders\\npaying an annual rent of forty dollars were consti-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "ELECTIONS.\\n115\\ntuted voters, without reference to sex. Under this\\nprovision, at the election of 1804, four ladies voted,\\nMrs. Provencal and Mrs. Coates in person, and two\\nothers by pro.xy. The city charter of October 24,\\n181 5, retained the same provision as to qualifica-\\ntion of voters, but also provided for the accepting\\nof the votes of such other persons as a majority of\\nthe electors voted to admit to the privilege.\\nAn Act of May 3, 1821, provided that all free\\nwhite males, over twenty-one years of age, who had\\nresided in the city one year, and paid a city ta.x,\\nmight vote. By law of March 27, 1839, a person\\nmust have resided in the ward in which he voted for\\nthe ten days prior to the election, the ward in which\\nmeals were taken being reckoned the place of resi-\\ndence.\\nBy Act of April 13, 1S41, the time during which\\na voter must have resided in a ward was extended\\nto thirty days. The Constitution of 1850 restored\\nthe time of residence in a ward to ten days, and\\nprovided that voters need reside in the city only\\nthree months instead of one year. An Act of\\nMarch :2, 1861, provided that the residence of a\\nvoter should be construed to be where his family\\nresided, or where his regular boarding-place was\\nlocated.\\nIn 1859 a registration law was enacted which was\\ndesigned to prevent fraudulent voting. Under this\\nlaw and subsequent laws of February 5, 1864, April\\n13, 1871, and the charter of 1883, the aldermen of\\nthe city, with enough other persons appointed by the\\nBoard of Aldermen to make two for each district,\\nconstitute the Registration Boards for the several\\ndistricts, and together they form a City Board of\\nRegistration. Sessions of the District Boards, for\\nthe purpose of making an entirely new registry of\\nvoters, are held in each election district every four\\nyears, counting from 1880. Sessions begin on the\\nsecond Wednesday preceding the November elec-\\ntion, and continue four days, from 10 a. m. to 8\\nP. M. In the years when a new and general regis-\\ntration is not made, sessions are held on the second\\nThursday, Friday, and Saturday next preceding the\\ngeneral State election, from 10 a. m. to 8 p. m., and\\nalso on the second Friday and Saturday next pre-\\nceding the regular charter and spring elections, for\\nthe purpose of revising the registry- lists. The\\nsessions of the board must be public, and no name\\ncan be written in the register without the personal\\nrequest of the applicant, unless he be known to the\\nboard, or to some member thereof, as a qualified\\nvoter of that ward and district. All names are\\nrequired to be plainly written in ink, with the Chris-\\ntian and surname in full; and opposite each name\\nthe day and year of the entrv with the number of\\nthe dwelling and name of the street, or if there is no\\nstreet name, then a description of the locality of the\\ndwelling in which the voter lives. The board are\\nrequired to ask each person unknown to them whether\\nhe is entitled to vote, and whether he has previously\\nregistered or resided in any other district and no\\nperson may be registered in any district who is not,\\nat the time of registration, a resident of said dis-\\ntrict, and qualified to vote. At the close of each\\nsession of the Board of Registration, the registration\\nlists must be signed by each member of the board,\\nand deposited with the city clerk. At least two\\nweeks before any session of the Board of Registra-\\ntion, these lists are printed and posted up in each\\ndistrict.\\nThe City Board of Registration, composed of the\\nDistrict Boards, convenes at 9 A. M. on the Monday\\npreceding every election (e.xcept it be a special elec-\\ntion for ward officersj, and examines the registers of\\nthe several districts. No name may at this time be\\nadded to the voting list, but if any name is found\\nregistered in two or more districts, the examining\\nofficer may designate on the registers in which dis-\\ntrict the person is, and in wliich he is not entitled to\\nvote. A person who has changed his residence to\\nsome other district between the time of the last\\nmeeting of the Board of Registration and the day\\nof election, cannot vote and no person can register\\non election day without stating on oath that sickness\\nof himself or some near relative, or absence from\\nthe city on business, prevented his registering at the\\nproper time.\\nElection Districts.\\nPrior to 1828 the polls were held at the old Coun-\\ncil House on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and\\nRandolph Street, at the City Council House on\\nLarned Street, and sometimes at Woodworth s\\nHotel. After the erection of the City Hall, and up\\nto 1S39, that was used as the polling place.\\nOn April 15, 1839, elections were held in the\\nseveral wards for the first time, the places for hold-\\ning them being designated by the Common Council.\\nThe charter amendments of March 12, 1861,\\nMarch 27, 1867, April 13, 1871, and March 29, 1872,\\ngave the council power to divide wards into two or\\nmore election districts. An Act of 1872 provided\\nthat no election district should embrace parts of two\\nwards, or contain less than five hundred electors.\\nUnder these provisions, in August, 1868, for the\\nfirst time, several of the larger wards were divided\\ninto election districts. Other wards were subse-\\nquently divided, and ,the boundaries of districts\\nchanged.\\nAfter the entirely new arrangement of ward\\nboundaries made in 1881, the Common Council, by\\nordinance of August 30, laid out the following elec-\\ntion districts\\nFirst Ward: First District, all that portion", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "i6\\nELECTIONS.\\nnorth of Brady Street; Second District, all that\\nportion between Brady Street and Adelaide Street\\nThird District, all that portion between Adelaide\\nStreet and Adams Avenue Fourth District, all that\\nportion south of Adams Avenue and east of Ran-\\ndolph Street Fifth District, the portion south of\\nAdams Avenue and west of Randolph Street.\\nSecond Ward: First District, the portion\\nnorth of Bagg Street Second District, the portion\\nbetween Bagg and High Streets; Third District,\\nthe portion between High Street and a line running\\nthrough Adams Avenue to Grand River Avenue,\\nthence westerly along said avenue to the intersection\\nof First Street Fourth District, the portion lying\\nbetween the Third District and Michigan Avenue\\nFifth District, the portion lying south of Michigan\\nAvenue.\\nThird Ward: First District, the portion lying\\nsouth of the center line of Fort Street Second\\nDistrict, the portion lying north of the center line\\nof Fort Street, to Gratiot Avenue Third District,\\nthe portion lying north of the center line of Gratiot\\nAvenue and south of the center line of Wilkins\\nStreet Fourth District, the portion north of Wil-\\nkins Street.\\nFourth Ward: First District, south of the\\ncenter line of Michigan Avenue; Second District,\\nbetween the center lines of Michigan and Grand\\nRiver Avenues Third District, between the center\\nline of Pitcher Street and Grand River Avenue\\nFourth District, north of the center line of Pitcher\\nStreet.\\nFifth Ward; First District, south of the\\ncenter line of Fort Street Second District, between\\nthe center lines of Fort Street and Gratiot Avenue\\nThird District, between the center lines of Gratiot\\nAvenue and Watson Street Fourth District, north\\nof the center line of Watson Street.\\nSixth Ward: First District, south of the\\ncenter of Abbott Street Second District, between\\nthe center lines of Abbott and Plum Streets Third\\nDistrict, between the center lines of Plum Street\\nand Grand River Avenue Fourth District, north\\nof the center line of Grand River Avenue.\\nSeventh Ward: First District, all south of\\nthe center line of Fort Street Second District,\\nbetween the center lines of Fort and Maple Streets\\nThird District, between the center lines of Maple\\nand Alfred Streets Fourth District, north of Alfred\\nStreet.\\nEighth Ward: First District, south of Baker\\nStreet Second District, between Baker and Locust\\nStreets Third District, between Locust and Myrtle\\nStreets Fourth District, north of Myrtle Street.\\nNinth Ward: First District, south of Cro-\\nghan Street Second District, between Croghan and\\nJay Streets Third District, between Jay and Detroit\\nStreets Fourth District, portion north of Third\\nDistrict.\\nTenth Ward; First District, south of Baker\\nStreet Second District, between Baker Street and\\nMichigan Avenue; Third District, between Michi-\\ngan Avenue and Myrtle Street; Fourth District,\\nnorth of Myrtle Street.\\nEleventh Ward First District, south of\\nFort Street Second District, between Fort and\\nCatharine Streets Third District, between Cath-\\narine and German Streets Fourth District, north of\\nGerman Street.\\nTwelfth Ward First District, south of Baker\\nStreet Second District, the portion lying between\\nBaker Street and a line running along Butternut to\\nTwenty-fourth Street, thence southerly through\\nTwenty-fourth to the alley north of Michigan\\nAvenue, and thence to the city limits Third\\nDistrict, all that portion lying north of Second\\nDistrict.\\nThirteenth Ward First District, south of\\nthe center line of Fort Street Second District,\\nbetween Fort and German Streets Third District,\\nnorth of German Street.\\nElcitions, lunci conducted.\\nThe Board of Aldermen, from time to time, deter-\\nmines the several places at which the polls shall be\\nheld, and the city clerk advertises their location.\\nTwo inspectors of election for each district are\\nappointed by the Board of Aldermen, and one other\\nis selected viva voce by the electors on the opening\\nof the polls. The inspectors of each district appoint\\ntwo clerks, whose duty it is to keep a list of all persons\\nvoting at the election. The ballot-boxes, the printed\\nregistry lists for each ward or district, and all neces-\\nsary books and blanks for the election are furnished\\nby the city clerk to the inspectors of election. It is\\nthe duty of the inspectors to challenge the vote of\\nany person whom they suspect is not a qualified\\nvoter. The inspectors must preserve order at the\\npolls, and they are authorized and required to cause\\nthe arrest of a^iy person who disturbs the good order\\nof the polling places.\\nFrom the time of the incorporation in 1802, the\\nvoting has always been by ballot. Each person de-\\nlivers his ballot, folded, to one of the inspectors, in\\npresence of the board. The ballot must be of paper,\\nwritten or printed, or partly written and partly\\nprinted, containing the names of all the persons for\\nwhom the elector intends to vote, and designating\\nthe office to which each person is intended to be\\nchosen.\\nAfter the polls are closed the inspectors must\\ncarefully count the number of ballots, and compare\\nthe number with the number of electors registered\\non the poll lists. If the ballots in the box shall be", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "ELECTIONS.\\n117\\nfound to exceed the whole number of names on the\\npoll lists, they must be replaced in the box, and one\\nof the inspectors must publicly draw out therefrom\\nand destroy unopened, so many ballots as shall be\\nequal to the excess. The ballots and poll lists\\nagreeing, or being made, to agree, in the manner\\nstated, the board must then proceed to canvass and\\nestimate the votes, and draw up a statement of the\\nresult. Such statement shall set forth in words\\nand at length the whole number of votes given for\\neach office, the names of the persons for whom the\\nvotes were given, and the nuinber of votes for each\\nperson and one of said statements shall forthwith\\nbe delivered to the city clerk.\\nAfter examining the votes, and within seventy-\\ntwo hours of the closing of the polls, the inspectors\\nof each district must make and certify a full and\\ntrue return thereof, which, together with the poll lists\\nand ballots, must be delivered, carefully sealed, to\\nthe clerk of the city at the same time one of their\\nnumber is chosen to represent his district in\\nthe Board of City Canvassers and the persons so\\nchosen form the Board of Canvassers for the city.\\nThey must meet on the Saturday next after election,\\nat three o clock in the afternoon, at the city clerk s\\noffice, or in the common-council chamber, and pro-\\nceed to open and canvass the said returns, and de-\\nclare the result of the election.\\nWhen two or more persons are found to have an\\nequal number of votes for the same office, the elec-\\ntion is determined by the drawing of lots, in the\\npresence of the Board of Councilmen. The name of\\neach person, written on a separate slip of paper, is\\ndeposited in a box or other receptacle, the presi-\\ndent of the Board of Councilmen draws out one of\\nsaid slips, and the person whose name is drawn is\\nconsidered elected.\\nThe mode of conducting State and county elec-\\ntions is the same, except that the returns are made\\nto the county clerk, and the inspectors, appointed\\nby the inspectors of election in townships and wards\\nto attend the county canvass, constitute the Board\\nof County Canvassers, and meet on the Tuesday\\nnext following the election, before one o clock in the\\nafternoon, at the office of the county clerk, who is\\nsecretary of the board.\\nThe following table of votes cast in Detroit, in\\nvarious years, will give some idea of the growth of\\ncitizenship: 1820, 66. 1825, 115. 1835, 261.\\n1840, 671. 1845, 1,368. 1850, 1,443. 855,\\n4.824. 1860,-8,389. 1S70, 11,323. 1875, 13.058.\\n1S80, 21,676.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nWAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTABLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\nVirginia, in 1778, erected all of the Northwest\\nTerritory into a county called Illinois. Subsequently,\\nand before the surrender by the British, by procla-\\nmation of Lieutenant-Governor Sinicoe, on July 16,\\n1792, all of what is now Michig an, with other terri-\\ntory extendinj^ northward as far as Hudson s Bay,\\nwas included in the county of Kent. Under\\nAmerican government the county of Wayne, the\\nthird organized in the Northwest Territory, was\\nestablished by proclamation on August 15. 1796. by\\nWinthrop Sargent, secretar) of the Territory, and\\nacting governor. A fac-simile of the proclamation\\nis here gi\\\\ en. The size of the original is fifteen\\nby eighteen inches.\\ny ere^/tftJ^^r/^-iP:^^,,,\\n/itL faZ7eBtf^fu7a~\\n7--S\\nA,nv. ^U Zi^^\\n/^^^-^z-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0tt/^.*. c-\u00c2\u00bb Jir .-^/.y y;\u00c2\u00abr\\nFac-Simile of FiR iT Proclamation establishing Wayne County.\\nIii8]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "WAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTABLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\n119\\nThe action of Sargent gave rise to a shaqj cor-\\nrespondence between him and Governor St. Clair,\\nand in a letter to Hon. James Ross, dated Septem-\\nber 6, 1796, Governor St. Clair says\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\nBY PBOCLAMATIOH\\nAugust 15, 1796.\\nMntsi\\nCliicsp,\\nrt,\\nIt. MietY.\\nmr GMlicolk\\nU-^\\nCuyahoga R.\\nFt. LaDrcis,\\nTuscarawas R,\\nMusiungum R.\\nMap of County Boun darv.~Xo. i.\\nDear Sir\u00c2\u00bb\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOn ray arrival at this place, I found that the secretary* had\\nthought fit to accompany General Wayne to Detroit, and I have\\nsince learned, though not from himself, that he has laid out the\\ncountry thereabouts into a county, and appointed the officers,\\namong whom is Mr. Audrain, prothonotar\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\nAfter formafion of Iiidi\u00c2\u00a3Uia,\\nTerritory,\\nBy taw cf May 7. X8Q0.\\nCleTeM!\\nFt. lameE\\nThat circumstance has given me satisfaction, though I am dis-\\npleased at the proceeding generally, for it was not my intention to\\nhave moved in the business until I had received the directions of\\nthe President, which I had reason to trxpecl; and two governors at\\none and the same time in the same country, and perhaps counter-\\nacting each other, must impress these new subjects unfavorably\\nwith respect to the government they ha^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0e fallen under. Some\\nexpedient, however, might have been found to render the impro-\\npriety less striking, had I gone to Detroit; but the secretary having\\nkitely gone to Michilimacinac, my meeting him there, in the little\\ntime I could possibly stay, was very uncertain.\\nFrom other letters it appears that Governor St,\\nClair was at Pittsburgh when the county was organ-\\nized, and Sargent claimed that his action was justi-\\nfied by the facts. He consulted the citizens as to\\nwhat name should be given to the county, and they\\nagreed that it should be named after General\\nAnthony Wa^me, who was then in the city, and sent\\nhim an address, notifying him of the fact. In reply\\nthey received the following\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\nAFTER PROCLAMATION\\nJUtY 10, 1800.\\nPt.fajieii\\ni^t. Laurens,\\nM.\\\\I- OF COLNTV Bot ND.VRV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Xo.\\nMap of County BofSDARv. No, 3.\\nTo the Cure and Inkabitants 0/ Detroit^ and the Officers^ Ciz il\\narid Military^ 0/ the County 0/ U aync\\n.ENTLEMEN,\\nI have received with much pleasure your polite address of this\\ndate, which not only demands my grateful acknowledgment for\\nthe flattering testimonies it contains of your esteem, but affords\\nme an opportunity to remark with what pleasure I have obser\\\\ ed\\nthe general satisfaction which has appeared to prevail among the\\ncitizens of Detroit and its neighborhood upon the establishment of\\nthe government of the United States, and the alacrity and laud-\\nable desire they have evinced to promote the due execution\\nthereof; a conduct so wise, while it merits the warm regards of\\ntheir fellow-citizens of the Vnion, must insure to themselves all\\nthe advantages which will flow from and be the natural effect of\\nthe administration of good laws, under so happy a government.\\nI will with much pleasure communicate to the President the\\nwarm sentiments of zeal and attachment which you have expressed\\ntoward the Government of the United States; and I cannot permit", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "I20\\nWAYNE COUNTY:- ITS ESTABLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\nmyself to depart hence without assuring you that I shall always\\ntalce a peculiar interest in whatever may contribute to promote\\nthe happiness and prosperity of this county, to which my name\\nhas the honor to be attached.\\nI have the honor to be, gentlemen, with much esteem,\\nYour most obedient and very humble servant,\\nAnt v Wayne.\\nHeadhiiarters, Detroit, Noz-embcf 14, 1796.\\nMap of County Boundary. No. 4.\\nThe boundaries of the county, as defined by Sar-\\ngent, were as follows: Beginning at the mouth\\nof the Cuyahoga River, upon Lake Erie, and with\\nthe said river to the portage between it and the\\nTuscarawa branch of the Muskingum, thence down\\nthe said branch to the forks, at the carrying place\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\nBY PBOCEAMATION\\nJanuary 14, 1803.\\nabove Fort Lawrance, thence by a west line to the\\neastern boundary of Hamihon County (which is a due\\nnorth line from the lower Shawnese Town, upon the\\nSciota River), thence by a line west-northerly to the\\nsouthern part of the portage, between the Miamis of\\nthe Ohio and the St. Mary s River, thence by a line\\nalso west-northerly to the southwestern part of the\\nportage, between the Wabash and the Miamis of\\nLake Erie, where Fort Wayne now stands, thence\\nby a line west-northerly to the most southern part\\nof Lake Michigan, thence along the western shores\\nof the same to the northwest part thereof (including\\nthe lands lying upon the streams emptying into the\\nsaid lake), thence by a due north line to the terri-\\ntorial boundary in Lake Superior, and with the said\\nboundarj- through Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie,\\nto the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, the place of\\nbeginning.\\nThe creation of the Territory of Indiana, by Act\\nof May 7, 1800, reduced the limits of the county\\nabout one half. Its boundaries were further cur-\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\n,Ailoc formation of Micbigaa\\nTerritory,\\nBy Law of Jan. 11, 1805.\\nMap of Countv Boundary. No. 5.\\nMap ok County Boundakv. No. 6.\\ntailed by proclamation of July 10, 1800, under which\\nthat part of Wayne County lying east of a point about\\nfive miles west of the present city of Sandusky was\\nincluded in a new count)-, named Trumbull. The Act\\nof April 30, 1802, which created the State of Ohio,\\nattached this region to the Territory of Indiana. It\\ntherefore became necessary to define the boundary-\\nanew; and on January 14, 1803, William Henn,\\nHarrison, governor, and commander-in-chief of\\nAlthough the original says Fort Lawrance, it is evidently a\\nmistake arising from the pronunciation, as the fort in question\\nwas named Laurens, in 1778, in honor of the president of Congress.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "WAYNE COUNTY ITS ESTABLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\n121\\nIndiana Territory, issued the fol owing from Vin-\\ncennes\\nI, William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, by\\nthe authority vested in me by the ordinance for the government\\nof the Territory, do ordain and declare that a county shall be\\nfonned in the northeastern part of the Territory, to be known and\\ndesignated by the name and style of the county of Wayne. And\\nthe boundaries of said county shall be as follows: Ceginning at a\\npoint where an east and west line, passing through the southern\\nMap of County Boundary. No, 7.\\nextremity of Lake Michigan, would intersect a north and south\\nline passing through the most westerly extreme of said lake,\\nthence north along the last mentioned line to the territorial boun-\\ndary of the United States, thence along the said boundary line to a\\npoint where an east and west line, passing through the southerly\\nextremity of Lake Michigan, would intersect the same, thence\\nalong the last mentioned line to the place of beginning.\\nThe creation of the Territory of Michigan in\\n1805 changed the western boundary of the county,\\nslightly reducing its size.\\nThe next change in boundary was made by proc-\\nlamation of Governor Cass on November 21, 181 5.\\nUnder the terms of that document, the county was\\nmade to include all of the Territory of Michigan to\\nwhich Indian title had been extinguished.\\nBy the terms of the treaty of Greenville, of\\nAugust 3, 1795, the following territory constituted\\nthe region to which the Indian title had been extin-\\nguished, and therefore defined the limits under his\\nproclamation Beginning at the mouth of the Miami\\nRiver of the Lakes, and running thence up to the\\nmiddle thereof, to the mouth of the great Auglaize\\nRiver; thence running due north, until it intersects\\na parallel of latitude to be drawn from the outlet of\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\nBY PfiOCLMVIATION\\nJiilyTlClSlT.\\nCOPVRIGHriSlUt, BV SILAS FARMER.\\nMai of Countv Uounuakv. No. 9.\\nPereMarq teR.\\n-^WAYME COONTY\\nS BY PEOCLiMATION\\n,,_, S October 18, ISXa\\nhl.w OF County IJoundarv. No,\\nLake Huron, which forms the river St. Clair; thence\\nrumiing northeast, the course that may be found\\nwill lead in a direct line to White Rock in Lake\\nHuron; thence due east until it intersects the boun-\\ndary line between the United States and Upper.\\nCanada, in said lake thence southwardly following\\nthe same boundary- line down said lake, through the\\nriver St. Clair, Lake St. Clair, and the river Detroit\\ninto Lake Erie, to a point due east of the aforesaid\\nMiami River thence west to the place of begin-\\nning. Also, The post of Michilimackinac, and\\nall the land on the island on which that post stands,\\nand the main land adjacent, to which the Indian\\ntitle has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the\\nFrench or English governments and a piece of the\\nmain land to the north of the island, to measure six\\nmiles on Lake Huron, or the Strait between Lakes\\nHuron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "122\\nWAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTABLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\nfrom the water of the Lake or Strait and also the\\nIsland de Bois Blanc.\\nThese two tracts included all of the present\\ncounty of Wayne, and also the now existing coun-\\nties of Washtenaw, Livingston, Lenawee, Macomb,\\nMonroe, St. Clair, Lapeer, and Oakland, with a large\\nportion of Jackson, Ingham, Shiawassee, Genesee,\\nTuscola, Sanilac, and Huron counties, together with\\nthe Islands of Mackinaw and Bois Blanc, and a small\\nstrip of land on the main land north of these\\nislands.\\nWAYNE COUNTY\\nBY PEOCLAMATION\\nOF\\nJanuary 15, 1818.\\nMap of Countv Houndarv. No. lo.\\nLess than a year after, on October iS, i8i6,\\nGeneral Cass issued a new proclamation, adding the\\ndistrict of Mackinaw to the county. That district\\nhad been created by proclamation of Governor Hull\\nWAYNE COONTY\\nBY rEOJJLAMATION\\nSeptember 10, Z822,\\non July 3. 1S05, and its boundary was defined to\\nbegin at the most western and northern point of\\nthe Ijay of Saginaw, and shall run thence westwardly\\nto the nearest part of the river Marquette thence\\nalong the southern bank thereof to Lake Michigan\\nthence due west to the middle thereof; thence\\nnorth, east, and south with the lines of the Territory\\nof Michigan and the United States to the center of\\nLake Huron; thence in a straight line to the begin-\\nning.\\nIt will be noticed that by this proclamation the\\ncounty consisted of two tracts, entirely separate\\nfrom each other. On July u, 1S17, the boundary\\nof the county was curtailed on the south by the\\norganization of Monroe County, which took in all\\nof the old county of Wayne south of Town 3, of\\nRanges i to 9, to the Huron River.\\nMm CcH NTV BOLINDARV. No. II\\nMap of Countv Bou.mdakv.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No. 12.\\nBy proclamation of January 15, 1818, organizing\\nMacomb County, the base line of the United\\nStates survey in Michigan became the northern\\nboundary of Wayne County.\\nThe present limits of the county were established\\nby proclamation of Governor Cass on September 10,\\n1822. On the same date Washtenaw County was\\nlaid out, to include all of the present county of\\nWashtenaw, and also the four southeast towns of\\nwhat is now Ingham County, the eight most eastern\\ntownships in Jackson County, and the southern half\\nof the present Livingston County. Washtenaw\\nCounty, however, was attached to Wayne County\\nuntil it should be organized and for all practical\\npurposes it remained a part of Wayne County up to\\nthe definite organization of Washtenaw County on\\nNovember 20, 1826.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI,\\nCOUNTY OFFICERS AND THKIR DUTIES.\\nCounty Commissioners.\\nIn the early days of the county its financial\\naffairs were managed by three county commission-\\ners, appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions.\\nUnder an Act of May 30, 18 18, the governor became\\nthe appointing power. On April 21, 1825, the\\nofiice was made elective, and commissioners were\\nto be chosen on the second Tuesday of October.\\nReady money to meet the obligations of the\\ncounty not being forthcoming, as early as 181 8\\nthe commissioners began the issue of due-bills,\\nissuing, up to 1827, an average of $2,000 per year.\\nFrom that time to 1833 they issued $1,000 yearly in\\nbills of the denominations of $1.12/2, 5ii-25. $i.37 2,\\nS1.50, $1.62 ji, $1.75, $i.87 $3.00, $5.00, and\\n$10.00. In 1830 these due-bills were at twenty-five\\nper cent discount, but the board persevered, and\\nin 1833 issued bills for $3,000, and in 1834 for $1,000.\\nOn October 7, 1837, the Board of Supervisors\\nResolved^ that $4,000, in small bills, be signed by the president\\nand clerk, and delivered to the treasurer for change.\\nUnder this resolution, the treasurer and clerk\\nissued two hundred and fifty bills of $io each, two\\nhundred and fifty of $5.00 each, and two hundred\\nand fifty of $1.00 each.\\nBy Act of April 12, 1S27, the office of county\\ncommissioner was abolished. The Rexnsed Statutes\\nof 1838 revived the office, and it continued until\\nabolished by Act of February 10, 1842, which Act\\ntransferred the duties of the commissioners to the\\nBoard of Super\\\\-isors.\\nUnder Northwest Territory, the county commis-\\nsioners were: 1800 and l8or, B. Huntington,\\nJacques Campau, Jacob Visger. Under Indiana\\nTerritory, 1803, Charies Curry, Charies F. Chabert\\nJoncaire, Francis Lasalle; 1804, Charles Moran,\\nJames Henrj-. Under Michigan Territory 1 81 8,\\nWilliam Brown, John R. Williams, Abram Ed-\\nwards; 18 19, James McCloskey, Robert Abbott;\\n1820, Abram Edwards, William Brown, James\\nMcCloskey; 1821, P.J. Desnoyers; 1822 and 1823,\\nA. Edwards, P. J. Desnoj-ers, J. P. .Sheldon; 1824,\\nLe\\\\ i Cook, John Whipple, John P. Sheldon; 1825,\\nL. Cook, J. Whipple, P. J. Desnoyers; 1826-1827,\\nJames Williams. L. Cook, J. Whipple; 1839, R. Gil-\\nlett, J. Shearer, B. F. Fox; 1840, S. Conant, J.\\nShearer, B. F. Fo,k; 1841, Adolphus Brigham, S.\\nConant, J. Shearer 1842, Peter Godfrey, S. Conant,\\nA. Brigham.\\nBoard of Siipcr^nsors.\\nThis body, in connection with the auditors, per-\\nforms duties originally attended to by the Court of\\nGeneral Quarter Sessions and the county commis-\\nsioners. By the Act of March 20, 1827, creating\\nthe board, they were authorized to examine, settle,\\nand allow all accounts, and estimate the yearly\\nexpenses of the county; they were also authorized\\nto repair county buildings, and to offer bounties for\\nthe killing of wolves and panthers. Their sessions\\nwere to be of not more than eight days duration,\\nand they were to be paid $1.00 per day. each. An\\nAct of March 20, 1837, increased their pay to $2.00,\\nand it was subsequently made $3.00 per day. An\\nAct of June 30, 1828, required them to meet the first\\nTuesday in October.\\nUnder Act of June 26, 1832, sessions of the board\\nwere held on the first Tuesdays of March and\\nOctober. By Act of 1S42 they were required to\\nmeet on the first Monday of July and third Monday\\nof September; but since the revision of the statutes\\nin 1846, they have met only in October.\\nSince the Act of 1844, creating the Board of\\nAuditors, the supervisors have had no control over\\nthe county expenditures, and might be called with\\npropriety the Board of County Assessors. For a\\nrepresentative body, they have remarkably few legis-\\nlative powers. Their chief duty consists in equal-\\nizing the valuations of property and apportioning to\\neach city and township its proportion of the taxes to\\nbe raised, these apportionments being based on the\\nassessors books of the city and the township rolls\\nof the several townships.\\nUnder Acts of April 13, 1827, and April 17, 1833,\\nwhich treated the City of Detroit constructively as a\\ntownship, the city, up to 1841, was represented on\\nthe board only by its one supervisor, elected for the\\npurpose. After an existence of eleven years, under\\nthe General Statutes of 1838, the Board of Super-\\n\\\\isors was discontinued, and its duties transferred\\nto three county commissioners. By Act of February\\n10, 1842, the office of cotmty commissioner was\\n123]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "124\\nCOUNTY OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES.\\nabolished, and a Board of Supervisors was again\\nprovided for. Their first meeting was held on the\\nfirst Monday of July, 1842. An Act of February 16,\\n1842, provided that the ward assessors of Detroit\\nshould act as supervisors. A subsequent Act of\\nJanuary 30, 1850, provided that the city should have\\nbut three assessors, instead of one for each ward, or\\nsi.\\\\ in all. The city thus lost three members of the\\nboard. However, it soon regained its quota, for by\\nAct of April 8, 1S51, the alderman of each ward\\nhaving the shortest term was authorized to act as a\\nsupervisor on the board, and on February 5, 1857,\\nthe Legislature authorized the city assessor and both\\naldermen from each ward to meet with the board.\\nUp to the date of this last Act, unavailing strug-\\ngles had been made yearly by the representatives of\\nthe city to secure such an equalization of the ta,xes\\nas they deemed just, but their efforts were almost\\nentirely futile.\\nSince the Act of 1857 the city has had an ever-\\nincreasing number of members on the board and\\nhad the representatives of the city at any time\\nunited in any effort, they might have effected their\\npurpose, as they had votes enough to outnum-\\nber the representatives from the rest of the county\\nbut the justice of their cause, or their skill in man-\\nagement, has enabled the supervisors from the\\ntownships to preser\\\\fe nearly the same pro rata of\\nassessment between city and county that has pre-\\nvailed for many years past.\\nWhen any change is made in the relative amount\\nof ta.xes to be paid by city and county, it has\\nusually been done by raising or lowering the val-\\nuations on either side, thus raising or lowering the\\npercentage of the total ta.\\\\ tliat either was to pay.\\nThe city, in 1S83, was paying nearly five si.xths of\\nthe total of the county taxes.\\nThe board meets on the second Monday in Octo-\\nber of each year; special sessions may be held to\\nextend the time for payment of taxes, or for any\\npurpose deemed important. The length of their\\nsessions is not limited, but they are allowed by law\\nto draw pay for only fifteen days, which is the usual\\nduration of their sessions.\\nThe increase in the number of persons composing\\nthe board, and in the number of members from De-\\ntroit, is shown by the following table\\n1 827- 1 830, 9 members, i of them from Detroit.\\n1 830- 1 833, 10 r\\n1833- 834. 12 I\\n1834- 1S35. 13 I\\n835- S39. 16 I\\n1 839- 1 842, No board in existence.\\n1842- 1847, 22 members, 6 of them from Detroit.\\n1847-1848,23 6\\n1848-1850,24 6\\n1850-1851,21 8\\n1S51-1857, 26 members, 3 of them from Detroit.\\n1S57-1S70, 39 21\\n1S70-1873, 41 21\\n1873-1876,43 23\\n1S76 ,47 27\\nIt will be noticed that the number of members\\nfrom country townships reached its maximum in\\n1S48; the only increase in the board since then,\\noutside of members from Detroit, being two mem-\\nbers from Wyandotte, admitted since 1870. A\\nreference to the article on townships will show in\\nwhat year each township was first represented on\\nthe board.\\nBoard of County Auditors.\\nThis board divides with the Board of Supervisors\\nthe honor of succeeding to the powers of the county\\ncommissioners. The office was created by Act of\\nMarch 11, 1844. Three auditors were to be elected\\nin November, 1845. who were to decide, by lot,\\ntheir first terms of one, two, and three years each.\\nAuditors subsequently chosen were to be elected for\\nthree years, one annually at each general election\\nand not more than one member of the board was to\\nbe elected from the same township, village, or city.\\nThe city of Detroit, though it always paid more\\nthan two thirdfe of the county taxes, was often with-\\nout representation on the board. Greater equality\\nwas secured by the Act of May 31, 1883, which pro-\\nvided that two members of the board must be\\nresidents of Detroit. By Act of February 12, 1855,\\nin case of the expiration of a term of office in a year\\nwhen no general election was to be held, the Board\\nof Super\\\\-isors were authorized to fill the vacancy.\\nIn importance, the office is second to none in the\\ncounty. The board have vastly more power in\\ncounty matters than aldermen have in city affairs.\\nThey have almost entire control of the county funds,\\nand although they report to the Board of Supervisors,\\nthey are not subject to their directions, neither are\\nthey responsible to them, or in fact to any one but\\nthe chief executive of the State. It is their business\\nto estimate the amount annually needed for county\\nexpenses, to audit all bills, and to make all disburse-\\nments on behalf of tlie county. They appoint three\\nsuperintendents of the poor and two county phy-\\nsicians.\\nSection 10 of Article 10 of the Constitution of 1850\\nprovides that they shall have e.xclusive power to\\nprescribe and fix the compensation for all services\\nrendered for, and to adjust all claims against the\\ncounty, and the sum so fixed or defined shall be\\nsubject to no appeal.\\nThe powers of the auditors were further enlarged\\nby Act of May 24, 1879, and since January I, 1S81,\\nthey have had power to detemiine the number of\\nclerks to be employed in all county offices and the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "COUNTY OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES.\\n125\\nwages to be paid them, to fix the compensation of\\nthe coroners and the salaries of all county ofilicers.\\nThey also keep a record of all the receipts and ex-\\npenditures of the County Treasurer, countersigning\\nall tax receipts issued by him. They are authorized\\nto pay the Treasurer from $3,00x3 to $5,000 and\\nthe Judge of Probate, Prosecuting Attorney, County\\nClerk, and Register of Deeds, from $2,500 to $3,500\\neach. Under the same Act, All fees of whatever\\nkind, collected for services performed in these offices,\\nare required to be turned over to the County Treas-\\nury. The salary of each auditor, which was for-\\nmerly $1,000, was increased to $1,200 by Act of\\nApril 13, 1S73, and a further Act of May 19, 1883,\\nprovided that the circuit judges of the county might\\nfix it at any amount, not less than $1,200, nor more\\nthan $2,500. The larger sum was fixed as the\\nsalary.\\nThe following persons have served as auditors\\n1845, William B. Hunt, Job Smith, A. H. Otis;\\n1846, William B. Hunt, J. Smith. H. Fralick;\\n1 847- 1 848, Ammon Brown, William B. Hunt, H.\\nFralick; 1849-1852, H. Saunders, A. Brown, Wil-\\nliam B. Hunt; 1852, S. Poupard, James Safford, A.\\nBrown; 1853, S. Poupard, James Safford, D. L.\\nQuirk; 1854, J. Safford, D. L. Quirk, M. Anderson;\\n1855-1857, M. Anderson, S. Poupard, G. Carson;\\n1857-1860, IVI. Anderson, G. Carson, D. Sackett;\\ni860, M. Anderson, Geo. Carson, W. H. Craig;\\n1 86 1, Charles Steward, M. Anderson, W. H. Craig;\\n1862, W. H. Craig, Charles Steward, William Taft;\\n1863, John Hull, Charles Steward, William Taft;\\n1864, John Hull, Geo. Carson, William Taft; 1864-\\n1867. John Patton, George Carson, Benj. Sackett;\\n1867. John Patton, .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^lex. Blue, Benj. Sackett; 1868,\\nJ. Patton, .A.lex. Blue, James A. Vi.sger; 1 869-1 873,\\nA. Blue, Michael Kennedy, J. A. Visger; 1873, J. A.\\nVisger, Samuel Zug, John S. Tibbetts; 1874, S. Zug,\\nJ. S. Tibbetts, T. G. Limbocker; 1875, J. S. Tib-\\nbetts, T. G. Limbocker, James Hoiihan; 1 876-1 878,\\nT. G. Limbocker, J. Hoiihan, William Sales; 1878-\\n1879, William .Sales, H. B. Thayer, G. F. Pillard;\\n1880-1883, W. Sale.s, J. Hoiihan, G. F. Pillard;\\n1883-1884, W. Sales, Alex. Mitchie, G. F. Pillard;\\n1884- \\\\V. Sales, Alex. Mitchie, Jeremiah\\nSheahan.\\nCounty Treasurer.\\nThis office dates from August i, 1792, under an Act\\nof the Northwest Territory which provided for the\\nappointment by the governor of a county treasurer,\\nwho was required to give $1,500 bonds, and received\\nfive per cent of the moneys coming into his hands\\nas compensation for his services. By \\\\(X of De-\\ncember 17, 1799, his bonds were increased to $3,000.\\nUnder the Territory of Indiana, and also of Michi-\\ngan, the governor continued to appoint the treasurer.\\nBy law of November 25, 1817, he was to be paid by\\na percentage on all moneys which he received and\\npaid out. Under the same law Duncan Reid\\nbecame the first and only assessor the county has\\never had. Under Act of April 21, 1825, the com-\\nmission of the treasurer then in office ceased, and\\nafter 1826 county treasurers were elected. The\\nterm lasted but a year. By Act of April 13, 1827,\\nthe term was lengthened to three years. Act of\\nJune 26, 1832, made the treasurer the auditor as\\nwell, but his action was subject to revision by the\\nBoard of Supervisors. An Act of April 13, 1833,\\nprovided that the treasurer should retain for his\\nservices not over three per cent of the moneys\\nreceived by him and any e.xcess over one hundred\\ndollars was to be credited to the county.\\nUnder and since the Constitution of 1835, the\\ntreasurer has been elected for terms of two years.\\nThe profits of the office, in former years, consisted\\nnot only in the salary received, but in the interest\\nreceived on county funds, deposited with, or loaned\\nout, to banks or individuals. Up to 1881 the treas-\\nurers furnished their own books, and took them\\naway when their term closed. Many important\\ndetails of past doings are, therefore, not in possession\\nof the public. An Act of May 27, 1S79, provided\\nthat after January i, 1 881, the books of the treas-\\nurer should be provided and owned by the county,\\nand that the treasurer should deposit his receipts\\ndaily in some bank, to be designated by himself and\\nthe auditors jointly, and that the funds should be\\ndrawn out only on the order of the auditors and the\\ntreasurer.\\nUnder law of May 24, 1879, and from January i,\\n1 88 1, the salary of the treasurer has been $5,000.\\nHis assistants are paid by the county.\\nThe county treasurers have been as follows\\n1801-1805, Matthew Ernest; 1805, Richard\\nSmyth; November 26, 1.817, to October 17, 1825,\\nConrad Ten Eyck October 17, 1825-1833, Peter\\nDesnoyers; 1833-1836, D. French; 1836, Elliot\\nGray; 1837-1840, G. Spencer 1840-1843, R. Gil-\\nlett; 1843-1845, Peter Desnoyers; 1845-1850, D.\\nJ. Campau; 1S50, J. B. .Schick; 1851-1855, G. M.\\nRich; 1855-1857, William Harsha; 1857-1861, G.\\nM. Rich; 1861-1863, John Bloynk 1863-1867,\\nGeorge Miller; 1867-1869, E. P. Benoit 1869-\\n1873, Paul Gies; 1873-1875, John F. W. Thon\\n1S75-1879, George H. Stellwagen; 1879-1883,\\nCalvin B.Crosby; 1883- B. Youngblood.\\nCounty C!i-rk.\\nThis office was unknown to Wayne County until\\ncreated by Act of May 8, 1820, which provided\\nthat the clerk of the county courts should act\\nas clerk of the county. On November 5, 1829,\\nadditional provision was made for this officer, and\\nhe was to be paid by the fees received.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "126\\nCOUNTY OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES.\\nFormerly the clerk received $2,500 a year and\\nfees, his deputy clerks being paid by the county.\\nAn Act of April 19, 1873, increased his salary to\\n$6,000, with fees additional, and he was to pay his\\nown assistants. By law of 1879, and since January\\nI, 1881, all fees received by him are paid to the\\ncounty treasurer, and his salary, of not more than\\n$3,000, is fi.xed by the county auditors.\\nFrom 1850 to 1.873 the county clerk, or his\\ndeputy, was clerk of the Supreme Court of the\\nState at the terms held in Detroit. At the present\\ntime he is clerk of the Board of Supervisors and of\\nthe Circuit Court. All of the township officers\\nreport to him. All the records of the Circuit Court,\\nthe naturalization papers, and the election returns\\nfor the county are deposited in his office. All arti-\\ncles of incorporation of all societies, and business\\ncorporations of every kind, also partnership agree-\\nments, and all marriages, and the yearly record of\\nbirths and deaths are recorded in his office.\\nThe county clerks have been as follows: 1826,\\nPhilip Lecuyer; 1827 and 1828, Jeremiah V. R. Ten\\nEyck; 1 829-1 832, James B. Whipple; 1 832-1 836,\\nIsaacs. Rowland; 1836, G. Mott Williams; 1837,\\nT. E. Tallman; 1 838-1 841, Charles Peltier; 1841\\nand 1842, Theodore Williams; 1 843-1 847, George\\nR. Griswold; 1847 and 1848, D. C. Holbrook; 1849\\nand 1S50, S. A. Bagg; 1851 and 1852, Jeremiah\\nVan Rensselaer; 1853-1S57, E. Hawley, Jr.; 1857-\\n1861, Enos T. Throop 1861 and 1862, David\\nWalker; 1863 and 1864, Jared Patchin; 1865- 1869,\\nJ. D. Weir; 1869-1873, Stephen P. Purdy 1873-\\n1877, Ray Haddock; 1877-1879, Jeremiah Sheahan\\n1879-1S83, R. A. Liggett 1883- J. J. Enright.\\nCounty Superintendent of Schools.\\nThis office was created by Act of March 13, 1867,\\nwith the design of promoting the efficiency of coun-\\ntry schools. The salary was from $r,ooo to $1,500.\\nThe office was abolished by .-Vet of March 20, 1875,\\nwhich provided for township superintendents.\\nThe following persons served as County Super-\\nintendents 1 867- 1 873, Lester R. Brown; 1873-\\n1876, G. C. Gordon.\\nDrain Commissioners.\\nProvision was first made for this office by law of\\nMarch 15, 1861, when the Board of Supervisors was\\ngiven power to appoint three Drain Commissioners.\\nBy law of March 22, 1869, only one was to be\\nchosen, and he was to be elected on the first Mon-\\nday in April, to serve for one year, and not to be\\npaid over $4.00 a day. A further law of April 1 3,\\n1871, provided for the election of a drain commis-\\nsioner in each township, to locate and construct\\nditches for drainage purposes and all ditches were\\nto be made under his direction.\\nThe following have served as county commis-\\nsioners\\n1861-1864, T. P. Martin. L. J. Ford, F. M. Wing;\\n1864-1866, T. P. Martin, Alexander Blue, L. J.\\nFord; 1866, Jared Davidson, David Sackett, Har-\\nvey Merrell; 1867-1869, H. Merrell, J. Davidson,\\nPeter Ternes; 1869-1871, H. Merrell; 1871-1873,\\nAmos Otis; 1873, Seth Smith; 1874, T. P. Martin;\\n1875-1884, Wellington Ellis; 1884, W. Whitacre.\\nCounty Sur7 eyor.\\nThis officer is the legitimate successor of the office\\nof district surveyor, which was authorized by Acts\\nof September 14, 1806, and June 8, 1819. The offi-\\ncer was appointed by the governor, and paid by the\\nfees received. By Act of July 31, 1830, each county\\nwas designated as a surveyor s district, and one sur-\\nveyor for each was to be appointed by the governor.\\nUnder and since the Constitution of 1835, county\\nsurveyors are elected with other county officers,\\nserve two years, and they have no salary.\\nThe following have served as county surveyors\\n1830, John MuUett; 1831-1837, John Farmer;\\n1837-1841, Eli Bradshaw; 1841-1849, E. Hawley,\\nJr.; 1849-1851, William H. Brown; 1851-1853,\\nHenry Brevoort, Jr. 1853-1855, Thomas Campau\\n1 85 5- 1 860, N. Thelan; i860, David Granger; 1 861\\n1863, William B. Knapp; 1 863-1 865, William Ives;\\n1865-1869, N. Thelan; 1869-1873, A. H. Wilmarth.\\n1873-1875, E. J. Goodell; 1875-1877, L. D. Harris;\\n1877-18S1. C. H. Ellis; 1881- E. Goodell.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII,\\nTHE TOWNSHIPS OF WAYxNE COUNTY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DERIVATION OF TOWNSHIP NAMES.\\nTOWNSHIP OFFICERS.\\nTOWNSHIPS.\\nBy law of the Northwest Territory, of November\\n6, 1790, the Court of Quarter Sessions was author-\\nized to divide counties into townships. According-\\nly, as early as November I, 1798, four townships\\nhad been created in Wayne County, namely, De-\\ntroit, Mackinaw, Sargent, and Hamtramck. In\\n1802, or earlier, the township of St. Clair was or-\\nganized. On June 8, 1803, the township of Macki-\\nnaw was newly defined. On December 21, 1803,\\nthe township of Detroit was extended so as to in-\\nclude the farm of John Askin, and on June 4, 1805,\\nit was again extended as far as Huron River, and to\\ninclude Grosse Isle. On January 5, 1818, Governor\\nCass established the townships of Springwells, Ham-\\ntramck, Moguago, Huron, and St. Clair.\\nThe rear line of the Private Claims along the\\nriver constituted the western boundary of these\\ntownships. It was not until the county had been\\nnarrowed to its present dimensions that it was all\\ndivided into townships. Simultaneously with the\\ncreation of the Board of Supervisors, on April 12,\\n1827, boundaries were established for the townships\\nof Detroit, Springwells, Hamtramck, Monguagon,\\nBrownstown, Plymouth, Ecorce, Huron, and Buck-\\nlin. On October 29, 1829, Nankin and Pekin town-\\nships were created out of the township of Bucklin,\\nwhich ceased to e,\\\\ist. On March 21, 1833, the\\ntownship name of Pekin was changed to Redford,\\nand by a law which took effect on .Xpril i, 1833, the\\ntownship of Dearborn was created out of part of the\\nsame township. On October 23, 1834, by procla-\\nmation of Governor Porter, the name of the town-\\nship of Dearborn was changed to Bucklin, and by\\nAct of March 26, 1836, it was changed back again\\nto Dearborn.\\nOn March 31, 1833, the township of Greenfield\\nwas formed out of part of the township of Spring-\\nwells. On March 7, 1 834, the township of Canton\\nwas formed out of Plymouth. The township of\\nLivonia was created on March 17, 1835; it had\\nbeen embraced, first in the township of Bucklin. and\\nthen in Nankin. The township of Romulus was\\nformed out of Huron, by Act of the same date.\\nBy law, taking effect April 6, 1835, Buren was\\n[\u00c2\u00ab7]\\nformed out of part of Huron. Sum|3ter was organ-\\nized on April 6, 1840. On February 16, 1S42, apart\\nof Brownstown was attached to Monguagon. On\\nMarch 19, 1845, the name of Romulus was changed\\nto Wayne, and on January 26, 1848, was changed\\nback again to Romulus. Taylor was created out of\\nEcorce, on April i, 1847, and Grosse Pointe out of\\nHamtramck on April i, 1848. On March 3, 1849,\\nGrosse Pointe was increased in size by the addi-\\ntion of territory from Hamtramck. On April 2,\\n1850, Greenfield was enlarged by the addition of\\nterritory from Springwells, and on March 25, 1873,\\nit was diminished by taking from it certain territory-,\\nwhich was added to Springwells. The Acts of 1832\\nand 1 836, enlarging the limits of the city, took cer-\\ntain territory from Hamtramck, a portion of which\\nwas restored in 1842. In 1857 and in 1875 other\\nterritory from Hamtramck was added to Detroit.\\nThe township of SpringAvells contributed a portion\\nof territory to Detroit, by Acts of 1S49, 1857, and\\n1875 ^nd a small portion was also taken from\\nGreenfield and added to Detroit in 1875.\\nIn 1883 the limits of the several townships were\\nas follows\\nBrcnvnstown was bounded on the north by the\\ntown line between Towns 3 and 4 south of R i o E\\non the south by the Huron River; on the east by\\na line nmning south through the centers of Sections\\n2, II, 14, 23, and 26, and thence east on the south\\nline of Sections 26 and 25 to the Detroit River; and\\non the west by the town line between Ranges 9\\nand 10.\\nCanton included all of Town 2 South Range 8\\neast.\\nDearborn was bounded on the north by the town\\nline between Towns 1 and 2 south of Range 10\\neast on the south by the town lines between Towns\\n2 and 3 of Range 10 east on the east by the town\\nline between Ranges 10 and 11 east, the west boun-\\ndaries of Private Claims 670 and 31, and a line there-\\nfrom extending to the river Rouge.\\nEcorce was bounded on the north by the river\\nRouge; on the south by the town line between\\nTowns 3 and 4 south of Ranges 10 and 1 1 on the\\neast by the Detroit River and on the west by the", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "12^\\nDERIVATION OF TOWNSHIP NAMES.\\nwest line of Private Claim 31, and the section line on\\nthe west side of Sections 2, 11, 14, 23, 26, and 35,\\nof Town 3 South Range 10 east.\\nGrossc Point e was bounded on the north by the\\ncounty line on the south and east by Detroit River\\nand Lake St. Clair; on the west by the section line\\non west side of Sections 2 and 1 1 in Town i south\\nof Range 1 2 east, by the north line of Private Claim\\n394 and Connor s Creek, the section line on east side\\nof Section 22, and the west line of Private Claim 725.\\nGreenfield was bounded on the north by the\\ncounty line on the south by a line running east and\\nwest through the center of Sections 4, 5, and 6 in\\nTown 2 of Range 11 east, extending east until it\\nintersects a line drawn parallel with the east line of\\nPrivate Claim 260, and thence east along the rear\\nline of farms to the line of Twelfth Street, in the city\\nof Detroit, and the south line of the Ten-Thousand-\\nAcre Tract to the Pontiac Road on the east by\\nthe town line between Ranges 11 and 12, the north\\nline of the Ten -Thousand -Acre Tract, and the\\nPontiac Road on the west by the town line between\\nRanges i o and 1 1\\nHamtramck was bounded on the north by the\\ncounty line on the south by the Detroit River ;uid\\nthe south line of the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and\\nthe quarter line of Section 28; on the east by the\\nwest boundary of Grosse Pointe and on the west\\nby the east boundary of Greenfield and the city of\\nDetroit.\\nHuron inckuled all of Town 4 south of Range 9\\neast.\\nLivonia included all of Town i south of Range\\n9 east.\\nMonguagon was bounded on the north by the\\ntown line between Towns 3 and 4 on the south by\\nthe south line of Sections 25 and 26 in Town 4\\nsouth, Range 10 east, and included all of Grosse\\nIsle on the east; on the west it was bounded by a\\nline running north and south through the center\\nof Sections 2, II, 14, 23, and 26.\\nNankin included all of Town 2 south of Range 9\\neast.\\nPlymouth included all of Town I south of Range\\n8 east.\\nRedford indutled all of Town i south of Range\\nI o east.\\nRomulus included all of Town 3 south of Range 9\\neast.\\nSpringuiells was bounded on the north by the\\nsouth boundary of Greenfield on the south by the\\nriver Rouge on the east by the east line of Private\\nClaim 78 and on the west by the east boundary of\\nDearborn.\\nSuinpter included all of Town 4 south of Range\\n8 east.\\nTaylor included all of Town 3 south of Range\\n10 east, lying west of the west line of Sections 2,\\n1 1, 14, 23, 26, and 35.\\nI an Durcn included all of Town 3 south of\\nRange 8 east.\\nDERIVATION OF TOWNSHIP NAMES.\\nHamtramck was named in honor of Colonel John\\nF. Hamtramck, first United States commander of\\nDetroit.\\nThe name of Springwells has reference to the\\nnumerous springs which there abound. The early\\nsettlers called this region Belle-fontaine.\\nBrownstown derived its name from Adam Brown,\\nan Englishman, who, when about eight years old,\\nwas captured in Virginia in October, 1764, by the\\nWyandotte Indians, among whom he grew up, be-\\ncoming one of the principal chiefs of the tribe. He\\nlived at, or near, what is now Gibraltar, and had\\ncharge of the archives of the tribe. He was living\\nas late as 1812 or 1813.\\nMonguagon, or Maguagon, was the name of a\\nPotowatamie chief, who lived on the Detroit as early\\nas 1755.\\nPlymouth township was probably named in honor\\nof the first American settlement at Plymouth Rock.\\nEcorce takes its name from the river Ecorce, or\\nBark River, which flows through the township. It\\nwas so called by the French and Indians because of\\nthe birch and other barks procured along its banks.\\nThe name of Huron comes from the old Indian\\ntribe which frequented this region.\\nBucklin was named after William Bucklin, a jus-\\ntice of the peace, and the first white settler in the\\ntownship which bore his name.\\nConcerning the names of Nankin, Pekin, and\\nCanton, the following facts appear in the Legislative\\nJournal. A law of April 12, 1827, prohibited the\\nincorporation of any township having the same\\nname as any post-office then existing in the United\\nStates. The legislative council, ignorant or forget-\\nful of this law, on October 20, 1829, passed an Act\\ncreating the townships of Lima and Richland out of\\nthe township of Bucklin. Governor Cass returned\\nthe bill the ne.xt day, unapproved, for the reason that\\nit conflicted with the law in question. The council\\nthen determined to select names that would dupli-\\ncate no others in America. Thereupon the names of\\nNankin and Pekin were substituted in the bill, and\\nthe townshiijs were duly created. It is a coinci-\\ndence worth noting that in 1829, the year these\\ntownships were named, the first American mission-\\nary started for China. The name of Pekin was\\nchanged to Redford in 1833, but the next year the\\ntownship of Canton was created, the council being\\napparently determined to have two Chinese names.\\nRedford, or Rouge-ford, is probably so called\\nbecause of the fording of the river Rouge, which", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "TOWNSHIP Ol l lCERS.\\nI2g\\nflows through this township, by the Indians when\\non their way from the north to Fort Maiden, to\\nreceive the annual gifts of the Britisli Government.\\nDearborn was named in honor of General Henry\\nDearborn, of the United States Army.\\nThe very name of Greenfield suggests its origin,\\nand its green fields are both beautiful and produc-\\ntive.\\nLivonia, as a township name, is doubtless the\\nresult of an effort to procure a name not duplicated\\nelsewhere in the United .States it is probably named\\nafter one of the western provinces of Russia.\\nRomulus reminds us at once of the founder and\\nking of ancient Rome.\\nVan Buren is named after Martin Van Burcn,\\neighth President of the United States, who was\\nnominated the year the tovvnsliip was created.\\nSumpter, although incorrectly spelled by the addi-\\ntion of the letter/, commemorates the name of the\\nrevolutionary patriot, General Thomas Sumter, one\\nof the independent Southern generals, who, with\\nMarion, did such valiant service.\\nGrosse Pointe is so named because of its size, and\\nits projection into Lake St. Clair.\\nTaylor was named in honor of General Zachary\\nTaylor, twelfth President of the United States, and\\nhero of the Mexican War, which closed the year\\nthe township was organized.\\nTOWNHIIIl OFFICKRS.\\nUnder the Northwest Territory, a law of January\\ni8, 1802, provided for the election in each township,\\non the first Monday in April, of one or more super-\\nvisors, a township clerk, three trustees or managers,\\ntwo or more overseers of the poor, three fence-\\nviewers, two appraisers of houses, one lister of tax-\\nable property, and one or more con.stables. Under\\nMichigan Territory the same offices existed. By\\nlaw of March 30, 1827, town elections were held as\\nbefore, and the following township officers were\\nprovided for a supervisor, town clerk, three or five\\nassessors, a collector, two overseers of the poor,\\nthree commissioners of highways, and as many\\nfence-viewers, constables, and pound-masters as the\\npeople chose to elect. By Revised Statutes of 1838,\\nthe town officers were to consist of a supervisor,\\nclerk, treasurer, three assessors, a collector, three\\nschool inspectors, two directors of poor, three com-\\nMACOMB CO.\\nTownship Mai* of Wavnl: County.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "I ^o\\nTOWNSHIP OFFICERS.\\nmissioners of highways, and such number of justices\\nas the people desired. By Revised Statutes of\\n1846, the officers were the same, except that there\\nwas to be no treasurer or collector, and but two\\nassessors.\\nThe Constitution of 1850 provided for the election,\\non the first Monday of April, of a supervisor, a\\nclerk, a commissioner, and an overseer of highways\\nfor each district, a treasurer, not more than four\\nconstables, and a school inspector, this last office\\nto be filled by the clerk. A law of April 13. 1871,\\nprovided for drain commissioners.\\nThe supervisor is at the head of the township\\ngovernment. He makes the assessment roll, and is\\nallowed $2.00 a day for his services. The town\\nclerk keeps the town records and a register of\\nchattel mortgages; he receives $1.50 a day for the\\ntime employed in his duties. The commissioner of\\nhighways determines the number of road districts,\\nand receives $1.50 a day for time employed. There\\nis an overseer of highways, or path-master, for each\\nroad district he is elected by the people, 7n va voce,\\nthe number of such officers being determined by the\\nnumber of road districts. They serv-e without pay.\\nThe township treasurer collects the town ta.xes, and\\nreceives one per cent on all amounts collected be-\\nfore January i of each year, and four per cent on\\namounts collected after that date. The inspector of\\nschools determines the bounds of school districts,\\nand receives $2.00 per day. A township superin-\\ntendent of schools was provided for by Act of\\nMarch 20, 1875. He inspects the schools, and, with\\nthe inspector, may change the bounds of school dis-\\ntricts. He receives $2.00 a day for time spent in his\\nduties.\\nExcepting those for Detroit, the only names found\\nof supervisors serving prior to 1827 are as follows\\nHamtranick 1818, Henry Connor and John Mel-\\ndrum; i8ig, William Little; 1823, P, Van Every.\\nSpringwells 181 8, Warren Howard 1819, Fran-\\ncis Cicotte 1 82 1, James May.\\nMonguagon: 1 818, Jason Thurston 181 9. A. C.\\nTruax; 1820, B. Rowley; 1822, Artemas Hosmer.\\nThe names of the supervisors of all townships\\nand cities, except Detroit, since 1827 are as follows:\\nHamtramck 1827-1833, C. Moran. 1833-\\n1837, P. Van Every; 1837-1841, Louis Beaufait\\n1841, John Kirby 1842, Louis Beaufait; 1843,\\nAnthony Damito 1844, W. B. Hunt 1845, George\\nMoran 1846, L. Moran 1847. Jed. I C. Emmons;\\n1848, A. Damito 1849- 1862. J i M- Mack 1862-\\n1869, Henry W. Deare 1869-1871, Lawrence W.\\nDalton; 1871, H. W. Deare; 1872-1875, James\\nHolihan 1875, John Keveny; 1876-1883, James\\nA. Visger; 1883- W. C. Mahoney.\\nSpri n r, wells 1827-1 830, Peter Godfrey 1 830,\\nR.A.Forsyth; 1831 -1837, William Woodbridge\\n1 837- 1 840, Peter Godfroy; 1840, George W. Bedell;\\n1841, Peter Godfroy; 1842-1845, Samuel Trudell;\\n1845, William Harsha; 1846, Joseph Baron; 1847-\\n1849, Samuel Medill; 1 849-1 85 1, S. Trudell 1S51-\\n1855, W. W. Irwin; 1855, Bernard Hackett 1856,\\nS. Trudell; 1857-1859, H. Haggerty; 1859, B. M.\\nDavis; 1860-1863. H. Haggerty 1863-1869, Ernest\\nRanspach 1869-1875, H. Haggerty; 1875-1881,\\nConrad Clippert; 18S1-1SS4. L. D. Haggerty; 1884-\\nJ. H. Clixby.\\ni\\\\IONi;uAGON 1827-1829, A. C. Truax; 1829,\\nJames Williams; 1830-1832, Ara Sprague 1832,\\nH. P. Powers; 1833, Henry Raymond; 1834,\\nRichard Smyth; 1835-1838, H. P. Powers; 1838,\\nJohn A. Rucker; 1S39-1842, A. C. Truax; 1842-\\n1844, Thomas Lewis; 1S44, W. J. Alvord 1845,\\nH. Saunders; 1846-1S49, G. B. Slocum 1849, H.\\nGray; 1850, H. Saunders; 1851-1855, J. I. David;\\n1S55, Thomas Lewis; 1856, H. Saunders; 1857-\\n1859. James Campbell 1859, Dallas Norvell 1860-\\n1864, William Ives; 1864-1866, Dallas Nor\\\\^ell\\n1S66, A. Dudgeon 1867, Wm. Ives 1868, C. Ives;\\n1869-1871, John Clee; 1871, James I. David; 1872,\\nAlvin A. Turner; 1873-1875, James H. Vreeland\\n1875-1S77, Daniel Reaume; 1877-1879, William J.\\nDuddleson; 1S79, James H. reeland 1880, W. J.\\nDuddleson; 1881, John Clee 1882-1883- Louis\\nGroh.\\nBrownstown:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1827, Moses Roberts; 1828-\\n1830. .Seth Dunham; 1S30, G. Brown; 1831, D. C.\\nVreeland; 1832, D. Smith 1833-1835, John Forbes\\n1835-1837, Thomas Harryman 1837-1840, John\\nForbes; 1840, John Cook; 1841-1844, Thos. Harry-\\nman; 1844, D. C. X reeland; 1845, H. P. VanCleve;\\n1S46, John Forbes; 1847, Joseph Selden; 1848, J.\\nForbes; 1849, John Cook; 1850, B. F. Knapp;\\n1851, J. L. Near; 1852-1854, George Carson 1854-\\n1857, B. F. Knapp; 1857, J. W. Van Riper; 1858,\\nB. F. Knapp; 1859-1861, J. N. Hitchcock; 1861-\\n1865, John W^ Van Riper; 1865-1868, J. N. Hitch-\\ncock; 1868, B. F. Knapp; 1S69, W. H. Hooper;\\n1870-1875, William Stoflet 1875, John Wood;\\n1 876- 1 878, Samuel T. Hendricks 1878- Wm.\\nF. Stoflet.\\nPlymouth: 1827-1830, William Bartow; 1830,\\nR. Root; 1 83 1, James Purdy 1832-1834, Philo\\nTaylor; 1834, Roswell Root; 1835, I. M. Mead;\\n1836, H. A. Noyes; 1837, Jonathan Shearer; 1838,\\nJames De Mott 1839. Roswell Root; 1840-1842,\\nHenry B. Holbrook 1842-1845, E. J. Penniman\\n1845-1847, H. B. Holbrook; 1847-1849, J. Shearer;\\n1849. H. Fralick; 1850. E. J. Penniman 1851, J. B.\\nCovert; 1852. H. Fralick 1853-1S55. J. S. Tibbetts;\\n1855. G. A. Starkweather; 1856, J. S. Tibbetts; 1857,\\nH.Bradley; 1858-1860, G. A. .Starkweather 1S60-\\n1862, William Tafft; 1862. G. A. Starkweather;\\n1863-1866, Winfield Scott; 1866-1872, Hiram B.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "TOWNSHIP OFFICERS.\\ni;. 1\\nThayer; 1S72, Wintield Scott; 1873-1875, H. B.\\nThayer; 1875-1878, W. Scott 1878, Henry Hurd\\n1S79. W. Scott; 1880-1882, S. J. Springer; 1882,\\nH. B. Thayer; 1883- C. U. Durfee.\\nEcorce: 1827-1829, J. Cicotte; 1829-1S33, D.\\nGoodell; 1833-1836, John Palmer; 1836-1839, Jonas\\nCioodell; 1839. Charles Steward; 1840-1842, Rich-\\nardSutliff; 1842-1846, John ISiddle; 1846, J. isger;\\n1847, J. Goodell; 1848-1856, L. Cicotte; 1S56-1862,\\nE. Visger; 1862-1867, James A. Visger 1867-\\nHyacinthe F. Riopelle.\\nHuron: 1827-1829, Prosper Laurense; 1829,\\nAmos Howe; 1830, A. McNath 1831, J. Craw-\\nford; 1832-1834, E. Bradshaw 1834-1836, John\\nCrowfoot; 1836, S. H. Downs; 1837, Artemas Hos-\\nmer; 1838, E. Bradshaw; 1839, Martin H. Ford;\\n1840, Erastus Priest; 1841, John Crowfoot; 1842,\\nT. J. Downs; 1843-1846, John Crowfoot; 1846-\\n1849, Joseph Evans; 1849- 1852, L. Severance;\\n1852-1854, W. S. Hosmer; 1854-1868, Joseph\\nEvans; 1868-1871, Moses R. Nowland; i87i,Theo.\\nT.Evans; 1872, A. P.Thayer; 1873-1875. G. W.\\nSmith; 1875, Joseph Waltz; 1876, Henry Wager\\n1877-1879, H. L. -Stoflet; 1879, Myron H. Ellis;\\ni88o, H.L. Stoflet; 1 88 1- 1 8S3, M. H. Ellis 1883-\\nJoseph Waltz.\\nBUCKLIN 1827-1830, Marcus Swift.\\nNankin: 1830-1833, Marcus Swift; 1833, G.\\nD. Champ; 1834, Adolphus Brigham; 1835-1838,\\nAmnion Brown; 1838. G. D. Chubb 1839, Marcus\\nSwift; 1840, y. Wightman; 1841, S. P. Cady;\\n1842, M. Swift; 1843, Amnion Brown; 1844-1846,\\nVolney Wightman; 1846, E. Hawley, Jr.; 1847-\\n1850, A. Brown; 1850-1855, W. Edmonds; 1855,\\nD. Walker; 1856, W. Edmonds; 1857-1859, D.\\nWalker; 1859-1861, William Edmonds; 1861, D.\\nStraight; 1862-1864, W. Edmonds; 1864, David\\nWalker; 1865-1868, J. J. Palmer: 1868-1870, Geo.\\nStellwagen 1870-1872, William Edmonds; 1872,\\nSamuel A. Cady; 1873-1875, George Stellwagen;\\n1 875-1 878, John B. Wallace 1 878. Oscar S. Straight\\n1S79-1881. Charles H. Cady; 1S81, William H.\\nHaywood; 1882- C. H. Cady.\\nPekin 1830-1832, C. Ten I^yck; 1832, G. W.\\nFerrington.\\nRedford 1833-1840, G. W. Ferrington 1840-\\n1S42, Hiram Segur; 1842-1845, G. W. Ferrington\\n1S45, A. Stockwell; 1846, P. R. Thompson; 1847-\\n1S49, G. W. Ferrington; 1849, A. Stockwell; 1850,\\nG. W. Ferrington; 1851, D. Walker; 1852-1856,\\nD. Sackett; 1856-1862, Alfred Harris; 1862-1864,\\nDavid Sackett; 1864, Alfred Harris; 1865, J. J. T.\\nZiegler; 1866-1868, J. J. Prindle 1868. William A.\\nSmith; 1869, A. J. Wixom 1870-1872, Jeremiah\\nSheehan; 1872-1874. Alfred Harris; 1874-1876,\\nAnsel B. Pierce; 1876, John M. Lee; 1877, A. S.\\nWoodruff; 1878. Asa H. Wilmarth 1879-1881, H.\\nI. Burgess; 18S1, David Geney 1882- John\\nM. Lee.\\nI:)earborn 1833-1839, C. Ten Eyck 1839,\\nCyrus Howard 1840, Martin V rooman 1 841-1 844,\\nW. G. Porter; 1844, Titus Dort 1845, T. M.\\nSweeney; 1846, Joshua Howard; 1847-1850, Titus\\nDort; 1S50, Cyrus Howard; 1851-1855, H. Wight-\\nman; 1855, T. Dort; 1856-1858, H. Wightman;\\n1858, T. Dort 1859, H. Wightman: 1860-1S62, R.\\nGardner; 1862. T. Dort; 1863-1867, William Daly\\n1867, T. Dort; 1868-1870, William Daly; 1870-\\n1872, Jared A. Se.xton 1872, Charles N. lirainard\\n1873-1876, William Daly; 1876-1878, John Cosbey\\n1878-1881, W. Daly; 1881, Charles N. Brainard\\n1882- W. Daly.\\nGreenfield:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1833, N. P. Thayer; 1S34, John\\nBurbank 1835, Jacob Banager 1836-1838. N. P.\\nThayer; 1838, L.Goodman; 1S39, Isaac W. Fulton;\\nI S40, David Smart 1841, William C. Maples; 1842-\\n1846, John Blindbury; 1846, John C. Williams;\\n1847-1852, A. H. Otis; 1852-1854, J. McFarlane;\\n1854, A. H. Otis; 1855, J. McFarlane; 1856, John\\nStrong; 1857-1864, James McFarlane 1864-1869,\\nPeter Ternes; 1 869-1 871, George F. Pillard 1871,\\nAnthony Ternes; 1872-1878, George F. I^illard\\n1878, Walter Henderson; 1879, William A. McFar-\\nlane; 1880-1882, Walter Henderson; 1882-1884,\\nWilliam A. McFarlane; 1884- W. Henderson.\\nCanton:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1834-1836, James Safford; 1836-1838,\\nA. Y. Murray; 1838-1845, Philander Bird; 1845,\\nA.Stevens; 1846, D. D. Cady; 1847-1852, J. Safford;\\n1852-1856, David Cady; 1856-1861, J. Safford;\\n1861-1873, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; 1873-1878, John\\nHuston, 2d; 1878-18S4, James A. Safford; 1884-\\nH. F. Horner.\\nLivonia: 1835-1839, Adolphus Brigham; 1839-\\n1841, C.C. Leach; 1841, Joshua Bailey; 1842, \\\\V.\\nTuttle; 1843-1845, Luther Dean 1845-1847, C. C.\\nLeach 1847-1850, S. B. Smith 1850-1853. Charles\\nNoble; 1853, A. J. Crosby 1854-1857, C. C. Leach;\\n1857, C. Noble 1858, S. Smith 1859, C. C. Leach\\n1860-1S62. J. S. Tibbetts; 1862. S. B. Smith; 1863\\nCharles Noble; 1864-1867, Alexander Blue 1867,\\nR. L. Alexander; 1868-1870, S. B. Smith 1870-1872,\\nIra J. Bradner; 1872, William H. Smith; 1873-1875,\\nRansom L. Alexander; 1875-1881, William T. Rat-\\ntenbury; 1881-1883, John L. Vrooman 1883, W.\\nB. Ewing; 1884- Abram Stringer.\\nRomulus 1835-1839, D. J. Pullen 1839, Seth\\nMarsh; 1840, N. W. Piillen 1841, H. B. Adams;\\n1842, N. W. Pullen; 1843, John F. Smith 1844-\\n1847. John Carr; 1847, N. W. Pullen 184S, A. P.\\nYoung; 1849, L. Bigelow 1850-1853, G. W.\\nMoore; 1853-1857, A. J. Pullen; 1857-1859. J. C.\\nWinkleman; 1859-1868, A. J. Pullen; 186S,\\nAmbrose P. Young; 1869-1872, Edward Bingle;\\n1 87 2, George Frost; 1873, Hugh Bradburn 874-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "132\\nTOWNSHIP OFFICERS.\\n1877, William Whitacre 1877-1879. Robert C.\\nBird: 1 879-1 881, William Whitacre; 1881. E.\\nBingle 1882- Peter C. Bird.\\nVan Buren 1835 1837, Ebenezer C. Eaton;\\n1837, J. C. Vanijhn; 1838, E. C. Eaton; 1839, Job\\nSmith; 1840-1843, J. C. Vaughn; 1843-1845, Eli\\nBradshaw: 1845-1847, George Jewett 1847, J.\\nBurt; 1848, J. C. X aughn 1849. E. C. Eaton;\\n1850, R. P. Clark; 1851-1855. L. S. Anderson;\\n1855-1865, William E. Warner; 1865. James C.\\nVaughn; 1 866- (868, L. R. Brown; 1868- 1873, C.\\nJ. Barlow; 1S73-1877, W. E.Warner; 1877, Gilbert\\nBrown; 1878, W. E. Warner; 1879-1881, James\\nA. Stevens 1881- Henry Davis.\\nSuiitPTER: 1840-1842, Ira P. Beach; 1842-,\\nRobert Merrill; 1843-1847. M. H. Ford 1847-1849.\\nS. Bennett; 1849. M.H.Ford; 1850-1858, T. P.\\nMartin; 1S58, H. Plumb 1859-1863, T. P. Martin;\\n1863, Murray Sherman; 1864-1871. T. P. Martin\\n1871-1875, Wellington Ellis; 1875-1878, T. P.\\nMartin; 1878. Joseph C. Merrill; 1879, Elias T.\\nIngersoll; 1880. J. Burnap i88t- Charles\\nMerrell.\\nT.wlok:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1847-1849, J ared Se. iton; 1849-1851,\\nPeter Coan 1851-1864, Charles Steward; 1864,\\nG. C. Putnam; 1865-1871, James Evans; 1871,\\nJohn A. Vrooman 1872, James Evans; 1873-\\n1878, J. J. Vrooman 1878- 1880, Peter Boltz 1880,\\nG. P. Coan; 1881-1883, Peter Boltz; 1883-\\nF. A. Schuman.\\nGrd.sse Pointe: 1848, George Moran 1849,\\nDaniel Corby; 1850, George Martin; 1851-1858,\\nR. M. Kirby; 1858, R. H.Connor; 1859, J. Apply;\\n1 860- 1 863, R. M. Kirby; 1 863-1 871, John C.\\nPulcher; 1871-1875, R. m. Kirby; 1875-\\nDavid Trombley.\\nCity of Wy.\\\\ndotte 1870, John Morgan and\\nIsaac Strong; 1871, Leander Ferguson and Charles\\nWilks; 1872, George Manx and Louis Stilzer 1873,\\nGeorge Marx and H. H. Eby 1874, George Marx\\nand James Keusch 1S75, George Marx and Oscar\\nSanborn 1 876, Francis Murphy and Joseph Girardin\\n1877, George Marx and Patrick Fury; 1878, R. W.\\nLeighton and J. J. Thon 1879, R. W. Leighton\\nand J. P. Debo; 1880-1882, R. W. Leighton and\\nR. Mason; 1882, Jer. Drennan and S. D. Hinds;\\n1S83. J. Drennan and S. J. Lawrence; 1884, Charles\\nSchuffart and S. J Lawrence.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII,\\nTHE EARLY EKNMKNT OF DETROIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INCORPORATION AS A TOWN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RULE OF\\nTHE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REVIVAL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.\\nTHE EARLV GOVERNMENT OF DETROIT.\\nThe government and the local affairs of Detroit\\nhave always received attention. Kings, queens, and\\ncardinals, archbishops, ladies of high degree, gov-\\nernor-generals, and generals of the religious orders,\\nall in turn have given heed to matters concerning\\nthe Colony of the Strait.\\nReligious projects, commercial enterprises, grave\\npolitical schemes and court amours were inter-\\nwoven with the management of the post. At\\ndifferent times, patriarchal, military, autocratic, and\\nrepresentative methods have here held sway. De-\\ntails of some of the doings under these different\\nforms of power afford rare items in the history\\nof the past.\\nThe growth and progress of local government\\nunder American rule is shown in the chronological\\ntable of charters and laws. During the French\\nregime, local authority was vested almost exclu-\\nsively in the commandants, lender the later years\\nof English rule, the Court of General Quarter Ses-\\nsions exercised many of the prerogatives appertain-\\ning to recent municipal governments.\\nINCORPORATION.\\nAfter atownshij-) organization was obtained, the\\nsame court that granted it administered the few\\nsimple regulations that the small settlement required.\\nIn January, 1802, a petition of citizens of Detroit\\nwas presented to the Legislature of the Northwest\\nTerritory at Chillicothe, asking for the incorporation\\nof the town. To this end a bill was introduced in\\nthe Assembly by .Solomon Sibley. The Upper\\nHouse or Council proposed various amendments,\\nbut the Assembly would not agree to them. Finally\\na committee of conference was appointed, and as\\nthe result of their deliberations, the bill was passed\\nin its original form on January 18. The Act was to\\ntake effect on the first of February. At the first\\nelection of the corporation, the freedom of the\\ntown was conferred upon Mr. Sibley in recognition\\nof his efforts in behalf of the bill. The /\\\\ct named\\nthe following persons as oflficers, and they were to\\nserve until an election should be held\\nSec Appendi.x U.\\nTru.stees, John Askin, John Dodemead, James\\nHenry, Charles Francis Girardin, and Joseph Cam-\\npau Secretary, Peter Audrain Assessor, Robert\\nAbbott Collector, Jacob Clemens Marshal, Elias\\nWallen.\\nAt the first meeting of the trustees, on February\\n9, 1S02, Messrs. Girardin and Wallen were absent\\nfrom home, James Henry was appointed chairman,\\nand John Dodemead, treasurer. James Peltier was\\nmade messenger of the trustees.\\nThe first election, on May 3, 1802, resulted in the\\nretention of all the old trustees except John Askin,\\nGeorge Meldrum being elected in his stead. The\\nsecretary, assessor, and marshal were continued in\\noffice. William Smith was elected collector he\\nresigned, and the trustees appointed Conrad Seek.\\nThe old chairman and treasurer were reappointed.\\nOn May 2. 1803, the following officers were\\nelected Trustees, Robert Abbott, Charles Curry,\\nJames May. D. W. Scott, E. Brush Secretary, Peter\\nAudrain; Assessor, T. McCrae Collector. John\\nBentley; Marshal, Richard Smyth.\\nJames May was appointed chairman, Robert\\nAbbott treasurer, and Louis Peltier messenger.\\nThe election of May 7, 1804. resulted in the ap-\\npointment of the following officers Trustees,\\nSolomon Sibley, James Abbott, Henry Berthelet,\\nJoseph Wilkinson, Frederick Bates Secretary, Peter\\nAudrain Assessor, John Watson Collector, Peter\\nDesnoyers Marshal, Thomas McCrae.\\nAt a meeting of the tru.stees on May 11. 1804.\\nSolomon Sibley was made chairman, and the former\\ntreasurer and messenger were continued. On\\nAugust 6, 1S04, J. Bte. Piquettc was appointed col-\\nlector in place of Mr. Desnoyers, who was absent,\\nand on December 3, 1 804, John Connor was appointed\\nmarshal in place of T. McCrae, who has left the\\ncountry.\\nThe last officers elected under the Act were\\nchosen on May 6. 1S05. and were as follows: Trus-\\ntees, James Abbott, Dr. William Brown, Dr. Joseph\\nWilkinson, Fred Bates, and John Williams Secre-\\ntary, P. Audrain Assessor, J. Watson Collector,\\nJ. Bte. Piquette Marshal. John Connor. The\\ntrustees were sworn in on May 1 1, and on the same", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "134\\nRULE OF THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES.\\nday appointments were made as follows Joseph\\nWilkinson, chairman James Abbott, treasurer\\nL. Peltier, messenger and John Connor, clerk of\\nmarket and police ofticer.\\nJust one month later the fire of June 1 1 wiped out\\nnot only the town, but the corporation as well, and\\nintroduced the administration of the Governor and\\nJudges.\\nRULE OF THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES.\\nThis title designates a form of government unlike\\nanything afforded by the history of any other place\\nin the United States. An irresponsible and uncon-\\ntrolled autocracy fastened itself upon the people, and\\nfor a long series of years this anomalous government,\\na strange compound of legality and assumption,\\nheld absolute sway, exercising almost unlimited con-\\ntrol over the lands and laws, the persons and\\nproperty, of the to\\\\\\\\-n. A condition of affairs ex-\\nisted, at once so exceptional and so singular, that the\\nrelation of actual facts seeins like a record of feudal\\ntimes. To obtain anything like a clear conception of\\nthose days this article should be read in connection\\nwith the chapters on Legislatures and Laws,\\nPublic Domain and Governor and Judges Plan,\\nSupreme Court of the Territory, Banks and\\nBanking, and Militia.\\nBy a strange conjunction of circumstances, the\\nGovernor and Judges of the Territory, who had\\nbeen appointed January ii, just five months previous\\nto the fire, arrived on the day following that event.\\nThere was but little left in the town for the old\\ntrustees to e.xercise authority upon, and both trustees\\nand people naturally turned for assistance and\\ncounsel to their territorial rulers. The Governor\\nand Judges, having a whole Territory to care for,\\nmight very appropriately have availed themselves of\\nthe services of the officers of the town in the en-\\ndeavor to bring order out of chaos, especially as the\\nvery Act that created the corporation of 1 802 had\\nbeen passed upon and approved by the body that\\nappointed the Governor and Judges, and besides,\\nthere w-ere among the trustees and citizens men who\\nwere the equals of the new territorial officers in\\nlearning and ability, and fully capable of acting in\\nany capacity.\\nGovernor Hull and Judge Woodward, however,\\nseeing an opportunity to obtain increased power and\\npatronage, did not fail to improve it. They passed\\nby all the prominent citizens of Detroit, ignored the\\nofficials and the corporation of 1802, and procured\\nthe passage of the Act of April 21, 1806, which\\ngave to them alone the power to lay out a new town\\nand dispose of the town lands. From this time\\nthey acted in a dual capacity, becoming, in fact, the\\nexecutive officers of the town, as well as of the Ter-\\nritory. That they intended to do away with the\\nold Act of 1802, and control the administration of\\nlocal affairs, is evident from the fact that on Sep-\\ntember 1 3, 1 806, they passed an Act pro-viding for\\nthe incorporation of the city of Detroit, the real aim\\nof which is shown in the letters of John Gentle, pub-\\nlished in the I^ittsburgh Commonwealth. The Act\\nitself, still in existence in the original manuscript\\nsigned by the Governor and Judges, shows that Mr.\\nGentle s statements are true, and that all the power\\nwas really vested in the mayor, and that he was\\nappointed by the governor, -who thus retained the\\nultimate control over the affairs of the city. Mr.\\nGentle says:\\nThis summer the legislative board passed a law incorporating\\nthe town of Detroit into a city. The governor conferred the\\nmayorship on Solomon Sibley, who advertised the citizens to\\nassemble for the purpose of choosing a first and second council,\\nto consist of three members each. Accordingly the following\\npersons were elected: First Council, Stanley Griswold, John\\nHar\\\\ ey, Peter Desnoyers; Second Council, Isaac Jones, John\\nGentle, James Dodemead.\\nA few days after the election, Solomon Sibley relinquished his\\nmayorship, and Elijiih Rrush was appointed by the governor\\nmayor of the city in his stead. Some time in the month of\\nDecember following, the Governor and Judges were committing\\nsome depredations upon the streets of the new town, entirely\\nblocking up one, laying it out in lots, and disposing of them at an\\nenormous price, to the great damage of the adjoining settlers; and\\nremoving another street about fifty feet, on purpose to make the\\nbank form the comer of the two streets, and enlarge the avenue to\\nthe governor s mansion, to the great damage of the principal\\nrange of houses in the new town. These flagrant infractions on\\nthe rights and privileges of the citizens did not fail to attract the\\nattention of the city council. They assembled to examine, for\\nthe first time, the corporation law, and to ascertain the extent of\\ntheir jurisdiction. But how great was their astonishment when\\nthey discovered that the whole of the corporation powers centred\\nin the mayor alone.\\nThat the elections of the councils, was a mere mockery, and an\\ninsult to the understandings of the citizens, will evidently appear\\nby the following extract from the corporation law itself: And be\\nit further enacted, that every Bill, or Act, having passed by a\\nmajority of both chambers, before it becomes a law shall be pre-\\nsented to the mayor, and if not approved by him shall not take\\neffect, or become a law, but shall be returned, with his objections, to\\nthe chamber in which it last passed, there to remain (for here it\\nstopped) in statu ^uo until the day of judgment, without further\\nreconsideration. But they ought to have added a few more\\nwords, to the following effect: Who shall enter the objection at\\nlarge on their journal, and proceed io reconsider it, and if after such\\nreconsideration, two thirds of that chamber shall agree to pass the\\nBill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other\\nchamber, by which it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved\\nof by two thirds of them it shall become a law, etc. Then the\\npower of the two chambers would be complete, and in exact simili-\\ntude with the power vested in every other body corporate in the\\nChristian world. But as the Detroit Corporation Act now stands,\\nof which the foregoing extract is the most important part, I defy\\nthe most enlightened age to produce anything so ridiculously\\nabsurd. By it the mayor is clothed with an absolute negative in\\nall cases whatsoever, and by it the two councils are clothed with\\nabsolute insignificance. They are, if I may be allowed the expres-\\nsion, a body without guts. Instead of having power to open one\\nstreet, and prevent the removal of another, they had not power to\\nopen a hog-pen, or prevent the removal of a hen-roost.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "REVIVAL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.\\n135\\nSo great was the indignation of the people that\\nofficers were elected but once under this corpora-\\ntion, and on February 24, 1809, the law was re-\\npealed. The next act in the farce was the repeal,\\non September 16, iSro, of all laws pertaining to\\nMichigan that had been adopted by the Legislature\\nof the Northwest Territory. This gave the legal\\nfinish to the Act of 1802, and, as had been the case\\nfrom tlie date of the fire, the Governor and Judges\\ncontinued to exercise control over the affairs of the\\ntown. They had lots to sell and lots to give away\\nthey fired salutes, buried the dead, and supported\\nthe paupers.\\nIn an old play, Robin Roughhead is represented\\nas saying, on coming into possession of a fortune,\\nThere sha n t be any widows, for I II marry\\nthem all, nor any orphans, for I 11 father them\\nall and if there had been no objection, the Gov-\\nernor and Judges, seemingly, would have been\\nequally generous. In a word, they acted as almon-\\ners-general, paying out moneys from the Detroit\\nFund without consultation with any man or body\\nof men, and rendering no account therefor. This\\nstate of affairs continued until after the War of\\n1812.\\nREVIVAL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.\\nUnder the governorship of General Cass, an Act\\nof October 24, 1815, restored the control of local\\naffairs to the people. Five trustees were elected on\\nOctober 30 to serve until the first Monday of May,\\n1816, after which date officers were to be elected\\nyearly. The following persons served as trustees:\\n18 1 5, Solomon Sibley, chairman, James Abbott;\\n1S16, George McDougall, chairman, Stephen Mack,\\nA. Edwards, O. W. Miller, Peter Desnoyers, and\\nOliver Williams, the last named in place of Mc-\\nDougall for about two months; 1817, Abraham Ed-\\nwards chairman, S. Mack, Charles Earned, O. W.\\nMiller, Antoine Dequindre; 1818, John R. Williams,\\nchairman, L. Dequindre, Richard Smyth, C. Ten\\nEyck, Joseph Campau; 1819, James McCloskey,\\nchairman, A. Dequindre, Abraham Wendell, James\\nConnor, Thomas Palmer; 1820, James Abbott,\\nchairman, J. McCloskey, P. J. Desnoyers, Thomas\\nRowland, John Hunt; 1821, A. G. Whitney, chair-\\nman, A. E. Wing, Levi Cook, S. Conant, Jacob\\nEilert; 1822, A. G. Whitney, chairman, A. E. Wing,\\nCalvin Baker, Levi Cook, Charles Willcox; 1823, J.\\nAbbott, chairman, Louis Dequindre, H. J. Hunt,\\nJohn P. Sheldon, C. Baker.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV.\\nTHE COMMON COUNCIL OR BOARD OF ALDERMEN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BOARD OF COUNCILMEN.-\\nORDIN AX CES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OFFICL\\\\L YEAR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY SEALS.\\nCOMMON COUNCIL.\\nThe government under the name of The Board\\nof Trustees came to an end. and the Common Coun-\\ncil was created by Act of .Auyjust 5, 1824. The first\\nsession was held on September 21, 1824. The new\\nofficials were evidently determined to have all the\\nlight possible in order to the proper discharge of\\ntheir duties, as the proceedings for September 25\\nshow that the marshal was ordered to |.iurchase\\nfor the use of the council and mayor s court four\\nbrass candlesticks, two pairs of snuffers, ten pounds\\nof sperm candles, and a box for the safe keeping of\\nthe same.\\nThe sessions were held at various places as con-\\nvenience seemed to dictate. sometimes at the store\\nor office of one of the aldermen sometimes at Wood-\\nworth s Hotel and now and then at the old Coun-\\ncil House. When the city came into possession of\\nthe Military Reserve, one of the old buildings, known\\nas Military Hall, located just west of Fort Shelby,\\nw as appropriated, and a session held therein on No-\\nvember 15. 1826. On May i, 1827, a meeting was\\nheld on the banks of the river Savoyard, between\\nGriswold and Cass Streets, for the purpose of ex-\\namining the stream with a view to changing its\\ncourse. On May 18, 1827, a session was held at the\\nmarket on Woodward Avenue, just south of Jeffer-\\nson Avenue. From 1827 to 1834 sessions were held\\nin Militar) Hall, which was newly christened as the\\nCouncil House. On November 19, 1834. it was de-\\ncided to hold sessions in the old Council House, on\\nthe corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street.\\nIn 1835 sessions were held in Williams Block, on\\nthe .southeast corner of JefYerson Avenue and Bates\\nStreet. The City Hall was completed the same\\nyear, and a small room in the first story was used\\nfor the meetings of the council. The old Firemen s\\nHall, on the northwest corner of Earned and Bates\\nStreets, was the next place of meeting. The first\\nsession was held there on December 24, 1 839, in an\\nupper room. In the summer of 1852 the council re-\\nturned to the old City Hall, the upper part of which\\nhad been fitted up for its use. This continued to\\nbe the place of meeting until July iS. 1871, when\\nthe old building was form.allv vacated, and sessions\\nwere thereafter held in the council chamber of the\\nnew City Hall.\\nIn 1825 sessions were held on Monday evening.\\nDuring the cholera season of 1834 sessions were\\nheld twice a day. On April 13, 1S35, it was resolved\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2to meet on Wednesday evening. On August 31,\\n1S36, the time was changed to Tuesday. After\\nAugust 4, 183S, the council for a short time held its\\nsessions at 2 P. M. on Tuesdays. Under Act of\\nApril 5, 1869, the council, on June 8, began holding\\nsessions on Tuesday and Friday evenings of each\\nweek. Act of June 6, 1S81. provided that but one\\nsession a week should thereafter be held, and after\\nthat date sessions were held on Tuesday evening.\\nSpecial meetings can be held on the call of the\\njiresident. though no business can be transacted that\\nis not mentioned in the call.\\nUnder Act of 1824 five aldermen, together with\\nthe mayor and recorder, constituted the council.\\nAn Act of 1827 increased the number of aldermen\\nto seven. Under Act of i S39 two aldermen from\\neach ward, with the mayor and recorder, composed\\nthe fourteen members of the council. In 1848, by\\nthe creation of the seventh ward, two more mem-\\nbers were added. The new eighth ward, in 1849,\\ngave two additional members, and in 1857 the ninth\\nand tenth wards, four more but as the Act of 1857\\nprovided that the mayor and recorder should no\\nlonger sit as members, the council consisted of but\\ntwenty members. In 1873 the twelfth ward added\\ntwo members, and for about two weeks in 1874 two\\nmembers from the then illegally constituted eleventh\\nward sat with the council. In 1875 by the creation\\nof the eleventh and thirteenth wards, four members\\nwere added, increasing the number of members to\\ntwenty-six.\\nOriginally, a majority of all the members, includ-\\ning tlie mayor and recorder, constituted a quorum.\\nL nder Act of 1S39, the presence of the mayor,\\nrecorder, and six aldermen was necessary. By\\nAct of 1848 the mayor, recorder, and five aldermen\\nformed a quorum. By Act of 1851 the mayor\\nand a majority of the aldermen were sufiicient\\nsince 1S57 a majority of all the aldermen constitutes\\na quorum. In case a quorum is lacking, by vote of\\n[\u00e2\u0096\u00a036]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "BOARDS OF ALDERMEN AND COUNCILMEN.\\n137\\na majority of the aldermen present, the president\\nmay send an officer to bring the delinquents to the\\nmeeting.\\nThe hrst rules for the government of the council\\nwere adopted on August 16, 1832, and the present\\nrules are substantially the same. Petitions or docu-\\nments of an\\\\ proper sort may be presented either\\nby the clerk or an alderman. If objection is made,\\nno question invol\\\\-ing the expenditure of money can\\nbe passed upon at the meeting when it is introduced\\nand no member of the council may vote on a ques-\\ntion in witich he is pecuniarily interested. In case\\nof a tie vote, the question is lost. On the demand\\nof one fourth of the number present, or if called for\\nby the chair, the ayes and noes must be taken.\\nIn 1S36 there were five standing committees, viz.,\\non Claims and Accounts, Ways and Means, Streets,\\nHealth, and Fire Department. In 1842 all tlie\\nabove committees were in e.vistence, and also com-\\nmittees on Hydraulic Works, Markets. Printing, and\\nLicenses. In 1849 a Committee on Ta.\\\\es was\\nadded. In 1855 committees were named on Gas-\\nlights, Sewers, Public Buildings, and Parks. In 18S3\\nthere were twenty standing committees, having\\ncharge of such matters as are indicated by their\\nseveral names, which are as follows Ways and\\nMeans, Judiciary, Claims and Accounts, Streets,\\nFire Limits, House of Correction, Public Buildings,\\nSewers, Taxes, Parks, Street Openings, Printing.\\nMarkets, Health, Gaslights, Ordinances, Pounds,\\nLicenses, City Hospital, and Liquor Bonds. The\\ncharter of 1883 designates this body the Board of\\nAldermen.\\nIt possesses a singular sort of authority in its\\npower to sit as a Land Board, a power conferred\\nby Congress in 1842, when the City succeeded\\nto the land trust of the Governor and Judges.\\n(See article on Land Boards.) Since 1852 the pro-\\nceedings of the council have been published yearly\\nin book form; and annually from 1866, with the\\nexception of one or two years, a manual has been\\nissued containing the rules of the council and names\\nof city officers, with various details concerning the\\ncity government.\\nPrior to 1S57, the mayor, or in his absence, the\\nrecorder, presided over the council. Under the\\ncharter of 1857 the council was authorized to elect\\nits own president, and also a president pro toiipori:.\\nIn 1S67 a struggle, lasting from January- 8 to March\\n5, took place over the election of a president. The\\naldermen voted for were H. C. Knight, J. O. Weir,\\nand Paul Gies. The last named was finally chosen.\\nThis contest caused the passage of the Act of Feb-\\nruary 14, 1867, which pro\\\\-ided that when a vacancy\\nexisted in the office of president, the clerk should\\npreside until the office was filled.\\nThe president appoints all standing committees,\\nthe first person chosen on a committee to be chairman.\\nEither of the elected presiding officers may call\\nupon any of the aldermen to act as temporary chair-\\nman. Under Act of 1857, in the absence of the\\nmayor, the president of the council discharges his\\nduties. By law of 1 88 1 and charter of 1883, the\\npresident of the Board of Councilmen. or in his\\nab.sence, the president of the Board of Aldermen,\\nbecomes acting mayor.\\nThe following persons have served as presidents\\n1857, H. A. Morrow; 1858 and 1859, William C.\\nDuncan: i860, Nathaniel P. Jacobs 1861, Jacob S.\\nFarrand 1862 and 1863, Francis B.Phelps; 1S64\\nand 1S65. S. Dow Elwood; 1866. William Brodie\\nlS67and 1S68. Paul Gies; 1869. William S. Bond;\\n1870. William Foxen; 1871, George W. Balch 1872\\n-1875, William H. Langley; 1875, W. G. Thomp-\\nson; 1876, G. W. Hough; 1877, Henry Heames;\\n1878, T. D. Hawley; 1879-1882, Charles Ewers;\\n1882, E. K. Roberts; 1883, J. E. Vincent. Henry\\nKlei; 1S84, W. E. Moloney.\\nBO.ARn OF COUNCILMEN.\\nThis body, originally called the City Council, was\\ncreated by Act of April 12, 1881. The act pro-\\nvided for the election of twelve persons from the\\ncity at large. The first twelve members, chosen in\\nNovember, 1 881, were elected in groups of three for\\nterms of one, two, three, and four years, and three\\nmembers were to be elected yearly thereafter for\\nterms of four years each. This body was originally\\nsupposed to possess the powers formerly exercised by\\nthe I5oard of Estimates, and all proceedings relating\\nto the levying of taxes, the expenditure of money, or\\nthe incurring of liabilities of any sort, were required\\nto have its approval. By the revised charter of\\n1 883 the Board of Councilmen has only equal power\\nwith the Board of Aldermen in so far as matters of\\ntaxation and legislation are concerned, but they\\nalone, on the nomination of the mayor, confirm a\\nmajority of the leading officers of the city and mem-\\nbers of the several boards. Resolutions of any\\nkind may originate in either board. Both bodies\\nare required to meet in joint ses.sion when the annual\\nreport of the mayor is made, and they may unite at\\nother times.\\nA majority of the councilmen constitutes a quorum.\\nThe rules are much the same as those of the\\nBoard of Aldermen, and the standing committees\\nare the same, except that this body has no commit-\\ntees on Fire Limits, Licenses, or Liquor Bonds, and\\nhas committees on Franchises and Privileges, on\\nRules, and on Joint Resolutions, which the other\\nboard does not have. Weekly sessions are held on\\nFriday evening.\\nThe City Council held its first meeting on January\\n10, 18S2, and organized by electing as president A.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "138\\nORDINANCES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OFFICIAL YEAR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY SEALS.\\nH. Raynor; he was re-elected in 1S83. In 1884\\nHenry D. Barnard was elected president. His\\ndeath occurred soon after, and he w as succeeded by\\nTheodore Rentz. The names and terms of the first\\nmembers were as follows For one year, A. H.\\nRaynor, A. M. Henry, S. A. Plummer for two years,\\nJ. T. Lowry, S. G. Caskey, H. R. Newberry for\\nthree years, S. C. Watson, John McGregot, Thomas\\nBerry for four years, F. W. Swift, H. D. Barnard,\\nS. B. Grummond. The members elected in 1882\\nwere A. H. Raynor, M. H. Chamberlain, and Theo-\\ndore Rentz. The members elected for regular terms\\nin 18S3 were Morse Stewart, Jr., Ralph Phelps, Jr.,\\nand Henry E. Champion, and at a special election on\\nDecember 27, 1883. August Goebel was elected\\nfor two years, in place of S. B. Grummond resigned.\\nORDlNANCE,S.\\nThe Act of 1802 gave the trustees power to\\nordain rules for the government of the town, but\\ntheir ordinances were to be submitted to the voters\\nat the annual meeting, and if disapproved were\\nthereafter to be null and void. A provision for the\\nsubmission of ordinances to the people was also\\ncontained in the Act of 1815. Under thi.s provision,\\nat the annual election in May, 1820, an ordinance\\nconcerning hogs running at large was voted out of\\nexistence, and in the following year one in regard to\\nfires, passed five years before, was repealed because\\nunequal and oppressive.\\nThe by-laws and ordinances were first printed in\\n1825. On February 13, 1826, the marshal was\\ndirected to leave one copy at every hou.se, where\\nthe owner or occupant has not already been fur-\\nnished.\\nIn 1813 the council rules required ever\\\\- ordinance\\nto be read three times before being finally voted on,\\nand an ordinance could be read but once at the same\\nsession, unless by special vote. The first and second\\nreadings are usually by title only, and all ordinances\\nare required to be approved by both councilmen and\\naldermen. In addition to the ordinances printed in\\npamphlet form in 1825, revisions in book form were\\nissued in 1831, 1836, 1842, 1855, 1863, 1871, and\\n1878.\\nOFFICIAL YEAR.\\nUnder the Acts of 1802 and 181 5 the trustees\\nwere to qualify within ten days after the first Mon-\\nday of May. By Act of 1824 aldermen were to\\nqualify within fifteen days after the first Monday of\\nApril, and by Act of 1839 their term of office began\\nas soon after the first Monday in March as they\\ntook the requisite oath. An Act of 1855 provided\\nthat the official year should begin on the second\\nTuesday in February-. By Act of 1857 the second\\nTuesday in January was fixed upon as the time for\\nthe first session of the new council. In so far as\\nelected officers are concerned, their terms still begin\\nat that time, but since 1879 the terms of officers\\nappointed by the council, except members of the\\nseveral commissions, begin on the first day of July.\\nCITY SEALS.\\nThe first seal of the city was adopted on January\\n3, 181 5. Thomas Rowland was then secretary.\\nThe records of the Board of Trustees show the fol-\\nlowing\\nUntil a corporate seal shall be procured, the secretary of the\\nBoard of Trustees shall use and apply his private seal, which is\\nhereby adopted and made the seal of the corporation of Detroit.\\nThe next seal of the city was also a private one.\\nbelonging to John R. Williams, the mayor. It was\\ntemporarily adopted on September 23, 1824, and was\\ndescribed as being made of red carnelian set in gold,\\noctagonal in form, and about one inch in diameter.\\nIn the center was engraved a shield with three\\nfleurs de lis underneath the shield was the motto,\\nLa justice nion devoir, and over it the letters J.\\nR. W.\\nThe third seal adopted was likewise private prop-\\nerty. The official proceedings of the Common\\nCouncil for May 10, 1826, contain this record\\nResoh cd^ that a watch-seal belonging to Mayor Hunt be, and\\nthe same is hereby adopted as a temporary seal of the city of\\nDetroit, to be used until a permanent seal shall be procured. Said\\nseal consists of a topaz set in gold, on which are engraved the\\ninitial letters H. J. H.\\nThe fourth seal belonged to Jonathan Kearsley,\\nand the Common Council Proceedings for November\\n13, 1826, show the adoption of the following:\\nResolved, that a brass seal, belonging to the Recorder of this\\ncity, and bearing the initial letters J. K., be and the same is\\nhereby adopted as the seal of the city until a permanent seal shall\\nbe procured.\\nThe fifth and present seal was sketched by J. O.\\nLewis, for which service he was paid five dollars.\\nThe following history of this seal is taken from the\\nCouncil Records for March 26, 1827:\\nSeal of ntt Ci\\nUjiicV size.)", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "CITY SEALS.\\n139\\nThe Mayor presented to the Common Council a seal procured\\nby him from Mr. William Wagner, of York, Pennsylvania, in pur-\\nsuance of a resolution passed on the fifteenth day of January last,\\nwhereupon it was\\nResoh edy that the same seal be adopted, and shall hereafter be\\nand remain the permanent seal of the city of Detroit; and that\\nthe following be recorded as the description of the same, to wit\\nThe permanent seal of the city of Detroit is composed of molten\\nbrass, one inch and nine tenths of an inch in diameter, and six\\ntenths of an inch in thickness, bearing this inscription in a circle\\naround the edge City of Detroit, Michigan. Within the circle\\nin the foreground are represented two female figures, the one\\nweeping over a city in flames, and the other pointing to another\\ncity in a growing state; both of which are represented in the dis-\\ntance, on opposite sides of the circle. Over the whole, in a\\ncircular form, is inscribed the words, Speramus meliora, and\\nbeneath, in a like circular form, the words, Resurget cineribus.\\nThis significant device commemorates the fire of\\nJune ir, 1805, at which time Detroit was consumed.\\nOur substantial public buildings, costly stores, and\\nelegant residences indicate the fulfilment of the pro-\\nphetic inscriptions. It may be truthfully said of\\nDetroit, It has risen from the ashes and We\\nhope for better things.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV.\\nMAYOR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY CLERK.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY ATTORXKV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY COUNSELOR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY HISTORIOG-\\nRAPHER: DUTIES OF EACH OFFICIAL AND NAMES OF THE INCUMBENTS.\\nMAYOR.\\nAs shown in the history of the rule of tlie Gover-\\nnor and Judges, two persons, Solomon Sibley and\\nElijah Brush, were appointed mayors under the Act\\nof 1806. Practically, however, the office has existed\\nonly since the charter of 1824. Originally the\\nmayor presided at meetings of the council and over\\nthe sessions of the mayor s court, which took cog-\\nnizance of all violations of the city ordinances he\\nserved witliout pay. The charter of 1857 provided\\nthat he should have a yearly salary of \u00c2\u00a71,200; it al.so\\nabolished the ijiayor s court, and provided that the\\nmayor should no longer sit in the council. The\\nmayor nominates the members of the Board of\\nPublic Works, and of the Water, Fire, Health,\\nPark, and Poor; Commissions, the city counselor,\\nthe comptroller, the receiver of ta.xes, the assessors,\\nand the inspectors of the House of Correction\\nby virtue of his olhce, he is also one of the com-\\nmissioners of the Sinking Fund. All licen.ses,\\nfor ordinary business, or for theaters or exhi-\\nbitions, are issued only on his order. He also\\npasses upon all proceedings of the council, having\\nthe power of vetoing any resolution which he\\ndisapproves. He is elected for terms of two\\nyears. The following persons have served as\\nmayors: 1824 and 1825, John R. Williams; 1826,\\nHenry J. Hunt 1827 and 1828, John Biddle 1829,\\nJonathan Kearsley; 1830, John R. Williams; 1831,\\n.Marshall Chapin 1832, Levi Cook; 1833, Marshall\\nChapin 1 834, C. C. Trowbridge, Andrew Mack\\n1835 and 1836, Levi Cook; 1837, Henry Howard;\\n1838, Augustus S. Porter, Asher B. Bates; 1839,\\nDe Garnio Jones; 1840 and 1841, Zina Pitcher;\\n1842, Douglas Houghton 1843, Zina Pitcher; 1844-\\n1847, John R. Williams; 1847, James A. an\\nDyke; 1S48, Frederick Buhl; 1849, Charles How-\\nard; 1850, John Ladue; 1851, Zachariah Chandler;\\n1852 and 1853, John H. Harmon; 1854, Oliver M.\\nHyde; 1855, Henry Ledyard 1856 and 1857, O. M.\\nHyde; 1858 and 1859, John Patton i860 and 1861,\\nChristian H. Buhl; 1862 and 1863, William C. Dun-\\ncan; 1864 and 1865. K. C. Barker; 1866 and 1867,\\nMerrill I. Mills; 1868-1872, William W. Whea-\\nlon, 1872-1S76, Hugh Moffat; 1876 and 1877,\\nAlexander Lewis; 1878 and 1879, George C. Lang-\\ndon; 1880-1884. William G. Thompson; 1884,\\n.Stephen B. Grummond.\\nCITY CLERK.\\nFrom 1815-1824 the clerk of the Board of\\nTrustees was styled the secretary, and the office was\\nfilled as follows: 1815-1S20, Thomas Rowland;\\n1820, George McDougall, J. D. Doty; 1821 -1824,\\nJ. V. R. Ten Eyck.\\nThe charter of 1824 created the title, and provided\\nfor the appointment by the council, of a city clerk.\\nAn Act of 1849 made the office elective. The\\nterm of office is two years. It is the duty of the\\nclerk to make a full record of the proceedings and\\nresolutions of both boards, and to present it to\\nthe mayor for his approval or dissent within\\nforty-eight hours after every meeting, also to at-\\ntend to the publication of all notices required to be\\npublished. He is the custodian of the official publi-\\ncations of the city, and administers the oath of office\\nto all incumbents. At the beginning of each oHicial\\nyear it is his duty to call the Boards of Aldermen\\nand Councilmen to order, and to preside ox-er the\\nmeetings and all subsequent sessions until presi-\\ndents are elected. He has charge of all the ballot-\\nboxes, blanks, and books required at any election,\\nsupplying the same to the prf)per persons keeps the\\nlist of house numbers established by the city engi-\\nneer is the depository of all chattel mortgages, and\\nkeeps a record of the same. The bonds and reports\\nof all city officers are filed in his office. In 1832 the\\nsalary was $1 50 a year; in 1836 it had increased to\\n\u00c2\u00a7500; in 1883 the salary was \u00c2\u00a72,500. The office of\\ndeputy clerk has existed since March 6, 1857. The\\nfollowing persons have served as city clerks: 1824-\\n1828, V.Spalding; 1828-1831, John J. Deming; 1831\\nand 1832, John L. Whiting; 1833 and 1S34, John\\nWinder; 1835, Felix Hinchman; 1836- 1 841, George\\nByrd; 1 841-1844, C. F. Davis; 1 844- 18 50, R. E.\\nRoberts; 1850 and 1851, Jer. Van Rensselaer and\\nA. T. Hall; 1852. D. Munger; 1853, H. S. Roberts;\\n1854-1858, Richard Starkey; 1858 and 1859, F. W.\\nHughes; 1S60, R. C. .Smith; 1861, H. A. Lacey;\\n1 862- 1 866, F. Pramstaller; 1S66-1872, H. Starkey;\\n[140]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "CITY ATTORNEY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY COUNSELOR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY HISTORIOC^.RAI HER.\\n141\\n1S72-1878, C. H. Borgman; 1878- 1882, Louis Dill-\\nman; 1SS2- Alex. A. Saenger.\\nClIY ATTORNEY.\\nThe office of city attorney existed in 1825, but\\nwas not created by ordinance until March 8. 1837.\\nAppointments were originally made by the council.\\nSince Act of February 21,1 849, attorneys ha\\\\ e been\\nelected every two years. The attorney drafts all\\nproposed ordinances, gives legal opinions on all sub-\\njects referred to him by the council, and is expected\\nto attend its sessions. When directed to do so by\\nthe Common Council, he attends to suits instituted\\nagainst or by the city. The salary in 1883 was\\n\u00c2\u00a72,500. Since 1876 there has been an assistant city\\nattorney, who is appointed by the coimcil. The city\\nattorneys have been as follows: 1825, H. S. Cole;\\n1826-1829, E. Farnsworth; 1829, C)-prian Stevens;\\n1S30-1832, E. Farnsworth; 1832 and 1833, A. I).\\nFraser; 1834, J. M. Howard; 1835, A. B. Bates;\\n1836, J. A. VanDyke; 1837, A. W. Buel; 1838 and\\n1839, J. A. VanDyke; 1840-1843, C. O Fljmn; 1843,\\nE. Taylor; 1844 and 1845, E. Harbaugh; 1846,\\nW. A. Howard; 1847,0. B. Duffield; 1848 and\\n1849, W. A. Cook; 1S50, William Gray; 185 1, A.\\nMandell; 1852 and 1853, J. B. Witherell; 1854-1857,\\nJ. Knox Gavin; 1857-1860, J. L. Chipman i860\\nand 1 861. William J. Speed; 1862 and 1863, T. M.\\nMcEntee; 1864-1868, Thomas H. Hartwell; 1868-\\n1872, James J. Brown; 1872-1876, Frank G. Rus-\\nsell; 1 876-1 880, William C. Maybury; 1880 and\\n1881, F. G. Russell; 1882- J. B. Corliss.\\nCITY COUNSELOR.\\nThe office of city counselor was created by Act\\nof March 12, 1861. Appointments are made by the\\ncouncil, on nomination of the mayor, for terms of\\nthree years. The counselor is required to attend all\\nsessions of the council. His duties are chieHy ad-\\nvisory, the intent of the office being to insure greater\\nlegal certainty in city proceedings, and to this end\\nthe attorney and counselor are supposed to co-\\noperate. In all suits in which the city is interested,\\nbrought in the Circuit Court of Wayne County, the\\nSupreme Court of Michigan, or the United States\\nCourt, the counselor appears in behalf of the city.\\nThe salary in 1S83 was $2,000. The following have\\nserved as city counselors 1 863- 1 870, William Gray;\\n1870-1872, J. P. Whittemore; 1872-1878, D. C.\\nHolbrook; 1S78-1881, F. A. Baker; 1881- H.\\nM. Duffield.\\nCITY HISTORIOGRAPHER.\\nThe origin of the office of historiographer is as\\nfollows: On .September 6, 1842, a petition for its\\ncreation, signed by Z. Pitcher and others, was pre-\\nsented to the council. The petition was referred to\\nthe recorder and city attorney, and on January 24,\\n1843, an ordinance establishing the office was\\nadopted. On January 31 Colonel Henry Whiting\\nwas appointed historiographer, but being soon after\\nordered to another post, on June 6 he was succeeded\\nby H. N. Walker. Mr. Walker gathered together\\nseveral valuable documents, which were subse-\\nquently placed in the collection of the State Histori-\\ncal Society; he held the office only a few years,\\nother duties claiming his time. In 1855 B. F. H.\\nWitherell was appointed, and ser\\\\-ed until his death\\nin 1867. The office was then \\\\-acant until 1876,\\nwhen Levi Bishop received the appointment. His\\ndeath occurred in December, 1881, and on January\\n3, 1882, Silas Farmer was appointed to fill the\\nvacancy. The office is purely honorar)-. The duties\\nconsist in gathering and preser\\\\-ing books, docu-\\nments, and historic material pertaining to the city of\\nDetroit.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVI.\\nALDERMEN THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES.\\nThis office was first named in the Act of August\\n5, 1824, which provided for five aldermen, to be\\nelected from the city at large. The number was\\nincreased to seven by Act of April 12, 1827. No\\nward aldermen were elected until April 15, 1S39,\\nwhen, at a special election, two were chosen from\\neach of the six wards created that year, one to serve\\ntwo years and the other one year. The inspectors\\nof election determined by lot which should serve for\\none year and which for two years. In all wards\\nsince created two aldermen have been provided for,\\nand at all yeanJy elections an alderman for each ward\\nis chosen for a term of two years. Under the charter\\nof 1824 two aldermen were selected, from time to\\ntime, to preside with the mayor over the mayor s\\ncourt. By Act of April 13, 1841, one alderman\\ncould hold a session of the court. These duties\\nceased after the recorder s court was established.\\nThe charter of 1857 provided that the aldermen\\nthen in office should continue to serve until January,\\n1858, and provision was made for the election, in\\nNovember, 1857, of two aldermen from each ward,\\none of whom was to serve for one year only. In\\n1 881, when an entirely new division of wards was\\nmade, the Common Council was authorized to\\nassign the aldermen who had been elected the\\nprevious year to the several new wards. Under Act\\nof June 6, 1 881, no person could be elected a mem-\\nber of the Common Council unless he was a free-\\nholder. The charter of 1883 made no such provision.\\nOn April 8, 1837, a committee was appointed to\\ninquire into the propriety and expediency of paying\\nfor the services of the mayor, recorder, and alder-\\nmen. That committee did not report, and the alder-\\nmen were apparently content to serve without pay,\\nuntil May 13, 1S57. On that date a series of single\\nresolutions, offered by various aldermen, provided\\nthat the chairman of each committee should receive\\n$300 a year, and as each alderman was chairman of\\na committee, all, on the approval of these resolu-\\ntions, would have received compensation. Mayor\\nHyde disapproved of this action, and for ten years\\nlonger no salary was attached to the office of alder-\\nman. Finally an Act of March 28, 1867, authorized\\nthe payment of a sum, not to exceed one dollar and\\nfifty cents, for attendance on each regular session\\nbut under ordinance of October 20, 1870, no alder-\\nman can receive pay unless he is present during the\\nentire session, or is excused from attendance. Pay-\\nment was made from the general fund until 1873,\\nand since then from the contingent fund. By law of\\n1 88 1 the sum ol three dollars is now paid for each\\nregular session attended. No alderman can hold\\nany other city office, or any county or legislative\\noffice except that of notary public. Since Act of\\nApril 8, 1851, all of the aldermen, as representatives\\nof the city, have been members of the Board of\\nSupenasors. The following persons have served as\\naldermen where the names of more than two per-\\nsons to a ward appear in any year, it is because\\ndeath or resignation brouglit in a third person for\\npart of the year\\nylldcniu-n at Large.\\n1824, Shubael Conant, Melvin Dorr, Orville Cook,\\nDavid C. McKinstry, Peter J. Desnoyers 1825, O.\\nCook, D. C. McKinstry, R. A. Forsyth, Thomas\\nRowland, William Woodbridge 1826, Antoine\\nDequindre, Marshall Chapin, D. C. McKinstry,\\nThomas Palmer, Obed Waite 1827, P. J. Des-\\nnoyers, De Garmo Jones, M. Chapin, Thomas\\nPalmer, Jerry Dean; 1828, H. .M. Campbell, J. P.\\nSheldon, John Mullett, Levi Cook, John Farrar,\\nCharles Jackson, Jerry Dean, Obed Waite 1829,\\nThomas Palmer, B. Campau, H. M. Campbell, H.\\nV. Disbrow, Peter Desnoyers, John D. Cray, R.\\nGillett, M. Chapin, E. Brooks; 1830, P. J. Des-\\nnoyers, De Garmo Jones, B. B. Kercheval, T. S.\\nWendell, T. Palmer, Stephen C. Henry, John\\nPalmer; 1831, O. Newberry, Elliot Gray, John\\nl^almer, David French, J. Farrar, George A. O Keefe,\\nAlonzo Merrill 1 832, H. V. Disbrow, T. S. Knapp,\\nA. C. Caniff, Walter L. Newberry, John Hale, John\\nRoberts, Thomas Rowland; 1833, C. C. Trow-\\nbridge, John Garrison, T. Palmer, H. Newberry,\\nHenry Howard, Charles Moran, James Williams\\n1834, Enoch Jones, Julius Eldred, Stevens T.Mason,\\nJob F. Howland, Henry Howard, T. S. Wendell, C.\\nMoran, T. S. Knapp, T.Williams; i835,T. Palmer,\\nA. C. Caniff, O. Newberry, N. T. Ludden, D. Cooper,\\nT. Williams, Julius Eldred; 1836, D. Cooper, J.\\nEldred, J. Farrar, Thomas Palmer, O. Newberry,\\nJohn Owen, D. Lamson; 1837. John McDonnell, C.\\nMoran, James Hanmer, George B. Martin, John\\nLh=", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "ALDERMEN THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES.\\n143\\nScott, Harlow Beardslee, Thomas Chase; 1838, P.\\nJ. Desnoyers. De Garmo Jones, P. E. De Mill, A.\\nHanshorn, J. M. Mead, Nathaniel Prouty, H. B.\\nLathrop.\\nJVard Aldermen.\\n1839, First Ward: G. C. Bates, H. H. LeRoy.\\nSecond Ward C. Hurlbut, John Palmer. Third\\nWard A. T. McRejTiolds, J. J. Garrison. Fourth\\nWard, P. Desnoyers, C. Moran. Fifth Ward C.\\nM. Bull, A. H. Stowell, G. Paidl. Si.xth Ward:\\nJames Stewart, W. F. Chittenden.\\n1840, First Ward: A. Ewers, H. H. LeRoy.\\nSecond Ward C. Hurlbut, J. Palmer. Third\\nWard F. Cicotte, J. J. Garrison. Fourth W ard\\nA. Gruenlich. C. Moran. Fifth Ward: D. W.\\nFiske, G. Paull. Si.xth Ward J. V. Ruehle, W. F.\\nChittenden.\\n1841, First Ward: J. Moors, A. Ewers. Second\\nWard C. Hurlbut, P. J. Desnoyers. Third Ward\\nM. Gooding, F. Cicotte. Fourth Ward C. Moran,\\nM. L. Gage. Fifth Ward: J. H. Bagg, D. W.\\nFiske. Sixth Ward W. F. Chittenden, J. V.\\nRuehle.\\n1842, First Ward A. C. Caniff, J. Moors. Sec-\\nond Ward: J. Scott, J. Abbott, W. W. Dalton.\\nThird Ward A. Ten Eyck, M. Gooding. Fourth\\nWard G. M. Rich, C. Moran. Fifth Ward\\nTobias Lowe, J. H. Bagg. Sixth Ward S. W.\\nHiggins, H. R. Andrews.\\n1843, First Ward O. B. Dibble, A. C. Caniff.\\nSecond Ward B. Woodworth, N. Tomlinson.\\nThird Ward: J. A. an Dyke, A. Ten Eyck.\\nFourth Ward C. Moran, C. OTlynn. Fifth Ward\\nW. E. Stearns, A. S. Williams. Sixth Ward\\nJames Stewart, H. R. Andrews.\\n1844, First Ward J. Owen, O. B. Dibble. Sec-\\nond Ward B. Woodworth, X. Tomlinson. Third\\nWard E. Chapoton, J. A. Van Dyke. Fourth\\nWard P. Desnoyers, C. Moran. Fifth Ward O.\\nM. Hyde, W. e Stearns. Sixth Ward: H. R.\\nAndrews, J. Stewart.\\n1845, First Ward: F. Buhl, J. Owen. Second\\nWard: B. Woodworth, C. R. Desnoyers. Third\\nWard B. Wight, E. Chapoton. Fourth Ward\\nC. Moran, P. Desnoyers. Fifth Ward B. B. Moore,\\nO. M. Hyde. Sixth Ward W. Barclay, J. Scott.\\n1846, First Ward F. Buhl, M. Stevens. Second\\nWard: C. R. Desnoyers, W. Duncan. Third\\nWard B. Wight, Theo. Williams. Fourth Ward\\nC. Moran, N. Greusel, Jr. Fifth Ward: B. B.\\nMoore, C. C. Jackson. Sixth Ward W. Barclay,\\nL. Baldwin.\\n1847, First Ward G. C. Bates, Marcus Stevens.\\nSecond Ward J. H. Harmon, William Duncan.\\nThird Ward: William Burnell, Theo. Williams.\\nFourth Ward: G. R. Griswold, N. (Jreusel, Jr.\\nFifth Ward 0. ^L Hyde, C. C. Jackson. Sixth\\nWard W. F. Chittenden, L. Baldwin.\\n1848, First Ward: G. W. Howe, G. C. Bates.\\nSecond Ward W. Duncan, M. P. Hutchins. Third\\nWard Abram Tuttle, William Burnell. Fourth\\n_Ward B. Wight, S. B. Morse. Fifth Ward John\\nNorton, O. M. Hyde. Sixth Ward James Stewart,\\nLyman Baldwin. Seventh Ward F. E. Eldred,\\nW. A. Bacon.\\n1849, First Ward; A. Ives, G. W. Howe. Sec-\\nond Ward W. R. Noyes, William Duncan. Third\\nWard John Patton, Abram Tuttle. Fourth Ward:\\nH. Ledyard, B. Wight. Fifth Ward J. P. Whit-\\ning, John Norton. Si.xth Ward John Hull. J.\\nStewart. Seventh Ward: F. E. Eldred, R. C.\\nSmith. Eighth Ward A. T. Hall, A. Marsh.\\n1850, First Ward: J. L. Carew, A. Ives. Second\\nWard: C. H. Buhl. W. R. Noyes, Jr. Third\\nWard N. Tomlinson, J. Patton. Fourth Ward J.\\nM. Davis, H. Ledyard. Fifth Ward .A. H. Stowell.\\nJ. P. Whiting. Sixth Ward J. Stewart, John Hull.\\nSeventh Ward: Ezekiel McDonald, R. C. Smith.\\nEighth Ward A. Marsh, L. C. Fletcher.\\n1851, First Ward: C. W. Jackson, A. Ives. Sec-\\nond Ward: J. A. Slaymaker, C. H. Buhl. Third\\nWard J. McRe Tiolds, J. Hoek. Fourth Ward\\nS. G. Wight, J. Cornfield, Geo. Miller. Fifth\\nWard: E. Shepard, A. H. Stowell. Si.xth Ward:\\nS. B. Morse, J. Stewart. Seventh Ward: R. C.\\nSmith, E. McDonald. Eighth Ward L. C. Fletcher,\\nA. Marsh.\\n1852, First Ward C. W. Jackson, J. B. Clark.\\nSecond Ward J. A. Slaymaker, W. F. Chittenden.\\nThird Ward J. McReynolds, George Foote. Fourth\\nWard: S. G. Wight, A. T. Ladue. Fifth Ward:\\nE. Shepard, A. H. Stowell. Si.xth Ward: S. B.\\nMorse, D. Riopelle. Seventh Ward R. C. Smith,\\nE. Doyle. Eighth Ward: L. C. Fletcher, G. B.\\nAver)\\n1853, First Ward: John Gibson, James Collins.\\nSecond Ward W. F. Chittenden, W. H. Craig.\\nThird Ward G. Foote, John Patton Fourth\\nWard: A. Ladue, E. Lyon. Fifth Ward: A. H.\\nStowell. J. Hull. Sixth Ward: D. Riopelle, W.\\nBarclay. Seventh Ward E. Doyle, P. Fischer.\\nEighth Ward G. B. Avery, S. Martin.\\n1854, First Ward: James Collins, W. C. Duncan.\\nSecond Ward: Wm. H. Craig, E. A. Lansing.\\nThird Ward: John Patton, I. W. IngersoU. Fourth\\nWard: Edward Lyon, Isaac Finehart. Fifth Ward:\\nJohn Hull, H. H. LeRoy. Sixth Ward: William\\nBarclay, W. W. Wilcox. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle,\\nWilliam Fischer. Eighth Ward: Stephen Martin,\\nFrancis Mayhew.\\n1855, First Ward: W. C. Duncan, .-Mbert Marsh.\\nSecond Ward: E. A. Lansing, W. H. Craig. Third\\nWard: I. W. IngersoU, Anthony Dudgeon. Foiuih", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "144\\nALDERMEN: THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES.\\nWard: Isaac Finehart. 11. H. Thompson. Fifth\\nWard: H. H. LeRov. R. \\\\V. King. Sixth Ward:\\nA. Sheley. W. W. wili:.,x. Seventh Ward: E.\\nDiiyle, R. Reaume. Eighth Ward: Mayhew,\\nStephen Martin.\\n1856-1857, First Ward W. C. Duncan, A. Marsh.\\nSecond Ward, George Niles, W. H. Craig. Third\\nWard: E. V. Cicotte, Joseph Hoel Fourth Ward:\\nE. N. Lacroix, B. H. Thompson. Fifth Ward: Wm.\\nGibbings, R. W. King. Sixth Ward: W. Dyson,\\nA. Sheley. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle, R. Reaume.\\nEighth Ward; S. Martin, P. Gallaglier.\\n1858, First Ward; W. C. Duncan, G. O. Williams.\\nSecond Ward: George Niles, W. H. Craig. Third\\nWard; E. V. Cicotte, Henry Miller. Fourth Ward:\\nE. N. Lacroix, Solomon Wesley. Fifth Ward; Wm.\\nGibbings, A. S. Bagg. Sixth Ward: William Dyson,\\nJ. D. Fairbanks. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle, G. Mil-\\nler. Eighth Ward; H. Gordon, P. Gallagher. Ninth\\nWard; W. L. Woodbridge, Henry Wilson. Tenth\\nWard: H. Zender, Theo. Campau.\\n1859, First Ward; G. O. Williams, N. P. Jacobs.\\nSecond Ward: W. H. Craig, William Hale. Third\\nWard; Henry Miller, T. Williams. Fourth Ward:\\nA. Dudgeon, A. Barlage. Fifth Ward; A. S. Bagg,\\nWm. Gibbings. Si.xth Ward; J. D. Fairbanks, M.\\nFlanigan. Seventh Ward: George Miller, John\\nMarx. Eighth Ward; Henry Gordon, N. Truckey.\\nNinth Ward; Wm. L. Woodbridge. J. W. Sutton.\\nTenth Ward: Henry Zender, H. H. Swinscoe.\\ni860. First Ward; N. P. Jacobs, George Foote.\\nSecond Ward; William Hale, E. LeFavour. Third\\nWard; T. Williams, J. J. liagley. Fourth Ward:\\nA. Barlage, F. B. Phelps. Fifth Ward; Wm. Gib-\\nbings, J. S. Farrand. Sixth Ward; M. Flanigan,\\nStephen B. Morse. Seventh Ward: J. Marx, Frank-\\nlin M. Wing. Eighth Ward: N. Truckey, P. M.\\nPhillips. Ninth Ward; J. W. Sutton, H. T. Backus.\\nTenth Ward; H. H. Swinscoe. George W. Olewine.\\n1861, First Ward; G. Foote, Joseph Godfrey.\\nSecond Ward E. Le Favour, M. Howard Webster.\\nThird Ward J. J. Bagley, T. Williams. Fourth\\nWard; F. B. Phelps, J. C. D. Williams. Fifth\\nWard J. S. Farrand, H. H. LeRoy. Si.xth Ward:\\nS. B. Morse, James Shearer. Seventh Ward F. M.\\nWing, Joseph Cook. Eighth Ward P. M. Phillips,\\nWilliam Purcell. Ninth Ward H. T. Backus, John\\nFord. Tenth Ward G. W. Olewine, F. C. St.\\nAubin.\\n1S62. First Ward; Joseph Godfrey, George S.\\nFrost. Second Ward M. H. Webster, E. Le Fa-\\nvour. Third Ward Theodore Williams, Joseph\\nHoek. Fourth Ward J. C. D. Williams, F. B.\\nPhelps. Fifth Ward H. H. LeRoy. J. S. Farrand.\\nSixth Ward James Shearer, A. Lingeman.\\nSeventh Ward J. Cook, George Miller. Eighth\\nWard William Purcell, Patrick Gallagher. Ninth\\nWard J. Ford, Wm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward F. C.\\nSt. Aubin, Paul Gies.\\n1863, First Ward: George S. Frost, K. C. Bar-\\nker. Second Ward: E. Le Favour, P. McGinni:..\\nThird Ward J. Hoek, F. H. Cicotte. Fourth\\nWard; F. B. Phelps, John C. Gorton. Fifth\\nWard J. S. Farrand, Joseph Granger. Sixth\\nWard A. Lingeman, Benjamin F. Hyde. Seventh\\nWard: .S. Dow Elwood, Jas. McGonegal. Eighth\\nWard: P. Gallagher, William Purcell. Ninth\\nWard Wm. S. Bond, F. E. Eldred. Tenth Ward\\nPaul Gies, Milton Frost.\\n1864, First Ward: Peter J. Ralph, N. W. Brooks.\\nSecond Ward P. McCiinnis, David Thompson.\\nThird Ward; F. H. Cicotte, John T. Meldrum.\\nFourth Ward J. C. Gorton, James D. Weir. Fifth\\nWard Wm. Cahoon, Henry C. Knight. Sixth\\nWard; B. F. Hyde, A. Sheley. Seventh Ward:\\nJas. McGonegal, S. D. Elwood. Eighth Ward\\nWilliam Purcell, P. Gallagher. Ninth Ward Clem-\\nent Lafferty, Wm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward: M.\\nFrost, P. Gies.\\n1S65, First Ward: N. W. Brooks, Wm. Brodie.\\nSecond Ward; P. McGinnis, A. T. Campau. Third\\nWard: J. T. Meldrum, Joseph Hoek. Fourth\\nWard Jas. D. Weir, M. W. Field. Fifth Ward\\nH. C. Knight, Robt. McGinnity. Si.\\\\th Ward;\\nA. Sheley, George C. Codd. Seventh Ward: S. D.\\nElwood, Jas. McGonegal. Eighth Ward P. Gal-\\nlaglier, Wm. Purcell. Ninth Ward Wm. S. Bond,\\nPeter Henkel. Tenth Ward Paul Gies, F. C. St.\\nAubin.\\n1 866, First Ward: Wm. Brodie, Geo. F. Bagley.\\nSecond Ward A. T. Campau, Alex. Copland.\\nThird Ward Joseph Hoek, Wm. B. Howe. Fourth\\nWard; M. W. Field, J. D. Weir. Fifth Ward: R.\\nMcGinnity, H. C. Knight. Si.xth Ward G. C.\\nCodd, James D. Allison. Seventh Ward J. Mc-\\nGonegal, Enos Lebot. Eighth Ward Wm. Purcell,\\nJohn Considine. Ninth Ward Peter Henkel, A.\\nH. Schmittdiel. Tenth Ward; F. C. St. Aubin,\\nPaul Gies.\\n1867, First Ward G. F. Bagley, Wm. Stewart.\\nSecond Ward A. W. Copland, W. H. Langley.\\nThird Ward W. B. Howe, Christian Melius.\\nFourth Ward J. D. Weir, Frank Kremer. Fifth\\nWard Wm. Phelps, Walter H. Coots. Sixth Ward\\nJas. D. Allison, G. C. Codd. Seventh Ward: Enos\\nLebot. Frederick Ruehle. Eighth Ward John\\nConsidine, Wm. Purcell. Ninth Ward A. H.\\nSchmittdiel, Eugene Laible. Tenth Ward Paul\\nGies, G. W. Olewine.\\n1868, First Ward Wm. Stewart, Francis Adams.\\nSecond Ward W. H. Langley, A. H. Emery.\\nThird Ward C. Melius, Wm! B. Howe. Fourth\\nWard F. Kremer, Richard Havvley. Fifth Ward.\\nW. H. Coots, Wm. Phelps. Si.xth Ward: G. C.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "ALDERMEN: THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES.\\n145\\nCodd, Philip Kling. Seventh Ward: F. Ruehle,\\nFrank Blum. Eighth Ward W. Purcell, J. Consi-\\ndine. Ninth Ward W. S. Bond, E. Laible, T. F.\\nHughes. Tenth Ward G. W. Olewine, Paul Gies.\\n1869, First Ward Aaron W. Tyrrell, Francis\\nAdams. Second Ward W. H. Langley, Augustus\\nH. Emery. Third Ward C. Melius, Wm. B. Howe.\\nFourth Ward Frank Kremer. Thos. Henderson.\\nFifth Ward W. H. Coots, Wm. Phelps. Sixth\\nWard G. C. Codd, Philip Kling. Seventh Ward\\nF. Ruehle, Frank Blum. Eighth Ward Timothy\\nMahoney, J. Considine. Ninth Ward: Peter Hill,\\nWm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward David Knapp, Julian\\nWilliams.\\n1S70, First Ward Aaron W. Tyrrell, Wm. Foxen.\\nSecond Ward Wm. H. Langley, Cieo. W. Balch.\\nThird Ward C. Melius, Wm. Wilmot. Fourth\\nWard Frank Kremer, Thos. Henderson. Fifth\\nWard W. H. Coots, A. S. Bagg. Sixth Ward\\nG. C. Codd, J. D. Allison. Seventh Ward: F.\\nRuehle, Elijah Smith. Eighth Ward Timothy\\nMahoney, Dennis Dullea. Ninth Ward Peter\\nHill, Geo. Sutherland. Tenth Ward J. Williams,\\nW. H. Ba.\\\\ter.\\n1 87 1, First Ward W. Fo.xen, F. Adams. Second\\nWard: G. W. Balch, W. H. Langley. Third\\nWard Wm. Wilmot, Charles M. Welch. Fourth\\nWard T. Henderson. Joseph Kuhn. Fifth Ward\\nA. S. Bagg, Simeon Folsom. Sixth Ward J. D.\\nAllison, M. P. Christian. .Seventh Ward E. Smith,\\nFrederick Fulda. Eighth Ward D. Dullea, T.\\nMahoney. Ninth Ward: G. Sutherland, P. Hill.\\nTenth Ward W. H. Baxter, Arthur O Keefe.\\n1872, First Ward: F. Adams, Smith R. Wooley.\\nSecond Ward W. H. Langley, G. F. Hinchman.\\nThird Ward C. M. Welch, James Flowers. Fourth\\nWard J. Kuhn, Wm. Lichtenberg. Fifth Ward\\nS. Folsom, David Preston. Si.xth Ward M. P.\\nChristian, Philo Parsons. Seventh Ward F. Fulda.\\nF. Ruehle. Eighth Ward T. Mahoney, D. Dullea.\\nNinth Ward P. Hill, James Daly. Tenth ard\\nA. O Keefe, Chas. Stange.\\n1873, First Ward: S. R. Wooley, Albert Bots-\\nford. Second Ward: G. F. Hinchman, W. H.\\nLangley. Third Ward: J. Flowers, C. M. Welch.\\nFourth Ward: W. Lichtenberg, Chas. M. Garrison.\\nFifth Ward: D. Preston, G. Grelling. Sixth Ward:\\nP. Parsons, M. P. Christian. Seventh Ward: F.\\nRueRle, M. Broeg. Eighth Ward: D. Dullea, D.\\nShanahan. Ninth Ward: James Daly, Geo. W.\\nHough. Tenth Ward: C. Stange, A. O Keefe.\\n1874, First Ward: A. Botsford, J. B. Hinchman.\\nSecond Ward: W. H. Langley, John Horn. Third\\nWard: C. M. Welch, Wm. G. Thompson. Fourth\\nWard: Chas. M. Garrison, J. B. Schmittdiel. Fifth\\nWard: G. Grelling, W. H. Coots. Sixth Ward: M.\\nP. Christian, Jacob Guthard. Seventh Ward: M.\\nBroeg, W. A. Owen. Eighth Ward: D. Shanahan,\\nJohn D. Finnegan. Ninth Ward: Geo. W. Hough,\\nJ. Daly. Tenth Ward: A. O Keefe, W. H. Ba.xter.\\nEleventh Ward: Jas. Holihan (two weeks), R. S.\\nDillon (two weeks). Twelfth Ward: Anthony\\nGrosfield, Henry Heames.\\n1875, First Ward: J. B. Hinchman, Geo. Wilkes.\\nSecond Ward: John Horn, Jr., John Schmitt. Third\\nWard: Wm. G. Thompson, J. A. Kurtz. Fourth\\nWard: J. B. Schmittdiel, Chas. C. Blodgett. Fifth\\nWard George Dunlap, Seymour Finney. Sixth\\nWard: Jacob Guthard. M. P. Christian. Seventh\\nWard: W. A. Owen, Paul Gies. Eighth Ward: J.\\nD. Finnegan, D. Shanahan. Ninth Ward: James\\nDaly, G. W. Hough. Tenth Ward: W. H. Baxter,\\nJohn P. Rowland. Twelfth Ward: H. Heames,\\nGeorge Dorr.\\n1876, First Ward: George Wilkes, Robert A.\\nLiggett. Second Ward J. Schmitt. Lewis B. Clark,\\nChas. Ewers. Third Ward Jos. A. Kurtz, Thos.\\nJackson. Fourth Ward: C. C. Blodgett, Jas. L\\nMitchell. Fifth Ward S. Finney, G. Dunlap. Sixth\\nWard M. P. Christian, J. Guthard. Seventh\\nWard P. Gies, W. A. Owen. Eighth Ward D.\\nShanahan. J. D. Finnegan. Ninth Ward G. W.\\nHough, Michael Haller. Tenth Ward J. P. Row-\\nland. Geo. W. Herrick. Twelfth Ward Geo. Dorr,\\nHenry Heames.\\n1877, First Ward: R. A. Ligg ett, T. D. Hawley.\\nSecond Ward Chas. Ewers, J. Schmitt, Third\\nWard Thos. Jackson, J. A. Kurtz. Fourth Ward:\\nJ. I. Mitchell, August Schulte. Fifth Ward Geo.\\nDunlap, Seymour Finney. Sixth Ward J. Guthard,\\nStephen K. Taft. Seventh Ward W. A. Owen, J.\\nC. Jacob. Eighth Ward J. D. Finnegan, John\\nMonaghan. Ninth Ward M. Haller, J. B. Moore.\\nTenth Ward: G. W. Herrick, Jas. D. Weir.\\nEleventh Ward N. Senninger, J. Lingeman.\\nTwelfth Ward H. Heames, G. Dorr. Thirteenth\\nWard Bernard Youngblood, S. C. Karrer.\\n1878, First Ward T. D. Hawley, Geo. A. Foster.\\nSecond Ward John Schmitt, Chas. Ewers. Third\\nWard: J. A. Kurtz, T. Jackson. Fourth Ward:\\nAbel R. Torrey, J. I. Mitchell. Fifth Ward S.\\nFinney, F. G. Russell. Sixth Ward: S. K. Taft,\\nJas. B. Lauder. Seventh Ward J. C. Jacob, Chas.\\nM. Rousseau. Eighth Ward J. Monaghan, Daniel\\nGuiney. Ninth Ward: J. B. Moore, M. Haller.\\nTenth Ward J. D. Weir, G. W. Herrick. Eleventh\\nWard N. Senninger, John B. Ryan. Twelfth\\nWard G. Dorr, Henry Gross. Thirteenth Ward\\nB. Youngblood, H. Klei, S. C. Karrer.\\n1879, First Ward: George A. Foster, P. J. Ralph.\\nSecond Ward: Charles Ewers, Thomas Manning.\\nThird Ward Thomas Jackson, Wm. Boydell.\\nFourth Ward A. H. Raynor, J. I. Mitchell. Fifth\\nWard F. G. Russell, S. Finnev. Sixth Ward W.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "146\\nALDERMEN: THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES.\\nE. Warriner, W. H. Connor. Seventh Ward: C.\\nM. Rousseau, J. C. Jacob. Eighth Ward D.\\nGuiney, J. Monaghan. Ninth Ward M. Haller, T.\\nJ. Griffin. Tenth Ward G. W. Herrick, G. H.\\nChene. Eleventh Ward J. B. Ryan, Francis Alter.\\nTwelfth Ward H. Gross, M. Daly. Thirteenth\\nWard Paul Gies, S. C. Karrer.\\n1880, First Ward P. J. Ralph, George A. Foster.\\nSecond Ward: Thos. Manning. Charles Ewers.\\nThird Ward: Wm. Boydell, M. V. Borgman.\\nFourth Ward A. H. Raynor, H. D. Barnard.\\nFifth Ward: S. Finney, J. E. Vincent. Si.xth\\nWard \\\\V. H. Connor, W. E. Warriner. Seventh\\nWard J. C. Jacob, Henry Heck. Eighth Ward\\nJ. Monaghan, D. Guiney. Ninth Ward T. J.\\nGriffin, M. Haller.- Tenth Ward: G. H. Chene,\\nW. E. Todd. Eleventh Ward F. Alter, Joseph\\nLingeman. Twelfth Ward M. Daly, Geo. Dorr.\\nThirteenth Ward Paul Gies, Henry Klei.\\n1 88 1, First Ward: G. A. Foster, C. W. Coolidge.\\nSecond Ward C. Ewers, T. Manning. Third\\nWard M. V. Borgman, Thos. Jackson. Fourth\\nWard H. D. Barnard. Fifth Ward J. E. Vincent,\\nS. Finney. Si.Kth Ward W. E. Warriner, E. K.\\nRoberts. Seventh Ward H. Heck, W. A. Owen.\\nEighth Ward: D. Guiney, P. Shanahan. Ninth\\nWard: M. Haller, Chas. Appelt. Tenth Ward:\\nW. E. Todd, H. JVIerdian. Eleventh Ward J.\\nLingeman, E. W. Simpson. Twelfth Ward Geo.\\nDorr, Alfred E. Hamlin. Thirteenth Ward: Henry\\nKlei, John Kessler.\\n1882, First Ward: W. E. Warriner. A.Grant.\\nSecond Ward: Seymour Finney, J. E. Vincent.\\nThird Ward E. W. Simpson, J. B. Book. Fourth\\nWard C. W. Coolidge, J. W. Fales Fifth Ward\\nW. A. Owen, A. Ruotf. Si.xth Ward P. Shanahan,\\nJ. Falvey. Seventh Ward Thomas Manning,\\nHenry Heck. Eighth Ward E. K. Roberts, W.\\nE. Moloney. Ninth Ward H. Merdian, Paul\\nGies. Tenth Ward Chas. Appelt, George Dorr.\\nEleventh Ward Thos. Jackson, Henry Klei.\\nTwelfth Ward Alfred E. Hamlin, Wm. H. Taylor.\\nThirteenth Ward John Kessler, A. Lemmer.\\n1S83. First Ward Wm. E. Warriner, Thomas\\nFairbairn. Second Ward G. A. Cliase, Seymour\\nFinney. Third Ward James B. Book, F.\\nWettlaufer, Edward Sweeney. Fourth Ward\\nJames W. Fales, C. W. Coolidge. Fifth Ward\\nAugustus Ruoff, Thomas Beggs. Sixth Ward\\nJeremiah Falvey, P. Shanahan. Seventh Ward\\nHenry Heck. Augustus Kaiser. Eighth Ward Wm.\\nE. Moloney. John L. Warren. Ninth Vi ard Paul\\nGies, Joseph Nagel. Tenth Ward George Dorr,\\nA. G. Kronberg, Chas. Appelt. Eleventh Ward\\nHenry Klei, Henry Merdian. Twelfth Ward Wm.\\nH. Taylor, Geo. W. Loonier. Thirteenth Ward\\nAugust Lemmer, John Kessler.\\nI SS4, First Ward Thomas Fairbairn, Thomas\\nJackson. Second Ward Seymour Finney, George\\nA. Chase. Third Ward Edward Sweeney, Levi\\nA. Wilco.x. Fourth Ward Peter J. Ralph, John W.\\nWestcott. Fifth Ward Thomas Beggs, Francis\\nAlter. Sixth Ward John Kelley, Jeremiah Falvey.\\nSeventh Ward: Augustus Kaiser, Henry Heck.\\nEighth W\\\\-ird John L. Warren, Wm. E.- Moloney.\\nNinth Ward: Joseph Nagel, Paul Gies. Tenth\\nWard Charles Appelt. Louis B. Littlefield. Eleventh\\nWard Henr)- Merdian, Charles J. Wieser. Twelfth\\nWard Geo. W. Loonier, Bernard O Reilly. Thir-\\nteenth Ward John Kessler, August Lemmer.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVII,\\nTHE WARDS: TIIKIR KSTAliLlSHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\nFour wards were created by ordinance of May\\n14, 1825, for the sole purpose of forming districts\\nfor the fire wardens. A fifth ward was created\\non September 23, 1835 but none of these divisions\\nwere wards in the sense in which the word is now\\nused, neither did they include all of the city.\\nThe first real division of the city into wards was\\nby Act of March 27, 1839. The boundaries then\\ndefined would now be described as follows First\\nWard, all between Shelby Street and east line of\\nForsyth Farm, and south of Michigan Avenue to\\nthe river. Second Ward, all between liandolph and\\nShelby Streets, and south of Monroe and Michigan\\nAvenues to the river. Third Ward, all between\\nRandolph and St. Antoine Streets, and south of Cro-\\nghan Street to the river. An ordinance of March\\n17, 1857, added to the Third Ward the territory be-\\ntween St. Antoine, Randolph, Croghan, and Gratiot\\nStreets. By Act of 1839 the Fourth Ward em-\\nbraced all south of the Gratiot Road to the river,\\nand between St. Antoine Street and the east line of\\nthe Witherell Farm. By Act of February 15, 1842,\\nthe Witherell Farm was thrown outside of the city,\\nand Dequindre Street became the east boundary of\\nthe Fourth Ward. Six years later Rivard Street be-\\ncame the east boundary under the Act of January\\n25, 1848, which created the Seventh Ward. The\\nFifth Ward, by Act of 1839, embraced the territory\\nbetween Woodward Avenue and the west line of the\\nJones Farm, and north of Michigan A_venue to the\\ncity limits; an ordinance of [December 12, 1875,\\nadded to it that part of the addition to the city limits\\nmade by Act of May 3, 1875, which lay north of and\\nbetween an extension of the east and west boun-\\ndaries of the ward. As established in 1S39, the\\nSi.xth Ward embraced all east of Woodward .Avenue,\\nand was bounded on the south as follows On Mon-\\nroe Avenue to Croghan Street, along Croghan to St.\\nAntoine Street, up St. Antoine to Gratiot Road, and\\nalong Gratiot Road to the east line of the city.\\nThe Act of February 15, 1842, which put the With-\\nerell Farm back into the township of Hamtamck,\\nafter it had been for si.K years a part of the city,\\nmade Dequindre Street the east line of the Si.xth\\nWard, thus reducing the ward in size it was further\\ncontracted by ordinance of March 17, 1857, which\\nadded to the Third Ward the portion bounded by\\nt\\nSt. Antoine, Randolph, Croghan, and Gratiot\\nStreets. By ordinance of December 17, 1875, which\\ncreated the Eleventh Ward, the Sixth Ward was\\nshorn of all the territory l nng east of St. Antoine\\nStreet except that portion of the block bounded by\\nSt. Antoine, Hastings, Montcalm, and High Streets,\\nlying west of an alley running north and south\\nthrough said block; this jog in the boundary was\\nmade because at that time one of the aldermen of\\nthe Sixth Ward lived in the block indicated, and it\\nwas desired to retain him in the ward. An or-\\ndinance of April 7, 1880, remedied this break in the\\nward line by making St. Antoine Street the east\\nboundary of the Sixth, and the west boundary of\\nthe Eleventh Ward. Ordinance of December 23,\\n1875, added to the Sixth Ward all that part of the\\naddition to the city limits of that year that an ex-\\ntension in straight lines of the east and west boun-\\ndaries of the ward would include.\\nThe Seventh Ward, created by Act of January 25,\\n1848, included all of the city south of Gratiot\\n.A\\\\enue to the river, and between Rivard and De-\\nquindre Streets. The Eighth Ward was created by\\nAct of February 20, 1849. and included all of the\\nForsyth, Labrosse, and Baker Farms added to the\\ncity by the same Act. An ordinance of December\\n23, 1875, added to the Eighth Ward such portion of\\nthe addition to the city limits as would fall within\\nits east and west boundary lines extended north-\\nwards to the city line. The Ninth Ward was created\\nby Act of February 12, 1857, and embraced all the\\nterritory west of the east line of the Woodbridge\\nFarm, east of the west line of the Porter Farm, and\\nsouth of the Detroit Milwaukee and Grand\\nTrunk Railroad tracks to the river. An ordinance\\nof May 30, 1873, created the Twelfth Ward, and\\nmade Seventeen-and-a-half and Eighteenth Streets\\nits west boundary. It was slightly enlarged by the\\nordinance of December 21. 1875, which added to it\\nsuch of the territory added to the city in that year as\\nan extension in a straight line, northerly to the city\\nlimits, of its eastern and western boundaries would\\ninclude. The Tenth Ward, created at the same time\\nas the Ninth, included all the new territory on the\\neast side of the city, and embraced all east of De-\\nquindre Street, west of Mt. Elliott Avenue, and\\nnorth of the river. An ordinance of December 1 7,\\nI47l", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "148\\nTHE WARDS: THEIR ESTABLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES.\\n1875, which divided it, and created the Thirteenth\\nWard, defined its north boundary as follows\\nCatherine Street east to Elmwood Avenue, up Elm-\\nwood Avenue to German Street, and thence east to\\nMt. Elliott Avenue. By ordinance of December 23,\\n1875, all of the territory added to the city that year\\nthat an extension of the east and west boundaries of\\nthe Tenth Ward in straight lines would include was\\nadded to the ward. An Act of .\\\\pril 29, 1873, an-\\nnexed part of Grosse Pointe and Hamtramck to the\\ncity, and defined the annexed territory as the\\nEleventh Ward, but the Supreme Court pronounced\\nthe Act unconstitutional, as it interfered with the\\npolitical rights of voters. The failure of this Act\\nexplains why the Twelfth Ward existed two years\\nbefore the Eleventh Ward. The Eleventh Ward\\nwas definitely created by an ordinance of December\\n17, 1875, which took effect October i, 1876. It\\nincluded all east of St. Antoine Street, except the\\npiece of land noted in connection with boundaries\\nof the Si.xth Ward, and all west of Dequindre and\\nnorth of Gratiot Street to the city liiTUts. The ordi-\\nnance of April 7, 1S80, corrected the broken ward-\\nline, making St. Antoine Street the west boundary.\\nThe Twelfth Ward was created by ordinance of\\nMay 30, 1873. It embraced all west of Seventeen-\\nand-a-half and Eighteenth Streets and east of west\\nline of Porter Farm, and extended from the river to\\nthe city limits. By ordinance of December 21, 1875,\\nsuch part of the territory added to the city that year\\nas an extension of its east and west boundary lines\\nin straight lines to the new city limits would include\\nwas added to the ward. The Thirteenth Ward\\nwas created by ordinance of December 17, 1S75,\\ntaking effect October i, 1876. It included that part\\nof the city lying east of Dequindre Street and west\\nof Mt. Elliott Avenue. It was bounded on the\\nsouth by Catherine Street to Elmwood Avenue,\\nthence on Elmwood Avenue to German Street, and\\neast on German Street to Mt. Elliott Avenue.\\nThe authority to divide and create wards was\\nformerly vested solely in the Legislature, but on\\nApril 17, i87i,a charter amendment gave this pre-\\nrogative to the city. The coimcil, however, was\\nloath to e.xercise this power, and up to 1881 there\\nwas great inequality in the area and the population\\nof the wards. Several of those lying along the\\nriver, in the southern part of the city, were con-\\ntrolled almost entirely by those who had least at\\nstake in the government of the city. These facts\\nled to the radical changes in boundaries made by\\nAct of the Legislature on May 5. 1881. Under this\\nAct all the wards were made to extend from the\\nnorthern limits of the city to the river.\\nIn the new arrangement, each ward includes a\\nportion of the residence, manufacturing, and river\\ndistricts. Much greater equality in valuation of the\\nwards and character of the population is secured,\\nand streets, instead of farm lines, have become the\\ndi\\\\ ision lines of all the wards. The change is of\\ngreat value in apportioning voters and assessing\\nproperty. The boundaries, as established by Act\\nof 1 88 1, are as follows\\nFirst Ward Between Woodward Avenue and\\nBeaubien Street.\\nSecond Ward All that part of the city bounded\\n(in the east by Woodward .A. venue and on the west\\nby First Street, from the Detroit River to Grand\\nRiver Avenue, up Grand River Avenue to Second\\nStreet, and along Second Street to the city limits.\\nThird W.\\\\rd All between Beaubien and Has-\\ntings Streets.\\nFourth Ward All between the west boundary\\nline of the Second Ward and Crawford Street, from\\nthe city limits to Grand River Avenue, down Grand\\nRiver Avenue to Fifth Street, and down Fifth\\nStreet to the Detroit River.\\nFifth Ward: All between Hastings and Rus-\\nsell Streets.\\nSixth Ward All between the west boundary\\nof the Fourth Ward and Trumbull Avenue.\\nSeventh W.\\\\rd All between Russell and\\nDequindre Streets.\\nEighth W.\\\\rd All between Wabash and\\nTrumbull Avenues.\\nNinth W.\\\\RD All between Dequindre and\\nChene Streets.\\nTenth Ward All between the west line of\\nTwentieth Street and Wabash venue.\\nEleventh W.ard All between Chene Street\\nand McDougall Avenue.\\nTwelfth Ward All lying west of the west\\nline of Twentieth Street.\\nThirteenph W.A.RD All lying east of Mc-\\nDougall Avenue extended on the south to the\\nDetroit River and on the north to the city limits,\\nand also the parcel of land known as Belle Isle.\\nIn all cases whefethe streets are not open to the\\nriver or extended to the northern limits of the city,\\nthe ward lines are where the lines of the streets\\nwould be if opened or extended.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X X \\\\M I I\\nFRENCH AND ENGLISH TAXATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TERRITORIAL TAXES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE AND COUNTY\\nTAXES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UNITED STATES TAXES.\\nFRENCH AN D ENGLISH TAXATION.\\nUnder French rule the inhabitants of Detroit\\npaid to the receiver of the domain, as rent to the\\nCrown, an annual tax of from one to two sols per\\nfoot front. The English commandants required the\\noccupants of farms adjoining the town to support\\nthe troops and to furnish at first one cord of wood,\\nand then two cords, for each acre of frontage on the\\nriver. In 1 762 the tax on the inhabitants within the\\nfort amounted to one hundred and eighty-four\\npounds, thirteen shillings, four pence; two years\\nlater it was one hundred and fifty-eight pounds. New\\nYork currency. In 1768 a tax of one shilling per\\nfoot front for lots in the fort, and ten shillings per\\nacre for the farms adjoining, was ordered to be\\npaid this would have yielded about four thousand\\npounds. New York currency. The inhabitants pro-\\ntested against this tax as exorbitant, and asked to\\nhave the work done by commissioners, whom they\\nagreed to pay. The indications are that their plan\\nwas adopted.\\nTERRITORIAL TAXES.\\nUnder the Northwest Territory, by law of August\\nI, 1792, the Court of Common Pleas appointed\\nannually a commissioner of land tax, with collectors\\nfor each district. Act of December 19, 1799, trans-\\nferred the appointment of these officers to the Court\\nof Quarter Sessions, who were required to lay off\\nthe districts. All the lands in each district were to\\nbe divided by the commissioners into three classes,\\nthe first grade to pay eighty-five cents, the second\\nsixty cents, and the third twenty-five cents on each\\nhundred acres.\\nDetroit was in the district or township of Sargent,\\nand the following copy of an old French letter,\\nfound among the archives of the county, shows\\nthat delinquent tax-payers are not a modern insti-\\ntution\\nRiver Raisin, 13th August, 1799.\\nMonsieur F. I. Eellecour,\\nI have received orders from you to appear at the fort to-morrow\\nto render my account of Taxes.\\nI have to announce to you that it is impossible for me to quit.\\nMy harvest at tills moment is being ravaged by blackbirds. The\\npeople don t pay, not having any money, and I can t very well\\ncompel them. Do you know what you have to do, it is to send\\nyour orders so as to give more force, so as to constrain them to\\npay.\\nI am your humble ser\\\\ ant,\\nHIS\\nJoseph X Menard.\\nMARK\\nCoUsctor for district 0/ Sargent.\\nThe fort was then the most prominent object in\\nthe place, and going to the fort was the cus-\\ntomary phrase of people going to the town. M.\\nBellecour was e\\\\idently collector of the land tax.\\nEtienne Dubois, who ser\\\\-ed in i8or, is the only\\nother person known to have acted in this capacity.\\nThe following officers were appointed in March,\\n1801 lister of lands for Detroit and Huron dis-\\ntricts, A. Dequindre; appraisers of houses for town-\\nship of Detroit, Joseph Thibeaut and Gabriel God-\\nfroy; collector of territorial tax, Elias Wallen. On\\nJune 13, 1 801, Frangois Pequise was appointed to\\ntake the enumeration of persons and property for\\nDetroit township, and on June 7. 1S03, T. McCrae\\nand Gabriel Godfroy were appointed assessors and\\nappraisers for Detroit. On December, 1803, they\\nwere succeeded by Joseph Thibeaut and Joseph\\nCampau. Under Michigan Territory, a law of Sep-\\ntember 10, 1805, imposed taxes as follows: On\\nevery coach, chariot, phaeton, chair, calash, chaise\\nor other riding carriage, one dollar for every wheel\\nand on every sleigh, carriole, or other conveyance\\nfor riding in winter, two dollars, one half thereof\\nto become due upon the first day of April in every\\nyear, to be collected by the Marshal. The law also\\ndeclared that every male inhabitant in the Terri-\\ntory, over the age of sixteen years, should pay\\nannually the sum of one dollar as a capitation tax.\\nThe number of tax-payers in the Territory on\\nOctober i, 1805, was five hundred and twenty-five,\\nand an aggregate assessment of \u00c2\u00a71,143 seems to\\nhave been nearly all paid. The highest sum assessed\\nto any one person was eighteen dollars and fifty\\ncents, and the lowest one dollar. A few of the\\nnames and amounts on the old roll are as follows\\nJames May, $18.50; Joseph Campau, \u00c2\u00a710.50; James\\nAbbott. S8; Solomon Sibley, \u00c2\u00a72; Elijah Brush,\\n\u00c2\u00a74.50; Barnaby Campau, S3; Archibald Horner,\\n49l", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "ISO\\nSTATE AND COUNTY TAXES.\\n$2; Gabriel Richard, $3; Abram Hull, S3, and\\nPeter Desnoyers, Si.\\nUnder this law, on June 5, iSo7,the District Court\\nfor Detroit app(jinted the following officers Stanley\\nGriswold, treasurer John Henry, Charles Moran,\\nand Chabert Joncaire, assessors Wm. McD. Scott,\\ncollector.\\nIn addition to the regular taxes, licenses were\\nrequired from merchants, tavern and saloon keepers.\\nThe total territorial receipts from all sources were\\nestimated, in 1808, at $5,000; but no one save the\\nGovernor and Judges knew the amount collected, or\\nthe use made of the money. Meanwhile Governor\\nHull and Judge May erected their expensive resi-\\ndences, and their expenditures seemed so lavish\\nthat the Grand Jury of the Territory undertook to\\ninvestigate the accounts of the assessors, collectors,\\nand treasurers; but to their great surprise, they\\nfound that neither of these officers could be com-\\npelled to render any statement whatever to the\\npeople. Indeed, the Governor and Judges told the\\nGrand Jury, The laws do not authorize you to\\ninquire into these matters, which information the\\nGrand Jury, though surprised and indignant, could\\nnot gainsay. In the words of a contemporary,\\nThe Governor and Judges continued to serve as\\nthe raters of taxes, the assessors, the collectors, the\\ntreasurers and expenders.\\nIn a memorial to President Madison, the following\\ncomplaint was made\\nThe taxes on our people are very heavy, and the public money,\\nwhen intrusted to the discretion of Mr. Hull, is wantonly wasted.\\nHe authorized a number of commissioners to explore a road to the\\nMiami, in the dead of winter, when the country was but one sheet\\nof ice and snow, and which it would be impossible for the same,\\nor any other persons, to find again in the summer time, and\\nexpended four hundred and eighty-two dollars, raised by taxes on\\na sparse and pour population, on this useless and injudicious pro-\\nject, money which might be productive of some good if the\\ndictates of common sense had been complied with, and a proper\\nseason of the year selected for the purpose.\\nF rom 181 2 to 1820 there was no direct territorial\\ntax on lands, but license fees were required from\\nstores, taverns, and ferries.\\nOn May 8, 1820, provision was made for taxing\\npersonal property and lands in each county and in\\ncase the taxes were not paid, and no personal\\nproperty could be found upon which to levy, the\\nsheriff was authorized to imprison delinquents.\\nUnder law of April 21, 1825, provision was first\\nmade for the sale of lands for non-payment of\\ntaxes, and the first enforcement of this law created\\ngreat indignation.\\nSTATE AND COUNTY T.AXES.\\nThese taxes originate as follows Appropriations\\nmade by the Legislature are apportioned by the\\nauditor-general, who communicates the proportion\\nof the county to the Board of Super\\\\ isors, through\\nthe county clerk, and the board apportions them\\nwith the regular county tax. The amount of the\\ncounty tax is determined by the Board of Auditors.\\nOnce in five years the State Board of Equaliza-\\ntion examines the apportionments of the State tax\\nmade by the auditor-general, and, as far as possible,\\nequalizes the amounts.\\nUnder the tax law of March 14, I882, and Act of\\nJune 6, 1S83, the State and county taxes, for each\\ncurrent year, become a lien on the property on\\nDecember i, and one per cent on the amount is\\nallowed the township treasurers for collecting the\\nsame. After January i four per cent is allowed\\nthe township treasurers. Within the city of Detroit\\nthe taxes are payable to the county treasurer up to\\nDecember 16 without any percentage. If not paid\\nby December 16, four per cent is added to the\\namount of the original tax, which must be paid by\\nthe first of February, unless the time is extended by\\nthe Common Council or the Township Board but\\nnot over one month of additional time can be\\ngranted. If not paid by the first of March, two per\\ncent additional is added, and then one per cent a\\nmonth up to June i, and if not then paid, a further\\nsum of twenty per cent per year is charged until\\npaid.\\nOn the first of March a list of all lands on which\\nthe ta.xes are unpaid is forwarded by the county\\ntreasurer to the auditor-general, and if the taxes\\nremain unpaid one year or more after the first of\\nJuly, the lands are then sold on the first of May in\\nthe next year. The sale is made by the county\\ntreasurer, who, within twenty days after the sale,\\nmust file with the clerk of the Circuit Court a list of\\nthe lands sold, and unless objection is made, within\\neight days thereafter the sale is confirmed. At any\\ntime within one year thereafter the court can set aside\\nthe sale, upon such terms as are deemed just but\\nno sale can be set aside after the purchaser or his\\nassignee has been in possession for five years.\\nA tax receipt, to be valid, inust describe the\\nproperty as fully as it is described on the tax roll\\nand it is well for persons to observe for themselves\\nthat the tax is marked Paid on the collector s\\nbooks.\\nUnder law of 1827, and up to 1879, the county\\ntaxes in Detroit were collected by the ward col-\\nlectors under direction of the Common Council;\\nsince 1879 they have been payable to the county\\ntreasurer, or to collectors of his appointment.\\nThe total territorial and county, and State and\\ncounty taxes, for several decades, with other inter-\\nesting facts, are given in following table", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\n151\\nYea..|^--lCo.\\nTotal State\\nand Co. Tax.\\nPaid by\\nDetroit.\\nCounty\\nDebt.\\nPopulal n\\nof Co.\\n$1,688\\n5.72\u00c2\u00b0\\n34,067\\n$1,303\\n5,000\\n1830...\\n1840...\\n1850...\\n1S60\\n$999\\n12,716\\n13.944\\n21,512\\n53.099\\n177,804\\n$3,620\\n21,351\\n24.173\\n42,756\\n75,547\\n119,068\\n166,444\\n67 466 ^T 8\u00c2\u00bb6\\n1S70\\n250,658\\n406,531\\n181,449\\n299,228\\n1S80.\\n337,050\\nFormerly many county officers were entitled to\\nthe fees received, but under Acts of May 22 and 24,\\n1879, the fees received by all county officers, after\\nthat year, were required to be paid to the county\\ntreasurer, and credited to the general fund.\\nThe credit of the county and its finances were fur-\\nther cared for by an Act of June 7, 1881, which pro-\\nvided for funding the debt of the county for ten\\nyears, at four and a half per cent interest, and for\\nthe raising by tax, each year until paid, of not less\\nthan one tenth of the amount of the county debt.\\nCITY T.\\\\XATION .A.N D FINANCES.\\nUnder the town incorporation, the first tax was\\nvoted on April 17, 1802. The amount was $150,\\nand it was to be paid by an assessment of twenty-\\nfive cents upon each indi\\\\idual of the age of twenty-\\none years and upwards, and by a ta. of one fourth\\nof one per cent on fixed property. In practice,\\nthe fixed property was then deemed to mean\\nhouses, and not lots or lands. Under the rule of the\\nGovernor and Judges, no city tax is known to have\\nbeen levied. Freedom from such taxation was,\\nprobably, the one blessing of their regime. The\\nterritorial treasurer kept an account known as the\\nDetroit Fund, and the Governor and Judges gave\\norders on it, which were paid by receipts obtained\\nfrom sale of lots. In 181 5 the citizens again as-\\nsumed the management of their own affairs, and on\\nSeptember 21. i8r6, a tax of $1,500 was voted for,\\nand was chiefly used in building a market-house. It\\nwas raised by a poll tax of one dollar, and by a tax\\non real and personal property.\\nOn February 13, 18 17, the Board of Trustees\\nagreed to levy a tax of forty cents on each one hun-\\ndred dollars, and the total valuation of the city was\\nfixed at \u00c2\u00a71,787.37. On May 10, 1819, the treasurer\\nof the corporation made the following report for the\\nyear\\nReceipts Rent of Market Stall, $64.06 Fines, $93.19 Tavern\\nLicenses, $79.93 Use of Hay Scales, $17.06. Total, $254.24.\\nExpenditures On account of Market, $13.19; Fire Hooks\\nand Handles, $64.13; Salary of City Clerk, from September 5,\\n1817, to May II, 1819, $115.43; Commission on moneys received\\nand paid by Treasurer, $13.31 Deputy Marshal, $47.43 Sheet-\\niron for Council H nise, 75c. Total, $254.24. Outstanding Bills\\nagainst the City, $583.93. Amounts due City, $180.77.\\nAct of April 4, 1827, authorized the citizens\\nmeeting, by a plurality of votes from qualified\\nvoters, to le% y a poll tax of not exceeding one dollar\\nupon every qualified voter. The same Act empow-\\nered the city to fill up the lots on low grounds along\\nthe river and in other localities; and if the improve-\\nments were not paid for by parties owning the lots,\\nthe city was authorized to lease them for seven\\nyears to any person who would pay the amounts\\ndue. By Act of April 12, power was given to lease\\nlots so assessed for twenty-five years. As might be\\nexpected, there was much trouble in enforcing these\\nlaws, and special power was given to the city\\nmarshal under which he could summon citizens to\\nhis aid in order to put persons into possession of the\\nlots they had leased.\\nWe now reach the record of events that seem\\nalmost incredible, and that mark an era in the his-\\ntory of Detroit. In the year 1827 the city entered\\nupon and began to lay out the magnificent property\\nknown as the Military Reserve, which had been\\ngranted by Congress the previous year. Roughly\\ndescribed by present street-lines, the tract embraced\\nall the land between Michigan Avenue and Larned\\nStreet, and Griswold and Cass Streets.\\nLike some boyish heir, who has unexpectedly\\ncome into possession of a large estate, the city did\\nnot know how to properly enjoy and utilize such\\nwealth, and the saying Easy come, easy go\\nproved as applicable to corporate as to individual\\nfinances. Property which to-day is in the heart of\\nthe city, the income from which, year by year, would\\npay the entire city expenses and meet our bonded\\ndebt besides, was frittered away and squandered.\\nTwice in the history of the city a landed domain\\nwhich would be a large factor in the wealth of\\na Rothschild has been lost by the mismanage-\\nment of those who should have preserved it. First\\nthe Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and hundreds of city\\nlots were disposed of, and then the Military Reserve\\nand to-day the city has literally nothing left of those\\nmagnificent gifts, gifts such as no other city in the\\nUnion ever received from the General Government.\\nNo other city on this continent was ever so highly\\nfavored, and none could have made a much poorer\\nuse of such a donation. If the city had sold, or\\neven given away, every alternate lot, and leased the\\nremainder of the lots, if the aldermanic fathers\\nhad done one half as well for the city as the owners\\nof the Cass and Brush Farms did for themselves,\\nthe city revenue would now be so great as to pre-\\nclude any necessity for taxation, and Detroit would\\nbe the citizens paradise, the Utopia of burdened\\ntax-payers.\\nWhen the city began to improve its possessions,\\nit had not money enough to pay the laborers. The\\ncouncil therefore resolved to pay for the work in\\ntheir own notes. -Accordingly, on April 10, 1827,\\ntwo days before the legislative council had granted\\nthem authority, the Recorder and Alderman Jones", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "152\\nCITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\nwere appointed a committee to attend to the printing\\nof the due-bills. On April 12, the legislative council\\ngave the city power to issue these bills, to an amount\\nnot exceeding $5,000 at any one time and on May\\nI the first lot of one hundred due-bills, for five\\ndollars each, was issued and soon after fifty, for ten\\ndollars each. On May 31 it was\\nResolved^ that the sum of five hundred dollars be issued in cor-\\nporation notes, of a denomination not less than live dollars, at tlie\\ndiscretion of the mayor.\\nDuring the year, bills of the denomination of\\nthree dollars, two dollars, and one dollar, and even\\nof fractional amounts, were issued, and a total of\\n$3,349.78 was put in circulation. In 182S the issues\\nof 1827 were redeemed, and $2,300 additional signed\\nand circulated. It was found, however, that the\\npeople did not sustain this fiat currency, and on\\nJuly 28, 1828, a special committee of the council\\nmade the following report\\nThe committee instructed to examine into the state of the\\ncredit of the paper, heretofore issued by this corporation, etc.,\\nhave to report: That on inquiry it was found that at eight of the\\nstores of the principal merchants of Detroit, \\\\fhich were in suc-\\ncession visited by a respectable individual, a discount of eighteen\\ncents on a dollar was demanded, when taken for goods.\\nThe committee have learned that in several instances a much\\ngreater sacrifice has been required of those who offered the paper\\nof the corporation; and in one instance, about forty percent dis-\\ncount was exacted of a laborer, who had been in the employ of\\nthe street commissioner, and who wished to buy a barrel of pork.\\nIn fine, it appears to the committee that m place of a desire on\\nthe part of many, who, it might be supposed, are mainly inter-\\nested in the welfare and improvement of the city, to support and\\nassist the exertions of the Common Council, and to maintain the\\nvalue of the means which are at its disposal, there exists a paltry\\nand disgraceful propensity to speculate on these means, and to\\nincrease private wealth, at the sacrifice of the common property.\\nThe street commissioner, and others who are called on\\nto employ laborers for the corporation, find themselves under the\\nnecessity of paying one or two shillings more for a day s work, in\\nthe notes of the corporation, than the same would cost in money,\\nor bills at par. .\\\\nd every article required for the corporation, and\\npaid for in its paper, is charged in a like proportion.\\nThe committee beg leave to suggest\\nFirsts that no improvement which will require pecuniary means\\nbe undertaken until the bills of the corporation shall be within five\\nper cent of their nominal value.\\nSecond^ that all works which have been undertaken, which\\nrequire pecuniary means, and which can be relinquished without\\nprejudicing the public health or interest, be disconti.nued.\\nThirds that all debts now due the corporation be immediately\\ncollected; and\\nFourth^ that, if it be necessary to restore the credit of the\\npaper of the corporation, a number of lots be immediately sold for\\nttiat purpose, or that a loan be obtained of either the Bank of\\nMichigan or the Dank of Monroe, at the legal interest, and pay-\\nable in the manner money is usually paid when obtained on what\\nis called Accommodation Notes.\\nRespectfully submitted.\\nJoH.N- P. Sheldon,\\nT^. F. H. WlTHERELL,\\nJi i.v 18, i8!8. Committee.\\nThe report produced but little effect, and matters\\ngrew worse and worse. The total ritv receipts in\\n1828 were $20,836.20, of which $1 1,765.95 was from\\nsales of lots, and $1,689.36 from lease of lots on the\\nembankment. The e.xpenditures were, for debts of\\nthe previous year. $1,117.66; for roads and super-\\nvisor, $1,697.80; for sewers, $1,278; for embank-\\nment. $7,718; and for opening streets, $1,754.\\nAlmost as soon as the city began to dispose of\\nthe property given to it, the corporation began to be\\nin want. Unpaid debts of previous years were\\ncalled for. Improvements paid for in depreciated\\ndue bills were charged for proportionately, and cost\\nmuch more than they were really worth. The city\\ncontinued its issue of due-bills, neglected ta.\\\\ation,\\nand sold its lots for almo.st any price, often taking\\nin payment its own notes, bought at thirty and forty\\nper cent discount. Most of the funds that were re-\\nceived were expended in improving the very lots\\nsold. A series of so-called improvements was\\nentered upon, many of them of a temporary char-\\nacter, and others solely in the interest of speculators.\\nThe Steam Mill Wharf, at the foot of Woodward\\nAvenue, was filled in at a cost of several thousand\\ndollars, for the benefit, as was soon found out. of\\nprivate owners. The river front or embankment\\nwas really improved. The result of the needless\\ne.xpenditures and bad financiering is indicated in the\\nfollowing resolution, adopted by the council on June\\n22, 1S29:\\nResob ed, that the corporation loan of the Bank of Michigan\\n$50, for the term of ninety days, with the permission to renew for\\na like term; the same to be appropriated for the uses of the poor.\\nIn the following year a committee, appointed by\\nthe Common Council, reported that they had\\napplied at both of the banks of this city, and had\\nbeen unable to obtain any definite terms from said\\nbanks upon which they would loan money to the cor-\\nporation.\\nWhen we look at the city of to-day, with its im\\nmense wealth and unassailable credit, receiving and\\nexpending over a million of dollars yearly, it seems\\nstrange indeed that its credit was ever so poor\\nand its future so entirely unforeseen.\\nIn 1830 the city became more moderate in its ex-\\npenditures, and the total amount paid out was\\n$4,542.75, of which $4,426.63 was received from\\nsale of lots. W henever money was wanted for any\\npurpose, the city officials did not, as a farmer might\\ndo, take a sheep to market, but they sold a lot of\\nland instead, and thus, year hy year, the city lived\\nupon and devoured its substance. On November\\n12, 1830, a committee was appointed to obtain a\\nloan for the purpose of redeeming the corporation\\nmoney, and this year the city redeemed $2,610.07,\\nand issued $1,526. In March, 1831, the due-bills\\nwere subject to a discount of twelve and a half per\\ncent. Still the printers were kept busy, and on\\nApril 14, $1,000 in corporation notes were issued.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\n153\\nand the same amount in 1832. On July 10, 1834,\\nthe last of the first series was issued. Ifp to that\\ntime $21, 208 had been circulated, and on August i\\nthere were $6,830 outstanding. On October 22 it\\nwas decided to cease the issue of these bills, and to\\nredeem all that were outstanding.\\nIt should be remembered that, during the years\\nnamed, neither under the town incorporation of\\n1802, the rule of the Governor and Judges from\\n1805 to 1815, nor by the regular city government\\nexisting from 181 5, were any city taxes levied upon\\nreal estate. Is it any wonder that those who owned\\nbroad acres in single farms within and adjoining the\\ncity grew rich as the years went by, almost without\\neffort or care However, nothing is surer than\\ndeath and taxes, and city taxation of real estate\\ncame as the direct result of the deaths in Detroit by\\nAsiatic cholera. The expense incurred by the city\\nduring the prevalence of the scourge of 1832 was\\ntoo great to be paid by the methods previously in\\nvogue. The county refused to pay any portion of\\nthe expense, and finally, as a last resort, the citizens\\nvoted to tax the real estate. It was found, however,\\nthat the city had no power to tax the property of\\nothers than the citizens, and as much of the taxable\\nproperty was owned by non-residents, no tax was\\nthen levied. Application was soon made to the\\nLegislature, and an amendment to the city charter\\nwas obtained on April 22, 1833, which authorized\\nthe council, with the consent of the citizens meet-\\ning, to levy a tax of one fourth of one per cent on\\nreal and personal property, and to \\\\e\\\\-y on goods or\\nchattels, or sell real estate for a term of years for\\nnon-payment of taxes, on notice of one month to\\nresidents, or three months to non-residents. This\\nlaw helped the city out of the financial slough into\\nwhich it had fallen.\\nSeven years having elapsed since the city received\\nits donation from the General Government, a com-\\nmittee was appointed to ascertain the condition of\\nthe city finances. On March I, 1834 an elaborate\\nreport was made to the council by C. C. Trowbridge\\nand J. Williams, showing that there had been an\\nalmost entire lack of system in the keeping of\\naccounts by the various city officers and that\\nduring the previous seven years, out of $5,000 bor-\\nrowed from the banks of the city, only $600 had\\npassed through the treasury. The report further\\nset forth that between 1825 and 1834 the average\\nannual receipts from fines and licenses was $1,100,\\nand the average annual expenses, excluding amounts\\npaid for laying out streets and improving roads, was\\n$1,800, and that the yearly deficit had been paid by\\nthe sale of city lots also that more than two\\nthirds of all the money which had been received\\nfrom sales of city lots had been expended on streets,\\nroads, and embankments.\\nUp to March I, 1834, the city had sold and dis-\\nposed of all the property donated, except three frac-\\ntional lots, the sales aggregating $54,423; $15,000\\nof this amount was then due for lots already sold.\\nLargely through the efforts of Mayor Trowbridge,\\nFac-simile of 12^4 CentCitv Shin plaster of 1838.\\nthis $1 5,000 was used in erecting the old City Hall.\\nThat building has now disappeared, and a few\\nParks are all that the city has left of the extensive\\ndonations it received.\\nThe report of the council committee recom-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "154\\nCITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\nmended, and the city adopted, plans for the mure\\nperfect keeping of accounts. On October 22, a\\ncommittee was appointed to devise a system of tax-\\nation on real and personal property and at a citi-\\nzens meeting on October 31. a real estate tax was\\nvoted. It was limited to one fourth of one per cent\\non the valuation.\\nFrom this time the credit of the city began slowly\\nto improve and with greater needs, additional\\npowers of taxation have been granted by the Legis-\\nlature. An Act of April 13, 1 841, authorized the\\ncity, with consent of the citizens meeting, to raise a\\ntax of one half of one per cent. One of the first\\nsymptoms of enlarged credit was the agreement of\\nOliver Newberry, on October 28, 1835, to purchase\\n$100,000 in city bonds. His offer was accepted on\\nNovember 13, and the first bonds issued by the city\\nwere thus sold to a citizen. They were dated\\nOctober i, 1835; one half of the amount was then\\nissued, and the balance just one year later.\\nThe simplicity, or duplicity, of those days is illus-\\ntrated by the fact that the bonds were delivered\\nbefore they were paid for, and the money paid over\\nfrom time to time, as wanted.\\nThe panic of 1837 created a demand for a new\\nissue of city shinplasters, and on August 8, $2,000\\nwere ordered issued in small bills, of the denomina-\\ntions of six and one fourth, twelve and one half, eigh-\\nteen and three fourths, twenty-five, thirty-seven and\\na half, fifty, and sixty-two and a half cents. On\\nSaturday, October 21, 1837, Alderman Chase offered\\nthe following, which was adopted\\nResolved^ that the city treasurer, under the direction of the\\nmayor, have printed upon banlc-note paper, due-bills to the\\namount of $3,000, of the forms previously adopted by the board,\\nof the denominations of fifty and seventy-five cents; $1,000 of\\nsaid sum to be made payable at the Bank of Michigan; $1,000 at\\nthe Michigan State Bank; and $1,000 at the Farmers and\\nMechanics Bank; and when filled up and signed, that the amount\\nbe placed to the credit of the city, the treasurer giving his receipt\\ntherefor.\\nOn April i, 1839, a report of the city clerk showed\\nthat there were in circulation, on March 31, 1838.\\n$15,615.04 of these bills, and on March 30, 1839,\\n$12,323.45. On May 14, 1839, \u00c2\u00a710,000 were ordered\\nprinted, to redeem mutilated bills. The mutilated\\nbills were redeemed by the city treasurer, who had\\nthe care of them, until they could be destroyed by a\\ncommittee of the council. In those days there were\\nno public safes, and the city officers had none of the\\nmodern conveniences for the safe keeping of valu-\\nables, conseciuently the bills were packed in an\\nimmense hair trunk, a trunk covered with horse-\\nhide, tanned with the hair on.\\nOn one occasion, when .Saturday night came, the\\ntrunk was crammed full of these promises to pay,\\nand the treasurer was obliged to convey it to his\\nown home and, with double-barrelled gun and brace\\nof pistols loaded and primed, he kept watch and\\nward over the trunk all through the Sabbath, and\\non Monday turned the money over to be burned.\\nBy Act of February 11, 1842, the city was pro-\\nhibited from issuing any more due-bills. Little\\nFac-simile of Citv i85i Cknt City Shinplaster of 1841.\\nheed, however, was paid to the law, and their issue\\ncontinued until even the tenants of the city had\\nno faith in their landlord. The following notice\\nappeared in the daily papers", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\n155\\nWe, the undersigned, butchers in the City Hall Market, have\\nbecome satisfied that, in order to sustain ourselves in our business,\\nwe must discontinue to receive corporation shinplasters for meat,\\nfrom this date. Trusting the public will sustain us in the stand\\nwhich necessity alone has compelled us to take.\\nS. E. Morse,\\nB. Taft,\\nDaniel Coghlan,\\nJohn Hull,\\nCharles 13ondwf.r,\\nJohn Hess.\\nDetroit, April 18, 1842.\\n*iimsij\u00c2\u00bbfii siem mmsis^-ii^\\\\\\nThe notice seems to have borne some fruit, for on\\nNovember i, 1842, the Committee on Ways and\\nMeans reported that they had destroyed $6,444.84\\nin warrants and due-bills. This good work was\\ncontinued, and on January 24, 1843, the committee\\nreported the destruction of $4,708.24 additional, and\\nfour hundred and eighty sheets of blank due-bills.\\nOn the 7th of February following, six hundred more\\nsheets were burned. On March 19. 1844. the coun-\\ncil resolved that henceforth no shinplaster or war-\\nrant shall be issued by the corporation.\\nIn 1845 Rawdon, Wright, Hatch were paid\\n$888.51 for printing due-bills previously issued. On\\nMarch 13, 185 1, $3,472.62 of this corporation money\\nwas still outstanding, and as late as 1871 the sum\\nof $21.87 was redeemed.\\nExpenses of City.\\nThe expenses of the city for several decades, and\\nthe amounts expended for the most important pur-\\nposes, are shown in the following table\\n1830\\n1840\\n1850\\ni860\\n1870\\n1881\\nFire Department\\n$356\\n$1,639\\n30\\n53\\n14.395\\n2,046\\n297\\n3.259\\n8,003\\n16.563\\n24.231\\n2.913\\n685\\n$10,771\\n40,667\\n35.725\\n19,850\\n11,625\\n186\\n2,393\\n8,880\\n2,475\\n140\\n18,912\\n33.309\\n18,947\\n1,314\\n$78,223\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a073.974\\n112,607\\n52.318\\n7.332\\n4,333\\n13,633\\n20,0IQ\\n64,706\\n8,112\\n44.157\\n65,294\\n35.526\\n2,780\\n$111,198\\nPublic Sewers\\nInterest on Debt\\nCare of Poor..\\nCare nf Parks.\\nCity Printing...\\nCity Lights\\nCity Police\\n246\\n31\\n63\\n46,593\\n117.325\\n24.029\\n1.952\\n13.909\\n62,94s\\n135,022\\nCity Courts\\nCare of Streets..\\nPaving St s and\\nIntersections..\\nWati-r Works\\n68\\n1,153\\n445\\n1,171\\n1,998\\n40\\n30,080\\n1,212\\n301\\n715\\n3.432\\n1,232\\n12,469\\n4, 49\\n364\\n27,469\\n33,002\\n57,974\\nSalaries of Alder-\\nmen, City Offi-\\ncers and Clerks\\nElection E.\\\\pen-\\n588\\n73.483\\nTotalexpendi- 1\\ntures forordi-\\nnary purp ses\\n$4,542\\n$61,060\\n$127,260\\n$294,436\\n$693,014\\n$902,889\\nAmounts for 1881 are given because the reports\\nfor 1880 included a period of seventeen months.\\nThe amounts appropriated in any one year for any\\ncertain purpose do not always indicate how much\\nwas expended for that purpose during the year. Of\\nthe apiiropriation for any year, only the amount col-\\nlected can be used, but balances left over, or\\namounts collected as back taxes, can be used.\\nA variety of interesting facts concerning the tax-\\nation and finances of the city are herewith given\\nFac-simile of Twenty-five Cent City Shim-i, \\\\si kk or- 1S3S.\\n1830.\\n1840.\\n1S50.\\ni860.\\n1870.\\n1880.\\n1884.\\nValuation of\\nReal Estate.\\n$14,027,133.\\n16,872,333.\\n64,5 ;6,o85.\\n81,890,955-\\nValuation of\\nPersonal Prop.\\n$2,186,690\\n6,730.994-\\n19,807,705..\\n27,931,040--\\nTotal Valua-\\ntion.\\n$711,680\\n4,610,951\\n2,372,639\\n16,213,823\\n23,603,327\\n85.363.790\\n110,721,995", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "156\\nCITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\nYears.\\n1830.\\n1840.\\n1850.\\nj86o.\\n1B70.\\nTotal City Tax.\\n$2g,863.\\n129,484.\\n631,872.\\n885,830.\\n1,326,500\\nNet City Debt.\\n$3,195...\\n186,500\\n3S9i538.,.\\n304,845...\\n797,794...\\n1,360,400.\\n906,500...\\nIn Sinking\\nFund.\\n5^11,123\\n37.252\\n528,628\\n*9o6,794\\n*July, 1884.\\n50 CUKITS,\\nF.\\\\c-siMiLE or Fiftv-Cen t Shinpl.vstek of 1S37.\\nIn addition to the regular bonded debt of the city,\\nDetroit is also liable for about five si.xths of the bond-\\ned debt of the county, and for all the bonded debt\\ncreated by the iSoard of Water Commissioners. By\\nthe charter of 1883 the bonded debt of the city may\\nnot be over two per cent of the assessed valuation of\\nall property. An Act of March 8, 1873, which\\nauthorized the expenditure by the Water Commis-\\nsion of most of the amounts constituting their debt,\\nmade it the duty of the council to assess an annual\\ntax of \u00c2\u00a775,000 for the use of the board, a portion of\\nwhich was expected to be set apart as a sinking\\nfimd but the council appropriated nothing until\\n1875, when \u00c2\u00a725,000 was appropriated, and since\\nthen \u00c2\u00a740,000 has been appropriated yearly.\\nThe increase in the wealth of the city is shown by\\nthe fact that the valuation of 1830 would give each\\ninhabitant \u00c2\u00a7321, while that of 1880 would allow each\\nperson \u00c2\u00a7728.\\nThe rate of taxation per capita in 1850 was \u00c2\u00a73.26;\\nin i860, \u00c2\u00a72.83 in 1870, \u00c2\u00a77.94 and in 1880, $7.61.\\nCity Debt and Sinking Fiinit.\\nUnder Act of March 21, 185 1, provision was\\nmade for creating a sinking fund to meet the indebt-\\nedness of the city, and in 1852 the first tax, of\\n\u00c2\u00a75,000, was levied for this purpose. The proceeds\\nof this fund are invested chiefly in city bonds, the\\ncity thus acting as its own debtor and creditor.\\nThe fund is in charge of the mayor, comptroller, treas-\\nurer, and the Committees on Ways and Means of the\\nBoards of Councilmen and Aldermen, as commis-\\nsioners of the fund. The bonds and other securities\\nare deposited by the city treasurer in a strong\\nbox, which, up to July, 1882, was kept in the vault\\nof the bank acting as city depository, and since\\nthen in one of the safes of the Wayne County Safe\\nDeposit Company. The box has two locks, the\\nmayor and treasurer each having a key, and when\\nthe box is opened, necessity compels the presence of\\nthe comptroller also, as he alone has the key to the\\nparticular safe containing the box.\\nUnder law of 1879 the council was required to\\nrj a tax, of not less than \u00c2\u00a75.000 nor more than\\n\u00c2\u00a710,000 yearly, to be credited to the sinking fund.\\nThe charter of 1883 did away with this provision, as\\nthere seemed no further necessity for such a tax.\\nThe ordinary additions to the fund come chiefly\\nfrom interest on investments, from percentage on\\ntaxes not paid when due, from interest on deposits\\nof city funds, and from the taxes on liquor dealers.\\nThese latter taxes were credited to the contingent\\nfund, and balances left unused were yearly turned\\nover to the sinking fund. After July i, 1885, they\\nmay be used to pay the current expenses of the\\ncitv.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\n157\\nThe total amounts received from liquor taxes in\\nDetroit since the State law took effect are as fol-\\nlows 1875, $74,196; 1876, \u00c2\u00a788,442; 1877, $57,-\\n471; 1878, $65,175; 1879, and to July i, 1880,\\n$109,452; 1881, $99,890; 1882, $95,494; 18S3,\\n$141,657.\\nThe amounts transferred to the sinking fund have\\nbeen as follows 1875. \u00c2\u00a771,999; 1876, $69,695; 1877,\\n$31,000; 1878, $58,000; 1S79, a ld to July I, 1880,\\n$90,000; 1 88 1, $85,000; 1882, $90,000; 1883,\\n$130,000,\\nThe city officers were formerly entitled to the fees\\nthey received, but under law of 1879 all fees received\\nby any city officer are required to be paid over to\\nthe city treasurer, and credited to the general fund.\\nCity Taxes wJien and Itinv payable.\\nThe estimates for ta.\\\\es, as submitted by the comp-\\ntroller, are required to be adopted by the Board of\\nAldermen before April 5 of each year, and by the\\nBoard of Councilmen on or before April 15. While\\nthe members of these boards are considering the\\nestimates, the Board of Assessors have been com-\\npleting their valuation of the property to be ta.xed\\nand, at least two weeks before April i, they are\\nrequired to give notice that they will sit until April 5\\nto hear complaints and make corrections in the val-\\nuations. After this has been done, on or before the\\nthird Tuesday of April, they send the completed tax\\nroll to the Board of Aldermen, and within a week\\nthereafter the Board of Aldermen and the Board of\\nCouncilmen begin to hold joint sessions as a Board\\nof Review, to hear complaints, and, if necessary, to\\ncorrect the rolls. Their sessions continue not over\\nsixteen days, after which, usually about the middle\\nof May, the rolls are fully confirmed. The assessors\\nthen compute the amount of taxes payable on each\\nvaluation contained on the rolls, and taxes may be\\npaid during the month of July without percentage.\\nSince the law of 1879, if the clerks in office are so\\nbusy that they cannot receive all the taxes offered,\\nlists of property, with names of owners, may be\\nhanded in on or before July 25, and the parties can\\nhave until August 10 to pay the amounts, if there is\\nno opportunity of paying sooner. On the first of\\nAugust interest, at the rate of one per cent a month,\\nis added for July, and at the same rate the first of\\neach month until the first of January, unless the tax\\nis paid. If not paid by the first of January, the six\\nper cent that has accrued is added to the original\\ntax, and interest continues to be charged at the rate\\nof one per cent a month until the tax is paid. If\\nnot paid by the first of February, the receiver of\\ntaxes is authorized to advertise the property for sale,\\nbut as it takes some time to prepare them, the lists\\nare usually not printed until about May i when the\\nproperty is advertised for sale for four successive\\nweeks. After this the cost of advertising, amount-\\ning to about fifty cents, is added, and interest con-\\ntinues to be reckoned at the rate of one per cent a\\nmonth. If the tax is not paid the property is sold\\nabout June i, the exact day being discretionary with\\nthe receiver of taxes. The sale indicates only that\\nthe ])urchaser is entitled to the use of the property\\npurchased for the number of years agreed upon at\\ntime of sale but if the owner neglects to redeem\\nit, the sale is confirmed by a regular transfer of title\\nby the citj Records of sales are filed in the city\\ntreasurer s office. The property can be redeemed at\\nany time within one year after sale by paying the\\namount due at time of sale, and interest at the rate\\nof fifteen per cent per annum. Soon after the sale\\na list of all property on which the taxes have not\\nbeen paid, nor cancelled by sales, is furnished by the\\nreceiver to the city treasurer, to be thereafter col-\\nlected through him.\\nAt the annual sale, unless some private person\\nbids the amount of the tax, all lands on which taxes\\nare unpaid are sold to the city, and the amounts re-\\nceived for back taxes in the treasurer s office are\\ncredited as receipts from City Bids.\\nFrom 1 844 to 1863 the unpaid taxes on real estate\\naccumulated to the amount of $50,360. The city\\ntreasurers should have collected these amounts, but\\nthrough ignorance and carelessness they neglected\\nto do so. On February i, 1877, a department for\\ncollection was established in connection with the\\ncity treasurer s office, and nearly $40,000 collected\\nthe first year.\\nPrior to the law of May 31, 1879, the taxes on\\npersonal property were placed in the hands of ward\\ncollectors, but there was no adequate prox ision for\\nenforcing their collection. Many refused to pay,\\nand no further effort was made when collectors\\nfailed to obtain the amounts. Since the law of 1879\\nthe city is authorized to levy for the collection of\\npersonal ta.xes, and a much larger proportion of the\\namounts is now collected. The charter of 1 883 pro-\\nvides that other property than real estate may be\\nseized and sold at auction for real estate ta.xes.\\nSpecial Taxes.\\nTaxes or assessments for the building of side-\\nwalks and sewers, or for the paving of streets, are\\nkept entirely distinct from the regular city taxes,\\nand are payable within thirty days from the time\\nthe rolls are confirmed by the council. If not paid\\nwithin sixty days, the receiver of taxes can, at his\\ndiscretion, advertise for sale the property on which\\nthese taxes are levied.\\nKinds of Property taxed.\\nThe assessors are obliged l)y law to tax all real\\nestate (lands and buildings being estimated separ-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "158\\nCITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.\\nately), also all stocks, bonds, and mortgages held\\nby individuals or corporations; all kinds of mer-\\nchandise and movable property, together with\\nhorses, cattle, and carriages. In addition to these\\ntaxes, real estate located on unpaved streets is as-\\nsessed specially, and pro rata for road ta.\\\\es, ac-\\ncording to the amount estimated to be necessary\\nfor each ward. Up to 1881 each house or store\\nwith a cellar was assessed one dollar, and, if the lot\\nwas drained, fifty cents additional, as specific taxes.\\nA doubt as to the legality of the assessment on\\ncellars, arising from a decision in a case somewhat\\nsimilar, caused the discontinuance of assessments\\non cellars after 1880. All household property over\\ntwo hundred dollars in value is liable to assessment.\\nAll houses of public worship, and their fixtures and\\nfurniture, also the land on which they stand, and\\nany parsonage owned and occupied as such, are ex-\\nempted by law all cemeteries, all city property, and\\nthe property of any person who, in the opinion of\\nthe assessor, is unable to pay, are exempt, also other\\nproperty of various kinds, as the result of special\\nenactments.\\nAn Act of February 15, 1859, gave the assessor\\ndiscretionary power in fixing valuation of property\\nin the outskirts of the city; and up to 1872 property\\nwas assessed at only about one third of its value.\\nAn Act of April 17, 1871, made it obligatory upon\\nthe assessors to rate property at its cash value.\\nIn order to show the actual valuation of the city\\nin 18S0, the following property then exempted should\\nbe included\\nVALUATION.\\n732.955\\n66.323\\n417.867\\nPublic school-houses and sites\\nPolice stations and property\\nFire engine houses and property\\nOther city property, such as City Hall,\\nPublic Library, House of Correction,\\nWater Works, .Sewers, Parks, etc. 7,065,282\\nCemeteries 224,000\\nRailroad lands and buildings 2,700,000\\nStreet railroads and equipment 684,320\\nCharitable and benevolent institutions 600,000\\nUnited States property 400,000\\nChurch properly 2,573,625\\nSchool property belonging to churches 295,000\\nTotal\\nM 5.739.172\\nFinancial Methods and Accounts.\\nWhen the city was first incorporated the fiscal\\nyear was uniform with the official year. In 1S59 it\\nwas changed so as to begin IVIarch i instead of\\nApril I. In 1873 t was changed to begin February\\nI. By Act of February 23, 1S79, it ^vas ordered\\nthat the fiscal year begin on the ist of July.\\nAll moneys received by the city treasurer were\\noriginally placed in the common fund. The first\\ndeparture from this method was made under Act of\\nFebruary 13. 1843. which required that all monevs\\ncollected for school purposes should be kept in a\\nspecial account. Separate accounts were not kept\\nfor other funds until required by the charter of 1857.\\nThe number of these .special accounts is continually\\nincreasing, the council, from time to time, designat-\\ning some new object, the money for which is to be\\nkept separate.\\nIn order that the condition of the funds for which\\nspecial appropriations are made may be readily ascer-\\ntained, the citv treasurer keeps two accounts of each\\nfund. One account is credited with the entire\\namount appropriated, and charged with the amount\\nexpended the other account is credited with the\\namount actually received, and charged with the\\namounts paid out. The titles of the accounts, as\\nkept by the treasurer, are, most of them, clearly\\nindicative of their character. The account named\\nRedemption Fund shows what has been received\\nfrom individuals in redemption of lands sold for\\nnon-payment of taxes, and whether the moneys\\nso received were paid back to tliose who bought the\\nproperty at tax sale, or credited to the city, which is\\nsupposed to bid for and buy all the lands thus\\noffered, not sold to an individual.\\nThe account called City Bids includes the\\nentire amounts due the city for all back taxes, and\\nwhen any of these back taxes are paid the amount\\nis credited to the year in which the taxes became\\ndue. The amounts credited to City Charges are\\nmade up of the office charges and interest which\\nhas accrued on the back taxes.\\nThe Public Sewer Fund has reference to ac-\\ncounts connected with sewers paid for by general\\ntax, the General Sewer Fund to accounts for\\nsewers paid for by local assessments, the General\\nRoad Fund to amounts received and expended for\\ngeneral repair of streets and sidewalks the Road\\nDistrict Fund has reference solely to amounts\\nraised and paid out for cleaning the streets.\\nAll moneys due for city taxes are originally pay-\\nable to the receiver of taxes. The receipts given\\nare numbered consecutively from the beginning of\\neach fiscal year; and since 1871, in order to be\\nvalid, they must have, not only the receiver s signa-\\nture, but that of the comptroller also. The receiver\\npays over each day to the city treasurer the funds he\\nhas received, and reports the amount to the comp-\\ntroller, and the city treasurer reports daily to the\\ncomptroller the full amount of his receipts and dis-\\nbursements, with the amounts credited or charged\\nto each account he is also required to deposit daily\\nall the funds received by him in whatever bank\\nhas been designated by the Common Council. The\\nbank so designated is known as the city depository,\\nand pays such rate of interest on monthly balances", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.\\n159\\nin its keeping as may from time to time be agreed\\nupon. In 1882 the rate was four and one eigbith per\\ncent on monthly balances of \u00c2\u00a7100,000, or over and\\nthe interest received by the city amounted to $26,763.\\nThe city depository notifies the comptroller daily of\\nthe amount deposited by the city treasurer the pre-\\nceding day. The treasurer is not allowed to pay\\nout any money without a warrant or order signed\\nby the comptroller, e.xcept in the case of moneys\\nbelonging to the Police and Educational Funds,\\nwhich are paid out on orders from officers of these\\nboards. All payments made by the city treasurer,\\nexcept payments on ordinary pay-rolls of city officers\\nand laborers, are required to be made by clieck upon\\nthe city depository, and the checks must ha\\\\e\\nwritten or printed upon them the warrant of the\\ncomptroller for the payment. Once in each month\\nthe Committees on Ways and Means of the alder-\\nmen and councilmen are required to inspect and\\nexamine all the affairs and accounts of the treasurer.\\nUNITED STATES INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.\\nOne of the earliest efforts made by the United\\nStates to obtain a revenue was by the law of July 6,\\n1797, which provided for the use of stamped paper,\\nto be furnished by the Government. An old\\nmemorandum book of Peter Audrain shows that\\nmuch of this paper was used at Detroit, and excel-\\nlent specimens are preserved. On March 31. 1798,\\nthe law was repealed, except as to documents con-\\nnected with exports and insurance. The first law\\nproviding for an internal revenue tax was passed\\nAugust 2, 1813. By it a tax was levied on auction\\nsales, and on sugar refined in the United States;\\nand licenses were required from liquor dealers,\\nbanks, and bankers. The collector was paid by a\\npercentage of from three to eight per cent on the\\namounts received. This law was abolished on De-\\ncember 23. 1817.\\nThe necessity of a revenue to pay interest on the\\nwar debt gave rise to the law of August 5, 1S61,\\nwhich provided for a tax of three per cent on in-\\ncomes of over $800, and authorized a direct tax upon\\nthe several States of \u00c2\u00a720,000,000. A law of July i\\n1862, required licenses for the manufacture and sale\\nof liquors, and from bankers, pawnbrokers, hotels,\\neating-houses, brokers of all kinds, theaters, circuses,\\njugglers, confectioners, livery stables, soapmakers,\\npeddlers, druggists, photographers, manufacturers,\\nlawyers, doctors, and dentists. All manufacturers\\nwere required to make monthly returns, and to pay\\ncertain percentages. Incomes of over $600 and\\nunder $10,000 were taxed three per cent, and all in-\\ncomes of over Sio.ooo were required to pay five per\\ncent on the excess. This law was in force up to\\nJuly 20, 1 868.\\nDetroit has always been the headquarters of the\\nfirst collection district of Michigan, and by an\\namendment to the law taking effect August 7, 1883,\\nthe district was enlarged to include the counties of\\nAlcona, Alpena, Arenac, Baraga, Bay, Branch, Cal-\\nhoun, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Craw-\\nford, Delta, Genesee, Gladwin, Gratiot, Hillsdale,\\nHoughton, Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Isabella, Isle\\nRoyale, Jackson, Keweenaw, Lenawee, Livingston,\\nLapeer, Macomb, Mackinaw, Marquette, Menomi-\\nnee, Midland, Monroe, Montmorency, Ogemaw,\\nOntonagon, Oscoda, Oakland, Otsego, Presque Isle,\\nRoscommon, St. Clair, .Sanilac, Saginaw, School-\\ncraft, Shiawasse, Tuscola, Wayne, and Washtenaw.\\nThe fiscal tax year begins May i,and the special\\ntaxes imposed by the law, when paid, are reckoned\\naccording to the number of months left in the year.\\nThe special taxes up to July i, 1883, imposed by\\nlaw and payable yearly, were as follows rectifiers,\\n$200 retail liquor-dealers, \u00c2\u00a725 wholesale liquor-\\ndealers, \u00c2\u00a7100; wholesale dealers in malt liquors,\\n$50; retail dealers in malt liquors, $20; wholesale\\ndealers in leaf-tobacco, $25 retail dealers in leaf-\\ntobacco, $500; and on sales of over $1,000, fifty\\ncents for every dollar in excess dealers in manu-\\nfactured tobacco. \u00c2\u00a75 manufacturers of stills, $50\\nfor each still manufactured, $20 for each worm\\nmanufactured, \u00c2\u00a720 manufacturers of tobacco, $10;\\nmanufacturers of cigars, $10; peddlers of tobacco,\\nfirst class, with more than two animals, $50 ped-\\ndlers of tobacco, second class, with two animals, \u00c2\u00a725\\npeddlers of tobacco, third class, with one animal,\\n\u00c2\u00a71 5 peddlers of tobacco, fourth class, on foot or by\\npublic conveyance, S o; brewers of less than five\\nhundred barrels, S50 brewers of five hundred bar-\\nrels or more, \u00c2\u00a7100. In addition to the above, up to\\nJuly I, 1883, every package of one hundred matches\\nrequired a one-cent stamp, obtainable only at Wash-\\nington and all packages of patent medicines, perfu-\\nmery, and cosmetics required a one-cent stamp for\\neach twenty-five cents charged for the same a\\ntwo-cent stamp was required on every check drawn\\non a bank; and all savings banks and banking insti-\\ntutions of every kind, except national banks, were\\nrequired to pay a tax of one twenty-fourth of one\\nper cent per month on their capital and average\\nmonthly deposits. The national banks paid every\\nsix months one twentieth of one per cent on their\\naverage circulation, one fourth of one per cent on\\ntheir average deposits, and also one fourth of one\\nper cent on the amount of their capital, over and\\nabove the amount invested in government bonds.\\nBy law of March 3, 1883, taking effect July i, the\\ntax on wholesale dealers in leaf-tobacco was fixed at\\n$12, and on retail dealers at \u00c2\u00a72.50 and thirty cents\\non each dollar of the amount of their monthly sales,\\nwhen the sales are over S500 per year. Dealers in\\nmanufactured tobacco pay j)2.4o. Manufacturers", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "i6o\\nINTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.\\nof tobacco or cigars, \u00c2\u00a76.00 each. Peddlers of the\\nfirst class, \u00c2\u00a730; second class, \u00c2\u00a71 5 third class, S7.50;\\nand fourth class, S3-6o. The tax on snuff, smoking\\nand manufactured tobacco, was fi.xed at \u00c2\u00a78.00 per\\npound. Cigars pay a ta.x of $3.00 per thousand, and\\ncigarettes, from fifty cents to $3.00 per thousand.\\nThe taxes on deposits and capital of all banks were\\nrepealed, and also the tax on matches, perfumer)-,\\npatent medicines, and bank checks.\\nThe total collections in the district embracing\\nDetroit, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883,\\nwere $1,251,409, the larger proportion of which was\\nfrom the city. In 18S3, there were twelve persons\\nconnected with the office. These officers are ap-\\npointed by the collector, and their salaries range\\nfrom S900 to $2,000. The salarj^ of the collector is\\nS4, 500, and the total yearly expenses of the. office\\nare about $16,500. The office of assessor was\\nmerged with that of collector in 1873.\\nThe United .States assessors have been as follows\\n1862-1867, Joseph R. Bennett; 1867-1873, Mark\\nFlanigan.\\nThe collectors have been 1862-1865, L. G. Berry;\\n1865-1869.D E. Harbaugh: 1869-1873. H. B. Rowl-\\nson: 1S73-1875. Mark Flanigan: 1876-1S83, Luther\\nS.Trowbridge; 1S83- James H. Stone.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIX.\\nCITIZENS MEETINGS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BOARD OF ESTIMATES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AUDITORS, COMPTROLLERS, AC-\\nCOUNTANTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY AND WARD ASSESSORS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BOARD OF REVIEW.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY AND\\nWARD COLLECTORS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY TREASURERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RECEIVERS OF TAXES.\\nCITIZENS MEETINGS.\\nFrom the incorporation of 1803 to 1873 it was\\nthe custom to submit the amounts proposed to be\\nraised for various purposes to a 7 iva voce vote of the\\ncitizens, at a yearly meeting called for the purpose.\\nAt these meetings great differences of opinion were\\nfrequently manifested, and amounts estimated to be\\nneeded for various purposes were sometimes stricken\\nout, frequently reduced, and oftentimes ordered by a\\nVery close vote. The meetings seldom brought\\ntogether more than four hundred or six hundred of\\nthe larger property owners. The appointment of a\\nBoard of Park Commissioners, under an Act of\\nApril 15, 1 87 1, and the proposal to include in the\\nyearly estimates the sum of \u00c2\u00a7200,000 in bonds for\\nthe purchase of a park, brought a large number of\\npersons to a citizens meeting held on December 27,\\n1 87 1, in the Circuit Court room in the City Hall.\\nBoth those who favored and those who opposed the\\npurchase were excited and determined, and there\\nwas so much confusion that a decision could not be\\nreached. A subsequent meeting to further consider\\nthe subject was held on May i, 1872, at the Gris-\\nwold Street entrance to the City Hall. An immense\\nnumber of both citizens and non-residents were\\npresent, and again there was so much excitement\\nand confusion that no definite result was reached.\\nAfter these meetings it became apparent that no\\nexpenditure awakening general interest could be\\nproperly considered in so large an assemblage as\\nwould be likely to gather. This conviction resulted\\nin the pjissage of the .\\\\ct of March 28, 1873, which\\nabolished citizens meetings, and pro\\\\ided for a\\nBO.\\\\RD OF ESTIM.\\\\TES.\\nThe coincidence is noticeable that the last citi-\\nzens meeting was held in the same month, and\\nwithin two days of the time, when the first town\\nmeeting was held, seventy years before.\\nThe first election for members of the Board of\\nEstimates was held on April 7, 1873. Five persons\\nwere elected from the city at large on a general\\nticket, to serve for two years and two from each\\nward, one to serve for one year and one for two\\nyears. After 1S73, and until the board was abol-\\nished by Act of April 21, 1881, one member was\\nelected annually from each ward, and five at large\\nevery two years.\\nThe president of the Common Council, chairman\\nof Committee on Ways and Means, city comp-\\ntroller, counselor, presidents of the various boards\\nand commissions, as well as the senior inspector of\\nthe House of Correction, were cv officio members\\nof the board, with the right to participate in its\\ndeliberations, but not to vote. The estimates, after\\nbeing considered by the council, were submitted to\\nthe Board of Estimates, which convened between\\nthe first Monday of March and the 1 5th of April,\\nwhenever the council indicated that the estimates\\nwere ready. The board had power to reduce, but\\nnot to increase, the estimates. Under Act of 1881\\nthe powers of the board were transferred to the\\nLTpper House or City Council.\\nThe following persons served on the board in the\\nyears named\\n1873, First Ward: F. Adams, W. Foxcn. Second\\nWard B. P. Mumford. H. Walker. Third Ward\\nW. R. Candler, W. G. Thompson. Fourth Ward\\nW. N. Carpenter, Joseph Kuhn. Fifth Ward R.\\nW. King, A. Ives. Sixth Ward m. Duncan, N.\\nSenninger. Seventh Ward J. M. Millar, E.\\nEccard. Eighth Ward D. Guiney, Thos. Griffith.\\nNinth Ward D. M. Richardson, M. Haller. Tenth\\nWard M. Frost, Chas. Byram.\\n1873, At Large T. W. Palmer, W. C. Duncan, H.\\nP. Bridge, E. B. Ward, P. Henkel.\\n1874, First Ward: Francis Adams, George\\nWilkes. Second Ward B. P. Mumford, Hiram\\nWalker. Third Ward Wm. R. Candler, James\\nFlower. Fourth Ward W. N. Carpenter, J. P.\\nHensien. Fifth Ward R. W. King, J. W. Ker-\\nmott. Sixth Ward Wm. Duncan, Thos. Hill.\\nSeventh Ward J. McMillan, Edward Eccard.\\nEighth Ward Daniel Guiney, M. F. Hogan. Ninth\\nWard D. M. Richardson, J. Witherspoon. Tenth\\nWard: Milton Frost, J. Dwyer. Twelfth Ward:\\nJos. Loranger, John Diedrich.\\n1874, At Large: J. Greusel, Julius StoU, Tho.s.\\nBaxter, Wm. Doeltz, E. B. Ward.\\n1875, First Ward S. R. Wooley, Francis Adams.\\n[161]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "l62\\nAUDITORS, COMPTROLLERS, ACCOUNTANTS.\\nSecond Ward Hiram Walker, Chas. L Walker.\\nThird Ward Louis Barie, Wm. R. Candler.\\nFourth Ward J. P. Hensien, Richard Hawley.\\nFifth Ward J. W. Kermott, R. W. King. Sixth\\nWard T. Hill, W. Duncan. Seventh Ward E.\\nEccard, J. McMillan. Eighth Ward M. F. Hogan,\\nD. Guiney. Ninth Ward J. Witherspoon, Jos.\\nNicholson. Tenth Ward: J. Dwyer, M. Frost.\\nTwelfth Ward J. Loranger, A. E. Hamlin.\\n1875, At Large: J. Greusel, J. Stoll, T. Baxter,\\nW. Doeltz, H. C. Hodges.\\n1876, First Ward: F. Adams, J. D. Hayes.\\nSecond Ward: C. I. Walker, Louis Dillman. Third\\nWard W. R. Candler, P. Herlihy. Fourth Ward\\nR. Hawley, W. N. Carpenter. Fifth Ward R. W.\\nKing, J. W. Kermott. Sixth Ward W. Duncan,\\nT. Hill. Seventh Ward: J. McMillan, E. Eccard.\\nEighth Ward: D. Guiney, M. F. Hogan. Ninth\\nWard J. Nicholson, C. Lafferty. Tenth Ward M.\\nFrost, Thos. Berry. Twelfth Ward A. E. Ham-\\nlin, J. Diedrich.\\n1876, At Large: S. C. Watson, J. Greusel, N.\\nAvery, W. Doeltz, W. C. Colburn.\\n1877, First Ward: J. D. Hayes, C. B. Hebbard.\\nSecond Ward Louis Dillman, T. N. Birmingham.\\nThird Ward P. Herlihy, W. R. Candler. Fourth\\nWard: W. N. Carpenter, Morse Stewart. Fifth\\nWard J. W. Kermott, R. W. King. Sixth Ward\\nT. Hill, D. M. Ferry. Seventh Ward: E. Eccard,\\nM. Martz. Eighth Ward M. F. Hogan, J. Connor.\\nNinth Ward C. Lafferty, G. C. Langdon. Tenth\\nWard Thos. Berry, G. Hendrie. Eleventh Ward\\nM. Dederich, M. Blay. Twelfth Ward J. Diedrich,\\nM. Steyskal. Thirteenth Ward Frank Whitman,\\nJohn Japes.\\n1877, At Large: J. Greusel, N. Avery, O. Bourke,\\nW. Doeltz, W. C. Colburn.\\n1878, First Ward: C. B. Hebbard. R. W. Gillett.\\nSecond Ward: Thos. N. Birmingham, Wra. K.\\nCoyl. Third Ward: W. R. Candler, P. Herlihy.\\nFourth Ward M. Stewart, Theo. Romeyn. Fifth\\nWard: R. W. King, A. E. Leavitt. Sixth Ward:\\nD. M. Ferry, H. L. Kanter. Seventh Ward: M.\\nMartz, Adam Schehr. Eighth Ward J. Connor, M.\\nF. Hogan. Ninth Ward: C. Lafferty, G. C. Lang-\\ndon. Tenth Ward: G. Hendrie, J. B. Gravier.\\nEleventh Ward: M. Dederich, W. L. Streeter.\\nTwelfth Ward: M. Steyskal, Thos. Densham.\\nThirteenth Ward: F. Whitman, J. Japes.\\n1878, At Large: M. I. Mills, Wm. B. Moran, A.\\nPulte, J. Atkinson, J. A. Dudgeon.\\n1879, First Ward: R. W. Gillett, F. Adams.\\nSecond Ward: W. K. Coyl, E. L. Schmitt. Third\\nWard: P. Herlihy, Theo. Chapoton. Fourth Ward:\\nTheo. Romeyn, J. L Lewis. Fifth Ward: A. E.\\nLeavitt, R. W. King. Si.xth Ward: H. L. Kanter,\\nTheo. McGraw. Seventh Ward: Adam Schehr, Z.\\nDewey. Eighth Ward: M. F. Hogan, Theo. Rentz.\\nNinth Ward C. Lafferty, H. Hastings. Tenth\\nWard: J. B. Gravier, P. McCormick. Eleventh\\nWard: Wm. L. Streeter, M. Blay. Twelfth Ward:\\nS. D. Bush, S. A. Plummer. Thirteenth Ward: J.\\nJapes, A. Trost.\\n1879, At Large: M. L Jilills, W. B. Moran, A.\\nPulte, J. Atkinson, J. A. Dudgeon.\\n1880, First Ward: F. Adams, W. A. Butler.\\nSecond Ward: E. L. Schmitt, C. D. Erichsen.\\nThird Ward: Theo. Chapoton, Jos. Kurtz. Fourth\\nWard: J. I. Lewis, Theo. Romeyn. Fifth Ward:\\nR. W. King, J. S. Vernor. Sixth Ward: Theo.\\nMcCJraw, J. D. Standish. Seventh Ward: Z. Dewey,\\nS. Kirchner. Eighth Ward: Theo. Rentz, D. Dono-\\nvan. Ninth Ward: H. Hastings, Robert Miller.\\nTenth Ward: P. S. McCormick, S. B. Grummond.\\nEleventh Ward: M. Blay, W. L. Streeter. Twelfth\\nWard: S. A. Plummer, J. B. Wood. Thirteenth\\nWard: A. Trost, A. Haischer.\\n1880, At Large: A. Chapoton, Thos. Berry, John\\nGreusel, O. C. Wood, W. C. Colburn.\\nAUDITORS. COMPTROLLERS. ACCOUNTANTS.\\nThe office of city auditor was created by Act of\\nMarch II, 1844. It was the duty of this officer to\\naudit all claims and accounts against the city, and\\nto examine and adjust, as often as once in three\\nmonths, the accounts of all city officers. The city\\nclerks served also as auditors until 1850, when A.\\nT. Hall was appointed solely to this office. By Act\\nof February 12, 1855, the name of the office was\\nchanged to that of comptroller, and the term of ser-\\nice was reduced from three to two years. In 1861\\nthe term of office was again extended to three years.\\nThe office is intended as a safeguard in the manage-\\nment of the city finances. The estimated expendi-\\ntures of the several departments of the city are for-\\nwarded to and collected by the comptroller, and\\nafter being tabulated, are presented by him to the\\ncouncil. He keeps a record of all bonds issued by\\nthe city, all of which are signed by the mayor and\\ncomptroller, and attested by the city clerk. When\\nbonds are redeemed, the comptroller gives a war-\\nrant, drawn on the city treasurer. It is his duty to\\nkeep a complete list of the property of the city. He\\nis nominated by the mayor and confirmed by the\\nBoard of Councilmen, and must give a bond in the\\nsum of \u00c2\u00a730,000. In 1883 the salary was $3,000.\\nFrom 1850 to 1854 Amos T. Hall ser\\\\-ed as\\nauditor. The names of the comptrollers, and the\\ndates of the beginning of their terms, are as follows\\nChas. Pekier, July 11, 1854; J. M. Edmunds, April,\\n1859; B. L. Webb, March, 1861 D. C. Whitwood,\\nMarch, 1862; A. H. Redlield, October, 1863; B. G.\\nStimson, January, 1868; Wm. Purcell, June, 1870;", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CITY AND WARD ASSESSORS.\\n163\\nE. I. Garfield, March, 1871 H. P. Bridge, March,\\n1877 Luther S. Trowbridge, July, 1883.\\nThe duties of the city accountant are intimately\\nrelated to the original duties of the auditor and\\ncomptroller. The first appointee was J. J. Norris,\\nwho was charged in 1877 with the duty of examin-\\ning the methods of bookkeeping and the condition\\nof the accounts in the several city offices. His re-\\nsearches were of value, and resulted in an improve-\\nment in the management of several of the offices.\\nIn 1878 he was succeeded by Richard Tregaskis,\\nand in 1 884 was reappointed. Appointments to the\\noffice are made on nomination of the mayor, for\\nterms of two vears, or until a successor is selected.\\nCITY AND WARD ASSESSORS.\\nThe city charter of October 24, 181 5, authorized\\nthe election of an assessor, and old records show\\nthat on May 5, 1817, he was paid $30.75 for collect-\\ning taxes on personal property assessed at $1,787.37.\\nThe extensive improvement of land and the greater\\nnumber of property owners, growing out of the sale\\nof lots on the Military Reser\\\\-e. led the council to\\nincrease the number of assessors and in 1828 three\\nwere appointed.\\nAn Act of March 27, 1S39, provided for the elec-\\ntion of one assessor in each of the six wards. Act\\nof April 13, 1841, required the assessors to make\\nout the rolls between the first Mondays of March\\nand April, and gave them the same power as the\\ncounty commissioners, and by Act of February 16,\\n1842, they were made members of the Board of\\nSuperWsors. By Act of February 23, 1846, the city\\nwas divided into three assessment districts, of two\\nwards each and of the sL\\\\ assessors elected in 1 846,\\nthree were to serve one year, and three for two\\nyears, the length of term of each to be decided by\\nlot. All assessments of property were to be made\\nbetween the second Mondays of March and May.\\nUnder Act of January 30, 1847, the taxes were re-\\nquired to be assessed and collected before the first\\nMonday in March. Act of February 22, 1848, pro-\\nvided that the council should divide the city into\\nthree assessment districts the first district to em-\\nbrace the first and second wards the second district,\\nthe third, fourth, and seventh wards and the third\\ndistrict, the fifth and sixth wards. The Act also pro-\\nvided that in 1849 one assessor should be elected for\\neach district, the assessor for the first district to\\nserve one year, for the second district, two years^\\nand for the third district, three years and after 1849\\nthey were to be elected for terms of three years. Act\\nof February 21, 1849, provided for the election of\\none assessor for the seventh ward, and that the as-\\nsessment districts of the city should be as already\\nconstituted by the council, except that the seventh\\nward was to be attached to the second district.\\nOn January 30, 1850, the Legislature provided for\\nthe election of three city assessors, who were to\\ndecide by lot what should be their terms of office,\\none of them to serve for one year, one for two, and\\nthe other for three years and after 1850 one asses-\\nsor was to be elected annually.\\nBy Act of February 12, 1855, h^^ P ^n of ward\\nassessors was again introduced, and in 1856 one\\nwas elected for each ward, the whole number con-\\nstituting a Board of Assessors. Assessments were\\nto be made in March of each year. In May, 1855,\\nthe rolls were seriously tampered with, the assess-\\nment of some persons being reduced, and that of\\nothers increased. It was difficult to determine who\\nhad committed or connived at the wrongdoing, but\\non February 5, 1857, the wards system was again\\nabolished, and provision was made for an assessor\\nand two assistant assessors, who were to be appoint-\\ned by the Common Council.\\nUp to July I, 1883, there was but one chief asses-\\nsor his salary was $2,500, and he was appointed\\nfor terms of three years. Under ordinance of De-\\ncember 30, 1 86 1, the city, on January i of each\\nyear, appointed two assistants to serve for three\\nmonths, at two dollars and fifty cents per day each.\\nBy ordinance of November 24, 1865, the time of\\nservice was increased to sLx months and in March\\nof the same year the pay was increased to four\\ndollars, and afterwards to five dollars per day. The\\nassistants were required to reside one on each side\\nof Woodward Avenue.\\nBy the charter of 1883, the office of assistant\\nassessor was abolished, and a board of three asses-\\nsors was provided for. The one in office was to\\ncontinue for his regular term, and two others were\\nto be appointed whose terms were to commence in\\nJuly, 1883, and to continue for two and three years\\nrespectively. Beginning \\\\nth 1884, one assessor is\\nto be appointed annually for a term of three years.\\nIn 1883 the salary was $2,500 each. The charter\\nof 1883 transferred to the assessors part of the\\npowers formerly exercised by the Board of Re\\\\iew.\\nThe president of the Board of Assessors is a mem-\\nber of the Board of Supervisors. The assessors pre-\\npare not only the lists of taxable property for the\\ncity, but also those for the state and county taxes\\nfor the county treasurer.\\nThe following persons have served as assessors\\n1816, Antoine Dequindre 1817, H. J. Hunt 1818,\\nHenry Brown; 1819, Robert Garratt 1820-1823,\\nD. C. McKinstry; 1823, B. Woodworth; 1824,\\nMelvinDorr; 1825-1828, J. Moors; 1828, E. Doty,\\nM. Dorr, J. Moors 1829, John Scott, Justin Rice,\\nF. P. Browning; 1830, S. Conant, J. L. Whiting, P.\\nDesnoyers 1831, John Roberts, John Garrison,\\nThomas Palmer; 1832, S. Conant, P. Desnoyers,\\nD.French; 1833, D. Cooper, T. S. Knapp, E. P.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "164\\nBOARD OF REVIEW.\\nHastings; 1834, D. C. McKinstry, P. Desnoyers,\\nN. Sutton; 1835, N. Sutton, A. Hartshorn, C.\\nMoran 1 836, W. Russell, John Palmer, N. Sutton\\n1837, H. Newberry, S. Poupard, M. Story; 1838,\\nT. S. Wendell, J. Palmer, H. Newberry.\\n1839. First Ward T.J.Owen. Second Ward\\nD. Cooper. Third Ward A. E. Mather. Fourth\\nWard: N. Sutton. Fifth Ward: D. W. Fiske.\\nSixth Ward W. Barclay.\\n1840, First Ward: T.J. Owen. Second Ward\\nLevi Cook. Third Ward Chas. Willcox. Fourth\\nWard CuUen Brown. Fifth Ward C. M. Bull.\\nSixth Ward Wm. Barclay.\\n1841, First Ward: T. J. Owen. .Second Ward:\\nL. Cook. Third Ward D. French. Fourth Ward\\nC. Brown. Fifth Ward W. R. Noyes. Sixth\\nWard H. Beaubien.\\n1842, First Ward T. J. Owen. Second Ward:\\nEllis Doty. Third Ward F. H. Stevens. Fourth\\nWard Peter Desnoyers. Fifth Ward G. Paull.\\nSixth Ward John Greenfield.\\n1843, First Ward T. J. Owen. Second Ward\\nJohn Farrar. Third W^ard Louis Beaubien. Fourth\\nWard: John Reno. Fifth Ward: H. H. LeRoy.\\nSixth Ward J. Godfroy.\\n1844, First Ward T. J. Owen, E. Bingham.\\nSecond Ward J. Farrar. Third Ward: L. Beau-\\nbien. Fourth Ward J. Reno. Fifth Ward J. H.\\nHill. Sixth Ward Henry Beaubien.\\n1845, First Ward: Thos. Palmer. Second Ward:\\nR. J. Connor. Third Ward M. Gooding. Fourth\\nWard J. Reno. Fifth Ward J. H. Hill Sixth\\nWard H. Beaubien.\\n1846, First Ward: M. Palmer. .Second Ward:\\nN. B. Carpenter, Third Ward G. Spencer. Fourth\\nWard: J. B.Vallee, Fifth Ward: D. Edsall. Sixth\\nWard H. Beaubien.\\n1847, First Ward: M. Palmer. Second Ward:\\nN. B. Carpenter. Third Ward G. Spencer. Fourth\\nWard J. B. Vallee. Fifth Ward Thos. Hall, A.\\nC. Powell. Sixth Ward H. Beaubien. Seventh\\nWard R. C. Smith.\\n1848, First District: Wm. Stewart, L Goodrich.\\nSecond District J. B. Vallee, Wm. Stead. Third\\nDistrict J. S. Jenness, David Weeks.\\n1849, First District J. Fitzmorris, N. B. Carpen-\\nter. Second District 1. Goodrich, James Robinson.\\nThird District W. Stead, John Mullett.\\n1850, George Blakeslee, Robert Reaume, W.\\nStead.\\n1851, First District: R. Reaume. Second Dis-\\ntrict John McCurdy. Third District S. T. Dyson.\\n1852 and 1853, First District J, Hanmer. Second\\nDistrict R. Reaume. Third District J. McCurdy.\\n1854 and 1855, First District J. Hanmer. Second\\nDistrict J. Reno. Third District A. H. Stowell.\\n1856, First Ward S. S. Barrows. Second Ward\\nN. B. Carpenter. Third Ward William Moore.\\nFourth Ward John M. Davis. Fifth Ward A. H.\\nStowell. Sixth Ward Eben Prentis. Seventh\\nWard A. H. Redfield. Eighth Ward Jonathan\\nTeagan.\\n1857-1863, W. W. Wilcox. 1863-1866, F. E.\\nEldred. 1866-1869, A. A. Rabineau. 1869-1872,\\nJeremiah Godfrey. 1872-1878, H. H. LeRoy. 1878-\\n1881, G. W. Gilbert. 1 881 -July, 18S3, J. D. Stand-\\nish. July, 1883, to J. D. Standish, C. W.\\nCoolidge, J. McBride.\\nBOARD OF REVIEW.\\nUnder Act of March 27, 1839, after the assess-\\nment rolls were completed, the assessors of the\\nseveral wards met together, on specified days, to\\nreview their work. Under Act of February 12, 1855,\\nthey met on the first Monday of April, and sat two\\nweeks to hear complaints and correct the rolls. By\\nAct of February 5, 1857, the city assessor, comp-\\ntroller, treasurer, attorney, and the Committee of\\nWays and Means for each year, were constituted the\\nBoard of Review. Act of March 12, 1861, made\\nprovision for the appointment by the council, on\\nnomination of the mayor, of three resident property\\nowners to hold oft ice three years, who were to con-\\nstitute a Board of Review. The three persons first\\nappointed determined by lot the terms of their\\nservice, and after 1861 one new member was ap-\\npointed yearly. The amount paid for their services\\nwas determined by the council, and was usually five\\ndollars per day. The board met yearly at the\\nassessor s office, on the first Monday in April, and\\nwere required to finish their labors on or before the\\nfirst of May. It was their duty to equalize, amend,\\nalter, and correct the assessment rolls but no\\nassessment could be increased, or new assessments\\nadded, without notice to the persons whose interests\\nwere affected. After a law of 1879, and up to July,\\n1883, the board consisted of five persons, three of\\nwhom were nominated by the mayor and two by\\nthe president of the Common Council, and all con-\\nfirmed by the council. The first three nominated by\\nthe mayor were to determine by lot who should\\nserve the terms of one, two, and three years, and\\nafterwards one new member was appointed each\\nyear for a term of three years. One of the two\\nappointed annually, on nomination of the president\\nof the council, was required to reside east, and the\\nother west, of Woodward Avenue. The charter of\\n1S83 abolished the office, and transferred its duties\\nin part to the Board of Assessors, and to the alder-\\nmen and councilmen in joint session. The following\\npersons have served as members of the board\\n1861 and 1862, J. Gibson, J. Godfrey, J. Burns;\\n1863, J. Gibson, J. Burns, J. Hanmer; 1864 and\\n1S65, J. Gibson, C. Van Husan, E. Orr; 1866, J.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CITY AND WARD COLLFXTORS.\\n165\\nGibson, C. Van Husan, J. C. Warner; 1867, J.\\nGibson, Geo. M. Rich, J. C. Warner; 1868 and\\n1869, C. Van Husan, G. M. Rich, J. C.Warner;\\n1870 and 1871, A. A. Rabineau, G. M. Rich, J. C.\\nWarner; 1872 and 1873, A. A. Rabineau, G. M.\\nRich, James Bums; 1874, A. A. Rabineau, A.\\nSheley, J. Burns 1875, 1876, 1S77, A. A. Rabineau,\\nA. Sheley, W. A. Butler; 1878, A. A. Rabineau, A.\\nSheley, W. B. Moran 1S79, A. Sheley, H. M. Dean,\\nL. L. Barbour; 1880 and 1881, A. Sheley, H. M.\\nDean, L. L. Barbour, M. Haller, W. E. Warriner\\n1882, A. Sheley, L. L. Barbour, Walter Ingersoll, J.\\nE. Vincent, A. Grant; 1883, A. Sheley, E. Kanter,\\nW. Ingersoll, George Dorr, John Kessler.\\nCITY AND WARD COLLECTORS.\\nThe office of city collector began with the incor-\\nporation of the town in 1 802. It was again provided\\nfor in the Act of 1815, and up to 1824 its duties\\nwere combined with those of the marshal. In 1817\\nthe officer was paid by a fee of five per cent on\\namounts collected, which percentage yielded him\\nS89.36. By ordinance of 1836 the salary- was $50 a\\nyear, in addition to the percentage allowed for col-\\nlecting county taxes. After 1846, when ward col-\\nlectors were provided, the city collector no longer\\nreceived the county taxes.\\nThe following official notice, which appeared in a\\ndaily paper of September, 1845, must have struck\\nterror to the hearts of delinquent tax-payers:\\nCITY TAXES.\\nPositively the last night. The council has granted a short\\nextension of time for the payment of taxes. Persons interested\\nwill do well to call at Fireman s Hall, common council room, and\\npay up. They will find me there every day during this week,\\nfrom 9 o clock A. M. to 12% o clock P. M. On Monday, the\\nfifteenth inst., I shall proceed to summary measures with all\\ndelinquents. Let no man, if delinquent, flatter himself that he\\nwill be overlooked or passed by, for I will positively make a clean\\nsweep.\\nMoRGAM Bates,\\nO /y Collector,\\nUnder the charter of 1855, all special assessments\\nfor street panng, sewers, and sidewalks were depos-\\nited for payment in the office of the receiver of taxes.\\nIf not paid in thirty days, they were then transferred\\nto the city collector s office, five per cent was added\\nfor collection, and one per cent for each month they\\nremained unpaid. Prior to 1866 the license fees, for\\ncarrying on various kinds of business, were also pay-\\nable to the city collector, who was appointed yearly\\nby the council. The office was abolished by law of\\n1879, and its duties transferred to the receiver of\\ntaxes.\\nThe following persons served as city collectors\\n1801, Chas. Francis Girardin; 1804, Jacob\\nClemens; 1816, John Meldrum 1817, Duncan\\nReid; 1818, H. O. Bronson 1819 and 1820, J. W.\\nCiilburn; 1821, Robert Garratt; 1822 and 1S23,\\nSmith Knapp; 1824, Griffith Roberts; 1825, A. C.\\nCaniff; 1826, John Howard; 1827 and 1828, A. C.\\nCaniff; 1829, S. Phelps; 1830 and 1831, A. C.\\nCaniff; 1832, J. Farrar, 1833; A. C. Caniff; 1834, J.\\nO. Graves; 1835, J. Moors; 1836, A. C. Caniff;\\n1837, James Cicotte; 1838, J. Farrar; 1839 and\\n1840, X. C. Caniff; 1841, J. D. Baldwin; 1842, B. S.\\nFarnsworth; 1843, F- H. Harris, H. J. Caniff; 1844,\\nC. Wickware; 1845 and 1846, Morgan Bates 1847-\\n1855, no appointments were made 1855 and 1856,\\nJ. W. Kelsey; 1857, E. S. Leadbeater 1858, R. H.\\nFinley; 1859 and i860, Wm. Cook; 1861. De Witt\\nC Hart; 1862, John Snyder; 1863 and 1864, Wm.\\nDyson; 1865, Chas. Meyer; 1866 and 1867, John\\nSchneider; 1868, E. N. Lacroix 1869, E. W.\\nFlint; 1870, Thos Joyce; 1871 and 1872, John\\nMcBride; 1873-1876, Wm. Parkinson; 1876, W. H.\\nChristian; 1877, James Daly; 1878, Jacob Young-\\nblood; 1879, John Archer.\\nThe office of ward collector was created by Act\\nof February 23,1846. The duties of the office con-\\nsisted in collecting the city, school, state, and county\\ntaxes. Act of May 10, 1861, authorized the collec-\\ntors to collect such other taxes as the receiver of\\ntaxes and other city officers might place in their\\nhands. The office was abolished by law of 1879,\\nwhich gave the receiver of taxes and the county\\ntreasurer power to appoint their own collectors.\\nThe ward collectors were as follows\\n1846, First Ward J. Moors. Second Ward R.\\nJ. Connor. Third Ward: D. Michael. Fourth\\nWard A. O. Madden. Fifth Ward Moses Ben-\\nnett. Sixth Ward E. Benham.\\n1847, First Ward: Wm. Cook. Second Ward:\\nL. B. Willard. Third Ward: I. Goodrich. Fourth\\nWard Geo. Smith. Fifth Ward E. M. Church.\\nSi.xth Ward R. Hopson.\\n1848, First Ward: H. D. Carpenter. Second\\nWard John Farrar. Third Ward S. P. Hopkins.\\nFourth Ward G. Smith. Fifth Ward M. Salter.\\nSixth Ward J. Braman. Seventh Ward Robert\\nReaume.\\n1849, First Ward: H. D. Carpenter. Second\\nWard John Campbell. Third Ward Paul Gies.\\nFourth Ward: Joseph Grimes. Fifth Ward: L.\\nW. Beebe. Si.xth Ward: J. W. Clark. Seventh\\nWard; J. Keusch. Eighth Ward M. McLaughlin.\\n1850, First Ward: John Collins. Second Ward\\nJohn Campbell. Third Ward: A.Stewart. Fourth\\nWard: Joseph Grimes. Fifth Ward: John Sharp.\\nSi.xth Ward: J. W. Clark. Seventh Ward: J.\\nKeusch. Eighth Ward M. McLaughlin.\\n1 85 1, First Ward: R. Storkdale. Second Ward:\\nA. Stewart. Third Ward: J. Deville. Fourth\\nWard Wm. Paton. Fifth Ward J. Sharp. Sixth\\nWard W. Paton. Seventh Ward A. Wing.\\nEighth Ward Thos. Trehey.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "1 66\\nCITY AND WARD COLLECTORS.\\n1852, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:\\nChas. O Neil. Third Ward: R. H. Lavinder.\\nFourth Ward C. Gies. Fifth Ward M. Doran.\\nSixth Ward F. Bruggerman. Seventh Ward E.\\nLebot. Eighth Ward ^L Dullea.\\n1853, First Ward: E. S. Leadbeater. Second\\nWard: C. O Neil. Third Ward: D. W. Fislce.\\nFourth Ward C. Gies. Fifth Ward J. Godfrey.\\nSi.xth Ward A. P. and E. F Plantz. Seventh Ward\\nE. Lebot. Eighth Ward J. CuUinane.\\n1854, First Ward David Stewart. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward: W. S. Montgomerj\\nFourth Ward Adam Orth. Fifth Ward Or\\\\-ille\\nS. Allen. Sixth Ward: E. F. Plantz. Seventh\\nWard J. Hilsendegen. Eighth Ward J. Cul-\\nlinane.\\n1855, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward Wm. P. Roberts. Fourth\\nWard A. Orth. Fifth Ward John Sharp. Sixth\\nWard E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward J. Hilsen-\\ndegen. Eighth Ward Nicholas Burke.\\n1856, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:\\nT. Anderson. Third Ward D. Lanigan. Fourth\\nWard A. Orth. Fifth Ward Wm. Stead. Sixth\\nWard: E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward: J. Hilsen-\\ndegen. Eighth Ward J. Moynaghan.\\n1857, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward:\\nT. Anderson. Third Ward G. Evans, E. T. Sher-\\nlock. Fourth Ward A. Orth. Fifth Ward Wm.\\nStead. Sixth Ward E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward\\nJ. Hilsendegen. Eighth Ward J. Moynaghan.\\nNinth Ward John Mulry. Tenth Ward F. St.\\nAubin.\\n1858, First Ward John Collins. Second Ward\\nJ. Calnon. Third Ward T. J. Sherlock. Fourth\\nWard Charles Lotz. Fifth Ward Thomas J.\\nBarry. Sixth Ward E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward\\nJ. Reno. Eighth Ward: Thomas Holley. Ninth\\nWard George W. Burchell. Tenth Ward James\\nDubois.\\n1859, First Ward Albert Marsh. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward F. Gies. Fourth Ward\\nCharles Lotz. Fifth Ward: T. J. Barry. Sixth\\nWard E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward J. Reno.\\nEighth Ward T. Holley. Ninth Ward G. W.\\nBurchell. Tenth Ward James Dubois.\\ni860, First Ward: David Dickson. Second\\nWard C. O Neil. Third Ward Leonard Richter.\\nFourth Ward: Alois Katus. Fifth Ward: T. J.\\nBarry. Si.xth Ward F. Baier. Seventh Ward\\nJohn Hornbogen. Eighth Ward Thomas Holiey.\\nNinth Ward Matthias Lenz. Tenth Ward Henry\\nPlass.\\n1 86 1, First Ward: J. Collins. Second Ward:\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourth\\nWard: Alois Katus. Fifth Ward: T. J. Barry.\\nWm. Powell. Sixth W^ard William L. Streeter.\\nSeventh Ward J. Hornbogen. Eighth Ward T.\\nTrahey. Ninth Ward J. C. Curry. Tenth Ward\\nH. Plass.\\n1862, First Ward: D. Dickson. Second Ward:\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward L. Richter. Fourth Ward\\nJ. J. Diedrich. Fifth Ward Alonzo Eaton, E. C.\\nEaton. Sixth Ward W. L. Streeter. Seventh\\nWard Nazaire Marion. Eighth Ward T. Trahey.\\nNinth Ward Thos. Gorman. Tenth Ward Henry\\nA. Blenman.\\n1863, First Ward D. Dickson. Second Ward:\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourth\\nWard J. J. Diedrich. Fifth Ward: S. J. Martin.\\nSixth Ward W. L. Streeter. Seventh Ward N.\\nMarion. Eighth Ward T. Trahey. Ninth Ward\\nWm. Binder. Tenth Ward Peter Dunn.\\n1864, First Ward: Hugh O Beirne. Second\\nWard C. O Neil. Third Ward Leonard Richter.\\nFourth Ward J. Funke. Fifth Ward Wm. Park-\\ninson. Sixth Ward Alonzo T. Ray. Seventh\\nWard: N. Marion. Eighth Ward: Wm. Ryan.\\nNinth Ward M. Lenz. Tenth Ward Philip Rapp.\\n1865, First Ward H. O Beirne. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward T. J. Sherlock. Fourth\\nWard J. Funke. Fifth Ward Wm. Parkinson.\\nSixth Ward: Alonzo T. Ray. Seventh Ward: A.\\nWerthmann. Eighth Ward Wm. Ryan. Ninth\\nWard J. Daly. Tenth Ward Wm. Wunsch.\\n1866, First Ward H. O Beirne. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward T. J. Sherlock. Fourth\\nWard J. Funke. Fifth Ward Wm. Parkinson.\\nSixth Ward: A. T. Ray. Seventh Ward: J. Blank-\\nenheim. Eighth Ward I^atrick Dwyer. Ninth\\nWard T. Rattenbury. Tenth Ward W. Wunsch.\\n1867, First Ward Wm. Harsha. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward T. J. Sherlock. Fourth\\nWard J. Funke. Fifth Ward Peter Huyser.\\nSixth Ward: Ulrich Kreit. Seventh Ward: J.\\nBlankenheim. Eighth Ward: P. Dwyer. Ninth\\nWard J. B. Haas. Tenth Ward W. Wunsch.\\n1868, First Ward: Wm. Harsha. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward Augustus Paulus. Fourth\\nWard J. Funke. Fifth Ward P. Huyser. Si.xth\\nWard: U. Kreit. Seventh Ward: G. L. R. Steckel\\nEighth Ward: P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward: J. B.\\nHaas. Tenth Ward W. Wunsch.\\n1869, First Ward Wm. Harsha. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward James McGrath. Fourth\\nWard J. Funke. Fifth Ward W. Kydd. Sixth\\nWard Edward Grevels. Seventh Ward G. L. R.\\nSteckel. Eighth Ward P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward\\nAlbert Bluma. Tenth Ward W. Wunsch.\\n1870, First Ward J. Danahey. Second Ward:\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward Henry Roediger. Fourth\\nWard J. Funke. Fifth Ward W. Kydd. Sixth", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CITY TREASURERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RECEIVERS OF TAXES.\\n167\\nWard Nicholas Senninger. Seventh Ward G. L.\\nR. Steckel. Eighth Ward Thos. O Neil. Ninth\\nWard Adam Eigenbrod. Tenth Ward W.\\nWunsch.\\n1 87 1, First Ward: D. Diclcson. Second Ward\\nC. O Neil. Third Ward H. Roediger. Fourth\\nWard: Wm. Carroll. Fifth Ward: W. Kydd.\\nSixth Ward U. Kreit. Seventh Ward Daniel\\nFleper. Eighth Ward P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward\\nJ. B. Haas. Tenth Ward W. Wunsch.\\n1872, First Ward John Stewart. Second Ward\\nJohn C. Schiietz. Third Ward H. Roediger.\\nFourth Ward W. Carroll. Fifth Ward Robert\\nD. Huff. Sixth Ward H. Kuemmel. Seventh\\nWard: D. Fleper. Eighth Ward: P. Dwyer.\\nNinth Ward Conrad Fey. Tenth Ward W.\\nWunsch.\\n1873, First Ward James Clark. Second Ward\\nJ. C. Schuetz. Third Ward H. Roediger. Fourth\\nWard N. Sutton. Fifth Ward P. Huyser. Sixth\\nWard H. Kuemmel. Seventh Ward C. B. Max-\\nson. Eighth Ward Wm. Ryan. Ninth Ward\\nC. Fey. Tenth Ward W. Wunsch.\\n1874, First Ward D. Dickson. Second Ward\\nJ. C. Schuetz. Third Ward H. Roediger. Fourth\\nWard N. Kummer. Fifth Ward J. Parkinson.\\nSixth Ward Henry Zeiss. Seventh Ward Herman\\nSucker. Eighth Ward: W. Ryan. Ninth Ward\\nC. Matzen. Tenth Ward J. Happe. Twelfth\\nWard: A. Bauer.\\n1875, First Ward D. Dickson. Second Ward\\nL. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward H. Roediger.\\nFourth Ward N. Kummer. Fifth Ward W.\\nKydd, Sr. Sixth Ward Henry Zeiss. Seventh\\nWard John Caspary. Eighth Ward W. Rvan.\\nNinth Ward John Taylor. Tenth Ward J.\\nHappe. Twelfth Ward A. Bauer.\\n1876, First Ward D. Dickson. Second Ward\\nL. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward H. Roediger.\\nFourth Ward N. Kummer. Fifth Ward G. W.\\nOwen. Si.xth Ward H. Zeiss. Seventh Ward\\nG. L. R. Streckel. Eighth Ward: P. Madigan.\\nNinth Ward J. Taylor. Tenth Ward Henry\\nWunsch. Twelfth Ward Chas. Steyskal.\\n1877, First Ward Philip Rocs. Second Ward\\nL. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward Martin Fox. Fourth\\nWard N. Kummer. Fifth Ward G. W. Owen.\\nSixth Ward W. H. Connor. Seventh Ward G.\\nL. R. Steckel. Eighth Ward P. Madigan. Ninth\\nWard M. Embach. Tenth Ward H. Wunsch.\\nEleventh Ward Francis Alter. Twelfth Ward\\nC. W. Appel. Tliirteenth Ward Fred W. Feld-\\nman.\\n1878, First Ward Philip Roos. Second Ward\\nL. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward Martin Fox.\\nFourth Ward N. Kummer. Fifth Ward G. W.\\nOwen. Sixth Ward W. H. Connor. Seventh\\nWard: G. L. R. Steckel. Eighth Ward; P. Madi-\\ngan, W. Ryan. Ninth Ward M. Embach. Tenth\\nWard Peter V anDamme. Eleventh Ward Joseph\\nKohn. Twelfth Ward: Joseph Kulnan. Thir-\\nteenth Ward F H. Ellair.\\n1S79, First Ward Robert Knox. Second Ward:\\nL. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward Geo. McManus.\\nFourth Ward Wm. Carroll. Fifth Ward c;. W.\\nOwen. Sixth Ward F. Harting. Seventh Ward\\nJ. T. Widman. Eighth Ward Wm. Ryan. Ninth\\nWard F. Cronewith. Tenth Ward P. an\\nDamme. Eleventh Ward A. Worhofsky. Twelfth\\nWard Jesse Sterling. Thirteenth Ward F. H.\\nEllair.\\nCITY TREASURER.S.\\nThe office of treasurer dates from 1802, and under\\nthe various charters and amendments, appointments\\nwere made by the Board of Trustees or Common\\nCouncil up to 1849, since which time the office has\\nbeen elective. The duties have never been materi-\\nally changed. The money received from various\\nsources is turned over to and paid out by this officer.\\nHis term of office is two years, and he is elected at\\nthe regular city election. By ordinance of 1825 he\\nwas allowed, in lieu of salary, one per cent of his\\nreceipts, and also one per cent on the amount he\\nactually paid out from moneys belonging to the cor-\\nporation. In 1832 the salary was $75 a year; in\\n1S40 it was $300; in 1856 it had grown to $1,000;\\nand in 1883 it was $3,000. He gives \u00c2\u00a7200,000\\nbonds. To aid him in his duties, he has several\\nassistants.\\nThe following is a list of the city treasurers 1816,\\nand 1817, O. W. Miller; 181 8, Louis Dequindre\\n1 8 19, A. Wendell 1820, T. Rowland 1821, Joseph\\nCampau 1822, Levi Cook; 1823. Calvin Baker;\\n1824, Peter Desnoyers; 182 5- 1829, H. S. Cole;\\n1829, J. T. Penny; 1S30-1836. R. S. Rice; 1836,\\nD. French; 1837. P. Desnoyers, C. Wickware\\n183S, John Farmer; 1839, J. C. Williams; 1840-\\n1842, F. X. Cicotte; 1842-1844, D. J. Campau;\\n1844-1845, Theodore Williams; 1846, D. Smart;\\n1847, John Winder; 1848-1850, W. A. Howard;\\n1850-1854, N. B. Carpenter 1854-1860, John Camp-\\nbell 1860-1861, D. P. Bushnell 1862-1866. A. A.\\nRabineau; 1 866-1 871, E. S. Leadbeater; July, 1871-\\n1876, E. C. Hinsdale; 1876-1884, Wm. Parkin-\\n.son 1884- John S. Schniittdiel.\\nRECEIVERS OF TAXES.\\nThe office of receiver was created by Act of March\\n12, 1 86 1, and all city ta.xes are primarily payable to\\nthis officer. Up to the passage of the charter of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "1 68 RECEIVERS OF TAXES.\\n1S83, he was appointed every two years by the 1 861 to July, 1862, B. Franklin Baker; 1862-1868,\\nCommon Council, on nomination of the mayor. Thos. R. Cummings; 1 869-1 873, Wm. Y. Rumney;\\nThe charter of 1883 lengthened the term to three 1873-1877, W. A. Throop 1877-1879, Robert E.\\nyears. The salary in 1883 was $2,500, the receiver Roberts 1879-1881,]. M. Welch; 1881- Jacob\\ngiving $50,000 bonds. (juthard.\\nThe following persons have ser\\\\-ed as receivers", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "PART IV\\nJUDICIAL.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXX.\\nJUSTICE IN THE OLDEN TIME.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISTRICT\\nCOURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UNITED STATES OFFICERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BANKRUPTCY COURT.\\nIn considering the subject of justice, and its\\nlegal administration, it should be remembered that\\none of the objects of the settlement of Detroit was\\nto secure and maintain the supremacy of the French\\nin this western region. For this reason, and because\\nof the dangers from hostile Indians as well as from\\nthe English, a military settlement was a necessity.\\nA company of soldiers was therefore sent with the\\nfirst settlers, and the beginnings of the colony pre-\\nsented an appearance quite unlike that of the Pil-\\ngrims of Plymouth Rock, or of the Quakers with\\nWilliam Penn. The treachery of the savages, the\\nvarious exigencies arising among settlers far removed\\nfrom the restraints of ordinary society, and the\\njealousies and ambitions of leading members of the\\ncolony, all combined to make military rule not\\nonly desirable, but necessary. Cadillac and the\\nother French commandants were therefore invested\\nwith almost plenary powers. They could imprison\\nat pleasure, or even run their swords through a per-\\nson who grossly offended they were amenable,\\nnevertheless, to the governor-general at Quebec\\nand to the colonial minister in France, and com-\\nplaints against them were not infrequent.\\nAbout 1720 the inhabitants complained to the\\ncouncil that Tonty was judge and party in all the\\ndifferences which arose respecting commerce, and if\\nany one attempted to claim his rights, he was ill-\\nused that in one case he struck Du Ruisson with a\\ncane, and trampled him under foot, so that he left\\nthe room covered with blood, and that when the\\nmatter was reported to Vaudreuil, no attention was\\npaid to it. In 1722 there were judges at the three\\ncities of New France, and each inhabitant was com-\\npelled to elect some one of these cities as his domi-\\ncile, so that notices could be served and cases tried.\\nNotwithstanding the occasional complaints of the\\npeople, there is every reason to believe that, in the\\nmain, the government of the commandants was\\nlioth mild and judicious. The circumstances of\\ntheir position were such that they could not afford\\nto alienate many of the settlers. The necessity of\\nconstant watchfulness and foresight in dealing with\\nand governing the savages, who clustered about the\\nfort and freely mingled with the people, made it\\nimpossible for them to indulge frequently in freaks\\nof temper, or to allow or commit injustice. A\\ncoolness and an intrepidity, seldom found in mean\\nor malicious natures, were important attributes of\\nthe men who should successfully govern the settle-\\nment and in many respects the government was\\nalmost patriarchal in its character. The command-\\nants were called upon to witness all important pri-\\nvate transactions, and no wedding or christening was\\nquite satisfactory without their presence.\\nDuring the earlier years of English rule the gov-\\nernment was still of a military character, and the\\nfatherly offices of the commandants were, if possi-\\nble, even more frequently exercised. Commandant\\nDe Peyster both married and baptized those who\\ndesired his sen ices, using the forms of the English\\nChurch. If offences were committed the command-\\nants went through regular forms of law, and tried,\\nand as faithfully executed, those whom they deemed\\ndeser\\\\-ing of death. In a letter dated April 20,\\n1763, addressed to General Amherst, Major Glad-\\nwin said, The Panis (a Pawnee Indian slave) who\\nescaped from the guard last winter got off to the\\nIllinois therefore I thought it best to try the woman,\\nwho was sentenced to be hanged for being an\\naccomplice in the murder of the late Mr. Clapham\\nwhich I had put in execution in the most public\\nmanner.\\nThe original manuscript of the letter has the fol-\\nlowing explanatory memoranda, probably added by\\nthe aide-de-camp of General Amherst\\nThis murder was committed last summer, and was attended\\nwith several shocking circumstances. Mr. Claphara was a trader\\ncoming from the Detroit, with his two Panis slaves, a man and a\\nwoman, who, by their own confession, murdered him by cutting off\\nhis head, and throwing his body into the river. They were de-\\nlivered up by a party of Indians, whom the Panis charged as be-\\ning the principal perpetrators of the murder; but this the Indians\\ndenied. The general, however, sent a warrant to Major Gladwin\\nfor the trial of the murderers and by this letter it appears that\\nthe man has made his escape, but that the woman, being found\\nguilty, has suffered according to her crime.\\nWith regard to the jurisdiction of the local com-\\nmandant, and the division of power between him\\nand the resident governor, Thomas Smith testified\\nbefore the Commissioners of Claims, on July 14.\\n1821. .as follows:\\n7il", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "JUSTICE IN THE OLDEN TIME.\\nAll military commandants were civil officers t:x Ojfficio, whether\\nso commissioned or not, and they decided questions of property,\\nand put litigants into the guard-house who disobeyed their decis-\\nions i there were civa magistrates, who acted under, and in all\\nmatters of importance consulted, the commandant. The com-\\nmandant was considered the chief magistrate, and acted often\\nwilUr.ut consulting any other magistrate. If any debtor attempted\\nto remove from the country, and the creditor made complaint\\nthereof, the commandant refused permission to such debtor to de-\\npart until the creditor was satisfied, and the debtor was accord-\\ningly detained until the decision of thecommandantwas complied\\nwith. The will of the commandant, in whom it is presumed con-\\nfidence was always placed by the British Government, was sub-\\nmitted to, and was certainly the then law of the land, whether it\\nbe called civil or military law, or whether that will related to civil\\nor military matters. Ale.xis Maisonville, on the opposite side of\\nthe river, was one instance, where the commandant sent a party\\nand removed him, upon complaint made to such commandant by\\nthe Indians that said Maisonville had settled upon certain lands\\nby them claimed, without the permission of such Indians.\\nJohn Askin made complaint to the then commanding officer\\nthat a certain person, whose name witness does not recollect, but\\nwho was a Frenchman, had settled upon certain lands al; the\\ngrand-marais claimed by said Askin, on the Detroit side of the\\nriver and that the commandant sent men, and that the French-\\nman was removed was notorious. This witness does not know\\nthat Governor Hamilton was commissioned by the King of Great\\nBritain, as governor resident at Detroit, but believed that he was\\nso commissioned, but witness knows that his authority was dis-\\nputed by the then commanding officer, Captain Montpasant as\\nwitness thinks, and consequently decisions of civil matters were\\nmade by Governor Hamilton, but his authority was never recog-\\nnized by Captain Montpasant, who considered this as his exclusive\\nprerogative.!\\nThe manuscripts of Sir William Johnson show-\\nthat in 1767 tliere was much trouble and conflict of\\nauthority between the commandant and the com-\\nmissioner of trade, each of these officers claiming\\nthe right to settle disputes between the traders.\\nUnder both French and English rule, the notarial\\noffice was one of great importance, as it practically\\ncombined the duties of court clerk and register of\\ndeeds. The notary kept copies of all papers wit-\\nnessed by or before him, registered marriage con-\\ntracts, and was connected with every transaction in\\nbusiness and in social life.\\nAmong the notaries acting between 1734 and\\n1760, or later, were Robert Navarre, Simon Sanjui-\\nnet, Baptiste Campau, and G. Monforton. About\\n1760 the name of Philip Dejean begins to be of fre-\\nquent occurrence in old records of every sort. He\\nwas appointed justice of the peace April 24, 1767,\\nand on the 20th of July following, Robert Bayard,\\nmajor commanding, appointed him second judge of\\na temporary court of justice, to be held every month\\nto decide all actions of debts, bonds, bills, contracts,\\nand trespasses involving large amounts.\\nIt would seem that Dejean s doings did not meet\\nthe approval of all the citizens, as a committee of\\ninvestigation, consisting of ten persons, was ap-\\npointed by Commandant George Turnbull. On May\\n21, 1768, they reported themselves as of opinion.\\nSee chapter on Revolutionary War.\\nFirst, that the fees established by the committee appointed by\\nMajor Robert Bayard, on the establishment of the Court of Jus-\\ntice at Detroit, are just and reasonable, and ought not to be less.\\nSecond, that every prisoner confined in the guard-house,\\nwhether for debt or misdemeanor, shall on being set at liberty pay\\none dollar, and ever batteau or canoe arriving here, loaded with\\nmerchandise belonging to any person or persons not possessing in\\nproperty any lot or building within this fort, shall pay two dollars\\nthe moneys accruing from thence to be applied, as in the time of\\nthe French government, to keep in good and sufficient repair the\\nfortifications around this town.\\nThird, no person having appeared before us, to make any com-\\nplaints against said Philip Dejean, with respect to his public\\noffice, we are of opinion that they were ill-founded and without\\ncause.\\nSigned^ J.MviES Sterling, Colonel Andrews, T. Williams,\\nWiLLi.iM Edgar, John Robison, Eustache Gamelin, P.\\nSt. Cosme, I. Cabasie, T. Moliere, A. Barthe.\\nDejean s character being thus approved, he was\\nfurther honored, on June 14 following, by being\\nnewly appointed notary, with power to examine by\\noath and evidence, but could give no final award\\nexcept by joint request. Matters settled by arbitra-\\ntion were to be approved by the commandant.\\nThe records of St. Anne s Church show that\\nPierre St. Cosme was acting as a justice of the\\npeace on September 15, 1762 and Philip Le Grand\\nis named as a justice on March 18, 1764.\\nUnder the Quebec Act of 1 774, the criminal law\\nof England was introduced as a guide in the admin-\\nistration of justice but as the same Act abolished\\nall courts of justice in the province, after the first of\\nMay, 1775. and as the laws of England were but\\nimperfectly understood, and much discretion was\\nallowed to or assumed by the governor and com-\\nmandant, many enormities were perpetrated under\\nthe semblance of law.\\nWhen Henry Hamilton was appointed lieutenant-\\ngovernor, a judge, assessor, and sheriff, were also to\\nbe commissioned, and to be paid one hundred and\\nfifty pounds per year each. The judge was not\\nimmediately named, and on Februarj 2, 1777, Gov-\\nernor Carieton wrote to Hamilton saying:\\nAs nothing better could be done at the time, you were included\\nas commissioner of the peace for the province at large and in\\nthat capacity you have a right to issue your wan-ants, for appre-\\nhending, and sending down (to Montreal) any persons guilty of\\ncriminal offences in the district, at least, such as are of conse-\\nquence enough to deserve taking that journey but these orders\\nmust be signed by you, and not by Mr. Dejean, whose authority\\nis unknown here.\\nSubsequently a Mr. Owen was appointed as judge\\nat Detroit, but he died, and in a letter dated April\\n26, 1778, Hamilton says his loss must be doubly\\nfelt, while I am obliged to act as judge, and in\\nseveral cases executor of justice. There is no execu-\\ntioner or gaoler, nor is a gaol yet built, though\\ngreatly needed. In another letter, dated August\\n17, 1778, he says Our law proceedings here are as\\nvague, and perhaps irregular as can be, but our\\nsituation must excuse and account for it. About\\nthis time he sent a man named Gardener (believed", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "JUSTICE IN THE OLDEN TIME.\\n^7?\\nto have murdered his wife), and also witnesses, to\\nMontreal for trial. Turning back two years, we\\nfind that soon after he arrived at Detroit, John Cou-\\ntincinau and Ann Wyley the first a former ser\\\\ ant,\\nand the woman prexnously a slave of Abbott and\\nFinchley were accused of stealing about $50 in\\nfurs and money from their late employers. They\\nwere arrested on June 26, 1776, tried, convicted, and\\non March 26, 1777, at twelve o clock, were hanged\\non the public common. The following letter, con-\\ntained in Volume VI. of Almon s Remembrancer,\\npublished at London, and ^^Titten by John Dodge,\\nof Detroit, gives interesting details concerning Ham-\\nilton s doings in the Coutincinau and other trials\\nQuebec, Sept. 21, 1777.\\nSir Yesterday his Excellency Sir Guy was pleased to sign my\\npass, a few hours before he set out for Montreal, notwithstanding\\nany opposition that might have been made by our Detroit new\\nlieutenant-governor, Hamilton, who, you know, is now in town\\nhere. From what you have heard of his cruel and tyrannical dis-\\nposition, you must be well convinced how imhappy we are under\\nhis government you know what severity he used against me un-\\njustly, how he has treated Mr. Bentley, and confessed to him in\\npresence of several witnesses that he knew ver well his proceed-\\nings against him were illegal, but tliat he was above the law, and\\nadded, Vou may sue me if you please, but you ll get nothing.\\nGovernment is obliged to support me in what I do. A very fine\\nconfession for a lieutenant-governor set over a free people\\nYou know how he wanted to hurt Mr. Isaac Williams, and the\\ncool manner in which he treated Mr. Jonas Schindler, silversmith,\\nwhom, after being honorably acquitted by a verj- respectable jurj\\nhe ordered to be drummed out of the town. Captain Lord of the\\nEighteenth Regiment, late commandant of th* Illinois, and at that\\ntime commanding the garrison at Detroit, silenced the drum when\\nit entered into the citadel, in order to pass out at the west gate\\nwith the prisoner, and said Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton might\\nexercise what acts of cruelty and oppression he pleased in the\\ntown, but that he would suffer none in the citadel, and would take\\ncare to make such proceedings known to some of the first men in\\nEngland. All these things are cruel, but nothing like hanging men.\\nLieutenant-Governor Hamilton, to whom a commission as justice\\nof the peace was sent up only two or three months ago, which is\\nthe first that ever was given by proper authority to any one in\\nDetroit, took upon him in the fall of 1775 to nominate and appoint\\na certain Philip Dejean (who ran away from home some years agi\\nand fled to Detroit to screen himself from his creditors) to act as\\njudge on the trial of Joseph Hecker (formerly a furrier in this\\ntown) for having killed his brother-in-law, Monsieur Moran, in a\\nquarrel. Judge Dejean passed sentence of death upon him, which\\nwas approved of by Governor Hamilton, and put in execution a\\nfew days after, under a guard of soldiers who surrounded the gal-\\nlows whilst he was hanged. In the spring of 1777 they condemned\\nand hanged also John Coutincinau, a Canadian, for having stolen\\nsome money, etc., from his master, and having been concerned\\nwith a negro wench in attempting to set fire to his master s house.\\nYou ll readily allow that these criminals deser\\\\ e death, but how\\ndared Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, and an infamous judge of\\nhis own making, take upon them to try them and execute them\\nwithout authority I mentioned all the above circumstances to\\nJudge Lewis, and to Mr. Monk, the attorney-general. They were\\nvery much surprised at such rash and unwarranted proceedings,\\nand said Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton and his Judge Philip\\nDejean were both liable to be prosecuted for murder. I beg you\\nmay make these things known in England, that we may be freed\\nfrom usurpation, tyranny and oppression.\\nThe proceedings of the Council of Virginia, under\\ndate of June 18, 1779, give details as to the cases of\\nISIr. Dodge and others. In speaking of Governor\\nHamilton the record says\\nThey find that his treatirRnt of our citizens and soldiers, taken\\nand carried within the limits of his command, has been cruel and\\ninhuman that in the case of John Dodge, a citizen of these slates,\\nwliich has been particularly stated to this board, he loaded him\\nwith irons, threw him into a dungeon, without bedding, without\\nstraw, without fire, in the dead of winter and severe climate of\\nDetroit that in that state, he wasted him with incessant expecta-\\ntions of death that when the rigors of his situation had brought\\nhim so low that death seemed likely to withdraw him from their\\npower, he was taken out, and somewhat attended to until a little\\nmended, and before he had recovered ability to walk, was again\\nreturned to his dungeon, in which a hole was cut, seven inches\\nsquare only, for the admission of air, and the same load of irons\\nagain put on him; that appearing asecond time in imminent danger\\nof being lost to them, he was again taken from his dimgeon, in\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which he had lain from January to June, with the intermission of\\na few weeks only before mentioned.\\nIt will be remembered that these records were\\nmade after the capture of Governor Hamilton,\\nPhilip Dejean, and others at Vincennes, and while\\nthey were confined in Mrginia. The document con-\\ntinues\\nIt appears that the prisoner Dejean was on all occasions the wil-\\nling and cordial instrument of Governor Hamilton, acting both as\\njudge and keeper of the jails, and instigating and urging him, by\\nmalicious insinuations and untruths, to increase rather than to re-\\nlax his severities, heightening thecruelty of his orders by hisman-\\nner of executing them offering at one time a reward to one man\\nto be hangman for another, threatening his life oa refusal and\\ntaking from his prisoners the little property their opportunities\\nenabled them to acquire.\\nMr. Dodge was eventually sent down and con-\\nfined in jail at Quebec. He escaped from there on\\nOctober 9, 177S, and on July 13, 1779, WTOte from,\\nPittsburgh to Philip Boyle, merchant at St. Duski\\n(Sandusky), as follows:\\nIt is with pleasure that I inform you that I have made my\\nescape from Quebec. I have the honor of wearing the Captain s\\ncommission, and the managing Indian affairs. You may depend\\non seeing me there this fall with a good army. Fisher and Grav-\\nerat are here, and desire to be remembered to their brothers, and\\nbid them to be of good cheer. There has been a battle at Carolina\\nthe English are entirely defeated seven hundred lay dead on\\nthe ground, the rest are prisoners, with all their cannon and bag-\\ngage, I enclose to you the proceedings of a Council, I am going\\nto Williamsbiirgh in a few days to prosecute Hamilton, and that\\nrascal Dejean, Lamothe likewise. Hominey, hey? they will all\\nbe hanged without redemption, and the Lord have mercy on their\\nsouls. My compliments to all the good Whigs of Detroit.\\nMoney plenty, fine times for the sons of liberty. I am just now\\ndrinking your health with a good glass of Madeira. God bless you\\nall, and we \\\\v ill soon relieve you from those tyrants.\\nReturning to Governor Hamilton, we find that\\nnotwithstanding the outrageous character of his\\nproceedings, Governor Haldimand rather justified\\nand excused him, especially in the Coutincinau\\ncase but the grand ]\\\\\\\\xy for the district of Montreal\\ndid not, and on Monday, September 17, 1778, they\\nindicted Governor Hamilton for allowing Dejean to\\nperpetrate such enormities. They said that in De-\\ncember, 1775, Dejean illegally acted as judge, and\\ncaused one Hecker to be apprehended for the", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "174\\nUNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.\\nmurder of one Chas. Moran, sentenced him to\\ndeath, and carried the sentence into execution and\\nthat on or about March, 1776, he arrested John\\nCoutincinau and Nancy, a negro woman, charged\\nwith attempting to burn the dwelling-house of\\nAbbott and Finchley, and also with having stolen\\nmoney and peltries that he sentenced Coutincinau\\nto death, and that on or about July, 1776, he was\\nhanged that Nancy remained in prison a time, and\\nwas pardoned on condition that she ser\\\\ e as execu-\\ntioner, which she did, and that then Uejean hanged\\nher also, and that without law or authority. He also\\nfined for offences. An action was also brought\\nagainst Dejean. and on December 4, 1 778, Governor\\nHamilton wrote to Haldimand, saying\\nA letter from Mr. Gary^ the deputy sheriff at Montreal,\\nacquaints me that some legal process has been commenced against\\nMr. Dejean, for acting under my direction in regard to criminal\\nmatters. 1 beg leave to recommend him to your Excellency s pro-\\ntection, as a man who has created enemies by doing his duty.\\n1 hope I shall alone be responsible for any malversation of\\nhis, as he has only acted by my orders. Should any com-\\nplaint against myself be lodged judicially, I am perfectly at ease,\\npersuaded your Excellency will allow me to vindicate ray conduct,\\nwithout encountering the chicano of the law.\\nIn March, 1778, Thomas Williams, father of Cen-\\neral John R. Williams, was acting as justice of the\\npeace. In July, 1784, he declined to act longer, and\\ninduced Mr. Monforton to attend to the business in\\nhis stead. His commission, issued by Sir Frederick\\nHaldimand, Governor-General of Canada, in 1779,\\nis in the possession of his grandson, J. C. D. Williams\\nof this city. An immense wax seal, half an inch\\nthick and four and a half inches in diameter, bear-\\ning many devices, is attached to the document.\\nThomas Smith served as commissioner of peace\\nin 1778. In 1779 the commandant suggested the\\nestablishment of a Court of Trustees, with jurisdic-\\ntion extending to ten pounds. Eighteen of the mer-\\nchants then entered into a bond that three of them,\\nin rotation, would hold a weekly court, and that they\\nwould defend any appeals which might be taken to\\nthe courts at Montreal. This court lasted about\\neighteen months, and then, as legal objections were\\nmade to it, the court was abolished. This pleased\\nthe careless, but was unsatisfactory to merchants,\\nand on March 28, 1781, they petitioned De Peyster\\nfor relief to enable them to collect of t hose who\\nwere able but unwilling to pay their debts. De\\nPeyster was at a loss to know what to do, and on\\nApril 3, 1 78 1, he wrote to General Haldimand, say-\\ning, Formerly summons were issued by the justice\\nand decisions given, but since we have learned that\\nthey have no such powers, that mode has ceased.\\nThe establishment of regular courts dates from\\nJuly 24, 1788, when several districts were created by\\nthe Canadian council. Detroit was embraced in the\\nDistrict of Hesse, and William Dunmore Powell was\\nthe first judge. In 1789 Courts of Common I leas\\nwere provided for, with jurisdiction without a]5peal,\\nexcept to the governors and council. The wealthier\\ncitizens were made judges, and they banished,\\nwhipped, and imprisoned at pleasure. In De-\\ncember, 1788, a session of the court was held at\\nDetroit, by Louis Beaufait, senior justice, with James\\nMay, Charles Girardin, Patrick McNiff, and Nath-\\naniel Williams as associate justices.\\nThere was, however, a great lack of proper courts,\\nand much uncertainty about their action, almost up\\nto the surrender of the post. On April 30, 1792,\\nMajor Smith of the Fifth Regiment, then in com-\\nmand at Detroit, said, It is strange that a man,\\nfor petty misdemeanors, shall be confined, and his\\nproperty sold and confiscated for debt, when another\\nshall commit the crime of murder, rape, and robbing\\nwith impunity.\\nOn October 15, 1792, the name of the district was\\nchanged from Hesse to Western District, and in\\n1 794 a court was provided for, to be held in Detroit.\\nThe law was repealed on June 3, 1796, as it seemed\\nno longer expedient to hold sessions in Detroit.\\nUnder the English Government, Courts of General\\nQuarter Sessions were also held, the last one on\\nJanuary 29, 1796.\\nUNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.\\nThe first Circuit United States Court for the State,\\nof Michigan was provided for by Act of July 1, 1836,\\nthe court to be held the third Monday in June\\nand first Monday in November, By Act of March\\n3, 1837, the States of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and\\nMichigan were made the seventh circuit, and the\\ntime of United States Circuit Court sessions fixed\\nfor the fourth Monday of June. By Act of March\\n10, i 838, the sessions were changed to the third\\nMonday in June and the first Monday of November.\\nBy law of March 31, 1839, the fall session was to\\nbegin on the second Monday of October. On July\\n14, 1862, it was provided that an additional session\\nshould be held, beginning the second Monday of\\nFebruary in each year. By Act of July 15, 1862, a\\nnew division of circuits was made, and Michigan,\\nWisconsin, and Illinois were made the eighth cir-\\ncuit. On January 28, 1863, the circuits were again\\nre-arranged, Ohio and Michigan being made the\\nseventh circuit. The terms of court, by Act of Feb-\\nruary 21, 1863, were to begin on the first Tuesdays\\nof June, November, and March. By law of July 23,\\n1 866, the present sixth circuit, embracing the States\\nof Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, was\\ncreated.\\nThe court is a court of appeal from the District\\nCourt. In general, its power may be thus defined\\nit may hear, and try originally, all cases coming\\nunder United States Law, except admiralty cases.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UNITED STATES OEFICERS.\\n175\\nIt has also jurisdiction in cases between citizens of\\ndifferent States, and between citizens and aliens, in\\ncases either of law or equity, involving amounts of\\nmore than five hundred dollars. The salary of the\\ncircuit judge is $6,000. He is nominated by the\\nPresident and confirmed by the Senate, the term\\nbeing for life.\\nThe first sessions of the United States courts in\\nthe State of Michigan were held in the Williams\\nBuilding, on the southeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Bates Street. In 1839 sessions were\\nheld in the City Hall, the United States paying $500\\na year rent to the city. In 1840 the courts were\\nmoved back to the Williams Building. On June\\n19, 1843, sessions began to be held in the building\\npurchased by the Government in 1842, located on\\nthe southwest corner of Griswold Street and Jeffer-\\nson Avenue. The building was sold, October 4,\\n1855, to the Michigan Insurance Company Bank,\\nand the court was soon after moved to Young Men s\\nHall, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue, midway\\nbetween Bates and Randolph Streets. The sessions\\nwere held there until the completion of the Govern-\\nment Building on the northwest corner of Griswold\\nand Earned Streets, after which the courts were\\nheld in the upper story of that building.\\nThe circuit judges of the United States, for Mich-\\nigan, have been as follows: 1836-1862, John Mc-\\nLean; 1862-1870, N. H. Swayne; 1S70-1878, H.\\nH. Emmons 1878- John Baxter.\\nThe clerks of the United States Circuit Court\\nhave been as follows 1837 to June, 1S57, John\\nWinder; June, 1857 to April 15, 1870, W. D. Wilkins;\\nApril 15, 1S70 to June 6, 1882, Addison Mandell;\\nJune 6, 1882- Walter S. Harsha.\\nUNITED .STATES DI.STRICT COURT.\\nBy Act of February- 13, 1801, provision was made\\nfor the holding of the first United States Court for\\nthis region, which was then in the District of Ohio\\nsessions of the court were to begin in Cincinnati on\\nthe loth of June and December, except when the\\nloth fell upon Sunday, when sessions were to begin\\non the following day. There is no evidence that\\nthis law ever took effect, and the necessity for it is\\nnot apparent, as the judges of the Northwest, Indi-\\nana, and Michigan Territories were all of them\\ndirect appointees of the President, and endowed\\nwith power to try offences against United States\\nlaw. In fact, the Supreme Court of the Territory\\ntook the place of a United States Circuit Court, and\\ntheir District Courts were also District Courts of the\\nUnited States.\\nUnited States District Courts for the State of\\nMichigan, first provided for by Act of July i. 1836.\\nwere to be held on the first Mondays of May and\\nOctober. The sessions of both Circuit and District\\nUnited States Courts, for the entire State, were at\\nfirst held only in Detroit. By Act of February 24,\\n1S63, the State was divided into two judicial dis-\\ntricts. The court held at Detroit is now known\\nas the District Court for the Eastern District of\\nMichigan. Sessions are held on the first Tuesdays\\nof March, June, and November; and for admiralty\\ncases on the first Tuesday of each month. The\\nDistrict Court has jurisdiction in all cases of infrac-\\ntion-of United States law, and in admiralty cases, or\\ncases arising in connection with trade or travel on\\nthe rivers and lakes.\\nThe jurors for both Circuit and District United\\nStates Courts were formerly selected by the clerk\\nand marshal; by law of June 30. 1879, a commis-\\nsioner, who in politics must be opposed to the clerk,\\nis appointed by the presiding judge to assist the\\nclerk in the selection of names.\\nOn the second Monday of November of each year\\nthey select the names of not less than two hundred\\npersons from different counties in the district these\\nnames are placed in a box, and at least twenty days\\nbefore court term begins, the clerk and marshal\\ndraw out, in the presence of the district attorney,\\ntwenty-three names as grand jurors, and twenty-\\nfour as traverse jurors. The jurors are paid two\\ndollars per day.\\nJudges of the District Court are appointed by the\\nSenate on nomination of the President. The term\\nis for life, and the salary is $3,500 per year.\\nThe district judges of the United States at De-\\ntroit have been, 1836-1870, Ross Wilkins; 1870-\\n1875, John W. Longyear; 1875- Henry B.\\nBrown.\\nThe clerks of both Circuit and District Courts\\nare appointed with the concurrence of both judges\\nand hold office at their pleasure. The clerks are\\npaid by fees appertaining to the office. For services\\nand clerk hire they are allowed to retain fees to the\\namount of $3,500 per year.\\nThe clerks of the United States District Court\\nhave been as follows; 1S37 to October, 1S48, John\\nWinder; October, 1848, to June, 1857, W. D. Wil-\\nkins; June, 1857, to April 15, 1870, John Winder;\\nApril 15, 1870, to D. J. Davison. Deputy\\nClerk, John Graves.\\nUNITED ST.^TES OFFICERS.\\nAttorney.\\nThis office, directly connected with the adminis-\\ntration of justice in the United States Courts, was\\nprovided for by Act of September 24, 1789. It is\\nthe duty of the attorney to prosecute all offences\\nagainst the Government, its property or laws to\\nattend to the collection of all debts due to the\\nGovernment, or of the forfeited bonds of any\\ngovernment officer. The appointment is made by", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "176\\nUNITED STATES OFFICERS.\\nthe Senate on nomination of the President. The\\nterm of office is indefinite. The salary is $200 and\\nfees not exceeding \u00c2\u00a76,000. The office in i SSo was\\nworth about \u00c2\u00a74,000 per annum.\\nThe salary of the assistant attorney is \u00c2\u00a72,000, and\\nfor many years J. W. Finney has filled that position.\\nThe following persons have been United States\\nattorneys for the years named: 1S0S-1811, H. H.\\nHickman; 1811-1814, E. Brush; 1814, Chas.\\nLarned 181 5-1823, Solomon Sibley; 1823-1824,\\nJames D. Doty; 1824-1827. Andrew G.Whitney;\\n1S27-1834, Daniel Le Roy 1834-1841. Daniel Good-\\nwin; 1842-1845, George C.Bates; 1845-1850, John\\nNorvell; 1850-1852, George C. Bates; 1852, S.\\nBarstow; 1853-1857, George E. Hand; 1857-1S61,\\nJoseph Miller, Jr.; 1861, W. L. Stoughton; 1862-\\n1869, Alfred Russell; 1869-1S77, Aaron B. May-\\nnard; 1877- S. M. Cutcheon.\\nUnited States Mars/iat.\\nThis office was first created September 24, 1789.\\nIt is the duty of the marshal to make arrests of all\\nwho offend against the United States or its laws,\\nsuch as smugglers, counterfeiters, etc. In fact, the\\nmarshal is the high constable of the government of\\nthis district, and attends the sessions of the United\\nStates Courts to see that its rules and orders are\\nobeyed. He is appointed by the President and\\nSenate for terms of four years. The salary is \u00c2\u00a7200\\nand all of the fees if the amount does not exceed\\n\u00c2\u00a76,000.\\nThere are between twenty and thirty deputies, all\\nappointed by the marshal, si.x of whom are located\\nin Detroit. Their salaries are dependent on the fees\\nreceived.\\nThe marshals for the Territory and .State have\\nbeen as follows: 1805, July 17 to August 6, Elisha\\nAvery; 1805, August 6 to November. 1806. James\\nMay 1806, November 6 to \\\\Vm. ,McD. Scott\\n181 1 and 18 1 2, John Anderson; 181 2, F. Baby;\\n(English rule.) 18 14, J. H. Audrain; 181 5-181 2,\\nThos. Rowland; 1831-1837, Peter Desnoyers;\\n1837-1841, Conrad Ten Eyck 1841-1845, Joshua\\nHoward; 1845-1S47, Levi S. Humphrey; 1847-\\n1849, Austin E. Wing; 1849-1853, C. H. Kno.x\\n1853-1857, George W. Rice; 1857-1858, R. W.\\nDavis; 1858-1859, M. I.Thomas 1859-1861, John\\nS. Bagg; 1861-1867, Chas. Dickey; 1867- 1869,\\nNorman S. Andrews; 1869-1877, Joseph R. Ben-\\nnett 1 877- Salmon S. Mathews.\\nCommissioners for United States Courts,\\nThis office was provided for as early as 1789, but\\nno commissioners were appointed for Michigan prior\\nto the admission of the State to the Union. The\\nduties of the commissioners consist in hearing and\\ntaking such testimony as may be referred to them,\\nfor use in either the Circuit or the District Court, and\\nwhen so taken, by order of the court, the testimony\\nhas all the force that it would have if given before\\nthe court itself. This is done to save the time of\\nthe judges. The parties to any case requiring testi-\\nmony to be taken may elect the commissioner before\\nwhom they will have the testimony taken.\\nThe commissioners are appointed by the United\\nStates Circuit judge. The term is for life, and they\\nare paid by the fees received.\\nThe following persons, residing in Detroit, were\\nappointed commissioners on the dates named Feb-\\nruary 17, 1838,1 John Winder; November 1, 1841,\\nAlexander Davidson; December 8, 1841, Walter\\nW. Dalton; March 2, 1842, John Nor\\\\ ell; March\\n20, 1843, A. T. McReynolds July 13, 1843, A. Ten\\nEyck; September 4, 1843, E. P. Hastings; Sep-\\ntember 4, 1843, E. Smith Lee; September 4, 1843,\\nC.C.Jackson; September 4, 1843, Addison Man-\\ndell; June 17, 1845, H. Chipman June 16, 1846,\\nJohn B.Watson; June 29, 1S47, Geo. G. Bull, James\\nCampbell; June 28, 1848, Levi B. Taft June\\n25, 1S49, Henry- R. Mizner; July 3, 1850, S. G.Wat-\\nson, Wm. D. Wilkins; January 2, 1851, George\\nJerome; June 20, 1851, D. A. A. Ensworth June 8,\\n1852, S. D. Miller; November 30, 1852, Geo. W.\\nMorell June 27, 1853, Wm. Jennison; November\\n3 iSSj Jeremiah Van Rensselaer; October 16,\\n1S61, Thos. S. Blackmar August 4, 1S62, John \\\\V.\\nA. S. Cullen.i Ervin Palmer, Theo. P. Hall Sep-\\ntember I, 1862, Geo. P. Russell; May 5, 1S63, J.\\nElisha Winder April 22, 1870, D. J. Davison;\\nMarch 27, 1873. John Graves; June 28, 1877,\\nCharles Flowers February 25. 1S81. II. Whittaker\\nMarch 21, 1882, E. C. Hinsdale.\\nMasters in Cliancery.\\nThis office also dates from 1 789, and the first ap-\\npointees for Michigan were made when the State\\nwas admitted to the Union. Masters in chancery\\noccupy the same relation to the United States Courts\\nthat similar officials do to State courts. They are\\nappointed by the circuit and district judges, and are\\npaid by fees which they receive.\\nThe names of appointees, and date of appoint-\\nment of each, are as follows\\nMarch 18, 1837, Robert Abbott; February 27,\\n1839,1 George E. Hand, A. Ten Eyck, H. N.\\nWalker; March 26, 1839, E. J. Roberts; April 20,\\n1839, S. Humes Porter; December 12, 1839, C. C.\\nJackson; December 7, 1840, John L. Talbot, Chas.\\nCollins, Alexander Da\\\\Hdson; June 21, 1841, Walter\\nW. Dalton; October 15. 1841, George G. Bull;\\nOctober 22, 1842. J. an Rensselaer. James B. Wat-\\nson October 9, 1843, E. Smith Lee, A. T. McRey-\\n1 Still in office.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "BANKRUPTCY COURT.\\n177\\nnolds, John Norvell October 12, 1S43, Addison\\nMandell June 17, 1845, G. T. Sheldon; June 16,\\n1846, John B. Watson; June 29, 1847, James V.\\nCampbell; June 19, 1851, Levi Bishop; June 20,\\n1851, D. A. A. Ensvvonh June 27, 1853, \\\\Vm.\\nJennison June l8, 1857, Daniel Goodwin. Jr. June\\n29, 1859, John W. A. S. Cullen; July 21, 1860,1\\nDarius J. Davison; June 16, 1862, Thos S. Black-\\nmar; June 17, 1S62, Geo. A. Wilco.x; July i, 1862,\\nJohn J. Speed; June 7, liSo, Henry M. Camp-\\nbell.\\nBANKRUPTCY COURT.\\nThis court was first provided for by Act of April\\n4, iSoo, which Act was repealed on December 19,\\n1803. A second Bankruptcy Act was passed on\\nAugust 19, 1841, to take effect February i follow-\\ning. On March 3, 1842, it w^as repealed. Under\\nStill in office.\\nboth of these laws the United States district judge\\nacted as register. The third Bankruptcy Act, which\\ncreated the office of register in bankruptcy, was\\npas.sed March 2, 1867, and amended July 27, 1868.\\nUnder these last Acts H. K. Clarke was appointed\\nregister, June 5. 1867, by the United States district\\njudge, and held the office during the entire existence\\nof the law. The compensation consisted entirely in\\nthe fees connected with the office, and out of these\\nthe register paid for the service of one regular clerk,\\nand the occasional services of a stenographer and\\ncopyist. The duties consisted in hearing testimony\\nand taking depositions as to ability of Iwnkrupts to\\npay their debts, and on a satisfactory showing, to\\ngive them a legal discharge therefrom. The office\\nand its duties were abolished by law of 1878.\\nImprisonment for debt existed as late as 1822,\\nand on May 27 of that year a law was passed pro-\\nviding for the release of debtors upon the surrender\\nof their property.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXI.\\nSUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\nThe ordinance of 1787, creating the Northwest\\nTerritory, provided for the appointment of a court,\\nto consist of three judges, any two of whom were\\nto form a court and have a common-law jurisdiction.\\nEach judge was required to possess a freehold estate\\nin the Territory of five hundred acres of land while\\nin the exercise of his office. Their commissions\\nwere to continue during good behavior. The\\nGovernor and Judges, or a majority of them, were\\nto adopt, and publish in the Territory, such laws of\\nthe original States, criminal and civil, as might be\\nnecessary and best suited to the circumstances of\\nthe people. These laws were to remain in force,\\nunless disapproved by Congress, until the organiza-\\ntion of the General Assembly. Sessions of the\\ncourt were held four times a year in counties that\\nseemed to require it most the sessions were to be-\\ngin on the first Monday in February, May, October,\\nand December. The first session was held August\\n30, 1788. When Michigan came under American\\ncontrol, and became in fact a part of the Northwest\\nTerritor a session of the Supreme Court was held\\neach year in Detroit. A law of the Northwest\\nTerritory of January 23, 1802, appropriated eighty-\\nfive dollars to Arthur St. Clair, the governor, for\\norganizing courts at Detroit. The court was at-\\ntended by lawyers, some of whom came all the way\\nfrom Cincinnati, among them Judge Burnett and\\nArthur St. Clair, Jr. The larger portion of the\\nlitigants, witnesses, and jurors were unable to speak\\nor understand English, and in many cases all the\\nproceedings were conducted in French, which was\\ninterpreted sentence by sentence. This made the\\nproceedings very tiresome.\\nDuring a session on June 4, 1800, the birthday of\\nHis Majesty King George III. was being celebrated\\nat Sandwich, and the judges and bar of the court,\\nand officers of the garrison, with many of the prin-\\ncipal citizens of Detroit, were invited to attend and\\nparticipate in the festivities. The invitation was\\naccepted, and about one hundred Americans went\\nover. A spacious building, which had been erected\\nfor a warehouse, was so arranged that between four\\nand five hundred persons could be seated at the\\ntable, which was richly and elaborately furnished,\\nand abundantly supplied with everything that appe-\\ntite or taste could suggest.\\nI\\nSessions of the court were held at the house of\\nMr. Dodemead, then located on the south side of\\nJefferson Avenue, near Shelby Street. The salary\\nof the judges was $800 per year, and was paid by\\nthe United States. They were appointed by the\\nPresident with the approval of the Senate.\\nThe foUowingwere appointed on the dates named\\nOctober 16, 1787, S. H. Parsons, J. Armstrong, J.\\nM. Varnuni February 19, 1788, John Cleve Symmes\\nin place of Armstrong, declined; August 20, 1789,\\nWm. Barton in place of Varnum, whose term\\nexpired; September 12, 1789, George Turner in\\nplace of Barton, declined; March 31. 1791. Rufus\\nPutnam in place of Parsons, deceased February\\n12. 1798, R. J. Meigs in place of Turner, resigned;\\nDecember 22, 1796, Joseph Gilnian in place of\\nPutnam, made surveyor-general.\\nThe Christian name of Judge Meigs was Return\\nJonathan the origin of this singular name was as\\nfollows During their courtship his father and\\nmother had a quarrel, and his father, who was then\\nat the home of his sweetheart, left the house she\\nsoon repented, and runninir to the door called out,\\nReturn, Jonathan, return! The obedient and\\nfully pacified lover did return. They were happily\\nmarried, and in memory of the incident their first\\nchild was named Return Jonathan Meigs.\\nSupreme Court under Indiana Territory.\\nUnder the rule of Indiana Territory the Supreme\\nCourt was composed of Judges Wm. Clark, Henry\\nanderburg, and John Griffin. On October 24,\\n1804, a session of the Circuit Court, presided over\\nby Judge anderburg. was held in Detroit.\\nSupreme Court of Miehigan Territory.\\nUnder law of Congress of January 11, 1805. the\\nSupreme Court for the Territory was organized on\\nJuly 29. By Act of July 24, 1805, regular sessions\\nwere to begin on the third Monday in September,\\nthe JLidge holding the commission of earliest date to\\nbe chief judge, and the other judges to have prece-\\ndence according to the date of their commissions,\\nunless they were of same date, when the age of the\\npersons was to determine the question^ The court\\nhad jurisdiction in all cases concerning the title to\\nlands, and m all other cases where the sum in dispute\\n178 1", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "SUI REME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\n179\\nexceeded $200, also appellate jurisdiction in all\\ncases. It also had exclusive jurisdiction in all capi-\\ntal criminal cases, and in proceedings for divorce.\\nA further Act of February 18, 1809, sjave original\\nand exclusive jurisdiction in all cases involving over\\n$500, and in all capital criminal cases where the\\nUnited States was a party, with appellate jurisdic-\\ntion in cases from the several district courts. By\\nAct of October 31, 181 5, jurisdiction was given in\\ncases where the amount involved exceeded $1,000.\\nThe three judges with the governor also constituted\\nthe Legislature of the Territory, and possessed within\\nthemselves almost entire control of affairs. They\\nwere commissioners for laying out the town of\\nDetroit and disposing of the lots and, by the\\napathy or consent of the citizens, they exercised\\nauthority in municipal matters as well, governing\\nboth town and Territory, and administering punish-\\nment at their pleasure. The old court records show\\nthat for a crime of some kind they ordered an Indian\\nto be burnt in the left hand, and the following\\nbill for executing the order was presented and paid\\nTtrrritury of Michigan to James May, May i, 1806, for brand-\\ning \\\\S abouse, an Indian, agreeable to order of court, sixteen shil-\\nlings.\\nWhen notices of publication were ordered, they\\nwere sent to a Pittsburgh paper, that being the\\nnearest place with which our citizens had intercourse\\nwhere a paper was published.\\nOn its first session, in 1805. the .Supreme Court\\nmet at the old Cass House, then occupied by Judge\\nMay. In 1806, it met at the house of John Dode-\\nmead. On September 20, 1809, a session was held\\nat the house of Gabriel Godfrey, Jr.; on the same\\nday John Harvey appeared in court, and made an\\noffer of a room in his house, without cost, for the\\naccommodation of the court. In i8i4the houses of\\nLouis Moran and John Kinzie were made use of\\nsessions were also held at the chambers of the pre-\\nsiding judge. An article in The Gazette of October\\n25, 1825, says that the court sat sometimes at mid-\\nday and sometimes at midnight; sometimes in the\\ncouncil house and sometimes at the clerk s office\\nsometimes at a tavern and sometimes on a woodpile.\\nRealize this, imagine it, if you can. Yet there is\\nno doubt of the facts as stated they were matters\\nof public notoriety.\\nA memorial of the citizens, of January 3, 1823,\\npresented to Congress, and printed in The Detroit\\nGazette, says\\nIn September, 1820, the court frcquenllj held its sessions from\\n2 r. M. till 12. I, and 3 o clock in the morning of the next\\nday and cases were disposed of in the absence of both clients\\nand counsel. During these night sittings, suppers of meat and\\nbottles of whiskey were brought into court, and a noisy and merry\\nbanquet was partaken at the bar by some, while others were\\naddressing the court in solemn argument, and others presenting to\\nthe judges on the bench, meat, bread, and whiskey, and inviting\\nthem to partake.\\nAt the opening of the session of the Supreme\\nCourt, on September 13, 1820, only Judges Wood-\\nward and Witherell were present, Judge Griffin\\nbeing absent from the Territory. Business went on\\nas usual, until October 9, when Judge Woodward\\nabsented himself. Judge Witherell then adjourned\\nthe court till the first Monday of December. A day\\nor two after Judge Griffin arri\\\\-ed, and on October\\n13 a special session of the court was opened at\\nWhipple s Tavern by Judges Woodward and Griffin,\\neven the sheriff being unaware of it until he acci-\\ndentally happened in. The court then adjourned\\ntill October 16, at the council house, where Judges\\nWoodward and Griffin met, and rescinded the order\\nof adjournment made by Judge Witherell, and on\\nthe refusal of those pre.sent to do business at such a\\nsession of the court, it was adjourned till October 21,\\nand on that day a rule was entered on the records\\nthat a regular session should be held annually on the\\nsecond Thursday of August the court then ad-\\njourned until tliat day, entirely disregarding the day\\nin December, to whicli the court had been adjourned\\nby Judge Witherell.\\nOn December 4 he opened the court alone, and,\\nalthough both of the other judges were in the Ter-\\nritory, Judge Witherell was compelled, by reason of\\ntheir absence, to adjourn the court si/ie die.\\nOn March 30, 1S21, Judges Woodward and Griffin\\ncame together, rescinded their adjourning order of\\nOctober 21, and then adjourned again; and so the\\nfarce went on.\\nThe memorial of 1823 states that during a session\\nof four months the court held its sittings at night,\\ninstead of in the daytime, and at private offices,\\nwithout giving knowledge of its whereabouts to the\\npeople. At these night sittings rules of the court\\nwere adopted, and proceedings had w hich violated\\ncommon law. On one occasion a law was made at\\na night sitting altering an Act of Congress. A\\nsingle judge has been known to open and immedi-\\nately adjourn the court, without the attendance of\\neither clerk, sheriff, constable, or crier and without\\nthe records, or even pen, ink, or paper; and that,\\nwhen causes were before the court for argument,\\nleaving the suitors and officers of the court and the\\nother judges to find out, if they can, when and\\nwhere it will please the court to open itself again.\\nWhen a statute happened to be really adopted from\\nthe laws of one of the States, the judges, who con-\\nstituted three out of the four persons who adopted\\nthe law, declared from the bench that they would\\nnot be bound by the constructions and decisions of\\nthe State from which the law was taken. Their\\nown decisions, in similar cases, were so discordant\\nthat they furnished no guide from which to conjec-\\nture what their decisions might be on the same\\npoints in the future; and it was even declared by", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "i8o\\nSUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY A\\\\D THE STATE.\\nthem that their own decisions should not be obli-\\ngatory as precedents. ATany cases were decitled as\\nwhim or convenience dictated favoritism was often\\ngrossly manifest and court rules were made for the\\nbenefit of particular and special cases, notoriously\\nso in the case of Sibley 7 s. Taylor, in 1819 and\\n1820.\\nAfter neglecting their duties as judges, they would\\nmeet as legislators, and pass a law to remedy the\\ndefects of their carelessness or indifference. Pris-\\noners, on giving a note for the amount of their fines,\\nwere released from custody. Of necessity, great\\nirregularities resulted from their actions, and the\\nhighest territorial judicial tribunal was brought into\\ncontempt.\\nDuring all these years there was no remedy in law\\nagainst the decisions of the judges. The people\\nhad no right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States, and Congress did not interfere,\\nand seemingly was determined not to remedy the\\nevil.\\nFrom 1818 to 1836 the Territory- now known as\\nthe State of Wisconsin was a part of Michigan, and\\nthe territorial court of Detroit had jurisdiction over\\nthat region as well. Criminals were conveyed here\\nfor trial and the plenary power which the judges\\nexercised was a great convenience in trying cases, if\\nnot in administering justice. In some reminiscences\\ngiven by Judge B. F. H. Witherell, in Gibb s fourth\\nvolume of Michigan Reports, he says\\nIf any law was found to work badly, the governor, or one of the\\njudges, notified the others, the Legislature assembled, and the law\\nwas repealed or amended. On one occasion, I recollect, two\\nIndians were arrested on a charge of murder near Green Bay,\\nand brought for trial to Detroit.^ When the Supreme Court\\nassembled, it was found that the law relating to grand jurors was\\ndefective. The court adjourned, the Legislature assembled, the\\nlaw was amended, and the prisoners were tried, convicted and ex-\\necuted.\\nA reference to Volume I. of Territorial Laws,\\npages 234 and 235, shows that the law referred to,\\nAn Act establishing Forms of Oaths, was passed\\nSeptember 17, 1821, Wm. Woodbridge, secretary\\nof the Territory, being then acting governor, and A.\\nB. Woodward and John Griffin judges.\\nThe Detroit Gazette of November i, 1822, says\\nthat the law in question was passed in the evening,\\nthe grand jury having been called in the morning of\\nthe same day. A record of the proceedings of the\\ncourt, contained in the same paper, shows that there\\nwas much discussion among the judges as to the\\nform of oath to be administered to the grand jury,\\nand they finally settled the matter by passing the\\nlaw referred to. The statute in question is thus\\nshown to be a genuine and unmistakable ex post\\n1 They arrived in Detroit on the Superior, on Friday, August\\n3, 1821\\nfacto law, applied even in a trial where two human\\nlives were involved. It is doubtful if the annals of\\nany other region in the United States afford such a\\nrecord.\\nThe case on trial was that of Ketaukah and Ke-\\nwaubis, who were executed December 27, 1821, the\\nformer for the murder of Dr. Wm. S. Madison, the\\nlatter for the murder of Charles Ulrich.\\nConcerning the trial of these Indians, C. C. Trow-\\nbridge told the following incident J. D. Doty had\\nbeen assigned as counsel for one of them, and B. F.\\nH. Witherell for the other. In company with Col-\\nonel Louis Beaufait, as interpreter, they went to see\\ntheir Indian clients, and learn the facts in the case.\\nWitherell soon finished the inter\\\\-iew with his client,\\nand they all repaired to the cell df the Indian who\\nmurdered Madison. Mr. Doty asked him how it\\nhappened that he shot the surgeon. The honest\\nsavage replied, I saw him going along, and I\\nthought I would like to shoot him, and 1 did.\\nBut, said Doty, was there not some accident.\\nWere you not shooting at something else After\\nsome time the prisoner seemed to comprehend the\\ndrift of the inquiry, and replied, Oh, yes, 1 was\\nshooting at a little bird. The young advocate then\\ntook courage. Ah, said he, this is clearly a case\\nof no malice aforethought. Now, tell me, how far\\nwas this little bird from Madison s head The\\nsa\\\\-age held up one finger, and with the digit of the\\nother hand measured the distance of an inch, say-\\ning. So far. Of course, Mr. Doty saw clearly\\nthat, on such a showing, he could not help the\\nIndian s case. The defence was therefore only\\nnominal, and the sentence of execution speedy.\\nDuring their confinement in the old jail, on the\\nsite of the present Public Library, the prisoners con-\\ntrived a sort of drum by drawing a piece of leather\\nover the vessel containing their drink. Aided by\\nthis instrument, the night previous to their execution\\nthey danced their death-dance, renewing it again in\\nthe morning. From the jail they were taken to the\\nProtestant Church, where an appropriate discourse\\nwas delivered by Mr. J. S. Hudson. They were\\nthen taken to the gallows. The First Regiment of\\nthe territorial militia were under arms on the occa-\\nsion, and a guard of L nited States troops attended\\nthe execution. The spectators were very numerous.\\nThese were the first persons hanged in Michigan\\nafter its cession to the United States. The cost of\\ntheir execution is indicated in an appropriation bill\\nof January 21, 1822, which gave $176.55 to E. Wing\\nfor ser\\\\ ices in Supreme Court. and for executing a\\ncertain Indian, and $33.88 to Thomas Rowland\\nfor erecting a gallows for the execution of a certain\\nIndian. Some writers have stated that one of\\nthese Indians committed suicide the night before he\\nwas to be hanged, and that but one v.-as really", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\nl8l\\nexecuted. The Gazette of December 28. 1S21, says\\nthat both were hanged. The statement that one\\ncommitted suicide probably originated from the fact\\nthat, five years after the execution of tlie two Indians\\nreferred to, two other Indians, Kiskauko and his\\nson, the liig Bea\\\\-er, were in jail, awaiting trial for\\nthe murder of an Indian in Detroit. While in jail,\\nKiskauko was visited by some of his tribe, one of\\nwhom gave him poison, and on May 17, 1S26, he\\nwas found dead in his cell. On October 6 follow-\\ning his son escaped. Kiskauko had always been\\ntroublesome, and even his own tribe hardly regretted\\nhis death. The following stor)-, told by Mr. School-\\ncraft, may account for this\\nIn the winter of 1823-1824 a Chippewa Indian, living at Sag-\\ninaw, was killed by anotlier of the same tribe, and, agreeably to\\ncustom, the relatives of the deceased met those of the slayer, for\\nthe purpose of compounding the affair, either by presents or by\\nputting the slayer to death. At the council it was finally deter-\\nmined to accept a certain amount in presents as indemnity. Both\\nparties were now on the point of smoking the pipe of peace, when\\nto the astonishment of all, Kiskauko, the Saginaw chief, stepped\\nup, and with a single blow of his tomahawk struck the murderer\\ndead. On being asked why he thus interfered with the operation\\nof their old law, he coolly said, The law is now altered.\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0erily, he had imbibed the same spirit that ruled\\nthe Territory in those days.\\nThe last instance of capital punishment in l\\\\Iichi-\\ngan was on September 24, 1830, when a man named\\nSimmons was executed for the murder of his wife.\\nThis execution, also, took place near the old jail, and\\nwas managed by Ben Woodworth. It was the first\\nand only time, under American rule, that a white\\nman was hanged in the territory- included in Michi-\\ngan. The occasion attracted a large crowd, seats\\nwere erected for spectators, and music furnished by\\nthe military band. Entertainments were scarce in\\nthose days, and both people and officials made the\\nmost of any and every occasion.\\n[Capital punishment was abolished in Michigan\\nby Revised Statutes of 1846.]\\nMuch of the unwise and ill-considered doings of\\nthe judges was directly chargeable to the freaks of\\nJudge Woodward.\\nThe early history of the courts could hardly be\\nunderstood without something more than a passing\\nallusion to that eccentric genius. There was but\\none such man in all the United States, and for nearly\\ntwenty years he was a central figure at Detroit. He\\nwas a bachelor, a Virginian, from the District of\\nColumbia, and his old manuscripts and letters prove\\nthat he was really learned and accomplished. In\\nconversation he is known to have been entertaining\\nand agreeable. In the full sense of the word he was\\na character, that only a Dickens could properly\\nportray. With some good qualities, there were\\npeculiarities of manner so marked, and slovenliness\\nso extreme, as to almost defy description. What-\\never was odd and unreasonable, he was sure to do.\\nIf there was a thunderstorm, his chair was placed\\noutside the door, and he would calmly sit and take\\nhis shower-bath. His room, which was both office\\nand sleeping apartment, was destitute of a book-\\ncase, and many v akiable papers lay in a heap in\\none corner, and clothing for the wash in another.\\nSweeping was never done, lest his books should be\\nderanged, and they were where he left them, some\\non the floor, some on chairs, and some on the table.\\nA gentleman who was a passenger with the judge\\non the Walk-in-the-water in the spring of 1 821, on\\na trip from Detroit to Green Bay, relates this anec-\\ndote: The steamer was lying at her Httle wooden\\npier at the foot of Bates Street, and a goodly num-\\nber of citizens were on board, to take leave of their\\nfriends who were passengers. Among those present\\nwas Judge Woodward. Just as the steamer was\\nabout to cast off her lines, a young gentleman, who\\nhad been hurriedly dispatched to the judge s quar-\\nters, appeared on board, with a clean shirt folded\\nin a red bandanna handkerchief, which he gave to\\nthe judge, who announced that he also was a pas-\\nsenger. As the steamer entered the harbor of\\nMackinaw, where she remained a day, be went be-\\nlow, and soon reappeared arrayed in clean linen.\\nWhen the boat left for Green Bay, the clean gar-\\nment was removed, and a soiled one took its place.\\nOn arrinng at Green Bay, a change was again made.\\nThe n arrator did not return to Detroit in the\\nsteamer, but the captain afterwards told him that\\nthe judge pursued the same careful course on the\\nreturn, contriving, with the one clean shirt, to make\\nhimself, as he thought, presentable when in port.\\nThe judge was very tall, with sallow complexion,\\nand usually appeared in court in a loose, long over-\\ncoat, or a swallow-tailed blue coat with brass but-\\ntons, a red cravat, and buff vest, which was always\\nopen, and from which protruded an immense mass\\nof ruffles. These last, together with the broad\\nruffles at his wrists, were invariably so soiled that it\\nmight almost be doubted whether they had ever\\nbeen white. His pantaloons hung in folds to his\\nfeet, meeting a pair of boots which were always well\\ngreased. His hair received his special attention,\\nand on court days, particularly, gave evidence of the\\nbest efforts of the one tonsorial artist of the town.\\nOn one occasion, not being able to find a barber\\ncapable of cutting his hair in the improved fashion,\\nhe sought advice from a member of the bar, who\\nreferred him to Austin E. Wing, whose aid he\\nsought, bringing with him a pair of shears. His\\nrequest was complied with, and his hair trimmed so\\nclose that he was compelled to wear a cap for weeks\\nafterward.\\nHe was never known to be wholly under the\\ninfluence of liquor, but even while sitting on the\\nbench he customarily kept a glass of brandy beside", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "l82\\nSUPREMK COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\nhim and night after night, for months together, he\\nwould sit in Maclc Conant s store, and alternately\\nsmoke his pipe and sip raw whiskey until his regu-\\nlar half-pint was taken.\\nHe was extremely fond of the society of ladies,\\nand on one occasion, calling at General Macomb s\\njust after tea, he was invited to the table. He at\\nfirst declined, but eventually took the offered seat,\\nand drank si.xteen cups of tea before he rose. Upon\\nanother occasion he invited several of the first ladies\\nof the town to a little party at his hotel. As chief\\njustice of the Territory, his invitation was of course\\naccepted, and when the refreshments were served,\\neach lady was provided with a plate holding one\\nalmond, one raisin, one small piece of candy and\\none of cake.\\nDuring a part of his stay in Detroit he kept\\nbachelor s hall, with a man for cook and house-\\nkeeper. It was thought at one time that he intended\\nto marry, as he paid some attention, in his odd way,\\nto a lady in the city. He had a fine coach and\\nhorses, which, when it was his pleasure to drive with\\nher, he sent to the lady s door, ordering his coach-\\nman to await his coming there. This was intended\\nas a notice to the lady to be in readiness to receive\\nhim. After a while the lady concluded to take no\\nmore drives with him. The last time his coach\\nstood its hour at her door .she declined to go, and he\\nreturned home on foot, giving orders to put up the\\nhorses. This was the judge s only attempt at court-\\nship while he remained in the Territory.\\nWith all his eccentricity, he would often manifest\\nthe most painstaking research, and endeavor to\\nplease his friends and gratify the public but what\\nhe would do, or leave undone, could never be fore-\\ntold. He was frequently in trouble with the people.\\nOnce, while upon the bench, he said that the French\\nspent more time at church than was consistent with\\nprosperity. This speech naturally induced great\\nexcitement, and he was compelled to apologize.\\nMost of his writings are extremely verbose and full\\nof literary egotism yet when it was his pleasure so\\nto do, no one could write with greater modesty and\\ndirectness. Allusions to his personal habits and\\nprivate life would perhaps be unju.stifiable if his\\npublic doings had been without reproach but it was\\nof these last that the people specially complained.\\nHis conduct was protested against in petitions to\\nthe President and Congress.\\nOn May 4, 181 2, the Speaker of the Hou.se of\\nRepresentatives at Washington laid before the\\nHouse a presentment of the grand jury at Detroit,\\nW ith other papers pertaining thereto, complaining of\\nthe non-execution of a law of the United States, ap-\\nplicable to the Territory, and of the enactment of\\nlaws injurious to the interests of the Territoiy. and\\nof misconduct on the part of A. 15. Woodward.\\nSoon after this the post of Detroit was surrendered,\\nand during the period of British occupation in 1812\\nand 181 3, Judge Woodward, by appointment from\\nColonel Proctor, acted as chief justice, and held\\ncourt under British rule. This gave further cause\\nfor dissatisfaction, and on November 24, 181 2, in the\\nHouse of Representatives, Mr. Poindexter offered\\nthe following:\\nJ^esoh t-d, that a committee be appointed to inquire into the ex-\\npediency of repealing the .\\\\ct entitled An Act to divide the\\nIndiana Territory into l\\\\vo Separate Governments, passed the\\n11 til of January, 1805, and of providing more effectually for the\\ngovernment of Michigan Territory and that the committee have\\nleave to report thereon by bill or other^vise.\\nMr. Poindexter said that the object he had in\\nview, in moving this resolution, was to get rid of the\\nsalaries of the officers of that Territory. Since the\\nsurrender of Detroit, their functions had ceased, yet\\nthey continued to receive their salaries, while one of\\nthem is a British prisoner, and another has accepted\\na commission under liritish authority. He wished\\nto reorganize the government, and enable the proper\\nauthority to appoint other ofhcers, and such as\\nwould, perhaps, administer the government of the\\nTerritory better than heretofore.\\nNo action was had on the resolution possibly be-\\ncause it soon became evident that Judge Woodward\\n^ideavored to serve the inhabitants while acting as\\na British official. He protested vigorously, to I roc-\\ntor, against some of his unjust doings, and is deserv-\\ning of credit for his courage. These efforts, un-\\ndoubtedly, secured his retention as judge after the\\nclose of the war. His conduct on the bench, how-\\never, did not improve, and for nearly a decade\\nlonger the people were outraged by his follies.\\nIn the fall of 1S22 many articles were published\\nin the Gazette, detailing the farcical proceedings of\\nthe courts, conducted under his management as\\nchief justice and the articles undoubtedly repre-\\nsented the sentiments of a large majoriiiy of the\\npeople. In a communication signed Z. Z., pub-\\nlished in the Gazette October 25, 1822, the following\\nlanguage was used To attempt anything like a\\nbrief outline of their innumerable outrages upon jus-\\ntice and common sense wf)uld require a volume and\\nindeed, if it were even possible, policy would forbid\\nit as the very extent and enormity of the abuses\\ndetailed would throw an air of discredit on the nar-\\nration, in the minds of those at a distance, to whom\\nalone we can look for redress.\\nA series of letters, contained in the Gazette of\\nNovember, 1822, and addressed to Judge Wood-\\nward, gives further indication of the spirit and speech\\nof those times, and sets forth his characteristics in a\\nmanner that would now be deemed sensational.\\nThe writer quotes from the court records of June\\n28, 1S08. the following:", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\n183\\nIV/ier^as, John Whipple, late of the di^itrict of Detroit, etc.,\\nlate a captain in the army of the United States, Yeoman, on Sat-\\nurday, the 25th day of June, iSoS, in the afterncK)!!, at llie Dis-\\ntrict of Detroit, aforesaid, did slop the undersigned, one of the\\njudges in and over the Territory of Michigan, and say to him, the\\nsaid judge, that he, the said John Whipple, was present when an\\naction depending in the Supreme Court of said Territory, between\\nJames Peltier and James and Francis Lasalle was continued, and\\nthat he, the said John Whipple, was of opinion that the said\\naction ought to have been then tried that he, the said judge, was\\nprejudiced against his, the said John Whipple s relations, and was\\npartial to the said Messieurs Lasalles that the said Messieurs La-\\nsalles were the worst rascals in the country, and that he, the said\\njudge, was a rascal, with other violent language, and gestures\\nthese are, therefore, to command you to take tlie said John Whip-\\nple, etc.\\nThe article then says\\nThis warrant was made returnable before yourself. On this\\nwarrant, Whipple was brought before you, and after hearing the\\ncase, you gave the following opinion On the present occasion I\\nam of the opinion that John Whipple be bound to his good be-\\nhavior until the ensuing term of the Supreme Court of this Terri-\\ntory, and to appear at the said court, and not depart therefrom\\nwithout the leave of the said court and for that purpose to recog-\\nnize himself in the sum of twenty-four dollars, with two sureties in\\nthe sum of twelve dollarseach. This outrage upon decency and\\nprinciple needs no comment. If you wish to discuss this subject,\\nI am prepared to show darker features of the case. I have read\\nyour defence of the procedure, and it is as singular and ridiculous\\nas your conduct.\\nOn the tenth of June, 1811, during the vacation of the Supreme\\nCourt, Wliitmore Knaggs committed an assault and battery upon\\nyour person. The next day you issued a warrant under ynur hand\\nand seal, charging him with this offence, upon which Knaggs was\\nbrought before you for examination. On the suggestion of Mr.\\nBrush and others that your Honor did not look well sitting as an\\naccuser. Judge Robert Abbott and Richard Smyth, two justices of\\nthe peace, were invited to become your colleagues they did so,\\nand you, in conjunction with them, after citing many authorities\\nto justify yourself, on the fifth of July ordered that Knaggs should\\nenter into recognizance in the sum of $3,000, witli two sureties in\\n$1,500 each, to appear the next term of the Supreme Court, and in\\nthe mean time, keep the peace. These facts appear by the record,\\nin your own handwriting, on file in the clerk s office of the Supreme\\nCourt. For this conduct you were presented by the Grand Jury\\nfor the Territory.\\nOcioBer\\nMichigan.\\nJ4, 1822.\\nA second letter, addressed to Woodward, and\\ndated Friday, November 8, 1822, says\\nIn my first letter to you, I brought two cases from the records of\\nyour court, in one of which you acted as an accuser, a prosecutor\\nor party, as a witness, and as a judge, and in the other, you ap-\\npeared also as the complainant, and as judge. I have made the\\ncharge and proved it.\\nThe writer then quotes again from the record,\\nsa nng\\nPages 24 and 25 of [lie record contain the following\\nAt a session of the Supreme Court of the I erritory of Michi-\\ngan, etc., on the twenty-fourth day of September, 1806, etc., were\\npresent Judge Woodward and Judge Bates.\\nIn the case of the T nited States against Captain Adam Muir,\\nEnsign John Stow I.undi, and Lieutenant Henry B. Brevoort, it\\nis considered by the court that Adam Muir pay a fine of ten\\nPoimds Sterling, equal to forty-four dollars and forty cents, and\\nbe imprisoned tor seventeen days, and that he is now in the cus-\\ntody of the marshal, until this fine is paid, the time of imprison-\\nonmcnt is expired, and the costs of the prosecution are paid. And\\nthat John Stow Ltmdi pay a fine two thousand Pounds Sterling,\\nequal to $8,888, and be imprisoned six months, and that he is now\\nin the custody of the marshal until this fine is paid, tlie time uf\\nhis imprisonment is expired, and the costs of the prosecution are\\npaid. And that Henry B. Brevoort pay a fine of $250, and be im\\nprisoned seventy-five days, and that he is now in the custody of i?\\nthe marshal until this fine is paid, the time of imprisonment is ex-\\npired, and the costs of the prosecution are paid.\\nIn the caseof the United States against Jean Marie Oule, it is\\nconsidered by the court that the said Jean Marie Oule receives\\nupon his bare back fifteen stripes, and pay a fine of twenty-five\\ncents.\\nIn the case of the United States against Lieutenant Porter\\nHanks, it is considered by the court that Porter Hanks pay a fine\\nof fifty dollars and the costs of the prosecution. (Lieutenant\\nHanks had pleaded guilty to the indictment.)\\nCourt records September 26, page 26: Judges present this day,\\nWoodward, Bates, and Griffin. In the case of the United States\\nagainst Captain Adam Muir, Ensign John Stow Lundi, and Lieu-\\ntenant Henry B. Brevoort, on motion of the council for the defen-\\ndants for amending the sentence pronounced against them on\\nWednesday, the twenty-fourth day of the present month, it is con-\\nsidered by the court that so much of the said sentence as respects\\nAdam Muir be amended by erasing the fine and imprisonment, and\\nthat the said Adam Muir do pay a fine of two and one-half cents,\\nwith the costs of the prosecution. And that so much of the said\\nsentence as respects John Stow Lundi be amended by erasing the\\nfine and imprisonment, and that the said John Stow Lundi do\\npay a fine of seven and one half cents, with the costs of the pros-\\necution. And that so much of the said sentence as respects\\nHenry B. Brevoort be amended by erasing the fine and imprison-\\nment, and that the said Henry B. Brevoort do pay a fine of five\\ncents, with the costs of the prosecution.\\nPage 27 In the case of the United States against Porter\\nHanks, on motion of council it was considered by the court that\\nthe siiid sentence be amended by erasing the fine, and that the said\\nP. Hanks do pay a fine of one cent and costs of the prosecution.\\nSeptember 27th: In the case of the United States against Jean\\nMarie Oule, on motion, etc., it is considered by the court that the\\nsaid sentence be amended by erasing the said fine and whipping,\\nand the said Jean M. Oule do pay a fine of eight dollars to Pierre\\nChene, with the cost of the prosecution, and stand eummitted, etc.\\nThe record of the proceedings of the court on this day were not\\nclosed and signed until the twenty-third day of April, 1810.\\n(Signed) Mic Hir.AN.\\nThe origin and progress of these remarkable trials\\nis humorously told in a series of letters written by\\nJohn Gentle to the Pittsburgh Commonwealth, and\\nconfirmed in almost all particulars by a letter\\naddressed to Stanley Griswold, acting governor,\\nsigned by James Abbott and \\\\Vm. McD. Scott, jus-\\ntices of the peace, published in the Philadelphia\\nAurora of November 10, 1806. Mr. Gentle says\\nSoon after the departure of Governor Hull and Judge Wood-\\nward for Washington City (in November, 1805) a disagreeable\\naffair happened between the militaiy officers and the citizens.\\nThe ofificers of Fort Detroit, and the oflicersof Fort Maiden, on\\nthe British side, somt years ago, entered into mutual agreement to\\naid and assist one another in the prevention and detection of de-\\nserters. The British oflicers, on their part, have taken and de-\\nlivered up several deserters to the American garrison, the officers\\nof which have often attempted to return the compliment,- but the\\npeople considered such proceedingsa violation of the civil laws of\\nthe United States, and contrary to the Constitution, and have\\nalways succeeded in rescuing the poor devils out of their hands.\\nOn Saturday evening a British soldier by the name of Morrison\\ndeserted from Fort Maiden, and came over to Detroit for protec-\\ntion. Two British ofllicers came over next day, in the forenoon, in\\nsearch of him, and remained incognito in the fort all the after-\\nnoon, in company with the officers of the fort. After dusk, in the", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": ",84\\nSUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\nevening, a troop of waiters, under the command of Captain Tut-\\ntle, was sent from the fort to reconnoiter the town for this Morri-\\nson. The captain, being a vigilant oflicer, soon discovered the\\nenemy, and returned to the fort with intelligence of his position,\\nleaving an advance guard to prevent the enemy s retreat. The\\nliritish officer, led by the American heroes, sallied out of the fort,\\ndouble charged with good Monongahela. Lieutenant Brevoort\\ncommanded the right wing. Ensign Lundi the left, and Captain\\nMuir the center division. Lieutenant Hanks, Adjutant Hull, and\\nCaptain Tuttle retreated under the guns of Mrs. Betty McDryd s\\nbattery, while a furious attack was made on the enemy s out-\\nworks.\\nThe besieged was under the command of Lieutenant Seek, an\\ninexperienced officer, who, having no other weapon of defense\\nthan his bodkin and Sheffield needles, did not hold out long against\\nthe impetuosity of such experienced veterans. A breach was\\nsoon effected, where the invincible heroes of both nations entered,\\nsword in hand. Lundi presented a loaded pistol to Seck s head,\\nwhile Muir and lirevoort seized and dragged the vanquished .Mor-\\nrison into the street. Murder! Fire! Indians! was loudly\\nvociferated from the throats of all the men, women and children\\nthat were in the house at the time the same sounds were rever-\\nberated by the people of the neighborhood a general terror pre-\\nvailed, and no wonder. The same day, in the forenoon, news was\\ncirculated in town that seven hundred Indians were lying in\\nambush, fifteen miles back in the woods, ready to massacre all in\\nthis town and settlements. The people rushed from their houses,\\narmed with swords, guns, and shovels, others, carrying buckets\\nand barrels of water, shouted Where are the Indians Where is\\nthe fire Meantime the report of a pistol was heard, and in a\\nfew minutes, another; which sounded in the terrified people s ears\\nlike great gims, and directed them to the scene of action. John\\nHarvey, a baker, and ne.xt neighbor to Seek, was at his own door\\nwhen the affray began. Seeing three or four nun dragging one by\\nthe shoulders, and without knowing the cause of the custody, he\\nran, laid hold of Morrison s limbs, and dL-tained him by main\\nstrength, in defiance of their threats to run him through and to\\nblow out his brains. The old story was half realized of Pull\\nbaker, pull devil. Fire and be d d, you ruffians was all\\nthe baker said till poor Morrison s clothes were all torn to atoms.\\nMeanwhile Seek had been around the neighborhood spreading the\\nalarm, and returned amongst the first, and laid hold of Lundi. A\\nstruggle ensued, but Lundi, finding Seek had the command of his\\npistol arm, and perceiving an opening, firi^d it off towards the\\nground and not with an intention to kill Seek, as was erroneously\\nstated in former publications. Captain Muir, seeing the people\\nassembling, presented his pistol to JNIorrison s naked breast, swear-\\ning that since he could not take him alive, he would leave him\\ndead. Morrison, perceiving his intention, struck the pistol to one\\nside, and instead uf killing Morrison, the ball went through the calf\\nof his own leg. The citizens by this time assembled in great num-\\nbers, and relieved Harvey from a very dangerous situation sur-\\nrounded the officers, and carried them in civic triumph to Smyth s\\nTavern, to get the wound dressed. Lieutenant Hanks and Adju-\\ntant Hull, seeing the people more moderate than usual in such\\ncases, now ventured from their lurking places, and finding the\\nflower of their army thus wounded and maimed, began brandish-\\ning their broadswords and swore many bloody oaths that if the cit-\\nizens would not immediately disperse they would turn the guns of\\nthf fort upon them and blow them to hell. \u00e2\u0080\u00a2They were all taken\\ninto custody, and came under recognizance to stand trial at the\\nnext September term. The twentieth day of September,\\n1806, the trials of Muir, Lundi, and Brevoort came on. A respect-\\nable jury was impaneled, and sworn in one by one the witnesses\\nwere brought forward, and underwent scrutinous examinations.\\nThe case appeared so clear that the attorneys waived their plead-\\nings, the jury retired, and returned with their verdict, Guilty.\\nThe judgment of the_court was delayed some days, when one of\\nthe attorneys prayed the court to pass judgment on the officers.\\nThe judges retired into a private room a few minutes, then return-\\ned and took thrir seats. All was silence the scene was awful.\\nJudge Woodward opened the judgments by a lengthy preamble,\\nsetting forth the delicacy of his situation, and his diffidence in the\\nperformance of the duties he was called upon by his country to do,\\nthe enormity of their crimes as such irregularity of conduct\\nmight involve countries, now at peace, in all the horrors of de-\\nstructive war. He then said, It is the opinion of the court that\\nCaptain Muir s crime is much more heinous than Ensign Lundi s,\\nhe having actually discharged the pistol with intention to kill Mor-\\nrison (although at the same time it passed through the calf of his\\nown leg). Therefore the judgment of the court is, that Captain\\nAdam Muir be fined in ten Pounds Sterling, and seventeen days im-\\nprisonment, and to remain in custody of the marshal until the same\\nshall be paid. It is also the judgment of the court that Ensign\\nJohn Stow Lundi be fined in two thousand Pounds Sterling, that\\nis to say, $8,888, and six months imprisonment, and remain in cus-\\ntody of the marshal until the same shall be paid. It is the judg-\\nment of the court that Lieutenant Henry B. Brevoort be fined in\\none hundred Pounds, lawful money of New York, and seventy-five\\ndays imprisonment, and to remain in custody of the marshal until\\nthe same shall be paid. Ensign Lundi hung down his head, and\\nlooked as any other man would do when condemned to perpetual\\nimprisonment. The audience stared with wild amaze at each\\nother, rose from their scats, and retired. Those who were formerly\\nthe most violent against the officers were now the most violent in\\ntheir execrations against the inequality and injustice of these cruel\\njudgments. The court, finding they had missed their aim in this\\nunjustifiable fetch for popularity, now set their wits at work to\\nremedy their error. Meantime Judge Criflin arrived, and took his\\nseat on the bench. A few days afterwards, the judgments were\\nopened anew, when, wonderful to relate, the court then, and not\\ntill then, considered that the officers were tried by the common law\\nof England, and judgments rendered accordingly, when, at the\\nsame time, the laws of Indiana Territory were still in force in\\nMichigan Territory, which limited fines for assault and battery\\nto not exceeding one hundred dollars. The former judgments\\nunderwent a thorough investigation, and the decisions of the court,\\nagreeable to the laws of Indiana Territory, were That the terms\\nof imprisonment of the three officers, Muir, Lundi, and Brevoort\\nbe reduced by striking them out, and their fines reduced to sixteen\\ncents. Lieutenant Hanks was also tried at the same court, for an\\nassault on the body of Dr. Joseph Wilkinson. He pleaded guilty\\nand was fined in fifty dollars. The judgment in his case was also\\ncancelled, and the fine reduced to one cent.\\nIt is impossible to describe the feeling of the insulted citizens of\\nDetroit on this occasion. Our peaceful dwellings, violated by a\\nbanditti of insolent foreigners; our wives and children terrified\\ninto fits; ourselves assailed and threatened with fire and sword;\\nand a few cents is presented to us, to redress these barbarous in-\\nsults, presenting the lowest dregs of humiliation to a people for-\\nmerly cheerful, generous, and brave, although now debased to the\\nmeanest extreme by the juggling pranks and legerdemain tricks of\\nthese unprincipled judges that fill our judgment seats.\\nA third letter to Woodward, contained in the\\nGazette of Friday, November 15, 1822, addressed\\nhim as follows\\nYou have been plainly and distinctly charged with turpitude\\nand inconsistency, with meanness and injustice, with indelicacy\\nand falsehood, with selfishness and contempt for public opinion.\\nIf you ask for the specifications, I refer you to my two previous\\ncommunications on this subject. And what have you answered to\\nthese grave charges, charges which not only involve your official\\nconduct but also your private character? Nothing. In legal\\nphrase you stand mute; which, according to the common sense of\\nmankind, admits the truth of the charges, for the non-denial of an\\nallegation, fairly and distinctly made, amounts to an admission of\\nits verity. You may write resolutions, and stimulate\\nyour tools to offer them at public meetings; but you will never be\\nable to perpetuate that state of intellectual and political degrada-\\ntion which hitherto you have contributed to maintain.\\nThis Territor is about to emerge from her long night of polit-\\nical darkness; to rouse the sleeping energies, and to exhibit to you\\na practical lesson which shall convince you that, having committed", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\n185\\ninnumerable outrages in yourofiicial character, far exceeding the\\nindulgence whicli, from our former lameness and submission, you\\nhad a right to expect, you have now no longer the smallest claim\\nupon our forbearance, and have become a fit subject for the knife\\nof political dissection. You must, therefore, expect to see your\\ncharacter portrayed in bold relief. But how shall we enumerate\\nthe black catalogue of outrages and enormities which your official\\nlife of twenty years has been so fruitful in furnishing? The\\nattempt would be as hopeless as the cleansing of the Augean\\nstable.\\nThe portals of your narrow, selfish soul are as firmly barred\\nagainst every generous or noble sentiment as the dark cave of Cer-\\nberus.\\nYou may be likened t the man who, on board a ship in a storm,\\nbeing called upon lo assist, replied tliat he was only a passenger.\\nIt may be emphatically said of you, that you consider yourself\\nonly a passenger. You stand unconnected by any tie of nature,\\nfriendship, or gratitude, holding one of the highest and most lucra-\\ntive offices in the Territorj*, besides an independent estate. You\\nare literally without a friend. So disgusting is your character, in\\nevery point of view, that it is really a matter of curious specula-\\ntion how, or by what strange fatality, such a man should have\\nbeen palmed upon this Territory. I assure you, sir, that in pur-\\nsuing your character I have a magnanimous feeling, which would\\nprompt me to desist from so painfid an investigation were I not\\nconscious that the best interests of this community are concerned,\\nand that the time has arrived when honest men should speak out.\\nZ. Z.\\nIn the Gazette for December 27, another writer,\\nwith the signature of Sidney, took up the cudgel\\nagainst Judge Woodward. He says\\nThe most prominent feature, and one that strongly distinguishes\\nhis Honor from the rest of the world, and which, indeed, seems to\\nbe blended with all his other features, is originality, a mode of\\nthinking, reasoning, and acting altogether peculiar to himself\\ncharacterized only by a perfect contempt for those laws\\nof reason and common sense which govern most men, and which\\ndelights itself in driving tandem the steeds of whim and fancy\\nover the sober children of truth and reason. Another\\npeculiarity of this judicial Quixote, and which appears truly sur-\\nprising in any one having the least pretention to a legal educa-\\ntion, is a direct and open hostility to law, considered as a science.\\nNot only has he totally neglected all legal studies himself, and\\nconstantly manifested the most perfect indifference to the highest\\nauthority, when laid before him by counsel; he has also uniformly\\nheld in derision all legal and moral qualifications in those who\\nhave been admitted by him to the practice of law. No matter\\nwhether the applicant for admission to the bar possessed any more\\nlegal science or respect for morals than his Honor, if he only had\\ngood teeth, and a head conformable to the best specimens of crani-\\nology, he was sure of success, since his Htmor has declared that, by\\nlooking to the fonner, he could sutTiciently ascertain the legal sci-\\nence, and by feeling of the latter, he could tell the moral character\\nof the applicant. And that these are his sober opinions, if he has\\nany of this class, is fully evident from his uniform conduct in\\nrespect to the examination and admission of attorneys and coun-\\nselors at law. One instance deserves to be mentioned. It hap-\\npened, one evening at a convivial party, that a young military\\nofficer had the good fortune to solve some trilling riddle or\\nconundrum which had been proposed, as original, by the judge.\\nTo reward such an effort of genius, his Honor immediately con-\\nferred upon this gentleman the degree of counselor at law.\\nBeing once threatened with an impeachment for some gross\\nmalfeasance in office, he answered, with great composure, Uhcle\\nSam knows too well how much it costs to try a judge to listen to\\na territorial impeachment.\\nHe has often been known, while sitting in court, to direct the\\nclerk to enter him absent, although, to mere mortal eyes, he ap-\\npeared to be really present in propria persona and every person\\npresent w()uld be willing to swear with botli hands (were it not for\\nthe record, which _cannot be falsified except by his Honor) that\\nthe presiding judge was still on the bench. This questionable\\nfigure has generally been observed, however, to lose much of its\\nsparkling brilliancy when the spirit was absent; yet it sometimes\\nspeaks on critical emergencies. During the operation of one of\\nthese enchantments, and while a learned and independent advo-\\ncate was reflecting in pretty severe terms upon the proceedings of\\nthe court, one nf the associate judges turned involuntarily toward\\nthe seat of the presiding judge, and asked whether such a con-\\ntempt was to be endured; the strange oracle replied, or appeared\\nto reply, I ctmsider myself absent, On one occasion, while a\\nsuit was being tried, feeling sleepy, he ordered the clerk to enter\\nin the journal that he was absent; and, shoving his chair back\\nagainst the wall, he closed his eyes as if gone to the land of Nod.\\nMeantime, the arguments of counsel were going nn; and as one\\nof the attorneys said something that thwarted his views, he sud-\\ndenly moved forward to correct him The attorney tartly sug-\\ngested, I thought your Honor was absent; the journal of the\\ncourt says so. This nonplused the judge, who ordered the\\nrecord of his absence to be erased.\\nIt was not merely the public who became dissat-\\nisfied the judges grew disgusted with each other,\\nand, even while sitting as a court, quarrels were fre-\\nquent between Judges Woodward and Withereil.\\nJudge Withereil generally sat with his back towards\\nJudge Woodward, and often, after W^oodward had\\ndelivered an opinion, Judge Withereil would say, I\\ndon t see any sense in that view of the case there\\nis no argument in it and doubtless Judge With-\\nereil was often correct. Many of the citizens tried,\\nespecially from the year 1820, to have Judge Wood-\\nward removed, deeming him mainly responsible for\\nthe irregularities of the court. The articles in the\\nGazette were endorsed editorially, on November 22,\\n1822; and on November 29, in speaking of the\\nmemorial to be presented to Congress, the Gazette\\nsaid:\\nAnother prayer of this petition is, that the law under which our\\npresent Supreme Court is constituted may be repealed, and that a\\nlaw may be passed providing for the appointment of judges, and\\nlimiting the term of their service to four years. The object of\\npraying for the repeal of this law is, if possible, to effect an imme-\\ndiate riddance of our present judges (we mean the majority of\\nthem), and, if that be impracticable, to leave another door open\\nfor them to go out at the end of four years.\\nAt length, on January 30, 1823, deliverance came.\\nJudge J. D. Doty was appointed to hold courts in\\nthe counties of Mackinaw, Brown, and Crawford;\\nand on March 3, 1823, Congress limited the term of\\nthe other judges then in office to four years from\\nFebruar} r, 1834. The same year Judges Wood-\\nward and Griffin resigned. Judge Woodward went\\nto Tallahassee, where he died July 12, 1827. Solo-\\nmon Sibley and John Hunt were appointed to the\\nvacant judgeships; and on Februan 5. 1825, Con-\\ngress provided that at least two judges must be\\npresent at the opening of a session of the court.\\nAn Act of April 13, 1827, provided that sessions\\nshould begin on the first Monda) of December and\\nMay. The same year John Hunt died, and in 1828\\nJames Withereil resigned, to become secretary* of\\nthe Territory In June 1828, the court met for the\\nfirst time in the new court-house or capitol. Farly\\nin 1832 the terms of Judges Woodbridge, Sibley,\\nChipman. and Doty expired and on February 3 a", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "i86\\nSUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\ncomplimentary dinner was given them at the Man-\\nsion House. F^ur years later, by Act of March 26,\\n1836, the Supreme Court of the Territory was\\nabolished, and its business transferred to the State\\nCourt, provided for by the same Act.\\nThe names and terms of the several territorial\\njudges were as follows: 1805-1808, A. B. Wood-\\nward, Frederick Bates, John Griffin; 1808-1823. A-\\nB. Woodward, John Griffin, James Witherell 1823-\\n1827, James Witherell, Solomon Sibley, John Hunt,\\nJames D. Doty; 1S27-1S32, Henry Chipman, Solo-\\nmon Sibley, Wm. Woodbridge, J. D. Doty; 1832-\\n1837, S. Sibley. George Morrell, Ross Wilkins,\\nDavid Irvin.\\nIn its earliest days the old records show that the\\ncourt was opened in semi-military style, as follows\\nAttention the whole .Silence on penalty Oyez\\ngive ear you who wish your cause heard. As a\\nmatter of course, the inevitable Peter Audrain, who\\nhad been clerk of everything from time immemorial,\\nwas the clerk of this court. He continued to hold\\nthe office until September, 18 19. Many evidences\\nof his work remain, but the records, especially in the\\nlatter part of his term, were so carelessly kept or\\nwholly neglected, that all the leading attorneys, such\\nas Messrs. Hunt, Lanman, Sibley, McDougall,\\nEarned, and others, protested against his continu-\\nance in office; and in .September, 1819, George Mc-\\nDougall was appointed clerk pro tcin.; the same\\nmonth he was relieved, and James Duane Doty was\\nappointed. He held the office but one year, and in\\nOctober, 1820, Melvin Dorr was appointed, Charles\\nC. Trowbridge acting as his deputy. This brings us\\nto another of the characteristic acts of Judge Wood-\\nward. It should be borne in mind that Judge\\nWoodward seldom consulted Judge Witherell upon\\nany question, as the latter was so practical and\\nstraightforward that he could never agree with him.\\nJudge Grifiin, on the contrary, was easily persuaded\\nby Woodward, and therefore the appointments and\\ndecisions of the court were really made by Wood-\\nward. In 1822 Mr. Dorr decided to resign the office\\nof clerk in favor of his deputy, Mr. Trowbridge.\\nUpon communicating his intentions to the bar, all\\nthe members of that body united in a recommenda-\\ntion of the deputy, which recommendation, with the\\nresignation, was presented to the court. In the even-\\ning the judge called at the office where the deputy\\nwas making up the records, and complimented the\\nyoung official upon the handsome testimonial he had\\nreceived from the members of the bar, intimating\\nthat, as a matter of course, the appointment would\\nbe given him. By the way, said the judge, as he\\nwas leaving, I have a young friend, Lucius Lyon,\\njust arrived from Vermont, who is in want of em-\\nployment I wish you would make him your depu-\\nty. Mr. Trowbridge replied that he should prefer\\nto perform all the labor himself, and save the\\ne.xpense of a deputy. The next morning, in a cheer-\\nful \\\\oice, he read the records of the preceding day,\\nwhich, being signed, as approved by Judge Wood-\\nward, were handed back with this order Mr.\\nClerk, enter, as the order of the court, that the\\nresignation of Melvin Dorr is accepted, and that\\nJohn Woodward, of Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania, is\\nappointed clerk, and that Jonathan Kearsley, of\\nDetroit, is appointed clerk /ro Av//., until the arrival\\nof the said John Woodward. If the roof of the\\nold Indian council-house had fallen, it could not\\nhave been a greater surprise to Judge Witherell, to\\nthe bar, and to the disappointed deputy. ,John\\nWoodward proved to be the father of the judge, an\\nold man on the verge of the grave. He died at\\nErie, Pennsylvania, on his way to Detroit. Mr.\\nKearsley entered upon the duties of deputy clerk,\\nand continued in office until 1827. when John\\nWinder was aijpointed, and served during the rest\\nof the existence of the territorial court.\\nSupreme Court of S/a/e of Michigan.\\nThe Supreme Court of the State succeeded the\\ncorresponding territorial court, by Act of March 26,\\n1836. The jurisdiction was originally, and is now,\\nchiefly appellate, most of the cases coming before it\\nbeing cases taken up from the Circuit Courts. The\\nfirst three judges were appointed by the governor\\nand Senate. The term of office w as seven years.\\nIn addition to their duties as judges of the Supreme\\nCourt, each judge presided over one of the Circuit\\nCourts of the State, and the judge first appointed\\nwas the presiding judge Act of July 16, 1836, named\\nthem as chief justices and as.sociate justices. By\\nthe Revised Statutes of 1838, one additional asso-\\nciate judge was provided for, and by law of April 3,\\n1S48, provision was made for a fourth associate\\njustice. The Constitution of 1850 provided for\\neight circuits, the judges of which were to sit as\\njudges of the Supreme Court. By law of 1 851, none\\nof them were to sit as supreme judges until 1832.\\nBy law of February 16, 1857, the constitution of the\\ncourt was greatly changed, and a new Supreme\\nCourt provided, to consist of one chief justice, to be\\nelected as such, and three associate justices. They\\nwere to be elected on the first Monday of April,\\n1857, and every second year thereafter. The judges\\nelected at the first election were to be divided into\\nfour classes, to ser\\\\ e for two, four, six, and eight\\nyears each, and judges elected subsequently were\\nto serve for eight years. The salary was $2,500.\\nBy the terms of the same Act, the judges of the\\nSupreme Court ceased to sit as circuit judges. Un-\\nder Act of January 16, 187 3, the salary was increased\\nto $4,000. Act of March 26, 1S36, ordered that\\nsessions of the court be held regularly in Wayne,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\ni8:\\nWashtenaw, and Kalamazoo counties, the session\\nin Wayne County to beg^in on the first Monday in\\nSeptember each year. By Revised Statutes of 1 838,\\nthe session in Detroit was to begin on the first Tues-\\nday of January and June. By law of April 20, 1839,\\nsessions in Detroit were to begin on the first Tues-\\nday of January and August. By law of March 25,\\n1 840, sessions of the Supreme Court were to begin\\nat Detroit on the first Tuesday in January, at Ann\\nArbor on the fourth Tuesday in January, at Kala-\\nmazoo on the first Tuesday in September, and at\\nI ontiac on the third Tuesday in January.\\nAn Act of April 4, 1851, provided for five terms,\\nto begin on first Monday of January, May, July, and\\nthird Monday of October, the January Term to be\\nheld at Detroit, May Term at Kalamazoo, July\\nTerm at Adrian, and October Term at Pontiac.\\nThe fifth term was to be held at Lansing, at a time\\nto be determined by the court, and the fourth Tues-\\nday of January was fixed upon.\\nA law of Februaiy 16, 1857, provided for four\\nsessions yearly, to begin on the first Monday of\\nJanuary, May, July, and October, the January and\\nJuly Terms to be held at Lansing, and May and\\nOctober Terms at Detroit. By Act of February 1 4,\\n1859, sessions were to begin on the Tuesday after\\nthe first Monday in April, and the April and October\\nTerms were to be held at Detroit. By Act of April\\n22, 1873, all sessions of the Supreme Court were\\nthereafter to be held at Lansing and the same Act\\nprovided for four terms each year, to commence on\\nthe Tuesday after the first Monday of January,\\nApril, June, and October.\\nThe State Supreme Court held its sessions in the\\nold Williams Block, on the southeast corner of Jef-\\nferson Avenue and Bates .Street, until the spring of\\n1844, when it began to hold its sessions in the old\\nseminary building, which the State had bought on\\nAugust 19. 1837. Sessions continued to be held\\nthere until 1855, when, the building having been\\nsold to the city, the court removed to the old\\nWayne County Building, on the southeast corner of\\nCongress and Griswold Streets, remaining there\\nuntil May 3, 1858, when it moved to the Odd\\nP ellows Hall, on Woodward Avenue. I rom there\\nthe court was moved to the Seitz Building, on the\\nsouth side of Congress near Criswold .Street, in the\\nroom afterwards used by the Superior Court. It\\nremained there until removed to Lansing.\\nBy Constitution of 1835, the clerk was appointed\\nby the court, John Winder ser\\\\-ing from 1 836 to\\n1843, John Nor\\\\ ell in 1843, and A. Ten Eyck from\\n1843 to 1S47. William Hale ser\\\\-ed in 1847, and\\nElisha Taylor in 1S48 and 1849.\\nBy Constitution of 1S50, the county clerk of the\\ncounty in which the court w.is held w.is made the\\nclerk of the court. Under this provision from 1S50\\nto 1S57 the county clerks of Wayne, Kalamazoo,\\nLenawee, Oakland, and Ingham counties were the\\nclerks of the court; from 1857 to 1873, the county\\nclerks of Wayne and Ingham counties from 1873\\nto 1S82, the county clerk of Ingham, or his deputy,\\nacted as the clerk.\\nLInder amendment to the constitution adopted in\\n1881, the clerk is appointed by the judges, and on\\nJanuary I, 1882, C. C. Hopkins, by appointment,\\nentered upon the duties of the position.\\nThe following is a list of the judges of the Su-\\npreme Court of the State of Michigan\\n1 836-1 839: Chief Justice Wm. A. Fletcher, of Sec-\\nond Circuit; Associates Geo. Morell, of First Circuit;\\nE. I iansom, of Third Circuit.\\n1839-1843: Chief Justice Wm. A. Fletcher, of\\nSecond Circuit Associates Geo. Morell, of First\\nCircuit; E. Ransom, of Third Circuit; C. W.\\nWhipple, of Fourth Circuit.\\n1843 Chief Justice E. Ransom, of Third Circuit\\nAssociates Geo. Morell, of First Circuit A. Felch,\\nof Second Circuit C. W. Whipple, of Fourth Circuit.\\n1844-1846: Chief Justice E. Ran.som, of Third\\nCircuit Associates D. Goodwin, of First Circuit\\nA. Felch, of Second Circuit C. W. Whipple, of\\nFourth Circuit.\\n1846 Chief Justice E. Ransom, of Third Circuit\\nAssociates D. Goodwin, of First Circuit W.\\nWing, of Second Circuit C. W. Whipple, of\\nFourth Circuit.\\n1847 Chief Justice E. Ransom, of Third Circuit\\nAssociates W. Wing, of First Circuit George\\nMiles, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of Fourth\\nCircuit.\\n1848: Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of Third\\nCircuit Associates W. Wing, of First Circuit\\nGeo. Miles, of Second Circuit S. M. Green, of\\nFourth Circuit.\\n1849-1851 Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of\\nThird Circuit Associates W. Wing, of First Cir-\\ncuit Geo. Miles, of Second Circuit S. ^L Green,\\nof Fourth Circuit; E. Mundy, of Fifth Circuit.\\n185 1 Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of Third\\nCircuit Associates W. Wing, of First Circuit\\nA. Pratt, of Second Circuit; S. M. Green, of Fourth\\nCircuit.\\n1852-1854: Chief Justice W. Wing, of Fir.st\\nCircuit .\\\\ssociates C. W. Whipple, of Second Cir-\\ncuit S. T. Douglass, of Third Circuit D. John-\\nson, of I durth Circuit; A. Pratt, of Fifth Cir-\\ncuit; J. T. Copeland, of Sixth Circuit; S. M.\\nGreen, of Seventh Circuit Geo. Martin, of Eighth\\nCinuit.\\n1854-1856: Chief Justice S. \\\\L Green, of Seventh\\nCircuit Associates W. Wing, of First Circuit\\nC. W. hipple, of Second Circuit -S. T. Douglass,\\nof Tliird Circuit; I), [ohnson. of Kounn Circuit;", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "1 88\\nSUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE.\\nA. Pratt, of Fifth Circuit J. T. Copeland, of Sixth\\nCircuit Geo. Martin, of Eighth Circuit.\\n1856: Chief Justice A. Pratt, of Fifth Circuit;\\nAssociates W. Wing, of First Circuit N. Bacon,\\nof Second Circuit; S. T. Douglass, of Third Circuit;\\nD. Johnson, of Fourth Circuit J. T. Copeland, of\\nSixth Circuit S. M. Green, of Seventh Circuit Geo.\\nMartin, of Eighth Circuit.\\n1857 Chief Justice George Martin, of Eighth Cir-\\ncuit Associates B. F. Graves, of Fifth Circuit\\nE. H. C. Wilson, of First Circuit N. Bacon, of\\nSecond Circuit; *B. F. H. Witherell, of Third\\nCircuit; *E. Lawrence, of Fourth Circuit; J. T.\\nCopeland, of Sixth Circuit *Josiah Turner, of\\nSeventh Circuit.\\n1858-1868 Chief Justice George Martin; Associ-\\nates: Randolph Manning, I. P. Christiancy, J. V.\\nCampbell.\\n1868-1S70: Chief Justice T. M. Cooley, Associ-\\nates I. P. Christiancy, J. V.Campbell. B. F.Graves.\\n1870-1872: Chief Justice J. V. Campbell; Asso-\\nciates I. P Christiancy, B. F. Graves, T. M. Cooley.\\nPart of the year.\\n1872-1S74: Chief Justice I. P. Christiancy; As-\\nsociates B. F. Graves, T. M. Cooley, J. V. Campbell.\\n1874-1876: Chief Justice B. F. Graves; Asso-\\nciates: T. M. Cooley, J. Campbell. 1. P. Chris-\\ntiancy.\\n1 876-1 878: Chief Justice T. M. Cooley; Asso-\\nciates Isaac Marston, J. V. Campbell, B. F. Graves.\\n1878-1880 Chief Justice J. V. Campbell; Asso-\\nciates Isaac Marston, B. F. Graves, T. M. Cooley.\\n1S80-18S2: Chief Justice Isaac Marston; Asso-\\nciates B. F. Graves, T. M. Cooley, J. V. Campbell.\\n1882-1SS4: Chief Justice B. F. Graves; Asso-\\nciates: J. V. Campbell, T. M. Cooley, T. R. Sher-\\nwood.\\n1884- Chief Justice T. M. Cooley; Associ-\\nates J. V. Campbell, T. R. Sherwood, J. W.\\nChamplin.\\nThe reporters of the Supreme Court have been\\nas follows: 1843-1847, S. T. Douglass; 1S47-1851,\\nRandolph Manning; 1851-1858, G. C. Gibbs; 1858\\n-1864, T. M. Cooley; 1864. E. W. Meddaugh; 1865\\n-1870, W.Jennison; 1870-1S72, H. K. Clarke; 1872\\n-1878, Hoyt Post; 1878- H. A. Chancy.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXII.\\nDISTRICT COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ORPHANS COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROBATE COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COURT OF QUARTER\\nSESSIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COURT OF CHANCERY.- COUNTY\\nCOURTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CIRCUIT COURTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISTRICT CRIMINAL COURT.\\nDISTRICT COURT.\\nDistrict Courts of the Territory of Michigan\\nwere established by law of July 25. 1805. The\\ncourt for the district of Huron and Detroit was held\\nat Detroit, beginning on the first Monday of May\\nand third Monday in August in each year, and was\\npresided over by one of the territorial judges. It\\nhad original jurisdiction in cases involving over\\ntwenty dollars, except as to cases exclusively vested\\nin other courts.\\nBy provisions of proclamation of July 3. 1805, the\\nboundaries of the District of Detroit were as follows:\\nBeginning at the river Detroit on the boundary\\nof the United States of America, five miles north of\\nthe position of the center of the citadel in the ancient\\ntown of Detroit; and shall run thence a due west\\nline to the boundary of the Indian title, as established\\nby the treaties of Fort Mcintosh, of Fort Hamier,\\nand Fort Greenville, thence with the same, ten miles,\\nthence a due east line to the boundary- of the L^nited\\nStates.\\nThe court appointed listers, appraisers, collectors,\\nand treasurers for the district, and it was their duty\\nto assess and collect the territorial and county taxes.\\nThe Court Journal for August 19, 1805, begins as\\nfollows\\nOn the nineteenth day of August, 1805, at eleven o clock in the\\nforenoon, in the grand square of the new city of Detroit, under a\\ngreen bower, provided by the marshal of the Territory of Michigan\\nfor that purpose, a session for the District Court of Huron and\\nDetroit was held, at which was present P rederick Bates, senior as-\\nsociate judge of the Territory of .Michigan. James May, marshal\\nof the Territory of Michigan, opened the court in the following\\nwords Attention The District Court for Huron and Detroit\\nDistrict is now sitting. Silence commanded on pain of imprison-\\nment.\\nThe green bower was ordered paid for on Octo-\\nber 7, 1805. the Governor and Judges, as a legisla-\\nture, voting eight dollars in payment to Michael\\nMonette and alne, in laboring in the erection of a\\nbower for the holding of a court.\\nBy proclamation of March 21, 1806, the District\\nof Detroit was newly defined, as including a strip\\nof country si.x miles wide on the west bank of the\\nri\\\\er.\\nThe people were not satisfied with the constitu-\\ntion of this court, and petitioned for a court such as\\nthey had had under the rule of the Northwest Ter-\\nritory, whose judges were in part taken from among\\nbusiness men who had not studied or practiced law.\\nThe petition was favorably received, and on April\\n2, 1807, a law was passed which provided that the\\ngovernor should appoint one chief judge and two\\nassociates, with power to assess and collect money\\nto defray court charges, with jurisdiction as to con-\\ntracts, and differences between citizens and Indians.\\nL nder this law, George McDougall was appointed\\nchief justice, with James Abbott and Jacob Visger\\nas associate justices. Peter Audrain was clerk. In\\nApril, iSog, Robert Abbott was appointed in place\\nof James Abbott, and at the same time, or soon\\nafter, Jacob Visger became chief justice, and John\\nWhipple one of the associate justices.\\nThis court met in the Council House in 1807, and\\nexisted until Sunday, September 16, 1810, when the\\njurisdiction of the justices was enlarged, and part of\\nthe powers of the District Court transferred to the\\njustices and the rest to the Supreme Court.\\norphans COURT.\\nThis court was established by a law of Northwest\\nTerritory, on October i, 1795. It was held by the\\njustices composing the Court of General (2uarter\\nSessions of the Peace. Its jurisdiction was similar\\nto the present jurisdiction of a Probate Court, but\\nmore extensive, exercising a super\\\\ isorj care over\\ntrustees and executors. The court was abolished\\nin 1 8 1 1 when the office of register of probate was\\ncreated.\\nPROBATE COURT, OR COURT OF PROOFS.\\nCourts of Probate, or of Proof as they have also\\nbeen called, were first established for the Northwest\\nTerritory- on August 30, 1788; they have existed in\\nDetroit from the time of the first American occu-\\npation and there is on file in the Probate Office a\\nstatement of the first probate case ever passed\\nupon in Wayne County. The estate at issue was\\nthat of Amos Weston, of which John Askin was\\nappointed administrator in 1797. This was the\\nonly case for a whole year. The judges vv cre\\n[189]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "190\\nCOURT OF GENERAL OUARTER SESSIONS.\\nappointed by the governor until Micliigan became a\\nState, after which the office was made elective.\\nThe term is four years.\\nUnder Michigan Territory a law of January 31.\\n1809, authorized the judge of probate to appoint a\\nclerk or register. By Act of January 19, 181 1, the\\ncourt was reorganized, and the register was made\\nthe register of deeds. Further provisions concern-\\ning this court were made by Act of July 27, 18 18.\\nOn March 27, 1820, the duty of registering deeds\\nfor Detroit was transferred to the city register, an\\noffice then first provided for.\\nBy Act of January 29, 1S35, the office of register\\nof probate was abolished, and the duties of the\\noffice were transferred to the county register of\\ndeeds, provided for in the same Act. By Act of\\nMarch 12, 1861, the office of register was revived.\\nThis officer is appointed by the judge, and his\\nduties pertain to the keeping of the records of the\\noffice. Up to the passing of the law of February\\n15, 1859, the judge was paid by the fees of the\\noffice. Since then he has been paid a salary, which\\nup to 1880 was $2,750.\\nBy law of 1879 the salary, after January i, 1881,\\nwas to be fi. ced by the Board of Auditors at not less\\nthan $2,500 nor more than $3,000. Law of April\\n29, 1 88 1, fixed the salary at $3,500.\\nThe probate judges have been as follows: Peter\\nAudrain appointed 1796; George McDougall, ap-\\npointed 1809; Charles Earned, appointed November\\n26, 1 81 8; W. W. Petit, appointed November 16,\\n1825; H. S. Cole, appointed May 3, 1826; J. W.\\nTorrey, appointed December 26, 1 829 Thos. Row-\\nland, appointed July 20, 1S33; B. F. H. Witherell,\\nappointed March 7, 1834; Geo. E. Hand, appointed\\nOctober 20, 1835. The following were elected\\nunder State law: 1837-1840, George A. O Keefe\\n1 840-1844, A. S. Williams 1 844-1852, C. J. O Flynn;\\n1852-1856, Joseph H. Bagg; 1856-1860, Elijah\\nHawley, Jr.; 1860-1864. w P. Yerkes 1864-1868,\\nH. W. Deare; 1S68-1872, James D. Weir; 1872-\\n1876, A. H. Wilkinson; 1876- E. O. Durfee.\\nThe registers of probate have been 181 1-181 2,\\nor later, H. H. Hickman; 1814-1816, George Mc-\\nDougall; November 12, 18 16, to September 12,1821,\\nCharles Earned September 12, 1821, to August 27,\\n1827, J. V. R. Ten Eyck August 28, 1S27, to 1835,\\nP elix Hinchman 1861-1865, John H. Kaple 1865-\\n1872, H. R. Nowland; 1872, S. D. Craig; 1872-\\n1876. E. O. Durfee; 1876-1880, T. B. Jewell; 1880-\\nH. A. Flint.\\nCOURT OF GENERAL QU.4RTER SESSIONS.\\nThis court was created on August 23, 1788, and\\nthe first session in the Northwest Territory was on\\nSeptember 9 following. The law provided for ses-\\nsions four times a year in each county, and gave the\\ncourt jurisdiction in cases of crimes and misdemean-\\nors where the penalties did not extend to forfeiture\\nof life or goods, or imprisonment for over a year.\\nThe court also laid out townships, ani3 appointed\\nthe overseers of the poor, the coroners, constables,\\nand town clerks. It was composed of justices\\nappointed by the governor. There was a session in\\nDetroit as early as August 4, 1798, presided over by\\nLouis Beaufait, James May, and Joseph Voyez.\\nAt the term of June 2, 1801, the following justices\\nwere present Jean M. Beaubien, Geo. McDougall,\\nJacob Visgar, Francis Navarre, and James Henry.\\nOn March 2, 1802, the following persons sat as\\njudges Jean Marie Beaubien, James Henry, Jacob\\nisgar, and Chabert Joncaire. LInder the govern-\\nment of Indiana Territory, in May, 1803, James May,\\nFrancis Navarre, Jean M. Beaubien, James Henry,\\nJacob Visgar, Chabert Joncaire, Antoine Dequindre,\\nJohn Dodemead, and \\\\Vm. McDowell Scott were\\nappointed justices of the Court of General Quarter\\nSessions for Wayne County.\\nOn July 15, 1804, David Duncan and John Ander-\\nson were appointed.\\nAt a session of the court on Tuesday, December\\n4, 1804, Justices May, Navarre, Beaubien, Henry,\\nDequindre, isgar, Dodemead, Joncaire, and Scott\\nwere present.\\nOn November 25, 1817, under Michigan Territory,\\nthe Court of General Quarter Sessions was reorgan-\\nized to consist of the judges of the County Court\\nand the justices of the peace. Sessions were to\\nbegin on the first Monday in March, June, Septem-\\nber, and December and three judges constituted a\\nquonuTi. The chief business of the court at this\\ntime consisted in managing the finances of the\\ncounty. George McDougall was appointed clerk of\\nthe court November 26, 1S17, and in December of\\nthe same year a session was held at John McDon-\\nnell s house. On May 30, 181 8, the court was\\nabolished, and its business transferred to the county\\ncommissioners. The records of the Court of (leneral\\nQuarter Sessions for June 6, 1 805, show that Loudon,\\na black man, was sentenced to receive thirty-nine\\nlashes on his bare back, at five o clock this after-\\nnoon.\\nAn Act of the Governor and Judges, passed July\\n27, 181S, provided that any justice .of the peace\\nmight order the whipping of lewd, idle, or dis-\\norderly persons, stubborn servants, common drunk-\\nards, and those who neglect their families, with\\nten stripes, or the hiring of them out for three\\nmonths at the best wages that can be secured, for\\nthe benefit of the poor fund. The first sale under\\nthis Act took place at auction about the middle of\\nSeptember, 1818, when twenty-eight shillings were\\npaid for the services of one bad citizen. In the\\nsummer of 1821 the services of a drunken white", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COURT U[ CIIANCI .RY.\\n191\\nvagabond were bought by a black man for ten days,\\nfor the sum of one dollar. The whipping was per-\\nformed at the old market on Woodward Avenue\\nbelow Jefferson. The law was repealed Marcli 4,\\n1831.\\nCOURT OF COMMON PLE.\\\\S.\\nA court thus designated existed under English\\nrule; and a law of the Northwest Territory of August\\n23, 17S8, provided for the holding of courts of this\\nkind, to consist of not less than three or more than\\nfive persons, to be appointed by the governor. Two\\nsessions a year were to be held in each county, with\\npower to hear and determine all cases of a civil\\nnature. A further law of November 6, 1790, pro-\\nvided for four sessions a year. Under these laws\\nthe first American Court of Common Pleas for the\\nNorthwest Territory was opened at Marietta, Sep-\\ntember 2, 1 788 but no business was brought\\nbefore it.\\nWhen this region came under American nile,\\nseveral of the judges under English rule were con-\\ntinued in office. In 1796 the court was constituted\\nas follows Louis Beaufait, senior ju.stice James\\nMay, Charles Francis Girardin, Patrick McNiff, and\\nNathan Williams, associate justices. About the\\nsame time Jonathan SchiefHin became one of the\\nassociate justices. One of the decisions rendered\\nin September, 1797, directed that the defendant\\nshould give to the plaintiff .sixteen days work with-\\nout other pay than victuals. As late as 1799 Louis\\nBeaufait was chief justice, and McNiff, May, and\\nGirardin associate justices.\\nAt a term of the court on June 8, 1801 there were\\npresent Justices May, McNiff, and isgar and at\\nthe March Term of 1802, May, Visgar, Joncaire, and\\nHenry presided. Peter Audrain was clerk. At the\\nSeptember and December sessions of 1802 the\\nfollowing names appear Justices Henry, Joncaire,\\nVisgar, and McDougall.\\nThe sessions of the court were generally hekl in\\nthe Dodemead house. The Territorial Records of\\nIndiana show the appointment in May, 1803, of the\\nfollowing judges for Wayne County James Maj-,\\nJames Henry, Jacob isgar, Chabert Joncaire, John\\nDodemead, and Wm. McDowell Scott. The same\\nrecords show that the following judges and justices\\nwere appointed on October 24, 1804: James May,\\nJames Henry, Chabert Joncaire, Jacob Visgar, John\\nDodemead, Wm. McDowell Scott, Francis Navarre,\\nJean Marie Beaubien, Antoine DequLndre, and John\\nAnderson.\\nThe court ceased to exist in i S05, when Michigan\\nbecame a separate Territor\\nCOURT OF CH.\\\\NCF.RY.\\nThe law establishing this court took effect July 4,\\n1836; its object was to secure rights and afford\\nremedies for which no general law provided. Three\\nChancery Courts were created the counties of\\nWayne, Monroe, Oakland, Genesee, Saginaw, La-\\npeer, Macomb, St. Clair, Mackinaw, and Chippewa\\ncomprised the first circuit. Sessions were to begin\\non the first Tuesday of February and third Tuesday\\nof July, and were held in the old seminary building,\\non the site of the present City Hall. By tlie Revised\\nStatutes of 1846, which took effect on March i,\\n1847, the court was abolished, and its business\\ntransferred to the several Circuit Courts, the circuit\\njudges sitting, at stated times, as a Court of\\nChancery.\\nElon Farnsworth was the first judge or chancellor\\nof the court. He held the office until 1842, and was\\nsucceeded by Randolph Manning, who continued in\\noffice till the court was abolished. The clerks or\\nregisters of the court were John Winder, 1 836-\\n1843; Anthony Ten Eyck, 1843-1S46; Wm. Hale,\\n1 846- 1 847.\\nIn 1838 provision was made for a reporter of\\nchancery courts E. B. Harrington was appointed,\\nand served until August, 1S44. when he was suc-\\nceeded by Henry N. Walker.\\nThe office of master in chancery was created by\\nAct of June 30, 181 8. The appointments were\\nmade by the governor, and the duties of the office\\nwere much the same as those of a circuit court com-\\nmissioner in chancery cases. These officers had\\npower to make sales of property and to take testi-\\nmony in cases referred to them. The office was\\nabolished by the Constitution of 1850.\\nThe following is a list of masters for Wayne\\nCounty, with the earliest date on which they were\\nappointed, some of them being appointed for many\\nsuccessive terms: June 22, 181 8, W. W. Petit;\\nSeptember 15, 1824, Robert Abbott; July 2, 1828,\\nChas. W. Whipple; March 7, 1834, Geo. E.\\nHand; March 18, 1837, James Churchman; June\\n22, 1837, Henry N. Walker; December 30, 1837,\\nAnthony Ten Eyck; February 27, 1839, John B.\\nBlspham March 26, 1S39, E. J. Roberts; April 20,\\n1S39, Porter S. Humes; December 12, 1839, Cal-\\n\\\\-in C.Jackson; March 21, 1840, Samuel Barstow,\\nJolm S. Abbott, Samuel Pitts, Ebenezer B. Harring-\\nton March 31, 1840, p isher A. Harding; Fcliru-\\nary 12, 1841, John L. Talbot; March 4, 1841, James\\nB. Watson, Henry T. Backus; March 9, 1841,\\nWalter W. Dalton March 27, 1841, Lansing B.\\nMizner, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer; February 14,\\n1S42, Elisha Taylor; February 9, 1843, .Andrew\\nHar\\\\-ie, E. Smith Lee, Chas. Collins February 2 1\\n1843, George G. Bull March 7, 1843, Andrew T.\\nMcReynolds; March 9, 1843, S. Yorke At Lee,\\nDavid W. Fisk April 21, 1S43, Gideon B. Stevens\\nJanuary 26, 1844, Wm. T. Young; February i,\\n1S44, George V. N. Lothrop February 12, 1844,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "T92\\nCOUNTY COURTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CIRCUIT COURTS.\\nEbenezer H. Rogers; February 24, 1844, Garwood\\nT. Sheldon, George Robb March 6, 1844, James\\nV. Campbell, Michael E. Ames, Rodney D. Hill\\nFebruary 28, 1845, John Watson, Fred. H. Harris;\\nMarch 7, 1845, Thos. P. Watson; August 11, 1845,\\nAlbert Crane; February 7, 1846, Henry A. School-\\ncraft; March 3, 1846, Levi Bishop; April 13, 1846,\\nEdwin A. Wales May 1 2, 1846, Samuel G. Watson,\\nDavid A. A. Ensworth; February 21, 1849, Wm.\\nGray April 2, 1850, Sears Stevens.\\nCOUNTY COURT,S.\\nAn Act of October 24, 181 5, provided for the\\nholding of a County Court at Detroit until the Ter-\\nritory should contain another county. By the Act\\none chief justice and two associates were to be\\nappointed, and sessions of the court were to begin\\non the first Monday of January and third Monday\\nof June. The court was to have e.xclusive cogni-\\nzance of all offences not capital. A further Act of\\nApril 13, 1827, provided that sessions should begin\\non the third Monday in January and June. All\\nsessions were held in the Council House.\\nBy Act of April 1 5, 1833, the court was abolished,\\nand the business transferred to the Circuit Courts.\\nBy Revised Statutes of 1S46, these courts were\\nrevived, with jurisdiction in all civil and criminal\\nactions when the amount in controversy was not\\nover $500. The judges were elected for terms of\\nfour years each, and were to be paid by the fees\\nreceived. The court was abolished by the Consti-\\ntution of 1850.\\nThe following is a complete list of the judges of\\nthe County Court. Prior to 1846 the date of the\\nfirst appointment only of each judge is given, some\\nof them being reappointed at subsequent dates\\nJames Abbott, chief justice, appointed October 9,\\n181 5. Henry J. Hunt, associate justice, October 9,\\n1S15. John R. Williams, associate justice, October\\n9. 181 5. John McDonnell, associate justice, January\\n17, 1817. John L. Leib, chief justice, June 17, 1822\\nWm. A. Fletcher, chief jiistice, March 25, 1823,\\nB. F. H. Witherell, associate justice. May 23, 1823,\\nPhilip Lecuyer, associate justice, December 23, 1823,\\nB. F. H. Witherell, chief justice, June 5, 1824\\nMelvin Dorr, associate justice, August 4, 1824. Wnv\\nA. Fletcher, chief justice, December 31, 1824,\\nHenry Chipman, chief justice, December 19, 1825\\nAsa M. Robinson, chief justice, December 28, 1826,\\nShubael Conant, associate justice, April 14, 1827,\\nDaniel Le Roy. chief justice, January 18, 1828. Mel-\\nvin Dorr, chief justice, June 26, 1828. Peter Desnoy-\\ners, associate ju.stice, June 26, 1828. Henry M.\\nCampbell, associate justice, January 18, 1828. John\\nMcDonnell, chief justice, January 13, 1830. Wm.\\nBartow, associate justice. January 14. 1830. Or\\\\ ille\\nCook, associate justice, July 28, 1830. Chas. Moran,\\nassociate justice, March 4, 1831. James Williams,\\nassociate justice, March 4, 1831.\\n1846 to 1850: county judge, E. Smith Lee; sec-\\nond judge, Cyrus Howard. In 1850 B. F. H. With-\\nerell was elected county judge and Cyrus Howard,\\nsecond judge but the new constitution, which was\\nadopted at the same election, discontinued the\\nCounty Courts, and therefore these judges did not\\nenter upon office.\\nThos. Rowland was appointed clerk of the County\\nCourt on October 9, 181 5. Under law of May 8,\\n1820, the offices of county clerk and clerk of the\\nCounty Court were filled by the same person.\\nCIRCUIT COURT.S.\\nThe Act creating the Circuit Court of Wayne\\nCounty was passed December 9, 1800. It provided\\nfor a court to be held in Wayne County, to begin\\nthe third Tuesday in May of each year. The chief\\nduty of this court was to hear appeals from the\\nCourt of Common Pleas. The judge was to be ap-\\npointed by the governor. No record can be found of\\nthe appointment of judges, or the holding of a ses-\\nsion of a court created by the Act.\\nBy Act of April 13, 1827, provision was made, for\\nthe first time by Michigan Territory, for courts styled\\nCircuit Courts. These were to be presided over by\\none of the judges of the Supreme Court of the Ter-\\nritory, and were given jurisdiction in civil cases when\\nthe amount involved exceeded $1,000. Under the\\nAct the County of Wayne was made a circuit, and\\nsessions of the court were to begin on the first Mon-\\nday of January of each year.\\nBy Act of March 26, 1836, State Circuit Courts\\nwere provided for, with jurisdiction practically the\\nsame as before. The State was divided into three\\ncircuits, and one of the Supreme Court judges was\\nto preside in each circuit. The first circuit included\\nthe counties of Wayne, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer,\\nMackinaw, and Chippewa.\\nBy Revised Statutes of 1838 the same counties,\\nexcept Lapeer, were embraced in the first circuit.\\nBy law of March 25, 1840, the State was divided\\ninto four circuits, and Wayne County alone consti-\\ntuted the first circuit. On April 30, 1848, the judges\\nwere authorized to divide the State into five circuits,\\nand on April 8, 1851, the State was divided into\\neight circuits, Wayne County alone being made the\\nthird circuit. On February 12, 1853, the counties of\\nCheboygan and Emmet were added to the third\\ncircuit. By law of January 29, 1858, the counties of\\nWayne and Cheboygan became the third circuit,\\nand on February 10, 1859, Emmet County was\\nagain added. On March 27. 1867, Cheboygan and\\nEmmet Counties were detached, and Wayne County\\nleft as the third circuit since which time no change", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "CIRCUIT COURTS.\\n193\\nhas been made in the territory embraced in this\\ncircuit.\\nBy law of March 26, 1836, in addition to the regu-\\nlarly appointed circuit judge, who acted as chief\\njustice, two judges were to be elected for each cir-\\ncuit, to serve as associate judges. They were to be\\nelected at the general election for terms of four\\nyears, and to receive three dollars per day. and mile-\\nage at the rate of three dollars for each twenty miles\\ntraveled in going to or from sessions of the court.\\nBy Revised Statutes of 1846 these two judges were\\ndiscontinued.\\nBy Constitution of 1850 one circuit judge was to\\nbe elected on the first Monday of April, 1S51, and\\nevery si.xth year thereafter.\\nIn anticipation of an amendment to the constitu-\\ntion, which would allow of its being done, an Act of\\nJune 10, 1 88 1, provided for three judges of the Cir-\\ncuit Court for the third circuit, who were to appor-\\ntion the business among themselves. After the\\npassage of this law and of the amendment, the\\nCircuit Court-Room, in the City Hall, was divided\\ninto two rooms, and one of the jurj -rooms appro-\\npriated for a third court-room, and on January 2,\\n1882, the three new courts began. Under the law\\nWm. Jennison and John J. Speed were appointed\\nby the governor to sit with Judge Chambers as cir-\\ncuit judges. The Act of 1881 provided that the\\nState should pay $1,500 to each as part of the salary,\\nand that the county might increase the amount to\\n$4,000. Accordingly the Board of Auditors, in\\nOctober, 1881, resolved that for the year 1882 the\\nsum of $1,500 should be paid in addition to the State\\nsalary, and in 1S82 they fixed the additional salary\\nfor 1883 at $2,000.\\nSince Act of March 26, 1869, an official reporter\\nhas been connected with the court he is appointed\\nby the governor, and paid an annual salary of $2,000.\\nBy law of March 26, 1836, the sessions of the\\nCircuit Court, including Wayne County, were to\\nbegin on the first Monday of .A.pril and October.\\nOn July 26 of the same year the time was changed\\nto the third Tuesday of May and November. By\\nRevised Statutes of 1 838 the court sessions were to\\nbegin on the fourth Tuesday of April, August, and\\nDecember. On February 8, 1839, the .\\\\ugust Term\\nwas abolished, and a law of April 19 of the same\\nyear, provided that sessions should begin on the\\nfourth Tuesday of April and first Tuesday after\\nsecond Monday of November. By Act of March\\n25, 1840, sessions were to be held in Wayne County\\nbeginning on the first Tuesday of May, and also on\\nthe second Tuesday after the first Monday in No-\\nvember. By Revised Statutes of 1846, the circuit\\njudges were to fix the time of terms for 1 846, and\\nfor every two years thereafter since then the terms\\nhave ranged all through the calendar.\\nIn 1883 terms began on the first Monday of Jan-\\nuary, March, May, and November, and third Mon-\\nday of September.\\nFormerly the Circuit Court jurors were selected\\nby the township supervisors and town clerk and by\\nthe assessor and aldermen of Detroit, from among\\ntax-payers, not less than one person for every-\\none hundred persons being selected, nor more than\\nfour hundred in all, one half as petit, and one half\\nas grand jurors. Under law of May 20, 1881, six\\njury commissioners, three each from city and county,\\nwere appointed by the governor, to select names\\nfor jurors. They serve without pay, except mileage.\\nThe first appointments were for terms of two, four,\\nand six years each. Subsequent appointments were\\nauthorized to be made at every regular legislative\\nsession, for terms of six years each from April i.\\nThese commissioners select from the assessment\\nrolls in the county treasurer s office the same\\nnumber of names that were provided for under\\nformer laws. The county clerk writes all the names\\non slips of paper, of uniform color and size, and\\nmakes two separate packages of them for each\\ntown and supervisor s district, one package to con-\\ntaui the names for grand jurors, and the other\\nthose for petit jurors. From these packages the\\ncounty clerk, in presence of the sheriff and two jus-\\ntices, draws out the names of twenty-four jurors.\\nThe clerk puts in a jury box, one at a time, the names\\nfrom each town or ward, and, after shaking them\\nwell together, draws out one name, then the box is\\nemptied, and the names returned to the packages\\nfrom which they were taken. The names from\\nanother town, or ward, are then put in, and this\\nprocess is repeated until the jury is full. Jurors are\\npaid $2 per day.\\nUnder territorial rule, sessions of the court were\\nheld at the old Council House and in the Capitol.\\nThe State Court met in the City Hall, from 1836\\nto 1844, and for one year in the Williams Build-\\ning on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Bates\\nStreet. The county then erected the building on\\nthe southeast corner of Griswold and Congress\\nStreets the county offices were located in the first\\nstory, and a court-room was provided above. The\\nbuilding had a frontage of thirty-two feet on Gris-\\nwold Street, and eighty feet on Congress. It was\\ncompleted on Monday, June 9, 1845, and delivered\\nover by the contractors to the county auditors, and\\nat ten o clock of that day the District Court for the\\nCounty commenced its sessions therein. Previous\\nto the opening of the court, at a meeting of the\\nmembers of the Bar, A. W. Buel, prosecuting attor-\\nney, offered the following resolution, which was\\nunanimously adopted\\nResolved, that the thanks of the Bar of Detroit be tendered to\\nMessrs. Win. E, Hunt and John Farrar, tjie committee appointed", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "194\\nDISTRICT CRIMINAL COURT.\\nto superintend the construction of the new Court House of this\\ncounty, and also to Messrs. Henry E. Perry and Charles Jackson,\\ncontractors and builders, for its tasteful and commodious arrange-\\nment, neatness, and simplicity of style, and its permanent and\\nsubstantial character as a public and fireproof building.\\nThe building was used for the sessions of the\\nDistrict, County, and Circuit Courts, until the com-\\npletion of the new City Hall. The march of im-\\nprovement left the building in the rear, and it was\\nsold to private parties, who tore it down. On May\\n31, 1871, the Bar of the city held their last and\\nFormer County Building, southwest corner Griswold\\nAND Congress Streets.\\ncommemorative meeting within its walls, and a sup-\\nper was served. The work of tearing down the\\nbuilding was commenced on June 14, 1871.\\nThe judges of the Circuit Court have been as\\nfollows: 1837-1844, George Morell; 1844-1847,0.\\nGoodwin; 1 847-1 8 5 1, W. Wing 1851-1857, S. T.\\nDouglass; 1857-1S67, B. F. H. Witherell 1S67 and\\n1868, C. I. Walker; 1869, H. B. Brown 1S70-1876,\\nJared Patchin; 1876 to November I, 1879, C. J.\\nReilly; November i, 1879 to 1882, F. H. Chambers;\\n1882 to F. H. Chambers, J. J. Speed, Wm.\\nJennison.\\nThe associate judges of the Circuit Court were\\n1837-1841, Cyrus Howard, Charles Moran 1841,\\nR. T. Elliott, Eli Bradshaw 1842-1845, Eli Brad-\\nshaw, E. Farnsworth 1S45-1S47, J. H. Bagg, J.\\nGunning.\\nBy Act of 1836 the judges of Circuit Courts\\nappointed the clerks of the Circuit Courts, but by\\nthe Constitution of 1850 the coimty clerk became\\nclerk of the court.\\nThe following persons served as clerks of the\\nFirst Circuit prior to 1850: 1836. Jolin Winder;\\n1S37-1841, Charles Peltier; 1841-1843. Theodore\\nWilliams; 1 843-1845, Geo. R. Griswold 1845 and\\n1846, A. Ten Eyck 1847 and 1848. D. C. Hol-\\nbrook 1S49 and 1850, Silas A. Bagg.\\nDISTRICT CRIMIX.A.L COURT.\\nThis court, established by law of February 27,\\n1840, for Wayne County only, was created solely to\\ntry criminal cases. The judge was appointed by\\nthe governor, and the associate judges of Circuit\\nCourts were to sit as associates. Four terms were\\nheld yearly, beginning on the first Tuesday of\\nMarch, June, September, and December. It was\\nabolished by Act of March 9, 1843, and a new law\\npassed, providing District Criminal Courts for the\\nState Wayne, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Jackson\\nCounties forming a district. B. F. H. Witherell was\\njudge of this district during the existence of these\\ncourts, which were abolished by Act of April 3, 1 848,\\nthe exclusi\\\\-e jurisdiction of criminal cases being\\nthen given to the county courts.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIII,\\nMAYOR S COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RECORDER S COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 POLICE COURT. SUPERIOR COURT.-\\nCOMMISSIONERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JUSTICES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NOTARIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LAWYERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DETROIT\\nBAR LIBRARY.\\nM.WOR S COURT.\\nThe city charter of August 5, 1824, provided that\\nthe mayor, recorder, and aldermen, or any three of\\nthem, might hold a court to try offences against city\\nlaws and ordinances, and gave tliem the power of\\njustices of the peace. The court was to be lield on\\nthe second Monday of each month, and to continue\\nthree days. In later years sessions were held at such\\ntimes as the council agreed upon, and two of the\\naldermen were designated, from time to time, to sit\\nwith the mayor. Many times the sessions were\\nlittle more than a farce. The court would tine or\\nimprison, and the parties sentenced would petition\\nthe Common Council, and be released, or have their\\nfines remitted.\\nOn June 24, 1820, John Van Alter, confined in jail\\nfor riotous conduct, was released on giving his note\\nfor five dollars and thirty-seven cents, amount of\\ncosts and charges payable to supervisor in labor\\nfor use of the corporation.\\nAn amendment to the charter of the city, on June\\n29, 1S32, gave the council power to compel convicts\\nto work on the streets, with ball and chain attached.\\nIn August, 1836, several prisoners escaped while\\nthus laboring, and on August 19, 1837, the practice\\nwas ordered discontinued. Two years later, on June\\n18, 1839, the street commissioner was authorized to\\nemploy persons in jail, under sentence, to work on\\nstreets, and they were to be credited the usual prices\\nfor labor, their earnings to be applied to the pay-\\nment of their fines and costs. As late as 1 843 pris-\\noners were so employed.\\nIn 1857 the court was superseded by the Re-\\ncorder s Court.\\nrecorder s court.\\nThe office of recorder was created by the charter\\nof 1824. The incumbent was to perform the duties\\nof the mayor, in case of his absence, sickness, or\\ndeath. By law of 1846 the mayor was to preside\\nover the Mayor s Court only when the recorder was\\nunable to do .so, and from that date the office of\\nrecorder was chiefly judicial. Up to 1849 the ap-\\npointments were made by the council, but after that\\ndate the office was elective.\\nThe following persons sen-ed as recorders\\n1824 and 1825, A. G.Whitney; 1826, J. Kearsley;\\n1827, E. P. Hastings; 1828, B. F. H. Witherell\\n1829, Joseph Torrey; 1830, A. S. Porter; 1831, H.\\nS. Cole; 1832 and 1833, E. A. Brush; 1834, A. S.\\nPorter; 1835, H. Chipman; 1836, A. D. Eraser;\\n1837, Ross Wilkins; 1838, E. A. Brush; 1839, A.\\nD. Eraser; 1840 and 1842, B. F. H. Witherell;\\n1843, E. S. Lee; 1844, A. S. Williams; 1845-1848,\\nE. A. Brush; 1848, J. F. Joy; 1S49, M. J. Bacon;\\n1850, D. E. Harbaugh; 1851 and 1S52, J. H. Bagg;\\n1853, G. V. N. Lothrop; 1854, W. A. Cook; 1855-\\n1858, H. A. Morrow.\\nBy the almost entirely new charter of February\\n5, 1857, the Recorder s Court took the place of\\nthe Mayor s Court, with jurisdiction in all cases of\\noffences against the provisions of the city charter\\nand ordinances, and in all cases of criminal offences\\nagainst State law committed in Detroit, over which\\nthe police justice had not jurisdiction also jurisdic-\\ntion in all matters pertaining to the opening of\\nstreets and alleys, with some other special powers.\\nThe law creating this court took effect on Janu-\\nary 13, 1858, but the first session of the court was\\nnot held until February i following. Sessions of\\nthis court have always been held in the City Hall.\\nBy Act of March 12, 1861, the judge was to be\\nelected every si.x years. Act of April 4, 1873,\\nproxnded for the employment of a stenographer,\\nand a subsequent Act of March 26, 1875, defined\\nfully his powers, duties, and salary. Originally\\nelected at the annual city election, under Act of\\nFebruary 18, 1875, the election of judge of the\\nRecorder s Court takes place on the first Monday\\nof April. The salary of the recorder is $4,000, part\\nof which is paid by the State, as many offences\\nagainst State law come before this court. The clerk\\nand deputy clerk of the court are appointed by the\\njudge for terms of two years. Lists of sLx hun-\\ndred jurors for this court are yearly selected by jury\\ncommissioners, in the same way as for the Circuit\\nCourt slips with the names are then placed in a\\njury-box, and the clerk, in presence of the judge and\\nsheriff, under a standing order from the judge, draws\\nout fifty names of petit jurors for each of the twelve\\nL195]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "196\\nPOLICE COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SUPERIOR COURT.\\nterms out of these, on account of numerous exemp-\\ntions, only a sufficient number of jurors is obtained.\\nThe lists of jurors for street-opening cases are se-\\nlected by the assessors, clerk of the court, and\\nsheriff from among the freeholders three hundred\\nnames being selected, the jurors are drawn in the\\nsame way as for other cases. Jurors fees in this\\ncourt are $2 per day.\\nThe judges of Recorder s Court have been: From\\nJanuary 13, 185S, to August 18, 1862, Henry A.\\nMorrow; August i8, 1862, to January 16, 1864, B.\\nF. H. Witherell, acting judge January 16, 1864, to\\nMay 16, 1S64, Benjamin F. Hyde; May 16, 1864,10\\nNovember 19, 1866, B. F. H. Witherell, acting\\njudge; November 19, 1866, to George S.\\nSwift.\\nUp to 1864 the city clerk was also the clerk of\\nthe Recorder s Court. Since 1864 the clerks have\\nbeen as follows 1864-1874, J. T. Meldrum 1S74-\\n1S77, A. I. McLeod 1877- George H. Lesher.\\nDeputy clerks: 1873-1877, Geo. H. Lesher; 1S77-\\nCharles R. Bagg.\\nPOLICE COURT.\\nThis court was established by Act of April 2,\\n1850, and is held daily. In case of any violation of\\nState law committed in Detroit in which a justice of\\nthe peace would have jurisdiction, the police justice\\nhas power to conduct the examination, and dis-\\ncharge, or bind ov-er to the Recorder s Court he\\nhas also jurisdiction in such cases of violation of\\ncity ordinances as the Common Council shall, by\\nordinance, confer upon him in some cases it is\\nmade his duty, on conviction, to sentence guilty\\nparties to the House of Correction. He is elected\\nat the regular charter election in November, for\\nterms of four years. Jurors in this court are obtained\\nin much the same manner as in justices courts, six\\npersons composing a jury.\\nBy Act of February 17, 1857, the police justice\\nhad power to appoint a clerk, but by Act of March\\n20, 1863, this power was lodged with the Common\\nCouncil. Since 1861 the council has yearly ap-\\npointed one of the regular justices of the peace as\\nassistant police justice, to act in case of the sickness\\nor absence of the elected justice.\\nNo one of the other courts has been moved about\\nas much as this one. Originally holding its sessions\\nat the office of the police justice, at number 96 Jef-\\nferson Avenue, in 1852 it was moved to the Me-\\nchanics Hall on Griswold Street. On March 15,\\n1861, a fire partially burned this building, and on\\nMarch 18 sessions of the court began to be held in\\nthe Congregational Church on Jefferson Avenue.\\nThe county auditors growing negligent in paying\\nfor this building, Justice Bagg received notice to\\nquit, and not being able at once to find suitable\\nquarters, on August 6 and 7, 186 1, he held sessions of\\nthe court under the poplar trees, on the site of the\\npresent City Hall, and near Michigan Avenue. The\\ncourt was next held in the council-chamber of the\\nCity Hall, remaining there until the court-room, on\\nnorthwest corner of Clinton and Paton Streets, was\\nbuilt. This building was first occupied in January*,\\n1863.\\nIt being necessary to enlarge the court-room, the\\ncourt held sessions at Lafayette Hall, on Gratiot\\nAvenue, near St. Antoine Street, from December 10,\\n1S78, until February 22, 1879, when it took posses-\\nsion of the enlarged court-room, in the old location\\non Clinton Street.\\nAfter the establishment of the Metropolitan Police\\nin 1865, it was deemed desirable to pro\\\\ide for the\\nsummary trial of persons arrested for vagrancy,\\ndrunkenness, or disorderly conduct, as violators of\\ncity ordinances. Accordingly, on April i, 1866, the\\nCommon Council established the Central Station\\nCourt, which was held at 7 a. w. by the police justice\\ndaily, up to the passage of ordinance of April 3,\\n1S78, after which time it opened at 8 a.m. The\\ncity charter of 1 883 made no provision for the con-\\ntinuation of this court, and on October 23, 1883, the\\nSupreme Court decided that its continuance was\\nillegal, and its sessions ceased. The salao of the\\npolice justice was then increased from ^,400 to\\n$3,000, and that of the clerk from $1,200 to $1,750.\\nwith the understanding that the class of persons\\nformerly tried in a summary manner should be tried\\nat a regular session of the court.\\nThe following persons served as police justices\\nfor the years named: 1850-1853, P. C. Higgins;\\n1853-1862, B. Rush Bagg; 1862-1866, Minot T.\\nLane; 1 866-1 870, Julius Stoll 1 870-1 873, Albert\\nG. Boynton; 1873-1878, U. E. Harbaugh; 1878-\\nJohn Miner.\\nThe assistant police justices have been as fol-\\nlows: 1S61, H. H. Swinscoe 1862-1S63, E. Fecht\\n1866-1869, Joseph Kuhn; 1869, S. B. McCracken;\\n1S70, Peter Guenther 1871-1872, F. Krecke 1873,\\nF. J. Barbier 1874. Albert Scheu 1875-1876, F. J.\\nBarbier 1877-1S78, Peter Guenther; 1879-1S80,\\nFelix A. Lempkie; 18S1, C. H. Borgman 1882-\\nD. B. Willemin.\\nThe following have ser\\\\-ed as clerks of the Police\\nCourt: 1857-1S61, P. McLogan; 1S62, P. B. Austin;\\n1863-1866, H. A. Schmittdiel 1866-1867, Peter\\nGuenther; 1868, Henry Ulrich; 1869, E. E. Kane;\\n1870, J. H. Daly; 1871-1877, Frank A. Noah;\\n1877, L. D. Sale; 1878, James Daly; 1879-1882,\\nEdwin Jerome, Jr.; 1882- P. J. Sheahan.\\nSUPERIOR COURT.\\nThis court was established by Acts of March 28,\\n1S73, and February 4, 1875, and the first formal", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "COMMISSIONERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.\\n197\\nsession was held on June 11, 1873. The chief fea-\\ntures in the jurisdiction of this court are as follows\\nCivil actions of a transitory nature, where the debt\\ndamages exceed \u00c2\u00a7100, may be brought before it;\\nand suits concerning titles to, possession of, or\\ndamages to any real estate in the city, and all\\nactions for foreclosure of mortgages in the city, may\\nbe tried in this court and in several particulars it\\nhas the same jurisdiction as the Circuit Court. Its\\nfirst sessions were held in what is known as the Seitz\\nBlock, but in December. 1S77, it was moved to the\\nMechanics Block, on the corner of Lafayette .Avenue\\nand Griswold Street, the city taking a lease of five\\nyears at Si.ooo a year. The first session was held\\nthere January 22, 1877. On March i, 1883, the\\ncourt began to use temporarily the council chamber\\nin the City Hall, where it remained imtil .March 14,\\nwhen it began to occupy its new quarters in the\\nCentral Market Building.\\nUnder the original law the jurors were selected\\nby the judge, clerk, and sheriff they are now\\nselected by the jury commissioners. The fee of\\njurors is $2 per day. The salary of the judge is\\n$4,000 per year. The county pays \u00c2\u00a71,500 towards\\nthe salary of the judge, and the city pays all the\\nother expenses except the jury fees, which, since\\n1879, have been paid by the county.\\nThe term for which the judge is elected is six\\nyears. The term of the first judge, Lyman Cochrane,\\nbegan May i, 1873, and terminated with his death\\nin February, 1S79. Judge Swift, of the Recorder s\\nCourt, filled the vacancy until the election in April,\\nwhen J. Logan Chipman was chosen. By the Act\\nof 1873 the county clerk was made the clerk of the\\ncourt. By amended Act of 1875 the clerk and\\ndeputy clerk were to be appointed by the judge for\\nterms of two years, dating from January 1876.\\nWalter S. Harsha was the first clerk, serving till\\nNovember 12, 1S78, when George F. Robison was\\nappointed on June i, 1S79, h^ succeeded by J.\\nB. Moloney.\\nCOMMISSIONER.S.\\nCommissioners of Bail were provided for by law\\nof November 13, 1820, and the records show that\\nthe following appointments were made 1S21, Janu-\\nary 16, Charles C. Trowbridge 1826, February 15,\\nJohn Winder. The powers of this office were even-\\ntually transferred to the circuit court commissioners,\\nand justices of the peace.\\nThe office of circuit court commissioner was cre-\\nated March 9, 1843, ^nd the powers belonging to it\\nmake the incumbents judges, and their office a court-\\nroom. A commissioner has power to determine\\nthe rights of either landlord or tenant, when the\\ntitle to the property is not involved and such cases\\nmake a large share of the business brought before\\nhim. He may take bail in suits instituted to re-\\ncover penalties or damages for any wrong or injur)\\nthe amount of which is not fully known, and may\\ndetermine the amount of bail to be given, and the\\nsufficiency of the surety. By Act of April 3, 1869,\\nthe power of issuing writs of habeas corpus was\\ntaken from these officers.\\nUnder Act of 1843 one commissioner was ap-\\npointed for the county, by the governor and Senate.\\nBy law of April 2, 1850, two for each county, to\\nserve for four years each, might be appointed. By\\nAct of April 8, 1 85 1, the governor was authorized to\\nappoint an additional commissioner for a)Tie\\nCounty, to serve till January i, 1853. By Act of\\nFebmary 14, 1S53, the governor was again author-\\nized to appoint an additional commissioner, who was\\nto serve until January 1S55, when two, which the\\nsame Act pro\\\\ ided should be elected in November,\\n1S54, were to enter upon their duties.\\nThe commissioners are paid entirely by fees\\nthey ser\\\\-e for two years, and are elected at the\\nsame time as other county officers. They have\\nbeen as follows: 1 843-1 846, E. Smith Lee; 1846-\\n1850, Elisha Taylor; 1S50 and 1S51, George Robb,\\nW. T. Young; 1852, George Robb, D. A. A. Ens-\\nworth, A. Mandell; 1853 and 1854, D. A. A. Ens-\\nworth, A. Mandell, W. T. Young; 1855 and 1856,\\nD. A. A. Ensworth, R. H. Brown 1857 and 1858,\\nT. S. Blackmar, R. H. Brown; 1859 and i860, T. S.\\nBlackmar, G. H. Prentis; 1861 and 1862, F. B.\\nPorter, Ervin Palmer; 1863 and 1864, T. S. Black-\\nmar, G. H. Prentis; 1865-1866, G. H. Prentis, T.\\nK. Gillett; 1S67, T. K. Gillett, W. S. .Atwood\\n1868, B. T. Prentis, T. K. Gillett; 1869- 1873, B. T.\\nPrentis, E. Minnock; 1873 and 1874, G. H. Penni-\\nman, Henr\\\\- Plass, Jr. 1875 and 1876, J. A. Ran-\\ndall, J. H. Pound 1877 and 1878, J. A. Randall, D.\\nB. Hibbard; 1879 and 1880, J. A. Randall. H. F.\\nChipman; 1S81- Charles Flowers, W. J. Craig.\\nJUSTICE OF THE PEACE.\\nNo office is older than this. It existed under\\nEnglish law, and was established in Northwest\\nTerritory August 23, 1788. On August 19, 1796,\\nabout a month after the first occupation of Detroit\\nby the L nited States, Winthrop Sargent, acting\\ngovernor of the Northwest Territorj-, commissioned\\nseveral justices for Wayne County.\\nUnder the Territory of Michigan, by Act of\\nSeptember 16, 18 10, the jurisdiction of justices was\\nenlarged, and at the present time, with the exception\\nof some causes specially reserved from their juris-\\ndiction, they have original jurisdiction in all civil\\nactions where the debt or damage does not exceed\\nSioo, and also the same jurisdiction that the\\nSuperior and Circuit Courts have in civil actions,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "igS\\nNOTARIES.\\ngrowing out of definite or implied contracts, where\\nthe debt or damage does not exceed $300.\\nUnder territorial rule justices were appointed by\\nthe governor. By the Constitution of 1835 each\\ntownship was authorized to elect four justices, to\\nserve for four years, and by Act of March 14, 1836,\\nDetroit, as a township, was directed to elect si.\\\\\\ninstead of four justices.\\nThe city charter, as amended on March 27, 1839,\\ndirected that justices of the peace should be elected\\nat the same time as city officers.\\nThe Revised Statutes of 1846 provided that De-\\ntroit should have four justices of the peace, and on\\nFebruary 5, 1857, the new charter provided for the\\nelection of si.x justices, to serve for three years each.\\nA law of April 25, 1883, provided that after July,\\n1 884, there should be but three justices of the peace\\nfor the city instead of six, all to be elected at regu-\\nlar charter elections, and paid a salary of $1,500\\neach by the county. They had been paid solely by\\nfees. The law also provided that the county auditor\\nshould supply rooms and necessary furniture, books,\\netc. A clerk is also provided for, at a salary of\\n$1,000.\\nJurors for Justices Courts may be selected from\\nproperty holders by the constable. Eighteen names\\nbeing obtained, each party may strike out six names,\\nand the remaining six form the jury. Jurors are\\npaid fifty cents per day.\\nThe following list of the earlier justices in Wayne\\nCounty and Detroit will preserve the name and\\nmemory of many citizens. The date of appoint-\\nment given is the earliest date found many of the\\npersons were reappointed, or elected to the same\\noffice, from time to time. After 1880 the names of\\nDetroit justices are given year by year\\n1796, Robert Navarre, James May, James Abbott,\\nLouis Beaufait, Joseph Noyer, Francis Navarre,\\nNathan Williams; 1799, P. McNiff 1805, Peter\\nAudrain, J. Dodemead, Stanley Griswold, Antoine\\nDequindre, Richard Smyth, Robert Abbott, James\\nHenry, Wm. McD. Scott, Matthew Ernest; 181 1,\\nLouis Bond 1814, George McDougall i8i6, Thos.\\nRowland, David B. McComb 1817, John L. Leib;\\n181 8, John McDonnell 1820, James D. Doty, John\\nSturgis, John J. Deming 1821, Jacob Visger;\\n1822, Wm. W. Petit, John A. Rucker 1823, V.\\nSpalding, Benj. Woodruff; 1824, Wm. Bucklin,\\nJohn Burbank, B. F. H. Witherell 1825, O. W.\\nWhitmore, Elisha W. Ramsey, Orville Cook, Ama-\\nriah Ransom, Selak Neale 1826. H. S. Cole; 1827,\\nJonathan Kearsley, Joseph Baron, Joseph Hickcox,\\nProsper Lawrence; 1828, J. D. Davis, B. F. Fox,\\nWm. Bartow, Seth Dunham, Philo Taylor, David\\nSmith, Marcus Swift, Ellis Doty, Daniel Goodell,\\nWm. Little, Joel Thomas; 1829, Martin Clark;\\n1830, D. R. Rose, A. McNath, Matthew Wood,\\nNathaniel Case, Jed Hunt, Alva Swift, J. F. Chubb,\\nI^odman Stoddard, Henry Sprague, Artemas Hos-\\nmer, A. C. Truax 1831, Ara Sprague, Matthew\\nWoods, Benajah Holbrook, Roswell Root, H. D.\\nHolbrook, Wm. Yerkes, Eli Bradshaw 1832, Levi\\nWilliams, C. S. Hooker, D. L. Cody, G. W. Fer-\\nrington, R. D. Smith, John Kirby 1833, Samuel\\nTorbert, Henry Chipman, Asher B. Bates, John W.\\nStrong, Juba Barrows, Peter Van Every; 1834,\\nJason Tyler, T. E. Schooler, Levi Farnsworth, Phi-\\nlander Bird, Thos. Harper, Hiram Wilmarth, James\\nSafford, Ezra Derby, Paul Rice, Cyrus Howard,\\nRussell Ransom, Ammon Brown; 1835, A. A. Bird,\\nMarshall J. Bacon, L S. Saunders, Chas. J. Ir\\\\ ing,\\nLambert Beaubien, Thos. Lewis, John Simpson,\\nTitus Dort, J. F. PuUen, Hiram Whitman, Warren\\nTuttle, David Cable, H. A. Noyes, Amos Stevens.\\nAmna Bradford, John Fairbanks. Nathaniel Case,\\nJohn Clark, Thos. Downs, Claude Campau, Martin\\nGreenman. E. J. Roberts, D. W. Smead 1837, D.\\nE. Harbaugh, B. F. H. Witherell, L. Goodell, C.\\nMoran, H. V. Disbrow 1840, S. Conant, Ezra\\nWilliams; 1841, Peter Desnoyers 1S42, G. A.\\nO Keefe 1843, Thos. Williams, J. B. Watson;\\n1844, Hugh O Beirne, Wm. T. Young, F. H. Harris\\n1846. George Clancy; 1847, Chas. Peltier; 1848,\\nWm. Cook; 1849, Thos. Christian; 1850, Wm.\\nWalker; 1852, B. Rush Bagg, J. J. Cicotte 1853,\\nG. Spencer; 1855, Elisha Chase, Henry Chase;\\n1856, M. T. Lane. S. P. Purdy, G. B. Ensworth\\n1857, Stephen Martin 1859, Eugene Fecht; i860,\\nJoseph Kuhn, Julius Stoll; 1861, H. H. Swinscoe\\n1863. John Fuller, T. McCarthy; 1866, S. B. Mc-\\nCracken, P. B. Austin 1S69. Alois Wuerth, l^eter\\nGuenther; 1870, A. Ladue. A. Stutte 1871, Florens\\nKrecke, F. J. Barbier; 1872, Herman Kuhn, J. O.\\nMelick. H. Z. Potter; 1873, Albert .Scheu 1874, S.\\nJ.Martin; 1876, D. B. Brown, F. A. Lemkie, A.\\nG. Comstock; 1878, Alexander Toll, John Weber;\\n1880, S. D. Craig, John Pattern, D. Sheehan, C. H.\\nBorgman; 1 88 1, John Weber, S. D. Craig, John\\nPatton, D. Sheehan, C. H. Borgman, D. B. Willc-\\nmin 1882, F. A. Lemkie, S. D. Craig. John Patton,\\nD. .Sheehan, C. H. Ikirgman, D. B. Willeniin 1SS3,\\nthe same as in 1882, with the exception of Walter\\nRoss in place of S. D. Craig.\\nUnder the law of 1883 the following justices will\\nremain in office after July. 1884: D. B. Willemin,\\nwhose term expires in July. 1SS5; F. A. Lemkie,\\nwhose term expires in July, 1886; and W. Ross,\\nwhose term expires in July, 1887. One justice will\\nbe elected in the fall of 1S84.\\nNOT.^RIES.\\nUnder the Northwest Territory notaries were ap-\\npointed by the governor. In January, 1799, F. D.\\nBellecour was appointed by A\\\\ inthrop Sargent.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "LAWYERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DETROIT BAR LIBRARY.\\n199\\nNotaries are now appointed by the governor and\\nSenate. Their number is not limited their com-\\nmissions hold good for four years, and they are paid\\nsolely by fees received. Their power consists in\\ntaking depositions of parties who wish, under oath,\\nto confirm any statement they may make, taking\\nacknowledgments of deeds, mortgages, sealed in-\\nstruments of any kind, and issuing notices of pro-\\ntest for non-payment of notes.\\nLAWYERS.\\nThe members of the legal profession are chiefly\\ncongregated on Griswold Street. Whole blocks in\\nthis vicinity are fitted up with offices and suites of\\nrooms especially for their accommodation, provided\\nwith every convenience in the way of elevators,\\nvaults, and steam-heating apparatus. Among the\\nbuildings devoted chiefly to lawyers offices are the\\nMoffat, Miller, Buhl, Seitz. Burns, Lewis, Butler,\\nTelegraph, and Mechanics Blocks, and the New-\\nberr)- and McMillan and Campau Buildings.\\nBy law of Northwest Territory the power to grant\\nthe privilege of practicing law was vested in the\\ngovernor.\\nBy law of Michigan Territory, of February 23,\\n1809, attorneys were to be licensed only by the\\njudges of the Supreme Court. A law of October i,\\n1820, provided that any two judges of the Supreme\\nCourt might admit to practice. On August 31,\\n1 82 1, a legislative Act was passed admitting S. B.\\nBeach to practice as an attorney.\\nAt the present time, under State law, persons of\\ngood moral character, resident in the State, and\\ntwenty-one years of age, are admitted to practice in\\nthe several courts, upon passing a satisfactory e.\\\\-\\namination before the court, or, as is usually the case,\\nbefore a committee appointed for this purpose by\\nthe court.\\nA large number of the lawyers are united in an\\norganization called The Association of the Bar of\\nthe City of Detroit, established under an Act of\\nthe Legislature, on May 10, 1881. The following\\noriginal officers were still ser\\\\-ing in 1883 President,\\nTheodore Romeyn Secretary, H. M. Cheever\\nTreasurer, Robert P. Toms.\\nNot a few pungent anecdotes could be told con-\\ncerning members of the Detroit Bar. Of the many\\nbrilliant and witty retorts that have relieved the\\ntedium of court cases, the following will serve as a\\nspecimen A case was on trial in the Circuit Court,\\nand each side was present with a formidable array\\nof attorneys and counsel. The late A. D. Eraser\\nwas to make the closing argument for the defence.\\nHe commenced by saying that he had listened with\\ncare to all the evidence, had examined all the points\\nof law, and digested the facts in the case and\\nhaving done so, he felt fully acquainted with its\\nmerits, so fully, indeed, that he was willing to\\nrepresent it, and in fact he stood as the light bower\\nof the defence. Turning to the then young attor-\\nney on the opposing side (James V. Campbell) he\\nsaid, Perhaps my young Sunday School friend\\ndoes not know what the right bower is Oh\\nyes, said the present judge of the Supreme Court,\\nwe know what it is it s the biggest knave in the\\npack.\\nDETROIT BAR LIBRARY.\\nThe nucleus of a Bar Library must have been\\nformed as early as May 1 9, 1 838, as a vote of the\\nCommon Council, on that date, gave a room in the\\nCity Hall, as a consultation and library room, to the\\nBar of the City of Detroit. The ne.xt effort was\\nmade on December 15, 1851 a meeting of lawyers\\nwas then held, and on motion of G. V. N. Lothrop\\na committee of five vv as appointed to consider the\\nsubject of establishing a law library. The commit-\\ntee apparently never reported, and finally, on July\\n6, 1853, a paper, evidently drawn up by Judge C..J.\\nO Flynn, was circulated among the lawyers, asking\\nfor subscriptions of one hundred dollars each\\ntowards a fund for the purchase of books, and\\nauthorizing Judge O Flynn to draw up Articles of\\nAssociation for a Bar Library. Geo. E. Hand, C. J.\\nO Flynn, G. V. N. Lothrop, C. L Walker, T. W.\\nLockwood, Levi Bishop, and Wm. Gray united in\\ncalling a meeting, and the Association was organized\\non July 21. 1853. A constitution was adopted, the\\nprovisions of which fi.xed the capital stock at\\n$15,000, to be represented by one hundred and fifty\\nshares, at one hundred dollars per share. The fol-\\nlowing were the first officers President, Geo E.-\\nHand Treasurer, T. W. Lockwood Secretary, J.\\nV. Campbell Librarian, Sears Stevens.\\nA room in the rotunda was rented, and the\\nlibrary duly established. The number of books at\\ncommencement was estimated at about six hundred\\nvolumes, valued at $3,000. At a meeting of the\\nstockholders on July 13, 1867, it appeared that the\\ncash valuation of the library was \u00c2\u00a78,437.67, subject\\nto a debt of \u00c2\u00a72.000, due to A. S. Bagg for books.\\nAt this meeting the stock was equalized among the\\nstockholders, according to the amount each had paid\\nin and soon afterwards twenty-two shares of stock\\nwere issued, for the purpose of paying debts and\\nfurnishing more books. In July, 1868, the librar)-\\nwas removed to the Buhl Block, on the southwest\\ncorner of Griswold and Congress Streets.\\nOn October 5, 1868, Judge Hand resigned the\\npresidency, which he had held since 1853, and Chas.\\nI. Walker was elected in his place. On February\\n14, 1874, Mr. Walker resigned, and H. K. Clarke was\\nelected. In 1876 Ashley Pond became president.\\nIn 1871 the library was removed to the Seitz", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "200\\nDETROIT BAR LIBRARY.\\nBuilding, fronting on Congress Street, and in 1880\\nto ttie Newberry and McMillan Building.\\nOn January 3, 1874. the shelves contained 3,163\\nvolumes, valued at $14,000. It was then decided\\nthat at least $2,500 was necessary to perfect the\\nsets, and forty new shares of stock were ordered to\\nbe issued. The yearly dues, payable quarterly, in\\nJanuary, April, July, and October, are as follows\\nten dollars for attorneys of less than two years\\nstanding twenty dollars for attorneys of over two,\\nand not exceeding four years standing thirty-five\\ndollars for attorneys of over four, and not exceeding\\neight years standing all others sixty dollars for\\nlaw firms of two members, sixty per cent for the\\nsecond member for law firms of three members,\\none hundred per cent for the two additional per-\\nsons, the rate to be added to be determined by the\\nstanding of the oldest member of the firm. A divi-\\ndend of not more than six per cent is allowed stock-\\nholders. The capital stock and shares remain as\\nfixed at the time of organization, and about one\\nhundred and twenty shares are paid for.\\nThe yearly expenses of management are about\\n$1,100. The annual meeting is held on the last\\nMonday in January of each year, at 10 A. M.\\nThe library is open from eight in the morning to\\nhalf-past twelve, and from two to half-past five in\\nthe afternoon, each week day. Miss Helen Norton\\nhas been librarian since January, 1876.\\nLaw libraries, for the special benefit of themselves\\nand their tenants, were established in 1880 by the\\nowners of the Buhl and Mechanics Blocks.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIV.\\nMORALS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CITY MARSHALS.\\nPOLICE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHERIFFS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROSIXUTING ATTORNEYS.-\\nCONSTABLES.\\nMORALS.\\nLike any other settlement of a semi-military-\\ncharacter, the morals of Detroit, almost from the\\nfirst, needed some mending. On June 14, 1704,\\nCount Pontchartrain, in a letter to Cadillac, said, I\\nrecommend that you have a care that the service of\\nGod be conducted with decency, and that debauch-\\nery and blasphemy be banished from the post, and\\never)lhinj^ be conducted in order. From the gen-\\neral tenor of Cadillac s letters there can be no doubt\\nthat he endeavored to carry out the spirit of these\\nsuggestions but there were men continually hover-\\ning about, and occasionally, for a length of time,\\ninhabiting the post, whose presence made impossible\\nthe pre\\\\ ention of disorder. The coumirs dc bois\\nwere, in the majority of cases, guilty of every ex-\\ncess: profane, licentious, and drunken, they made a\\nbusiness of corrupting the savages, and it was well-\\nnigh impossible to control their actions.\\nThe \\\\-arious wars in which the settlement bore a\\npart aggravated all e-xisting moral disorder. The\\nWar of 1 81 2 was especially detrimental and dis-\\nturbing. Many, in both armies, were reckless and\\ndissipated to a degree that would not now be toler-\\nated. In 1817 the Rev. Mr. Monteith said, The\\nprofaneness of the soldiers exceeds anything I ever\\nimagined. There is no Sabbath in this countr)\\nRev. Dr. Alfred Branson, who was here in 1822,\\nconfirmed the general statement of Mr. Monteith\\nhe said\\nWhen I first came to the place, Sunday markets were as com-\\nmon as week-day ones. The French brought in their meats,\\nfowls, vegetables, etc., on Sunday as regularly as on week-days,\\n.-^fter selling out they would go to church, attend mass, and, per-\\nhaps, confess, and pay for absolution out of their market money,\\nand then go home apparently in good spirits. Nor did the -\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Vmer-\\nican and foreign population generally pay any more respect to\\nthe day, for they patronized the thing to the fullest extent. On\\nthis practice I proclaimed a war of e.\\\\termination. At first it\\nmade a stir. But a young Presbyterian preacher, who was there,\\njoined me in the denunciation of the practice, and, in a short\\ntime, the city council decreed that Sunday markets should cease,\\nand in place thereof a market should be opened tin Saturday\\nnight. This raised a great fuss among the French, who, from\\ntime immemorial, h.id thus bioken the Sabbath, and, after market,\\ngone to m.ass, then to the horse-races in the afternoon, and fiddled\\nand danced and played cards at night but Ihey made a virtue of\\nnecessity, and so(\u00c2\u00bbn yielded to authority and gave up the Sunday\\nmarket, but adhered to the other practices.\\nA proceeding that savored of the old Blue Laws\\noccurred on Sunday, June 12, 1825, and caused\\nmuch local excitement. On the morning of that\\nday, Adna Merritt, the marshal of the city, found\\neight or ten soldiers fishing on the public wharf.\\nHe ordered them to put up their lines, or go else-\\nwhere. They refused. He then went away, soon after\\nreturning with a posse of citizens, some of whom he\\nhad summoned from church for the purpose of help-\\ning in the arrest. On their arrival at the wharf the\\nsoldiers put up their lines, but demurred at being\\narrested; they finally concluded, however, to offer\\nno resistance, and were marched off and confined in\\njail. The whole of Monday and Tuesday were\\ntaken up with their trial, and Wednesday they were\\ndischarged.\\nAs the town grew, some forms of evil were sup-\\nplanted by others, but the standard of morality has\\ncertainly improved with the passing of the years.\\nCrime has been compelled to hide from public gaze,\\nand habits that once were tolerated and condoned\\nwould now debar from good society. The increased\\nindependence of the press acts as a preventive to\\nopen and gross immorality, compelling purity, or\\nat least privacy, society being the gainer in either\\ncase.\\nThe city government has usually acted upon the\\nclearly expressed wishes of the citizens. A most\\nremarkable illustration of this was the actual demo-\\nlition, by order of the Common Council, of a house\\nof evil resort, occupied by T. Slaughter and Peg\\nWelch. It had become so intolerable a nuisance,\\nand its inmates, withal, were so hedged about with\\ntechnical rights, that it seemed useless to attempt its\\nsuppression by legal measures. On November 9,\\n1 84 1, Alderman Bagg offered the following resolu-\\ntion\\nResolved^ that the marshal is hereby empowered and directed\\nto proceed on Wednesday, the seventeenth inst., with sufficient\\nforce and apparatus, to the corner of Randolph Street and Michi-\\ngan Avenue, and pull down and so demolish all the buildings\\nhitherto owned and occupied by Slaughter, Peg Welch Co. as\\nwill forever incapacitate them from being used as the abode of\\nhuman beings, to the end that not only retributive justice shall be\\nvisited on those who have been guilty of such practices, but as a\\nprecedent to others who may come after them, and a warning to\\nthose that already exist in the city of their impending fate.\\nL201]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "202\\nCITY MARSHALS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 POLICE.\\nOn November i6 the resolution was called up,\\nand adopted by vote of seven to four, and before\\nnine o clock the next morning the city marshal and\\na posse of helpers had torn down and demolished the\\nobnoxious domicile. Suit was brought against them\\nfor so doing, and on November 23 the city attorney\\nand A. D. Fraser were authorized to defend them.\\nIn June, 1857, the citizens of the tenth ward (then\\nnewly added to the city) were also greatly annoyed\\nby the presence of similar establishments. After\\ntrying various methods, fire was applied, and numer-\\nous houses were deliberately burned, in order to\\ndrive away the characters that congregated therein.\\nCITY MARSHAL.\\nThe office of city marshal was provided for in\\nOctober, 1802. The duties of the marshal were to\\nenforce the ordinances of the town, and he acted\\nalso as chief constable by Act of April 15, 1S16, he\\nwas specially designated as a police otficer. By\\nordinance of March 6, 1832, the marshal s salary\\nwas fixed at $150, which was increased in 1836 to\\n$600. On the creation of the present police system,\\nin 1865, the office was abolished.\\nThe following persons served as city marshals\\n1802, Elias Wallen 1805^ John Connor; 1817,\\nJohn Meldrum, Duncan Reid 1818, H. O. Bronson;\\n1819, Melvin Dorr; 1820, J. W. Colburn; 1821,\\nRobert (iarratt, S. Sherwood; 1822-1823, Smith\\nKnapp 1824, Griffith Roberts, Adna Merritt 1825.\\nAdnaMerritt; 1826, S. Sherwood 1827, Jed Hunt;\\n1828, S.Sherwood; 1829, Adna Merritt; 1830, E.\\nS. Swan; 1831, E. S. Swan, Alex. Campbell; 1832,\\nAlexander Campbell; 1833, J. Scott; 1834, I.\\nNoble; 1835, H. L. Woolsey 1836, David Thomp-\\nson 1837, A. McArthur; 1838. J. J. Garrison;\\n1839, A.lbert Marsh; 1840, E. C. Bancroft; 1S41,\\nE. C. Bancroft, A. H. Stowell 1842, A. H. Stowell.\\nM. L. Gage; 1843, M. L. Gage, D. Thompson;\\n1 844-1 846, D. Thompson; 1846-1848, J. P. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0W hiting;\\n1848, Geo. Miller, Ebenezer Benham; 1849, Eben-\\nezer Benham, James Beaiibien 1850-1852, John\\nWarren; 1852, J. W. Daly; 1853, W. H. Barse;\\n1854-1856, Eli Laderoot 1856-1858, P. McCinnis\\n1858-1860, Chas. Miller; 1860-1S63, John B. -Stad-\\nler 1863-1865, Daniel Mahoney.\\nPOLICE.\\nSentinels and military patrols were familiar sights\\nin Detroit in theeariy days of its settlement. When\\nthe regular patrol of troops ceased, the inhabitants\\nfelt the need of some other protection and there-\\nfore, on August 31, 1804, an ordinance was passed\\nby the trustees for the better police, and in order\\nto insure additional security for the town, from the\\ndangers to be apprehended fron Indians, as well as\\nother persons, and from fire, etc.\\nThe following were some of the pro\\\\ isions of the\\nordinance. A patrol was to be formed, who in\\nregular rotation shall be employed as a nightly\\nwatch said watch shall be composed of five per-\\nsons, and shall take up, question, and confine in the\\nwatch-house all individuals and riotous persons\\nfound in the streets, or elsewhere within the limits\\nof said town after the commencement of this watch\\nand all persons after eleven o clock, who can give\\nno satisfactory account of themselves. And on\\nobserving light in any house after eleven o clock,\\nto inquire the occasion of it, lest it should be burn-\\ning without the knowledge of the family.\\nJohn Dodemead was charged with the execution of\\nthis ordinance, and the court-house was set apart as\\nthe watch-house. The police were to assemble at\\n9 P. M. at the court-house, and not to depart, except\\nto patrol, till daylight in the morning.\\nIt will be seen that this was practically a night\\nwatch, that no day duties were prescribed or pro-\\nvided for.\\nThe next step in the police government was the\\nappointment, on May ii, 1S05, of John Connor as\\npolice officer. He was also clerk of the market,\\nand the evident purpose of the appointment was to\\npreserve order at the market, rather than in the\\ntown this is confirmed by the fact that, as early as\\niSoi, township constables were appointed, whose\\nduties comprised those of a police officer.\\nThe organization of a night-watch seems to have\\nbeen a favorite project, and was frequently attempted,\\nbut the old records indicate that these endeavors,\\neven when successful, were short-lived.\\nOn December 19, 1821, the Board of Trustees\\nresolved that it is the sense of the meeting that a\\nwatch should be established to protect the city at\\nnight and to attend to the general police of the\\nsame, especially in relation to fire. We next find\\nthe following, in the council proceedings for March\\n2, 1825:\\nIn consequence of a supposed attempt to fire the city during the\\nprevious night, at a meeting of the Common Council and Free-\\nmen, a subscription paperwas drawn up, and signed by a sufficient\\nnumber of those present, for a volunteer watch, to be kept up un-\\ntil other and permanent measures for tile safety of the city can be\\ntaken.\\nSoon after, on March 1 5, an ordinance was passed\\nregulating this city patrol, and making it their duty\\nto cry Fire in case of a conflagration, and tell\\non what street it was.\\nOn account of the riot in June, 1833, at the time\\nthe colored man Blackburn and his wife were\\narrested as slaves, a public meeting was held, and it\\nwas resolved that it is expedient to establish a city\\nwatch, to consist of sixteen persons, efficiently\\narmed, with one officer in command. This night-\\nwatch was organized, and kept up for nearly three", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "POLICE.\\n20\\nmonths. In July one hundred and five dollars, and\\nin September one hundred and twenty-nine dollars\\nand sixty-six cents, were paid for their services.\\nAbout this time the city commenced to grow more\\nrapidly, and among the population were many chil-\\ndren who so annoyed the citizens by petty thieving\\nthat a meeting was held on December 24, 1834, and\\na Society for the Suppression of Felony organized.\\nOn January 2, 1835. the propriety of establishing\\na night-watch was again taken into consideration by\\nthe council on the 1 5th of the same month an\\nordinance was passed relating thereto on the 29th\\ntwo captains and ten watchmen were appointed on\\nthe 14th of the month following the city marshal\\nreported that two of the captains and four of the\\nmen were drunk and disorderly, and on the 28th the\\nordinance was repealed.\\nThe excitement connected with the Patriot War\\nmade a night-watch again necessarj-, and on June\\n13, 1838, one was organized, and Colonel E. Brooks\\nappointed captain, with power to appoint his helpers.\\nThey served but a few weeks. Towards the close\\nof the year the same excitement caused the re-es-\\ntablishment of a watch, and on December 4 a force\\nof forty men were appointed, not less than ten of\\nthem to be on duty each night. On the next day\\nthe excitement had so increased that in order to\\npreserve the peace one hundred and fifty prominent\\ncitizens were appointed as an additional patrol. On\\nMay 9, 1839, two persons from each ward were\\nappointed by the council as a night-watch, one to\\nserve every other night, and to be paid two dollars\\nfor such .service. On September 29, 1841, a volun-\\nteer watch was organized, but they soon wearied of\\ntheir self-imposed task.\\nIn the fall of 1843 house-breaking and thieving\\nprevailed to such an extent that a temporary night-\\nwatch was again established. In August, 1845, the\\nsame reasons again induced the organization of a\\nvolunteer watch. A meeting of this city watch was\\nheld on .September 23 at Firemen s Hall, the mayor\\nacting as chairman, and F. F. Merceron as secretarj\\nAlfred Brush was chosen captain-general of the\\nwatch, and the mayor offered the following\\nResolved, that the city watch since its organization, although\\ncomposed principally of citizens owning little or no property, have\\ndone their duty as watchmen and, as not a single fire or burglary\\nhas occurred, as the streets have been cleared of rioters and row-\\ndies, and the city kept perfectly quiet, the watch are therefore\\nentitled to the warmest thanks of every well-meaning citizen.\\nThe following item, from the Advertiser of Octo-\\nber 2. 1S45, gives an idea of the need of such a\\nwatch and of the difficulties it encountered, and in-\\ndicates some features of its management\\nCity Watch. Efforts are being made to enlarge the number\\nand efficiency of our volunteer city watch. We suggest to our\\ncitizens that supplies of fuel and refreshments willbevcrj- aceept-\\nable to the watchmen during the approaching long, cold nights.\\nWill they not see to it\\nOn October 6, 1845, the following appeared:\\nSuppose the store of one of our wealthy merchants, who refuses\\nto assist in sustaining a watch, and who replies to all applications\\nthat they can protect their own property, should be entered by\\nthieves or burglars, and the watch should seize them in the act,\\nwould not the owner begin at last to see the necessity of such pro-\\ntection If they can be protected by others, and at others ex-\\npense, they are quite content, and see no need of a watch I It is\\ndesirable to see some relaxation of this illiberality, to see our re-\\nspectable merchants and business men, lawyers, doctors, and\\nministers come forward and take upon themselves, personally, the\\nfunctions of watchmen, and contribute in providing rooms, re-\\nfreshments, and fuel for their accommodation. A new company\\n{No. 7) is to be organized in a few days, and it is to be hoped its\\nranks will be cheerfully and promptly filled.\\nDuring the same month this notice was published\\nby order of the City Watch\\nResolved, that the thanks of this company be tendered to Mrs.\\nF. P.uhl and Mrs. J, L. King for sumptuous refreshments fur-\\nnished this company on the nights of the 3d and 18th inst.\\nResolved, in consideration of the fact that most of those con-\\nnected with the City Watch at its organization, owning property\\nin the city,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they, of all others, most interested in its welf.ire,\\nhave, since the weather became cold and disagreeable, almost\\nwithout exception, withdrawn from the watch therefore\\nResolved, that we, as members of Company B of the volunteer\\nwatch, owning little or no property in the city, do hereby agree\\nupon the adjournment of this meeting to disband as a company,\\nand withdraw as individuals from the City Watch, for reasons set\\nforth in the foregoing resolution.\\nIn November, 1845, the following item appeared:\\nWe learn an effort is being made to revive the volunteer night-\\nwatch, but the active co-operation of those most interested in the\\nsecurity of the city will be indispensable. The want of this led to\\nthe abandtinment of the former watch. Since then burglaries,\\nnight robberies, and thefts have again become frequent.\\nThis appeal was successful, and the new watch\\nlasted till October, 1846, when the council thanked\\nthem, and dispensed with their services.\\nThree years later, on September 2, 1849, the great\\nnumber of disorderly persons present in the city\\nagain caused the organization of a volunteer watch.\\nThe captains for the evenings of each day were as\\nfollows Sunday, John B. Long Monday, G. Mott\\nWilliams; Tuesday, Marshall J. Bacon; Wednes-\\nday, Colonel A. S. Williams Thursday, Kin S.\\nDygert Friday, Alderman Duncan Saturday, Geo.\\nW. Pattison. Like its numerous predeces.sors, this\\nwatch soon disbanded, and in the spring of 1851 a\\npaid night-watch, under the control of the city, was\\ntemporarily provided.\\nThe question of creating a permanent and salaried\\ncity watch was fully discussed in 1854, and on July\\n3, at a citizens meeting, a committee of aldermen\\nreported the following as the probable yearly cost\\nTwenty-four watchmen, at ten shillings per day,\\n$10,950; one captain, $1,000; two a.ssistant cap-\\ntains, at twelve shillings per day, \u00c2\u00a71,095; contin-\\ngencies, $1,955. Total, $15,000.\\nThe estimated expense alarmed the tax-payers,\\nand the meeting voted it inexpedient to organize the\\nwatch. The next effort, inaugurated on January 24,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "204\\nPOLICE.\\n1S59, by R. H. Wright, was purely of a private and\\npersonal character, and resulted in the formation of\\nthe Merchants Police, a force consisting of five\\nmen, who patrolled certain business blocks and\\nacted as night-watchmen their ser\\\\ ices were paid\\nfor by regular subscriptions from the merchants\\nwhose premises were protected. This force was\\ncontinued about six months.\\nAn attempt was next made to organize a Police\\nCommission, under a charter amendment of March\\n12, 1 86 1, which provided that the mayor and two\\nother persons, to be selected by the council, should\\nconstitute a Board of Police Commissioners. The\\nchief of police was to be appointed by the council\\non nomination by the board, and the council were\\nto appoint temporary policemen, for forty-eight\\nhours when necessary the aldermen were also\\ninvested with the powers of policemen.\\nThese pr(jvisions, which were only partially car-\\nried into effect, were substantially re-enacted on\\nFebruary 4, 1864, when the powers and duties of\\nthe board were defined at length. Neither of these\\namendments seemed to meet the necessities of the\\ncase or the wishes of the citizens. They served a\\ngood purpose as preliminary efforts, but practically\\nhad only the value of suggestions.\\nThe demoralization naturally growing out of the\\nprotracted war with the South, and the fact that some\\nof the constables, elected from time to time by\\npopular suffrage, needed themselves to be watched,\\ncaused the want of a regular and responsible police\\nforce to be increasingly realized.\\nUnder the Act of March 12, 1861, C. H. Buhl\\nand Alexander Chapoton had been associated with\\nthe mayor as police commissioners. They resigned,\\nand on August 5, 1862, William Barclay and C. W.\\nJackson were appointed. Mr. Barclay soon resigned,\\nand E. V. Cicotte was appointed in his place.\\nEarly in 1863 Mr. Cicotte was succeeded by E. A.\\nBrush, and the board, in 1864, consisted of C. W.\\nJackson, E. A. Brush, and the mayor. During these\\nyears the question of a more thorough police system\\nwas repeatedly brought before the council. On\\nFebruary 10, 1863, two reports were submitted, one\\nin favor of, and one opposed to, the organization of\\na salaried force. One of the reports stated that\\nwithin the last three months almost every crime in\\nthe catalogue of crimes has been committed in\\nDetroit.\\nThe following estimate of the expense of main-\\ntaining a police force was submitted Chief of\\npolice, $1,000; assistant police, $800; turnkey, S600\\ntwenty-two policemen, at $1.50 per day, $12,445;\\nlock-up, office expenses, etc., $2,000. Total. $16,445.\\nBy this time the Ides of March were at hand,\\nand the riot of March 6, 1863. with its brutal\\nattacks upon the colored people, the killing of sev-\\neral, and the burning of their houses, helped many\\ncitizens to the decision that a system such as we now\\nhave was a necessity and on March 1 7 the Board\\nof Police Commissioners, by resolution of Alderman\\nPurcell, were requested to report a plan of organiza-\\ntion for a paid police force as soon as possible.\\nNothing was done, however, until August 5, when\\nan anticipated draft, and the almost constant fear of\\na rebel raid frona Canada, caused the council to\\nestablish a temporary police of twenty-five men, who\\nwere continued only about a week. The almost\\ndaily evidence of the city s needs kept up interest in\\nthe police cjuestion and in April, 1864, the council\\nrequested the comptroller to report an estimate for a\\npolice force, to consist of a chief, one clerk, two\\ncaptains, and forty men and also the cost of an\\nappropriate station-house. Finally, and largely\\nthrough the efforts of Alderman J. J. Bagley, on\\nFebruary 28, 1865, the Legislature passed an Act\\nestablishing the Metropolitan Police Commission,\\nto consist of four persons.\\nThe commission is noticeable as being the only\\nbranch of city government over which the city has\\nno direct control, the commissioners being appointed\\nby the governor, with the approval of the Senate,\\nfor terms of four years. In theory they are State\\nofticers, and in practice, city officials. They are\\naccountable to the governor, and to the State\\nthrough him, for all their official acts. The gener-\\nally faithful execution of the laws, and the keeping\\nof the force out of local politics, have repeatedly\\ndemonstrated the advantage and wisdom of the\\nsystem. The first meeting of the commission under\\nthe Act was held on March 9, 1865. The force\\nwas duly organized on May 1 5 following.\\nThe Act, at first, met with great opposition from\\nthe city marshal, constables, and deputy sheriffs,\\nwhose services were practically dispensed with;\\nmere politicians opposed it because its enforcement\\nwould leave fewer places to be disposed of as the\\nreward of political services and conservative old\\ncitizens opposed it because it involved increased\\ntaxation. When the commission first organized,\\nthey necessarily sought the advice and co-operation\\nof the council but the council seemed indisposed\\nto countenance, in any way, the action of the board,\\nand their communications were invariably tabled.\\nOn May 30, 1865, by vote of twelve to four, the\\ncouncil passed resolutions disapproving of the Act,\\nbut recommending that its provisions be obeyed\\nuntil its constitutionality could be passed upon that\\nwas called in question on the ground that the city\\nwas compelled to pay for the support of officers\\nover whom it had no direct control. On October\\n16, 1865, the Supreme Court decided that the Act\\nwas constitutional and as the years have passed,\\nthe best citizens of all parties have conceded its", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "POLICE.\\n20:\\nusefulness, and take increasing pride in the organi-\\nzation and its management. Since tlie passage of\\nthe original Act, three additional Acts pertaining\\nto the board have been passed.\\nAn Act of March 9, 1867, defined in greater detail\\nthe powers of the board, gave increased power in\\nsome particulars, and authorized the detail of police-\\nmen to perform the duties of the sealer of weights\\nand measures, and to collect license fees for the city;\\nit also gave the board power to suppress gambling,\\nto sell unclaimed property after keeping it si.x\\nmonths, and to provide food and lodging, if neces-\\nsary, for persons arrested.\\nA further Act of April 15, 1871, remedied some\\ntechnical defects of the previous law, and legalized\\nsuch portion of the acts of the Board of Police Com-\\nmissioners as had been illegally performed.\\nThe commissioners receive no compensation.\\nRegular meetings are held on the last secular day\\nof each month, at three o clock in the afternoon.\\nTheir duties are to preserve the public peace to\\nprevent crime to arrest offenders to protect the\\nrights of persons and property to guard the public\\nhealth to preserve order to remove nuisances\\nexisting in public streets, yards, and outhouses to\\nreport to the proper authorities all leaks and defects\\nin water-pipes and sewers to provide a sufficient\\nforce at every public fire, in order that the firemen\\nmay be protected in the performance of their duties,\\nand the property preserved to its owners and to\\nprotect strangers and travelers at steamboat and ship\\nlandings and railroad stations; they may also serve\\nwarrants in any part of the State, and are required\\ngenerally to enforce and carry out all ordinances of\\nthe city and laws of the State.\\nThe following is a list of the commissioners\\nJ. S. Farrand, from February 28, 1865, to Febru-\\nary I, 1873; L. M. Mason, from February 28, 1865,\\nto July 12, 1869; J.J. Bagley, from February 28,\\n1865, to August 24, 1872 Alexander Lewis, from\\nFebruary- 28, 1865, to February i, 1875 C. 1\\\\L Gar-\\nrison, from February i, 1875, to December 9,\\n1876; S. D. Miller, from July 12, 1869; M.S. Smith,\\nfrom August 24, 1872; J. E. Pittman, from P ebru-\\nary i, 1873; H. M. Dean, from December 9,\\n1876.\\nUpon the organization of the commission, in 1S65,\\nFrank G. Russell was appointed secretary. He\\nresigned on April 24, 1866, and on May 16 James S.\\nBooth was appointed. His failing health necessi-\\ntated his resignation on October 13, 1873, and five\\ndays later Lincoln R. Meser% e was appointed his\\nsuccessor. Theodore A. Drake was the first super-\\nintendent of police. He resigned September 30,\\n1865. leaving Captain M. V. Borgman as acting\\nsuperintendent; and on August i. 1866, he was\\nappointed superintendent. On December 2, 1873, he\\nresigned, and Stephen K. Stanton was appointed,\\nwith Captain Andrew J. Rogers as deputy. On\\nMarch 25, 1876, Rogers was appointed superintend-\\nent. He resigned January 31, 1882. and on April\\n24 was succeeded by E. F. Conely. On March I,\\n1S67, the office of surgeon was created, with a\\nyearly salar) of $500. Dr. D. O. Farrand, the first\\nappointee, retained the office until his decease, on\\nMarch 18, 1883. His successor. Dr. J. B. Book,\\nwas appointed in June, 1883. The office of attorney\\nof the board was created April i, 1867, with a salary\\nof $500. J. Logan Chipman filled the position to\\nMay I, 1879, when he was succeeded by W. A.\\nMoore.\\nThe names of the captains and the dates of their\\nappointment are as follows: P. N. Girardin, October\\n25, 1S65, died December 31, 18S2; C. C. Stark-\\nweather, August 31, 1869; W. H. Myler, June 30,\\n1875; Joseph Burger, September 30, 1882; Jesse\\nMack, Jime 11, 18S3.\\nThe officers of the police force rank in the fol-\\nlowing order superintendent, captains, sergeants,\\nroundsmen, patrolmen, doormen.\\nCaptains and sergeants rank according to the\\nseniority of their appointment to either office.\\nA regular system of promotion is adhered to\\nvacancies occurring in the office of captains must be\\nfilled from the sergeants, and vacancies in sergean-\\ncies from the regular force.\\nThe original law provided that the superintendent\\nshould receive no more than $2,000 yearly the cap-\\ntains not over $1,200; the sergeants not more than\\n$1,000; and the regular patrolmen not to exceed\\n$900 per year.\\nA law of March 14, 1S82, gave the commissioners\\npower to determine the salaries, and from February\\nI, 1882, the salary of the superintendent has been\\n$4,000. The salaries of other members of the force\\nare as follows: captains, $1,200; sergeants, $900;\\npatrolmen, $750. Out of these salaries the men pay\\nfor their uniforms, which cost from seventy-five to\\none hundred dollars each.\\nEach member of the police force must be able to\\nread and write the English language must be a\\ncitizen of the State of Michigan, and a resident of\\nthe city for the two years ne.xt preceding his appoint-\\nment. He must not be over forty years of age, nor\\nunder twenty-one and must possess good health\\nand a soimd body, be of steady habits and of good\\nmoral character, and must never have been con-\\n\\\\ncted of crime.\\nEach member of the force is required to devote\\nhis whole time and attention to the business of the\\ndepartment, and he is expressly prohibited from\\nbeing employed in any other business. He must be\\ncivil and orderly; must at all times refrain from\\niolence, coarse, profane, and insolent language", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "2o6\\nPOLICE.\\nand, while on duty, is not allowed to drink any kind\\nof liquor, nor smoke, nor (except in the immediate\\nperformance of duty) enter any place in which\\nintoxicating drinks of any kind are sold or furnished.\\nPolicemen are also prohibited from receiving or\\nsharing, for their own benefit, in any fee, gift, or\\nemolument for police service, other than the regular\\nsalary, except by unanimous consent of the commis-\\nsioners they are not allowed to belong to any fire\\nor military company, or to go on target or pleasure\\nexcursions, e.xcept by order of the superintendent\\nthey are also required, while on duty, to avoid all\\nreligious or political discussions, and all inter-\\nference, or use of their influence as officers, in elec-\\ntions they are not allowed to solicit, nor can they\\nbe obliged to contribute anything for political pur-\\nposes they are required to keep careful supervision\\nof all disorderly houses, or houses of evil repute,\\nwithin their beats, to observe by whom they are fre-\\nquented, and to report their observations to the\\ncommanding officer.\\nPatrolmen are forbidden to walk together, or to\\ntalk with each other, or with any person, while on\\nduty, unless it is to communicate briefly information\\nappertaining to their business. Sergeants and\\npatrolmen, when on duty, are required to display\\ntheir badges, so that the entire surface of the same\\nmay be easily and distinctly seen. The following\\nofficial suggestions to policemen indicate interesting\\nand important details of their duties\\nAs a peace-olTicer, his first duty should be to set a good example\\nby being good-humored and polite while on duty. .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\s a sentinel,\\nhe should always be wary and vigilant, for although there seems\\nto be no immediate ncce-isity for watchfulness, there is no know-\\ning when an emergency will suddenly arise in a great city.\\nRestraint by authority is never popular neither to children nor\\nmen. Authority is, therefore, to be exercised with coolness, and\\nby always keeping the temper. Men offend in trivial matters as\\nmuch from carelessness and negligence as from design. Caution-\\nary words are sometimes more valuable than arrests. Diplomacy\\nis oftentimes as great a weapon to the policeman, in his inter-\\ncourse with his fellow-citizens, and in dealing with abuses, as it is\\nto the general or statesman.\\nAmong all the trite sayings of the world, there is none more\\nuseful (or the policeman to remember than this, An ounce of\\nprevention is worth a pound of cure.\\nThe public man who quells any trouble in its inceptiim is as\\nmuch worthy of remembrance as one who redresses an evil of\\nalready increasing magnitude.\\nEvery good citizen will say Amen to these sug-\\ngestions, and the more closely they are attended to,\\nthe greater will be the respect paid to the force, and\\nthe more agreeable to fearful and restless citizens\\nwill be the thud of the policeman s club. The\\ncriminal classes respect the badge and the club, btit\\ngood citizens honor the guardian of their homes, and\\ngladly recognize his worth.\\nComplaints are sometimes made that members of\\nthe force are needlessly officious or severe but\\nwhen the total number of the force, and the variety\\nof annoying business attended to, is considered, it\\nbecomes evident that the commissioners have been\\nremarkably fortunate in their selection of men.\\nThe force is in two general divisions, one for day,\\nthe other for night duty.\\nThe day force is on duty for eleven hours, the\\nnight force for eight hours. About two thirds of\\nthe force are usually on night duty, and the men are\\nchanged from night to day duty in alternate months\\nas far as practicable. By a complete system of card\\nregistries, the superintendent can tell at any hour\\nof the day or night in just what locality each mem-\\nber of the force is stationed.\\nIn r868 a sergeant and ten policemen were de-\\ntailed for the purpose, and a complete census of the\\ncity taken in ten days. On October 9, 1871, at a\\nspecial meeting of the council, called on account of\\nthe prevailing dry weather and the consequent great\\ndanger from fire, the police commissioners were\\nrequested to temporarily appoint three hundred\\ne.xtra policemen, the council appropriating $5,000\\nto pay for their services. A large number of extra\\npolice were accordingly sworn in, and about half of\\nthe appropriation used. In 1883 fourteen special\\npatrolmen, appointed without expense to the city,\\nwere on duty at the post-office, depots, theaters, large\\nmanufacturing establishments, etc. They report at\\nheadquarters between the ist and the 7th of each\\nmonth. Some portion of the regular force is always\\nemployed in special duties.\\nThe sanitary squad, consisting of eight men, under\\ncontrol of a sergeant, attends to the enforcement of\\nall laws and ordinances relating to the public health,\\nand also collects the State liquor tax.\\nUnder Act of April 17, 1871, scavengers were\\nauthorized to be appointed by the Police Depart-\\nment. By charter amendment of 1 879 an inspector\\nof slaughter-houses and meats is appointed by\\nthe commissioners; and since June i, i8Si, a\\npatrolman has been detailed to catch and destroy\\nunlicensed dogs. Since 1867 a policeman has\\nacted as inspector of the weights and measures\\nused in the city.\\nOne policeman is detailed to look specially after\\njuvenile offenders, and acts in conjunction with\\nBradford Smith, who, by appointment of the gover-\\nnor, under Acts of 1873 and 1875, has, since 1875,\\nbeen employed as county agent, to examine all\\nchildren under sixteen charged with crime, and to\\ndecide what disposition of them will probably best\\nserve their interests and those of the community.\\nHis decision is made the basis of the court decisions\\nin all such complaints. Since his appointment, he\\nhas passed upon the cases of over one thousand chil-\\ndren. Of these, many have been sent to the Reform\\nSchool, and others to the State School at Cold water;\\nthe larger number ha\\\\e remained in Detroit, under\\nhis surveillance, and are obliged to report to him", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "POLICE.\\n20^\\nfrom time to time. The amount of good resulting\\nfrom his efforts is almost incalculable. There can\\nbe no question that his philanthropic work has pre-\\nvented hundreds of boys from becoming hardened\\ncriminals. For his services and expenses the State\\npays only $200 a year.\\nSince February, 1872, the harbor-master, ap-\\npointed by the Common Council, has been a police-\\nman.\\nOriginally persons wishing the services of police-\\nmen for special occasions could obtain them on\\napplication to the superintendent, for a stipulated\\nsum this system no longer prevails.\\nIn 1873 provision was made for two mounted\\npolicemen, to do duty in the outskirts of the city;\\ntwo were also mounted in 1S74; and in 1875 the\\nnumber was increased to five but as their ser\\\\ ice\\ndid not prove worth its cost, it was gradually dis-\\npensed with, and the last horse was sold in Novem-\\nber, 1876.\\nFrom the organization of the force to 1873, the\\nlicenses charged by the city for various kinds of\\nbusiness were collected by a policeman since that\\nyear they liave been payable at the office of the\\nsecretary of the commission. The fiscal year of\\nthe commission formerly began on April i since\\n1873 it has commenced on the ist of February.\\nThe following table gives interesting details as to\\ngrowth of the force, the work performed, and the\\ne.xpense of its maintenance\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nc\\nc\\nc\\nrS\\n1\\n-a\\nd\\ng\\nc\\nit\\ne\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0d\\n2S\\na\\na\\ns\\ns S\\ngs.\\nS-J\\nc/;\\nu:\\nX\\n_(\\nPh\\nH\\nJ\\nX\\n1865..\\n47\\nSI\\n$38,663\\n3,056\\n445\\n$5,182\\n1866..\\n2\\nS6\\n68\\n58,150\\n4.096\\n1,201\\n4.568\\n1867..\\n2\\n2\\n62\\n7\u00c2\u00b0\\n63,181\\n3,86,\\n2.359\\n5,220\\n1868..\\n2\\n2\\n62\\n73\\n65,303\\n3.619\\n2,369\\n5.359\\ni8f 9..\\n2\\n2\\n5b\\n77\\n68,643\\n3,335\\n2,648\\n4,112\\n1870..\\n2\\n2\\n77\\n88\\n69.193\\n3,577\\n2.734\\n5,096\\n.87...\\ns\\n2\\n2\\n78\\n\u00c2\u00ab9\\n79.3 ;7\\n3,9=9\\n2,726\\n4.534\\n1872..\\n7\\n1\\nI\\n2\\n8S\\n100\\n70,450\\n3.839\\n2,418\\n4.419\\n1873..\\n8\\n3\\n5\\n3\\n07\\n121\\n80,503\\n4,861\\n4,219\\n6,224\\n1874..\\nB\\n3\\n5\\n4\\nIiq\\n144\\n111,305\\n4.935\\n7.553\\n7,161\\n1875-\\n8\\n4\\n6\\n6\\n121\\nIII\\n119,753\\n4.10Q\\n8.737\\n7,027\\n1876..\\n8\\n4\\n7\\n126\\nIIS\\n126,598\\n3,879\\n8,022\\n8,955\\n.87J..\\n9\\n5\\n8\\n5\\n126\\n158\\n126,006\\n4.657\\n8,139\\n9.728\\n1878..\\nII\\n5\\nb\\n7\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n.05\\n123,279\\n4,332\\n8.744\\n9.094\\n1879..\\nQ\\n4\\n7\\n8\\n128\\nibo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a023.454\\n3.922\\n11,090\\n9.599\\n1880..\\n10\\n7\\n9\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a04\\n134\\n178\\n127,239\\n4,284\\n8,810\\n8,176\\n1881..\\n10\\n4\\n14\\n146\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a085\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a036.945\\n4,610\\n5.945\\n15.212\\n1882..\\n10\\nI\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n12\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a053\\n194\\n152.192\\n5.148\\n2.840\\n13.055\\n1883..\\n10\\nt\\n3\\n12\\n150\\n193\\n170.735\\n6,322\\n2,117\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03.742\\nAs every person arrested is lodged on an average\\nthree nights, the number of different individuals\\nactually provided with lodgings would be about one\\nthird as many as are given in above table.\\nA comparison of the number of arrests with the\\npopulation in the years 1870 and 1880 shows that\\nthe percentage of arrests has decreased from five to\\nless than four per cent in the last decade. This fact\\nand the general good order prevailing in the city\\nGratiot Avenue Police Station.\\ngives substantial foundation for the belief that there\\nis less of crime in Detroit than in any other city of\\nthe same size in the Union. As many persons are\\narrested several times in the course of a year, the\\nnumber of individuals arrested is only about half of\\nthe total arrests reported.\\nIn the table the colimin of yearly expenses in-\\ncludes only the ordinary expenses of the force, not\\nthe cost of the land and buildings for police sta-\\nTiaMBULL A\\\\ ENITE POLICE STATION.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "208\\nPOLICE.\\ntions. Their cost is shown in the following state-\\nment\\nLocation of Station.\\nGratiot Avenue, N. E. cor.\\nof Russell Street\\nTrumbull Avenue, S. E. cor.\\nof Michigan Avenue.\\nCentral, Woodbridge Street,\\nnear Woodward Avenue..\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Elmwood Ave., east side,\\nbetween Fort and Lafay-\\nette Streets\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Twentieth Street, east side,\\nbetween Michigan Ave.\\nand M. C. R. R\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Fremont Street, north side,\\nnear Woodward Avenue..\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Grand River Ave., N. E.\\ncor. of Twelfth Street\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Woodbridge St., north side,\\nnear Twenty-fourth St.\\nCost of\\nLot.\\nCost of\\nBuilding.\\nFirst\\noccupied.\\n$5,500\\n$10,670\\nAug. 14, 1873\\n3.375\\n8,549\\nAug. 14, 1873\\n17,400\\nJan. I, 1874\\n3,iSo\\n1,436\\nJuly 27, 1S77\\n1,000\\n3 \u00c2\u00b099\\nDec. 24, 1877\\n1,600\\n2,300\\nSept. 15, 1879\\ni 35i\\n2,723\\nAug. 2, 1880\\n1.501\\n3,000\\nAug. 10, i88l\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Sub-station. Sub-stations are uniform in their style of building.\\nDuring the first two years of the e.xistence of the\\nboard the Central Station and public offices were in\\nthe Hawley Block, on the nortliwest corner of Wood-\\nbridge and Bates Streets. The lock-up was in the\\nold City Hall. On January i, 1867, the Wood-\\nbridge Street or Central Station was occupied for the\\nfirst time. It was built for, and at first rented by\\nthe commission. In 1S72 it was purchased by the\\nboard. The following year it was enlarged, refitted,\\na morgue provided, and it was again occupied iii\\nJanuar) 1874.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0On ii .,l i,i\\nhi\\nCentkai- Police Station.\\nOn the completion of the new City Hall, in 1871,\\noffices were set apart for the police. From Octo-\\nber, 1872, to 1874, a portion of the basement was\\nalso occupied as a lock-up.\\nDuring 1873 the stations and offiee were for the\\nfirst time telegraphically connected.\\nIn 1883 the city gave the commissioners East\\nPark, bounded by Farmer, Randolph, and Bates\\nStreets, and during 1883 and 1884 a building for\\npolice headquarters was erected thereon.\\nGrand Ki\\\\hk A\\\\enle Stb-srATioN,\\nAll rewards, fees, proceeds of gifts, and emolu-\\nments on account of extraordinary services, and all\\nmoneys accruing from the sale of unclaimed goods,\\nare paid into the City Treasury, and constitute a\\nfund called The Police Life and Health Insurance\\nFund. Stolen property found by the police, or\\nproperty taken from persons arrested, is kept for si.\\\\\\nmonths, when, if uncalled for, it is advertised three\\ntimes in some public place, and then sold, for the\\nbenefit of the above fund.\\nDuring 1883 three hundred and forty-two different\\nlots of property, valued at $9,000, were received by\\nthe clerk of the board. The president of the board\\nand the comptroller of the city are the trustees of\\nthe Life and Health Fund, and out of it, as occasion\\nrequires, the commissioners make appropriations for\\npolicemen who are sick or disabled from duty, or\\nwho have earned rewards. The assets to the credit\\nof the fund, February 5, 1884, were $7,977.\\nIn connection with the force there is also a relief\\nsociety, which was organized June 2, 1868, the object\\nbeing to provide pecuniary aid for policemen, or\\ntheir families, in case of sickness and death. Nearly\\nall the members of the force are members of this\\norganization, and pay an initiation fee of one dollar,\\nand monthly dues of fifty cents each. The officers\\nare elected every six months, on the first of January\\nand July. Members incapacitated for ser\\\\ ice for\\nmore than three days are allowed one dollar per\\nday, for a time not to exceed thirty days, unless by\\ntwo-thirds vote of the society. In case of death, the\\nnearest kin are paid one hundred dollars. If a wife\\ndies, the sum of fifty dollars is paid to the husband.\\nA police wagon for the conveyance of prisoners\\nwas procured and first used on March 20, 1871. In\\nthe fall of 1877 a new wagon was purchased.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "SHERIFFS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.\\n209\\nPolice Headquarters.\\nSHERIFFS.\\nThe office of sheriff antedates every other in the\\ncounty. The first sheriff for Detroit was appointed\\nby the Governor and Council of Canada in 1788.\\nThe duties have been mucli the same under both\\nEnglish and American rule the sheriff acts as the\\nchief constable of the county in making arrests for\\ncrimes against State laws, and in carrying out the\\ndecrees and judgments of the courts he is also\\nresponsible for the safe keeping of all prisoners\\nlodged in the county jail.\\nUnder territorial rule, sheriffs were appointed by\\nthe governor but from the time Michigan became\\na State, they have been elected at the same time as\\nother county officers, for terms of two years.\\nSince the establishment of the metropolitan police\\nthe sheriff has made no arrests in criminal cases in\\nthe city, and cannot make an arrest outside of the\\ncounty, except in civil cases, or for contempt of court.\\nHis chief duties consist in attendance on the Circuit\\nand Superior Courts, the care of the room, the pre-\\nserving of order, and the carrj ing out of the decrees\\nof the courts, occupying the same relation to these\\ncourts that the United States Marshal does to the\\nUnited States Courts. It is his duty to see that the\\nliquor ta.\\\\ law is enforced in the country townships,\\nand the tax paid to the county treasurer within the\\ntime prescribed by law.\\nHe has no salaiy, being paid by fees collected for\\nissuing and ser\\\\ ing various legal papers, and by tiie\\nprofits on the boarding of the prisoners, the city pay-\\ning for those confined in jail for violation of city ordi-\\nnances, and the county for all others. The price per\\nday is fixed from time to time by the county auditors.\\nThe sheriff has the privilege of appointing as\\nmany deputy sheriffs as he may deem expedient\\nbut neither he nor his deputies can serve papers\\nissued in civil cases from a justice s court only-\\nconstables have that right. He gives bonds of\\n$10,000. The office is estimated to be worth from\\n$S,ooo to $10,000 per year.\\nThe sheriffs under British rule were 1788, Gregor\\nMcGregor; 1795. Richard I oUard.\\nUnder American rule the following sheriffs have\\nserved 1796 to August 20, 1798, Herman Eberts;\\n1798 and 1799, Lewis Bond; 1800, B. Hunting-\\nton, George McDougall 1801, Elias Wallen; 1803,\\nThomas McCrea; 1804, Richard Smyth; 181 5,\\nJames H. Audrain; 1816-1825, Austin E. Wing;\\n1825, Abram Edwards, Wm. Meldrum 1826-1829,\\nT. C. Sheldon; 1S29, Thos. S. Knapp 1830, Benja-\\nmin Woodworth 1831-1839, John M. Wilson;\\n1839-1S41, Lemuel Goodell 1841-1845, Daniel\\nThompson; 1845-1847, H. R. Andrews; 1847-\\n1851, E. V. Cicotte; 1851-1853, Lyman Baldwin;\\n1853 and 1854, Horace Gray; 1855 and 1856,\\nJoshua Howard 1857-1860, E. V. Cicotte; i860,\\nPeter Fralick 1861 and 1862, Mark Flanigan\\n1863 and 1864, Peter Fralick; 1865 and 1866. F.\\nX. Cicotte; 1867-1869, E. V. Cicotte; 1869 and\\n1S70, John Patton; 1871-1875, Geo. C. Codd\\n1875 and 1876, J. A. Sexton; 1877-1881, Walter H.\\nCoots; 1 88 1- Conrad Clippert.\\nPROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.\\nThis office of prosecuting attorney was first pro-\\nvided for by Act of December 31, 1818, and ap-\\npointments were made by the governor. By Act of\\nApril 21, 1825, the office was discontinued, and dis-\\ntrict attorneys, to be appointed by the governor and\\ncouncil, were provided for. The Territory was\\ndivided into four districts, with one attorney for\\neach, Wayne and Washtenaw forming the second\\ndistrict. An Act of April 22, 1833, provided for a\\ndistrict attorney for each county. The Constitution\\nof 1835 revived the office of prosecuting attorney,\\nand up to 1850 incumbents were appointed by the\\ngovernor for terms of two years. Since 1850 the\\noffice has been elective. Under Act of 1818 it was\\nthe duty of the prosecuting attorney to prosecute\\nand defend all suits for and against the county. By\\nAct of 1833 district attorneys performed the same\\nduty in any suits in which the United States, the\\nTerritory, county, or any township was interested,\\nAt the present time the prosecuting attorney conducts\\nall cases, in which the State or the county is a\\nparty and on request of any justice he conducts\\ncriminal cases against the persons named. He\\nreports yearly to the attorney-general of the State\\nthe number of cases he has prosecuted, and the\\nresult of each. The term of office is two years.\\nAn Act of 1879 provided that the auditors should\\nfix his salar) after Januar) 1, 1881, at from $2,500", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "2IO\\nCONSTARLES.\\nto $3,000. By law of March 9, 1877, he was\\nauthorized to employ an assistant, whose salary is\\nalso fixed by the Board of County Auditors.\\nFrom 1 819 to 1825 Charles Larned was prosecut-\\ning attorney. The district attorneys were: 1825-\\n1828, Charles Larned; 1828, Warner Wing 1829,\\nB. F. H. Witherell; 1830, W. Wing 1831, B. F.H.\\nWitherell; 1832, W. Wing; 1833, Jas. Q. Adams\\n1834, B. F. H. Witherell.\\nThe prosecuting attorneys under State law have\\nbeen: 1835-1839, B. F. H. Witherell; 1840-1843,\\nJ. A. Van Uyke; 1843-1846, A. W. Buel 1846-\\n1849, Wm. Hale; 1849-1853, David Stuart; 1853-\\n1855, A. T. McReynolds; 1855-1857, J. P. C. Em-\\nmons; 1857-1860, J. Kno.\\\\ Gavin 1860-1861, D. E.\\nHarbaugh 1862- 1866, J. Kno.\\\\ Gavin 1866, Jared\\nPatchin; 1867-1S68, Geo. Mebden; 1869-1873, P.\\nJ. D. Van Dyke; 1873-1S74, F. H. Chambers;\\n1875-1876, John G. Hawley 1877-1881, Henr N.\\nBrevoort 1881- James Caplis.\\nCONST.A.BLES.\\nThe office of constable in the Northwest Territory\\nwas first provided for by Act of December 2,\\n1799. In Detroit, the city charter of August 5,\\n1824, authorized the election of constables, and by\\nAct of April 4, 1S27, provision was made for the\\nelection of three. Act of March 21, 1S37, gave the\\nvoters of the city power to elect five constables viva\\nvoce, in case the three regularly elected constables\\nneglected or refused to serve. Act of March 29,\\n1835, authorized the election of six constables, one\\nfor each ward, and they are still so elected.\\nPrior to the creation of the metropolitan police,\\nthe constables acted as police officers, and made\\narrests. Now their chief duties consist in the serv-\\ning of writs and executions, issued by justices of the\\npeace. They are paid by the fees.\\nThe following constables were appointed by the\\nCourt of Quarter Sessions\\nMarch 6, 1798, Michael Monnet; June, 1801, Wm.\\nSmith, John Harvey, I^avid McLean, Ijaptiste Peltier,\\nIsadore Delille, Jacques Desplats; December, 1802,\\nWm. Kelly, Jabez Stern, D. McLean, P. Navarre,\\nJames Cissne June 7, 1803, John Watson, Louis\\nBourginnon, Richard Jones, John Dicks, John Con-\\nnor, T. Jordan, P. Desnoyers September 16, 1803,\\nJ. B. Campau December, 1804, Conrad Seek,\\nGeorge Smart, J. Bte Nantay, John Robinson,\\nJoseph Clark, Joseph Weaver, Joseph Barnard.\\nThe constables appointed by the governor were\\nJune 10, 1816, Austin E. Wing; June 26, 1817,\\nDuncan Reid January 18, 1818, Wm. Meldrum,\\nFrancis Cicotte, Etienne Dubois; July 20, 1818, Asa\\nPartridge, Warren Howard.\\nThe constables elected have been as follows\\n1826, Jed Hunt, John Howard, Thos. Knowlton\\n1827, Thos. Lee, T. Knowlton, Eleazer Ray; 1 828,\\nJ. M. Wilson, E. S. Swan, T. Knowlton, Morris\\nJackson 1829, N. Champ, E. S. Swan, T. Knowl-\\nton 1830, Adna Merritt, J. M. Wilson, Thos.\\nKnowlton; 1S31, L. Goodell, David Thompson, O.\\nAldrich; 1832, A. Campbell, L. Goodell, A. Mc-\\nArthur 1833, L. Goodell, D. Thompson, J. O.\\nGraves 1834, D. Thompson, Squire Trumbull, B.\\nF. Towne, A. C. Caniff 1835, R. R. Howell, J. O.\\nGraves, P. O. Whitman, D. Thompson 1 836, R. R.\\nHowell, R.. J. Connor, D. Thompson, Jacob Mc-\\nKinney; 1837, J. C. Warner, P. Falvey, John Reno.\\n1838, First Ward: David B. Wilco.x. Second\\nWard: John Daly. Third Ward: Edward War-\\nner, Jr. Fourth Ward Anson E. Lyon. Fifth\\nWard Edward P. Clark. Si.xth Ward George\\nMiller.\\n1839, First Ward D.B.Wilcox. Second Ward\\nGeorge Miller. Third Ward; W. W. Johnson.\\nFourth Ward John Reno. Fifth Ward Robert\\nNichol. Si.xth Ward John Daly.\\n1840, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second\\nWard: A. H. Bartley. Third Ward: W. W.\\nJohnson. Fourth Ward: J.Reno. Fifth Ward:\\nR. Nichol. Si.xth Ward: H. Fross.\\n1841, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second\\nWard H. T, Russell. Third Ward W. W. John-\\nson. Fourth Ward: O. Bellair, J. J. Cicotte. Fifth\\nWard Wm. Champ. Sixth Ward B. H. Thomp-\\nson.\\n1842, First Ward: W. J. Redmond. Second\\nWard: A. N. Hickox. Third Ward: W. W.\\nHowland. Fourth Ward J. J. Cicotte. Fifth\\nWard Wm. Champ. Sixth Ward C. Ockford.\\n1843- 1 846, Urst Ward: P. O.Whitman. Sec-\\nond Ward: J. McMichael. Third Ward: W. W.\\nHowland. Fourth Ward J. J. Cicotte, Fifth\\nWard: J. P. Whiting. Sixth Ward C. Ockford.\\n1 846, First Ward P. O. Whitman. Second\\nWard J. McMichael. I hird Ward D. M. Free-\\nman. Fourth Ward J. J. Cicotte. Fifth Ward\\nG. D. Rodgers. Sixth Ward B. McDonald.\\n1847, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second\\nWard J. McMichael. Third Ward D. M Free-\\nman. Fourth Ward J. J. Cicotte. Fifth Ward\\nW. P. Newton. Sixth Ward: B. McDonald,\\nSeneca Caswell.\\n1848, First Ward: P. O.Whitman, Chas. Can-\\nnaro. Second Ward: J. McMichael. Third Ward:\\nN. Lafleur. D. ^L Freeman. Fourth Ward D.\\nCicotte. Fifth Ward Wm. Newton. Sixth Ward\\nSeneca Caswell, C. G. Solyer.\\n1849, First Ward: S. Green. Second Ward:\\nJ. McMichael. Third Ward W. A. Boyt. Fourth\\nWard: D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward M. Salter. Sixth\\nWard C. G. Solyer. Seventh Ward J. Duchene.\\nEighth Ward James H. Darcy.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "CONSTABLES.\\n21 I\\n1850, First Ward C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward\\nJ. McMichael. Third Ward Wm. A. Boyt. Fourth\\nWard D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward M. Salter. Sixth\\nWard D. D. Hustis. Seventh Ward Peter Ray-\\nmond. Eighth Ward J. H. Darcy.\\n1 85 1, First Ward C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward\\nIsaac Warren. Third Ward Wm. A. Boyt.\\nFourth Ward: D. Cicotte. Fifth W ard B.\\nSparling. Si.\\\\th Ward John Demass. Seventh\\nWard Peter Raymond. Eighth Ward J. H.\\nDarcy.\\n1S52, First Ward C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward\\nLevi Dings, A. W. .Sprague. Third Ward: John\\nB. Stadler. Fourth Ward: James Duchene, U.\\nCicotte. F ifth Ward B. Sparling. Si.xth Ward\\nJohn Demass. Seventh Ward Peter Raymond.\\nEighth Ward J. H. Darcy, C. Doherty.\\n1853, First Ward: T. McCarthy. Second Ward\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward J. Warren. Fourth\\nWard: D. Cicotte, Fifth Ward: R. L. Tyler.\\nSixth Ward W. W. Howland. Seventh Ward\\nJ. Reilly. Eighth Ward P. M. Davitt, :\\\\L Fitz-\\nsimmons.\\n1854, First Ward T. McCarthy. Second Ward\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward J. Warren, John B.\\nStadler. Fourth Ward D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward\\nB. Sparling. Sixth Ward James Love. Seventh\\nWard J. Reilly. Eighth Ward Charles Doherty.\\n1855, First Ward L. W. Dings. Second Ward\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward John B. Stadler.\\nFourth Ward C. Stadler. Fifth Ward B. Sparl-\\ning. Sixth Ward Justin Higgins. Seventh Ward\\nJ. Reilly. Eighth Ward C. Doherty.\\n1856, First Ward: F. Eglington. Second Ward\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward John B. Stadler.\\nFourth Ward C. Stadler. Fifth Ward B. Sparl-\\ning. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward John\\nReilly. Eighth Ward J. Aylward.\\n1857, First Ward F. Eglington. Second Ward\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward John B. Stadler.\\nFourth Ward C. Stadler. Fifth Ward B. S|)arl-\\ning. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward John\\nReilly. Eighth Ward John Aylward. Ninth Ward\\nC. Doherty. Tenth Ward Chas. Weyle.\\n1858, First Ward F. Eglington. Second Ward:\\nA. W. Sprague. Third \\\\Vard John B. Stadler.\\nFourth Ward C. Stadler. Fifth Ward: B. Sparling.\\nSixth Ward James Love. Seventh Ward W.\\nSmith, C. Hattie. Eighth Ward D. Mahoney.\\nNinth Ward: J. Bostwick. Tenth Ward C. Weyle.\\n1859, First Ward: F. Eglington. Second Ward\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward John B. Stadler.\\nFourth Ward C. Stadler. Fifth Ward B. Sparl-\\ning. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward C.\\nHattie. Eighth Ward D. Mahoney. Ninth Ward:\\nJ. Bostwick. Tenth Ward C. Weyle.\\ni860, First Ward: T. McCarthy. Second Ward:\\nA. W. Sprague. Third Ward Geo. L. Scanlon.\\nFourth Ward William Timm. Fifth W ard E.\\nWyncoop. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward\\nC. Hattie. Eighth Ward Timothy Mahoney.\\nNinth Ward Paul May. Tenth Ward Herman\\nDeustadt.\\n1861, First Ward: J. Gore. Second Ward: A.\\nW. Sprague. Third Ward G. L. Scanlon. Fourth\\nWard: C. Stadler. Fifth Ward: E. Wyncoop.\\nSLxth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward D. K. Sul-\\nlivan. Eighth Ward T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward\\nJ. Zimmerman. Tenth Ward H. Deustadt.\\n1 862, First Ward J. Gore. Second Ward A.\\nW. Sprague, C. T. Allen. Third Ward D. M.\\nFreeman. Fourth Ward John Gnau. Fifth Ward\\nLyman B. Smith. Sixth Ward J. Love. Se\\\\-enth\\nWard D. K. Sullivan. Eighth Ward Timothy\\nMahoney. Ninth Ward: J. Zimmerman. Tenth\\nWard F. Freiburger.\\n1863, First Ward J. Gore. Second Ward Jno.\\nF. Starkweather. Third Ward D. M. Freeman.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward L. B. Smith.\\nSixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward D. K. Sul-\\nlivan. Eighth Ward T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward\\nJ. Zimmerman. Tenth Ward J. Ochs.\\n1864, First Ward John May. Second Ward\\nWm. T. Purdy. Third Ward D. M. Freeman.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward L B. Smith.\\nSixth Ward C. Gebhard. Seventh Ward D. K.\\nSullivan. Eighth Ward T. Mahoney. Ninth\\nWard: George Titlow. Tenth Ward J. Ochs.\\n1865, First Ward James H. Hepburn. Second\\nWard J. Gore. Third Ward J. B. Stadler.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward L. B. Smith.\\nSixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward N. Tisler.\\nEight Ward T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward G. Tit-\\nlow. Tenth Ward J. Ochs.\\n1S66, First Ward: J. H. Hepburn. Second\\nWard J. Gore, James Duck. Tliird Ward John\\nan Stan. Fourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward\\nB. Sparling. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh\\nWard N. Tisler. Eighth Ward Wm. Haley.\\nNinth Ward G. Titlow. Tenth Ward F. Frei-\\nburger.\\n1867, First Ward J. H. Hepburn. Second\\nWard J. Duck. Third Ward Chas. T. Allen.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward Anson E.\\nLyon. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward N.\\nTisler. Eighth Ward i\\\\Iichael Ryan. Ninth\\nWard G. Titlow. Tenth Ward F. Freiburger.\\n1 868, First Ward Edward Nolan. Second\\nAVard T. McCarthy. Third Ward C. T. Allen.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward B. Sparling.\\nSixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward N. Tisler.\\nEighth Ward: M. Ryan, J. O Connell. Ninth", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "212\\nCONSTABLES.\\nWard G. Titlow. Tenth Ward F. Freibur-\\nger.\\n1869, First Ward James McKenzie. Second\\nWard J. Duck. Third Ward Peter McDowell.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward Chas.\\nAnderson. Si.xth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward\\nN. Tisler. Eighth Ward John O Connell. Ninth\\nWard C. Doherty. Tenth Ward David L.\\nBishop.\\n1870, First Ward Ed. Nolan. Second Ward\\nJ. Duck. Third Ward John L. Solders. Fourth\\nWard J. Gnau. Fifth Ward F. Giddey. Si.\\\\th\\nWard J. Love. Seventh Ward N. Tisler.\\nEighth Ward: J. O Connell. Ninl^ Ward: C.\\nDoherty. Tenth Ward D. L. Bishop.\\n1 87 1, First Ward E. Nolan. Second Ward: T.\\nMcCarthy. Third Ward: J. B. Runge. Fourth\\nWard J. Gnau. Fifth Ward F. Giddey. Si.xth\\nWard J. Love. Seventh Ward N. Tisler.\\nEighth Ward J. O Connell. Ninth Ward G. Tit-\\nlow. Tenth Ward M. C. Allor.\\n1872, First Ward James McKenzie. Second\\nWard Thos. McCarty. Third Ward Peter Kal-\\nlenbach. Fourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward\\nF. Giddey. Sixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward\\nN. Tisler. Eighth Ward J. O Connell. Ninth\\nWard August Eggers. Tenth Ward M. C.\\nAllor.\\n1873, First Ward J. McKenzie. -Second Ward:\\nWm. H. Close. Third Ward Thos. Fleming.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward F. Giddey.\\nSixth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward Alexander\\nSmith. Eighth Ward Bernard Sweeny. Ninth\\nWard August Eggers. Tenth Ward Honore\\nDefer.\\n1874, First Ward J. McKenzie. Second Ward\\nWm. H. Close. Third Ward: Thos. Fleming.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward F. Giddey.\\nSLxth Ward J. Love. Seventh Ward A. Smith.\\nEighth Ward: James Hunt. Ninth Ward: C.\\nDoherty. Tenth Ward: H. Defer. Twelfth\\nWard Geo. B. Brown.\\n1875, first Ward J. McKenzie. Second Ward:\\nWm. H. Close. Third Ward J. E. Murray.\\nFourth Ward J. Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W.\\nWitherspoon. Sixth Ward T. Funke. Seventh\\nWard Jacob Jaeger. Eighth Ward James Hunt.\\nNinth Ward W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward i\\\\L C.\\nAUor. Twelfth Ward Geo. A. Page.\\n1876, First Ward: H. Herzog. Second Ward\\nThomas Hubert. Third Ward John A. Wilkie.\\nFourth Ward John Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W.\\nWitherspoon. Sixth Ward: T. Funke. Seventh\\nWard: Jacob Jaeger. Eighth Ward: J. Hunt.\\nNinth Ward W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward Thos.\\nDooley. Twelfth Ward A. Eggers.\\n1877, First Ward: H. Herzog. Second Ward;\\nT.Hubert. Third Ward: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth\\nWard J. Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W. Wither-\\nspoon. Sixth Ward George Goldsmith. Seventh\\nWard Jacob Jaeger. Eighth Ward Martin J.\\nDunn. Ninth Ward W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward\\nDesire B. Willemin. Eleventh Ward Frank Guy-\\notte. Twelfth Ward Orrin H. Butterfield. Thir-\\nteenth Ward Wm. Guyotte.\\n1 878, First Ward: H. Herzog. Second Ward:\\nT. Hubert, J. Duck. Third Ward J. A. Wilkie.\\nFourth Ward John Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W.\\nWitherspoon. Sixth Ward G. Goldsmith. Seventh\\nWard N. Tisler. Eighth Ward Martin J. Dunn.\\nNinth Ward W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward I5yron\\nD. Holton. Eleventh Ward F. Guyotte. Twelfth\\nWard O. H. Butterfield. Thirteenth Ward W.\\nGuyotte.\\n1879, First Ward: H. Herzog. Second Ward:\\nE.B.Fisher. Third Ward J. A. Wilkie. Fourth\\nWard John Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W. Wither-\\nspoon. Sixth Ward G. Goldsmith. Seventh Ward\\nN. Tisler. Eighth Ward Martin J. Dunn. Ninth\\nWard W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward M. C. Allor.\\nEleventh Ward F. Guyotte. Twelfth Ward J.\\nM. Davis. Thirteenth Ward: Wm. Guyotte.\\n1S80, First Ward: H. Herzog, Second Ward:\\nWm. Close. Third Ward J. A. Wilkie. Fourth\\nWard John Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W. Wither-\\nspoon. Sixth Ward L. Rosenthal. Seventh Ward:\\nF. Ubelhoer. Eighth Ward M. J. Dunn. Ninth\\nWard W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward J. W. Genick\\nEleventh Ward A. W. Bradford. Twelfth Wardj\\nO. H. Butterfield. Thirteenth Ward E. T. .Mass.\\n1 88 1, First Ward W. A. Stuart. Second Ward:\\nW. Close. Third Ward: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth\\nWard John Gnau. Fifth Ward W. W. Wither-\\nspoon. Sixth Ward L. Rosenthal. Seventh Ward:\\nN. Tisler. Eighth Ward Martin J. Dunn. Ninth\\nWard W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward J. Genick.\\nEleventh Ward A. W. Bradford. Twelfth ard\\nO. H. Butterfield. Thirteenth Ward E.T. Mass.\\n1882, First Ward S. Rosenthal. Second Ward\\nW.A.Stuart. Third Ward J. J. McHugh. Fourth\\nWard D. E. Moloney. Fifth Ward John Gnau.\\nSi.xth Ward: JNIartin J,Dunn. Seventh Ward N.\\nTisler. Eighth Ward W. J. Giddey. Ninth Ward:\\nJ. Schnelzer. Tenth Ward O. H. Butterfield.\\nEleventh Ward E. T. Mass. Twelfth Ward Jas.\\nTierney. Thirteenth Ward A. W. Bradford.\\n1883, First Ward: S. Rosenthal. Second Ward:\\nW. A. Stuart. Third Ward W. T. Weitz. Fourth\\nWard D. E. JNIoloney. Fifth Ward John Gnau.\\nSixth Ward M. J. Dunn. Seventh Ward N.\\nTisler. Eighth Ward W. J. Giddey. Ninth Ward:\\nJ. Schnelzer. Tenth Ward: O. h. Butterfield.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "CONSTABLES.\\nEleventh Ward E. T. Mass. Twelfth Ward F. Sixth Ward M. J. Dunn. Seventh Ward N. Tisler.\\nH. .Addison. Thirteenth Ward Adolph Bloom. Eighth Ward: J. J. Griffin. Ninth Ward: J. F.\\n18S4, First Ward S. Rosenthal. Second Ward Bowers. Tenth Ward O. H. Butterheld. Eleventh\\nW. A. Stuart. Third Ward W. T. Weitz. Fourth Ward E. T. Maes. Twelfth Ward F. H. Addison.\\nWard Henrj- Herzog. Fifth Ward John Gnau. Tliirteenth Ward Wm. Guyotte.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXV.\\nTHE JAILS AND THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION.\\nNo less than nine buildings, in eight different\\nlocalities, have been built and used for jails.\\nIn June, iSoi. the jail was on the extreme east\\nside of the town, and nearly in line with the stock-\\nade. It was probably the building designated as\\nthe guard-house on T. Smith s plan of 1796. The\\nrecords of the Court of General Quarter Sessions\\nshow that on June 6, 1801, the sheriff was ordered\\nto whitewash the inside of the jail immediately, and\\nhave it as clean as possible, and that afterwards the\\njail keeper was to wash and clean the jail every\\nSaturday and to have panes of glass put where\\nwanted.\\nThe records for June 5, 1802, contain the follow-\\ning\\nThe Court took into consideration the situation of the public\\njail, and have come to the determination of purchasing, of Mr.\\nCliarles Francis (iirardin, the house and lot in which he now lives,\\nupon the following conditions, to wit that the sum of five hun-\\ndred pounds cash shall be paid to said Girardin and a deed of sale\\nof the present jail, it being estimated at two hundred pounds,\\nmaking in all seven hundred pounds. Payment of cash to be\\nmade as follows, to wit three hundred pounds within two or\\nthree months, and two hundred pounds in a year from this date.\\nSaid Girardin is to deliver up half of the premises within twenty\\ndays, which are intended to contain the prisoners and the re-\\nmainder of the premises, when the old jail is repaired that Mr.\\nGirardin may inhabit it, which will not be later than the 31st of\\nJuly ne.\\\\t.\\nOn June 29, 1802, James May was appointed to\\ncontract for material, and put the new jail in a state\\nof safety against escape, as much as possible\\nand on Saturday, September 18, 1802, the accounts\\nof Jean Louis Boynier, for putting up pickets in\\nthe jail-yard, twenty-six pounds, and of Pierre\\nChene, for thirty-three pounds, fifteen shillings, six-\\npence, and of Charles Moran, for one hundred and\\nthirty-three pounds, seven shillings, were ordered\\npaid.\\nAfter the fire of 1805 an old blockhouse, located on\\nthe present line of Jefferson Avenue, and between\\nCass and Wayne Streets, was fitted up as a jail by\\nJames May, territorial marshal.\\nThe last record that can be found indicating the\\nexercise of any authority after the fire by the old\\ntrustees of the town is dated October 6, 1805, and\\nis as follows\\nIt was agreed by the Board of Trustees that the blockhouse\\nshoidd be used as a jail until end of year 1806, and then it is to\\nbecome the property of the marshal, for $250, $175 having already\\n[=I4l\\nbeen paid. If the public use the blockhouse fora jail during 1807,\\nall is to be considered paid, and if the public use it longer, they\\nare to pay $75 per year rent.\\nOn May 5, 1807. William McD. Scott, marshal,\\nwrote to the District Court that he could no longer\\nbe responsible for prisoners confined in this jail,\\nas it was insufficient.\\nIn 1 80S a new marshal was appointed, and the\\nrecords of the Governor and Judges contain the fol-\\nlowing\\nOctober 2S, 1808, on the representation of the marshal of the\\nTerritory that he has no jail wherein to keep his prisoners, the\\nfollowing resolution was unanimously passed\\nResolved, that the marshal of the Territory be authorized to\\nhire from James May, Esq., a building which he owns in the city\\nof Detroit for a jail, for the term of three years, in conjunction\\nwith the District Court for the District of Huron and Detroit, and\\nto pay for the same $75 per year.\\nFurther information concerning this lease, given\\nin the records of the Governor and Judges, is as fol-\\nlows\\nMay 27, 1811, on the representation of James May,\\nResolved, that the secretary of the Legislative Board be directed\\nto furnish the treasurer of the Territory with a copy of the reso-\\nlution empowering the marshal of the Territory to hire a building\\nof James May for a public jail, passed the 28th October, 1808, and\\nthat the said treasurer do audit the said May s account, as as-\\nsumed by the Territory, for that part of the jail which was hired\\nfor the District of Huron and Detroit from the 16th of September,\\n1810, to the fifth day of July, 1811.\\nThe records for Monday, February 17, 1812, con-\\ntain the following\\nJames May, Esq., having made proposals to sell the house now\\nmade use of as a jail, and the building adjoining thereto, for the\\npurpose of a temporary court-house and jail, the Governor and\\nJudges have agreed to give him fourteen hundred acres of land,\\nout of the donation of ten thousand acres of land, on his crediting\\nthe sum of $ioo on account of j:iil hire.\\nOn February 26, 1S12, on motion of Judge With-\\nerell, it was,\\nResolved, that the Governor and Judges, on or before July i,\\n1812, execute to James May a deed of one thousand three hundrid\\nand seventy-two acres, of the ten thousand acres of land appro-\\npriated by Congress for the purpose of building a jail and court-\\nhouse in Detroit.\\nThe resolution was adopted, and James May\\nsigned an agreement in accordance with the resolu-\\ntion.\\nNotwithstanding these agreements and resolu-\\ntions, the bargain does not seem to have been con-\\nsummated, for in Judge May s bill against the United", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE JAILS.\\n215\\nStates for damages during the War of 181 2, he\\ncharged, under date of October 2, 181 3, for one\\nyear s rent of two buildings in the city of Detroit,\\nleased to the Governor and Judges of the Territory,\\nfor court-house and jail, taken possession of by\\nGeneral Brock after the capitulation, and applied\\nto his Majesty s use for gaol, and barracks for\\nmilitia.\\nThe rent and damages were estimated at $400.\\nThis jail was an old stone building, located on\\nwhat is now the northeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Cass Street. It afterwards became the\\nproperty of Judge Woodward, and then of General\\nJ. E. Schwartz, and eventually was widely known as\\nthe Mansion House Hotel. In 1815, the jail, an old\\nwooden building, was on the north side of Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, the second or third house east of\\nShelby Street, and on November 4 the Governor\\nand Judges appropriated \u00c2\u00a7238.20 to John W. Tyler\\nfor furnishing and setting around it two hundred\\nand fifty-four pickets. This building was used until\\nabout 1817.\\nThe jail was next established in an old two-story\\nblockhouse, located on Jefferson Avenue near the\\ncorner of Randolph Street. This building ceased\\nto be used as a jail after the spring of 1819, and\\nthe house itself was torn down in the fall of 1826.\\nProposals for the construction of the jail on the\\npublic square bounded by Farmer, Farrar, and\\nGratiot Streets were invited on July 25, 1817, and\\non December 24 of the same year James May was\\nappointed superintendent of the jail about to be\\nerected, and was to be paid S500 for his services.\\nThe jail was built by Mack Conant, and the final\\nsettlement was made with Amos Lawrence of Bos-\\nton, to whom the contract was assigned. The jail\\nwas completed in the spring of 1819, at a cost of\\n$4,700. It was forty-four by eighty-eight feet, sur-\\nrounded by a picket fence, which cost $62.\\nOn June 24, 1824, the remarkable circumstance is\\nnoted that there was not a single person in the whole\\nTerritory in prison for crime or debt. When we\\nremember that Michigan then included all uf her\\npresent domain, and also the region now known as\\nthe State of Wisconsin, it is evident either that the\\nlaws or the officials were very lax, or that the inhab-\\nitants were a remarkably law-abiding people. Ten\\nyears later, on June 17, 1834, the same state of\\naffairs existed there was not a person in the jail,\\nbut evidently it was not long unoccupied, for on\\nDecember 30 the jail was broken open, and all the\\nprisoners escaped. The building was occasionally\\nrepaired, but it became increasingly insecure.\\nOn March 28, 1845. H. R. Andrews, the sheriff,\\nwas authorized to purchase materials and repair the\\njail and on the follcnving day the county auditors\\ncontracted with S. V anderhoof to repair the build-\\ning and the fence for \u00c2\u00a7549. While the repairs were\\ngoing on, the sheriff was authorized by the Legisla-\\nture to keep the prisoners in other counties. The\\nrepairs failed to make the building either trustworthy\\nOld Blockhol se, Jiiii-EKsoN Ave.m:e.\\nor beautiful in appearance, and a suit was instituted\\nagainst the county, by citizens residing in the vicin-\\nity, to compel its removal. In the spring of 1847\\nthe Supreme Court decided that the county had no\\ntitle to the public square whereon the jail was lo-\\ncated, and that the building was a public nuisance.\\nA contract was then made on February 10, 1S48,\\nwith Thomas Palmer, to tear it down, and on June\\n8, 1848, the work of removal began.\\nOld Jail, o.n the Site now occupied by Pi. blic Liukakv.\\nAs soon as the court had decided that the old jail\\nmust be removed, steps were taken towards erecting\\na new one, and on April 20, 1 847, the county audit-\\nors resolved to purchase suitable grounds, and erect\\na jail thereon. On May 14, 1847. they agreed to\\npurchase Lot 155, on northwest corner of Beaubien\\nand Clinton Streets, on Beaubien Farm, for $600,\\nand Lot i 56 for $400. Lots I 57 and 1 58 were sub-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "2l6\\nTHE JAILS AND THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION.\\nsequently purchased at an additional cost of $3,550.\\nOn May 26, 1847, the proposal of William Burnell\\nto erect a jail and sheriff s residence for \u00c2\u00a710,650 was\\naccepted. On October 14, 1847, arrangements were\\nnearly completed, and on May 3, 1848, a final set-\\ntlement was made for erecting the same. On July 7\\nMr. Burnell contracted to build a stone wall about\\nthe jail for \u00c2\u00a71,010.\\nThe dwelling, erected in 1847, still remains, but\\nthe jail in the rear, becoming unsafe, was torn down.\\nIn the fall of 1861 the House of Correction, and an\\nold engine-house on the west corner of Bates and\\nLamed Streets (the latter of which was fitted up for\\nthe purpose), were designated as temporary jails by\\nthe county auditors.\\nIn 1856 the question of building a new jail was\\nagitated, and on April i, 1857, the matter was sub-\\nmitted to the voters of the county, and a majority of\\nfour hundred and forty-five decided against* the\\nproposition.\\nThe question was\\nagain voted on in the\\nfall of 1859, and also\\nin i860, when there\\nwas a majority of\\nseventy-eight against\\nthe erection of a jail\\nbut on November 14,\\ni860, the Board of\\nSupervisors decided\\nthe vote carried, and\\nappointed a commit-\\ntee to co-operate with\\nthe Board of Auditors\\nin erecting a jail, to\\ncost $30,000. Work\\nwas soon begun, and\\nthe jail was completed in 1862, opened for inspec-\\ntion December 26, and first used January i, 1863.\\nThe building contains six wards, each ward having\\nfourteen cells, seven feet long and five wide.\\nThe walls of the prison are of solid block stone,\\nmany of the stones weighing from two to four\\ntons.\\nThe total number of prisoners received for the\\nyear ending September 30, 1883, was one thousand\\neight hundred and fifty-five, there being an average\\nof forty-two persons constantly in durance. The\\nsheriff is allowed sixty cents per day for boarding\\nthe prisoners. The total amount paid for their board\\nin 1883 was $7,809. The city pays for the board of\\nall persons arrested for violation of city ordinances,\\nand the county pays the rest of the expenses.\\nThere are four employes at the jail, three of whom\\nare paid by the sheriff, the county paying for one\\ndeputy sheriff. The jailer or turnkey receives sev-\\nenty-six cents for each prisoner received and dis-\\ncharged he is appointed by the sheriff, and is held\\nresponsible for the safe keeping of trie prisoners.\\nNo systematic and continuous effort for the moral\\nand religious benefit of the inmates was made until\\n1866, since which time the Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation have held religious services in the wards\\nevery Sabbath, and reading matter is supplied\\nweekly. These ser\\\\ ices are always appreciated, and\\nupon one occasion gave rise to the following bon-\\nmot Little hymn-books were being passed to the\\npersons behind the bars, preparatory to a service\\nof song; taking one of the books, a great, burly\\ndesperado, with a twinkle in his eye, exclaimed, I\\ncan t sing much, but I will say over the words, and\\nyou can get the air outside.\\nTHE DETROIT HOUSE OF CORRECTION.\\nThe origin of this institution dates from the year\\n1856, when several editorials appeared in the daily\\npapers, advocating the building of a workhouse for\\nthe confinement of\\ncertain criminals then\\nsent to the county jail.\\nThe suggestion met\\nwith favor, and on\\nApril 24, 1857, Mayor\\nO. M. Hyde sent a\\ncommunication to the\\nCommon Council,\\nrecommending the\\nbuilding of a work-\\nhouse, almshouse,\\nand city hospital\\nsubmitting, at the\\nsame time, extracts\\nfrom the reports of\\nthe Monroe County\\nPenitentiary, at Rochester, New York, then super-\\nintended by Z. R. Brockway. A letter subsequently\\nrecei\\\\-ed from Mr. Brockway suggested that the\\ncriminal laws of the State be examined, to deter-\\nmine what classes of criminals could be sentenced\\nto such an institution, and also that an estimate be\\nmade of the probable number that would be con-\\nfined therein.\\nSoon after this, by resolution of the council, Mr.\\nBrockway was invited to visit Detroit for consulta-\\ntion. Meantime various locations were examined,\\nand on August 12 the comptroller submitted to the\\ncouncil twenty-four proposals for sites, and the\\nmatter of location was referred to a committee.\\nOn November 11, on motion of Alderman Marsh,\\nthe council.\\nResolved, that the comptroller be requested to prepare an estimate\\nfor a site for an almshouse and workhouse, together with the\\nnecessary cost of suitable buildings therefor, and, further, that the\\nmayor be directed, when the same is prepared, to call a public\\nmeeting of the citizens to take the same into consideration.\\nSheriff s Residenxe, Jail, and Police Court RooiM.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION.\\n217\\nThe public meeting was held at the City Hall on\\nDecember 3, 1857, but no conclusive action was\\nreached, though the meeting seemed opposed to the\\nproject. On December 9 the comptroller was again\\ndirected to advertise for proposals for a site, but\\nnone were received. In January, 1859, the gover-\\nnor, in his message to the Legislature, recommended\\nthe building of a House of Correction, and urged\\nthe council to give attention to the matter. Mayor\\nPatton seconded the recommendation, and on Janu-\\nary 1 5 the council appointed a committee to secure\\na legislative appropriation. This plan did not meet\\nwith favor, and on receiving the report of its com-\\nmittee, the council requested the mayor to call a\\ncitizens meeting to further consider the subject.\\nThe meeting was held on January- 30, and the fol-\\nlowing resolution passed\\nResolved^ that this meeting authorize the Common Council to\\nborrow money and issue bonds for a sum not exceeding $50,000,\\nfor the purpose of erecting a workhouse.\\nOn March 6, i860,\\nSheldon Smith, architect,\\npresented plans and\\ndrawing for the proposed\\nbuildings, which were ac-\\ncepted, and on April 9\\nfollowing proposals for\\nconstruction were adver-\\ntised for. On the 24th\\nthe contract was award-\\ned to Richard Gibbings,\\nfor$66,230. A Building\\nCommittee, consisting of\\nC. H. Buhl, J. J. Bagley,\\nE. Le Favour, F. B.\\nPhelps, and J. M. Ed-\\nmunds, was then ap-\\npointed, and on March\\n15, 1 86 1, the Legislature passed an Act establishing\\nthe Detroit House of Correction.\\nOn June 25 the mayor nominated Z. R. Brock-\\nway as superintendent, and he was unanimously con-\\nfirmed, and on July 6 the Committee on Public\\nBuildings reported that the buildings were com-\\npleted and accepted.\\nThe buildings are located on a part of the old\\nCity Cemetery, and are bounded by Division, Wil-\\nkins, Russell, and Riopelle Streets, the site embrac-\\ning three blocks. The original buildings, with the\\nadditions, have cost about $150,000. The inventory\\nof December, 1883, gave the value of the stock,\\nmaterial, and bills receivable, as $161,442 the land\\nand buildings are estimated to be worth $200,000.\\nFrom its inception up to 1S84 the House of Cor-\\nrection has received from the city, for all purposes,\\na total of $189,841.36. So successful has been the\\nmanagement that in January 1879. the superinten-\\ndent reported to the council that there was a surplus\\nof funds, amounting to $25,000, which could be\\nreturned to the city and this amount, together with\\nan old claim against the county for board, subse-\\nquently collected, made up the handsome sum of\\n$63,810 returned to the city during the fiscal year of\\n1880. The report for 1881 showed that there was\\nan additional surplus of $35,000 ready for the city;\\nin February, 18S3, the further sum of $40,000 was\\npaid over as the profits of 18S2, and in Februarj\\n1884, $16,000, making a total of $154,810 returned\\nto the city. The institution has ample means to\\nliquidate every obligation, and in addition has main-\\ntained over twenty thousand city prisoners, without\\npay from the city, and has accumulated property\\nto the value of $200,000 over and above the total\\namount received from the city. Its management\\nhas been several times impugned, but on investiga-\\ntion it has always been found to be almost without\\nfault.\\nDetroit Hoi SE of Correction.\\nLender a congressional law. United States prison-\\ners and criminals from the Territories may be\\nsentenced to this place as a prison and during 1883\\none hundred and fifty-four such persons were con-\\nfined here. Under the State law of March 16, 1861,\\nprisoners are also received from various counties\\nin Michigan, other than Wayne, and the number so\\nreceived in 1883 was two hundred and twenty-eight.\\nThe average number of prisoners, in 1883, was\\nfour hundred and fifty, of whom one seventh were\\nfemales.\\nThe city pays no board for the prisoners it sends,\\nbut the Territories and counties pay according to\\ncontracts made with them, the amount averaging\\nabout one dollar and twenty-five cents per week.\\nThe cost to the city, in 1882, of the food of the pris-\\noners was fifteen and one tenth cents each per day.\\nThe prisoners work ten hours a day, and are\\nchiefly employed in the manufacture of furniture.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "2l8\\nTHE HOUSE OF CORRECTION.\\n5.7I5\\nIn 1883 they manufactured 310,790 chairs,\\nbeds, and 1,353 cradles.\\nUntil 1879 the women were largely occupied in\\nthe manufacture of coarse clothing since then they\\nhave been mainly employed in chair-making. Com-\\npetent teachers selected from the officers, aided by\\nother persons, conduct an evening school five even-\\nings in a week, and all prisoners sentenced for three\\nmonths or over are required to attend. Not more\\nthan si.\\\\ are allowed in a class. Candles are pro-\\nvided, that they may pursue their studies in the cells.\\nDuring Mr. Brockway s administration, lectures,\\nreadings, or musical entertainments were given in\\nthe chapel, on Saturday afternoons at five o clock, by\\nladies and gentlemen who from time to time were\\ninvited. Similar exercises are still continued at such\\nintervals as are deemed best and on every Sabbath,\\nat 9 A. M., service is\\nconducted in the\\nchapel by clergymen\\nand laymen.\\nisitors are receiv-\\ned from 9 A.M. to 12\\nM., and from 2 to 5\\np. M.\\nUnder Mr. Brock-\\nway s superintend-\\nence, a House of Shel-\\nter, costing $12,000,\\nwas erected opposite\\nthe main building, on\\ngrounds belonging to\\nthe city, with the\\nhope of establishing\\na permanent reform-\\natory for unfortunate\\nwomen. It was open-\\ned October 22, 1868,\\nclosed two years lat-\\ner, and again opened May i, 1 87 1, and continued to\\nbe used until May, 1874. The effort was supervised\\nin the most careful and thoroughly Christian manner,\\nand undoubtedly accomplished some good, but the\\nuncertainty of its results, together with the additional\\nexpense involved, finally led to its abandonment-\\nThe building is now occupied by the superinten-\\ndent.\\nVery much of the credit for the good manage-\\nment of the institution is due to its organizer and\\nfirst superintendent, Z. R. Brockway later superin-\\ntendents have proved most admirable successors,\\nand have fully maintained the deservedly high char-\\nacter of the institution. Up to Act of 1 881, the\\nsuperintendent was appointed by the council, on\\nHouse of Correction Superintendent s House.\\nnmiiination of the mayor, fur terms of three years,\\nwith a salary of $3,000 per year. He is now ap-\\npointed by the inspectors. He is furnished with a\\nhouse and servants, and all expenses for the board\\nof himself and family are paid by the institution.\\nThe pay is liberal, but in no other department in the\\ncity government, probably, is the same amount of\\nexpenditure productive of as much benefit. In\\nevery way, the House of Correction is a model.\\nThe superintendents have been as follows Z. R.\\nBrockway, June, 1861, to January, 1873; Anthony\\nLederle, January, 1S73, to November, 1873 M. V.\\nBorgman, November, 1873, to April, 1S79; Joseph\\nNicholson, from April, 1879.\\nUnder the original Act of Incorporation, the\\nmayor, and three inspectors appointed by the coun-\\ncil on his nomination, constituted a Board of Inspec-\\ntors, and served with-\\nout compensation.\\nThey had a general\\noversight over the in-\\nstitution and its man-\\nagement, and ap-\\npointed or approved\\nall subordinate offi-\\ncers, holding monthly\\nmeetings for these\\npurposes. Under Act\\nof June 2, 1 88 1, the\\nboard consists of four\\ninspectors, the first\\nfour chosen for terms\\nof from one to four\\nyears each since\\n1 88 1 one has been\\nchosen yearly.\\nThe following is a\\nlist of the inspectors\\nJohn J. Bagley,\\n1862; H. P. Bridge, May,\\nAnthony Dudgeon, May,\\nL. M. Mason, May, 1862, to\\nMay, 1862, to May,\\nMay,\\n1S61,\\n1861,\\nMay,\\n1 861, to May,\\nto May, 1862;\\nto May, 1864;\\n1872; G. B. Russel,\\n1864 G. V. N. Lothrop, July, 1863, to May, 1872\\nMorse Stewart, May, 1864, to November, 1866; N.\\nW. Brooks, May, 1867, to February, 1872 Jefferson\\nWiley, June. 1872, to February, 1875 J-E. Bittman,\\nJune, 1872, to February-, 1S73; E. Kanter, June, 1872,\\nto February, 1877; A. S. Bagg, June, 1873, to Feb-\\nruary, 1876; Francis Palms, June, 1S75, to Septem-\\nber, 1878 William Foxen, May, 1S77, to July, 1881;\\nW. C. Colburn, from June, 1875 Don M. Dickinson,\\nfrom September, 1878; F. William Lichtenberg,\\nfrom July, iSSo; J. V. Moran, from July, 18S1.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "PART V.\\nMILITARY.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVI.\\nFORTS AND DEFENSES.-\\nTENSIONS AND PENSION AGENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MILITARY OFFICERS\\nIN COMMAND AT DETROIT.\\nFORTS AND DEFENSES.\\nIn importance as a military post, Detroit is hardly\\nsecond to any place in the United States. All of\\nits early history is connected with scenes of strife\\nand in every American war its soldiers have borne a\\npart. Its first settlers came with a military colony,\\nBritish soldiers received it from the French, and\\nwhen the city was yielded to the Americans, a com-\\npany of soldiers were the first to enter. Under the\\nNorthwest Territor)-, its governor was General St.\\nClair under Indiana Territor)-, General Harrison\\nwas the only governor and the first two governors\\nof Michigan Territor) were Generals Hull and Cass.\\nFor/ Detroit.\\nThe desirability of locating a fort at or near De-\\ntroit was perceived at an early date. In no other\\nway could the French secure the control of the river\\nand the fur trade of the Northwest and only by its\\npossession could they prevent the English from\\ngaining access to, and trafficking with, the western\\ntribes. A fort was also necessar) as a substantial\\nevidence of the French occupancy of the soil, and to\\nprotect the various tribes of friendly Indians from\\nthe Iroquois, who constantly warred against them.\\nIt was intended to concentrate the French soldiers,\\ntraders, and friendly Indians at one place, and thus\\nestablish a permanent post. In pursuance of this\\ngeneral policy a rude fort had been erected at Mack-\\ninaw in, or prior to, 1671 and in June, 1686, M. du\\nLuth, then in command at Fort Mackinaw, received\\norders from M. de Non\\\\ ille, the Governor of New\\nFrance, to establish a fort on the Detroit of Lake\\nErie. In accordance with these orders. Fort St.\\nJoseph, also called Fort du Luth, was built near\\nwhat is now Fort Gratiot. The fort was abandoned\\nwithin two years after its erection, and the passage\\nbetween Lakes Erie and Huron was left undefended\\nuntil 1 701.\\nThe ambition of the French, changes in govern-\\nment, and various exigencies caused the erection of\\nno less than four different forts under six different\\nnames in or near the present city of Detroit. The\\nfirst was named Fort Pontchartrain in honor of the\\nFrench Colonial Minister of Marine. The stockade\\nwas hardly deserx-ing of so formidable a title, being\\nintended to overawe rather than to defend. It was\\nlocated on the first rise of ground from the river,\\nand, using the present names of streets, was between\\nJefferson Avenue and Woodbridge Street, occupy-\\ning the western half of the block between Griswokl\\nand Shelby Streets, probably including also Shelby\\nStreet, and a part of the ground now occupied by\\nthe Michigan E.xchange. This space was inclosed\\nby wooden pickets, or sharp pointed logs, driven\\ninto the ground as closely as possible, forming a\\nvery substantial fence, ten feet high. At the four\\ncorners were bastions, but these were of irregular\\nshape, and the angles of two of them were so small\\nthat they were of little value. Further particulars\\nas to this fort are contained in a letter of the Cheva-\\nlier de Calliere, Governor of New France, dated\\nOctober 4, 1 701, which tells of the arrival of Lieu-\\ntenant Chacornacle from Detroit with five men, and\\nletters from Cadillac, one of which letters showed\\nthat he had\\nbuilt a fort with four bastions of good oak pickets fifteen feet\\nlong, sunk three feet in the ground. That he placed\\nthis fort three leagues from Lake Erie, and two from Lake St.\\nClair, in the narrowest part of the river, to the west southwest.\\nHe commenced by making a storehouse to put his effects imder\\ncover that he had worked at the necessar) lodgings, which were\\nnot yet very far advanced, which obliged him to keep almost all\\nhis people at work trying to finish them before winter.\\nA Street, averaging twelve feet in width, sur-\\nrounded the buildings just inside the line of pick-\\nets. If the pickets needed renewing at any time,\\nthe inhabitants whose premises reached to the line\\nwere required to supply them, and when the houses\\nwere sold the pickets were sold with them.\\nIn 1703 the fort was set on fire by the Indians\\nand partially destroyed. In 1716 and 1717 it was\\nin ver) poor condition, and in 1718 Tonty rebuilt the\\nfort, making it one of the strongest in the country.\\nIn 1748 it was repaired with oak pickets fifteen feet\\nlong, with a diameter of at least six inches at the\\nsmall end. One picket was allowed for each foot of\\nground. In 1749 a number of immigrants arrived\\nfrom France and soon after the stockade for the\\nfirst time was enlarged.\\nIn 1 75 1 additional troops came, and from this\\n0", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "222\\nFORTS AND DEFENSES.\\ntime the post was known as Fort Detroit. In 1754.\\n1755, and 1758 the stockade was extended and ad-\\nditional ground enclosed. On November 29, 1760,\\nit was surrendered to the English, and soon after\\nwas enlarged to include about eighty houses. The\\npickets at, this time were round, and about twenty-\\nfive feet high. There were bastions at each corner;\\nand over the two gates on the east and west sides\\nblockhouses were built for observation and defense.\\nEach of the large wooden gates had a wicket gate\\nto allow single persons to pass through. The main\\ngates were opened at sunrise and closed at sunset\\nthe wickets were open till nine o clock.\\nIf Indians entered, all their arms were taken from\\nthem at the gate, and returned when they left.\\nThe ground then enclosed, designated by present\\nstreet lines, included all between Griswold Street\\nand a point fifty feet west of Shelby Street, and all\\nsouth of the alley between Jefferson Avenue and\\nLarned Street to Woodbridge Street.\\nAt the time of the Pontiac Conspiracy the fort\\nwas garrisoned by one hundred and twenty-two men\\nof the Eightieth Regiment, with eight officers, under\\ncommand of Major Gladwin, and was provided with\\none three-pounder and three mortars. An armed\\nschooner, the Beaver, protected the water front.\\nIn 1766 there was a garrison of two hundred men.\\nAn old letter from the inhabitants to the command-\\nant, formerly in possessitjn of A. D. Fraser, indicates\\nhow repairs were then provided for it reads as fol-\\nlows\\nDetroit, Aug. 7th, 1766.\\nTo John Cavipbell^ Esq.^ Licttt. Col. and Comma/idani at\\nDetroit and its dependencies\\nSir,\\nWe have taken your order of the 3rd. instant respecting the\\nfurnishing of materials by us for repairing this fort, into consider-\\nation and find it absolutely impossible to comply with it.\\nThe requisition made of us per individuals would amount at\\nleast to four thousand pounds, New York Currency,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a sum by\\nfar too great for the whole settlement, and all the trading people\\nfrom different places now residing here, to pay.\\nWe find, Sir, that till the year 1750 the fort was about\\nhi .lf the extent it is now. The inhabitants till then were obliged\\nto furnish one picket for each foot of ground they possessed in\\nfront within the fort, and to pay annually two sols per foot to the\\nCrown, by way of quit rent. It was with difficulty that the cir-\\ncumstance of this place could accomplish the payment of their\\ndues to the French King, of which he proved his sensibility by\\neasing the inhabitants of the heavy burthen of furnishing pickets\\nfor from that time the Fort was enlarged upon an entirely new\\nplan, at the sole expense of the Crown. The annual ta.\\\\ of two\\nsol per foot, in front, was continued till the surrender of this\\ncountry to the English, since which the service has required such\\ntaxes of us that they have been almost insupportable. Permit us,\\nSir, to mention them, and yuu will see that we stand in greater\\nneed of assistance than to be obliged to pay any new demands.\\nCaptain Campbell, the first English commandant at Detroit, on\\nhis arrival here levied a tax on the proprietors in the Fort, for\\nlodging the troops, which amounted to a very considerable sum\\nbesides, each of the farmers were obliged to pay a cord of wood\\nper acre in front. The second year the proprietors paid again for\\nquartering the troops, and the farmers furnished double the quan-\\ntity of wood they did the year before.\\nThe third year Colonel Gladwin continued the same taxes.\\nThe following year, being 1762,1 the tax within the Fort alone\\namounted to one hundred and eighty-four pounds, thirteen Shil-\\nlings and four Pence. In the year 1764 the taxes came to one\\nhundred and fifty-eight Pounds, New York Currency.\\nIn the year 1765 you was pleased to signify by Messrs. Babee\\nand Shappooton that the taxes for the future should be the same as\\nin the French Government, which, as we have said before, was\\ntwo sol per foot for the lots within the Fort.\\nThe fanners were subject to a quit rent of two Shillings and\\neight pence New York Currency, and one-fourth bushel wheat\\nper acre in front, which was accordingly paid to Mr. Shappooton,\\nwho was appointed to receive the same. After this, we could not\\nhelp being surprised at the tax for the current year, viz one Shil-\\nling per foot in front for lots within the Fort, and ten Shillings\\nper acre fur the farmers in the country. The heaviness of this\\ntax is most severely felt, as you may judge by the delay and diffi-\\nculty the people had in paying it.\\nThis letter clearly shows that then, as now, taxes\\nwere deemed a burden.\\nA few years prior to 1778 the stockade was again\\nenlarged, and provided with four gates on each side,\\nwith blockhouses over them on the east, west, and\\nnorth sides, each blockhouse having four six-pound-\\ners. There were, also, two batteries of six guns\\neach, facing the river. The citadel, on what is now\\nthe corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street,\\nwas surrounded with a row of pickets, and contained\\nbarracks for three or four hundred men, a brick\\nstorehouse, a hospital, and a guard-house.\\nThe stockade, in 1778, included that part of the\\ncity lying between Griswold and Cass Streets, Larned\\nStreet, and the river. On the river side of the fort\\nthe bank was quite steep, and between it and the\\nwater s edge was a space of level ground forty feet\\nwide.\\nFort Lernoidt o? Shelby.\\nThe history of this fort is thus detailed by Cap-\\ntain A. Bird of the Eighth Regiment, in a letter to\\nBrigadier General Powell, dated August 13, 1782:\\nLate in the fall of 1778 we were alarmed by the approach of the\\nenemy under one Brodhead, who with two or three thousand men\\nhad actually advanced as far as Tuscarovvas, about ninety miles\\nfrom the lake at Lower Sandusky, and were employed in building\\na large picketed Fort. Major Lernoult, at a conversation with\\nthe officers at Detroit on the above alarm, concluded Detroit in-\\ncapable of making a defense that might reflect honor on the de-\\nfendants, it being of great extent, only picketed, and in a manner\\nunder a hill. By his orders on the same evening, I traced a re-\\ndoubt on the hill. The plan was left to me. We be-\\ngan, I think, early in November, and worked without intermission\\nuntil P ebruary, at which time the Indians declaring an intention\\nof attacking Colonel Brodhead s post of four hundred then at\\nTuscarowas I joined them. In the meantime Lieutenant Duver-\\nnet returned from Post Vincent and was appointed engineer the\\nwork was then too far advanced for him to alter the form of it.\\nIt was made by surrounding an interior space with\\ntrees piled up four feet high, with their sharpened\\nbutts projecting outwards. On top of the trees, and\\nThis date is evidently a mistake, as, according to this state-\\nment, 1762 would be the fourth year of English possession, when,\\nin fact, the fort was surrendered in 1760.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "FORTS AND DEFENSES.\\n223\\nprojecting over them seven or eight feet, at an angle\\nof forty-five degrees, vv-as a tier of sharpened stakes,\\nthe whole surmounted with an earth embankment\\neleven feet high. The thickness of the top of the\\nparapet was twelve feet the banquette for infantry\\nwas raised six feet from the foundation or level of\\nthe fort the width of the ramparts at their base was\\ntwenty-six feet. The embankment was surrounded\\nby a ditch five or six feet deep, and twelve feet wide\\nat the surface, having in it a row of cedar pickets\\neleven or twelve feet high, fastened together v\\\\ ith a\\nrib.\\nThe entrance was towards the town, through a\\npassageway underneath the trees, with a drawbridge\\nover the ditch. Between the citadel and the fort\\nthere was a subterranean passage, the powder-maga-\\nzine being on the route. On each side of the\\nentrance was an iron twenty-four-pounder each\\nside of the fort was defended with two twenty-four-\\npounders, and at each bastion four cannons were\\nplaced. The fort was entirely outside of the stock-\\nade, and a long distance from the settled portion of\\nthe town, on what was known as the second terrace.\\nDesignated by streets as they now exist, it lay\\nbetween Fort and Lafayette Streets, including both\\nstreets and the two blocks between Griswold and\\nWayne Streets.\\nShortly after it was built, the old stockade was\\nextended to the fort, intersecting the two southern\\nbastions, and enclosing the military gardens indicated\\nin the map of 1796.\\nOn March 16, 1779, Colonel George Rogers Clark,\\nhaving Just captured Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton\\nand his forces at Vincennes, writing to Major Ler-\\nnoult at Detroit, enclosing letters from prisoners to\\ntheir friends, says, I learn by your letters to Gov-\\nernor Hamilton that you were very busy making new\\nworks. I am glad to hear it, as it saves the Ameri-\\ncans some expense in building. Unfortunately,\\nColonel Clark s plans miscarried, and the work went\\non, but not for the benefit of the Americans.\\nOn May 16, 17 So, Colonel De Peyster, who had\\nsucceeded Major Lernoult. in a letter to Colonel\\nBolton at Niagara, said\\nThe new Fort will give constant employment for this Garrison\\nfor some time to come, the ditches filling faster than we can sod,\\nowing to severe weather, and springs breaking out in all parts,\\nwhich brings down the earth in great clods.\\nOn the conclusion of the treaty of peace, work on\\nthe fort ceased, and on August 5, 17S4, Lieutenant-\\nGovernor Hay wrote from Detroit to General Haldi-\\nmand as follows\\nAs all public works are ordered to cease here, it is my duty to\\ninform your E.\\\\cellency that the front and rear of this town are\\nopen, the pickets having been taken down by order of Lieutenant-\\nColonel De Peyster. and the continuation of the lots to the river\\ngiven to the proprietors, saving a cart road to the water s edge,\\nby which means a discontented Indian may, any night, set fire to\\nthe town.\\nThe ground given by Colonel De Peyster, as above mentioned,\\nwas formerly the wood yard, but now the barrack master is obliged\\nto pile his wood at so great a distance on each side of the town\\nthat no sentry from the garrison can take charge of it. Captain\\nBird, acting engineer, has reported to me that part of Fort Ler-\\nnoult has been much damaged this spring and summer by heavy\\nrains, and if not repaired will soon not be defensible but I shall\\nnot allow a sixpence upon either without your E.xcellency s or-\\nders.\\nIn October, 1779, the following troops were sta-\\ntioned here One hundred and eighty of the King s\\nRegiment, one hundred and thirty-eight of the\\nFort)--seventh Regiment, fifty Rangers, and thirteen\\nof the Royal Artillerj-, a total of three hundred and\\neighty-one. On August 23, 1782, there was a total\\nof twenty-six cannon and mortars fit for service, with\\nthirteen soldiers of the Royal Artillery, two hundred\\nand forty-six of the King s or Eighth Regiinent,\\nseventy-one of the Forty-seventh Regiment, and one\\nhundred and twenty Rangers, a total of four hun-\\ndred and fifty besides the officers.\\nOn September 24, 1782, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry\\nHope arrived at Detroit from Mackinaw on a tour\\nof inspection. He remained until the evening of the\\n26th. General Powell had been here but a short\\ntime before.\\nIn 1793 the fort was garrisoned with one company\\nof artillery and one of grenadiers there were also\\ntwo new brigs, the Chippewa and the Ottawa, with\\neight guns each, the brig Dunmore with six guns,\\nand the sloop Felicity with two swivels.\\nAfter the evacuation by the English, on July 11,\\n1 796, Colonel Hamtramck, with a garrison of three\\nhundred soldiers, was stationed here. At this time\\nthere was great difficulty in supplying the troops\\nwith provisions, and .Samuel Henley, acting quarter-\\nmaster at Greenville, sent the following letters to\\nGeneral Wilkins, quartermaster-general at Detroit\\nGreenville, August 4, 1796.\\nMr. Jones leaves here this day, from the cursed arrangements at\\nfort Hamilton, with my heart full of sorrow he leaves me without\\ncorn. If I can assist Mr. Jones with corn on his way to\\nyou, by Heaven, it shall be done without a moment s delay.\\nGreenville, .August 13, 1796.\\nI wrote to you the Commissary-General gave thirty dollars for\\nthe transportation of one barrel of flour. I am told he gives this\\nprice from Fort Washington to Fort Wayne. I am well\\nconvinced that our public wagon-makers are a poor set of drunken\\nmen.\\nThese difficulties soon passed away, and the fol-\\nlowing letter shows that social enjoyments were not\\nforgotten\\nGreenville, December 9, 1796.\\nI hope ere long to have the honor to see you in Detroit there to\\nenjoy the pleasure of your agreeable company, each of us in good\\nhealth. I should be very much gratified with the amusements of\\nDetroit this winter, but must dispense with that pleasure, as I", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "!2^\\nFORTS AND DEFENSES.\\nhope to have the opportunity next winter of seeing my friends in\\nlioston.\\n1 wish all the ladys in the world happy.\\nSami.. Henlev.\\nPeter Audrain, Esfj., Dcp. Q. M. Genl.^ Detroit.\\nIn June, 1800, two regiments were here. In 1803\\nthe stockade was in very bad condition, and on April\\n28, 1804, a town meeting was held to vote on the\\nquestion of its repair. The vote stood twelve in\\nfavor of, and thirteen against repairing. In 1806 it\\nwas decided to repair the picl;ets, and in October\\nPierre Chesne was paid fifty-eight pounds, si.xteen\\nshillings, for finishing the stockade.\\nIn 1807 an entirely new stockade was erected by\\nGovernor Hull. It included all the grounds between\\nthe Cass and Brush Farms and extended to the fort.\\nThere were gates and blockhouses on each side at\\nJefferson Avenue. For the purpose of building this\\nstockade it was or-\\ndered on August 9,\\n1807, that fifty offi-\\ncers and men be de-\\ntailed from the First\\nRegiment, and fifty\\nfrom the Legionary\\nCorps to be march-\\ned to the works at\\neight A. M. On\\nAugust 17 follow-\\ning, James May, the\\nadjutant -general, di-\\nrected that the First\\nRegiment should\\nprepare and set up\\nthree hundred yards\\nof pickets, and the\\nLegionary Corps, ow Aksen.m, c^ j\\none hundred and fif-\\nty yards. These pickets were fourteen feet high,\\nwith loop-holes to shoot through.\\nThe fort was surrendered by General Hull on\\nAugust 16, 1 81 2. Among the brass field-pieces\\ndelivered up were two taken by (jeneral Stark at\\nBennington, one captured from General Burgoyne\\nat Saratoga, and several obtained from Cornwallis\\nat Yorktown.\\nThe fort was evacuated by the British on Sep-\\ntember 28, 181 3 wherl they left, some of the troops\\nset fire to the barracks, but the inhabitants speedily\\nquenched the flames.\\nGeneral McXrthur first occupied the fort on\\nSeptember 29. Up to this time it had retained the\\nname of Lemoult, but now it was christened Fort\\nShelby in honor of the brave governor of Ohio.\\nWhile the English were in possession, all of the\\npickets on the west and some on the east were cut\\noff close to the ground, and in the winter of 1 8 1 3-\\n1 814 the soldiers of Harrison s army dug out the\\nends and used them for fuel. The walls of the fort,\\nat this time, were closely lined with log huts, occu-\\npied by the army. Just prior to April 25, 1814, four\\nlines of pickets were erected in place of those de-\\nstroyed in 181 3. The fort was also newly mounted\\nwith cannon, and fourteen hundred troops were then\\nstationed here.\\nOn August 9, 181 5, Major William H. Puthuff,\\nof the Second United States Rifle Regiment, who\\nhad been in command at Detroit, retired from the\\narmy, and was presented by the citizens with a com-\\nplimentary address.\\nIn September, 181 5, nearly thirteen hundred\\nsoldiers were stationed here, and quartered in what\\nwas called the cantonment, built just west of the\\nfort in that year. It consisted of four rows of one-\\nstory log buildings arranged in quadrangular form.\\nThe west row stood\\ndirectly on the east\\nline of the Cass\\nFarm. At this time\\nthe gates of the town\\nwere guarded by\\nsentinels, and no one\\ncould enter or leave\\nwithout a pass.\\nOn Saturday, Sep-\\ntember 6, 181 5, Ma-\\njor General Brown\\nand suite, who had\\nbeen at Detroit on a\\ntour of inspection,\\nleft for Buffalo on\\nthe brig Niagara.\\nThe arsenal on\\nAve. -WD \\\\VA^^E .St. the uorthwcst Cor-\\nner of Jefferson Av-\\nenue and W ayne Street was built under the direc-\\ntion of Colonel R. L. Baker, in 1S16, and was torn\\ndown late in the summer of 1867. The yard in\\nthe rear, with its stores of cannon-balls, was in\\ncharge of Captain Perkins, who kept it in the best of\\norder. The garrison, during a part of 1816, con-\\nsisted of fifteen hundred regi^ar troops in the fol-\\nlowing year it varied from one hundred antl fifty to\\nfour hundred.\\nOn April 19, 1 81 8, the flag-staff was blown down\\nduring a storm, and two days after the Gazette con-\\ntained this notice\\nThe flag-staff on which, in August, 1812, General Hull displayed\\nhis signal of disgraceful submission, fell during the storm last\\nWednesday evening. No flag had waved on it since 1812, but it\\nstood a monument of the cowardly surrender of Detroit.\\nIt was possibly this very staff that the council, in\\n1827, proposed to convert into ladders for the use of\\nthe firemen. In the spring of 1873, while a cellar", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "FORTS AND DEFENSES.\\n-25\\nfor the residence of John Owen on Fort Street West\\nwas being excavated, the stump of the staff was\\nfound a plate suitably inscribed was placed upon\\nit, and on April 26, 1877, it was presented to the\\nPublic Library.\\nOn July 25, 1818, Colonel John E. Wool arrived,\\nand remained two days. In 1820 a full regiment\\nwas stationed here. On Wednesday, May 3, of this\\nyear. Captain J. Farley, of the United States Artillery,\\nand Lieutenant Otis Fisher, of the Fifth Regiment,\\nwent to Sandwich, and fought a duel, Fisher being\\ninstantly killed.\\nOn June 4, 1821, General John N. Macomb, who\\nhad been in command here for many years, being\\nabout to leave, was presented by the citizens with\\nseveral engravings, and also with a silver tankard\\nmade by Mr. Rouquette.\\nIn this year Fort Shelby was in a dilapidated con-\\ndoilars were paid for filling in the old ditch around\\nthe fort, and in May, si.x thousand pickets, forming\\npart of the fort and stockade, were sold at from two\\ndollars to three dollars per hundred.\\nFort J I iivfu:\\nThis fortification, named after General Anthony\\nWayne, is located in the township of Springwells,\\nthree and one half miles from the City Hall, at the\\nonly bend in the river, and also at its narrowest\\npoint. It commands the city and the river channel.\\nIts site was the camping-ground of the troops ren-\\ndezvousing for the Black Hawk War, also of the\\nforces engaged in the Patriot War of 1 838.\\nThe first appropriation of $50,000 for its construc-\\ntion was made on August 4, 1841 in 1842 the\\nCiovernment purchased twenty-three acres, and in\\n1844 an additional forty-three acres was procured.\\n^0^!^^^0^^^^^ 00:f\\nOf-PICEKS tJUAKTEKS AT foKT W aV.NE.\\ndition, and without a single mounted piece of\\nartillery; the pickets and abattis also were badly\\ndecayed.\\nOn Tuesday, October 19, 1824, General Gaines\\narrived from a tour of inspection of the northern\\nposts. He left the next day. On July 12, 1825,\\nGeneral Solomon Van Rensselaer visited the city,\\nand was given a public dinner at Woodworth s\\nHotel, Colonel J. E. Wool being also present.\\nOn May 27, 1826, the two companies of infantry\\nwhich had been stationed here departed for Green\\nBay, leaving the city, probably for the first time,\\nwithout any troops. During this year, the fort and\\nits grounds were given to the city by Congress, and\\nmost of the old barracks were sold and moved away.\\nIn the spring of 1827 the stockade was removed and\\nthe fort demolished. Si.x hundred and twenty-five\\nThe fort was begun in 1843, and completed about\\n1 85 1, at a cost of nearly $150,000.\\nGeneral Meigs had entire charge of the construc-\\ntion. It was originally a square-bastioned fort, with\\nsand embankments, and red cedar scarp with em-\\nbrasures of oak. The cedar was brought from\\nKelley s Island, some three hundred workmen being\\nsent thither for the purpose. Both the cedar and\\nthe oak were kyanized, and it was thought they\\nwould be very durable.\\nIn 1864, under the superintendence of General T.\\nJ. Cram, the cedar scarp was removed, and replaced\\nwith brickwork, seven and one half feet thick and\\ntwenty-two feet high, with a brick facing of about\\neighteen inches, back of which is si.\\\\ feet of concrete.\\nThe top of the scarp wall extends about si.x feet\\nabove the former woodwork, and there is an empty", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2 26 PENSIONS AND PENSION AGENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DETROIT.\\nspace between it and the embankment. In case the\\ntop of the wall should be shot away, this space\\nwould serve as a receptacle for the falling brick-\\nand mortar, which would be very nearly as ser-\\nviceable as a sand embankment in resisting the\\ndestructive effect of solid shot. The entire cost of\\nthese improvements was nearly $250,000.\\nFort Croghan or Fort Nonsense.\\nEarly in the century the Indians near the city\\nwere continually killing cattle, driving off horses,\\nand committing depredations of various kinds. To\\nintimidate them, and to protect the stock which\\ngrazed on the commons, this fort was erected. The\\nfollowing official order had reference to the work of\\nerection\\nHeadquarters Detroit, 6 June, 1806.\\nIt is hereby ordered, that the three following eoinpanies of the\\nFirst Regiment, by and under the command of their respective\\ncaptains, shall furnish the following quota of men each, to assist\\nin erecting the public works on the Common above the fort, viz.:\\nCaptain Carapau six men. Captain Tuttle six men, and Captain\\nAnderson eight men each day, to attend preciselyat seven o clock\\nin the morning at said work, to be there under the direction and\\ncontrol of the commandant, already appointed in General orders\\nto superintend the erection of said works, and subject to the com-\\nmand of the officer of the day. The officers of the three companies\\naforesaid will be liable to be called upon, from time to time, to\\nserve as olHcers of the day.\\n{Signed) Stanley Gkiswold,\\nActing Goziernor and Cotnmander-in~Clt ie/.\\nThe fort was located near what is now the north-\\neast corner of Park and High Streets, and was\\neventually called Fort Croghan, also Fort Nonsense.\\nIt was circular in form, about forty feet in diam-\\neter, and consisted of an earth embankment about\\nten feet high, and two feet wide on top, surrounded\\nby a ditch. It was mounted with a few pieces of\\nartillery.\\nThe soldiers used to practice firing into it from\\nFort Shelby so as to be able to drive out the Indians\\nin case they attempted to occupy it. In later times\\nit was a favorite place of resort for the boys, who\\nwould choose sides and battle for its possession,\\nand they, probably, gave it its best-known name.\\nDetroit Jiarraeks.\\nAs early as September, 1830, the Government ob-\\ntained possession, partly by purchase and partly by\\nlease of a large portion of the Mullett Farm, front-\\ning on Cjratiot Street, near the present Russell\\nStreet barracks vi ere erected thereon, and the Gov-\\nernment continued to occupy the ground for nearly\\ntwenty-five years. During most of this time, a large\\nnumber of soldiers were quartered there.\\nAs an event in which militarv- officers of Detroit\\nfelt much interest, it may be noted that the corner-\\nstone of the Arsenal at Dearborn was laid on July\\n30, 1833, under the supervision and management of\\nColonel Joshua Howard. The ceremonies com-\\nmenced at 12 M., with prayer by Rev. Mr. Searle, of\\nDetroit, followed by an address by Major Henry\\nWhiting, and a dinner.\\nOn August II. 1845. an order arrived for the three\\ncompanies of the Fifth Regiment, then in Detroit,\\nto rendezvous at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., prepara-\\ntory to going to Te.xas; and on the 1 6th, a com-\\nplimentary dinner was given to the officers at the\\nE.xchange.\\nPENSIONS AND PENSION AGENTS.\\nThe United States, as early as 17S9, assumed the\\npayment of pensions, agreed to be paid by the\\nStates. An Act of April 24, 1816, provided for the\\nappointment, by the Secretary of War, of additional\\ncommissioners of pensions. This office was estab-\\nlished in Detroit in 1824, and through its agency the\\nGovernment pays pensions to wounded officers,\\nsoldiers, and sailors who were engaged in the ar of\\n1 81 2, the Mexican War, and the war with the South.\\nThe amounts paid vary from one dollar to fifty dol-\\nlars per month, and are paid at the end of each\\nquarter, dating from September 4 in each year.\\nThere are about 10,500 pensioners on the rolls of\\nthe Detroit Pension Agency, of whom about 600\\nlive in the city.\\nThe disbursements of the Detroit office for pen-\\nsions, for the year ending June 30, 1 883, reached a\\ntotal of $2,750,702, paid out to 13,080 persons.\\nThe salary- of the pension agent is $4,000 a year,\\nand fifteen cents on each payment to pensioners\\nafter $4,000 has been paid. Out of the amount he\\nreceives, the agent pays the salaries of several\\nemployees, and all expenses except oflSce rent, lights,\\nand fuel.\\nThe following persons have served as pension\\nagents: 1824-1831, Thomas Rowland 1831-1837,\\nEliasDoty; i837-i854,E. P. Hastings 1854-1857,\\nElisha Taylor 1857-1859, Guy Foote; 1859-1862,\\nHenry C. Kibbee 1862-1863, Alexander G. Noyes;\\n1863-1S67, Thomas J. Nuyes 1S67-1869, Henry\\nBarns; 1 869-1 873, Arnold Kaichen 1873-\\nSamuel I ost.\\nMILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DETROIT.\\nNo list of either the French, English, or Ameri-\\ncan commanders at Detroit has ever before been\\npublished. The following lists, compiled from vari-\\nous official and private manuscripts, are believed to\\nbe nearly complete.\\nFrench Cotnmandants.\\n1701 to fall of 1704, M. Antoine de la Mothe\\nCadillac.\\n1704, fall of, to 1706, Sieur Mphonse de Tonty.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "MILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT UKTROIT.\\n227\\n1706, January 29, to August, Sieur de Bourgmont.\\n1706, August, to summer of 1711, M. Antoine be\\nla Mothe Cadillac.\\n171 1 to June, 17 1 2, M. Joseph Guyon du Buisson.\\n17 1 2, June, to 1714, Franc^uis Daupin, Sieur de\\nla Forest.\\n1 7 14-17 17, Lieutenant Jacques Chas. Sabrevois.\\n1717, M. Louis de la Poste, Sieur de Louvigny.\\n1717, July 3, to 1720, M. Henri Tonty, younger\\nbrother of Alphonse.\\n1720, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur de Noyelle.\\n1720 to November 10, 1727 (when he died), Sieur\\nAlphonse de Tonty.\\n1727, December 19, to M. le Chevalier de\\nLepemouche.\\n1728, M.Jean Baptiste Deschaillons de St. Ours.\\n1728, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur de Noyelle.\\n1728 to June 10, 1734, M. de Boishebert.\\n1734, June 10, to Hugues Jacques Pean,\\nSieur de Livandiere.\\n1734-1738, Lieutenant Jacques Charles Sabrevois.\\n173S-1741, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur de Noyelle.\\n1 741, July 28, to 1742, Pierre Poyen de Noyan.\\n1 742- 1 743, Pierre de Celeron, Sieur de Blainville.\\n1743-1747, M. Joseph Lemoyne, Chevalier de\\nLongueuil.\\n1749- Lieutenant Jacques Charles Sabrevois.\\n175 1, February 15, to March 19, 1754, Pierre de\\nCeleron, Sieur de Blainville.\\n175410 May 25, 1758, M. Jacques d Anon, Sieur\\nde Muy. Died at Detroit.\\n1758-1760, Captain Frangois Marie Picote de\\nBellestre.\\nEnglish Coinmanding Officers.\\n1760, Major Robert Rogers.\\n1760 to 1763, Major Donald Campbell.\\n1763 to August 31, 1764, Major Henry Gladwin.\\n1764, Colonel Jolin Bradstreet.\\n1765, Colonel John Campbell.\\n1766, August 26, Major Robert Bayard.\\n1767-1769, Captain George Turnbull.\\n1 770, June 2, to September, Major T. Bruce.\\n1770, September, to January 8, 1772, James Stev-\\nenson. OJ-f^O\\n1772, Majomfctherington.\\n1 772-1 774, Major Henry Bassett.\\n1774, Major R. B. Lernoult.\\n1775, Captain Montpasant.\\n1776, Major Arent Schuyler De Peyster.\\n1776, Captain Lord.\\n1778, April, Captain Stephenson.\\n1778, December, to October, 1779, Major Richard\\nBeringer Lernoult.\\n1 779, October, to June, 1 784, Major Arent Schuyler\\nDe Peyster.\\n1 784, Major William Ancram.\\n1786, June, Major R. Matthews.\\n1787, Major Wiseman.\\n1 791, Colonel England.\\n1791, Major John Smith, of Fifth Regiment.\\n1792, Major Claus.\\n1793, Captain William Doyle.\\n1793, March, to 1796, Colonel Richard England\\nof Twenty-fourth Regiment.\\nThe records of the War Department at Washing-\\nton having been partially destroyed in the War of\\n1 81 2, no record of the officers in command prior to\\n181 5 can be there obtained, but from various old\\nrecords the following officers are found to have been\\nat Detroit on and between the dates named\\nAmerican Commanding Officers.\\n1796. July II, Captain Moses Porter.\\n1796. July 12. Colonel John F. Hamtramck.\\n1796, Major-General Anthony Wayne.\\n1797, Major-General James Wilkinson.\\n1797-1800, Colonel D. Strong.\\n1800, Colonel Porter.\\n1800-1S02, Colonel H. J. Hunt,\\n1802 to April Ti, 1803, Colonel J. F. Hamtramck.\\n1803, Major John Whistler.\\n1803, Colonel Thomas Hunt.\\n1805, August, to April, 1807. Captain S. T. Dyson.\\n1809-1811, Captain Jacob Kingsbury.\\n181 2, May, Major John Whistler.\\n181 2, July, Colonel Brush.\\n1812, July, to August 16. 1812, Gen. Wm. Hull.\\n1 81 3, September 29, General Duncan Mc Arthur.\\n181 3, Major-General William Henry Harrison.\\n18 1 3. October, Colonel Lewis Cass.\\n181 3, November, Captain Abraham Edwards.\\n1814, February, Colonel H. Butler.\\n1 8 14, March, Colonel George Croghan.\\n1814, July, Colonel H. Butler.\\n181 5, Major W. H. Puthuff.\\n181 5, September, Brigadier-General Miller.\\nThe official list of commanding officers since\\n181 5, compiled by the direction of the Secretary of\\nWar for this work, is as follows.\\nCommanding Officers at Fort Shelby.\\n1815, August, to November, 1817, Captain John\\nBiddle, First Battalion Corps Artillery.\\nIThe following anecdote concerning Colonel England is given\\nin John A. McClung s Sketches of Western Adventure\\nThis gentleman was remarkable for his immense height and\\nenormous quantity of flesh. .After his return from America, the\\nwaggish Prince of Wales, who was himself no pigmy, became de-\\nsirous of seeing him. Colonel England was one day pointed out\\nto him, by Sheridan, as he was in the act of dismounting from his\\nhorse. The prince regarded him with marked attention for sev-\\neral minutes, and then, turning to Sheridan, said, with a laugh,\\nColonel England, hey You should have said Great Britain, by", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "228\\nMILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DETROIT.\\n1817, November, to January, 1818, Second Lieu-\\ntenant Chas. Mellon, First Battalion Corps Artil-\\nlery.\\n1S18, January to June. 181 8, First Lieutenant\\nNeucas Mackey, First Battalion Corps Artillery.\\n1818, June, to July, 1819. Captain John Farley,\\nFirst Battalion Corps Artillery\\n1819, July, to August, 1821, Captain Thos. Stock-\\nton, Fourth Battalion Corps Artillery.\\n1821, August, to June, 1822, Colonel James House,\\nSecond Artillery.\\n1822, June, to October, 1822, Captain J. Mount-\\nfort, Second Artillery.\\n1822, October, to December, 1822, Captain R. A.\\nZant Zinger. Second Artillery.\\n1823, Major Baker.\\nCommanding Officers at Detroit Barracks.\\n1838, March, to April, 1838, Major John Garland,\\nFirst Infantry.\\n1838, April, to August, 1838, Captain L. J. Jami-\\nson, Fifth Infantry-.\\n1838, August, to May, 1839, Major M. M. Payne,\\nSecond Artiller)-.\\n1839, May, to June, 1839, First Lieutenant C. B.\\nDaniels, Second Artillery.\\n1839, June, to \\\\ugust, 1839, Captain R. A. Zant\\nZinger, Second Artillery.\\n1839, August, to September. 1839, First Lieuten-\\nant C. B. Daniels, Second Artillery.\\n1839, September, to October, 1839, Major M. M.\\nPayne, Second Artillery.\\n1839, October, to May, 1S40, Major F. S. Belton,\\nFourth Artillery.\\n1840, May, to June, 1841, Lieutenant-Colonel A.\\nC. \\\\V. Fanning, Fourth Artillery.\\n1841, June, to July, 1841, Lieutenant-Colonel J. B.\\nCrane, Fourth Artillery\\n1841. July, to June, 1842, Brigadier-General H.\\nBrady.\\n1S42, June, to April, 1843. Colonel Geo. M. Brook,\\nFifth Infantry.\\n1843, April, to July, 1S43, Lieutenant-Colonel J. S.\\nMcintosh, Fifth Infantry.\\n1843, July, to August, 1843, Captain E. K. Smith,\\nFifth Infantry.\\n1843, August, to July, 1844, Colonel Geo. M.\\nBrooke, Fifth Infantry.\\n1844, July, to September, 1844, Captain E. K.\\nSmith, Fifth Infantry.\\n1844, September, to November, 1S44, Colonel Geo.\\nM. Brooke, Fifth Infantry.\\n1844, November, to April, 1845, Colonel J. S. Mc-\\nintosh, Fifth Infantry.\\n1845, April, to May, 1845, Colonel Geo. M. Brooke,\\nFifth Infantry.\\n1845, May, to July, 1845, Captain E. K. Smith,\\nFifth Infantry.\\n1845, July, to August, 1845, Colonel Geo. M.\\nBrooke, Fifth Infantry.\\n1845. August, to October, 1S45. Captain H. Day.\\nSecond Infantry.\\n1845, October, to July, 1846, Lieutenant-Colonel\\nBennet Riley, Second Infantry-.\\n1846, July, to November, 1848, unoccupied.\\n1848, November, to June 5, 1851, Colonel William\\nWhistler, Fourth Infantry.\\n1851, June 5th to nth. Lieutenant U. S.\\nGrant, Fourth Infantry.\\n1 85 1, June, to March, i860, unoccupied.\\nDuring the war it was occupied by various de-\\ntachments of volunteers.\\n1866. March 19, to April 9, 1866, Captain D. L.\\nMontgomery, Seventeenth Infantry-.\\n1866, April 9, to May 11, 1866. Captain R. P. Mc-\\nKibbin, Fourth Infantry.\\n1866, May II, to June, 1866, First Lieutenant S.\\nW. Black, Seventeenth Infantr)\\nCommanding Officers at Fort Wayne.\\n(First occupied December 15, 1S61.)\\n1861. December, to September, 1862, Captain\\nAlfred Gibbs, Third Cavalry.\\n1862, September, to December. 1862, Captain C.\\nH. McNally, Third Cavalry.\\n1862, December, to March, 1863. Captain C. C.\\nChurchill, U. S. A.\\n1863, March, to June. 1863. unoccupied.\\n1863, June, to March, 1864. Captain Lewis Wilson,\\nNineteenth Infantry.\\n1864, March, to April, 1865, Major Pinkney Lugen-\\nbeel. Nineteenth Infantry.\\n1865, April, to October, 1865, Lieutenant-Colonel\\nDe L. Floyd-Jones. Nineteenth Infantry.\\n1865. October, to April, 1867, Colonel-Silas Casey,\\nFourth Infantry.\\n1867, April, to May, 1867, Major M. D. Hardin,\\nForty-third Infantry.\\n1867, May, to May, 1868, Lieutenant-Colonel J.\\nB. Kiddoo, Forty-third Infantry.\\n1868, May, to April, 1869, Colonel JohnC. Robin-\\nson, Forty-third Infantry.\\n1869, April, to January, 1871, Colonel R. C.\\nBuchanan, First Infantry.\\n1 87 1 January to July, 1874. Lieutenant-Colonel\\nPinkney Lugenbeel. First Infantry.\\n1874, July, to October, 1876, Colonel D. S. Stan-\\nley. Twenty-second Infantry.\\n1876, October, to May. 1877, Captain J. B. In-ine,\\nTwenty-second Infantry.\\n1877, May, to August, 1S77, Lieutenant-Colonel\\nE. S.Otis, Twenty-second Infantn,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "MILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DETROIT.\\n229\\n1877, August, to October, 1877, Lieutenant P. M.\\nThome, Twenty-second Infantry.\\n1877, October, to November, 1877, Captain J. B.\\nIrvine, Twenty-second Infantr)-.\\n1877, November, to May, 1877, Lieutenant-Colonel\\nE. S. Otis, Twenty-second Infantry.\\n1S77, May, to Colonel H. B. Clitz, Tenth\\nInfantry.\\nDesignation of Command embracing the City of\\nDetroit, Michigan, from May 19, 1 8 1 3, with\\nlocation of Headquarters and name of Com-\\nmanding Officers.\\nMay 19, I Si 3, Militarj- District No. 8, Detroit,\\nMichigan.\\nMay 17. iSi 5, Military Department No. 5, Detroit,\\nMichigan.\\nMay 17, 1 82 1, Eastern Department, Governor s\\nIsland, New York Harbor.\\nNovember i, 1827, Eastern Department, New\\nYork City.\\nMay I, 1837, Eastern Department, Elizabethtown,\\nNew York.\\nMay 19, 1837, Military Department No. 7. Detroit,\\nMichigan.\\nJuly 12, 1842, Department No. 4, Detroit, Mich.\\nAugust 31, 1848, Alilitary Department No. 3.\\nSeptember 11, 1S48, Military Department No. 2,\\nAlbany, New York.\\nOctober 4, 1848, Military Department No. 2,\\nTroy, New York.\\nJanuary 5, 1849, Military Department No. 2,\\nDetroit.\\nMay 17, 1 85 1, Eastern Division, Troy, New\\nYork.\\nOctober 31. 1853, Department of the East, Balti-\\nmore, Maryland.\\nMarch 23, 1857, Department of the East, Troy,\\nNew Y ork.\\nOctober 26, 1861, to November 9, 1861, in no\\nDepartment.\\nNovember 9, 1861, Department of the Ohio.\\nNovember 15, 1861, Department of the Ohio,\\nLouisville, Kentucky.\\nMarch 11. 1862, Mountain Department, Wheeling,\\nVirginia.\\nJune 26. 1862, to August 19, 1862, in no Depart-\\nment.\\nAugust 19, 1862, Department of the Ohio, Cin-\\ncinnati, Ohio.\\nNovember 16, 1862, to Januaiy 12, 1864, in no\\nDepartment.\\nJanuary 12, 1864. Northern Department, Colum-\\nbus, Ohio.\\nJanuary 27. 1865, Department of the Ohio. De-\\ntroit, Michigan.\\nAugust 6, 1866, Department of the Lakes, Detroit,\\nMichigan.\\nOctober 31, 1873, Division of the Atlantic, New\\nYork City.\\nNovember 8, l S78, Department of the East, New\\nY ork City.\\nJune 26, 1878, Department of the East, Governor s\\nIsland, New York Harbor.\\nCommanded by\\nMay 19, 1813, Major-General W. H. Harrison.\\nMay 17, 181 5, Brigadier-General Ale.x. Macomb.\\nMay 17, 1821, Brevet Major-General W. Scott.\\nDecember 8, 1823, Brevet Major-General Edmund\\nP. Gaines.\\nDecember 8, 1825, Brevet Major-General Winheld\\nScott.\\nNovember i, 1827, Brevet Major-General E. P.\\n(jaines.\\nJuly 16, 1828, Brevet Brigadier-General Hugh\\nBrady, Col. Second Infantry.\\nMarch 21. 1829, Brevet Major-General Edmuixl\\nP. Gaines.\\nNovember 23, 1829, Brevet Major-General Win-\\nfield Scott.\\nMay 19, 1837, Brevet Brigadier-General Hugh\\nBrady, Col. Second Infantry.\\nAugust I. 1844, Brevet Brigadier-General George\\nM. Brooke, Col. Fifth Infantry.\\nSeptember 20, 1844, Brevet Brigadier-General H.\\nBrady, Col. Second Infantry.\\nJuly 4, 1846, Brevet Colonel Bennet Riley, Lieut.\\nCol. Second Infantry.\\nAugust, 1846, Brevet Brigadier-General Hugh\\nBrady, Col. Second Infantry.\\nSeptember II, 1848, Brevet Major-General John\\nE. Wool.\\nJanuary 5, 1849. Brevet Brigadier-General Hugh\\nBrady, Col. Second Infantry.\\nApril 15, 1851, Colonel William Whistler. Fourth\\nInfantry.\\nMay 17, 1851, Brevet Major-General J. E. Wool.\\nJanuary 13, 1854, Brevet Brigadier-General James\\nBankhead, Colonel Second Infantry.\\nNovember 13, 1856, Brevet Brigadier-General\\nJohn B. Walbach, Colonel Fourth Artillery.\\nMarch 23, 1857, Brevet Major-General John E.\\nWool.\\nNovember 15, 1861, Brigadier-General Don Carlos\\nBuell.\\nMarch 11, 1862, Brigadier-General William S.\\nRosecrans.\\nMarch 29, 1862, Major-General John C. Fremont.\\nAugust 19, 1862, Major-General Horatio G.\\nWright.\\nMarch 25, 1863, Major-General Ambrose E.\\nBurnside.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "230 MILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DETROIT.\\nJanuary 12, 1864, Major-General S. P. Heintzel- August 23, 1866, Brevet Major-General Joseph\\nman. Hooker.\\nOctober i, 1864, Major-General Joseph Hooker. June i, 1S67. Brevet Major-General J. C. Robin-\\nJanuary 27, 1865. Major-General Edward O. C. son. Col. Forty-third Infantry.\\nOrd. February i, 1868, Brevet Major-General John\\nDecember 26. 1 865, Brevet INIajor-General Orlando Pope.\\nB.Willcox. May 6, 1870, Brevet Major-General Philip St. G.\\nJanuary 15, 1866, Major-General Edward U. C. Cooke\\nOrd. October 31, 1873, Major-General \\\\V. S. Hancock.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVII.\\nEARLY INDIAN ATTACKS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THK FRENCH AND ENGLISH OR SEVEN YEARS WAR.\\nEARLV INDIAN ATTACKS.\\nThk Indians whom Cadillac and the other French\\ncommandants gathered about Fort Pontchartrain\\nwere, generally, friendly, but these Indian allies had\\nenemies, who frequently sought occasion to injure\\nthem by making war on the French. Their first\\nattack was made in 1703, when the fort was set on\\nfire by an Indian and partially destroyed. A portion\\nof the defenses, the church, the House of the Rec-\\nollects, Cadillac s house and that of his lieutenant,\\nwere burned. The friendly Indians aided in re-\\nbuilding the houses, and presented the commandant\\nwith one hundred bushels of corn to cure in part\\nthe loss he had sustained by the fire.\\nIn June, 1706, while Cadillac was absent, a dog\\nbelonging to Bourgmont, the acting commandant,\\nbit an Ottawa Indian in the leg. The Indian was\\ngreatly enraged, and beat the dog, Bourgmont\\nthen fell upon the Indian, and punished him so\\nseverely that he died soon after. Of course this\\nroused the anger of the Ottawas, who were besides\\njealous of the Miamis, because they seemed to be\\nthe especial favorites of the French. On June 6\\nthey fell upon a party of six Miamis, and wreaked\\ntheir vengeance by killing five of the number other\\nMiamis who were in the vicinity then rushed for\\nprotection to the fort, and Bourgmont fired on the\\nOttawas, killing several. Meantime the Ottawas\\nhad seized the priest, Nicholas Constantine del\\nHalle, as he was walking in his garden outside of\\nthe fort. One of the chiefs released him, but just\\nas he was about entering the 5ort he was killed by\\na musket-shot from an Ottawa. Bourgmont then\\nclosed the gate of the fort, in which there were but\\nfifteen soldiers, and fired on the Ottawas, killing\\nthirty of them. This occasioned much bad feeling,\\nbut the French maintained their ground, though the\\nfort was besieged for nearly a month. In the spring\\nof 1707 the Ottawas went to Montreal to explain\\nand make peace, returning to Detroit on August 6,\\n1707, with M. de St. Pierre, who brought instruc-\\ntions to Cadillac in regard to the matter. A portion\\nof the Miamis had by this time become disaffected,\\nand the same year Cadillac marched against them,\\nand caused them to sue for peace.\\nIn 171 2, at the instigation of the English, the\\nOutagamies, or Foxes, aided by the Kickapoos and\\nMascoutins, attacked the fort, which was then held\\nby Du Buisson with a force of only twenty men.\\nBeing warned in time, he secured his grain and\\nsupplies from the warehouse outside, and brought\\nthem within the stockade. He then burned the\\nwarehouse, the church, and several other buildings,\\nwhich might have endangered the fort if set on fire\\nby the Indians.\\nOn May 13, the Ottawas, Hurons, Potowatamies,\\nMenomenees, Illinois, and Osages arrived to aid him.\\nBy this time the Foxes had erected a fort almost\\nwithin musket range of Fort Pontchartrain. Here\\nthey were besieged by the allied Indians, who\\nraised rough scaffolds twenty-five feet high, from\\nwhich they fired on the Foxes, who finally sued for\\npeace. The allied Indians would make no terms\\ne.xcept unconditional surrender, and the Foxes\\nretired to their fort, and discharged therefrom burn-\\ning arrows at the French fort, setting several houses\\non fire. The French covered their houses with wet\\nbear and deer skins, and the fires were put out with\\nswabs fastened on long poles. The Foxes held out\\nso long that the allied Indians at one time were\\nabout to give up the contest, but large presents from\\nDu Buisson caused them to renew the siege, which\\nwas continued with vigor till a hea\\\\-y rainstorm dis-\\npersed them. The Foxes then escaped, and made\\ntheir way up to Grosse Pointe, where they entrenched\\nthemselves. With aid of cannon from the fort they\\nwere defeated, and nearly one thousand massacred\\nby the allied Indians, who made slaves of the squaws\\nand the children. In 1717 a party of Foxes again\\nthreatened the fort, but they were soon put to flight.\\nThese defeats seemed to have been salutar lessons,\\nfor there is no record of any further attack upon\\nthe fort until 1746, when it was set upon by north-\\nern Indians, and defended by Pontiac and his tribe.\\nTHE FRENCH AND ENGLISH W AR.\\nThe French and English or Seven Years War\\nwas caused by the determined effort of both the\\nFrench and the English to secure their western pos-\\nsessions and to add to their extent. To this end\\nintrigue, massacre, and military manoeuvres contin-\\nually succeeded each other. Year by year the jeal-\\n[=3.1", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "2.^,2\\nTHE FRENCH AND ENGLISH WAR.\\nousy between French and English occupants of\\nAmerica became increasingly manifest, and excur-\\nsions to attack English settlements were a feature\\nof the times.\\nAs early as 1745, and especially in 1747, such\\nitems as these are of frequent mention in old French\\nrecords Twenty-four Ottawas and Pottowatamies\\nhave been fitted out for the war excursion. Nine\\nparties have been equipped for a war excursion.\\nSieur Blondeau, a volunteer, commands them.\\nThe English, however, were not asleep, and they\\nwere as unscrupulous as their antagonists in making\\nuse of the savages. Governor Clinton, in a letter to\\nColonel Johnson, dated New York, April 25, 1747,\\nsays, In the bill I am going to pass the council did\\nnot think it proper to put rewards for scalping, or\\ntaking poor women or children prisoners, in it\\nbut the assembly has assured me the money shall\\nbe paid when it so happens, if the Indians insist\\nupon it. On May 30 Colonel Johnson wrote the\\ngovernor, I am quite pestered every day with par-\\nties returning with prisoners and scalps, and without\\na penny to pay them with. It comes ver\\\\ hard upon\\nme, and is displeasing to them I can assure you, for\\nthey expect their pay, and demand it of me as soon\\nas they return.\\nThe fact is undoubted and indisputable that at\\nDetroit and other posts under both French and Eng-\\nlish rule, the Indians received goods in payment for\\nhuman scalps as regularly as for coon and muskrat\\nskins.\\nIn 1747 the English, through the Iroquois, dis-\\ntributed belts to the Hurons, and in fact to all of the\\nIndians in this neighborhood, and all, except the\\nIllinois, were agreed in a plot to massacre the\\nFrench at Detroit on one of the holidays of Pente-\\ncost. The Indians were to sleep in the fort, as they\\nhad often done, and each was to kill the inmates of\\nthe house where he lodged. A squaw, going into a\\ngarret in search of corn, overheard the conspirators\\nplanning beneath her. She informed a Jesuit lay\\nbrother, who told M. de Longueuil, the comman-\\ndant. He at once called together the principal\\nchiefs, showed them that their plot was exposed,\\nand they abandoned it with excuses and protesta-\\ntions\\nOn August 31, 1747, a settler named Martineau\\nstrayed too far from the fort, and was killed and\\nscalped by four Indians. On September 22 follow-\\ning, the fort was reinforced by the arrival of one\\nhundred and fifty soldiers from Montreal, and the\\nsettlers felt much more secure. That there was\\ncontinued danger, however, is evident from this gen-\\neral order, dated Detroit, June 2, 1748\\nShould any Huron or rebel be so daring as to enter the fort\\nwithout a pass, through sheer bravado, twould be proper to arrest\\nhim and put him to death on the spot.\\nDuring the year several Indians from Bois Blanc\\nIsland waylaid a party of Frenchmen on Grosse\\nIsle and seriously maltreated them. M. de Lon-\\ngueuil, who was still in command at the fort, sent a\\nforce of thirty men in search of the hostile party.\\nThree of the Huron chiefs, who had begun to fear\\nfor their own safety, volunteered their aid, and with\\nten of de Longueuil s men they set out, overtook the\\nfirst party of thirty, and captured the five hostile\\nIndians, only one of whom was a Huron. The\\nleader, an Onondaga, was put to death by the\\ninhabitants as soon as the party reached Detroit,\\nand the rest were put in irons one of these, a\\nSeneca Indian, was found dead in the guard-house\\non the 29th of December, 1747 the three others\\nwere released in Februar)-, 1748, on promise of good\\nbehavior.\\nIn considering the history of the West at this\\ntime, it should be remembered that the Territory\\nwatered by the Ohio was claimed by both English\\nand French. The latter had established a small\\npost on French Creek, south of Lake Erie. To off-\\nset this movement, a company, known as the Ohio\\nCompany, was organized, and five hundred thousand\\nacres in the disputed territory granted it, on condi-\\ntion that one hundred families should be settled\\nthereon within seven years, and a fort erected for\\ntheir protection. These proceedings caused the\\nFrench much uneasiness, and in 1749 Pierre de\\nCeleron, Sieur de Blainville, under instructions from\\nCount de la Gallissoniere, Governor of New France,\\nleft Montreal with three hundred soldiers to take\\nformal possession of the valley of the Ohio. He was\\nfurnished with leaden plates inscribed with a state-\\nment of the claims of the French, and a formal\\ndeclaration that they thus took possession of the\\nland. These plates were deposited at various points\\nthrough the country. After having performed these\\nduties, a part of the expedition returned by water,\\narriving at Detroit October 6, and the rest went\\nback overland. As an appropriate supplement to\\nhis expedition. Count Gallissoniere made special\\nefforts to encourage immigration to the western\\nposts, and particular privileges were accorded to all\\nimmigrants. Those who came to Detroit in 1749,\\nI75i,and I754,had various supplies granted to them.\\nIn order to obtain information as to the plans of\\nthe French, or to protest against them. Governor\\nDinwiddle, on behalf of irginia, which claimed the\\nterritory, sent Colonel George Washington to inter-\\nview the French commandant at the post on French\\nCreek. Washington set out on November 14. 1753,\\nand on his return trip narrowly escaped being mas-\\nsacred by the Indians. After his return, in order to\\nprotect her interests, Virginia determined to erect a\\nfort. In pursuance of this plan, in February, 1754,\\nthat pro\\\\-ince began the erection of a fort near what", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH WARS.\\n233\\nis now Pittsburgh but in April following the ir-\\nginia troops were driven from their position by the\\nFrench, who made the place almost impregnable by\\nbuilding Fort Duquesne. Its position at the conflu-\\nence of the Alleghany and Monongahela, which\\nunite to form the Ohio, rendered it a point of great\\ncommercial and strategic importance and the Eng-\\nlish at once made a desperate effort to obtain it.\\nGeneral Braddock, at the head of a large army, was\\nsent against it, but on July 9, 1757, he was defeated.\\nIn 1754 or 1755 M. Bigot, Intendant of Canada, sent\\nHugues Jacques Pean, with four hundred militia,\\nand a quantity of provisions and goods for the\\nIndians, to Detroit, and there is strong ground for\\nthe belief that a portion of these troops were sent to\\njoin the army that defeated Braddock. Tradition\\nsays that several English horses were brought here\\nafter his defeat.\\nDuring this period immense quantities of military\\nsupplies were forwarded from France, and the offi-\\ncers vied with each other in their efforts to swindle\\nthe Government by fraudulent contracts and exorbi-\\ntant charges. Enormous fortunes were thus accu-\\nmulated.\\nAfter the defeat of General Braddock several\\nIndian tribes, who had formerly been friendly to the\\nEnglish, were won over to the French, and on Jan-\\nuary 10, 1757, a delegation from the Flathead Indians\\narrived at Detroit to hold a conference with M. de\\nMuy in regard to uniting against the English.\\nA dispatch sent from Fort Duquesne, about this\\ntime, given in the Pennsylvania Archives, says\\nM. de Vaudreuil adopted all possible measures to enable M.\\nDumas to make a good defence. He has sent him an abundant\\nsupply of all sorts of ammunitions, by a detachment of three hun-\\ndred Canadians, who, with the garrison and the Detroit militia,\\nthat will be near enough to go to his assistance, will compose a\\nforce of twelve to fifteen hundred men, exclusive of the Indians,\\nwho are quite numerous.\\nOn July 12. 1757, M. Vaudreuil WTote to M. de\\nMoras from Montreal\\nI have already written several letters to the commandants of\\nDetroit and Illinois, to put themselves at that moment in a con-\\ndition to transmit at the opening of navigation, for the victualling\\nof the posts on the beautiful river, the largest quantity of provi-\\nsions of all descriptions that they could spare, by restricting the\\nsettlers to their mere subsistence.\\nIn the fall of this year, on November 12, 1757, a\\nparty of three hundred Canadians and Indians, going\\nby way of Niagara, fell upon the German settlers or\\nPalatines on the Mohawk Flats, killed forty, took\\none hundred and fifty captives, and carried off an\\nimmense quantity of goods and livestock. From\\nwhat sources this party was gathered is unknown,\\nbut there are several reasons for believnng that at\\nleast a portion of the force went from Detroit.\\nBy this time the English had determined to make\\na second attempt to capture Fort Duquesne, and on\\nOctober 15, 1758, an attack was made by Major\\nGrant. He was repulsed, but on the 28th of the\\nfollowing month General Forbes captured the fort,\\nthough only after it had been fired and abandoned\\nby the French, who retreated to Detroit. A new\\nfort, called Fort Pitt, was at once erected by the\\nEnglish. It was probably their success at Fort\\nDuquesne that inspired the attempt to capture\\nDetroit. Brief mention of this attempt is made in\\none of the publications of the Quebec Literary and\\nHistorical Society. The record says\\nSieur de Rellestre, having heard that the enemy were marching,\\nput himself at the head of the Hurons and other Indians to give\\nan attack to the advance guard, which he defeated. The Hurons\\ngave signs enough of their bravery and made about twenty pris-\\noners, but the Ottawas disgraced themselves in scalping all those\\nthe French had killed.\\nThe English ne.xt turned their attention to the cap-\\nture of Niagara, and preparations were therefore\\nmade by the French at Detroit to send pro\\\\isions\\nthither by way of the Beautiful River, as the Ohio\\nwas then called. This plan, approved at first, was\\nafterwards set aside because the provisions, as one of\\nthe French officers sarcastically said, were required\\nfor the private and invincible trade of some person\\nin that very post itself. The same officer, who had\\nprobably been stationed at Niagara, says, In the\\nspring of 1759 one hundred and fifty militia, almost\\nall belonging to Fort Duquesne, and who had win-\\ntered at Detroit, were also detained under pretext\\nof the necessity of making a ditch around the stock-\\nade fort, which tumbled down immediately.\\nOn March 30, 1759, Governor Vaudreuil wrote\\nfrom Montreal to M. Berryer:\\nAs I am aware of the designs of the English against Niagara, I\\nwrite M. de Ligneris that, supposing that place to be really be-\\nsieged, M. Pouchot will retain under his orders three hundred\\nCanadians whom I had designed for the Keautiful River, and that,\\naccording as he will find it necessary-, he will call to his assistance\\nall the forces from Detroit and other posts, whom I have ordered\\nto reiidezvous at Presqu Isle.\\nColonel Bellestre was at Detroit in May, only\\nwaiting for orders from Pouchot to go to his relief\\nat Niagara. On July 24 a body of twelve hundred\\nmen, from here and elsewhere, attempted to reinforce\\nthat post, but were all captured or dispersed, and\\nthe next day the post was surrendered.\\nThe capitulation of Niagara cut off communica-\\ntion with the French posts at Venango, Presque\\nIsle, and Le Boeuf, w-hich were blown up, their\\ngarrisons retiring to Detroit.\\nThe great number of troops thus concentrated\\nhere occasioned a scarcity of provisions. Meat\\nwithout bread or corn was distributed to the\\ntroops, and there was much distress. These diffi-\\nculties were finally overcome, and early in June,\\n1760, more French troops were sent hither, and\\nwith them were sent all the provisions, artillery.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "54\\nTHE FRENCH AND ENGLISH WARS.\\nammunition, and merchandise that could be stored\\naway in the bateaux. From this time Detroit\\nbecame the great depot and stronghold of the West.\\nMeanwhile, on January 27, the English forces\\nhad landed near Quebec, and on September 8,1760,\\nCanada was surrendered to the English. On the\\nne.\\\\t day Governor audreuil wrote a letter to be\\ndelivered to the commandant at Detroit, in which\\nhe stated that the conditions of capitulation were\\nparticularly advantageous to Detroit; that all per-\\nsons, even the soldiers, were to retain their property,\\nreal and personal, including their peltries. The\\nsoldiers were to be allowed to delegate to some resi-\\ndent the care of their property, or to sell to either\\nFrench or English or they might take with them\\nall portable property. They were to lay down their\\narnis, and agree not to serve again during the war.\\nOn September 13 Major Robert Rogers, with two\\nhundred rangers in fifteen boats, was sent from\\nMontreal to take possession of Detroit and other\\nwestern posts. He journeyed by way of the St.\\nLawrence and the Lakes. On his arrival at Presque\\nIsle, he was joined by Captain Croghan and the\\nRoyal Americans under Captain Campbell. One\\ndivision, under Captain Brewer, with a drove of\\nforty o.xen, took the land route. The division under\\nRogers, which went by water, had a very disagree-\\nable journey, the waves breaking over the boats and\\nmaking their progress both difficult and dangerous.\\nOn November 7, in a cold, drizzling rain, they\\nlanded near Grand River, where they were met by\\nPontiac, who demanded how they dared enter his\\ncountry without permission. Rogers replied that he\\ncame to drive out the French, who prevented peace\\nbetween them. Pontiac warned him that he should\\nstand in his path till the next morning. A formal\\ncouncil was held at that time, the pipe of peace was\\nsmoked, and then Pontiac accompanied Rogers on\\nhis journey. When still some distance from the\\nmouth of the Detroit, Rogers sent a letter notifying\\nBellestre, the commandant at Detroit, of his ap-\\nproach. On his arrival at a small stream near the\\nhead of Lake Erie, .several Huron chiefs informed\\nhim that four hundred Indians were collected at the\\nmouth of the Detroit, at the instigation of Bellestre,\\nto oppose his passage. The Indians, however,\\nreturned to Detroit without troubling him, and soon\\nafter Rogers received a letter from P.eliestre asking\\nfor a copy of the capitulation and the letter of Vau-\\ndreuil containing instructions regarding it. The\\ndocuments were forwarded by Captain Campbell,\\nand Rogers pushed on towards the fort. When\\nwithin half a mile, he received a message from Bel-\\nlestre surrendering the fort. Lieutenants Leslie and\\nMcCormick, with thirty-six Royal Americans, were\\nsent to take possession, and on November 29, 1760,\\nDetroit passed into the hands of the English.\\nThe French garrison, at the time of the surrender,\\nconsisted of three officers and thirty-five privates\\nthere were also seventeen English prisoners in the\\nfort. The French soldiers were sent to Philadelphia\\nand from there returned to France. On December\\n2, 1760, Captain Campbell wrote to Colonel H.\\nBoquet:\\nThe inhabitants seem very happy at the change of government,\\nbut they are in great want of everything. The fort is\\nmuch better than we expected. It is one of the best stockades I\\nhave seen, but the Commandant s house and what belongs to the\\nKing is in bad repair.\\nOn December 9 Major Rogers left for Mackinaw,\\nbut on account of the ice in the St. Clair River, he\\nreturned on the 21st. On December 23, lie de-\\nparted for Pittsburgh, leaving Detroit in command\\nof Captain Campbell.\\nSome of the Indians were pleased to see Detroit\\nin possession of the English, but others, among them\\nthe Senecas and the Wyandotts, in June, 1761, con-\\nspired to murder the garrison, but the attempt was\\nunsuccessful.\\nRealizing that it was desirable to hold a council\\nwith the western tribes. Sir William Johnson, who\\nwas superintendent of the northern Indian tribes,\\narranged to go to Detroit, leaving Fort Jtjhnson\\n(now Johnstown, New York) on July 5, 1761,\\naccompanied by his son, John Johnson, his nephew.\\nLieutenant Guy Johnson, Captain Andrew Montour,\\nand a few Mohawks and Oneidas. At Niagara, on\\nJuly 25, they were joined by Major Gladwin, with\\nGage s Light Infantry. Gladwin left Niagara on\\nthe 1 2th, and on August 19 Johnson followed with\\nthe Royal Americans, commanded by Ensigns\\nSlosser and Holmes, and a company from New\\nYork commanded by Lieutenant Ogden. On Sep-\\ntember 2 they arrived at the entrance to the Detroit\\nRiver, and encamped opposite Bois Blanc Island.\\nSeptember 3 they reached Detroit, and were wel-\\ncomed by a discharge from the cannon at the fort.\\nSir William was lodged in the house which had\\nbeen occupied by Bellestre, the best there was in the\\nplace. On Saturday the officers of the fort, among\\nthem Colonel du Ouesne, dined vi ith him. By this\\ntime the Indians began to assemble, and he com-\\nmenced to distribute the presents he had brought.\\nOn W ednesday. the 9th, he ordered seats out doors\\nfor a council, as there was no house half large\\nenough. The cannon fired at ten o clock as a\\nsignal for the Indians to assemble, and they did not\\nbreak up until five o clock in the afternoon. On the\\nnth another council was held, and attended by over\\nfive hundred Indians. On the 13th, the final council\\nwas called, and on the 14th Sir William invited all\\nthe principal inhabitants to dine with him. Three\\ndays later he left Detroit.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVIII.\\nTHE CONSriRACV OF TONTIAC.\\nThe transfer of the western posts from the French\\nto the English did not please the Indians.\\nThe French had given the Indians very substan-\\ntial tokens of their friendly feeling, and the Indians\\nhad learned to respect them and their power. An\\nexperience of three years taught them that the Eng-\\nlish gave but few presents, and these at irregular\\nintervals, and that the English fur-traders paid too\\nlittle for their furs and charged too much for goods.\\nBecause of these grievances, Pontiac, the Ottawa\\nchief, formed the design of relieving the entire West\\nof the presence of the English. In the latter part\\noi 1762 he commenced to enlist various tribes in\\nhis project; and on April 27, 1763, at a council of\\nOttawas, Potowatamies, and Ilurons, held at Ecorce,\\nhis conspiracy was planned. He secured the co-\\noperation of several tribes, and some of the French\\ninhabitants promised their aid.\\nIn pursuance of his plans, about three o clock in\\nthe afternoon of May i, Pontiac came to pay a visit\\nto the fort. As he was in the habit of coming to\\nthe fort occasionally, no suspicions would have been\\naroused if he had come alone but on this occasion\\nhe brought with him the unusual number of forty\\nwarriors, and was consequently refused admittance.\\nFinally he was admitted with about a dozen of his\\nfollowers, who strolled through the narrow streets,\\nwhile the rest of the warriors amused the soldiers\\nby dancing the pipe-dance outside the gate. Having\\ncompleted his inspection of the fort and its defences,\\nPontiac retired. On the ne.xt day he summoned the\\nIndians to a council, to be held May 5, at the Poto-\\nwatamie village, to arrange details for the attack.\\nFrom this council all the women were excluded, and\\nsentinels were placed about the village to prevent\\nany betrayal of their plans.\\nThree days after, while visiting the Ottawa village,\\nthe wife of M. St. Aubin noticed several of the\\nIndians filing off their gims. On her return to the\\nfort she mentioned this fact to the blacksmith, who\\nconfirmed her fears by telling her that several\\nIndians had recently been trying to borrow saws\\nand files for purposes they did not seem willing to\\nexplain. The attention of C.ladwin was at once\\ncalled to these facts, but he did not seem to think\\nthem indications of evil. In the afternoon of the\\nnext day, however, an Ottawa Indian, named Mohi-\\ngan, came to the fort, sought an interview with the\\ncommander, and exposed the plot. The Pontiac\\nManuscript, an ancient French document written at\\nthis time, and found manj years after in the garret\\nof an old French house, between the plate and the\\nroof, makes no mention of any other informant, but\\nother annals say that an Ojibway girl, of great\\nbeauty, known by the name of Catherine, for whom\\nGladwin had formed an attachment, told him that\\nPontiac and sixty of his chiefs were coming to the\\nfort for the pretended purpose of holding a council\\ntheir guns, which had been cut short, were to be\\nconcealed under their blankets and, on Pontiac s\\noffering a peace-belt of wampum in a reversed posi-\\ntion, the warriors were to fall on the garrison.\\nEarly in the morning on the day after the plot\\nhad been revealed, fifteen Ottawa warriors came to\\nthe fort, and were noticeably anxious to ascertain\\nthe location of the English trading stores. Having\\nbeen warned in time, Gladwin watched their move-\\nments, and at nine o clock the garrison was ordered\\nunder arms. An hour later, when Pontiac with his\\nfollowers reached the fort, he saw at a glance the\\nprobable ruin of his scheme. On either side of the\\ngateway ranks of red-coats stood, their bayonets\\nglistening in the sun, while the polished brass of the\\ncannon told of discipline and preparation. Even\\nthe fur traders and their emploj-ees, standing in\\ngroups at the street corners, were armed to the\\nteeth, and the measured tap of the drum resounded\\non the morning air. Pontiac, however, could not\\ngi\\\\-e up his scheme. Entering by the north gate,\\nabout where the First National Bank is located, he,\\nwith his warriors, moved along the street, silent and\\nstolid, but with war-whoops close at their lips and\\nhatred raging in their hearts.\\nIt was no part of Gladwin s policy to exhibit fear,\\nand all the savages who came were freely admitted.\\nBefore twelve o clock sixty warriors had gathered at\\nthe council-house. This was near the river, south\\nof the present Jefferson avenue and between Gris-\\nwold and Shelby Streets. On reaching the door\\nthey found Gladwin with his officers ready to receive\\nthem, and the observant sons of the forest did not\\nfail to notice that each wore a sword at his side and\\n1=351", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "236\\nTHE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC.\\npistols in his belt. Pontiac and his warriors eyed\\neach other with uneasy glances, and at last the\\nchieftain said, Why do I see so many of my\\nfather s young men standing in the streets with\\ntheir guns? Gladwin, through his interpreter La\\nButte, replied that he had ordered the soldiers under\\narms for the sake of exercise and discipline. The\\nconference then opened, Pontiac, holding in his hand\\nthe wampum belt which was to give the fatal signal,\\nhe commenced by professing strong attachment to\\nthe English, and declared that he had come to smoke\\nthe pipe of peace and brighten the chain of friend-\\nship. In the course of his speech he raised the\\nwampum, as if about to give the signal of attack\\nat that instant Gladwin moved his hand, and im-\\nmediately the clash of arms and the din of drums\\nwere heard at the door. Pontiac stood like one\\nbewildered, till Gladwin, rising, drew aside his\\nblanket, e.xposed the hidden gun, and sternly re-\\nbuked him for his treachery. He then assured the\\nIndians that friendship would be extended towards\\nthem as long as they deserved it, but threatened\\nswift vengeance for the first aggressive act. The\\ncouncil then broke up, and with mingled feelings of\\nsurprise and rage, the Indians retired.\\nPontiac, it is said, suspected the Ojibway girl of\\nrevealing the plot, and sent four Indians to her wig-\\nwam. They seized her, took her before Gladwin,\\nand asked if it was not through her he had learned\\nof the conspiracy. Of course, they obtained no\\nsatisfaction. They w^ere, however, treated to bread\\nand beer, and dismissed. Tradition says that they\\nthen took the girl to Pontiac, who, with his own\\nhands, gave her a severe beating. She lived many\\nyears after, but became intemperate, and while in-\\ntoxicated fell into a kettle of boiling maple-syrup,\\nand was fatally burned.\\nOn the same day that the council was held, Lieu-\\ntenant Robinson, Sir Robert Davers, and two sol-\\ndiers, while taking soundings at the head of St. Clair\\nRiver, were captured by the Indians, and one ac-\\ncount says that the body of Davers was boiled and\\neaten. A letter from Captain Donald Campbell to\\nSir William Johnson, dated Detroit, June 9, 1762,\\nthus alludes to this unfortunate officer: Sir Robert\\nDavers passed the winter with us it was a great\\naddition to our small society. Sir Robert is a very\\naccomplished young gentleman and an excellent\\ncompanion.\\nOn Sunday, May 8, at five o clock in the after-\\nnoon, Pontiac, with sev-eral of the principal chiefs,\\ncame to the fort, bringing a pipe of peace, as though\\nto fully convince the garrison of his friendship and\\nsincerity. The next day, at seven o clock in the\\nThe name of this officer is sometimes given as Davis and some-\\nlimes as Danvers. Davers, however, is probably correct.\\nmorning, six of the Indian warriors came, but see-\\ning the garrison under arms they soon went off.\\nThe same day, about ten o clock, fifty-six canoes,\\nwith seven and eight men in each, crossed the river\\nfrom their camp on the Canada side, coming toward\\nthe fort. The gates were shut at once, and the in-\\nterpreter sent to tell them that not more than fifty\\nor sixty chiefs would be admitted at a time. Pon-\\ntiac told the interpreter to return and say that unless\\nall his people were given free access to the fort,\\nnone of them would enter it and that the English\\nmight stay in their fort, but the Indians would keep\\nthe country. Going to the house of an old English-\\nW Oman named Turnbull, who with her two sons\\nlived on the common and cultivated seven or eight\\nacres, they proceeded to put their threat into execu-\\ntion. The shrieks of the inmates and the yells of\\nthe Indians soon warned those within the fort that\\nthe first blood had been shed at Detroit.\\nThe Indians next proceeded to Hog Island, where\\nthey killed twenty-four cattle belonging to the gar-\\nrison. They also massacred James Fisher, his wife,\\ntwo children, and two soldiers who were on the island.\\nSome accounts say that two of Fisher s children\\nwere carried off as captives, and that four soldiers\\nwere killed, also a man named Goslin and Fisher s\\nservant. In the afternoon Pontiac moved his entire\\ncamp to this side of the river. The number of\\nIndians under his direction at this time is variously\\nestimated at from six hundred to two thousand.\\nVery early in the morning of the loth the savages\\nbegan to fire on the fort and on the vessels Beaver\\nand Gladwin which lay in front of the town. They\\ngathered in large numbers behind sev eral buildings\\noutside of the fort, but within easy range, from\\nwhence they shot into the stockade. The garrison\\nhad but one cannon fit for use this was loaded with\\nred-hot spikes, and fired at the houses behind which\\nthe Indians had gathered the buildings were soon\\nwrapped in flames, and the disconcerted savages\\nfled amid the jeers and cheers of the soldiers.\\nGladwin thought the whole affair but a sudden\\nfreak of temper, which would soon subside and\\nbeing in great want of provisions, he resolved to\\nopen negotiations in order to obtain supplies. The\\ninterpreter, with Messrs. Chapoton and Jacques\\nGodfrey, was dispatched to the camp of Pontiac to\\ndemand the reason of his conduct, and to declare\\nthe commandant s readiness to redress any real\\ngrievance. La Butte and his companions soon came\\nback to the fort, saying that peace might readily be\\nhad by making the Indians a few presents. At Pon-\\ntiac s suggestion. Major Campbell, Lieutenant Mc-\\nDougall, and others went to his camp for the purpose\\nof holding a council with him. M. Gouin warned\\nthem that treachery was meditated, but they con-\\ncluded to go, and paid dearly for their temerity, for", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "THE CONSriRACV OF I ONTIAC.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0dl\\nPontiac at once seized them and detained them as\\nprisoners in the house of M. Meloche. Some of tlie\\nFrench who sympathized with Pontiac advised the\\ngarrison to escape on board the vessels, saying that\\nthe Indians would surely capture the fort. At one\\ntime it looked as though their words wouid prove true,\\nfor the Indians again surroimdcd the stockade, and\\nkept up an incessant firing from morning till night\\nduring the same day the soldiers shot red-hot bolts at\\ntwo barns which afforded shelter to the Indians, and\\nthe buildings were consumed, and at night a party\\nsallied out and burned other houses which had pro-\\ntected the Indians. As a further measure of safety,\\nthe baggage of the garrison was carried aboard the\\nvessels, with the understanding that, at a given sig-\\nnal, they were to sail for Niagara.\\nThe next day, May 13, Mr. Hopkins, captain of a\\nnew com|)any, with forty volunteers, went out and\\nset fire to other houses near the fort, and all e.xcept\\ntwo were burned. As soon as this company re-\\nturned. Lieutenant Hayes with thirty men went out\\nand set fire to two barns behind the fort. On the\\nfollowing day twelve of the most respectable French\\ninhabitants went to Pontiac and besought him to\\nstop the war. The same day a sergeant, with twenty\\nmen, set fire to two more barns. On May 15 an\\nofficer with forty men went out and destroyed a\\nhouse belonging to M. La Butte they also cut down\\norchards and leveled fences until the ground about\\nthe fort was clear and open.\\nMeanwhile the siege went on. Pontiac endea\\\\ ored\\nto prevent supplies from reaching the fort, by warn-\\ning the inhabitants, imder penalty of death, not to\\ncarry provisions there. Had his orders been obeyed,\\nthe garrison would have been compelled to abandon\\nthe post but the friendly services of some of the\\ninhabitants on both sides of the river supplied their\\nwants. M. Baby, a prominent habitant proved him-\\nself a friend in need, providing the garrison with\\ncattle, hogs, and other supplies, which he brought\\nat night from his farm to the fort. There was, how-\\never, pressing need of larger supplies and reinforce-\\nments, and on .May 21 the schooner Gladwin was\\ndispatched to Niagara to hasten their coming.\\nMeanwhile, in order to provide weapons for de-\\nfence, the iron and steel from the warehouse were\\ntaken to the blacksmith, and on May 23 two men\\nbegan to work this material into clubs, lances, and\\nhooks, and though the weapons were rude, there is\\nno doubt that, had they been needed, they would\\nhave done good ser\\\\-ice in the hands of the traders\\nand their employees.\\nAs the siege progressed provisions became every\\nday more scarce, and on May 24 Lieutenant Hay\\nand Judge Le Grand searched all the French houses\\nfor superfluous articles of food. Receipts were given\\nfor what was taken, and all that could be collected\\nwas deposited in the public storehouse. Supplies\\ncould be brought in only from the river-side, and the\\nst)ldiers who went thither for any purpose were con-\\nstantly fired upon by the Indians.\\nOn May 28 the Indians erected a barricade of tim-\\nber on the west side of the town near St. Martin s\\nHouse, in after years known as the Cass House on\\nCass Farm the soldiers discovered it, sallied out,\\nand it was soon destroyed. On May 30 the long-\\nlooked-for and long-delayed boats, with the English\\nflag flying, were seen coming up the river, and the\\nguns of the fort and the cheers of the garrison bade\\nthem welcome. Their joy was of short duration,\\nfor it was soon discovered that the boats were in\\npossession of the savages. They had been captured\\nby the Indians while the detachment was about to\\nencamp at Point Pelee, only two bateau.\\\\ out of ten\\nescaping. One of the two saved contained seven\\nbarrels of pork and a barrel of flour. On the ne.\\\\t\\nday Pontiac s forces were increased by the arrival of\\ntwo hundred Indians from Saginaw. On June 2\\nGladwin received, through an English coureur de\\nbois, a letter sent by Major Campbell, who was still\\nin the hands of the Indians. The letter had been\\ncaptured with the barges the last of May, and was\\nenclosed with one from an officer at Niagara to a\\nfriend at Miami. It said peace had been concluded\\nby the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. This was,\\nindeed, good news, and though there were savages\\noutside, there was joy inside the fort in the evening\\nan instrumental concert was given, and the sentinels\\npaced their rounds with firmer tread.\\nEarly on the morning of June 16, for the first\\ntime since the siege, the Angelus was rung, and the\\nmeasured strokes of the sweet-toned bell, repeated\\nthree times o er, morning, noon, and night, soothed\\nand quieted the inhabitants of the beleaguered town.\\nDuring these days the Indians had surrounded and\\ncaptured Mackinaw, and on June 18 Father du\\nJaunay, a Jesuit priest, brought letters from the\\ncaptured officers telling of the disaster. He left\\nthe fort on June 20, and reached Mackinaw June 30.\\nIn the fort provisions became increasingly scarce,\\nand on June 22 Commissary Hay and the judge\\nmade their fourth round collecting provisions from\\nthe inhabitants. On June 26 several soldiers re-\\nported that two Indians had been seen the previous\\nnight entering a house. Captain Hopkins with\\ntwenty-four men went out and surrounded the\\nhouse, but instead of Indians they found two sows\\nand their pigs. They took them to the fort, the\\nprize being a better one than they had expected to\\nseize.\\nA whole month of anxiety, unrest, and scarcity\\nhad now been experienced but relief was near at\\nhand. On June 30, about four in the afternoon, a\\nschooner arri\\\\-cd with twenty-two men of the Thir-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "^58\\nTHE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC.\\ntieth ReijimeiU, Lieutenant Cuyler and twenty-eight\\nmen of Captain Iluplcins Rangers, together with\\none hundred and fifty barrels of provisions and a\\nquantity of ammunition. The vessels had a narrow\\nescape as tliey passed Presque Isle, now Erie,\\nPennsylvania, that place having been captured by\\nIndians vi ho went from Detroit about June lo. On\\nthe same day that the vessel arrived, Jacques St.\\nMartin with his family sought refuge in the fort.\\nOn July I three oxen, three co\\\\vs, and two calves\\ncame lowing and bleating to the gateway, the\\nIndians from whose camp they had escaped chasing\\nthem as near the fort as they dared. Although the\\nIndians were not welcome, the bovines were, as\\nfresh meat was a rarity. The next day Lieutenant\\nMcDougall, who had been a captive since May lo,\\nescaped, and with three other white men returned\\nto the fort. On the same day Pontiac held a council\\nwith the French inhabitants on both sides of the\\nriver, and tried to compel them to assist him, but\\nthey refused, asserting that they were bound by the\\nterms of the capitulation. Some of the younger\\nmen, however, offered their aid, in spite of the oppo-\\nsition of the older liabitajis, but Pontiac was pre-\\nvailed upon to refuse their services. On July 3 M.\\nBaby, with his family and goods, sought refuge in\\nthe fort, and on the same day the commandant\\ncalled the people together, and read the Articles of\\nPeace concluded between the French and the Eng-\\nlish.\\nThe next day the French were organized into a\\ncompany of militia they selected Mr. Sterling for\\ntheir commander, and were provided with arms and\\nammunition. The same day a party, led by Lieu-\\ntenant Hay, started for M. Baby s house to get\\nsome powder and lead which had been left there.\\nMeeting the nephew of an Ojibway chief, one of\\nthe men killed him, tore off his scalp, and shook it\\ntowards the enemy whereupon his uncle ran to Mr.\\nMeloche s house, where John Campbell was con-\\nfined, seized him, bound him to a fence, and killed\\nhim with arrows, afterwards cutting off his head,\\nand tearing out and eating his heart. This incident\\nawakened renewed fear of a long siege, and on July\\nS many of the principal inhabitants brought their\\ngoods within the fort for safe keeping one of them,\\nMr. Maisonville, brought over five boatloads, con-\\ntaining ten thousand pounds of furs and lead.\\nMajor Gladwin had a poor opinion of some of the\\ninhabitants. In a letter to General Amherst he\\nsays, I dare say that before long we shall see that\\nhalf of the colonists deserve the gibbet and that the\\nother half be dispersed. However, there are a few\\nhonest men among them, M. Navarre and the\\ntwo Babys, and my interpreters St. Martin and La\\nButte.\\nBeing disappointed in their efforts to starve out\\nthe garrison, the Indians sought to burn the vessels\\nanchored in the river, through which supplies were\\nobtained. They fitted up a raft with fagots of\\nbirch-bark and tar, and on July 10 pushed it into the\\nmiddle of the stream, and set it on fire, but the ves-\\nsels sheered sff, and no damage was done. They\\nthen shot burning arrows into the stockade, which\\nlodged on the houses and set them on fire. The\\nfires were extinguished, but so great and so continu-\\nous was their danger that for many weeks the garri-\\nson slept in their clothes with their arms by their\\nside.\\nFrom time to time during the progress uf tlic\\nsiege the two vessels under Gladwin s command\\nsailed down the river, discharging shot into the\\nIndian villages. Finally the Wyandotts and Poto-\\nwatamies, wearied with hostilities, sought for peace\\nand on their returning the captives in their posses-\\nsion, peace was made with them. Soon after, on\\nJuly 29, twenty-two barges arrived with two hundred\\nand eighty men from the Fifty-fifth and Eightieth\\nRegiments, including twenty independent Rangers\\ncommanded by Major Robert Rogers of New\\nHampshire the vessels also brought several cannon\\nand a large amount of provisions, the whole in\\ncliarge of Captain Dalyell. The barracks were too\\nsmall to accommodate so large a force, and the\\nsoldiers were quartered among the inhabitants.\\nCaptain Dalyeil, who had been a companion of\\nIsrael Putnam in many daring exploits, besought of\\nCampbell the privilege of attacking the Indians in\\ntheir camp. Campbell opposed the plan, but finally\\ngave a reluctant consent, and on July 31, at two\\no clock in the morning, with two hundred and fifty\\nmen in three detachments, Dalyell marched up the\\nriver road, supported by two large bateaux armed\\nwith a swivel.\\nThrough treachery Pontiac had been informed of\\nCaptain Dalyell s plan, and with his warriors was\\nlying in ambush at Parent s Creek, near a narrow\\nwooden bridge which then spanned the creek, a\\nlittle south of the present Jefferson Avenue. As\\nDah ell s force neared the bridge, the Indians com-\\nmenced to fire. The soldiers charged across the\\nbridge, but their foes were concealed from view-.\\nThe Indians had every advantage, and the force, led\\nby Captain Grant, retreated. While trying to save\\na wounded soldier, Dalyell himself was shot dead.\\nMeantime, Captain Rogers took possession of the\\nhouse of Mr. Campau, near the river, between what\\nis now Dubois and Chene Streets on Private Claim\\nNo. 91, or the James Campau Farm. Communica-\\ntion was soon established with the fort, reinforce-\\nments obtained, and about six hours after their\\ndeparture the detachment returned, with a loss of\\ntwenty-one men, of whom three were taken captive\\nand eighteen killed thirty-eight were wounded.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY OF POXTIAC.\\n239\\nTradition says that an old whitewood tree, standing\\non the south side of Jefferson Avenue, just beyond\\nAdair Street and the works of the Michigan Stove\\nCompany, was- a silent witness of the terrible\\nslaughter of that early morning, and the tree for\\nmany years has been called The Pontiac Tree.\\nThe body of Captain Ualyell, shockingly mutil-\\nated, was brought to the fort by young Mr. Campau,\\nabout three o clock in the afternoon of August i.\\nIt was buried in the King s Oarden. and as late as\\n1824 a gravestone erected to his memory was stand-\\ning in the grounds.\\nOther officers slain at\\nthe time were also\\nburied there. When\\nWoodbridge Street was\\nopened, some of the\\nbodies were taken up\\nand placed in a Pro-\\ntestant churchyard on\\nWoodward Avenue.\\nWhat afterwards be-\\ncame of them is un-\\nknown.\\nSi.\\\\ days after the\\nbattle of Bloody Bridge\\na schooner arrived with\\neighty barrels of pro\\\\ i-\\nsions, a large quantity\\nof naval stores, and\\nsome merchandise.\\nWhile on the way the\\ncrew were attacked by\\nsome Indians and near-\\nly overpowered, but fin-\\nally escaped. On Aug-\\nust 13 the schooner\\nGladwin and sloop\\nBeaver were sent to\\nprocure troops and sup)-\\nplies. While on their\\nway back, on August 28, the sloop was wrecked\\nat Catfish Creek, on Lake Erie. Her guns were\\nlost and all her cargo except one hundred and\\neighty-five barrels, which were sa\\\\ed by the Glad-\\nwin.\\nOn August 29 two keys were found in the street\\nat Detroit, one of which fitted the small gate of the\\nfort. Treachery was feared, but these fears were\\nnot realized. The fall found the fort still besieged,\\nthough the Indians were greatly scattered, as they\\nhad neither provisions nor shelter. On September\\n3 they burned a windmill about three hundred yards\\nfrom the fort. Two days later the Gladwin arrived\\nwith forty-seven barrels of flour and one hundred\\nand sixty barrels of pork. She had left Niagara the\\nlast of August, with a captain, a crew of eleven men,\\nThe PoNTi.\\\\c Tkee.\\nand six Mohavi-k Indians. On September 3, in the\\nmorning, she entered the river, where she was\\nattacked by about three hundred and fifty Indians.\\nThe crew defended themselves bravely, defeated the\\nIndians, and reached Detroit in safety.\\nThe following letter from Captain Gladwin is of\\nspecial interest, as it evidently refers to this particu-\\nlar attack. The English distrust of the French, so\\nprevalent in that day. is manifested by no uncertain\\nwords. The captain says\\nDetroit, Oclobcr 7, 1763.\\nDear Sir,\\nWhat with business, vex-\\nation, and disapptiintment, I\\nhave scarce had time to think\\nof any friend, much less to\\nwrite to them, therefore I\\nhope you will excuse my si-\\nlence. I came hither much\\nagainst my will, foreseeing\\nwhat would happen I am\\nbrought into a scrape, and\\nleft in it; things are expected\\nof rae that can t be performed;\\nI could wish I had quitted the\\nser\\\\-ice seven years ago, and\\nthat somebody else command-\\ned here. I shall say nothing\\nin regard to our affairs, as\\nyou will hear enough of it be-\\nlow but I enclose you some\\npapers concerning the scoun-\\ndrel inhabitants of Detroit,\\nand the destruction of the\\noutposts,which, perhaps, may\\namuse you for half an hour.\\nDaniel delivered me your\\nletter to Captain Dalyell,\\nwhich I took the liberty to\\nopen, knowing it concerned\\nthe service; I find the Indians\\n(Mohawks) to be very faith-\\nful and ready to do anything\\nthey are desired the French\\nattempted to blacken them\\nby insinuating that they be-\\ntrayed the vessel, but I since\\nfind that two scoundrel\\nFrenchmen, that went on\\nboard to sell greens, set the Indians upon the attempt.\\nI hope I shall have the pleasure of seeing you soon, either here\\nor below, but I would choose the latter. I am with the greatest\\nesteem, Dear Sir,\\nYour most humble servant,\\nHenry Gladwin.\\nOn October 3 a schooner arrived with one hun-\\ndred and eighty-five barrels of proxisions, and early\\nin the month Major Wilkins, with six hundred\\ntroops, left Niagara to relieve Detroit, but was at-\\ntacked by the Indians and forced to return. The\\nforce again started, but a storm on Lake Erie caused\\nthe loss of sixteen out of forty-six bateaux, three\\nofficers, and seventy men, together with fifty-two\\nbarrels of provisions and other stores, and again the\\ntroops were forced to return to Niagara. News of\\nthe last disaster was contained in a letter from", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "240\\nTHE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC.\\nMajor Wilkins to Gladwin, brought, concealed in\\nhis po\\\\.vdcr-horn, the middle of November, by a\\nfriendly Wyandotte Indian.\\nThe Indians had evidently learned that Major\\nWilkins with a strong force was on his way to De-\\ntroit, and on October 1 2 a chief of the Mississauguas\\ncame to the fort, ostensibly to sue for peace. A\\ntruce was then agreed upon, and Gladwin made use\\nof it to gather provisions for the winter, of which\\nthe garrison was in great need. During the seven\\nweeks previous to October 19 the soldiers had re-\\nceived but five pounds of flour and one half gallon\\nof wheat each per week.\\nOn October 29 M. Dequindre brought to Pontiac\\na letter from M. Neyon, the French commandant at\\nFort Chartres on the Mississippi, dated September\\n27, saying that he would give him no help and on\\nthe ne.xt day he brought a letter to the fort giving\\nthe same information. Soon after most of the In-\\ndians left the vicinity, and as the winter was coming\\non, and supplies for the garrison were uncertain.\\nMajor Gladwin decided to reduce his force to two\\nhundred and twelve inen, as that was as many as\\nhe could take care of. The rest were sent to Niag-\\nara, where they arrived on the 27th of November.\\nThe winter passed away without excitement of any\\nkind. On the evening of March 1 1 an attempt was\\nmade, probably by some traitor, to fire the maga-\\nzine, but the brand fortunately went out without\\naccomplishing its purpose.\\nOn June 4 His Majesty s birthday was celebrated\\nby the discharge of three volleys from the troops\\nand three discharges from the cannon. His health\\nwas drunk on parade by all the officers, and several\\nFrenchmen who were invited guests, and at night\\nthe town was illuminated.\\nOn June 28 the schooner Victory arrived from\\nNiagara in company with a new schooner, the Bos-\\nton. As the fort and settlement were still in dan-\\nger. General (iage, the commander-in-chief, resolved\\nto chastise the Indians by carrying the war into their\\nown country. Two expeditions were therefore fitted\\nout, one, under Colonel Boquet, to proceed by way\\nof Fort Pitt against the Indians between the Ohio\\nand the Lakes and the other, under Colonel Brad-\\nstreet, to proceed against the Northern Indians by\\nway of Lakes Erie and Ontario to Detroit. Brad-\\nstreet s forces assembled at Albany, they consisted\\nof three hundred Canadians and nine hundred colo-\\nnial troops, two hundred and nineteen of the num-\\nber from Connecticut, and commanded by Major-\\nGeneral Israel Putnam. They reached Niagara the\\nlast of June. His force was there joined by three\\nhundred Iroquois, under Sir John Johnson and Henry\\nMontour, and by nearly one hundred Ojibways and\\nMississauguas, under the command of Alexander\\nHenry. These last soon became disaffected and\\nleft. The army reached Detroit on August 26, 1 764^\\nbringing provisions and clothing, and the garrison,\\nwhich had been confined to the ramparts for fifteen\\nmonths, was now relieved. Their joy was so great\\nthat for the time being militar\\\\ discipline was almost\\nlost sight of. Chests and bales were eagerly opened,\\nnew suits donned, and the dangers of the past were\\nforgotten in the delights of security and plenty.\\nBradstreet s force was the largest body of troops\\nthat had ever been seen at Detroit and when the\\nscores of bateaux and barges thronged the river, and\\nthe troops landed with all the pomp of military dis-\\nplay, colors flying, bugles blowing, and drums\\nbeating, the Indians were at once so overwhelm-\\ningly convinced of the power of the English that\\nthey made no further resistance to their domina-\\ntion and were no longer to be counted as the allies\\nof the French. On August 30, by order of the\\ncommandant, all the inhabitants over fifteen years of\\nage appeared to renew their oath of allegiance. The\\nnext day Gladwin was relieved .of his command, and\\nwent east the day following.\\nOn September 7 a council was held, and a treaty\\nof peace concluded with several of the tribes. The\\nnext day Captain Howard and Alexander Henry,\\nwith three hundred Canadians, left for Mackinaw.\\nBradstreet inquired about and punished such of the\\nCanadians as had aided the Indians. Some of\\nthem, however, did not await the result of his\\ninquiries, but fled before his arrival.\\nAmong those whom Bradstreet proposed to pun-\\nish even by hanging was Jacques Godfrey; but\\non his promising to act as guide for Captain Morris,\\nin an expedition to the Illinois Indians, he was\\nreleased. He accompanied Captain Morris on his\\ntrip, saved his life several times, and returned with\\nhim to Detroit on .September 17, the mission ha\\\\ing\\naccomplished nothing. Three days before their re-\\nturn, General Bradstreet set out for Sandusky, leaving\\nbehind seven companies of soldiers as a reinforce-\\nment for the garrison. He remained at Sandusky\\nuntil October 18, when he embarked his forces for\\nNiagara. When near Rocky River, on Lake Erie,\\na storm arose, which destroyed twenty-five of the\\nbateaux and most of the baggage and ammunition.\\nThe soldiers were consequently obliged to go by\\nland they struggled through the wilderness, suffer-\\ning great hardships, and some of them did not\\nreach Niagara until the last of December, 1764.\\nIn February, 1765, Captain George Croghan,\\naccompanied by Lieutenant Frazer and a small\\nguard, was sent west by Sir William Johnson to\\ndistribute presents to the Indians, and thus prepare\\nthe way for the coming of English troops. Near\\nthe mouth of the Wabash Croghan and his party\\nwere made prisoners by the Kickapoos, and taken to\\nVincennes, and from there to Ouatanon, where", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "THE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC.\\n241\\nCroghan found friends, and their captivity ended.\\nWhile on his way to visit Fort Cliartres, by invitation\\nof the commandant, Croghan met Pontiac, and con-\\ncluded a treaty of peace. He then gave up the\\nvisit to Chartres, and with Pontiac started for\\nDetroit, where they arrived August 17, 1765, and\\non September 26 Croghan left for Niagara. His\\ntreaty with Pontiac ended the war Detroit alone of\\nall the western posts had held out against the\\nIndians until peace was thus declared.\\nIn the spring of 1769 the Indians again became\\ntroublesome, and there was much alarm at Detroit;\\nas another war seemed imminent, the traders did\\nnot venture west, and the inhabitants began to\\nfortify.\\nConciliatory measures were, however, adopted\\nthe Indians proved more docile, and from this time,\\nunder British rule, there was in Detroit but little feat\\nof trouble with the Indians.\\nPONTIAC S CONSHKAtV KeVEALEU, AS KeI-KESENTEU UN THE PaI.NTI.NC UV M. Sx.mi.EV.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIX.\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS AND FIRST AMERICAN\\nOCCUPATION OF DETROIT. FRENCH AND SPANISH INTRIGUES.\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nWhen the war of independence began in the\\nEast, its effects were immediately felt in Detroit.\\nMartial law was established in this region and in all\\nthe British provinces, by proclamation of Guy Carl-\\nton, on June 9, 1775, and deliberate and remorseless\\nplans were made for Indian fora\\\\ S from this post.\\nThe Government feared that the rebel settlers in\\nthe West would .seek to aid their brother colonists\\nof the East and the South and they especially\\ndreaded an attack upon Detroit by the brave pioneers\\non the Ohio and in Western Virginia. The English\\nknew well the importance of this place, as the gate-\\nway of the West, and they lost no time in availing\\nthemselves of the help of their Indian allies in their\\nefforts to retain their western possessions. In order\\nthe more effectually to interest the savages and\\nsecure their co-operation, the office of lieutenant-\\ngovernor and superintendent was created for the\\nthree posts of Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Vincen-\\nnes. This office did not e.xist in the West except\\nat the three posts named, and it was unknown prior\\nto and ceased with the close of the war of the revo-\\nlution. Captain Henry Hamilton, of the Fifteenth\\nRegiment, was appointed for Detroit, Patrick Sin-\\nclair for Michilimackinac, and Edward Abbott for\\nVincennes.\\nIt has been said that Hamilton was appointed\\nunder the Quebec Act by Governor Carlton, and\\nthat various military officers, including the com-\\nmandant at Mackinaw, were under him, and that he\\nhad charge of the entire Northwest but none of\\nthese statements are correct. The Ouebec Act con-\\ntained no provisions that could have any bearing on\\nthis office. All three of the appointments were made\\nby the Earl of Dartmouth, the colonial secretary, and\\nthe appointees were to act under instructions from\\nthe commander-in-chief of the Province of Ouebec.\\nGovernor Sinclair claimed the perquisites of his post\\nfrom May i, 1775, and it is probable that all three\\nappointments were made on that date.\\nGovernor Hamilton left Montreal for Detroit in\\nSeptember, and arrived here on November 9, 1775.\\nThe position of lieutenant-governor was deemed a\\ndesirable one, for Mr. Hay, who succeeded Hamil-\\n[242I\\nton, claimed to have paid a large amount for his\\ncommission. The sequel proved that it was not\\nworth as much as had been supposed. Consider-\\nable rents were received from lands and lots claimed\\nby the Crown, and it was also a common custom for\\nthe Indians to send presents of game to the governor\\non their return from the chase he received also\\nsome portion of their har\\\\ ests. Both Governor Ham-\\nilton and Colonel De Peyster, who succeeded him\\nas acting lieutenant-governor, received and made\\nuse of these perquisites, but, much to their chagrin,\\nthey were called upon to account for them to the\\nGovernment. Colonel De Peyster, in a letter dated\\nNovember 21, 1782, strongly objected to this claim,\\non the ground that he had saved the Government\\nat least ten thousand pounds, and that if he was\\nrequired to refund the rents received at Detroit, it\\nwould be greatly to his damage, as he had lived\\nup to them in support of the dignity of a Briti.sh\\ncommandant. The Government, however, perse-\\nvered in the demand.\\nThe powers of these quasi governors could be\\nexercised only over the inhabitants of their posts\\nand the Indians who were in the habit of resorting\\nthither, and were extremely vague. As Lieutenant-\\nGovernor Cramahe expressed it, the wording of their\\ncommission must have escaped some person young\\nin office. While the general intent seems to ha\\\\ e\\nbeen understood, some of their claims were con-\\ntinually and successfully disputed by the local\\ncommandants, between whom and the lieutenant-\\ngovernors at Detroit and Mackinaw quarrels were\\nvery frequent. General Haldimand. in one of his\\nletters to Governor Hamilton, confessed that the\\npowers connected with the offices of commandant\\nand governor were unhappily blended, but both\\ncommandants and lieutenant-governors were en-\\njoined, for the good of the service, to do their utmost\\nto promote harmony. Governor Hamilton, in a letter\\nwritten August 12, 1778, complained that he had be-\\ncome almost a cypher through this conflict of au-\\nthority; and General Haldimand, on August 20, 1779,\\nwrote to Governor Sinclair, I have ever viewed the\\nsituation of lieutenant-governor of the posts as\\nawkward, and productive of misunderstanding.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n243\\nThe office does not seem to have required great\\nability, and none is known to have been manifested\\nby either of the appointees. The lieutenant-governor\\nwas not sent to administer justice, and any powers\\nof that kind were an afterthought, and conferred\\nmerely for the sake of convenience. That the office\\nwas not a local necessity is shown by the fact that\\nLieutenant-Governor Abbott left his post early in\\n177S, arriving with his family at Detroit on March 7\\nof that year he stated that he could not be of any\\nser\\\\ ice at Vincennes, as there were no goods in the\\nplace for the Indians. Governor Hamilton left his\\npost to go on a foray; Colonel De Peyster, who\\nsucceeded him, filled the positions both of lieutenant-\\ngovernor, and commandant and Governor Sinclair,\\nalthough appointed to Mackinaw in 1775, did not go\\nthere until 1779, after Colonel De Peyster had left.\\nIndeed, it seemed a matter of much indifference\\nwhether or not there was a lieutenant-governor\\nresident at Detroit. Governor Hamilton s real suc-\\nce.ssor, Jehu Hay, was restrained from coming here\\nfor more than a year. He arrived at Quebec the\\nlast of June, 1782, but Colonel De Peyster, then in\\ncommand at Detroit, anticipating his appointment,\\nhad written to General Haldimand asking that he\\nmight be allov\\\\ ed, in case Hay was appointed, to\\nleave the place either before or immediately on his\\narrival, as he did not wish to have anything to do\\nwith Mr. Hay. De Peyster s abilities were so mani-\\nfest and so valuable at Detroit that General Haldi-\\nmand was not willing to displace or displease him.\\nConsequently, after Governor Hay had reached\\nMontreal he was not allowed to go any farther. He\\nwas very indignant that he should be prevented from\\ngoing to Detroit to enjoy his office and emolu-\\nments, but General Haldimand would not yield to\\nhis angry demands, and on several occasions sharply\\nreproved him, and compelled him to retract some of\\nhis utterances. At last on October 30, 1783, Colonel\\nDe Peyster was summoned to Niagara, and three\\ndays later Lieutenant-Governor Hay was ordered to\\nDetroit. He started on his journey, reaching Carl-\\nton Island on November 24 here he was taken\\nseriously ill, and wrote to General Haldimand that\\nhe should go no farther until spring. On December\\n.6, however, though still very ill, he left Carlton\\nIsland, and went back to Montreal. De Peyster\\nlearned of his detention, and on December 8, 1783,\\nwrote from Detroit that the lateness of the season\\nand the se\\\\erity of the weather prevented his depart-\\nure, but he would go as early as the season would\\n1 The Christian name of Governor Hay heretofore has invariably\\nbeen printed John. The mistake evidently arose from the simi-\\nlarity of the words when carelessly wnttcn. His own letters,\\nfiled with the Johnson Manuscripts at Albany, and scores of let-\\nters in the Haldimand Collection at Ottawa, show clearly that his\\nname was Jehu.\\npermit. In the spring Governor Hay recovered,\\nand on July 12, 17S4, arrived at Detroit. Colonel\\nDe Peyster remained until some time in June, and\\npossibly later.\\nBy order of Governor Haldimand the militia at\\nDetroit were disbanded soon after Governor Hay s\\narrival. This officer, when finally allowed to assume\\nthe governorship, found the powers of the office\\nmuch restricted for Haldimand, before giving him\\nleave to go to Detroit, had directed the distribution\\nof the goods for the Indians to be made under the\\ndirection of Sir William Johnson. This order was\\nresented by Governor Hay, but his protests were of\\nno avail. He continued to serve, but claimed that\\nhe was so restricted in his powers that he could not\\ndo for the Indians what was really best. The dis-\\nappointments which he met undoubtedly hastened\\nhis decease. He died at Detroit in August, 1785.\\nGovernor Hamilton, who in the meantime had re-\\nturned to Canada, endeavored to secure the appoint-\\nment of Alexander McKee to the vacant office, but\\nGovernor Henry Hope disapproving, no one was\\nappointed.\\nThe chief duties of the lieutenant-governor evi-\\ndently consisted in distributing goods to the Indians,\\nin order to induce them to make war on the rebels,\\nin fitting out the warriors and encouraging them to\\nkeep on the war path. Nowhere was this work\\nso diligently carried on as at Detroit. Of all the\\nposts west of Montreal and New York, at the time\\nof the Revolution, this was the most important. It\\nwas not only a leading army center, but also the\\nchief naval depot of the West. After August 10,\\n1 776, no vessels were permitted on the Lakes except\\nsuch as were enrolled at Detroit, and armed and\\nmanned by the Crown. It is almost impossible to\\nrealize the extent of English operations in this\\nregion during the progress of the war, and it is cer-\\ntain that no one locality in the East was the field of\\nso many and such, varied manifestations of the strife\\nas were exhibited here. The prominent feature\\nin every scene during that period was scores or\\nhundreds of painted savages, with uplifted toma-\\nhawks, scalping knives in their belts, and fusils, lead,\\nand flints at hand. All the materials for war were\\nsupplied by their white father, and all were to be\\nused against the American rebels. Everything that\\ncould be done to attach the Indians to the ser\\\\ ice of\\nthe King was done in unstinted manner. They\\nwere coaxed with rum, feasted with oxen roasted\\nwhole, alarmed by threats of the destruction of their\\nhunting-ground, and supplied with everything that\\nan Indian could desire. Now one tribe, and now\\nanother, were invited to Detroit for a council, and\\ncouncil followed council in rapid succession, the\\nIndians gathering by thousands at these meetings.\\nAs Captain Bird expressed it in one of his letters.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "244\\nTHE KK\\\\ OLUTIONARV WAR.\\nthe Indians are always cooking or counciling.\\nEmissaries were sent from Detroit to the most dis-\\ntant tribes, to induce them to take up the hatchet\\nIndian agents and interpreters came and went;\\nboats loaded to their utmost capacity with army\\nstores, Indian goods, and trinkets, arrived in num-\\nbers. An extensive shipyard was kept busy building\\nnew vessels and repairing the old. Captains, lieu-\\ntenants, and minor officers thronged the narrow and\\nbusy streets; war-parties were equipped, set out\\nand returned prisoners arrived, were sent below\\nor distributed; scalps were received, counted, and\\nrecorded alarms were raised, disaffection was pun-\\nished and all the events of the East were told over,\\nand many of them duplicated, in revolutionary days\\nat Detroit.\\nThe English officers found it not always fair\\nweather. There were many secret and some open\\nsympathizers with the rebels. Citizens known to\\nbe in sympathy with the Americans were subjected\\nto many annoyances. Garret Graverat, a leading\\nmerchant, w-as compelled to give bail in four hun-\\ndred pounds not to correspond with the Americans\\nor give them aid for the space of a year and a day.\\nJames Sterling and John Edgar, well-known trades-\\nmen, were sent away because they favored the rebel-\\nlion. The last-named was compelled to leave all\\nhis goods, and go to Kaskaskia. Congress, in after\\nyears, gave him two thousand acres of land to\\nhelp make up his losses. Other citizens also were\\nforced to leave. Some were compelled to work on\\nthe fortifications and those who tried to escape\\nwere put in irons by the order of Governor Hamilton.\\nIn one of his letters to General Haldimand, writ-\\nten on January 15, 1778, the governor complained\\nthat his plans were frequently made known, and\\nsaid it was not to be wondered at, when it is con-\\nsidered how many people in the settlement have\\nconnections with the Americans, especially as an\\nIndian, for a gallon of rum, will convey any letter ot\\nintelligence. In another letter, dated August 17,\\nhe said, The few American newspapers which I\\nsend, being of a later date than any from Europe,\\nyou may conceive, have furnished surmises to the\\ndisaffected here not likely to produce agreeable\\neffects. I shall watch and seize the first, however,\\nwho shall dare make a parade of his disloyalty.\\nIn the spring of 1779, after the capture of Gover-\\nnor Hamilton, there was much more trouble with\\nthe rebel sympathizers. Captain Lernoult was\\nauthorized by Captain Brehm, aide-de-camp to Gen-\\neral Haldimand, to apprehend some of these and\\n.send them to Niagara, and to take hostages from\\nothers also to hold court-martials on the ap-\\nproach of an enemy and punish offences with\\ndeath.\\nAbout this time James Cassity, a farmer at Grosse\\nPointe, made himself obno.xious to the king s officers,\\nand the following depositions against him are con-,\\ntained in the Haldimand correspondence. William\\nMiller deposed on July 21, 1779, against Cassity,\\nthat he and William Bostick drank success to the\\nCongress and the American Arms, and said that\\nColonel Clark would soon be in possession of Detroit,\\nthat he was tanning a quantity of leather that he\\nwould not sell until Colonel Clark arrived at Detroit.\\nJohn Loughton, naval store-keeper, deposed that\\nCassity said that Detroit would be in the hands of\\nColonel Clark in si.x months, and declared himself a\\nrebel. John Cornwall said Cassity declared that\\nthere were many in Detroit who wore cockades in\\ntheir hats who thought themselves very good people,\\nbut that, when Colonel Clark came, they would be\\nno better than himself. and that Colonel Butler,\\nwith his scalping crew, would soon meet with their\\ndeserts. Upon this testimony, Cassity was sent\\naway.\\nThe inhabitants of Detroit were thus compelled\\nto leave their homes, and a number of loyalists and\\nrenegades came to settle in the city, among them\\nthose noted semi-savages, Matthew Elliott and\\nJames, Simon, and George Girty.\\nAt one time Governor Hamilton estimated that\\nabout five thousand persons in Detroit would soon\\nbe dependent upon the Government for support.\\nHe was in favor of encouraging settlers to come,\\nhowever, and even proposed, on his anticipated\\nforay, to bring back the colonists and settle them at\\nDetroit, but General Haldimand did not favor this\\nidea. On August 6, 1778, he wrote to Hamilton:\\nI am of opinion that the driving these settlers back\\nupon their brethren whom they would distress by\\nan additional consumption of goods and provisions\\namong them would prove a better measure for His\\nMajesty s interest than inviting them to your post.\\nHe then suggested that those w-ho did come be\\nmade to take arms and e.xert themselves heartily.\\nBecause of their natural antipathy to the English,\\nand of the attitude of the mother country, the French\\ngenerally fav^ored the Americans, aiding them mate-\\nrially in some instances, by conveying information;\\nothers were bribed or threatened into putting on the\\nBritish uniform. Their infiuence over the Indians\\nwas such that their presence was a necessity.\\nColonel De Peyster says, in one of his letters to\\nGeneral Haldimand, Give me leave to assure your\\nExcellency that nothing can be effected from the\\nIndians without troops to head them.\\nA report of Governor Hamilton, made on .August\\n30, 1778, shows that there were then at Detroit four\\nhundred and eighty-two volunteer militia. Those\\nwho went with the Indians were paid from four\\nshillings to sixteen shillings per day, and on the pay-\\nlist the names of the ancestors of many of the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n245\\nFrench families of tlie present day are easily recog-\\nnized. An old ledger, kept by a Detroit firm, has\\none accoimt with tlie significant heading, Men of\\nAbsent Companies, the account evidently being\\nfor goods furnished the families of persons absent\\non some foray with the Rangers, as they were called.\\nThe employment of the Indians by the English\\nGovernment during the Revolutionarj War leaves\\nan ineffaceable stigma on the names of the men\\nwho were then in power. The palliating facts are\\nthat the spirit of the age was different from that of\\nthe present, and that the public mind, during the\\nFrench and English War, had been gradually\\naccustomed to the thought of Indian allies. The\\nwholesale employment, however, of the savages in\\nwars against white settlers was unknown prior to\\nthe Revolution. It is claimed that the American\\nforces also employed them to fight against the\\nEnglish but any such employment was in connec-\\ntion with regular army movements, and even then\\nexceptional. The English, on the contrary, employed\\nall the tribes that could possibly be induced to make\\nwar on the colonists, and nation after nation was\\nsystematically and persistently solicited, urged, and\\nhired to join them, and often allowed and encour-\\naged to make war in their own fashion.\\nThe official correspondence found in the Haldi-\\nmand papers and other documents contains scores\\nand hundreds of letters to prove these statements.\\nA letter from Governor Carlton to Lieutenant-\\nGovernor Hamilton, dated October 6, 1776, contains\\nthis postscript\\nVou must keep the savages in readiness to join me in the spring,\\nor march elsewhere as they may be most wanted.\\nLord George Germain who succeeded the Earl of\\nDartmouth on November 4, 1775, in a letter dated\\nWhitehall. March 26, 1777, and addressed to Gov-\\nernor Cramahe, says\\nIt is His Majesty s resolution that the most vigorous efforts\\nshould be made, and every means employed that Providence has\\nput into His Majesty s hands for crushing the rebellion and\\nrestoring the constitution. It is the King s command that you\\nshould direct Lieutenant Governor Hamilton to assemble as many\\nof the Indians of his district as he conveniently can, and placing\\nproper persons at their head to whom he is to make suitable allow-\\nances, to conduct their parties and restrain them from committing\\nviolence on the well-affected and inoffensive inhabitants, employ\\nthem in making a diversion and exciting an alarm on the frontiers\\nof Virginia and Pennsylvania.\\nAt this remote date we can afford to smile at the\\nkingly assumption that Providence had put the\\nIndians into the hands of the English, to be used\\nin killing and scalping the unfortunate settlers of\\nthe West. Governor Hamilton acknowledged the\\nreceipt of Lord Germain s orders, and claimed that\\nevery possible method had been employed to induce\\nthe Indians to be kind to their prisoners and to\\nbring them in alive, and refrain from their usual\\nbarbarities. How incredible this conception of the\\nsavage character How strange this ignorance of\\nthe necessary relation of cause and effect Scalp-\\ning-knives and scalps, savages and murder\\nThe same sentiments that Lord George Germain\\naddressed to Governor Cramahe were afterwards\\nuttered in Parliament. But no criticism on such\\nwords and the action they sustained can equal that\\npronounced by the celebrated Lord Chatham. In\\nthe Parliament which opened November, 1777, he\\nsaid.\\nBut, my lords, who is the man that, in addition to these dis-\\ngraces and mischiefs of Our army, has dared to aiitliorize andasso-\\nciate to our arms the tomahawk and scalping-knive of the savage,\\nto call into civilized alliance the wild and inhuman savage of the\\nwoods; to delegate to the merciless Indian the defence of disputed\\nrights, and to wage the horrors of his barbarous war against our\\nbrethren My lords, these enormities call aloud for redress and\\npunishment. Unless thoroughly done away it will be a stain on the\\nnational character. It is a violation of the constitution. I believe\\nit is against law.\\nIn reply to Chatham, Lord .Suffolk said, There\\nwere no means which God and nature might have\\nplaced at the disposal of the governing powers to\\nwhich they would not be justified in having recourse.\\nSaid Chatham in reply,\\nMy lords, I am astonished, shocked, to hear such sentiments\\nconfessed; to hear them announced in this House or in this country!\\nprinciples equally unconstitutional, inhuman, and unchristian;\\nMy lords, I did not intend to have encroached again upon your\\nattention, but I cannot repress my indignation. I feel myself\\nimpelled by every duty. We are called upon, as members of this\\nHouse, as men, as Christian men, to protest against such notions,\\nstanding near the throne, polluting the ear of Majesty. That\\nGod and nature have put into our hands I know not what\\nidea that lord may entertain of God and nature, but I know that\\nsuch abominable principles are equally abhorrent to religion and\\nhumanity. What to attribute the sanction of God and nature to\\nthe massacres of the Indian scalping-knife To the cannibal-sav-\\nage, torturing, murdering, roasting, and eating literally, my lords,\\neating the mangled victims of his barbarous battles Such horri-\\nble notions shock every precept of religion, divine or natural, and\\nevery generous feeling of humanity. They shock every sentiment\\nof honor. They shock me as a lover of honorable war, and a\\ndetester of murderous barbarity. These abominable principles,\\nand this more abominable avowal of them, demand a most decisive\\nindignation.\\nI call upon that Right Reverend Bench, those holy ministers of\\nthe gospel, and pious pastors of our church I conjure them to\\njoin in the holy work, and vindicate the religion of their God I\\nappeal to the wisdom and law of this learned Bench to defend and\\nsupport the justice of their country I call upon the bishops to\\ninterpose the unsullied sanctity of their lawn, upon the learned\\njudges to interpose the purity of their ermine, to save us from this\\npollution I call upon the honor of your lordships to reverence\\nthe dignity of your ancestors, and to maintain your own I call\\nupon the spirit and humanity of my country- to vindicate the\\nnational character I invoke the genius of the constitution\\nFrom the tapestry that adorns these walls, the immortal ancestor\\nof this noble lord frowns with indignation at the disgrace of his\\ncountry. In vain he led your victorious fleet agaist the boasted\\nArmada of Spain in vain he defended and established the honor,\\nthe liberties, the religion, the Protestant religion, of this country\\nagainst the arbitrary cruelties of Popery and the Inquisition, if", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "246\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nthese more than popish cruelties and inquisitorial practices are let\\nloose among us. To turn forth into our settlements, among our\\nancient connections, friends, and relations, the merciless cannibal,\\nthirsting for the blood of man, woman, and child, against your\\nProtestant brethren, to lay waste their country, to desolate their\\ndwellings, and extirpate their race and name with those horrible\\nhell-hounds of savage war, hell-hounds, I say, of savage war\\nNotwithstanding this energetic and manly protest,\\nthe same methods were continued, and, as before,\\nthe savages were encouraged and paid to continue\\ntheir dreadful work.\\nOn January 15, 1778, Governor Hamilton wrote to\\nGeneral Carlton, The parties sent from hence have\\nbeen generally successful, though the Indians have\\nlost men enough to sharpen their resentment they\\nhave brought in twenty-three prisoners alive, twenty\\nof which they presented to me, and a hundred and\\ntwenty-nine scalps. In another letter, written on\\nSeptember 17, 1778, he stated that since last May\\nthe Indians in this district have taken thirty-four\\nprisoners, seventeen of which they delivered up, and\\neighty-one scalps.\\nIn order to do Governor Hamilton full justice,\\nextracts from letters written by him in April, 1778,\\nare here given but in view of the statements\\nalready quoted, dated both before and after these\\nletters, some of his words seem like mockery. He\\nsays, Many of the war-parties bring in prisoners,\\nand hav e shown a humanity hitherto unpracticed\\namong them. They never fail of a gratuity on every\\nproof of obedience they show in sparing the lives of\\nsuch as are incapable of defending themselves.\\nIn another letter he says, All parties going to war\\nare e.xhorted to act with humanity as the means of\\nsecuring a secure peace when His Majesty shall be\\npleased to order the hatchet to be buried.\\nAt the councils it was a common thing for the\\nIndians to present .scalps to the governor. One of\\nthese presentations is thus reported by De Peyster\\nPresenting si.xteen .scalps, one of the Delaware\\nchiefs said, Listen to your children, the Delawares,\\nwho are now come in to see you at a time they have\\nnothing to apprehend from the enemy, and present\\nyou some dried meat, as we could not have the face\\nto appear before our father empty.\\nAmong the goods regularly kept by merchants\\nfor the Indian trade scalping-knives were prominent.\\nThe writer has .seen the original entry of the sale\\non June 6, 1783, by Macomb Brother to William\\nPark Company of si.xteen gross red-handled\\nscalping-knives at 100.S \u00c2\u00a3^o and on July 22\\nfollowing, there is a charge of twenty-four dozen\\nmore to the same parties. Scalping-knives for\\nsale here was possibly one of the signs on what is\\nnow Jefferson Avenue, in those times that tried\\nmen s souls.\\nBefore the Indians started out on their expedi-\\ntions their tomahawks were dedicated to their mur-\\nderous work by being publicly passed through the\\nhands of the local governor or commandant in the\\ncouncil house, this ceremony signifying in the sym-\\nbolic language of the Indian, We take hold of the\\nsame tomahawk,\\nAt a council on July 3. 1778, Governor Hamilton\\npersonally presented an axe to the chief, saying he\\npresented him an axe for his use to set against\\nthose people who want to possess themselves of\\nyour land. It s the King s command that I put\\nthis axe into your hands to act against his Majesty s\\nenemies. I pray the Master of Life to give you\\nsuccess, as also your warriors, wherever you go with\\nyour father s a.xe.\\nIn a letter to General Haldimand, dated 1 1 a. m.,\\nOctober 3, 1776, he says, Last night the savages\\nwere assembled, when I sung the war-song, and was\\nfollowed by Captain Lernoult and several officers.\\nIt was possibly this very occasion that is thus\\ndescribed by Governor Cass in his appendix to\\nOntwa:\\nIn the year 1776, during the administration of Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor Hamilton at Detroit, a large number of Indian warriors\\nwere assembled in order that they might be induced to co-operate\\nwith the British in the war which had then commenced. They\\nwere drawn up in two lines, extending from the river to the woods;\\ntheir kettles and fires were between the lines. An ox was killed,\\nand his head cut off a large tomahawk was then struck into the\\nhead, and thus loaded it was presented to the governor. He was\\nrequested to sing his war-song along the whole line of the In-\\ndians.\\nThe ox-head represented the head of an American; and as the\\nBritish were the principals in the war, it was necessary for them\\nto take up the tomahawk first. The lieutenant-governor was\\nembarrassed by the novelty of the situation and by his own\\nignorance of the language and songs of the Indians. He was\\nextricated in a manner equally happy and ludicrous by his inter-\\npreter. The latter instructed his superior to sing the following\\nwords in French:\\nQuand je vais a la guerre-ruh\\nJ emporterai ma grand cuillere-ruh. t\\nThe monosyllable at the end of each line is only intended to\\nmark the elevation of the voice and the prolongation of the last\\nsyllable.\\nThese words correspond with the necessary tune, and were sung\\nwith all the gravity and dignity suited to the occasion. As the\\nLieutenant-Governor passed the immense assemblage, he sung his\\nsong and fixed his eyes upon the Indians, who made the air re-\\nsound with the cries of Yeh Yeh Yeh I\\nThey concluded, of course, that the great warrior was threaten-\\ning with deadful vengeance the Big Knives, the rebelliouschil-\\ndren of the British father. The second officer in command, Major\\nHayes, was relieved by a similar expedient. The ingenious inter-\\npreter composed the following song, which possessed the same\\nadvantage of an accompaniment to the music\\nJ ai le talon au bout du pied, etc. 2\\nThus even the dreadful preliminaries to the mas-\\nsacre of the Americans were mingled with exhibi-\\ntions of wit and humor.\\n1 When T go to the war\\nI will bring my great spoon.\\nMy heel is at the end of my foot.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n247\\nThe English soon found that the Indians were\\ncostly allies. They could not be trusted to keep\\nconstantly on the war-path unless they were encour-\\naged with gifts, and spurred with the fear that their\\nhunting-grounds would be destroyed and they left\\nto the mercy of the Big Knives. They soon\\nlearned how much depended on their action, and\\nfrom asking a gift or accepting a favor, they de-\\nmanded everything as their right. The e.xpenses of\\nthe Indian Department grew so large that letter\\nafter letter came from General Haldimand complain-\\ning of the enormous and amazing expense of\\nthe goods for the Indians.\\nThe drafts of governor and commandants for\\nsupplies followed each other in rapid succession\\nand during the war several millions of dollars worth\\nof goods for the Indians w^re distributed at Detroit.\\nIn addition to the ordinary Indian goods, provisions\\nalso were supplied. From December 25, 1777, to\\nAugust 31, 1778, there were received at Detroit\\n372,460 barrels of flour, 42,176 pounds of fresh\\nbeef, 16,473 pounds of salt beef, 203,932 pounds of\\nsalt pork, 19.756 pounds of butter, also great quan-\\ntities of mutton, peas, corn, rice, oatmeal, salt, and\\nrum. In the summer of 1778 fifty-eight and a half\\nt(5ns of gunpowder were sent here from Niagara.\\nOf course a large proportion of these articles\\nwere used by the regular troops, but no small\\namount was for the Indians. The following docu-\\nment gives an idea of many similar ones that were\\nsent from Detroit at this time\\nEstimate of Mi-rcJuindisi wanted for Indian\\nI rcscnts at Detroit from 21st of August, 17S2,\\nto 20/// of August, 17S3.\\n230 pieces Blue strouds.\\n20 Red\\n10 Crimson\\n10 Scarlet\\n20 Scarlet cloth S.t 6d Sterling.\\n4000 Pr 2^ Pt Blankets.\\n300 3\\n500 2\\n500 lyi\\n1000 fine 2^ Pt\\n1000 pieces 4-4 linen sorted.\\n100 striped calimanco.\\n100 cotton.\\n2000 lbs Vermillion in i lb Bags.\\n50 pieces coarse muslin.\\n20 Pieces Russia Sheeting.\\n100 Doz Blk silk handkerch fs.\\n20 Colored\\n30 cotton\\n250 Pieces ribbon assorted.\\n200 Gross Bed lace.\\n200 (iross Gartering.\\n30 Pieces embossed serge.\\n500 felt Hats yi laced.\\n100 castor\\n50 Beaver\\n500 Pieces White Melton.\\n50 Blue\\n20 Coating, blue and brown.\\n20 Brown Melton.\\n30 Ratteen. Blue and Brown.\\n100 Common Saddles.\\n400 Bridles.\\n500 Powder Horns.\\n20 Doz Tobacco Boxes.\\n30 Snuff\\n80 Gross Pipes.\\n300 large feathers, red, blue, green.\\n300 Blk ostrich feathers.\\n200 Pairs shoes.\\n250 Pairs Buckles.\\n100 Pieces Hambro lines.\\n10 Doz Mackerel lines.\\n10 Spurs.\\n50 Gro Morris Bells.\\n50 Brass Thimbles.\\n6 Pieces Red serge.\\n10 Pieces White serge.\\n6 Blue\\n10 Gross Jews harps.\\n500 Fusils.\\n200 Rifles Guns small bore.\\n50 Pair Pistols.\\n5 Doz Couteaux de Chasse.\\n50000 Gun Flints.\\n60 Gro Scalping Knives.\\n10 Clasp\\n20 Scissors.\\n20 Looking Glasses.\\n10 Razors.\\n300 lbs Thread assorted.\\n20 pieces spotted swan-skin.\\n12000 lbs Gunpowder.\\n36000 Ball and shot.\\nI Gro Gun locks.\\n500 Tomahawks.\\n500 Half axes.\\n300 Hoes.\\n30 Gross fire steel.\\nloooo Needles.\\n400 Pieces calico.\\n1 5000 lbs Tobacco.\\n600 lbs Beads assorted.\\n40 Gross Awl Blades.\\n40 Gun Worms.\\n30 Box combs.\\n6 Ivory\\n20 Nests Brass Kettles.\\n20 Copper", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "248\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n20 Nests Tin Kettles.\\n50 Hair Trunks.\\n3CX) lbs Pewter Basins.\\n100 Beaver Traps.\\n20 Gross Bath finger rings.\\n5000 lbs iron.\\n1000 steel.\\n500 lbs .Soap.\\n6 Barrels white wine.\\n5 Shrub.\\n400,000 Black Wampum.\\n100,000 White Wampum.\\nSilver Works\\n1 5000 large Brooches.\\n7000 Small\\n300 Large Gorgets.\\n300 Moons.\\n550 Ear wheels.\\n550 Arm Bands.\\n1 500 I rs large Ear bobs.\\n1500 small\\nSome medals chiefly large.\\nA large assortment of Smith and Armorers files.\\nA. S. De Peyster,\\nMajor King s Rcgt.\\nDetroit and its Dependencies.\\nOther requisitions call for scarlet and green laced\\ncoats, calico and linen, ruffled and plain shirts.\\nand though it appears incredible eighty pounds\\nof Rose Pink. This was perhaps to be worked in\\nwith the vermilion, or was it perhaps for the\\nsquaws\\nThese last, by the way. took care to obtain a fair\\nshare of whatever was given to the Indians. De\\nPeyster, in one of his letters concerning the war-\\nparties, says, The squaws never fail to tear off\\neverything from their backs before they enter the\\nfort, when they must be equipped anew. Indeed,\\nthe same party had sometimes to be equipped two\\nor three times, for the Americans, or rebels, as\\nthey are almost invariably styled in the Haldimand\\nletters, frequently circulated reports among the\\nIndians through some secret friend of the cause,\\nthat led to the return of war-parties, and then\\nthe warriors had to be again fitted out and en-\\ncouraged with presents and ammunition. So fre-\\nquently did this occur that on August 10, 1780,\\nGeneral Haldimand wrote to De Peyster, It evi-\\ndently appears that the Indians in general wish to\\nprotract the war and are most happy when most\\nfrequently fitted out.\\nPlans for inciting the Indians were laid as early\\nas July, 1775. At that time Dr. John Connolley\\nentered into an agreement with Lord Dunmore, the\\nroyal Governor of Virginia, to endeavor to enlist\\ncertain of the western militia witli the Indians to\\noperate against the Americans. He was to be sup-\\nplied at Detroit with cannon and ammunition was\\nto visit different Indian nations, rendezvous his\\nforces at Fort Pitt, and then go through Virginia to\\nAIe.xandria, w here he w as to meet Lord Dunmore\\non April 20, 1776. The scheme was frustrated by\\nthe capture of Connolley.\\nIn order to counteract these plans. Congress, in\\n1775, appointed commissioners to treat with the\\nIndians at Fort Pitt and endeavor to .secure their\\nneutrality. These commissioners. Judge James Wil-\\nson, of Pennsylvania, General Lewis Morris, of New\\nYork, and Dr. Walker, of Virginia, engaged Arthur\\nSt. Clair (subsequently first Governor of the North-\\nwest Territory) as their secretary-. He formed the\\nproject of a volunteer expedition to Detroit, provided\\nthe Indians would remain neutral, for the purpose of\\nsurprising and capturing the city; and he actually\\nsucceeded in enlisting four or five hundred young\\nmen in the enterprise. They were to equip them-\\nselves, and provide everything necessary e.xcept\\nammunition. The commissioners approved the pro-\\nject, and recommended it to Congress, but it was\\nfinally given up, as it was hoped that General Arnold\\nwould capture Quebec, and that the surrender of\\nDetroit would follow. Arnold s e.xpedition failed,\\nand no e.xpedition was led against Detroit instead,\\nin May, 1776, Captain Foster, with forty men from\\nthe Eighth Regiment, one hundred volunteers, and\\na large number of Indians, went from Detroit and\\ncaptured an important post at the Cedars, about\\nfifty miles southwest of i\\\\Iontreal. An allusion to\\nthis battle is contained in verses written by Colonel\\nDe Peyster at Mackinaw, entitled\\nTHE DRILL SERGEANT.\\nTl NE, The Happy Beggars,\\nCome, stand well to your order,\\nMake not the least false motion,\\nEyes to the right,\\nThumb, muzzle height,\\nLads, you have the true notion.\\nHere and there.\\nEverywhere\\nThat the King s boys may he foundi\\nFight and die\\nBe the cry\\nEre in battle to give ground.\\nCome briskly to the shoulder.\\nAnd mind when you make ready.\\nNo quid must slide\\nFrom side to side,\\nTo make your heads unsteady.\\nHere and there.\\nEverywhere\\nThat the King s boys may be found,\\nFight and die\\nBe the cry\\nEre in battle to give ground.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n249\\nWe beat them at the Cedars,\\nWith those we call our liijht men\\nWho, that same day.\\nHeard Yank-eys say\\nThey never saw such tiiiht men.\\nHere and there.\\nEverywhere\\nThat the King s boys may be found.\\nFight and die\\nBe the cry\\nEre in battle to give groimd.\\nOn March 15, 1777, all attack was made on Har-\\nrodsburgh. Tliis was repulsed, and about a month\\nlater an attack, equally unsuccessful, was made on\\nISoonsboro.\\nThe Indians next invested Logan s Station, re-\\nmaining before it for several weeks. They finally\\nretired, after killing the soldiers of a small detach-\\nment that was on its way to the relief of the be-\\nseiged. On the body of one them the following\\nproclamation was found\\nDetroit, 2.jth June, 1777.\\nBy virtue of the power and authority to me given by his Excel-\\nlency, Sir Guy Carlton, Knight of the Uatlr, Governor of the\\nProvince of Quebec, General and Commander-in-chief, etc., etc.,\\netc., assure all such as are inclined to withdraw themselves from\\nthe tyranny and oppression of the rebel committees, and take\\nrefuge in this settlement, or any of the posts commanded by His\\nMajesty s ofEccrs, that they shall be humanely treated, shall be\\nlodged and victualed; and such as are officers in arms and shall use\\nthem in defence of His Majesty against rebels and traitors till the\\nextinction of this rebellion, shall receive pay adequate to their\\nformer stations in the rebel ser\\\\-ice and all common men who\\nshall scr\\\\e during that period shall receive His Majesty s bounty\\nof two hundred acres of land. X\\nGiven under my hand and seal,\\nHe.nkv Ha-milton,\\nLieutenatfl-Goz ernctr and Superintendent.\\nOn July 27. 1777. Hamilton reported to Secretary\\nGermain that he had already sent out fifteen parties,\\nconsisting of two hundred and eighty-nine braves\\nwith thirty white officers and rangers. At the\\nattack on Fort Henrj-. now Wheeling, Virginia, on\\nSeptember 27, 1777, Hamilton s proclamation was\\nread by Simon Girty, who promised the garrison\\nthe protection of the Crown if they would lay down\\ntheir arms and swear allegiance. His force, consisting\\nof about four hundred Indians, came from Detroit.\\nThe fort was garrisoned by only twelve men and\\nboys, but they refused to surrender, and the Indians,\\nafter a brief attack, withdrew a short distance. As\\nthe stock of powder in the fort was low, it was\\nresolved to attempt to get a supply from the house\\nof Mr. Zane, si.xty yards away. Several of the men\\ndesired to go, but Elizabeth Zane, who was in the\\nfort, insisted on going herself: and although the\\nbullets whistled about her. she went and returned\\nunharmed, and soon after the Indians retired.\\nOn Februar)- 7. 1778. the noted pioneer of Ken-\\ntucky, Daniel Boone, was captured by the Indians.\\nHe was brought to Detroit, arriving on March 10.\\nGovernor Hamilton was anxious to have him as a\\nhostage, and offered the Indians one hundred pounds\\nfor their prisoner, but they refused. On April 10\\nthey carried him l-o Ohio, and soon afterwards he\\nescaped.\\nThe next attack was made on the ill-fated village\\nof Wyoming, and the English and the I ndians com-\\nposing the attacking party were largely from Detroit.\\nThe party consisted of about three hundred white\\nmen and five hundred plumed and painted Indians,\\nled by Colonel John Butler. They appeared before\\nthe place on July 3, 177S, and demanded its surren-\\nder. The inhabitants deemed it best to comply,\\nbut paid dearly for being faint-hearted. The entire\\nsettlement was destroyed, and the people massacred\\nor carried into captivity.\\nIn his Life of Brant Mr. Stone says that while he\\nwas writing his work, he received a letter from\\nSamuel C. Frey, son of Philip R. Frey, an ensign in\\nthe Eighth Regiment, in which was the statement\\nthat the Indians at Wyoming were led by Captain\\nBird, also of the Eighth Regiment. The letter con-\\ntinues\\nBird had been engaged in a love affair at Detroit, but being very\\nugly, as well as having a hare-lip, was unsuccessful. I he affair\\ngetting wind, his fellow-officers made themselves merry at his\\nexpense and in order to steep his grief in forgetfulness he ob-\\ntained permission to lead an expedition somewhere against the\\nAmerican frontier. Joining the Indians placed under him and a\\ndetachment of his regiment to Butler s Ranger:* they concerted\\nthe descent on Wyoming. Ensign Frey stated that he was ill-\\nnatured during the whole march, and acted with foolhardiness at\\nthe battle.\\nOn August II, 1778, Boonsboro was again\\nattacked by a party of French and Indians from\\nDetroit. This time they were led by Colonel Du\\nOuesne, possibly the verj* man after whom old Fort\\nDuquesne was named. This same year, early in\\nNovember, the noted Kentuckian, Simon Kenton,\\nwas captured, brought to Detroit, and ransomed by\\none of the British ofiicers.\\nMcDonald s Western Sketches gives this his-\\ntory of Kenton s life in Datroit, and his subsequent\\nescape\\nThe next day after Kenton had passed into the possession of\\nthe British at Detroit, the commanding otficer sent for him, and\\nhad a long conference on the subject of tlic strength and number\\nof the inhabitants in the infant settlements of Kentucky. He\\nnext inquired of the prisoner what he knew of the strength and\\ndesign of the movements of General Mcintosh, who, it was\\nunderstood, was on the way, or preparing to invade the Indian\\ncountry. To all of which interrogatories Kenton gave such\\nanswer as a patriot might be expected to give.\\nHe told the truth where the truth would not injure hiscountrj-,\\nand evaded direct answers where the information might afford\\nadvantage to the enemy, .\\\\fter the British commander had inter-\\nrogated him .as long as he thought proper, he dismissed him, and\\ngave an order on Captain McGregor, the commissary of clothing,\\nfor two suits of clothing, which were furnished forthwith. He\\nwas now permitted the liberty of the city of Detroit, but was", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "250\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\ncharged not to leave the town if he did, the Indians, in all prob-\\nability, would kill him. Here he did some work, and drew half\\nrations fnun the llritish, and lived pretty much at his case. V arly\\nin the sprin.i; of 1779, the Indians brought to Detroit several pris-\\noners whom they had taken from Kentucky. Amongst them were\\nsome of Kenton s ild associates. These prisoners had also the\\nliberty of the town, and Kenton and they strolled about at pleas-\\nure. Among these prisoners were Captain Nathan EuUit and\\nJesse Coffer. With these two men Kenton began to meditate an\\nescape.\\nThey cou d make no movement to procure arms, ammtmition,\\nor provision, without exciting suspicion and should they be once\\nsuspected they would be immediately confined. Kenton was a\\nfine-looking man, with a dignified and manly deportment, and a\\nsoft, pleasing voice, and was everywhere he went a favorite with\\nthe ladies.\\nA Mrs. Harvey, the wife of an Indian trader, had treated him\\nwith particular respect ever since he came to Detroit, and he con-\\ncluded if he could engage this lady as a confidant, by her assist-\\nance and cotmlenance, ways and means would be prepared to aid\\nthem in their meditated flight. Kenton approached Mrs. Har\\\\ey\\non the delicate and interesting subject, with as much trepidatifm\\nand coyness as ever a maiden was approached in a love affair. He\\nwatched an opportunity to have a private interview with Mrs.\\nHar\\\\-ey an opportunity soon offered, and he, without disguise or\\nhesitation, in full confidence, informed her of his intention, and\\nrequested her aid and secrecy.\\nAfter a few chit chats, she entered into the views of Kenton\\nwith as much earnestness and enthusiasm as if she had been his\\nsister.\\nShe began to collect and conceal such articles as might be neces-\\nsary on the journey powder, lead, moccasins, and dried beef were\\nprocured in small quantities, and concealed in a hollow tree some\\ndistance out of town. Guns were still wanting, and it would n(\u00c2\u00bbt\\ndo for a lady to trade in them. Mr. Harvey had an excellent fowl-\\ning-piece, if nothing better should offer, that she said should be at\\ntheir service.\\nThey had now everything that they expected to take with them\\nin their flight ready, except guns. At length the tliird day of\\nJune, 1779, came, and a large concourse of Indians were in the\\ntown engaged in a drunken frolic; they had stacked their guns\\nnear Mrs. Har\\\\ ey s house. As soon as it was dark, Mrs. Harvey\\nwent quietly to where the Indians guns were stacked, and selected\\nthe three best-looking rifles, carried them into her garden, and\\nconcealed them in a patch of peas. She next went privately to\\nKenton s lodging and conveyed to him the intelligence where she\\nhad hid the Indians guns. She told him she would place a ladder\\nat the back of the garden (it was picketed) and that he could come\\nin and get the guns. No time was to be lost Kenton conveyed\\nthe good news he had from Mrs. Harvey to his companions, who\\nreceived the tidings in ecstacies of joy they felt as if they were\\nalready at home. It was a dark night Kenton, Cullit, and Coffer\\ngathered up their little all and pushed to Mrs. Harvey s garden.\\nThere they found the ladder Kenton mounted over, drew the\\nladder over after him, went to the pea patch, found Mrs. Harvey\\nsitting by the guns; she handed him the rifles, gave him a friendly\\nshake of the hand, and bid him a safe journey to his friends and\\ncountrymen.\\nThe experiences of another prisoner, named John\\nLeeth, a clerk and interpreter detained at Detroit\\nby Governor Hamilton, are thus narrated. He says\\nOne day, while detained in the fort, I observed some soldiers\\ndrawing the cannon out of the fort, and placing them on the bank\\nof the river and whilst I was ruminating in my mind what could\\nbe the meaning of this singular manoeuver, a young silversmith,\\nwith whom I was intimately acquainted, came and asked me to\\nwalk with him and see them fire the cannon. T walked with him\\nto the place where they had carried them. When we arrived there,\\nwe found Governor Hamilton and several other British officers\\nwho were standing and sitting around. Immediately after our\\narrivalat the place, the Indians produced a large quantity of scalps;\\nthe cannon fired, the Indians raised a shout, and the soldiers\\nwaved their hats, with huzzas and tremendous shrieks which lasted\\nsome time. This ceremony being ended, the Indians brought for-\\nward a parcel of American prisoners as a trophy of their victories,\\namong whom were eighteen women and children, poor creatures\\ndreadfully mangled and emaciated with their clothes tattered\\nand torn to pieces in such a manner as not to hide their naked-\\nness their legs bare and streaming with blood, the effects of being\\ntorn with thorns, briers, and brush. To see these poor creatures\\ndragged like sheep to the slaughter, along the P.ritish lines, caused\\nmy heart to shrink with ihrobbings, and my hair to rise with rage;\\nand if I ever committed murder in my heart, it was then, for if I\\nhad had an opportunity, and been supported with strength, I\\nshould certainly have killed the governor, who seemed to take\\ngreat delight in the exhibition.\\nMy business hurried me from the horrible scene, and I know not\\nwhat became of those poor wretches who were the miserable vic-\\ntims of savage power.\\nEvery man in the fort, capable of bearing arms, was trained\\ntwice a week while I remained there.\\nUp to this period the movements at Detroit had\\nbeen conducted under orders from Major-General\\nCarlton but for some reason his administration\\nfailed to please the home government, and on Sep-\\ntember 26, 1777, he wrote to Hamilton, The con-\\nduct of the war has been taken entirely out of my\\nhands, and the management f it upon your fron-\\ntiers has been assigned to you, as you have seen by\\na letter from Lord George, a copy which I sent\\nyou.\\nThis news was doubtless pleasing to Hamilton,\\nand there can be no doubt that, soon after this, he\\ncommenced to plan an incursion which he should\\nlead in person. Meantime, on June 26, 1778, Gen-\\neral Haldimand succeeded (^leneral Carlton, and\\nHamilton, apparently, began to fear that his powers\\nwould be restricted. In great haste he completed\\nhis preparations for an attack on the American\\nposts. He began to talk of what he proposed to\\ndo, and was confident and even boastful. His\\npreparations were finally completed, and he waited\\nonly for the arrival of Captain Bird and fifty of the\\nKing s Regiment from Niagara. They came on\\nOctober 7, 1778, and on the same day Hamilton\\nand his party set out for Vincennes. He was\\naccompanied by Philip Dejcan, his secretary. John\\nMcBeath, a surgeon, thirty-two of the Eighth Regi-\\nment under Lieutenant Shourd, eighty-eight Detroit\\nvolunteers, forty-two volunteers commanded by La\\nMothe, and one hundred and twenty-four Indians.\\nThey had gone but a little distance when the fusee\\nof Lieutenant Shourd accidentally went off and\\nbroke his leg; the surgeon returned with him to\\nDetroit, but subsequently overtook and accompanied\\nHamilton s party.\\nGovernor Hamilton arrived before Vincennes on\\nDecember 17, when, although he was unaware of\\nit, the fort was occupied only by Captain Helm and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n251\\na Mr. Henry. On seeing Hamilton s forces ap-\\nproach, Helm placed a cannon in the gateway, and\\nwith lighted fuse stood ready to discharge it. When\\nHamilton came within hearing Helm called out,\\nHalt Hamilton demanded the surrender of the\\ngarrison. Helm replied that until he knew the\\nterms no man should enter. Hamilton said, You\\nshall have the honors of war. Helm then surren-\\ndered, and with his garrison of one man marched\\nout in single file.\\nIn a letter to General Haldimand, Governor\\nHamilton claimed that the force at Vincennes which\\nsurrendered to him was as follows One Major,\\nfour Captains, two Lieutenants, two ensigns, one\\nIndian agent, one adjutant, one commissary, one\\ninterpreter, four sergeants, and two hundred and\\nsixteen rank and file of the last, one hundred and\\nsixty were volunteers. His statement does not\\nagree with any other, and seems improbable unless\\nin his rank and file he includes all the inhabitants\\nof the town. It is evident also that his letter did\\nnot make a very favorable impression upon a certain\\nofficial or clerk at Quebec, for a series of sarcastic\\nendorsements upon it show that the writer did not\\nhold in high esteem his military capacity or judgment.\\nHamilton had intended to proceed to Kaskaskia,\\nbut he weakened his forces by sending out parties\\nto fall upon and destroy the settlers. He wrote to\\nthe commandant at Natchez, Next year there will\\nbe the greatest number of savages on the frontier\\nthat has ever been known.\\nWe now turn to consider the efforts of the Amer-\\nican forces to obtain possession of Detroit and the\\nWest. In 1778 Virginia raised a body of troops to\\ndefend her western settlements. Colonel George\\nRogers Clark was placed in command, and pro-\\nceeding to Kaskaskia he captured it on July 4. On\\nDecember 12, 1778, Patrick Henr then Governor\\nof Virginia, gave instructions to Colonel John\\nTodd, county lieutenant or commandant of the\\nCounty of Illinois as follows\\nYou are to give particular attention to Colonel Clark and his\\ncorps, to whom the State has great obligations. Vou are to co-\\noperate with him in any military undertaking when necessary,\\nand to give the military every aid which the circumstances of the\\npeople will admit of. The inhabitants of Illinois must not expect\\nsettled peace and safety while their and our enemies have footing\\nat Detroit, and can interrupt or stop the trade of the Mississippi.\\nIf the English have not the strength or courage to come to war\\nagainst us themselves, their practice has been, and will be, to hire\\nthe savages to commit murders and depredations.\\nIllinois must expect to pay in these a large price for her free-\\ndom, unless the English can be expelled from Detroit. The\\nmeans for effecting this will not, perhaps, he found in your or\\nColonel Clark s power. But the French inhabiting the\\nneighborhood of that place, it is presumed, may be brought to see\\nit done with indifference, or perhaps join in the enterprise with\\npleasure.\\nWhile Clark was .still at Kaskaskia. Colonel Fran-\\ncis Vigo, of St. Louis, a Spanish subject in sym-\\npathy with the American cause, went to him and\\ntendered his services. Clark gladly availed himself\\nof the offer, and Colonel Vigo, with a single ser-\\nvant, proceeded to Vincennes, to learn the strength\\nof that post and the possibilities of its capture. As\\nwas anticipated, he was captured, and brought\\nbefore Governor Hamilton. Being a Spanish sub-\\nject, he could not be held as a spy in the absence of\\nproof. He was, however, forbidden to leave the\\nfort but finally, on givmg a written pledge not to\\nattempt anything injurious to British interests while\\non his return to St. Louis, he was allowed to depart.\\nColonel Vigo kept his pledge by going to St.\\nLouis without telling on the way anything he had\\nlearned of the force of Hamilton at Vincennes.\\nHe, however, waited at St. Louis only long enough\\nto change his dress, and then hurried back to Kas-\\nkaskia, arriving there the 29th of Januarj-. He at\\nonce made known the number and condition of\\nHamilton s forces, and Colonel Clark resolved to\\nattempt the recapture of Vincennes.\\nThe following verbatim letter from Clark to Gov-\\nernor Henry, dated February 3, 1779, gives details of\\nhis plans, and reflects great credit on his spirit, if\\nnot on his spelling.\\nSir,\\nAs it is now near twelve months since I have had the least\\nIntelligence from you I almost despare of any releif sent to me.\\nI have for many months past had Reports of An Army Marching\\nagainst De Troit, but no certainty. A Late Menuvr of the\\nFamous Hair r.uyer General Henry Hamilton, Esq., Lieutenant\\nGovernor of De Troit, hath allanned us much. On the r6th of\\nDecember last, he with a Hody of Six Hundred men, Composed of\\nRegulars, French Volunteers and Indians, Took possession of St.\\nVincent (Vincennes) on the Wabash, and what few men that com-\\nposed the Garrison, not being able to make the least Defence.\\nBeing sensible that without a Reinforcement, which at present\\nI have hardly the right to Expect, that I shall be obliged to give up\\nthe Countrj- to Mr. Hamilton without a turn of Fortune in my\\nfavor, I am Resolved to take advantage of his present situation and\\nRisque the whole in a single Battle. I shall set out in a few\\nDays, with all the Force I can Raise of my own Troups and a few\\nmilitia that I can Depend on, Amounting in the whole to only one\\nHundred and Seventy men of which goes on Board of\\na small Gaily out some time ago, mounting two four pounders\\nand four large Swivels, one nine pounder on board. This boat is to\\nmake her way good, if possible, and take her Station Tenn Leagues\\nbelow St. Vincent imtill furthur orders, if I am Defeated She is\\nto join Col. Rogers on the Mississippi. She has great stores of\\namunilion on Board. Comd. by Lieut. Jno. Rogers, I shall\\nmarch across by Land myself with the Rest of my Boys.\\nYou must be sensible of the Feeling that I have for tho.se Crave\\nofficers and Soldiers that are Determined to share my Fate\\nlet it be what it will. I know the case is Desperate, but Sir, we\\nmust Either quit the Country or attack Mr. Hamilton. No time\\nis to be lost was I shoar of a Reinforcement I should not attempt\\nit. Who knows what Fortune will do for us. Great things have\\nbeen effected by a few men well conducted.\\nIn pursuance of his determination, he sent forty-\\nsix men by water with stores and taking one hun-\\ndred ;ind thirtv men, he set out for Vincennes. No", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\neasy task was before him. The route lay over low\\nlands, recently flooded, and the soldiers marched\\nthrough water which was often from two to four\\nfeet deep. Part of the force, as has been said, went\\nby boat, but all of them really went by water.\\nDaily rains made the journey more and more dis-\\nagreeable, yet nothing could dampen the ardor of the\\ntroops. The drummer of the party was a jovial\\nlittle Irishman, with a rich voice and a memory well-\\nstored with comic songs, all of them full of the\\nBegone-dull-care spirit that animates the natives\\nof Erin s Isle. When the men were wading through\\nmud and water. Colonel Clark would seat the drum-\\nmer on his drum, on which he floated and sang,\\nkeeping up the spirits of the men with his lively\\nmelodies.\\nAt last, nearly starved, exhausted and cold, yet\\nbrave and hopeful, they reached Vincennes. On\\nhis arrival, Clark in a letter addressed to the inhab-\\nitants, said\\nI request such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy\\nthe liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses; and those,\\nif any there be, that are friends to the King, will instantly repair\\nto the fort and join the hair-buyer General.\\nOn February 24 he addressed the following letter\\nto Governor Hamilton\\nSlR,-\\nIn order to save yourself from the impending storm that now\\nthreatens you, T order you to immediately surrender yourself, with\\nyour garrison, stores, etc. For if 1 am obliged to sturm, you may\\ndepend on such treatment as is justly due to a murderer. lieware\\nof destroying stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are\\nin your possession, or hurting one house in town, for by Heaven 1\\nif you do, there shall be no mercy shown you.\\nG. R. Clark.\\nSeveral inter\\\\ ievi s were held, in which Hamilton\\nsought other terms than unconditional surrender\\nbut Clark would give none, and Hamilton was coin-\\npelled to yield. On March 5. at ten o clock in the\\nmorning, the British forces marched out of in-\\ncennes.\\nMany histories of the United States entirely ignore\\nthis really great victory of Colonel Clark. In its prac-\\ntical value and importance it far exceeded a score\\ni)f victories in the East which are frequently dilated\\nupon at length not warranted by their importance\\nto the country at large. Clark s victory was of\\nnational value, for it largely relieved the West of\\nfear and saved the region of the Lakes.\\nBefore Clark s arrival, Hamilton had sent Philip\\nDejean to Detroit for supplies, and on February 9,\\nhe and Mr. Adheimer set out with seven boats\\nloaded with goods, worth $50,000. Clark was in-\\nformed of their approach and sent sixty men to\\nintercept the boats, which, with their stores, were\\ncaptured on the 26th as they were coming down\\nthe Wabash.\\nOn March 7 Clark sent Captain Williams, Lieu-\\ntenant Rogers, and twenty-five soldiers with Gover-\\nnor Hamilton, Philip Dejean, Major Hay, Captain\\nLa Mothe, Lieutenant Schieffin, and twenty others,\\nto Virginia as prisoners of war. The Volunteers\\nwho came with Hamilton were drawn up in line,\\ntold of the real nature of the war, and exhorted, as\\nthey were to be paroled instead of imprisoned to\\ngo home and use their influence for the American\\ncause. They returned to Detroit, and obeyed the\\nrequest so effectually that, as Colonel Clark says, in\\none of his letters\\nThey made great havoc to the British interest, publicly saying\\nthat they had taken an oath not to fight against Americans, but\\nthey had nut sworn not to fight for them, etc., and matters were\\ncarried to such a height that the commanding officer thought it\\nprudent to take no notice of anything that was said or dune.\\nMrs. McComb, who kept a noted boarding-house, I understand,\\nhad the assurance to show him the stores she had provided for the\\nAmericans.\\nColonel Clark repeats this information, and gives\\nfurther details, in a letter to the Governor of Vir-\\nginia, dated Kaskaskia, April 29, 1779. He says:\\nBy your instructions to me 1 find you put no confidence in Gen-\\neral Mclntosh s.takmg Detroit, as you encourage me to attempt\\nit if possible. It has been twice in my power. Had I been able\\nto raise only five hundred men when 1 first arrived in the country,\\nor when I was at St. Vincennes could 1 have secured my prisoners,\\nand only had three hundred good men. I should have attempted\\nit and since learn there could have been no doubt of success, as\\nby some gentlemen, lately from that post, we art informed that\\nthe town and countrj kept three days in feasting and diversions,\\non hearing of my success against Mr. Hamilton, and were so\\ncertain of my embracing the fair opportunity of possessing myself\\nof that post that the merchants and others provided many neces-\\nsaries for us on our arrival the garrison, consisting of only eighty\\nmen, not daring to stop their diversions. They are now com-\\npleting a jiew fort, and 1 fear too strong for any force 1 shall be\\nable to raise in this country.\\nFurther details of the capture of Vincennes, and\\nthe subsequent confinement of Lieutenant-Governor\\nHamilton and other officers, are contained in the\\nfollowing series of letters and documents. Gover-\\nnor Patrick Henry, in a letter to the Speaker of the\\nHouse of Delegates, written May i8, 1779, says:\\nSir,\\nI have enclosed a letter for the perusal of the .Assembly, from\\nColonel Clark at the Illinois. This letter, among other things,\\ninforms me of an expedition which he has planned and deter-\\nmined to execute, in order to recover Fort St. Vincent, which had\\nbeen formerly taken from the British troops, and garrison by\\nthose under the Colonel s command. This enterprise has suc-\\nceeded to our utmost wishes, for the garrison, commanded by\\nHenry Hamilton, Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, and consisting\\nof British Regulars and a number of Volunteers, were made pris-\\noners of war. Colonel Clark has sent the Governor, with sev-\\neral officers and privates, under a proper guard, who have by this\\ntime arrived at New London in the county of Bedford.\\nProper measures will be adopted by the Executive for their\\nconfinement and security. Unfortunately, the letters from Colonel\\nThe fort Clark speaks of was Fort Lemoult, vrhich was begun\\nin the fall of 1778.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "THE RKVOLUTIONARV WAR.\\n253\\nClarkj containing, no doubt, particular accounts of this affair,\\nwas in the possession of an express who was murdered by a party\\nof Indians on his way through Kentucky to this place. The\\nletters, as I am informed, were destroyed. As the facts which I\\nhave mentioned are sufficiently authenticated, I thought it\\nmaterial that they should be communicated to the Assembly.\\nSoon afterwards letters were received from Col-\\nonel Clark, and the State papers of Virginia contain\\nthis record\\nIN COUNCIL, JUNE 18, I779.\\nThe Board proceeded to the consideration of the letters of\\nColonel Clarkj and other papers relating to Henry Hamilton,\\nEsq., who has acted some years past as Lieutenant-Governor of\\nthe settlement at and about Detroit, and commandant of the\\nBritish garrison there, under Sir Guy Carlton as Governor in\\nChief, Philip Dejean, Justice of the Peace for Detroit, and\\nWilliam La Mothe, Captain of Volunteers, prisoners of war, taken\\nin the county of Illinois. They find that Governor Hamilton has\\nexecuted the task of inciting the Indians to perpetrate their accus-\\ntomed cruelties on the citizens of the United States, without dis-\\ntinction of sex, age, or condition, with an eagerness and avidity\\nwhich evince that the general nature of his charge harmonized\\nwith his particular disposition. They should have been satisfied,\\nfrom the other testimony adduced, that these enormities were\\ncommitted by savages acting under his commission; but the num-\\nber of proclamations, which, at different times, were left in\\nhouses, the inhabhants of which were killed or carried away by\\nthe Indians, one of which proclamations is in possession of the\\nboard, under the hand and seal of Governor Hamilton, puts this\\nfact beyond a doubt. At the time of his captivity, it appears, he\\nhad sent considerable bodies of Indians against the frontier settle-\\nments of these states, and had actually appointed a great council\\nof Indians to meet him at Tennessee, to concert the operations of\\nthis present campaign.\\nIt appears that Governor Hamilton gave standing rewards for\\nscalps, but offered none for prisoners, which induced the Indians,\\nafter making their captives carry their baggage into the neighbor-\\nhood of the fort, there to put them to death and carry in their\\nscalps to the Governor, who welcomed their return and success by\\na discharge of cannon.\\nThat when a prisoner, brought alive, and destined to death by\\nthe Indians, the fire already kindled, and himself bound to the\\nstake, was dextrously withdrawn, and secreted from them by the\\nhumanity of a fellow-prisoner, a largt reward was offered for the\\ndiscovery of the victim, which having tempted a servant to betray\\nhis concealment, the present prisoner Dejean, being sent with a\\nparty of soldiers, surrounded the house, took and threw into jail\\nthe unhappy victim and his deliverer, where the former soon ex-\\npired under the perpetual assurance of Dejean that he was again to\\nbe restored into the hands of the savages, and the latter, when en-\\nlarged, was bitterly reprimanded by Governor Hamilton.\\nIt appears that the prisoner La Mothe was a captain of the vol-\\nunteer scalping parties of Indians and whites who went, from\\ntime to time, under general orders to spare neither men, women,\\nnor children.\\nCalled on by that justice we owe to those who are fighting the\\nbattles of our countr to deal out at length miseries to their\\nenemies, measure for measure, and to distress the feelings of man-\\nkind by exhibiting to them spectacles of severe retaliation, where\\nwe had long and vainly endeavored to introduce an emulation tn\\nkindness happily the possession, by the fortunes of war, of some\\nof those very individuals, who, having distinguished themselves\\npersonally in this line of cruel conduct, are fit subjects to begin on\\nwith the work of retaliation, this board has resolved that the\\nGovernor, the said Henrj- Hamilton. Philip Dejean. and William\\nLa Mothe, prisoners of war, be put into irons, confined in the\\ndungeon of the public jail, debarred the use of pen, ink and\\npaper, and excluded all converse except with their keeper. And\\nthe Governor orders accordingly. Arch. Blair, C. C.\\nThe putting of these officers in irons gave rise to a\\nvoluminous correspondence. Some one of the officers\\nat Detroit wrote to Governor Jefferson of Virginia,\\nprotesting against the imprisonment of Governor\\nHamilton and his reply, given in the Calendar of\\nVirginia State Papers, with some partly illegible\\nwords supplied in brackets, is as follows\\nWiLLIAMSBURGH, July 22, 1779.\\nSir,\\nYour letter on the subject of Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton s\\nconfinement came safely to hand.\\nI shall with great cheerfulness explain to you the reason on\\nwhich the advice of Council was founded, since, after the satisfac-\\ntion of doing what is right, the greatest is that of having what we\\ndo approved by those whose opinions deser\\\\-e esteem.\\nWe think ourselves justified in Governor Hamilton s strict con-\\nfinement on the general principle of national retaliation. To\\nslate to you the particular facts of British cruelty to American\\nprisoners would be to give a melancholy history from the capture\\nof Colonel Ethan Allen at the beginning of the war to the pres-\\nent day: a histor of which I will avoid, as equally disagreeable\\nto you and to me. I with pleasure do you the justice to say that\\nI believe those facts to be very much unknown to you, as Canada\\nhas been the only scene of your service in America, and in that\\nquarter we have reason to believe that Sir Guy Carlton and the\\nother officers commanding there have treated our prisoners [since\\nthe instance of Colonel Allen] with considerable lenity. [As to]\\nwhat has been done in England, and what in New York and\\nPhiladelphia, you are probably uninformed, as it would hardly be\\nmade the subject of epistolary correspondence.\\nI will only observe to you, sir, that the confinement and treat-\\nment of your [prisoners] ofiicers, soldiers, and seamen, have been\\nso vigorcHis and cruel as that a very great proportion of the whole\\nof those captured in the course of this war and carried to Phila-\\ndelphia while in possession of the British army, and to New\\nYork, have perished miserably from that cause only, and that\\nthis fact is as well established with us as any historical fact which\\nhas happened in the course of the war.\\nA gentleman of this Commonwealth in public office, and of\\nknown and established character, who was taken on sea, carried to\\nNew York and exchanged, has given us lately particular informa-\\ntion of the treatment of our prisoners there.\\nWhen, therefore, we are desired to advert to the possible conse-\\nquences of treating prisoners with rigour, I need only ask. When\\ndid these rigours begin Not with us, assuredly. I think you,\\nsir, who have had as good opportunities as any British officer of\\nlearning in what manner we treat those whom the fortune of war\\nhas put into our hands, can clear us from the charge of rigours,\\nas far as your knowledge or information has extended. I can\\nassert that Governor Hamilton s is the first instance which has\\noccurred in my own country, and if there has been another in any\\nof the United States, it is unknown to me. These instances must\\nhave been extremely rare, if they have ever existed at all, as they\\ncould not have been altogether unheard of by me. When a uni-\\nform exercise of kindness to prisoners on our part has been\\nreturned by as uniform severity on the part of our enemies, you\\nmust excuse me for saying it is high time, by other lessons, to\\nteach respect to the dictates of humanity in such a case retalia-\\ntion becomes an act of benevolence.\\nBut suppose, sir, we were willing still longer to decline the\\ndrudgery of general retaliation yet Governor Hamilton s conduct\\nhas been such as to call for exemplary punishment on him person-\\nally. In saying this I have not so much in view his particular\\ncruelties to our citizens prisoners with him (which, though they\\nhave been great, were of necessity confined to a small scale), as\\nthe general nature of the ser\\\\-ice he undertook at Detroit, and the\\nextensive exercise of cruelties which that involved. Those who\\nact together in war are answerable to each other. No distinction\\ncan be made between the principal and ally by those against", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "254\\nTHE KEVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nwhuin ihe war is waged. He who employs another lo do a deed\\nmakes the deed his own. If he calls in the hand of the assassin\\nor murderer, himself becomes the assassin or murderer. The\\nknown rule of warfare with the Indian savages is an indiscrimi-\\nnate tnitchery of men, women and children. These savages,\\nunder this well-known character, are employed by the British\\nnation as allies in the war against the Americans. Governor\\nHamilton undertakes to be the conductor of the war. In the exe-\\ncution of that undertaking he associates small parties of whites\\nunder his immediate command with large parlies of the Savages,\\nand sends them to act, sometimes jointly, sometimes separately,\\nnot against our forts or armies in the field, but the farming settle-\\nments on our frontiers. Governor Hamilton, then, is himself the\\nbutcher of men, women and children. I will not say to what\\nlength the fair rules of war would extend the right of punishment\\nagainst him, but I am sure that confinement, under its strictest\\ncircumstances, as a retaliation for Indian devastation and mius-\\nsacre must be deemed Lenity, I apprehend you had not sufTi-\\nciently adverted to the expression in the advice to the council,\\nwhen you supposed the proclamation there alluded to to be the\\none addre.ssed to the inhabitants of the Illinois. [The]\\nProclamaiiou then alluded to contained nothing more than an\\ninvitation to our ofiicers and soldiers to join the Uritish arms\\nagainst those whom he pleased to call Rebels and Traitors. In\\norder to introduce these among our people they were put into the\\nhands of the Indians, and in every house where they murdered or\\ncarried away the family they left one of these proclamations.\\nSome of them were found sticking in the breasts of persons mur-\\ndered, one under the hand and seal of Governor Hamilton.\\nBut if you will be so good as to recur to the address of the\\nIllinois, which you refer to, you will fiiul that tho it does not, in\\nexpress terms, threaten vengeance, blood, and massacre, yet it\\nproves that the Governor had made for us the most ample pro-\\nvision of all these calamities.\\nHe then gives in detail the horrid Catalogue of savage nations,\\nextending from south to north, whom he had leagued with himself\\nto wage combined war on our frontiers and it is well known that\\nthat war would of course be made up. of blood, and general\\nmassacre of men, women, and children. Other papers of Governor\\nHamilton s have come to our hands, containing instructions to\\nolTicers going out with scalping parties of Indians and whites, and\\nproving that that kind of war was waged under his express orders.\\nFurther proof in abundance might be added, but I suppose the\\nfact too notorious to need them.\\nYour letter seems to admit an inference that, whatever may\\nIiave been the general conduct of our enemies towards their pris-\\noners, or whatever the personal conduct of Governor Hamilton,\\nyet, as a prisoner by capitulation, you consider him as privileged\\nfrom strict confinement. I do not pretend to an intimate knowl-\\nedge of this subject. My idea is that the term prisoner of war\\nis a generic one, the specification of which is first, prisoners at\\ndiscretion; and second, prisoners in convention or capitulation.\\nThus in the debate in tlie House of Commons of the 27th of\\nNovember last on the address, the minister, speaking of General\\nIlurgoyne (and in liis presence), says he is a prisoner, and\\ntJeneral Uurgoyne calls himself a prisoner under the terms of\\nthe convention of Saratoga, intimating that, tho a prisoner, he\\nwas a prisoner of particular species, entitled to certain terms.\\nThe treatment of the first class ought to be sucli as is approved\\nby the usage of polished nations: gentle and humane, unless a\\ncontrary conduct in an enemy or individual render a strict treat-\\nment necessary. The prisoners of the second class have nothing\\nto exempt them from a like treatment with those of the first,\\nexcept so far as lliey shall have been able to make better terms by\\narticles of capitulation. However, we may waive rea-\\nsoning on this head, because no article in tht; Capitulation of\\nGovernor Hamilton is violated by his confinement.\\nPerhaps, not having seen the Capitulation, you were led to\\nthink it were a thing of course that, being able to obtain terms of\\nsurrender, they would first provide for their own treatment. I\\nenclose you a copy of the Capitulation, by which you will see\\nthat the second Article declares them prisoners of war, and\\nnothing is said as to the treatment they were to be entitled to.\\nWhen Governor Hamilton signs indeed, he adds a flourish, con-\\ntaining the motives inducing him to capitulate, one of which was\\nconfidence in a generous enemy. He should have reflected that\\ngenerosity on a large scale would take sides against him. How-\\never, these were only his private motives, and did not enter into\\nthe contract with Colonel Clark. Being prisoners of war, then, with\\nonly such privileges as their Capitulation has provided, and that\\nhaving provided nothmg on the subject of their treatment, they\\nare liable to be treated as other prisoners. We have not extended\\nour orders, as we might justifiably have done, to the whole of\\nthis Corps. Governor Hamilton and Captain La Mothe alone, as\\nleading offenders, are in confinement. The other officers and men\\nare treated as if they had been taken in justifiable war: the offi-\\ncers being at large on their parole, and the men also liaving their\\nliberty to a certain extent. Dejean was not included in the Cap-\\nitulation, being taken eight days after, on the Wabache, one\\nhundred and fifty miles from St. Vjnccnnes.\\nI hope, Sir, that being made more fully acquainted with the\\nfacts on which the advice of council was grounded, and exercising\\nyour own good sense in cool and candid deliberation on these\\nfacts, and the consequences deducted from them, according to the\\nusage and sentiments of civilized nations, you will see the trans-\\naction in a very different light from that in which it appears at\\nthe lime of writing your Letter, and ascribe the advice of the\\ncouncil, not to want of attention to the sacred nature of public\\nConventions, of which I hope we shall never, in any circum-\\nstances, lose sight, but to a desire of stopping the effusion of ye\\nunoffending blood of women and children, and the unjustifiable\\nseverities exercised on our captive officers and soldiers in general,\\nby proper severity on our part.\\nI have the honor to be, with much personal respect,\\nSir,\\nYour most obed tii most h ble Servant,\\nThomas Jefferson.\\nThe imprisonineiit of these officers was brought\\nto the attention of Cjcneral Washington, and on\\nAugust 6 he wrote to Jefferson, advising that the\\nirons be removed. His request was at once acceded\\nto, and on September 29, 1779, the Virginia Council\\nordered that Governor Hamilton. Captain La Mothe,\\nand Philip Dejean be sent to Hanover Court House,\\nto remain at large on parole. The prisoners objected\\nto a parole which would prevent them from saying\\nanything to. the prejudice of the United States, and\\nso they were remanded to confinement in jail until\\nthey could determine with themselves to be inof-\\nfensive in word as well as deed. They were appa-\\nrently again put into irons. Efforts in their behalf\\nwere continued, and the records of the Virginia\\nCouncil for October, 1779, cont^iin a memorandimi\\nof a letter from Governor Jefferson to Colonel Mat-\\nthews, who had been a prisoner in Hamilton s power\\nMatthews pleaded for leniency towards Hamilton,\\nand brought a second letter from Washington, dis-\\nappro\\\\ ing of his being in irons. These were again\\ntaken off, and Jefferson wrote to Colonel Matthews\\nas follows\\nGovernor Hamilton and his companions were imprisoned and\\nironed, first in retaliation for cruel treatment of our captive citi-\\nzens by the enemy in general. 2nd. For the barbarous species of\\nwarfare which himself and his Savage allies earned on in our west-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n255\\nem frontier, ^rd. For particular acts of barbarity, of which he\\nhimself was personally guilty, to scinc of our citizens in his power.\\nAny one of these chargts was suflicient to justify tlie measure we\\ntook. Of the truth of the first yourself are witness. Voursitua-\\nlion, indeed, seems to have been better since yuu were sent to New\\nYork; but reflect on what you suffered before that, and knew\\notiiers of your countrymen to suffer, and what you know is\\nnow suffered by that uMre unhappy part of them who are still\\nconiined on board of the prison ships of the enemy. Proofs of\\nthe second charge, we have under Hamilton s own hand and of\\nthe third, as sacred assurances as human testimony is capable of\\ngiving. Humane conduct on our part was found to produce no\\neffect the contrary, therefore, was tu be tried.\\nIn a letter to Washing-ton, dated November 28,\\n1779, Jefferson says:\\nLamothe and Dejean have given their parole, and are at Han-\\nover Court House Hamiltcm, Hay, and four others are still obsti-\\nnate. They, therefore, are still in close confinement, though\\ntheir irons have never been on since your second letter on the\\nsubject.\\nOn June 15, 1780, Governor Hamilton and the\\nother prisoners were in confinement at Charlottes-\\nville, Va., and Colonel James Wood, then in com-\\nmand of that place, wrote to Governor Jefferson\\nSiK,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nI am Honored with your Letter of the 9th instant, with the sev-\\neral Inclusurcs, and shall think myself Happy if 1 am able to\\ncarry your Ideas into Execution.\\nI have issued Peremptory Orders for all the ofTicers, without dis-\\ntinction, to repair within live days to the IJarracks, and shal cer-\\ntainly enforce them with strictness. I am w-jll assured\\nthat had the Assembly extended their resolutions no farther than\\nto have restricted the Ollicers to the Limits of the Coimty, and\\ncalled in all theirSupernumerary Servants, it would have answered\\na much lletter Purpose. I hope I shall be excused for giving my\\nopinion thus freely, as your Excellency may be assured it proceeds\\nfrom my zeal for the Service. I shall be extremely glad\\nto be informed by the return of the Dragoon whether the officers\\nare to be closely confined to the Ptarracks whether some of them\\nwho ha\\\\x- built Huts, within the distance of four miles, are to be\\nremoved and whether I am to demand other paroles of them,\\nand what the Terms t f the new ones are to be.\\nP. S. Gaieral Hamilton requests to know whether the General\\nOfficers, their Aid-de-cainps, Brigade Majors, and Servants, arc-\\nmeant to be included. He says they will willingly give any\\nParole that may be thought necessary.\\nFor some unexplained reason General Washini^ton\\ncontinued to interest himself in these prisoners, and\\non September 26, 1780, Jefferson wrote to him, from\\nRichmond, as follows\\nI was honored, yesterday, with your favor of the 5th instant, on\\nthe subject of prisoners, and particularly of LitMitenant Governor\\nHamilton. You are not unapprised of the influence of this officer\\nwith the Indians, his activity and embittered zeal against us.\\nou also, perhaps, know how precarious is our tenure of the\\nIllinois County, and critical is the situation of the new coun-\\nties on the Ohio. These circumstances determined us to retain\\nGovernor Hamilton and Major Hay within our power, when\\nwe delivered up the other prisoners. On a kite representation\\nfrom the people of Kentucky, by a person sent here from that\\ncountry, and expressitjns of what they had reason to apprehend\\nfrom these two prisoners, in the event of their liberation, we\\nassured them they would not be parted with, though we were\\ngiving up our other prisoners.\\nIt is probable that Washington replied, opposing\\nthe determination of Jefferson, for on October 10\\nGovernor Hamilton was released on the following\\nparole\\nI, Henry Hamilton, Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent\\nof Detroit, do hereby acknowledge myself a prisoner of War to\\nthe Cuinmonwealth of Virginia, and having permission from his\\nExcellency Thomas Jefferson, Governor of said Commonwealth,\\nto go to New York, do pledge my faith and most sacredly promise\\nupon uiy parole of Honor, that I will nut do, say, write, or cause\\nto be done, said, or written, directly or indirectly, in any respect\\nwhatever, anything to the prejudice of the United States of Amer-\\nica, or any of them, until I shall be enlarged from my captivity\\nby Exchange or otherwise, with the consent of the mud Governor\\nof Virginia or his successors, and that I will return, when required\\nby the said Governor or his successors, to such place within the\\nsaid Commonwealth as he shall ])oint out, and deliver myself up\\nagain to him or the person acting for or under him.\\nIn testimony whereof 1 have hereunto set my hand and seal at\\nChesterfield, this loth day of October, 1780.\\nHenkv Hamilton.\\nOn the same day Major Jehu Hay. of the Detroit\\nmilitia, was paroled to i;o to New York.\\nOf the other prisoners taken by Colonel Clark,\\nSchiefflin escaped in April, 17S0, and returned to\\nDetroit, and on June i following, while in contine-\\nment, Maisonville committed suicide. On March 4,\\n1 78 1, Hamilton, Lamothe, and McBeath were ex-\\nchanged.\\nWith regard to the character of Governor Hamil-\\nton and the warfare that he encouraged, Mr. Tucker,\\nin his Life of Jefferson, on page 129, questions the\\njustice of the stigma which has been publicly affi.xed\\nto the character of this British officer. Mr. Tucker\\nsays that in early youth he was acquainted with him\\nand that he was an edticated and well-bred gentle-\\nman, possessed of a soldierly frankness, great liber-\\nality, etc. He also says, Colonel Clark makes\\nno mention of his ill treatment of prisoners. Con-\\ncerning this defense, it is a sufficient answer to refer\\nto Clark s letters to the inhabitants of Vincennes\\nand to Governor Hamilton, both of which arc amply\\nverified. For the rest, the letter of Jefferson to the\\nGovernor of Detroit will safely stand against the\\nstatement of Jefferson s historian, who does not\\nseem to have been aware of its existence.\\nThe best defense that can be made for Hamilton\\nis that he acted under orders from his superiors\\nbut he seems to have been a willing instrument, and\\nto have gone beyond any instructions in his endeavor\\nto punish the Americans.\\nIn 1784, when General Haldimand went back to\\nEngland, Mr. Hamilton, as the oldest member of\\nthe Legislative Council, was left in charge of the\\nduties of Governor of Canada, for about a year,\\nwhen Henry Hope succeeded him as the regular\\nappointee.\\nReturning again to the history* of the efforts to\\ncapture Detroit, we find that while Hamilton was", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nmeditating on his evil deeds in a Virginia prison,\\nelTorts were still being made to organize an expedi-\\ntion against Detroit and the letters of Colonel\\nDaniel Brodhead, in command of Continental troops\\nat Pittsburgh, are full of interesting particulars. He\\nsucceeded General Mcintosh at that place, and in a\\nletter dated April i6, 1779, addressed to Major-\\nGeneral Armstrong, gives these facts as to Mcin-\\ntosh s proposed expedition against Detroit\\nThe Board of War informed me before I left Carlysle that the\\nviews of Congress were that it was loo iate to prosecute their main\\nobject. But General Mcintosh was more ambitious. He swore\\nthat nothing less than Detroit was his object, and he would have\\nit in the winter season. In vain was the nakedness of the men,\\nthe scanty supplies, worn-out, starved horses, leaness of the\\ncattle, and total want of forage, difficulty, under such circum-\\nstances, of supporting posts at so great a distance in the enemy s\\ncountry, and other considerations, urged.\\nGeneral Mcintosh determined to make a trial, and\\nit was owing to his determination that the military\\nabsurdity called Fort Mcintosh was built by the\\nhands of hundreds that were eager to wiekl sword\\nand gun. The following letter from Colonel Brod-\\nhead to Major-General Green, dated Pittsburgh.\\nMay 26, 1 779, gives particulars regarding the fort\\nLast campaign we had great plenty of resources for all the\\ntroops which were necessary to make an excursion into the\\nenemy s country, which was then the ultimate view of the\\nBoard of War, and to have saved much provisions for the cam-\\npaign. The Regular Troops and new Levies were equal to\\nsuch an undertaking; but General Mcintosh s views were much\\nmore extensive. He was determined to take Detroit and with\\nthis view, began to build a fort at much labor and expense, at\\nBeaver Creek: and consequently kept, at least, one thousand\\nmilitia in the field who might have been better employed put-\\nting in their fall crops and taking in their corn, which was\\nchiefly lost for want of their attendance.\\nThe Fort Mcintosh alluded to in the above letters\\nwas on the north side of the Ohio, about thirty\\nmiles from Pittsburgh. General Mcintosh left it on\\nNovember 5, 177S, with the intention of proceeding\\nto Detroit, but after going about seventy miles he\\nwas compelled to give up the attempt for lack of\\nprovisions.\\nOn September 24, 1779, Colonel Brodhead wrote\\nto Colonel George Morgan\\nI have applied some time past for leave to make an expedi-\\ntion against Detroit, but fear it will again be put off until the\\nseason is too far advanced, for, although the operations ought\\nnot to terminate before the commencement of winter, yet they\\nought to be begun early in the fall, and I must inform you that\\nby a late letter I rec d from Mr. Archibald Steele, it appears\\nthat a sufficient quantity of provisions is not yet purchased that\\nhe knows of, for such an undertaking and why do you con-\\nceive that five hundred men are now equal to the task of carry-\\nmg that place, which is rendered much stronger by men and\\nworks than it was two years ago when i,8oo men were thought\\nnecessary I conceive it to be next to an impossibility to carry\\non a secret expedition against that place, whilst the English\\nhave goods to engage the Indians in their interest, and we have\\nnothing but words.\\nhe wrote to General\\nOn November 10, 1779,\\nWashington as follows\\nAn expedition against Detroit in the winter season will doubt-\\nless put us in possession of the Enemy s shipping, and, of course,\\ngive us the command of Lake Erie. Winter expeditions are gen-\\nerally attended with great loss of Horses and Cattle, except where\\nlarge magazines of forage are laid in and can be transported.\\nBut the British Garrison and shipping will be a full compensation\\nfor every loss of that kind and indeed every difficulty we can\\nmeet in obtaining it, as it will likewise secure the future tranquil-\\nity of this frontier. I will endeavor to have everything in perfect\\nreadiness and procure the best intelhgence that circumstances\\nwill admit. I believe a considerable number of Indians will join\\nme, but 1 have little expectation of supplies except from the\\nFrench settlements in the vicinity of that post, and as the British\\nyearly cause the inhabitants to thrash out their grain and sell to\\nthem for the purpose of filling their magazines, little dependence\\ncan be placed on receiving supplies from them and the Indians\\non the River St. Lawrence subsist chiefly upon animal food.\\nMy best intelligence at present is that the enemy have\\nerected a very strong work, near to the Old Fort, and on the only\\ncommanding eminence behind the Soldiers Gardens. That the\\nGarrison consists of three hundred Regulars (some say more) and\\nabout the same number of militia some of the latter Description\\nit is said will join our Troops on their arrival in that neighbor-\\nhood. The Wyandots, Tawas, Chippewas, and Pottawatomies\\nlive in the vicinity of Detroit and many of them are, without\\ndoubt, under British influence.\\nTwelve days later he wrote to Washington again\\nThe Delaware Chiefs inform nic that tlie English at Detroit\\nhave refused to supply the Wyandots with clothing, because they\\nhad entered into a treaty of friendship with us. They likewise\\nsay that the new Fort at that place is finished, and that the walls\\nare so high that the tops of the Barracks can scarcely be seen from\\nthe outside but they don t know whether there are any Bomb\\nproofs as they are not permitted to go into the Fort. They think\\nthe number of soldiers does not exceed three hundred, and some\\npart of that number still remain in the old Fort.\\nOn November 26, 1779, Colonel Brodhead wrote\\nto Zeisberger, the Moravian missionary on the\\nMuskingum, as follows\\nI am very an,\\\\ious to know the strength of the Garrison at De-\\ntroit, and likewise the strength of the works, but particularly\\nwhether there are any Bomb proofs, and of what construction,\\nwhether they are arched with brick or stone, or of wood and\\nwhether the Bomb proofs are only for the safety of the Enemy s\\nprovision and military stores, or whether there are any for the\\nsecurity of the men. What number of cannon are mounted, and\\nof what size, and how the inhabitants stand affected with respect\\nto our cause. If you can employ a proper person to confide in\\nand bring me intelligence of those circumstances, you will render\\nyour country essential service and you may rely on my paying\\nthe spy eighty Bucks, or one hundred, if eighty is insufficient. I\\nintend to send one in like manner to Niagara, to gain similar\\nintelligence.\\nOn February 21, 17S0, Colonel Brodhead again\\nwrote to Washington\\nBy one of our prisoners who lately made his escape from the\\nWyandots, and who has frequently been at Detroit, I am informed\\nthat the new fort erected there has Bomb proofs of wood that the\\nwalls are very high, fifteen feet thick, and made of fascines and\\nclay that the Barracks are sunk some distance into the ground,\\nand that their roof cannot be seen from without that it stands\\non a fine commanding piece of ground with a gentle descent each", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n257\\nway likewise, that it is surrounded by a ditch twenty feet wide.\\nThe Garrison consists of 450 Regulars and the Enemy have 1800\\nmen at Niagara, besides a great number of Indians. If this intel-\\nligence is true, unless some diversion is occasioned by troops\\nmarching up the Susquehannah River, it is not improbable that\\nthe enemy may pay us a visit down the Alleghany River next\\nspring and I have neither men nor cannon sufTicient for this\\nFort, unless a reinforcement can be spared from the main army.\\nI shall, however, make the best disposition that circumstances\\nwill admit, and if possible gain further intelligence from the Dela-\\nwares, who continue their declarations of friendship for us. I\\nbeg your Excellency will indulge me with twenty Boat Builders\\nand some armourers early in the spring. If I receive no order to\\nthe contrary, and can be supplied with craft, I am determined to\\ndrive the Shawnese over the Lakes, which I can do before provi-\\nsions can be furnished for a Capital Expedition.\\nOn the same day he wrote to Governor Reed of\\nPennsylvania, giving ver) nearly the same informa-\\ntion.\\nThe following letter from Governor Jefferson to\\nGeneral Washington unfolds many particulars relat-\\ning to the men and the measures of the time\\nSir,-\\nWiLLiAMSBURCH, loth Feb., 1780.\\nIt is possible you may have heard that in the course of last\\nsummer an expedition was meditated by one Colonel Clark\\nagainst Detroit that he had proceeded so far as to rendezvous a\\nconsiderable body of Indians, I believe four or five thousand, at\\nSt. Vincents but, being disappointed in the number of whites he\\nexpected, and not choosing to rely principally on the Indians, he\\nwas obliged to decline it. We have a tolerable prospect of rein-\\nforcing him this spring, to the number which he thinks sufficient\\nfor the enterprise. We have informed him of this, and left him\\nto decide between this object and that of giving vigorous chastise-\\nment to those tribes of Indians whose eternal hostility have proved\\nthem incapable of living on friendly terms with us. It is our opin-\\nion his inclination will lead him to determine on the former.\\nThe reason of my laying before your Excellency this matter is,\\nthat it has been intimated to me that Colonel Brodhead is medi-\\ntating a similar expedition. I wished, therefore, to make you\\nacquainted with what we had in contemplation. The energetic\\ngenius of Clark is not altogether unknown to you. You also\\nknow (what I am a stranger to) the abilities of Brodhead, and the\\nparticular force with which you will be able to arm him for such an\\nexpedition. We wish the most hOpefui means should be used for\\nremoving so uneasy a thorn from our side. As you alone are\\nacquainted with all the circumstances necessary for well informed\\ndecision, I am to ask the favor of your Excellency, if you should\\nthink Brodhead s undertaking is most likely to produce success,\\nthat you will be so kind as to intimate to us, to divert Clark to\\nthe other object, which is also important to this state. It will, of\\ncourse, have weight with you in forming your determination, that\\nour prospect of strengthening Clark s hands sufficiently is not\\nabsolutely certain. It may be necessary, perhaps, to inform you\\nthat these officers cannot act together, which excludes the hopes\\nof insuring success by a joint expedition. I have the honor to be,\\nwith the most sincere esteem, Vour Excellency s\\nMost obedient and most humble ser\\\\-ant,\\nThomas Jefferson.\\nOn April 24, 1780, Brodhead wrote to Washing-\\nton:\\nAs no reinforcement can be had from your Excellency, the in-\\ntended expedition against Detroit must be laid aside until a favor-\\nable turn of affairs takes place, unless you would recommend a\\njunction of Clark s troops with mine.\\nOn May 30 he wrote\\nThe accounts I have received relative to the British Garrison at\\nDetroit differ widely, some making it to consist of only two hun-\\ndred men, some three hundred, and others upwards of four\\nhundred. This has determined me to send Captain Brady with\\nfive white men and two Delaware Indians to Sandusky, to endeavor\\nto take a British prisoner, which I hope he will effect. I have,\\nlikewise, offered other Delaware warriors fifty hard dollars worth\\nof goods, for one British soldier, and they have promised to bring\\nhim immediately. Should an intelligent one be brought in, I in-\\ntend to offer him some indulgence upon his giving me the most\\nperfect intelligence in his power.\\nOn September 14, 1780, Brodhead wrote to Wash-\\nington\\nThe French inhabitants at Detroit are much in our interest, and\\nwish most heartily to see an American force approaching. I\\nreally believe that twelve hundred well appointed men would\\ncarry that place without great difficulty and I wish for nothing\\nmore, when circumstances will admit, than the honor of making\\nthe attempt.\\nBefore Brodhead or Clark had an opportunity to\\nmake the trial, one Colonel La Balm, who came\\nto America with Lafayette, attempted the capture of\\nDetroit. The stor^ of his failure is thus told, in a\\nletter written by Colonel De Peyster to General\\nHaldimand, dated November 13, 1780:\\nA body of Canadians,* commanded by Colonel La Balm, were\\ndefeated on the 5th inst. by the Miami Indians near that village.^\\nThe Colonel and between thirty and forty of his men were killed,\\nand Mons. Rhy, who styles himself aid-de-camp, taken prisoner.\\nThey relate that they left the Cahokias on the 3rd of October,\\nwith 41 men that a large body were to follow them to the Ouia,\\nfrom whence Colonel La Balm proceeded to the Miamiswith one\\nhundred and three men and some Indians, without waiting for\\nthe junction of the troops expected, leaving orders for them to\\nfollow, as well as those he expected from Post Vincent. His\\ndesign was to attempt a coup-de-main upon Detroit, but finding\\nhis troops, which were to consist of 400 Canadians and some In-\\ndians, did not arrive, after waiting twelve days they plundered\\nthe place, and were on their way back when the Indians assembled\\nand attacked them.\\nIn a letter dated three days later, De Peyster says\\nLa Balm s force entered the village, took the\\nhorses, destroyed the horned cattle, and plundered\\na store I allowed to be kept there for the conveni-\\nence of the Indians.\\nLa Balm s watch set with diamonds, his double-\\nbarrelled gun, spurs, regimentals, and some valu-\\nable papers were brought to De Peyster by an Indian.\\nA letter from Genecal Haldimand to Colonel De\\nPeyster, dated January- 6, 1 781, says, I have received\\nyour letter of 1 5th of November reporting the defeat\\nof Mons. La Balm and transmitting his commission,\\netc.\\nSoon after the defeat of La Balm, the proposed\\nexpedition of Colonel Clark was again under con-\\nsideration, and on December 13, 1780, Governor\\nJefferson wrote to Washington as follows:\\nI The^rench were usually so styled.\\n8 Now Fort Wayne, Ind.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "258\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nSlR,-\\nI had the honor of writing to your Excellency on the subject of\\nan expedition, contemplated by this state, against the British post\\nat Detroit, and of receiving your answer of October the lolh.\\nSince the date of my letter the face of things has so far changed as\\nto leave it no longer optional to attempt or decline the expedition,\\nbut compels us to decide in the affirmative, and to begin our pre-\\nparations immediately. The regular force Colonel Clark already\\nhas, with a proper draft from the militia beyond the Alleghany,\\nand that of three or four of our most northern counties, will be\\nadequate to the reduction of Fort Detroit, in the opinion of\\nColonel Clark and he assigns the most probable reasons for that\\nopinion. We have, therefore, determined to undertake it, and\\ncommit it to his direction. Independent of the favor-\\nable effects, which a successful enterprise against Detroit must\\nproduce to the United States in general, by keeping in quiet the\\nfrontier of the northern ones, and leaving our western militia to\\naid those of the south, we think the like friendly office performed\\nby us to the states, whenever desired, and almost to the absolute\\nexhaustion of our own magazines, give well founded hopes that\\nwe may be accommodated on this occasion.\\nMea and means for the expedition were, how-\\never, scarce the hunters of Kentucky were fearful\\ntheir own homes would be attacked in their absence,\\nand the expedition was delayed. That the jealousy\\nbetween Clark and Brodhead still continued is evi-\\ndent from the following letter, contained in the Cal-\\nendar of Virginia State Papers:\\nJanuary i8, 1781.\\nGeorge Rogers Clark to the Govertior 0/ Virginia\\nDr. Sir,\\nI have examined your proposed Instructions. I dont Recollect\\nof any thing more that is necessary, Except the mode of paying\\nthe Expenses of the Garrison of De Troit in case of success, as\\nsupporting our Credit among strangers may be attended with great\\nand good consequences, and my former Experiences Induce me to\\nwish it to be the case where I have the Honor to Command. I\\nwould also observe to your Excellency, that I could wish to set\\nout on this Expedition free from any Reluctance, which I doubt I\\ncannot do without a satisfactory Explanation of the treatment of\\nthe Virginia Delegates in Congress to me in objecting to an ap-\\npointment designed for me, which your Excellency cannot be a\\nstranger to. I could wish not to be thought to solicit promotion\\nand that my Duty to myself did not oblige me to transmit these\\nsentiments to you. The treatment I have Generally met with\\nfrom this state hath prejudiced me as far as consistant in her In-\\nterest, and wish not to be distrusted in the Execution of her\\nOrders by any Continental Col that may be in the Countries that\\nI have Business in, which 1 doubt will be the case, although the\\norders of the Commander in chief is very positive.\\nPreparations for his expedition went on rapidly\\nlarge sums of money were expended, and immense\\nquantities of supplies provided at the rendezvous\\nnear Pittsburgh. Up to January 23. 1781, R. Mad-\\nison, the quartermaster and commissary, had ex-\\npended ^500,000, and on that date applied to\\nGovernor Jefferson for ^300,000 additional to ful-\\nfill his contracts.\\nOn March 27. 1781. Colonel Brodhead wrote from\\nFort Pitt to Washington, as follows\\nDear General,\\nI am honored with your favor of the 28th ultimo, and am thank-\\nful for the contents. I have acknowled^d the receipt of your\\nletter of the 29th of December, and shall give every encourage-\\nment to General Clark s intended enterprise. I wish he may be\\nin readiness before the waters fail, and the Kentucky settlements\\nare destroyed by the Enemy.\\nBut I am informed that little or nothing has as yet been done\\nat his boat yards, and that the militia he expected from this side\\nof the mountains, are availing themselves of the unsettled Juris-\\ndiction.\\nBoth Virginia and Pennsylvania at this time\\nclaimed the ser\\\\-ices of the militia in the region of\\nthe Alleghanies, the boundaries of both States being\\nunsettled, and many of the settlers made this an\\nexcuse for not taking up arms. On May 26 Clark\\nwrote to Washington as follows\\nSir,\\nReduced to the necessity of taking every step to carry my point\\nthe ensuing campaign, I hope your Excellency will excuse me in\\ntaking the liberty of troubling you with tliis request. The inva-\\nsion of Virginia put it out of the power of the (iovernor to fur-\\nnish me with the number of men proposed for the enterprise of\\nthe west but he informed me he had ob ained leave of the Baron\\nSteuben, and agreeably to your letters for Colonel John Gibson\\nand regiment, together with Heth s company, to join my forces;\\nan addition, he supposed, of more worth than the militia we\\nwere disappointed of. On consulting Colonel Brodhead, he\\ncould not conceive that he was at liberty to suffer them to go, as\\nyour instructions were pointed respecting the troops and stores to\\nbe furnished by him. From your Excellency s letters to Colonel\\nBrodhead I conceive him to be at liberty to furnish what men he\\npleased. I am convinced he did not think the same as I do, or\\nothep-vise he would have had no objection, as he appeared to wish\\nto give the enterprise every aid in his power.\\nThe hope of obtaining a grant of those troops has induced me\\nto address your Excellency myself, as it is too late to consult\\nGovernor Jefferson farther on the subject, wishing to set out on\\nthe expedition early in June, as our stores of provisions are nearly\\ncomplete. If our force should be equal to the task proposed, I\\ncannot conceive that this post, with a very small garrison even of\\nmilitia, will be in any danger, as it is attached to a populous coun-\\ntry, and during our time in the enemy s, Mcintosh and Wheeling\\nwill be useless, or might also be garrisoned by small parties of\\nmilitia. Those T know to be your Excellency s ideas. If you\\nshould approve of the troops in this department joining our forces,\\nthough they are few, the acquisition may be attended with great\\nand good consequences, as two hundred only might turn the scale\\nin our favor. The advantage that must derive to the states from\\nour proving successful, is of such importance that I think it de-\\nserved a greater preparation to insure it. But I have not yet lost\\nsiglit of Detroit. Nothing seems to threaten us but the want of\\nmen. But even should we be able to cut our way through the\\nIndians and find they have received no reinforcement at Detroit,\\nwe may probably have the assurance to attack it, though our force\\nmay be much less than proposed, which was two thousand as\\ndefeating the Indians with inconsiderable loss on our side would\\nalmost insure success. Should this be the case a valuable peace\\nwith them will then probably ensue. But on the contrary should\\nwe fall through in our present plans and no e.xpedition take place,\\nit is to be feared that the consequences will be fatal to the whole\\nfrontier, as every exertion will be made by the British party to\\nharass them as much as possible, and disable them from giving any\\nsuccours to our eastern or southern forces. The Indian war is\\nnow more general than ever. Any attempt to appease them,\\nexcept by the sword, will be fruitless. Captain Randolph waits on\\nyour Excellency for an answer to this letter, which I flatter mysL-If\\nyou will honor me with immediately. Colonel Gibson, who com-\\nmands in the absence of Colonel Brodhead, will keep the troops\\nready to move at an hour s warning conducting myself as though\\nthis request was granted, impatiently waiting for the happy order,\\nI remain yours, etc.,\\nG. R. Clark.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "THE RK\\\\OLUTIONARY WAR.\\n259\\nIt does not appear that his request fcr reinforce-\\nments was complied with, but he finally left Pitts-\\nburgh, moved down the Ohio, and near Louisville,\\nKentucky, his last expedition came to an inglorious\\nend. The reasonc for its failure are indicated in\\nthe following letter to Washington from General\\nWilliam Ir\\\\ ine:\\nFort Pitt, 2 Dec, 1781.\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nI presume your Excellency has been inforraed by\\nthe Governor of Virginia, or General Clark, of the failure of his\\nexpedition. But lest that should not be the case, I will relate all\\nthe particulars that have come to my knowledge. Captain Craig,\\nwith the detachment of artillery under him, returned here the\\na6th inst. He got up with much diihculty, and great fatigue to\\nthe men being forty days on the way, occasioned by the low-\\nness of the river. He was obliged to throw away his gun carriages,\\nbut brought his pieces and best stores safe. He left General Clark\\nat the Rapids, and says the General was not able to prosecute his\\nintended plan of operation for want of men, being able to collect,\\non the whole, only about seven hundred and fifty and the Buffalo\\nmeat was all Rotten; and adds, the General is apprehensive of a\\nWsit from Detroit, and is not without fears the settlement will be\\nobliged to break up, unless reinforcements soon arrive from Vir-\\nginia. The Indians have been so numerous in that country that\\nall the inhabitants have been obliged to keep close in Forts, and\\nthe General could not venture out to fight ihem.\\nA Colonel Archibald Lochrey, Lieutenant of Westmoreland\\ncounty, in Pennsylvania, with about one hundred men in all,\\ncomposed of volunteers and a company raised by Pennsylvania\\nfor the defense of said county, followed General Clark, who, lis\\nsaid, ordered Lochrey to join him at the mouth of the Miami, up\\nwhich river it had been previously agreed on to proceed. But\\nGeneral Clark, having changed his plan, left a small party at\\nMiami, with directions to Lochrey to proceed on to the falls after\\nhim with the main body. Sundrj accounts agree that this party\\nand all Lochrey s, to a man, were waylaid by the Indians and\\nregulars (for it is asserted they had artillery) and all killed or\\ntaken. No man escaped, either to join General Clark or return\\nhome. When Captain Craig left the General, he could not be\\npersuaded but that Lochrey with his party had returned home.\\nThese misfortunes threw the people of this country into the\\ngreatest consternation, and almost despair, particularly West-\\nmoreland county, Lochrey s party being all the best men of that\\nfrontier. At present they talk of flying early in the spring to\\nthe eastern side of the mountain, and are daily flocking to me to\\ninquire what support they may expect.\\nI think there is but too much reason to fear that General Clark\\nand Colonel Gibson s expedition falling through, will greatly\\nencourage the savages to fall on the country with double fury, or\\nperhaps, the British from Detroit to visit this post, which instead\\nof being in a tolerable state of defense, is, in fact, nothing but a\\nheap of ruins.\\nI believe, if Detroit was demolished, it would be a good step\\ntowards giving some, at least temporary, ease to this country. It\\nwould take, at least, a whole summer to rebuild and establish\\nthemselves for though we should succeed in reducing Detroit, I\\ndo not think there is the smallest probability of our being able to\\nhold it, it is too remote from supplies. I have been endeavoring\\nto form some estimates; and from such Information as I can\\ncollect, I really think that the reduction of Detroit would not\\ncost much more, nor take many more men, than it will take to\\nCover and protect the countrj by acting on the defensive. If I\\nam well informed, it would take seven or eight hundred regular\\ntroops, and about a thou^nd militia; which could pretty easily\\nbe obtained for that purpose, as it appears to be a favorite scheme\\nThe force that attacked Colonel Lochrey consisted of about\\nsix hundred regulars and Indians from Detroit, commanded by\\nJoseph Brant and George Girty.\\nover all this country. The principal difficulty would be to get\\nprovisions and stores transported. As to taking a heavy train of\\nartiller I fear it would not only be impossible, but an incum-\\nbrance {we should take) Two field pieces, some howitz, and,\\nperhaps, a mortar. I do not think, especially under present cir-\\ncumstances, that it would be possible to carry on expeditions in\\nsuch a manner as to promise success by a regular siege. I would\\ntherefore propose to make every appearance of sitting down\\nbefore the place, as if to reduce it by regular approaches as soon\\nas I found the Enemy fully Impressed with this idea, attempt it\\nat once by assault.\\nIn order to obtain aid for General Clark, Governor\\nJefferson applied to Washington, and received the\\nfollowing reply:\\nNew Windsor, 28th December, 1781.\\nI have ever been of the opinion that the reduction of the post\\nof Detroit would be the only certain means of giving peace and\\nsecurity to the whole western frontier, and I have constantly kept\\nmy eye upon that object but such has Deen the reduced state of\\nour Continental force, and such the low ebb of our funds, especially\\nof late, that I have never had it in my power to make the attempt.\\nOn the following day, however, he gave an order\\non Colonel Brodhead for artillery, tools, stores, and\\nmen to further the project, but apparently the order\\nwas neglected, for Clark s forces were left to care for\\nthemselves; and on February 7, 1782, General Irvine\\nwrote to Washington from Philadelphia as follows\\nThe Indians have all left us except ten men, and by the best\\naccounts, are preparing to make a stroke in the spring, either\\nagainst General Clark at the Rapids or on Fort Pitt which, my\\ninformant could not with certainty say, but was positive one or the\\nother was intended. I am apprehensive, from the steps taken by\\nthe Commandant at Detroit, that something serious is intended.\\nFirst, thirteen nations of Indians have been treated with in the\\nbeginning of November and at the conclusion they were directed\\nto keep themselves compact and ready to assemble on short notice.\\nSecondly, the Moravians are carried into captivity, and strictly\\nwatched and threatened with severe punishment if they should\\nattempt to give us information of their movements. Thirdly,\\npart of the five nations are assembled at Sandusky.\\nTo carry on the expedition against Detroit would take two\\nthousand men to give a tolerable certainty of success, the lime\\nwould be three months, and the best season to march from Fort\\nPitt the first of August, when the waters are low, morasses and\\nsoft rich meadows dried up by land totally, preferable to any\\npart by water, the enemy having entire command of the lake with\\narmed vessels the navigation of rivers uncertain besides the\\nnumber of boats and waste of time would make it more expensive\\nthan land carriage. Pack horses to carry provisions would be\\nbetter and more certain than wagons. One thousand horses\\nwould carry flour for two thousand men for three months. Beef\\nmust be driven on foot. Twenty-five wagons would carry mili-\\ntary stores sufficient for the train, which should consist of two\\ntwelve pounders, two sixes, one three pounder, one eight inch\\nhowitzer and one royal.\\nAt least one half should be regular troops, and three\\nmonths are sufficient to complete the expedition then the only\\ndifference in the expense will be the transportation of provision\\nand stores; as acting on the defensive, seven months will be the\\nleast, and the same quantity of provision will be consumed, and\\nammunition wasted. If we act offensively, it will draw the whole\\nattention of the enemy to their own defense, by which our settle-\\nments will have peace and such of the militia as do not go on\\nthe expedition will have time to raise crops. On the contrary,\\ncontinual alarms will keep them from these necessary duties. The\\ngarrison at Detroit is three hundred regular troops, the militia\\n(Canadians) from seven hundred to one thousand the number of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "26o\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nIndians that could assemble in ten days notice to a certain point,\\nabout one thousand. Query. Should we be able to take Detroit,\\nshall we hold it If not, what advantage will the bare reduction\\nof the place be, if immediately evacuated Answer. The re-\\nduction of Detroit, in the fall of the year, will prevent an inter-\\ncourse with the western Indians for a whole year, as it would be\\nlate in the succeedinj; summer before the British could re-establish,\\nduring which time we might either open a trade with such savages\\nas would ask for peace, or by frequently penetrating into and\\nestablishing posts in their country, oblige them to retire to such a\\ndistance as would put it out of their power to harass the back\\ninhabitants. It would be attended with great expense and vast\\nrisk to support a garrison at Detroit, as long as the British possess\\nthe lower part of Canada, and have the command.\\nAll this planning and corresponding was barren\\nof results, and meantime Clark s forces gradually\\ndwindled away. In November, 1782, he went on\\nan expedition against the Indians in Ohio, destroying\\ntheir fields and villages, and, in fact, was kept so\\nbusy fighting the Indians that the Detroit expedition\\ncould not be entered upon. In the fall of 17S3 he\\nsent a quantity of provisions by water to Vincennes,\\nand with his force proceeded there by land. General\\nClark, about this time, became intemperate, and\\nprobably owing to this cause three hundred of his\\nforce left in a body the rest then became discour-\\naged and returned to Kentucky, and the expedition\\nwas abandoned.\\nAll these expeditions, however, and the fact that\\nGovernor Hamilton was absent and a prisoner, did\\nnot prevent army activities at Detroit.\\nEarly in 1779 troops were requested from Niagara,\\nand on April 15 Colonel Bolton sent fifty of the\\nEighth Regiment and fifty Rangers to aid in pro-\\ntecting Detroit. They arrived on May 7, and their\\ncoming very greatly changed the aspect of affairs.\\nSome citizens were wonderfully elated, and others\\ncorrespondingly depressed. The barometer of patri-\\notism was as sensitive here as in any eastern settle-\\nment, and was watched as carefully.\\nAfter Governor Hamilton had left on his expedi-\\ntion. Colonel De Peyster was in daily anticipation of\\norders to leave Mackinaw for Detroit, and was\\ngreatly annoyed that he, a lieutenant-colonel, should\\nbe continued at Mackinaw, a comparatively unim-\\nportant post, while Detroit was under command of\\na captain. However, the order, dated August 29,\\n1779, finally arrived, and he waited only for the\\ncoming of Lieutenant-Governor Patrick Sinclair,\\nwho was to have charge of the post. Governor\\nSinclair arrived at Mackinaw October 4, and in a\\nfew days thereafter Colonel De Peyster left for\\nDetroit. This neighborhood, at the time, was liter-\\nally black with hordes of savage tribes, and in a\\nletter to Colonel Bolton, written July 6, 1780, Colonel\\nDe PeystfT doses with these words I am so\\nhurried with war parties coming in from all quarters\\nthat I do not know which way to turn myself.\\nThese parties brought in persons of either sex, and\\nof all ages and the details of the forced marches of\\nthe sick and infirm, the massacring of troublesome\\ninfants, and the presentation of the scalps of the\\nslain, are matters of regular and almost continuous\\nrecord.\\nOn May 16, 1780, Colonel De Peyster wrote to\\nColonel Bolton\\nThe prisoners daily brought in here are part of the thousand\\nfamilies who are flying from the oppression of Congress, in order\\nto add to the number already settled at Keatuck, the finest\\ncountry for new settlers in America; but it happens, unfortunately\\nfor them, to be the Indians best hunting ground, which they will\\nnever give up, and, in fact, it is our interest not to let the Vir-\\nginians, Marylanders, and Pennsylvanians get possession there,\\nlest, in a short time, they become formidable to this post.\\nA letter written ten days later, to Lieutenant-\\nGovernor Sinclair, says\\nEvery thing is quiet here except the constant noise of the war-\\ndrum. All the Seiginies are arrived at the instance of the Shaw-\\nneese and Delawares. More Indians from all quarters than ever\\nknown before, and not a drop of rum\\nEarly in this year. Captain Henry Bird s expedi-\\ntion against Kentucky was fitted out, and on April\\n12, after an expenditure of nearly $300,000, the\\nforce left Detroit. It was made up of both white\\nmen and Indians, numbered nearly six hundred per-\\nsons, and, for the first time on such an expedition,\\ncannon were taken. The American spies informed\\nthe people of its organization, and fear and dread\\npervaded the entire West, while the colonists in the\\nEast awaited anxiously the record of its doings. On\\nJune 22 the force appeared before Ruddle s Station,\\nwhich surrendered, on condition that the inhabitants\\nbe considered prisoners of the British instead of the\\nIndians. Captain Bird, however, was unable to\\nrestrain the savages, and men, women, and children\\nwere indiscriminately and remorselessly massacred.\\nThe Indians now became refractory, and after\\nthe capture of Martin s Station and one other small\\nfort, the force was compelled to return without\\nhaving accomplished all that had been intended. A\\nletter from Colonel De Peyster to Colonel Bolton,\\ndated Detroit, August 4, 1780, says\\nI have the pleasure to acquaint you that Captain Bird arrived\\nhere this morning with about one hundred and fifty prisoners,\\nmostly Gennans who speak English, the remainder coming in,\\nfor in spite of all his endeavors to prevent it the Indians broke\\ninto the forts and seized many. The whole will amount to about\\nthree hundred and fifty. Thirteen have entered into\\nthe Rangers and many more will enter, as the prisoners are greatly\\nfatigued with travelling so far. some sick and some wounded.\\nP. S. Please excuse the hurry of this letter, the Indians\\nengross my time. W^e have more here than enough. Were it not\\nabsolutely necessary to keep in with them, they would tire my\\npatience.\\nThe British now became greatly troubled by the\\nattitude of the Delaware Indians. This tribe had", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n261\\ndecided to remain neutral and also sought to restrain\\nother tribes from entering into the contest. The\\nEnglish suspected that the Moravian missionaries,\\nwho had a mission among them, were responsible\\nfor this action, and therefore looked upon them\\nwith disfavor. The Moravians were advised by the\\nAmericans to return to Pennsylvania, but they per-\\nsisted in remaining at what they deemed the post of\\nduty. Finally the Americans sought the Delawares\\nas allies in the war they not only refused, but the\\nbody of the tribe soon after cast in their lot with the\\nEnglish. In order to confirm them in this purpose.\\nColonel De Peyster determined to remove the mis-\\nsionaries from among them and in September,\\n1781, he compelled them to forsake their settlement\\non the Muskingum. With sad hearts they left their\\nhomes and fields, their cattle, their books, and all\\ntheir household treasures, and, escorted by Indians\\ncommanded by English officers, they were marched\\nto Sandusky, where they arrived on the 1 1 th of\\nOctober, and from there, on October 25, they set\\nout for Detroit. An account of their arrival and\\ntreatment while here is given elsewhere.\\nThat they were really favorable to the American\\ncause is evident from a letter of Colonel Brodhead\\nto General Washington, dated December 13, 1779,\\nwhich states that he relied almost wholly on the\\nMoravians for information from Detroit.\\nUnder the labors of the missionaries many of the\\nIndians had become Christians, and were entirely\\nguiltless of wrong to either British or Americans\\nbut in those days Indian massacres were so frequent\\nthat there was but little sympathy for the red race.\\nMany Americans, exasperated by the outrages of\\nhostile tribes, held all alike guilty, and a body of\\nmilitia from Washington County, Pennsylvania,\\ncommanded by Colonel David Williamson, was\\nraised to proceed against the Delawares. Many of\\nthe Christian Indians had meantime returned to\\ntheir settlements on the Muskingum; and on the\\narrival of Williamson, on March 8, 1782, these\\nreally inoffensive people, who had assembled in two\\nhouses, were attacked, and si.\\\\ty-two grown people\\nand thirty-four children were deliberately massacred\\nby the Americans. One of the blackest crimes of the\\nRevolution was thus perpetrated by colonial militia.\\nThis questionable success of Williamson and\\nthe hostility of the Delawares led to the organization\\nof a new expedition, commanded by Colonel William\\nCrawford, who proceeded against them on June 4,\\n1782. When near what is now Upper Sandusky,\\nhe was met by a party of about two hundred Indians\\nand one hundred of Butler s Rangers from Detroit,\\nunder command of Captain William Caldwell. A\\nbattle ensued, in which Crawford s forces were vic-\\ntorious but the next day the British were reinforced\\nwith a detachment of Rangers and more Indians,\\nand the Americans retreated. Colonel Crawford\\nbecame separated from his command, was captured\\nby the Indians, and burned to death on June 1 1, 1782.\\nThe English were not parties to the burning of\\nCrawford. On August 17, 1782, General Haldimand\\nwrote Colonel De Peyster regretting the cruelty\\ncommitted by some of the Indians upon Colonel\\nCrawford, and desiring De Peyster to assure them\\nof his utter abhorrence of such procedure. It is\\ndue to Colonel De Peyster to state that he often\\nmanifested his disapproval of the cruelties of the\\nIndians, and felt that he had a difficult part to per-\\nform. In a letter, written April 12, 1781, to the\\nDelaware Indians, and contained in his Miscella-\\nnies, he says:\\nSend me that little babbling Frenchman named Monsieur\\nLinctot, he who poisons your ears, one of those who says he can\\namuse you with words only, send him to me, or be the means of\\nmy getting him, and I will then put confidence in you. I then\\nwill deal with you as with other Indians whom I call my friends,\\nmy brothers, and my children, and to whom I request of you to\\ngive free passage and kind entertainment. If you have not an\\nopportunity to bring me the little Frenchman, you may bring rae\\nsome Virginia prisoners. I am pleased when I see what you call\\nlive meat, because I can speak to it and get information. Scalps\\nser\\\\ e to show that you have seen the enemy, but they are of no\\nuse to me. I cannot speak with them. I request of you to give\\nfree passage to such Virginians as have a mind to speak with me,\\nthat you will not offer to stop them, but make a straight and even\\nroad for them to come to Detroit.\\nIn another letter, of September 29, 17S1, ad-\\ndressed to General Haldimand, and given in But-\\nterfield s Washington-Ir\\\\-ine Letters he says\\nI Jiave a very difficult card to play at this post and its depend-\\nences. It is evident that the back settlers will continue\\nto make war upon the Shawanese, Delawares, and Wyandots, even\\nafter a truce shall be agreed to between Great Britain and her\\nrevolted colonies in which case, whilst we continue to support\\nthe Indians with troops {which they are calling ioud for) or only\\nwith arms, ammunition, and necessaries, we shall incur the odium\\nof encouraging incursions into the back settlements for it is evi-\\ndent that when the Indians are on foot occasioned by the constant\\nalarms they receive from the enemy s entering their country, they\\nwill occasionally enter the settlements and bring off prisoners and\\nscalps so that, whilst in alliance with a people we are bound to\\nsupport, a defensive war will, in spite of human prudence, almost\\nalways terminate in an offensive one.\\nColonel De Peyster s words were prophetic, for\\ncompetent authorities estimate that from 1783 to\\n1790 not less than three thousand persons were\\nscalped or made captives by bands from Detroit.\\nIn an article in the North American Renew,\\nGeneral Cass says\\nWhen the foraying party returned, they were formally intro-\\nduced to the commanding officer. The scalps were thrown down\\nbefore him in the Council house, and the principal warrior addressed\\nhim in terms like these Father, we have done as you directed us\\nwe have struck your enemies. They were then paid and dismissed,\\nand the scalps were deposited in the cellar of the Council House.\\nWe have been told by more than one respectable eye-witness that\\nwhen the charnel-house was cleansed, it was a spectacle upoa\\nwhich the inhabitants gazed with horror.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "262\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\nGeneral Cass continues\\nWe are indebted for the following relation to a respectable gen-\\ntleman of Detroit, James May, Esq., and as it elucidates import-\\nant traits in the Indian character, and discloses facts not generally\\nknown, we shall give it in his own words:\\nDuring the American revolutionary war, when the Indian\\nwar-parties approached Detroit, they always gave the war and\\ndeath whoops, so that the inhabitants, who were acquainted with\\ntheir customs, knew the number of scalps they had brought and of\\nprisoners they had taken, some time before they had made their\\nappearance. Soon after I arrived in Detroit, the great war party\\nwhich had captured Ruddle s Station in Kentucky, returned from\\nthat expedition. Hearing the usual signals of success, I walked\\nout of town and soon met the party. The squaws and young\\nIndians had ranged themselves on the side of the road, with sticks\\nand clubs, and were whipping the prisoners with great severity.\\nAmong these were two young girls, thirteen or fourteen years old,\\nwho escaped from the party and ran for protection to me and to a\\nnaval officer who was with me. With much trouble and some\\ndanger, and after knocking down two of the Indians, we succeeded\\nin rescuing the girls, and fled with them to the Council House.\\nHere they were safe, because this was the goal, where the right of\\nthe Indians to beat them ceased. Next morning I received a mes-\\nsage by an orderly-sergeant to wait upon Colonel De Peyster, the\\ncommanding officer. I found the naval officer, who was with me\\nthe preceding day, already there.\\nThe Colonel stated that a serious complaint had been preferred\\nagainst us by McKee, the Indian agent, for interfering with the\\nIndians, and rescuing two of their prisoners. He said the Indians\\nhad a right to their own mode of warfare, and that no one should\\ninterrupt them and after continuing this reproof for some time,\\nhe told me, if I ever took such a liberty again, he would send me\\nto Montreal or Quebec.\\nThe naval officer was still more severely reprimanded, and\\nthreatened to have his uniform stripped from his back and to be\\ndismissed from His Majesty s service, if such an incident again\\noccurred. And although I stated to Colonel De Peyster that we\\nsaved the lives of the girls at the peril of our own, he abated\\nnothing of his threats or harshness.\\nIn gratifying contrast to the story just narrated is\\nthe following account of the treatment of O. M.\\nSpencer, a boy of twelve years and an only son,\\ncaptured near Cincinnati, on July 7, 1792, and finally\\ntaken to Detroit, where he arrived on March 3, 1793,\\nand was delivered to Colonel England. He was\\ntreated with great kindness and was committed to\\nthe care of Lieutenant Andre.\\nMany years after he wrote an account of his\\ncapture in which he said\\nMr. Andre immediately took me by the hand and led me to his\\nquarters in the same barracks, only a few doors distant, and re-\\nquesting me to sit down, retired from the apartment. In a few\\nminutes a servant entered, and set before me some tea and bread\\nand butter, on which having supped, I arose and was retiring from\\nthe table, when two women, who mere curiosity, as I supposed, had\\nkept standing at one end of the room looking at me intently while\\nI was eating, now advanced, and each unceremoniously taking me\\nby the hand, and leading me out of the apartment, conducted me\\nto a chamber. Here, stripping off all but my shirt, carefully\\nthrowing my clothes out at a back window, beyond the palisades\\nof the town, and seating me in a large washtub half filled with\\nwater, they tore off my shirt, which had fast adhered to the band-\\nage round my shoulder, before I had time to tell them I was\\nwounded, and so suddenly, inflicting fora moment acute pain, as to\\nextort from me a loud scream. Their surprise at this soon ceased\\nwhen I told them that an Indian had stabbed me in the shoulder;\\nand when they saw the blood from the open wound running down\\nmy back, one of them, alarmed, ran to inform Mr. Andrf-, the\\nother, with a rag immediately staunching the blood dt-iiberately\\nproceeded to scour my person with soap and water, and by the\\ntime the surgeon arrived had effected a complete ablution.\\nOn probing the wound, which he found to be about three inches\\ndeep, tlie surgeon pronounced it to be not dangerous. Fortu-\\nnately, he said, the knife, in entering, had struck the lower pos-\\nterior point of the right shoulder blade, and taken a direction\\ndownward but had it entered an inch lower or nearer the spine,\\nit would probably have caused death. From the want of clothes,\\nit was late next morning before I could get up, but receiving at\\nlength a temporary supply of a roundabout and pantaloons from\\nthe wardrobe of Ensign O Brien (brother of Mrs. England) and a\\npair of stockings and slippers from one of the women, I made my\\nappearance in the breakfast room, and was introduced to Mrs.\\nAndr6, wife of the Lieutenant. She very kindly took my hand,\\nand congratulated me on my deliverance from the Indians, though\\nshe could not help smiling at my singular appearance, dressed as\\nI was in clothes which, although they fitted the smallest officer in\\nthe garrison, hung like bags on me. She was kind and\\namiable, as she was handsome and accomplished and although\\nquite young, apparently not more than twenty, supplied to me the\\nplace of a mother. Her husband, a brother of the unfortunate\\nMajor Andre, and one of the handsomest men I ever saw, very\\naffable in his manners, and frank m his disposition, treated me\\nwith great kindness and after seeing that I was comfortably and\\nindeed genteely dressed, introduced me to the families of Mr.\\nErskine and Commodore Grant {where I found boys and girls of\\nnearly my own age, who cheerfully associated with me), and took\\npleasure in showing me the town, the shipping, the fort, and\\nwhatever else he thought would afford me gratification.\\nAfter a stay of about four weeks, near the end of\\nMarch young Spencer was sent on the sloop Felicity\\nto Niagara.\\nSome of the prisoners were allowed to roam at\\nlarge, and get their living as best they could and\\none of the old account-books of Thomas Smith, a\\nleading merchant in Detroit, shows that several of\\nthem obtained goods of various kinds on credit.\\nPeace was finally declared between England and\\nAmerica, and in theory, if not in fact, the hatchet\\nwas buried. The history of the negotiations for\\nthe surrender of Detroit affords a notable illustra-\\ntion of diplomatic delay.\\nBRITISH AND INDIAN WARS AND FIRST AMERI-\\nCAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT.\\nUnder the treaties of November 30, 1782, and\\nSeptember 3, 17S3, made between England and the\\nUnited States, it was understood, at least by the\\nAmerican Government, that the countr) north of the\\nSt. Lawrence and the Lakes became part of the\\nUnited States, and that Detroit was therefore to be\\ngiven up by the English. In anticipation of its sur-\\nrender, and in order to promote friendly feeling\\nwith the Indians and secure a cessation of hostili-\\nties on their part, the Secretary of War, in May,\\n1783, sent Ephraim Douglass to hold councils with\\nthe Indians. His report, contained in the Pennsyl-\\nvania Archives, is as follows", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS.\\n263\\nPrinceton, i8th Aug., 1783,\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn obedience to the instructions you honored me with on the\\n5th of May liist, I have used every endeavor in my power to exe-\\ncute in the fullest manner your orders. On the 7th of\\nJune I left Fort Pitt, and travelling about two hundred miles by\\nthe old trading path, arrived on the 16th at the Delaware and\\nHuron settlements on the Sandusky river. Captain\\nPipe, who is the principal man of the nation, received me with\\nevery demonstration of joy, but told me, as his nation\\nwas not the principal one, nor had voluntarily engaged in the\\nwar, it would be proper for me first to communicate my business\\nto the Hurons and Shawnese, and afterward to the Delawares.\\nThat he had announced ray arrival to the Hurons and expected\\nsuch of them as were at home .would very shortly be over to see\\nand welcome me. This soon happened as he had expected, but\\nas none of their chiefs were present I declined speaking publicly\\nto them, knowing that I could receive no authentic answer, and\\nunwilling to expend unnecessarily the wampum I had prepared\\nfor this occasion. I informed them for their satisfaction of the\\npeace with England, and told them that the United States were\\ndisposed to be in friendship with Indians also, desired them to\\nsend for their head men, particularly for the Half King (Chief of\\nthe Wyandotts, at Brownstown), who was gone to Detroit.\\nThey all readily agreed to this proposal and returned\\nto their homes apparently ver well satisfied but the Hurons\\nnevertheless failed sending to Detroit, partly thro the want\\nof authority in the old men present, and partly through the\\nassurance of the wife of the Half King, who was confident\\nher husband would be home in two days, and therefore a\\njourney which would require six or seven was altogether un-\\nnecessary. On the evening of the i8th a runner\\narrived from the Miami with intelligence that Mr. Elliott bad\\nreceived dispatches from Detroit, announcing the arrival of Sir\\nJohn Johnson at that place; that in consequence the chiefs\\nand warriors were desired to repair thither in a few days, where\\nthe council would be held with them. They were also directed to\\ntake with them the War or Tomahawk Belts, which had been de-\\nlivered to them by the King to strike the Americans with.\\nBut when they were just ready to mount their horses, they were\\nstopped by the arrival of ten men who preceded a body of sixty\\nother southern Indians, coming upon business from the nations\\nnorth and east of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. pipe\\npressed me to accompany him to Detroit, assuring me that it\\nwould be useless to wait the coming of the Indians from the\\nMiami, that they would spend their time in useless counciling\\nthere till the Treaty of Detroit would come on, and that if I even\\ncould assemble them I could obtain nothing from the interview.\\nThat if the Half King was present he would not undertake to\\ngive me an answer, without consulting the chiefs of the Huron\\ntribe at Detroit, and that these would determine nothing without\\nfirst asking the advice of their Father the Commandant. Find-\\ning that I had little to hope by continuing at Sandusky and likely\\nto effect as little by visiting the Miami if my horses had e\\\\ en\\nbeen able to have performed the journey, I determined to proceed\\nto Detroit by the nearest route. I left Sandusky on the\\n30th accompanied by the Pipe and two other Indians in addition\\nto my former companions and travelled onwards to Detroit till\\nthe afternoon of the first of July, when we were met by Mr,\\nElliott and three other persons from that place, whom the Com-\\nmandant had dispatched for the purpose of conducting us thither.\\nI continued my journey with my new companion till the\\n4th, when I arrived at Detroit, where I was received with much\\npoliteness and treated with great civility by the Commandant, to\\nwhom I delivered your letters, showed your instructions and pressed\\nfor an opportunity of communicating them to the Indians as soon\\nas might be. He professed the strongest desire of bringing about\\na reconciliation between the United States and the several Indian\\nnations, declared that he would willingly promote it all in his\\npower but that until he was authorized by his superiors in com-\\nmand, he could not consent that anything should be said to the\\nIndians relative to the boundary of the United States; for though\\nhe knew from the King s proclamation that the war with America\\nwas at an end, he had no official information to justify his sup-\\nposing the States extended to this place, and therefore could not\\nconsent to the Indians being told so especially as he had uni-\\nformly declared to them that he did not know these posts were to\\nbe evacuated by the English. He had no objection, he said, to my\\ncommunicating the friendly offers of the United States, and would\\ncheerfully make known to them the substance of your letter to him.\\nIn the morning of the 5th I received an intimation from Colonel\\nDe Peyster, through Captain McKee, that it was his wish I would\\ngo on to Niagara as soon as I had recovered from the fatigue of\\nmy journey. In consequence of this I waited on him in the after-\\nnoon and pressed with greater warmth than yesterday the neces-\\nsity of my speaking to the Indians, and receiving an answer from\\nthem. I pressed him to suffer me to proceed on my business with-\\nout his interference, and offered him my word that I would say\\nnothing to them respecting the limits of the States, but confine\\nmyself to the offer of Peace or choice of War, and the Invitation\\nto Treaty. He would not retract his resolution without further\\norders from the Commander in chief, and I was obliged to submit\\nhowever unwillingly but must do him the justice to acknowledge\\nthat he made every offer of civility and service, except that which\\nhe considered inconsistent with his duty. On the 6th I attended\\nthe council which Colonel De Peyster held with the Indians to\\nwhich he had yesterday invited me. After delivering his business\\nof calling them together, he published to them your letter and\\npressed them to continue in the strictest amity with the Subjects\\nof the United States, representing to them the folly of continu-\\ning hostilities, and assured them that he could by no means give\\nthem any further assistance against the people of America. At\\nthis meeting were the chiefs of eleven Indian nations, compre-\\nhending all the Tribes, as far south as the Wabash they were\\nChippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots or Hurons, Shawnese, Delawares,\\nKickapoos, Oweochtanoos, Miamis, Potawatamies,and Pienkishas,\\nwith a part of the Senecas most of whom gave evident marks of\\ntheir satisfaction at seeing a subject of the United States in that\\ncountry. They carried their civilities so far that my lodging was\\nall day surrounded with crowds of them when at home, and the\\nstreets lined with them to attend my going abroad; that they might\\nhave an opportunity of seeing and saluting me, which they did\\nnot fail to do in their best manner with every demonstration of joy.\\nOn the morning of the 7th I took my leave of Colonel De Peyster\\nafter having received more civilities from him than the limits of\\nthis report will suffer me to enumerate but not till I had the\\nhonor of writing to you by my guide whom I directed to return to\\nFort Pitt so soon as the Pipe should be ready to return to San-\\ndusky, on whom I depended for his safe conduct thither and to pro-\\nvide one to accompany him to Fort Pitt.\\nI arrived at Niagara on the nth, was introduced to General\\nMaclean, who was prepared for my coming, delivered him Colonel\\nDe Peyster s letter, and was received with ever mark of atten-\\ntion, but he declined entering upon any business this day.\\nOn the evening of the 13th I received a note from the General\\nrequesting a copy of my instructions, c., to send to the Com-\\nmander in chief to facilitate business, I sent him word that he\\nshould be obeyed, and early in the morning began to execute my\\npromise, but before I had finished copying them I received a ver-\\nbal message that he wished to see rae at his quarters. I finished\\nthe copies and waited on him with them. He informed me that\\nhe had sent for me to show me the copy of a letter he was writing\\nto Colonel De Peyster, It contained instructions to that gentle-\\nman in consequence of my representations of the murders commit-\\nted by western Indians in the course of the last spring and since;\\nby his account they had been positively forbid to be guilty of any\\nsuch outrage. He pressed Colonel De Peyster very earnestly to\\nexamine minutely into this affair, to forbid the Indians in the most\\npositive manner to be guilty of such future misconduct, to order\\nthem to deliver up immediately such prisoners as they had cap-\\ntured through the spring into the hands of himself or his officers,\\nand further to tell them that if tliey did not desist from these\\npractices the British troops would join the Americans to punish\\nthem.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "264\\nBRITISH AND INDIAN WARS.\\nWhile Douglass was on his way to Detroit, Colonel\\nDe Peyster, on June 18, 1783, wrote to Captain\\nMatthews, Secretary of General Haldimand\\nWe are all in expectation of news. Ever thing that is bad is\\nspread through the Indian country, but as I have nothing more\\nthan the King s proclamation from authority, I evade answering\\nimpertinent questions. Heavens! if goods do not anHve soon,\\nwhat will become of me I have lost several stone wt. of flesh\\nwithin these twenty days. I hope Sir John is to make us a\\nvisit-\\nIn order to learn what the real intentions of the\\nEnglish were, the services of Mr. Douglass were\\ncontinued, and on February 2, 1784. he wrote from\\nUnion Town to President Dickenson of Pennsyl-\\nvania\\nEarly in the fall Sir John Johnson assembled the different west-\\nern tribes at Sandusky, and having prepared them with presents\\ndistributed with lavish profusion, addressed them in a speech to\\nthis purport That the King, his and their common father, had\\nmade peace with the Americans, and had given them the country\\nthey possessed on this continent but that the report of his having\\ngiven them any part of the Indian lands was false, and fabricated\\nby the Americans for the purpose of provoking the Indians\\nagainst their father, that they should, therefore, shut their ears\\nagainst it. So far the contrary was proved that the great river\\nOhio was to be the line between the Indians in this quarter and\\nthe Americans; over which the latter ought not to pass and return\\nin safety. That, however, as the war between Britain and .\\\\mer-\\nica was now at an end, and as the Indians had engaged in it from\\ntheir attachment to the crown and not from any quarrel of their\\nown, he would, as was usual at the end of a war, take the toma-\\nhawk out of their hand though he would not remove it out of\\nsight or far from them, but lay it down carefully by their side that\\nthey might have it convenient to use in defense of their rights\\nand property, if they were invaded or molested by the Americans.\\nMeanwhile President Washington also took steps\\nto obtain possession of the posts. On July 12, 1783,\\nhe sent Baron Steuben to Canada for the necessary\\norders to secure the deliver^ of Detroit by the local\\ncommander; he was then to proceed to this place,\\nand was authorized, if he found it advisable, to\\norganize the French of Michigan into a body of\\nmilitia, and place the fort in their hands. On his\\narrival at Chambly on August 3, 1783, he wrote to\\nGeneral Haldimand that he was on his way to Que-\\nbec and e.xpected to arrive in three or four days.\\nWhen the Baron presented himself near Quebec,\\nGeneral Haldimand received him politely, but\\nrefused him the necessary passports and papers,\\nand delivered him a letter to Washington, dated\\nAugust II. in which it was stated that the treaty\\nwas only provisional, and that no orders had been\\nreceived to deliver up the posts along the Lakes.\\nThe next effort to induce Haldimand to yield up\\nthe posts was made, under the approval of Congress,\\nat the suggestion of General Knox, by Lieutenant-\\nColonel William Hull (afterwards our unfortunate\\nfirst Governor). He started on May 24, 1784,\\narrived at Quebec July 12, and made known his\\nerrand, and Haldimand for the second time refused\\nto issue an order for the evacuation of the posts.\\nNegotiations and demands for the yielding up of\\nthe territory went on, and in 1786 John Adams,\\nthen United States minister to England, informed\\nCongress that he had made a demand for the west-\\nern posts and had been refused, on the ground that\\nmany of the .States had violated the treaty in regard\\nto the payment of debts.\\nAll this time the British were endeavoring to\\nstrengthen themselves in the favor of the Indians\\nand to retain their western possessions. On March\\n22, 1787, Sir John Johnson wrote to Joseph Brant\\nIt is for your sake chiefly that we hold them. If you become\\nindifferent about them they may, perhaps, be given up,\\nwhereas, by supporting them you encourage us to hold them, and\\nencourage the new settlements, every day increased by\\nnumbers coming in who find they cannot live in the States.\\nAt this same time Dr. John Connolly, the A ir-\\nginia Tor)-, who had fully allied himself to the\\nBritish cause, entered upon the vigorous prosecution\\nof his scheme of inducing the Kentucky settlers to\\ntake sides with the English, on the ground that they\\nwould wrest Louisiana from Spain, and secure the\\nfree navigation of the Mississippi. He was in De-\\ntroit during a great part of the year 1787, and\\npossibly during 1788. In June, 1787, Detroit was\\nreinforced by a full regiment and two companies,\\nand the garrison then numbered more than two\\nregiments under command of Major R. Matthews.\\nIn pursuance of the plan to hold the post, Lord Dor-\\nchester, in the summer of 1 788, visited Detroit, and\\nby his directions the town was newly picketed, and\\nother defensive works erected. In the fall of 1789\\nConnolly was again in Detroit, went to Louisville,\\nand returned in November. These goings to and fro\\nwere made known to the Americans by their spies\\nand on July 20, 1790, General Knox, Secretary- of\\nWar, wrote to Governor St. Clair that it was reported\\nthat Benedict Arnold was at Detroit about the\\nfirst of June and that he had reviewed the militia.\\nIn addition to the many rumors concerning this\\nregion, Washington, on August 25, 1790, communi-\\ncated to the cabinet his apprehensions that Lord\\nDorchester, in anticipation of a war with Spain,\\ncontemplated sending an expedition from Detroit to\\nattack Louisiana, then owned by Spain.\\nThere was good reason for these apprehensions,\\nfor there was no relaxation in the efforts of the\\nEnglish to retain possession of the West. The\\nMontreal merchants, who had been very successful\\nin their western trade, had increasing fears that this\\nregion vvould be lost. The fur trade and the fur-\\nnishing of supplies had made them iirmiensely\\nwealthy their wealth brought influence, and on\\nDecember 9, 1791, they addressed a memorial to\\nColonel Simcoe advising that on no account the\\nwestern posts be surrendered. They claimed that.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS.\\n265\\nthrough an oversight, the English commissioners\\nwho negotiated the treaties of 1782 and 17S3 had\\nmade lavish concessions, for which they received\\nnothing in exchange. The memorial enlarged upon\\nthe great importance of the fur trade, and suggested\\nvarious boundaries that would be satisfactory to\\nthem but all of their suggestion^ left the West in\\npossession of the English, and the memorial insisted\\nthat it must be held for the protection of the Cana-\\ndian border. This memorial was followed by an-\\nother, which alleged that the Americans had not\\ncomplied with the treaty, and that, therefore, it was\\nnot binding, and they recommended the Govern-\\nment to dispute tile ground to the utmost unless the\\ntreaty was complied with, adding, All that the\\nAmericans conquered from us they are entitled to,\\nand no more. These and similar arguments were\\nrepeated over and over in the memorials, and they\\nundoubtedly had much to do with the long delay of\\nthe Government in comphnng with the terms of the\\ntreaties.\\nBritish influence was also still paramount with\\nthe Indians, and the English officers lost no oppor-\\ntunity of assuring them of their protection and\\nsympathy. Encouraged in this way, they grew\\nincreasingly hostile, and so many western settlers\\nwere killed that it was determined to chastise the\\nIndians. A force was accordingly gathered and\\nplaced in command of General Harmer.\\nSome strange infatuation or excess of official\\ncourtesy led the Secretary of War to direct that the\\nBritish commandant at Detroit be notified that the\\nexpedition was directed only against the Indians.\\nAccordingly, on September 19, 1790, Governor St.\\nClair so notified him, sending the letter by R. J.\\nMeigs. The letter was undoubtedly one cause of\\nthe defeat of General Harmer, as the British were\\nacting in full concert with the Indians and aided\\nthem in every way. General Harmer was defeated\\nnear the villages of the Miamis on October 19 and\\n22. 1790. After his defeat long poles strung with\\nthe scalps of American soldiers were daily paraded\\nthrough the streets of Detroit, accompanied by the\\ndemoniac scalp-yells of the warriors who had taken\\nthem.\\nThe next expedition, with fourteen hundred troops,\\nwas commanded by Governor St. Clair; and on\\nNovember 4, 1791, he was defeated near the head-\\nw aters of the Wabash. Finally the Government\\ndetermined to treat with the Indians and endeavor\\nto prevent their incursions; and on March i, 1793,\\nthe President appointed Benjamin Lincoln, Beverly\\nRandolph, and Timothy Pickering to meet the hos-\\ntile tribes at Sandusky and endeavor to make peace\\nwith them. No arrangement, however, could be\\nmade, as the Indians, under the adWce of the Eng-\\nlish, would not agree to any other boundary than\\nthe Ohio, and the conference closed on the i6th of\\nAugust.\\nConsiderable impression, however, had been made\\non the savages, and several of the tribes began to\\nlose faith in the English, who this year, therefore,\\nmade renewed efforts to gain their goodwill with\\ngifts, and to comince them that the English would\\nnot yield to the demands of the Americans. Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor Simcoe, of Canada, was especially\\nactive in these endeavors, and it was largely to re-\\nassure the Indians that the British fort on the Miami\\nwas erected. Governor Simcoe was in Detroit in\\nFebruary, 1793, and April, 1294. On the last of these\\nxnsits, by order of Lord Dorchester, he selected the\\nsite for the British fort on the left banks of the\\nMiami, and it was erected, and garrisoned with\\nthree companies from Detroit, under command of\\nCaptain Caldwell.\\nThe Government at Washington finally became\\nconvinced that a force competent to defeat both\\nBritish and Indians must be put in motion, and Ma-\\njor-General Wa^Tie took the field against them. His\\nname and fame and the army he commanded caused\\nboth English and Indians to feel that a decisive bat-\\ntle would be fought. They were greatly alarmed,\\nand Colonel England sent nearly all his force from\\nDetroit, almost dismantling this fort, in order to\\nstrengthen that on the Miami. Other preparations\\nmade by the British and Indians, with details of\\nsome of the skirmishing, are contained in a series of\\nletters addressed by Alexander McKee to Colonel\\nEngland, at Detroit. They were published in the\\nNational Intelligencer of Washington on July 26,\\nI S 1 4. The first is as follows\\nRapids, July 5, 1794.\\nSiR,-\\nI send this by a party of Saganas who returned yesterday from\\nFort Recovery where the whole body of Indians except the Dela-\\nwares, who had gone another route, imprudently attacked the\\nfort on Monday, the 30th of last month, and lost 16 or 17 men,\\nbesides a good many wounded.\\nEverything had been settled prior to their leaving the fallen\\ntimber, and it had been agreed upon to confine themselves to\\ntaking convoys .and attacking at a distance from the forts, if they\\nshould have the address to entice the enemy out but the impetu-\\nosity of the Mackina Indians and their eagerness to begin with\\nthe nearest, prevailed with the others to alter their system, the\\nconsequences of which, from the present appearance of things,\\nmay most materially injure the interests of these people, both the\\nMackina and Lake Indians seeming resolved on going home\\nagain, having completed the belts they carried, with scalps and\\nprisoners, and having no provisions there at the Glaze to subsist\\nupon, so that His Majesty s posts will derive no security from the\\nlate great influx of Indians into this part of the country, should\\nthey persist in their resolution of returning so soon.\\nThe immediate object of the attack was 300 pack horses going\\nfrom this fort to Fort Greenville, in which the Indians completely\\nsucceeded, taking and killing all of them. But the commanding\\nofficer, Captain Gibson, sending out a troop of cavalry, and bring-\\ning his infantry out in the front of his post, the Indians attacked\\nSupposed to be the place where Wayne s battle was fought.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "266\\nBRITISH AND INDIAN WARS.\\nthem, and killed about 50, among whom is Captain Gibson and\\ntwo other officers. On the near approach of the Indians to tlte\\nfort, the remains of his garrison retired into it, and from their\\nloopholes killed and wounded as already mentioned. Captain\\nElliott writes that they are immediately to hold a council at the\\nGlaze, in order to tr if they can prevail upon the Lake Indians to\\nremain; but without provisions, ammunition, \\\\:c., being sent to\\nthat place, I conceive it will be extremely difiicult to keep them\\ntogether.\\nWith great respect, I have the honor to be your obedient and\\nvery humble sc-r\\\\ant,\\nA. McKee.\\nThe following is the second letter\\nR-M tDS, August 13, 1794.\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1 was honored last night with your letter of the nth, and was\\nextremely glad to find you are making such exertions to supply\\nthe Indians with provisions.\\nCaptain Elliott arrived yesterday what he has brought will\\ngreatly relieve us, having been obliged yesterday to take all the\\ncorn and flour which the traders had here.\\nA scouting party from the Americans carried off a man and a\\nwoman yesterday morning between this place and Roche de Bout,\\nand afterwards attacked a small party of Delawares, in their\\ncamp but they were repulsed with the loss of a man, whom they\\neither hid or threw into the river. They killed a Delaware\\nwoman.\\nScouts are sent up to view the situation of the army, and we\\nnow muster 1,000 Indians. .\\\\11 the Lake Indians from Sagana\\ndownwards should not lose one moment in joining their brethren,\\nas every accession of strength is an addition to their spirits.\\nI have the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your most\\nobedient and very humble servant,\\nA. M Kee.\\nAt this time every exertion was being made to\\naid the Indian.s, and on .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\ugust iS, 1794, Governor\\nSimcoe wrote to Lord Dorchester that he would\\ngo to Detroit with all the force he could muster.\\nHe was too late, however, for on August 30, General\\nWayne defeated the combined forces near their\\nown fort.\\nIn a letter to the Secretary of War he said\\nIt is with infinite pleasure that I announce to you the brilliant\\nsuccess of the Federal army under my command, in a general\\naction with the combined force of the hostile Indians and a con-\\nsiderable number of the volunteers and militia of Detroit.\\nSo long as the savages are furnished with all the necessary\\nwarlike stores by foreign emissaries and traders at Detroit, we\\nhave no reason to suppose that they will be much disposed to\\nmaintain a long peace with the Americans. The latter ought\\ncertainly to take immediate possession of posts that were ceded to\\nthem more than eight years since. Until this is done the frontiers\\nof the western states cannot rest in security, although formidable\\narmies may be sent against the Indians so long as\\nthese garrisons afford them an asylum and succor on all occasions.\\nMajor William Campbell, who had succeeded\\nCaptain Caldwell in command at the British fort\\nat Miami, protested against the near approach of\\nAmerican troops, and four letters passed between\\nhim and General Wayne. Wayne declared that the\\nEngli.sh had no right to occupy a fort there, and\\ncalled upon Campbell to withdraw, but he declined,\\nand although General Wayne had received positive\\nauthority to demolish this fort, he deemed it too\\nperilous an undertaking, and left Campbell unmo-\\nlested.\\nTen days after the battle Colonel M Kee sent this\\nletter to Colonel England\\nC.\\\\Aip NEAR Fort Miami, August 30, 1794.\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nI have been employed several days in endeavoring to fix the\\nIndians (who have been driven from their villages and cornfields)\\nbetween the fort and the bay. Swan creek is generally agreed\\nupon, and will be a very convenient place for the deliver of pro-\\nvisions c.\\nThe last accounts from General Wayne s army were brought me\\nlast night by an Indian who says the army would not be able to\\nreach the Glaze before yesterday evening, it is supposed on\\naccount of the sick and wounded, many of whom they bury evei-y\\nday. I propose being in town in a day or two, when I hope for\\nthe pleasure of paying you my respects.\\nOn the very day he wrote, there were estimated\\nto be 1,300 Indians at Detroit, who had fled there\\nfor protection. The English and Indians were so\\nseverely punished by General Wayne that an e.xtra\\nsurgeon and another hospital were needed at Detroit,\\nand on October 31 Governor Simcoe approved of\\ntheir having been provided.\\nDuring the battle Antoine Lasselle, a Frenchman,\\npainted, dressed, and disguised as an Indian, was\\ntaken prisoner. He was tried by the court-martial,\\nand sentenced to be hanged, but was pardoned\\nthrough the interposition of Colonel Hamtramck.\\nThe English now began to feel that Detroit was\\nreally in danger, and fearing both a revolt of the\\ninhabitants and an attack from without, in Septem-\\nber, 1794, Fort Lernoult was newly fortified, and\\nGovernor Simcoe ordered a block-house and six\\nboats to be built at Chatham. At a conference\\nwith the Indians, held on October 10, 1794, he said,\\nChildren, I am still of the opinion that the Ohio is\\nyour right and title. I have given orders to the\\nCommandant at Fort Miami to fire on the Ameri-\\ncans when they make their appearance again.\\nThe Indians, however, had become distrustful of the\\nability of the English to protect them, and there\\nwas no further occasion for such a severe punish-\\nment as they received at the hands of General\\nWayne.\\nThe question of the boundary line and other diffi-\\nculties between the United .States and Great Britain\\nnow became so serious that early in 1794 John Jay\\nwas sent as special minister to London to negotiate\\na new treaty. On June 23 he wrote that he had\\ninformation that the posts will not be sui-rendered.\\nFinally, however, on November 19, 1794, the treaty\\nknown as Jay s Treaty was made, and in 1795, it was\\nratified by the President. It provided for fixing the\\neastern boundary of the L nited States for the pay-\\nment of claims arising from illegal captures during\\nthe Revolutionary War and, also, that Detroit and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT.\\n267\\nother western posts held by the British should be\\nsurrendered on or before the ist of June, 1796.\\nPreparations for taking possession went forward,\\nand on May 25, 1796, President Washington sent\\nthe following communication to Congress\\nGentlemfn of the Senate and of the House of Repre-\\nsentatives,\\nThe measures now in operation for taking possession of the posts\\nof Detroit and Michilimackinac render it proper that provision\\nshould be made for extending to these places, and any others\\nalike circumstanced, tlie civil authority of the Northwestern Ter-\\nritorj Tu do this will require an expense, to defray which the\\nordinary salaries of the Governor and Secretarj* of that Territory\\nappear to be incompetent. The forming of anew county or new\\ncounties and the appointment of the various officers which the\\njust exercise of government must require, wiil oblige the Governor\\nand Secretary to visit those places, and to spend considerable\\ntime in making the arrangements necessary for introducing and\\nestablishing the government of the United States. Congress will\\nconsider what provision will in this case be proper.\\nThe communication was referred to a committee\\nconsisting of Messrs. Sitgraves, Greenup, and Reed.\\nOn June i Mr. Sitgraves reported that he had not\\nbeen able to get the information necessary to make\\na report, and the committee was discharged.\\nAlthough the Jay Treaty provided that the west-\\nern posts should be evacuated on or before the ist\\nof June, the order to evacuate was not given until\\nJune 2. A letter, on file in the State Department\\nat Washington, from James McHenry, Secretary of\\nWar, to (General Washington, dated June 27, 1796,\\nstates that he enclosed a copy of the order for the\\nevacuation of Detroit, which order was dated June\\n2, 1796.\\nThe order for evacuation was signed by George\\nBeckwith. Adjutant-General, and dated from Que-\\nbec. It provided that Detroit and other posts were\\nto be vacated, but a captain and fifty of the Queen s\\nRangers, who had been sent to Detroit and Fort\\nMiami as late as April 24, were to remain as a\\nguard for the protection of the works and public\\nbuildings till the troops of the United States are at\\nhand to occupy the same, when they will embark.\\nIn this connection the subjoined letter from the\\noriginal manuscript letter-book of Samuel Henley,\\nnow in possession of the Public Library of Detroit,\\nis of interest\\nGkeenville, June 7, 1796.\\nDavid Ilarrigany Esq., Department Quartermaster General\\nat Fort Washington:\\nDear Sir,\\nYesterday evening Captain (Bartholomew) Shaumberg arrived\\nin this cantonment from Detroit, where he has been politely\\nreceived by the British commanding ofiicer of the garrison,\\nColonel England.\\nThis gentleman has sent General Wilkinson a plan of the Fort,\\ntown, A:c. All the British troops are prepared to leave Detroit on\\nthe first order from the high powers.\\nSamuel Henlev, A. Q. M.\\nWe now approach an exceedingly interesting\\nquestion, and one that concerns the entire North-\\nwest. Detroit was the farthest west of all the British\\nposts. The date on which it was evacuated, there-\\nfore, fi.xes the date of the actual possession by the\\nUnited Stales of a territory larger than the original\\nthirteen States. For many years it has been\\nthought impossible to determine when this inter-\\nesting event took place.\\nIn determining residence and occupancy of the\\nclaimants in the settlement of the land claims at\\nDetroit, the United States Government and the\\nCommissioners of Claims fixed upon July i as the\\nofficial date of American possession but there was\\nno evidence that July i was the real date of the first\\noccupancy of the territory by American troops. It\\nwas simply an arbitrary date it was necessary to\\nagree upon some point of time, and in the absence of\\ndefinite information, the approximate date of July i\\nwas fixed upon.\\nThe question was discussed at some length by\\nthe late A. D. Fraser in a communication to the\\nDetroit Free Press, dated June 23, 1S67. He said,\\nIt nowhere appears, so far as I am aware, on what\\nprecise day the post of Detroit was surrendered by\\nthe British to the American Government.\\nVarious other persons engaged in historical re-\\nsearch came to the same conclusion.\\nHon. William M. Evarts, late Secretary of State,\\nin a letter dated Washington, March 23, 1877, says,\\nCareful e.xamination has been made in this depart-\\nment, and in respect to the events in 1 796 the precise\\ndates have not been found. In point of fact, on\\naccount of the destruction of many of the records,\\nin the War of 181 2, there are no documents in\\nWashington that give any clue to the date in ques-\\ntion.\\nThe finding of this date, so interesting not only\\nto Detroit but to the entire nation, engaged atten-\\ntion very soon after this work was begun, and not\\nuntil three years had passed was the ample evidence\\nobtained which is herewith submitted.\\nIn X olunie 11 of the American Pioneer, published\\nat Cincinnati, Ohio, in 184.3, by J- S- Williams, is\\nthe following letter\\nDa\\\\ton, 0., June 24, 1343.\\nMr. John S, Williatns\\nDear Sir,\\nA gentleman in this place has a volume of letters of Colonel J.\\nF. Hamtramck, being the record of his official correspondence\\nwith Generals Wayne and Wilkinson, and other officers, from Oc-\\ntober 31, 1794, until January 20, 1797. According to the Daily\\nJournal of Wayne s Campaign, published in your first volume.\\nColonel Hamtramck took the command of Fort Wayne on the\\n22d of October, 1794, and the army left on the 2Sth for Greenville.\\nThe correspondence commences three days afterwards, and is\\ndated at Fort Wayne until the 17th of May, 1796. The British\\nbeing then about to surrender the posts within our territorj-, Col-\\nonel Hamtramck went down the Maumee to Camp Deposit, from\\nthe 8th to the 21st of June, On the nth of July he WTote from\\nthe late British Fort Miamis, which he informs General Wilkin-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "268\\nFIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT.\\nson had that day been given up. A few letters follow dated at\\nDetroit.\\nThe history of this volume is somewhat singular. Colonel\\nHaintramck having taken command of r)ttroit on the 13th of\\nJuly, 1790, the Irtter-book remained among the papers of the gar-\\nrison until the surrender of General Hull. At the time an ofTicer\\nof the Ohio militia got possession of it, and was permitted by the\\nBritish to bring it away among his private papers and effects.\\nSince his death it has been preserved by his relatives.\\nA large portion of the correspondence is taken up with the busi-\\nness of the garrison, acknowledging the receipt of supplies, and\\nasking for the various articles of which the post stood in need. I\\nhave looked over the whole carefully and gleaned whatever I\\nhave judged worth transmitting to you.\\nJohn W. Van Cleve.\\nThe fallowing, with other extracts from the Ham-\\ntramck letters, are given in the volume\\n{To General ll ilkinson.)\\nFort Mia-mis, July 11, 1796.\\nOn the 7th instant two small vessels arrived from Detroit, in\\nwhich I .sent a detachment of artillery and infantry consisting of\\nsixty-five men, together with a number of cannon with ammuni-\\ntion, c., c. The whole imder the command of Captain Porter.\\nOn the 9th, a sloop arrived from Detroit, at Swan Creek, pur-\\nchased by Captain De Butts, which carried fifty tons and which\\nis now loaded with flour, quartermaster s stores and troops. That,\\ntogether with eleven bateaux which I have, will be sufficient to\\ntake all the troops I have with me, leaving the remainder of our\\nsl(jres deposited at this place, which was evacuated on this day,\\nand where I have left Captain Marschalk and Lieutenant Shanklin\\nwith fifty-two men, infantry, and a Corporal and six of artillery;\\nthai is, including the garrison at the head of the Rapids.\\nI shall embark within two hours with all the troops for Detroit.\\n(TV General Wilkinson.)\\nDetroit, July 17th, 1796.\\nI have the pleasure to inform you of the safe arrival of the\\ntroops under my command at this place, which was evacuated on\\nthe nth instant and taken possession of by a detachment of sixty-\\nfive men, commanded by Captain i\\\\Ioses Porter, whom I had de-\\ntached from the foot of the Rapids for that purpose. Myself and\\nthe troops arrived on the 13th instant\\nJ. F. H.\\\\MTKAMCK.\\ning the government of the United States may order, so long as the\\nsaid Government may require. De Butts to pay 150 pounds New\\nYork currency each month for use of the vessel. Period of ser-\\nvice to be computed from July 2, 1796.\\nWilliam Roe,\\niVitness.\\nAdditional evidence of the date of British evacua-\\ntion is found in a volume entitled 1812 The War\\nand its j\\\\Ioral. A Canadian Chronicle, by \\\\Vm. F.\\nCoffin, Sheriff of Montreal, Lieut.-Col., etc., Mon-\\ntreal. 1S64. From the references he makes and\\nthe list of documents quoted, this author is evidenUy\\na reliable authority. Among the witnesses inter-\\nviewed by him was Squire Reynolds, of Amherst-\\nburg. Mr. Reynolds, who had been in the War of\\n181 2 as an officer in the British army, was an old\\nman of eighty-three at the time of the inter\\\\ iew.\\npossessing the respect of everybody, remarkably\\nvigorous, full of intellectual force, with memory per-\\nfectly clear and reliable. Reynolds, in his narrative\\nof experiences, gives a large amount of detail on\\nmany subjects, and numerous dates concerning vari-\\nous events. The accuracy of his memory as to\\nmany dates is verified by various accounts. Con-\\ncerning Detroit, he said, I saw the British flag\\nhauled down from the flag-staff of Detroit at noon,\\nI ith of July, 1796 I saw it again hoisted by Brock\\nat noon of Sunday. i6th August. 1812. This date\\nof July 1 1 is further confirmed by Judge Woodward\\nin a decision rendered on September 26, 1807, in the\\ncase of some fugitive slaves.\\nThe question as to the date of the first American\\noccupation of Detroit is thus definitely settled and\\nas it marks the point of time when the entire western\\nterritory was dc jure and dc facto transferred from\\nthe English to the American Government, the date\\nof July II, 1 796, when the\\nStars and Stripes first waved\\nover Detroit, should be treas-\\nured in the memory of every\\nchild and every citizen. The\\ncurious coincidence that\\nColonel Richard England\\nwas the last English com-\\nmandant will help to fix the\\nremembrance of the fact.\\nFac-simile of the Signature of J. F. Hamtramck. It will be noticed that\\nColonel Hamtramck ad-\\ndresses his letters to General Wilkinson, who was\\nthen, in the absence of General Wayne, commander\\nof the United States troops at Greenville. The\\nHenley letter-book shows that on June 25 General\\nWayne was expected to arrive soon at Greenville by\\nway of Cincinnati. On July 20 Mr. Henley wrote to\\nthe quartermaster-general, I received our old Gen-\\neral with all the force of my well-meaning polite-\\nness. I heard of his arrival in Fort Jefferson, I\\nThe original contract for the use of the vessel\\nreferred to in the first letter above quoted is in the\\npo.ssession of the State Historical Society at Detroit.\\nIt reads as follows\\nJldy 2nd, 1796. Henry De Butts, Esq., for and on the part\\nof the government of the United States of America, of the one\\npart, and James May of Detroit, gentleman, owner of a certain\\nschooner called the Swan, of the other part, lets and leases the\\nsaid vessel to sail to such ports and places of Lakes Erie and\\nHuron as the said Henr De Butts or any other person represent-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FRENCH AND SPANISH INTRIGUES.\\n269\\nmounted our horse, the old Pole Evil, went into the\\nwoods, and there halted until I caught the eye of\\nthe General I then flew like a streak of lightning to\\nthe Old Iron 6 and banged her off 1 5 times, which\\nhas placed him and me on good terms. On July\\n29, 1796, Mr. Henley wrote from Greenville to Mr.\\nHopkins at Fort Hamilton, The General and the\\nQuartermaster-General leave this cantonment for\\nDetroit to-morrow. Old Bald appears in good order\\nand I hope he will carry his old master through all\\nthe bad roads in this country and land him safe to\\nthe regained British garrison, Detroit. General\\nWayne reached Detroit safely prior to August 25,\\nremained until after November 14, and then went to\\nPresque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, where he\\ndied December 14, 1796.\\nTradition says that, before evacuating, the British\\ndestroyed the windmills and filled the fort well with\\nstones, and that the key of the garrison was left in\\npossession of a negro. This may be true, but it is\\na matter of official record that immediately after the\\nevacuation the British commissary at Chatham was\\nauthorized to lend fifty barrels of pork to Mr.\\nO Hare, the United States commissary, as he had\\nnot enough for the American troops at Mackinaw.\\nSimon Girty, the renegade, remained behind when\\nthe British took their leave. When the boats laden\\nwith American troops appeared in sight, he became\\nso much alarmed that he could not wait for the\\nreturn of the ferry-boat, but forced his black mare\\ndown a steep bank into the river, and, at the risk of\\ndrowning, made for the Canadian shore and as he\\nrode up the bank, he cursed the United States Gov-\\nernment and its troops with all the oaths his fury\\ncould inspire. When the British were again in pos-\\nsession, in 1 81 2, he returned to Detroit, and on\\nbeing asked about his horse said, Oh, she s dead,\\nand I buried her with the honors of war.\\nUnder the Treaty of Ghent, of December 24,\\n1814, commissioners were appointed to determine\\nthe boundary line between the United States and\\nCanada, and on June 2, 1820, Colonels Hill and\\nBarclay, British commissioners, and General Porter,\\nAmerican commissioner, with their secretaries, Dr.\\nBigsley, of the English, and Major Eraser of the\\nAmerican Government, arrived at Detroit for the\\npurpose of determining the boundary line.\\nTheir report, made in 1822, fixed it where it has\\nsince remained.\\nFRENCH AND SPANISH INTRIGUES FOR THE PO.S-\\nSESSION OF DETROIT AND THE WEST.\\nWhile the negotiations for the surrender of De-\\ntroit and the West were in progress, the French\\nGovernment, which was at war with Spain, sought\\nto effect the seizure of the then Spanish province of\\nLouisiana through the aid of certain of the adven-\\nturous spirits of the West, numbers of whom were\\nready for almost any scheme of conquest or of\\ngain, especially if it promised the control of the\\nMississippi.\\nAn expedition against New Orleans was so far\\norganized that many men were enlisted and gath-\\nered at an appointed rendezvous in Kentucky. In\\n1794 Governor St. Clair felt called upon to issue a\\nproclamation against the proceeding, and it was\\nabandoned for a time. As a measure of protection\\nagainst the movement, Baron de Carondelet, the\\n.Spanish Governor of Louisiana, began intriguing\\nfor the organization of a western confederacy which\\nshould ally its fortunes to those of Louisiana, and\\nThomas Powers was employed to promote his plans.\\nMeanwhile, in November, 1794, and October,\\n1795, the United States concluded treaties with\\nboth England and Spain for the surrender of the\\nwestern posts occupied by their troops. These\\ntreaties exasperated France, and after July, 1796,\\nshe ceased to be on friendly terms with the United\\nStates. On August 19, 1796, France and Spain\\nformed an alliance offensive and defensi\\\\-e, possibly\\nwith the hope of securing neutral territory between\\nEngland and the far West, which she was seeking\\nto obtain. France sent an agent into the West to\\nagitate the subject of a western confederacy, and to\\nobtain information as, to the condition of the coun-\\ntry. At the same time the Spanish Governor Ca-\\nrondelet showed a disinclination to fulfil the obliga-\\ntions of his home go\\\\-ernment by delivering up the\\nSpanish posts on the Mississippi, and renewed his\\nefforts to detach the \\\\\\\\^est from the L nion.\\nThe following letter, from the private papers of\\nGovernor St. Clair, gives information as to both\\nFrench and Spanish agents and their plans. The\\noriginal is somewhat mutilated\\nSlR,-\\nJami:s McHenry, Secy, of M ar^ to Gp-u. St. Clair.\\nWak Gi-FicE, May, 1796.\\nThe President h.is had information whicli affords strong ground\\nto believe that there are certain persons employed and paid to visit\\ntlie western country, for the purpose of encouragingthe people of\\nthose parts to secede from the Union, and form a separate connec-\\ntion with a foreign power. The persons more particularly pointed to\\nas emissaries on this occasion are one Powers, deCollot, and Warin.\\nIt is said also that they have received written instructions from\\ntheir government and letters to influence men in the\\ndistrict of country been as the field of\\ntheir operations.\\nThe route, at least of some of them, is by Pittsburgh down the\\nOhio to the old Shawaneese town, thence across the Ohio through\\nthe lower parts of Kentucky and southwestern territory, thence to\\nthe rapids of the Ohio, thence to Post Vincents, thence to St.\\nGenevieve, and thence down to New Orleans. It is thought that\\nthey will be very open in conversations, that they may be easily\\ntraced by those apprised of their project, and that an overweening\\nconfidence in the success of their mission may originate circum-\\nstances upon which to ground a legal seizure of their papers. You\\nwill perceive that it is important to such a seizure that they", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "270\\nFRENCH AND SPANISH INTRIGUES.\\nsliould have no reason to suspect, from ill-limed inquiries or meas-\\nures, that they are discovered. Vou will, of course, keep your\\nknowledge of their errand and design to yourself, and trust it only\\nto those who may be necessary to the plan you may adopt, and at\\nthe moment when confid be used to effect its successful\\nexecution. Powers is of Irish descent, about thirty-five years of\\nage, a man of science, seemingly versatile, speaks French, Span-\\nish and English with equal fluency, and pronounces each as a\\nnative.\\nDc CoUol is a Frenchman, full six feet high, about forty years\\nof age, and speaks English very well. Warin is also a Frenchman;\\nwas lately a sub-engineer in the service of the United States\\nwhich he resigned for his present employment; speaks English\\ntolerably, Is about thirty years of age, above six feet high, black\\nhair, ruddy complexion and easy manners.\\nI have only to add that these persons are believed to be in pos-\\nsession of papers which it is considered of great importance to\\nobtain, and to request, if procured, that copies be made of them,\\nand attested, as well as the originals, by yourself, or some other\\nperson, and forw.irded by safe to the President.\\nI have the honor, c.\\nJames McHenrv,\\nSec. 0/ U a r.\\nThe General Victor Collot, alluded to in the let-\\nter, while in Detroit as a P ent h spy, made a map of\\nthe Detroit River, with a view of the town as it was\\nin 1796, which view is still preser\\\\-ed in the Depart-\\nment of Marine at Paris.\\nAs to Collot and Powers, Governor St. Clair\\nwrote to Hon. James Ross, on September 6, 1796,\\nas follows\\nCollot lias left the country after making, it is said, an accurate\\nsurvey of the Ohio and sounding its depths in a number of places.\\nHe was stopped at Massjic and his papers exaniinc l by llie com-\\nmanding officer. Another matter has happened that will I sup-\\npose, make some noise. A certain Mr. Powers was met as he was\\nascending the Ohio, by an officer, Lieutenant Steel, (who, it is\\nsaid, was imprudent enough to tell him he was sent for the express\\npurpose, by General Wayne) who stopped him, broke open his\\nletters, examined them and his other papers, and took away with\\nhim such as he thought proper.\\nA year afterwards Powers visited General Wilkin-\\nson at Detroit as an agent of the Spanish governor,\\nwho still sought to carry out his project. He left\\nNatchez early in June, and arrived in Detroit on\\nAugust 16. Learning that General Wilkinson was\\nabsent, he did not enter the fort until August 24.\\nHe was treated by Colonel Strong, who had tem-\\nporary command, with the rigor which his reputa-\\ntion seemed to merit. Dispatches announcing his\\narrest were .sent to General Wilkinson, and reached\\nhim on September 2, just as he entered the river St.\\nClair on his return. At the subsequent trial of\\nGeneral Wilkinson a Captain S 1 testified that on\\nthe same day, after having read his letters, he, General Wilkin-\\nson, invited me to go on shore with him to shoot pigeons. While\\non shore he told me that Mr. Thomas Powers had arri\\\\cd at De-\\ntroit in his absence, that Colonel Strong the commandant, acting\\nunder an order of Major-General Wayne s, had him in confine-\\nment; tliat he was appreliensivc that he would have to send Mr.\\nIt has been n-produced for this work. See chapter on Houses\\nand Homes.\\nPowers out of the country, although he knew him to be an honest\\nclever fellow, a man of talents, and one that had rendered him\\ngreat service; but unfortunately that Mr. P. was suspected as a\\nspy, and that the United States suspected him, General Wilkinson,\\nand at the same time quoting the old adage that it was more\\ncriminal in some to look over the hedge than in others to steal a\\nhare, asking me how I should like to take a trip to New Madrid\\nwith Mr. Powers. 1 answered, Very well. He then enjoined\\nsecrecy on me. We arrived at Detroit before the middle of Sep-\\ntember, 1797, and found Mr. P. {as the General had stated) in\\nconfinement. He was immediately set at liberty, and a few days\\nafterward I dined with him at the General s table.\\nA very short time after this (perhaps a day) I was sent for by\\nthe General, who informed me that he had other duty for me\\nthan that of escorting Mr, P.; that Captain Shaumbourgh was\\nselected for that command; that I must hold myself in readiness\\nto proceed to Kentucky, there to procure money on bills and pay\\nthe troops at Fort Massack and Fort Knox at Vincennes, which\\norder I obeyed, and left Mr. P. at Detroit. In the beginning of\\nNovember following, I met Captain Shaumbourgh at Fort Massack\\non his return from N. Madrid, where he had delivered Mr. Powers.\\nHe showed me his instructions from the General relative to Mr. P.,\\nin which Captain S. was ordered not to permit Mr. P. to enter any\\nof our posts, and denied him the use of pen, ink, pencil or paper,\\nc. On reading those instructions, I expressed some surprise at\\nthis great precaution, when I knew that Mr. Powers had travelled\\nthrough that country on his way, and that he had his full liberty\\nat Detroit. Captain Shaumbourgh, laughing, said it was a bore.\\nThe following letter from General Wilkinson to\\nMr. Powers, considered in the light of all the facts,\\nwould seem to confirm the opinion of Captain S 1\\nas to the duplicity of General Wilkinson\\nHead Quarters, Detroit, Sept. 5, 1797.\\nSir,\\nI have, the last moment, received your letter of this day which\\noccasions me much surprise.\\nAt our first inter\\\\ iew, the night before last, I expressed to you\\nthe necessity of your speedy return by the shortest route to the\\np.aron de Carondelet, with my answer to the letter which you bore\\nnie from him. Vou offered no objection to tliis proposition, except\\nthe incapacity of your horses for the journey which I immediately\\nagreed to remove by furnishing others.\\nYou, at the same time, complained to me of the violence and\\noutrage which you had experienced on your journey to this place,\\nbeingat one time stopped, and at another time pursued, seized, and\\nexamined in every particular of person, baggage and papers. It\\nseems a little singular that ycm should incline to retrace a route\\nin which you had suffered such abuse, when a secure and conveni-\\nent one is proposed to you.\\nAs no man can more highly appreciate the rights of treaties and\\nof individuals than myself, and as I am apprised of the obliga-\\ntions subsisting between the United States and his Catholic\\nMajesty, 1 am among the last men on earth who would wantonly\\nor capriciously question the compacted rights of the two sovereign-\\nties, their citizens or subjects.\\nBut as you have approached me in a public character, and on\\nnational business, which requires my speedy answer to the letter\\nof the Go\\\\ etnor of Louisiana, whose messenger you are, I can-\\nnot consider you so far a free agent as to elect the time or\\nroute for your return, but that you stand bound by motives of\\nptditical import, as well to Spain as to the United States, to con-\\nsummate the objects of your mission with all possible promptitude;\\nand, of consequence, that all objects of a private or personal\\nnature must yield to the obligations of public duty.\\n1, therefore, Sir. cannot recede from my purpose, and will hope\\nyou may be prepared to take your departure early to-morrow morn-\\ning, in the company of Captain Shaumbourgh who will be in-\\nstructed to attend you to New Madrid, and who will receive and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "FRENCH AND SPANISH INTKICUES.\\n271\\nforward any letter you may wish to send to the Falls of Ohio,\\nfrom the most convenient point of your route.\\nWith due consideration, I am, Sir,\\nYour most obedient ser\\\\ ant,\\nJa. Wilkinson.\\nIn the official account of Powers mission, ad-\\ndressed to Gayoso, the Governor of Natchez, Powers\\nsaid:\\nThe General received me coldly enougli. In tlie first confer-\\nence, he broke out with saying to me very bitterly, We are ruined.\\nSir, both you and myself, without receiving any benefit from your\\nvoyage. Afterwards, he asked me whether I had brought the six\\nhundred and forty dollars (eternally these six hundred and forty\\ndollars!) he added that the executive had given orders to the\\nGovernor of the Northwestern Territory to take me and send me\\nto Philadelphia, and that there was no other resource left for me\\nto escape but to suffer myself to be conducted immediately under\\nguard to Fort Massack, and from thence to New Madrid, and\\nhaving informed him of the proposition of the Earon, he pro-\\nceeded to tell me that it was a chimerical project, and impossible\\nto be executed that the inhabitants of the western states having\\nobtained all they wished by the treaty, would form no other politi-\\ncal or commercial connection, and that now they had no other\\nmotive to separate themselves from the interests of the other\\nstates^ although France and Spain had made them the most\\nadvantageous propositions that the fermentation which had\\nexisted for four years was now subsided, c. that Spain had now\\nnothing else to do but to give complete effect to the treaty, which\\nhad overturned all his plans and rendered useless the work uf\\nmore than ten years. And inasmuch as he had, as he said, de-\\nstroyed his cyphers and all his correspondence with our govern-\\nment, and that his duty and his honor did not permit him to\\ncontinue it that the Governor need not fear that he would\\nabuse the confidence he had placed in him finally that Spain\\nhaving ceded to the United States the territory of the Xalches,\\nc., it might happen that he would be appointed Governor of it,\\nand that then opportunities would not be wanting for him to take\\nmeasures that would be more efficacious to effect his political pro-\\njects. He complained much that the secret of his connections with\\nour government had beea divulged through want of prudence on\\nour part.\\nThe letter from Baron de Carondelet. which\\nPowers delivered to General Wilkinson on Septem-\\nber 3. is said to have appealed to his ambition, with\\nthe promise that he would be made the general of\\nthe new republic and it was claimed that both\\nFrance and Spain would pay the troops he would\\nbe able to raise.\\nIn his Proofs of the Corruption of General Wil-\\nkinson, Mr. Clark says:\\nThe Uaron de Carondelet did not, however, know the character\\nof our General. He was willing to take all the mont^y tiiat\\ncould be offLTt-tl he was willing to carry on any correspondence,\\nprovided it could be kept secret and while in a subordinate sta-\\ntion, he was willing to risk a place for which he knew he could ob-\\ntain an indemnity. But the scene was now changed he was at\\nXhe head of the army his legal emoluments were great, and his\\nrapacity saw the means of increasmg them. His secret corre-\\nspondence had been suspected. The frequent visits of Powers had\\noccasioned jealousy, and the indiscreet communications of the\\nSpanish ofllcers, as we learn from himself, had (rxcited more than\\nattention to his conduct. He was not yet prepared openly to\\nassume the Spanish unifonn, and a secret correspondence had\\nbecome dangerous. Powers, therefore, did not fully succeed in\\nthe object of his mission.\\nThe frequent communications of General Wilkin-\\nson with alleged spies gave rise to suspicions he\\nwas accused of treachery, tried and acquitted in\\n1808. In September, 1811, he was tried for alleged\\ncomplicity with Aaron Burr in his conspiracy, and\\nthe old charges against him were again brought\\nforward. He made a defense full of vituperation\\nagainst Generals Wayne, Scott, and others, but was\\nagain acquitted, though the evidences of his guilt\\nse^ed strong.* Among those summoned as wit-\\nnesses were Thomas Powers and the late Colonel\\nElectus Backus.\\nIn 1814 he had to undergo a third trial, this time\\nfor alleged misconduct in the War of 181 2 and for\\nthe third time he was acquitted. Among his wit-\\nnesses was Brigadier-General Moses Porter, who\\ntestified that he had served under him since April,\\n1793. This was the Captain Porter who received\\npossession of Detroit in 1796, became a colonel in\\n181 3, and subsequently a brigadier by brevet. Cap-\\ntain John Biddle, of the Forty-sixth United States\\nInfantry, and General Alexander Macomb also\\ntestified favorably for Wilkinson. Wilkinson s\\nMemoirs. in three volumes, contain the chief points\\nof his defense in his several trials, which wonder-\\nfully resemble those of General Hull, in the vigor\\nwith which cotemporary military officers are as-\\nsailed.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL.\\nINDIAN WARS .FROM 1790 TO 181\\nAlthough Detroit had been surrendered to the\\nAmericans, the British apparently entertained the\\nhope that the fortunes of war would again give\\nthem control of the West, and British officers were\\ncontinually asserting and exercising authority on\\nAmerican soil. The following extract from a letter\\naddressed by Peter Audrain, of Detroit, to Governor\\nSt. Clair on October 20, 1800, gives an idea of some\\nof their illegal actions. Audrain says\\nBetween ii and 12 o clock on the evening of the 9th inst. some\\nBritish soldiers headed by a certain Sargeant Cole, went to the\\nhouse where a certain Francis Poquette lived with a woman and\\ntwo children. They knocked at the door but were refused admit-\\ntance, as the said Poquette had some suspicion of the plot. The\\ndoor was forced open, the sergeant entered and knocked down\\nsaid Poquette with a large stick he had a battle then ensued, the\\nsergeant was wounded in the head and face, and Poquette, stabbed\\nin many places, was carried away naked to a canoe waiting at a\\nlanding near the place. Although badly wounded he jumped out\\nof tlie canoe into the river, when they stabbed him again to make\\nhim be quiet. Dr. Wm. M. Scott, surgeon of this place, was\\ncalled next morning and went over the river to the ferry house,\\nwhere both the sergeant and the deserter were lying very ill. The\\nDoctor dressed the sergeant first and went afterwards to the\\ndeserter who, almost naked, was lying on the floor in a dark corner\\nof the kitchen. He found the unfortunate man in so dangerous\\na state that he informed the sergeant he could not be removed to\\nMaiden without imminent danger of losing his life. Whereupon,\\na man in soldier s dress, standing by Sergeant Cole, said that he\\nhad orders to take the prisoner to Maiden deader alive. Sergeant\\nCole agreed, and he was carried away in the afternoon and died at\\nMaiden about five or six o clock the next morning.\\nSenator (Uriah) Tracey (of Conn.), who left this place for\\nPresque Isle on Friday, dined on Saturday at Maiden with Cap-\\ntain McClean, commander of that garrison. He probably got\\nmore information than he had here. I have been informed that\\nhe pledged his word that he would make report to the President\\non his arrival at the Federal City.\\nthe guard to consist of three officers and tw^elve\\nprivates. Five days later he issued the follow-\\ning:\\nGENERAL ORDERS.\\nAfter this night the Guards will be kept in the following man-\\nner: Visgars and L Ecuyers companies will alternately furnish\\na Guard of a Sergeant and six privates, to be stationed at the old\\nBlockhouse. The rifle company, the artillery and cavalry will\\nfurnish a sergeant and eight privates every night to be kept at\\nthe north Blockhouse.\\nHickman s light infantry Campeau s and Anderson s compa-\\nnies of the first Regiment will alternately furnish a Subaltern\\nSergeant and twelve privates, as a Guard to be kept in the East\\nBlockhouse.\\nThe Adjutant-General will detail a Captain of the day, who\\nwill visit all the Guards by night, and give them their instruc-\\ntions. In case of an alarm or attack on the place, the following\\ndisposition will be made of the Troops: Scott s company of\\nRiflemen at the north blockhouse, Anderson s company at the\\neast blockhouse, and L Ecuyer s company at the old Blockhouse.\\nHickman s company will defend the Pickets between the two\\nBlockhouses; Visgar s, the Pickets between the fort and the\\nnorth Blockhouse and Campeau s company, the Pickets between\\nthe east Blockhouse and the river; all the other companies will\\nform at Curry s Corner and wait for orders.\\nColonel Woodward will command from the West Blockhouse to\\nthe fort and so on from the Fort to the river, and on the river as\\nfar east as Abbott s store, but in such manner as not to interfere\\nwith Captain Dyson s command.\\nColonel Brush will command from Abbott s store on the river to\\nthe east gate and north to the Blockhouse, including said block-\\nhouse.\\nIn case the Enemy should break through the Pickets and get\\ninto the town, Hickman s company will immediately take pos-\\nsession of the Stone Council House, Campeau s of the Bank, and\\nVisgar s of the Old Blockhouse and May s stone house. Captain\\nDodeniead s and Smith s companies will parade at the stone\\ncouncil house, where they will receive their orders.\\nDoctor Macroskey will attend at May s stone House and Doctor\\nBrown at the Council House, where the wounded will be sent.\\nThe English also continued their efforts to attach\\nthe savages to themselves, and kept them in a con-\\nstant state of unrest by their promises and presents,\\nwhich were so far in excess of those made or given\\nby the United States that many Indians remained\\nunfriendly to the Americans.\\nIn 1806 and 1807 there was much disquiet at\\nDetroit on this account, and a new stockade was\\nbuilt as a protective measure.\\nAs a further means of defense, on August 6. 1807,\\nJames May, adjutant-general, ordered a patrol guard\\nof militia to be kept at the Indian council-room\\nOn September 3 there was a grand parade of the\\nmilitia, and on November 9 they were ordered to be\\nready to march at a moment s notice. On Novem-\\nber 14 there was again a general review and inspec-\\ntion of the First Regiment of militia and the Legion-\\nary Corps.\\nOn July 27, 1810, Governor Hull wrote to the\\nSecretary of War that large bodies of Indians from\\nthe westward and southward continue to visit the\\nBritish post at Amherstburg, and are supplied with\\nprovisions, arms, ammunition, etc., etc. Much more\\nattention is paid to them than usual.\\nbiA", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "INDIAN WARS FROM 1790 TO 1S12.\\n/6\\nOn September 17. iSii, Governor Harrison wrote\\nto the Secretary of War\\nAll the Indians of the Wabash have been, or are now, on a\\nvisit to the British agent at Maiden my informant has never\\nknown more than one fourth as many goods given to the Indians\\nas they are now distributing. He examined the share of one\\nman (not a chief) and found that he had received an elegant rifle,\\nninety-live pounds of powder, fifty pounds of lead, three blankets,\\nthree pieces of strouds, ten shirts, and several other articles. He\\nsay% every Indian is furnished with a gun (either a rifle or fusil),\\nand an abundance of ammunition. A trader of this country was\\nlately in the King s store at Maiden, and was told that the quan-\\ntity of goods for the Indian department, which had been sent out\\nthis year, exceeded that of common years by 20,000 pounds ster-\\nling. It is impossible to ascribe this profusion to any other motive\\nthan that of instigatingthe Indians to take up the tomahawk it\\ncannot be to secure their trade, for all their peltries collected on\\nthe Wabash on one year, if sold in the London markets, would\\nnot pay the freight of the goods which have been given to the\\nIndians.\\nSo confident was General Harrison that the In-\\ndians meant mischief that, with the militia and some\\nregular soldiers commanded by Colonel Boyd, he\\nproceeded against them, and thoroughly defeated\\nthem at the battle of Tippecanoe on November 7,\\n1811.\\nNotwithstanding this defeat, the citizens of Detroit\\nfelt justly alarmed, as but ninety-four soldiers were\\nthen stationed in the town, and a meeting was held\\non Sunday, December 8, iSi i, to take measures to\\nprotect the settlement. Solomon Sibley was chosen\\nchairman and A. B. Woodward secretary. It was\\nresolved to organize a night-watch for thi.rty days,\\nand a committee of five, consisting of Solomon Sib-\\nley, A. B. Woodward, James Witherell, George\\nMcDougall, and Daniel Baker were appointed to\\ncollect funds and war material. Messrs. Witherell\\nand Baker declined to act, and H. H. Hickman and\\nRichard Smythe were appointed in their stead. At\\na subsequent meeting, on December 10, a memorial\\nto Congress was adopted, in which it was urged\\nthat the whole territory is a double frontier, the\\nBritish are on one side, the savages on the other,\\nevery individual house is a frontier, no farm is\\ncovered by another farm in the rear of it, and in\\nview of these facts. Congress was asked to provide\\nmore garrisons in the West, and to send reinforce-\\nments of infantry and cavalry to Detroit. The\\nmemorial was presented to Congress on December\\n27. No action was taken on the subject, but the\\nWar of 1 81 2 soon after settled this with other\\nquestions.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLI.\\nTHE WAR OF 1812.\\nThe searching of American vessels for British-\\nborn seamen, which was styled the right of search,\\nand the impressment of several thousand American\\nsailors, were the primary causes of the War of 18 12.\\nThe immediate reason was the attack by the\\nBritish ship Leopard upon the Chesapeake, an\\nAmerican vessel, lying in Lynnhaven Bay. off the\\ncoast of Virginia, the officers of the Leopard claim-\\ning that the Chesapeake was harboring three desert-\\ners from the British navy. The British Government\\npromptly disowned the act. but was slow in making\\nreparation and, as the impressment was continued\\nand the search for British seamen vigorously prose-\\ncuted, the breach was ever widening. Finally, the\\nPresident ordered British ships away from the Amer-\\nican coast. No heed was paid to his proclamation,\\nand. on June 18, 1812, war was declared against\\nGreat Britain.\\nPrevious to the declaration of war, and in antici-\\npation of such an event. Congress authorized the\\nPresident to call for militia from the several States.\\nIt was evident that the war would be along the\\nborder line of Canada, and in anticipation of the\\ndeclaration of war, the citizens of Detroit held a\\nmeeting, and. as Governor Hull was absent, requested\\nthe secretary of the Territory to call out the militia.\\nThe Secretary was cautious about exercising author-\\nity, not being certain that Governor Hull was not\\nin the territory, and he therefore refused. Mean-\\ntime, it became increasingly evident, from the\\ndetention of citizens of Detroit by the Canadian\\nauthorities, and from the erection of batteries at\\nAmherstburg, that hostilities were imminent, and as\\nGeneral Hull did not arrive, measures of resistance\\nwere determined upon. Messrs. Elijah Brush and\\nSolomon Sibley, and Colonels George McDougall\\nand John R. Williams caused the militia to be\\nordered out. and in twenty-four hours some six\\nhundred men from the city and adjoining farms\\ngathered as volunteers.\\nOn the evening of May 14. 1S12, they paraded\\nunder command of Major James Witherell. On\\nJune 1 2 they were ordered to parade each Satur-\\nday, at four o clock, in the rear of D. Forsyth s\\nencampment, and the commanding officer of each\\ncompany was ordered to cause two hours each day,\\n.Saturdays excepted, to be devoted to disciplining\\nthe men. On June 27, James Witherell, major com-\\nmandant, issued a general order giving notice that\\nthe signal of an alarm on the north bank of the\\nriver would be three rounds fired from a field piece\\nnear the south gate of the Town of Detroit, and\\nthat the militia were then to assemble.\\nMeanwhile, an army of some twelve hundred\\nmen drafted from Ohio by the President, and three\\nhundred volunteers under Colonel Miller, together\\nwith other troops, were collected at Dayton. On\\nMay 25 Governor Meigs turned over the command\\nto General Hull, who was ordered to proceed to\\ni;)etroit, and about the middle of June the force,\\nwhich consisted of three regiments under command\\nof Colonels McArthur, Cass, and Findley, left Day-\\nton with over two thousand rank and file. On the\\n24th of June, while at Fort Findley, General Hull\\nreceived a letter, dated June 18, the very day that\\nwar was declared, announcing that war would soon\\nbe declared. Possibly it was written early in the\\nday. before the declaration had actually been issued.\\nOn July I, when near the old British Fort Miami,\\non the Maumee River, a small schooner, the Cuya-\\nhoga, belonging to Captain Chapin, was employed\\nto carry a quantity of baggage to Detroit, and about\\nthirty officers and privates were sent with it for pro-\\ntection.\\nIt being the last of the month, complete muster-\\nrolls had been made out, and either by accident or\\ndesign these and other private papers of General\\nHull, contained in a small trunk, were placed on the\\nvessel. An open boat with the sick was sent at\\nthe same time. On July 2. when opposite Maiden,\\nthe Cuyahoga was captured by the British, who thus\\nbecame possessed of a full knowledge of the force\\nunder command of General Hull. The same day,\\nwhile on the road to Detroit. General Hull received\\na second letter from the Secretary of War, also\\ndated June 18, containing the announcement of the\\ndeclaration of war. One of the two letters was\\nsent by a courier the other was sent by mail to\\nCleveland, to be forwarded from there by express.\\nCharles Shaler, a young lawyer of Cleveland,\\nagreed to take the letter for thirty-five dollars. He\\nleft Cleveland June 28, and overtook the army at\\nU74I", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF 1812.\\n75\\nthe Raisin, about 2 a. m., on July 2. After receiv-\\ning the letter. General Hull rested a day at French-\\ntown, and on July 4 built a bridge across the\\nHuron River near Brownstown, about a mile and\\na half west of the village now called Gibralter.\\nTroops sent from Detroit to aid in preparing the\\nroad met the army near that place. At this time\\nMajor Whistler s company of First Infantry and\\nCaptain Dyson s company of artillery were in\\ncharge of the fort at Detroit. On the 5th the army\\npassed through the villages of Brownstown and Mon-\\nguagon, crossed the Ecorce and Rouge, and arrived\\nthe same day at Springwells. They had travelled a\\ndistance of over two hundred miles through an\\nalmost unbroken wilderness, building bridges as they\\nwent, wading innumerable swamps,\\nand enduring many hardships.\\nOn the morning of the 6th Colonel\\nCass was sent to Maiden with a flag\\nof truce to demand the baggage and\\nprisoners captured in the schooner.\\nOn his arrival there he was blindfold-\\ned, his demands refused, aiid he was\\nescorted back. The next day five\\npieces of artillery were brought down\\nfrom the fort and placed on the bank\\nin front of the army, in a situation to\\nannoy the enemy at Sandwich.\\nOn July 12 General Hull, sending\\nthe boats and canoes down the river,\\nmade a feint of crossing at Spring-\\nwells, but after dark he crossed over\\nwith his whole ffirce from Ham-\\ntramck, and marched to Sandwich.\\nOn his arrival he issued two hundred\\ncopies of a proclamation to the Ca-\\nnadians. A fac-simile, reduced in\\nsize, is here given.\\nOn July 13 he sent a small re-\\nconnoitering force, under Captain\\nUlry, towards Maiden. They returned in the\\nevening on July 14, and reported that there\\nwere a large number of Indians in the way.\\nGeneral Hull then sent a detachment of Captain\\nSloan s cavalry, and they returned with information\\nthat a body of Indians had gone up the river. Mc-\\nArthur, with one hundred of his regiment anil a\\nrifle corps from Colonel P indley s, was sent in pur-\\nsuit, and subsequently Captain Smith, of the Detroit\\nDragoons, followed, with orders to go to the Thames\\nand jirocure provisions. He overtook Mc.^rthur, and\\nwent with him about si.xty miles above the mouth\\nof the river, returning in the evening of the 17th\\nwith a large quantity of stores. On the same day,\\nbefore McArthur s party had returned, Colonel\\nCass, with two hundred and eighty men, pushed\\non to the river Aux Canards, and took possession\\nof the bridge, but as General Hull would not allow\\nthem to fortify or push on to Maiden, the results\\nwere unimportant.\\nDuring this period General Hull spent much of\\nhis time at Detroit, and on the 24th, during his\\nabsence. Colonel McArthur sent a detachment to\\ndrive the Indians from the region of Turkey Creek;\\nbut they were themselves attacked by the Indians,\\nand forced to retreat, with a loss of six killed. This\\nwas the first blood shed in the campaign.\\nMeantime the British forces were active, and\\nbefore the news of the war had reached Mackinaw,\\nthat post was summoned to surrender, and on July\\n17th was surrendered, the paroled officers and troops\\nreaching Detroit on July 29. General Hull was now\\nA PROCLAMATION.\\nTSVrr)l 0\u00c2\u00ab\\\\l Aftn.M.irmr.\\nIP.\u00c2\u00ab.S(r.\u00c2\u00abfi\u00c2\u00abI.T\\nIhc-U.IT\\nfin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tK :.i-:,. k i*ii,i.i.fi old*..\\nhm tirmtlUh\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wt a cnBi-run .hi- BTTfnliM nwgiiT, Ii ihi bi.h iid\\nS\u00c2\u00bb- l.\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abr.)l; Tr^iatjal C 11 T\\nrcxnoU uaoBc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2altitt^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a00. DM ig \u00c2\u00abli ibcSb 1 uo( IB ffHa. act III 1\\nJ\\ni,..\u00c2\u00bbrfbT\\n\u00c2\u00bb!b. ru h.\u00c2\u00ab\\nttt pinici-a r m :n I\u00c2\u00bbt r\u00c2\u00abvBleTi.H\u00c2\u00ab[ vhn\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00bat\\nXOi-iLft. loo\\nhi\u00c2\u00abt.li). i li i-.. o ibi.( i;n hc\\nlti\u00c2\u00bbnicr. WNm\\niilkwiuinscr tU\u00c2\u00abMii ietrdrrr..be wlicr. \\\\\\\\c t;\\nS .TMi\u00c2\u00abrcir.\\n\u00c2\u00bb.li [,o.t.r\u00e2\u0080\u009el|... U d ,Ag pnr In\\n-aiiiT. cuBtntol \u00e2\u0096\u00a0nb\\ni \\\\,*Hi,Ay-imf,Q\u00e2\u0080\u009eia^,. IitnJtf TMite in.Uqrtte\\nb-.E.\\nt/ Civ\\ntritiu iKcitiduiiB\\n[\u00e2\u0080\u00a2c.nlirs\\n\u00c2\u00ab.ii: Ibi:L^r[T hithr Kii;^ lootfr t\\nounJ\\nI.U ivd rnr-o\\nh \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abJirfl.J\\not\\nih. RfoTuikiB.\\n1luT IJI[.: .hxt-LiinUc lairsu\\ntlcncfd tinliii aiit\\nAnefPdcti\\n|.lr.\\nla.b -o .c\\nmyCHtirjt.^tit l r Miho In of b\\nCiciTWKI. Iv icnil\\nr:. ;3S\\nmo J051- rmtwi. ffnt \u00c2\u00bbi(\u00c2\u00bb/i.\u00c2\u00bb Rtmi\\nII It\\nTit\u00c2\u00ab T ai i pnnlnl ird cvSnairr I l-ci\\naihmCeresrilicri\\nlOul hrelBun. MtDT o(p iIr(ilhii, f Hill fj\\nih\u00c2\u00ab\\nf ^,Xiu.^\\n.n i\u00c2\u00ab i\u00c2\u00bbii.j h, iDQ -;.h ..i\\nTiT\\nlow I,\u00e2\u0084\u00a2., oCTr,ln\u00e2\u0084\u00a2i-S i! \u00c2\u00abnc^ io i t\\nt=..* H,Hli..A.vl. fe\u00c2\u00ab....dt\\n..1. ,11 IvA J\u00e2\u0080\u0094i III v^ -it H I\\n.7r\u00c2\u00bb.\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00b0ii*h.M.n\\n1 1 dg Bsi. I e- Fin; irtJ lor tVif7 ijri.,,:^.,.\\n,:ui.4.ti\\nI teauidtttd 1[ [icticduoniiii. .Uic bu\\n.n4\\nn tf B\u00e2\u0080\u009er\u00c2\u00abn..,.T\u00c2\u00ab 0w.UuMp4ilio.M,^pi\u00c2\u00abkc( \u00c2\u00ab..dl,j\u00c2\u00ab.\u00c2\u00bb.\\nitiiila tK pvifiKd, tadibtHtitt uclal\u00c2\u00abo(ei\u00c2\u00bbiaardfTOurCniiB bam^i ai\\nliinnpi yn-\\\\ Ae fiitj! lailt, \u00c2\u00bbil1 it bf Bf-jIToc one TihJ!faliBl.*t title af\\nill fune ab.!!) .d| ia oa y\\njeudliiaaili il will MM dsub\\nPlIcTtag Cl^r. lilirlrtBiSHf\\n[i^ib1ciiib}ourii|tiiu dioi(i(l ijMc fcKUSil fCKljjtiJiji\\ntHZUtCEyiftHL\\nCopi: i^tK U.S. lit^ie/rn/anirfarJA JicaBifh\\nmM^\\nReduced Fac-simile of Hull s Proclamation to the Canadians.\\n[Size of original, lu x lo inches..]\\nfeeling was so\\nand soldiers lost\\nmanifestly disheartened, and this\\napparent that many of the officers\\nconfidence in his leadership.\\nEarly in .-\\\\ugust an express arrived with informa-\\ntion that Captain Henry Brush, who had been sent\\nby Governor Meigs, of Ohio, with a company of\\nvolunteers, and provisions for the army, was at the\\nriver Raisin, waiting for an escort. This was at\\nfirst refused, but finally General Hull consented to\\nsend Major T. B. Van Horn with two hundred\\nmen. The major crossed the Detroit River August\\n4. and marched that evening as far as the river\\nEcorce. The following morning the force pushed\\non, and, as they entered the open ground of Browns-\\ntown, were attacked by Tecumseh with several hun-\\ndred Indians and British soldiers. The suddenness\\nof the attack threw the troops into confusion, and", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "276\\nTHE WAR OF 1812.\\nthe entire force retreated towards Detroit, and sent\\nnews of the disaster to General Hull. This defeat,\\nand the plainly expressed dissatisfaction of the offi-\\ncers at no advance being made in Canada, caused\\nGeneral Hull to call a council of war, and it was\\ndecided to advance on Maiden. Preparatory orders\\nto this end were issued, but ere the preparations\\nwere complete, an order was issued by General Hull\\nto cross over to Detroit. Accordingly, on the night\\nof August 7th and the morning of the Sth. the main\\nbody of the army returned.\\nImmediately on their return, Lieutenant-Colonel\\nMiller, with six hundred troops, was ordered to open\\ncommunication with Captain Brush at the Raisin.\\nThey left on the afternoon of August 8, and on the\\nnext day, at about 4 P. M., when two miles below\\nthe village of Monguagon, the first guard, commanded\\nby Captain Snelling of the Fourth United States\\nRegiment, was fired on by an extensix e line of\\nBritish and Indians. Miller s force, however, made\\nso good a defence that the British and Indians\\nretreated. Colonel Miller sent an express to Gen-\\neral Hull with information of his success, and re-\\nquested a supply of provisions.\\nColonel McArthur was ordered to take one hun-\\ndred men from his regiment, and six hundred ra-\\ntions for Colonel Miller s forces, to proceed down\\nthe river in boats, and bring the wounded to Detroit.\\nHe embarked his force on the morning of August\\n10 in nine boats, and arrived safely at Colonel Mil-\\nler s encampment, two miles above Brownstown.\\nAs soon as he could deliver his provisions and place\\nthe wounded men in the boats, he commenced his\\nreturn, but the British brig Hunter anchored in the\\npath of his boats, at tlie head of Grosse Isle, and\\nprevented them from returning. A messenger was\\nsent to General Hull to inform him of this new\\ntrouble and to ask for wagons to carry up the\\nwounded. These were sent, but as they could not\\nget within a quarter of a mile of the boats, the\\nwounded were placed in small canoes and thus con-\\nveyed to shore.\\n.A.S soon ashe was supplied with provisions and\\nrelieved of the wounded. Colonel Miller had intend-\\ned to march to the Raisin, but he was prevented by\\nsickness and an express soon arrived from General\\nHull with positive orders to return. These orders\\nwere obeyed, and on August 12 his force reached\\nDetroit.\\nOn the 13th the British were seen marching up\\nfrom Sandwich to a point opposite Fort Detroit,\\nand within point-blank shot of our batteries but\\nGeneral Hull would not suffer his gunners to fire,\\nand even allowed the British to erect batteries with-\\nout being molested. All this time Captain Brush,\\nwith the provisions for the army, was at the Raisin,\\nand on the evening of the i.|th General Hull sent\\nan escort of three hundred and fifty troops, under\\nColonels McArthur and Cass, to his relief. The\\nforce took a circuitous route, and when about\\ntwenty-five miles from Detroit became entangled in\\na swamp, and as they were without provisions, the\\naccident was a serious one. On August 1 5, during\\ntheir absence, two British officers arrived from\\nSandwich with a flag of truce, and a letter from\\nGeneral Brock demanding the surrender of Fort\\nDetroit. General Hull at once returned a letter, in\\nwhich were the following words: I am ready to\\nmeet any force which may be at your disposal.\\nBritish armed vessels soon appeared in sight, and\\nthe battery on the opposite shore began to play\\nupon the fort. The fire was returned from our\\nbatteries and the fort, and one of the enemy s guns\\nwas silenced in a few minutes. Tradition says\\nthere was then standing, at the corner of Wood-\\nbridge and Griswold Streets, a magnificent pear\\ntree, some two feet in diameter, and the pride and\\ndelight of the citizens. During the cannonading\\nfrom the opposite shore, it was perceived that this\\ntree served as a mark to direct the aim of the enemy.\\nA soldier, by the name of Miller, was therefore\\ndirected to cut it down. He proceeded cheerfully\\nto his task, and plied his ax with vigor, but made\\nno very rapid progress upon the tough old tree. A\\nfortunate shot from the British battery .soon struck\\nit precisely where he was cutting, carpj-ing off two-\\nthirds of the trunk. Miller paused for a moment,\\nand exclaimed, Fire away, John Bull You cut a\\ngreat deal faster than I can. He then completed\\nthe work.\\nAs soon as the bombardment began there was\\ngreat confusion in the town. aluables of every\\nsort were hastily packed up and buried, and even\\nclothing and furniture were thus concealed. Several\\nof the inhabitants sought refuge in a ravine on the\\nCass Farm; others, with beds and bedding, were\\nsheltered in the fort. Some of the women, mean-\\nwhile, were making cartridges and others scraping\\nlint. Many kept a vigilant eye upon the movements\\nof. the enemy, and learned to dodge the shells.\\nNumbers of dwellings were badly damaged. Some\\nof the shots aimed at the battery struck th^ United\\nStates storehouse one passed over it, and perforated\\nthe stone building (afterwards the Mansion House)\\nwhere Judge Woodward had his quarters. He had\\njust risen from his bed and was standing beside it\\nwhen a shot came through the room, struck the\\njiillow and the bed, and drove them into the fire-\\nplace, while the spent ball rolled out upon the floor.\\nAnother large shot fell upon Augustus Langdon s\\nhouse, on the corner of Woodward Avenue and\\nCongress Street, passed through the roof, struck", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF 1812.\\n277\\nupon a table around which the family were sitting,\\nand went through the floor into the cellar.\\nIn the evening General Hull sent a courier to the\\ndetachment under Colonels McArthur and Cass,\\nordering them to return, as the fort had been sum-\\nmoned to surrender. The detachment marched\\nuntil two o clock that night on their return, and the\\nne.xt morning arrived at the edge of the woods in\\nthe vicinity of Detroit, where they drew up in order\\nof battle. A party of dragoons sent forward to\\nreconnoiter returned with the news that, though the\\nIndians were yelling through the commons, the\\nAmerican flag was still hoisted at the fort. Soon\\nafterwards a note was received from Cjeneral Hull,\\ninforming them of the capitulation and ordering\\nthem in. At 6 A. M., on the morning of this day\\n(August 16), the British began firing. Soon after,\\nin full sight of General Hull and his army, their\\ntroops began crossing over to Springwells. Before\\neight o clock they had landed, and begun their\\nmarch towards Detroit. So satisfied, apparently,\\nwas Brock that he would not be attacked that he\\nrode several hundred yards ahead of his troops.\\nHis army consisted of thirty royal artillerists, three\\nhundred regulars, four hundred militia, and about\\nsix hundred Indians; the force also had three six,\\nand two three-pounders. The troops advanced\\ntowards the fort without opposition, the militia and\\nregulars on the margin of the river, and the Indians,\\nunder Tecumseh, next to the woods. At this time\\nHull had an opportunity to repulse General Brock.\\nA battery of two twenty-four-pounders, under\\ncharge of Lieutenant Anderson, was stationed on\\nJefferson Avenue, where it now intersects Wayne\\nStreet. The high bluff then existing at that point\\nafforded an excellent and commanding position.\\nColonel Anderson subsequently told C. C. Trow-\\nbridge that he had his fuse ready, and by one dis-\\ncharge could have blown Brock s close column to\\npieces but, instead, he received a peremptory order\\nfrom Hull not to fire.\\nColonel Miller, with the Fourth Regiment, was\\ninside the fort, and the volunteers from Ohio and a\\nportion of the Michigan militia were on the com-\\nmons in the rear of the town. The British troops\\nwere exposed on all sides except the river, but they\\ncontinued to advance, and when they reached what\\nis now the foot of Tenth Street, General Hull or-\\ndered all the soldiers to retire inside the fort. Soon\\nafter a ball from the British battery, which now kept\\nup a constant fire, was thrown inside the fort, and\\nkilled Captain Hanks, Lieutenant Sibley, and Dr.\\nReynolds, and wounded Dr. Blood. Another shot\\npassed through the gate, killing two soldiers in\\nthe barracks. Two men were also killed outside.\\nThere were so many soldiers inside, together with\\nwomen and children who had come there for pro-\\ntection, that it was almost impossible for a ball to\\nstrike in the fort without killing .some one. Very\\nlittle injury was experienced from the shells, for,\\nthough well-directed, they generally burst before\\nreaching the fort.\\nBy this time, if not before. General Hull seems to\\nhave fully made up his mind to surrender, and his\\nson, Captain A. F. Hull, was ordered to display a\\nwhite flag from the fort. The firing from the bat-\\ntery on the Canadian side soon ceased, and Captain\\nHull was sent with a flag of truce to meet Brock s\\nforces. The inappropriateness of sending such a\\nman on such an errand is indicated by the state-\\nment of Colonel Snelling, who says that Abram\\nHull was always intoxicated when an emergency\\noccurred, and but a short time prior to his being\\nsent to negotiate terms of surrender, w-as disgust-\\ningly drunk and noisily foolish in his conduct and\\nremarks. Lieutenant-Colonel McDonnell and Major\\nGlegg, who were sent by General Brock to agree\\nupon the terms of surrender, were allowed to ride\\nin before the terms were agreed upon and almost\\nbefore the garrison knew what was going on, they\\nwere prisoners of the British army. Many of the\\nmilitia distinctly witnessed the arrival of Brock s\\narmy at Springwells, and were chagrined beyond\\nmeasure at the apathy of their commander and\\nwhen required to surrender their rifles, disbanded in\\ndisorder, many of them breaking their guns, and all\\nwas confusion, every man seeming to act upon his\\nindividual convictions. When the soldiers were\\ndrawn up in line, to be delivered as prisoners, A. C.\\nTruax, one of the territorial militia, determined that\\nhe would endeavor to escape. Handing his gun,\\nwith a careless air, to a soldier near by, he entered\\none of the buildings of the cantonment, shouldered\\nhis trunk, and proceeded on his way, passing succes-\\nsively and successfully English and American offi-\\ncers, both of whom supposed him to be detailed for\\nthe purpose of carrying the trunk. Once out of\\nreach, he travelled at leisure, and made his way to\\nSchenectady.\\nAbout 12 o clock, on August 16, the British forces,\\nwith General Brock at their head, marched into the\\nfort, and the Americans marched out. the American\\nflag was pulled down, and the British colors hois-\\nted. The terms of capitulation, printed at the time,\\nare given herewith in fac-simile. By the capitulation\\nGeneral Hull surrendered about two thousand men,\\nforty barrels of powder, four hundred rounds of\\ntwenty-four-pound shot, one hundred thousand\\nball cartridges, twenty-four thousand stands of arms,\\nthirty-five iron and eight brass cannon, and a large\\nsupply of provisions.\\nThe next day the British commenced removing", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "78\\nTHE WAR OF 1812.\\nthe military stores to Maiden, and for a month the\\nriver was covered with small boats engaged in their\\ntransportation. General Hull stipulated that Cap-\\ntain Brush and the stores at the river Raisin should\\nalso be surrendered, and Captain Elliott, a son of\\nthe British Indian agent, was sent to him with the\\narticles of capitulation but in this case, the British\\ncaught a Tartar, for Captain Thomas Rowland,\\nwho was with Colonel Brush, in command of a\\nvolunteer rifle company, raised and equipped by\\nCAMP at DETR OIT A\u00c2\u00ab.on :8i2.\\nV APITUL ATION Tor tTic Sarrcnder orForlUETRniT.enter-\\nei into between Wajof General J5roci;; commanding His\\nBniTANNic M. \\\\jzsT\\\\ 3 foiccs, On thc one part Brigadier\\nGeneral Hull, commanding ihc North-WeHcm Army oUhe\\ntTwiTED-STATES on tlie other part,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0in. Fori Di.TROiT,wiih all the troops, regulars as well as Wu\\nlilia, will be immedialelv Surrendered to the Brilifli forces un-\\nder (he Command of Mjj. Gen. Brock, will be sonlidered\\nprifoners of war, with llie exception of fucli of ihc Militia of\\nthe Michigan Terriiorj- who have not joined thc \\\\rmy,\\nEd. All public Stoics. arni; all public documents includ-\\ning every thing tUc of 9 public nature will be immediately\\ngiven up.\\ngd. I nvate Fcrfons 5: property of every dcfciipilon Iliall be\\nTelpecled.\\n4i]i. His excellency Brigadier Gen. Hull having exprelTcd\\na defire that a detachment fiom ihe State of Ohio, on lis wa^\\nto join his Army as well as one feni from Fort DETnoiT.under\\nthe Command of Colonel M Arthur, ihould be included in\\n(he above Capitulation, it is accordingly agrocd to. It is hon\\never lobe underllood thai fuch part of the Ohio. Mihtia, hb\\n]iavc not joined the Army, will be permitted to retmn to [heir\\nhomes, on condition that they will not fcrvc during the war,\\ntlicir arms howefcr will be delivered up, if belonging to tlie\\npublic.\\nSth.TheGarrifon will march out at the hour of twelve\\no clock, the Btitibh foiccs will taUe immediately poCTellion\\nol the ForL\\nApproved Signed. J.Mc.Doneli. Licnr,\\n(Signed! W. HULL. Brigr. Col. Militia. P. A. D. C\\nGcnl.Comg. thc N.W.Army i j, 3. Glccg Major A. D-C\\nApproved. j^mes Miller Lieut. Col.\\n(Signed) ISAAC BROCK, 5th. U. S. Infantry.\\nJJajoi General. E, JSRUfiHCol.Coing ifl .Rcgi.\\nMichi^-^an Mililia.\\nA true Copy.\\nRobert NtcHot Lieut. Coli\\nQr. M. GcnL MiUtiSf\\nFac-simile of Printed Articles of Capitulation.\\n[Size of original, 6 x 12 inches.]\\ngarrisoned Detroit with two hundred and fifty men,\\nand left it in command of Colonel Proctor with\\nA. B. Woodward, one of the American judges, as\\nsecretary of the Territory. A reduced copy of two\\nProclamations of Colonel Proctor s, from an original\\n1 2x1 5 inches in size, is given.\\nThe news of the surrender of General Hull was\\nreceived with universal execration and astonishment.\\nMany believed him a traitor, and there are not a\\nfew stories and traditions embodying this belief.\\nRev. Ur. Alfred Brunson, a soldier in General Har-\\nrison s army, in a work called the Western Pio-\\nneer, tells of a midshipman on one of Perry s ships,\\nwho said it was a fact that Hull sent word to the\\nBritish that war was declared before the news of it\\nreached Detroit.\\nHe said that although born in the United States, he lived at\\nMaiden, and that before he knew of the war he was warned out\\nof bed and pressed into service, and so closely watched he could\\nnot make his escape. That, being a sergeant, he took his turn in\\nbeing orderly for (ieneral Brock, and was so when he landed at\\nSpringwells, three miles below Detroit. J his brought him in close\\nproximity with lirock. He said that while llrock was waiting be-\\nhind the sand-hills, at the wells, he sent his aid out three times to\\nsee if Hull had raised the white flag. When the aid returned the\\nsecond time with the word, No flag yet, General, Brock s\\nknees so trembled that they fairly smote together, and he said,\\nD n me, I m afraid the old dog will trick me yet. But\\nwhen the aid returned the third time with word that thc flag was\\nout, lirock s countenance changed, and he ordered a forward\\nmovement to take possession of the city. When they came to the\\nwest gate of the city, and saw the cannon planted so as to rake\\ndown the road, with lighted matches by them, he, with others,\\nfelt and looked pale at the thought of what would have been the\\nconsequence if they had been let loose upon them.\\nAnd when they saw the rage of the Americans at being thus\\nsold, and without a chance to defend themselves. Brock said it\\nwould have been hard taking those men.\\nThen, said Brunson to the midshipman, Hull sold his men,\\ndid he Oh, yes, that was understood, or Brock would not have\\nventured over the river with a force so much less than that of the\\nAmericans. Well, what did Hull get for them Why, he\\nwas to have si-xteen dollars a head for the men, and pay for the pro-\\nvisions, guns, ammunition, etc. But when Hull lay in Sandwich he\\nsent General McArthur up the St. Clair River to Selkirk s settle-\\nment, and took eight hundred merino sheep, which were \\\\alued\\nat from twelve to fourteen hundred dollars a head at that time,\\nand butchered them for his army. When Brock had him a pris-\\noner in IMontreal, and settled with him, he said, You stole those\\nsheep after you had made the bargain, and shall pay for them,*\\nand thus brought Hull in debt and served him right.\\nhimself, detained Elliott as a prisoner, carried him\\nthirty miles, and then released him, retaining his\\nhorse, however, to aid in carrying the sick, and they,\\nwith Captain Brush and all his command and stores,\\nsuccessfully escaped to Ohio.\\nThe captured Ohio troops were paroled, and sent\\nhome by way of Cleveland. The Michigan militia\\nwere released. Most of the regular troops were\\nconveyed in Hat-bottomed boats down the St. Law-\\nrence to Montreal and Quebec, and some of them\\nwere literally sent to Halifax. General Brock\\nA confirmation of a part of this sheep story is\\nfound in Colonel J. Snelling s reply to Hull s\\nMemoirs, published in the Detroit Gazette for\\nSeptember 13 and 20, 1S25. Colonel Snelling said:\\nAmong the anomalies in our army was a corps commanded by a\\nmiliti;i Lieutenant. I do not believe he reported to the adjutant-\\ngeneral, nor is his name mentioned in any of the papers of those\\ndays. My impression is that he received his orders directly from\\nthe General. This ofiicer, among other excursions, made one to\\nBeldoon, a settlement then recently established by Lord Selkirk,\\nMy company had been ordered to recross the river, to be employed\\nin ordinance duties, and I saw the Lieutenant and his detachment", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF 1812.\\n279\\nwhen they returned. They brought with them several articles of\\npersonal property, and a large flock of Merino sheep. These\\nsheep were pastured in the public fields adjoining the fort, and in\\nmy walks on the ramparts, I saw them delivered daily, two and\\nthree at a time, to persons who appeared to be purchasers.\\n.\\\\s tlley were not slaughtered for the use of the troops, and as\\nthe tieneral passes over them in silence in his Mc.Tioirs, it may be\\ninferred that in this Merino speculation he had other views than\\nmerely subsisting the army. Many of the sheep remained in the\\nfields when Detroit was surrendered and were restored to Lord\\nSelkirk s agent. I have introduced this circumstance only to\\nshow that we were in no immediate danger of starvation.\\nNothing could justify this outrage on private property, but an\\nabsolute scarcity in our camp. It was a direct violation of that\\nclause of the General s proclamation in which he says to the in-\\nhabitants of Canada, I promise you protection to your persons,\\nproperty, and rights. Remain at your homes, pursue your peace-\\nful avocations, and raise not your arms against your brethren.\\nThis and similar transactions,\\nparticularly the plundering of\\nColonel Baby s house, materi-\\nally impaired the confidence of\\nthe Canadians in the General s\\npromises, and lost him the re-\\nspect of the army.\\nme, she said, and leading the officer up stairs, she\\nthrew open a bedroom door, and, pointing to the old\\nlady, said, There, sir, is a British piece, all that I\\nhave. Seize her The officer turned on his heel,\\nmade a spring, hit the top, the middle, and the\\nlower .stair in his flight, and never called on Mrs.\\nDodemead again.\\nWhile these events were in progress the governor\\nof Ohio was collecting reinforcements for Hull s\\narmy, and had ordered the remaining portion of the\\ndetached militia of his State, amounting to twelve\\nhundred men, to be gathered. The response was\\ngratifying in the e.xtrcme. and the ranks were soon\\nfilled. The most prominent, intelligent, and wealthy\\nHEGULATIOX f/ the Chn Gminminl of lh\u00c2\u00bb\\nTcnitoTj t f2Iicl!gan,\\\\\\nWm\\nHaBJlS(ntTfPtlitiTorM;ih;|.,sT .in:oDlV RiirtBtTiaiyef JopiB,\\nSJiji bc^atrlaiLlIig.TirujrBinfaiiidiUllrliilhSiiriiMliutcIiJn tleCuDiSiT\\nBt DDca flMl\u00c2\u00bbh{rcanDlicr\u00c2\u00abacuH iX ii.ltBiUn vuiflUclby li\u00c2\u00bbAe DFOck tt^r,\\nPl.jw CtatTjJ Comrainflln^ II iM. Ii-ri- Torcaia idePioilLteat UrPEIt.CAN AD.1.\\ntsci \u00c2\u00a3ic, tie .AadiLefild T t.-/.Hi/\u00c2\u00ab,i nti9gDifinl\u00c2\u00a3In^][uiauii\u00c2\u00abilattl ibcJQ-\\nhilnUBUorthcfiiJTFir^Iot? i *Bn9il.tg labile an eutjpcesr ihi ImJouim tni\\njsfijccol^be lli tLini Cuvtmnif D ilii Aaieilcinlivijinclorarela f illltocc Ihill usAovS\\niorcjicr.iai iDiu M jiJliix ilil itDrclic Incun.sr, fa iDnglt ihiputcttlilclief tbff\\nIiiiTtn toiirii-ill iJni;i if.rcof _Wuh(reaVhcIiilIi*i cjino(J\u00c2\u00abcirritdliiiot\u00c2\u00abnn\u00c2\u00ab\\nlioa f curves la tTitcffra lDtfailoi) fosnoaiiiicci] I l Itn lEhibituli niiboiit peiitlirj\\nfoflhe ointCM tont!n iiB-t ofihepioiict (nil Oainx fat lbs emuiina of ibQ\\nfim(, A\u00c2\u00ab!lhaun1i:nncirirycagrU a;toJHdinil wlbwuici l\u00c2\u00abc tU idiBluiilniioa dE\\nJuSicc inecg ibc Ii J Iiib tu iD f\\nKavlbattoKib^liuini Ihair.lliet;BJclli:a;d, HiatT Pascrti, CotaDct Sa Ihlt\\nUiEiUyloreetorUilSaiT.Matc M .-oir.nom Caai \u00c2\u00bbi JLi; ia ihc Tdiloij o\\nir.fi;d:t apfEiU ii:: IslbcireiLni.wl liauiiaj nei csmonlEoiii Tn ilkC rim:, ibifd\\ne53Jcb1:fiue{i. fDn JcJ l r tlic dc[uuuc U a IbctOMi J oL Uulc LaUi\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3 ibfjli Au3\\nvr,\\n^tirerK.!,-^ fiUhanllnillir lllltilll Co ^n-i rift t^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^ ^^^^P.^Ti\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0- -^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0nr^\\nThe taking of the\\nsheep is also confirmed\\nby the testimony of\\nColonel Cass at the time\\nof Hull s trial. He said\\nAnother detachment\\nbrought down a\\nconsiderable number of\\nsheep to the amount of\\nseveral hundreds, which\\nwere taken care of at\\nDetroit and its environs,\\nwhen surrendered.\\nAdditional indications\\nof the popular opinion as\\nto Gen. Hull are found\\nin the fact that the Bre-\\nvoort and other families\\npreserve stories of a plan\\nhaving been arranged to\\ncapture a British vessel,\\nwhich was laden with\\nprovisions and lay near\\nBois Blanc Island; but after ever^ thing was in readi-\\nness, General Hull delayed and hesitated, and would\\nnot allow the project to be carried out.\\nSoon after the surrender, officers were sent round\\nto disarm the citizens. One of them came to the\\ndoor of Mrs. Dodemead, who had in her care a little,\\nold, dried-up. bedridden woman from Canada,\\nwhom she had kindly provided with a home.\\nMadam, said the officer, as Mrs. Dodemead\\nopened the door, 1 am ordered by Colonel Proctor\\nto disarm the citizens, and take all guns to the fort.\\nHave you any in your house. Mrs. Dodemead\\nreplied that she had one I5ritish piece. Follow\\nV.\\n5tenpt2T erife tT.it aJfiatTBrjitia t;lt b; ZtfhjtS rfitntr.f.hj Re twWT 05.\\netr ID Ibc tailiur. 6r no(olF\u00c2\u00bb7ins JicUwfsUiniooniihtfrtr lo III iL.il litiTunr.\\nTIi5 i]oiie^tDfloEi.,e(Tc,rai.M\u00c2\u00bb:enibEKtotalo:li\u00c2\u00bb llKlJwiofiheTJBi.eaSilo,fi..Il\\nW ri ira c r. bjaeeoUiaofiHnlie prepcrOnj\u00c2\u00abrialbiMl[iiirricpMiawBf. ITia\\nUiciD-.Mciin A icttnacttMuiutBileTuTiioi; ofUuhfUt CuUbe^iidUUu^o.\\nTTie oeBfttgneJ Win aS it vni C Tfmor of iTi; TotTIbix oC TCcVjia ftr ffio Trirf\\nVin?. AocoiTO. B. \\\\Vciii,w.iBChirrjo(t;\u00c2\u00ab ptilie fiiJ Tcfjlcry Ii li-potowa Seot trfy\\nTbc fScci of iigi.ler. 5t iwi-ct ol ibc ljai.OZet,r^ ronmiQef.ire tef^ceirl, -nfctf,\\nI^g foil nctyu^jUHailaalcrt^Etoaulihi* ah nf^ fpm tbo l^^i i^ fn **fTnnl \u00c2\u00b0^m\\nGiWl v.flcr my hatidat Tiilrs il fh JzrtvlvJirJ! ifay e f\\nAu^vfl.cntttioujand ei^ht hiimU id t-xd-jc, id la ia\\nJifi/jaimdjccT oj Ihs LU^ESSXS m^ttm\\nSici io HENRY r.TOCTEI?,\\nA PROCLAMAT ION;\\nXtaiiioj cf Muh ^nn, 13:, tjc. 6e\\nWn\\nFEREAS exiffingeircutnl-ancei rtnjtr !t nc\\nwITaiy, Torlhe reaccAfjIcty ofihe (aid Tcniiorv, that rha\\nLaws now In force ihcrein, Ihould, for the prefent, be futi\\npndei], that Martial Law Ihould be Proclaimed: Now\\nlt;=tcTorr.ItlictidHEMR\u00c2\u00bb P80CTeR\u00c2\u00a3fqr. J3o bviheft prc-\\nfcBb declare, that, the Civil ir Criminal Law na .v in force,\\nin (he /iid Tenltory (hall be (or the prefent furpeniJcd\\ndo orapr diredt that the (aid Teifiiory ihall be Govemtd\\n^y.^^l^tialXawumillfuch lime, u the Oengcr now cxiltir.g,\\n^tobe apprehended, ihall be temorcd. And all Perfonjic.\\nT Ung \u00e2\u0096\u00a0ttiihin the faid Termor ire lequired lo tAe Konc s\\ncCthc\u00c2\u00a3ul\u00c2\u00a3lU^oclatnaiion, toGoveia ihcmfclvcs accoid.\\nCi^rn utiAr my Han3 SrJal Drhal this fcuTiH\\n4ay pj Fth: 1813, end in tfie sji year oJ hlS\\nHEPrarpRociEa^\\nReduced Fac-simile of Proctor^s Proclamations of iSis and 1813.\\nyoung men of the country eagerly enrolled them-\\nselves for ser\\\\ ice. A new quota of Kentucky vol-\\nunteers went into camp at Georgetown and by a\\nstrange coincidence, on August 16, at the very time\\nGeneral Hull was capitulating at Detroit, Henr)*\\nClay was addressing these troops, anticipating in\\nhis address the fall of Maiden and the conquest of\\nUpper Canada.\\nThe surrender of Detroit did not dishearten the\\nWestern States, neither did they propose to leave it\\nin the hands of the British during all the fall of i S 1 2\\npreparations and plans were being made for its re-\\ncapture, and in January, 181 3. General Winchester,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "2 So\\nTHE WAR OF 1812.\\nin command of one of the divisions, was marcliing\\ntowards Detroit. On arriving at the rapids of the\\nMaumee, he learned that the Indians were meditat-\\ning an attack on Frenchtown, in Monroe County,\\nand immediately sent Colonels Allen and Lewis\\nwith six hundred and sixty men to defend the place.\\nOn January 18 they defeated the British and In-\\ndians, and on the evening of the 20th General Win-\\nchester arrived with three hundred additional troops.\\nSoon after reaching Frenchtown, the scouts informed\\nhim that he would be attacked on the evening of the\\n2ist by a force from Maiden. He did not credit\\nthe report, and therefore failed to make adequate\\npreparations for defence. Early on the morning of\\nJanuary 22, his sentinels fired three guns in quick\\nsuccession. The troops were instantly formed, and\\nalmost immediately the British opened a heavy fire\\non the camp from several pieces of artillery. This\\nwas quickly followed by a charge of British regulars,\\na general fire of small arms, and Indian yells on\\nthe right and left.\\nThe American army was soon in confusion. Lieu-\\ntenant Garret, with fifteen or twenty men, retreated\\nabout a mile and a half, and then surrendered. All\\nof his force were massacred, he alone escaping.\\nAnother party of about thirty men ran nearly three\\nmiles, but were overtaken by the savages, and, after\\nthey had surrendered, half of their number was\\nshot and tomahawked. In short, the greater part\\nof the retreating force fell a sacrifice to the fury of\\nthe Indians. The snow was so deep, and the cold\\nso intense, that the troops were soon exhausted, and\\nunable to elude their pursuers.\\nAfter the surrender Colonel Proctor informed the\\nAmerican officers that his own wounded must be\\ncarried to Maiden in the first boats, but that early\\nin the morning their wounded should also be re-\\nmoved; and that a guard, in the meantime, should\\nbe left with them. About twelve o clock the pris-\\noners were marched off. Drs. Todd and Bowers,\\nof the Kentucky volunteers, were left with the\\nwounded. The only guard left to protect them was\\nMajor Reynolds and two or three interpreters.\\nSoon after the British forces had left, a large body\\nof Indians, painted black and red, came into the\\ntown. Their chiefs held a council, in which it was\\ndetermined to kill all the wounded who were unable\\nto march, to revenge their warriors lost in battle.\\nThe houses of Jean B. Jerome and Gabriel Godfroy,\\nwhich contained most of the prisoners, were imme-\\ndiately set on fire, and the greater part of the\\nwounded were consumed in the flames many, who\\nwere able to crawl, endeavored to get out of the\\nwindows, but as fast as they appeared, they were\\ntomahawked, scalped, and pushed back alive. Some,\\nwho were not in these houses, were killed and\\nthrown into the flames and others were scalped\\nand mangled, and left lying in the road. Sworn\\ntestimony in abundance, subsequently submitted to\\nCongress by Judge Woodward, shows that after\\nthese events the dead bodies were literally tlevoured\\nwhere they lay, by hogs and dogs.\\nIn after years the citizens of Detroit did not fail\\nto do honor to the heroes of Kentucky who were\\nmassacred at the Raisin. On June 22, 1818, a\\nmeeting was held at the council-house to take\\nmeasures for collecting the remains of the Ameri-\\ncan officers and soldiers killed at the memorable\\nbattle of January 22, 1813. Governor Cass pre-\\nsided. A committee was appointed to remove the\\nremains from the river Raisin to Detroit, and on\\nAugust 8, 1818, they were buried in the Protestant\\nBurying Ground, with the honors of war. An\\noration appropriate to the occasion was delivered at\\nthe council-house by Samuel T. Davenport, and a\\nlarge procession accompanied the honored relics to\\ntheir new resting place.\\nIn 1S34 the box containing these remains (all of\\nthe skulls showing the mark of the tomakawk) was\\nremoved to the City Cemetery on Clinton Street;\\nand from there again removed, in September, 1849,.\\nby Colonel E. Brooks, who carried them, with other\\nbones collected in Monroe County, to Frankfort,\\nKentucky. He arrived there on September 30, and\\nthe venerated remains were deposited, with appro-\\npriate ceremonies, in the State Cemetery of Ken-\\ntucky.\\nAfter the massacre at the Raisin, the few who\\nwere judged able to march were taken to Maiden\\nand Detroit, but when any of them gave out they\\nwere tomahawked without mercy. Those who could\\nscarcely walk on account of wounded and bleeding\\nfeet were compelled to dance on the frozen ground\\nfor the amusement of the savages.\\nOn the arrival of the prisoners at Detroit, the\\ninhabitants used great exertions to procure accom-\\nmodations for the wounded, and to ransom the\\nprisoners from the Indians. Thirty-four or more\\nwere ransomed here, seven by Colonel Elliott of\\nMaiden, and one by Colonel Francis Baby. Day\\nafter day, for a month, the prisoners were brought\\nin; and with the characteristic sympathy of their\\nsex, the women left ordinary duties undone that they\\nmight watch at their doors to bargain for the ran-\\nsom and relief of the sick and wounded.\\nThe unfortunate prisoners were literally hawked\\nabout the streets for sale, the price ranging from ten\\ndollars to eighty dollars. The only question with\\nthe Indians seemed to be, whether they could get\\nmore goods for a live captive than for a fresh scalp.\\nOne account says, They even dug up the dead\\nbodies and tore off their scalps that they might cheat\\ntheir employers by selling them at the same price as\\nif taken from the newly dead. In their efforts to", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF 1S12.\\n281\\nsatisfy the savages and release the noble Kentucki-\\nans who had volunteered for the rescue of Detroit,\\nmany citizens absolutely impoverished themselves.\\nHousehold valuables, clothing, shawls, and blankets\\nfrom the beds, were given in exchange for the cap-\\ntives.\\nGeneral Cass, in an article contained in the North\\nAmerican Review for April, 1827, shows conclu-\\nsively that the British Government did not ransom\\na single prisoner during the War of 1S12, and that\\na positive official order was issued prohibiting Amer-\\nican citizens from so doing. He also shows that the\\norder of General Proctor, to allow five dollars for\\nprisoners brought in alive, was not issued until July\\n20, 18 1 3, long after the time when it could have\\nsaved the life of a single person, and then only five\\ndollars a prisoner was offered, when scores had been\\nransomed by the Americans for fifty dollars and\\nupwards each.\\nThe barbarities of the Indians were under the eye\\nand by the consent of Proctor, whose name should\\nbe disassociated from the country he represented\\nhe was a creature without, honor or humanity, his\\ncharacter and his acts were infamous. Following up\\nthe impulses of his nature, in order to retaliate for\\nthe implied condemnation of his course by the\\nearnest efforts of the inhabitants to ransom cap-\\ntives, he forbade any further ransoming, and imme-\\ndiately after the massacre, in the middle of a cold\\nwinter, ordered all the leading Americans, some\\nthirty in number, to leave the Territory.\\nThe following is a copy of one of the. original\\nnotifications, preser\\\\ ed by the State Historical So-\\nciety\\nDetroit, ist Feb., 1813.\\nGentlemen,\\nI am ordered by Colonel Proctor to say that he e,xpects you will\\nbe prepared to leave the country on Friday ne.\\\\t in company with\\na number of American citizens from this place.\\nGentlemen, your most ob t servant,\\nWilliam Jones.\\nTo Messrs, H. J. B. Brevoort and WilUain Macomb.\\nThese orders drew out a protest, which is given\\nin full in Niles Register, Volume V, page 185. It\\nwas dated February I, 1 81 3, and began as follows\\nWhereas, it has been signified to us, the undersigned, citizens of\\nthe United States, resident at Detroit, in the Territory of Michi-\\ngan, by Colonel Henry Proctor, the British Commanding ofTicer,\\nthat it is his will and pleasure we should depart from and leave\\nthe said Territory, and he so orders and directs it; leaving behind\\nat the same time, as we necessarily must do, our dearest relatives\\ne-xposed to all the cruelties and evils incident to a state of war, and\\nour property at the mercy of the marauding savages.\\nThe protest then recites the terms of the surrender\\nof 1 81 2, claims that the order to leave is a gross\\nviolation of the conditions of surrender, and that it\\nis the duty of the signers to resist the orders, and\\nrequests Judge Woodward to present the protest to\\nProctor. It was signed by Lewis Bond, David Mc-\\nLean, William Wilson, John Dicks, Arch. Lyon,\\nIsrael Taylor, Anderson Martin, William M. Scott,\\nDavid Henderson, William Russell, Joseph Spencer,\\nJames Patterson, George R. Chittenden, W. Robert-\\nson, John Walker, Conrad Seek, E. Brush, Conrad\\nTen Eyck, Peter Desnoyers, Robert Smart, James\\nBurnett, Richard H. Jones, William Brown, J. Mc-\\nDonnell, John Congsett, Duncan Reid, A. Langan,\\nGeorge Battzes, and James Chittenden.\\nThis protest produced no effect, and the citizens\\nwere compelled to leave. At this time, and from\\nthe day of the surrender to the day of re-occupation,\\nthousands of Indians, men, women, and children,\\nwere collected in and about the town, and as many\\nas twelve hundred rations daily were issued to them.\\nThe resources or the willingness of the British offi-\\ncers finally became unequal to the task, and before\\nthe Americans, under General Harrison, had arrived,\\na mortality broke out among them that swept thou-\\nsands to the grave.\\nThe inhabitants meantime were plundered in\\nevery possible way. Upon one occasion an Indian\\nentered Major Dequindre s store, and taking a roll\\nof cloth started for the door. The major leaped\\nover the counter, took the cloth away, and drove\\nhim and a comrade out of the store. They instantly\\nraised the war-cry, and Dequindre, seeing there was\\ntrouble ahead, locked the door, and ran to the fort\\nto seek protection for himself and his goods. He\\nwas coolly told that nothing could be done. He\\nthen sought the aid of Colonel McKee, the British\\nIndian agent. Meantime, nearly one thousand\\nIndians had gathered at his store, and broken in his\\ndoors and windows. Colonel McKee, who had\\ngreat influence over the Indians, persuaded them to\\nfollow him to the common. He then obtained three\\nbarrels of whiskey from Judge McDonnell and Rob-\\nert .Smart, and soon most of the savages were too\\ndrunk to fight successfully. The sober Indians\\nwere then stationed at the dwellings of citizens\\nmost likely to be attacked and, wrapped in their\\nblankets, lay on the doorsteps as a guard. During\\nthe war the Canadians resident at Detroit protected\\ntheir cattle by designating them with a red mark,\\nand their houses were preserved from pillage by a\\nsimilar sign.\\nThe following story of these times was related to\\nMrs. Ellet, author of the Pioneer Women of the\\nWest, by General John E. Hunt of Toledo:\\nOn a beautiful Sunday morning in Detroit, I heard the scalp-\\nwhoop of a war party coming up the river. When they came\\nnear, I discovered that they were carrying a woman s scalp upon a\\npole, and that they had with them, as prisoners, a family of nine\\nchildren, from three years old up tn two girls full grown. These\\nlittle captives had nothing on their heads, and their clothes were\\nlorn into shreds by the brushwood and the bushes in the way by\\nwhich they had come. I went to meet them, brought them into", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "2\u00c2\u00ab2\\nTHE WAR OF 1812.\\nmy house, gave them and their Indian captors a meal, with a few\\nloaves of bread for further use, and told the children nut to be\\nfrijLjhtened or uneasy, for that my brother would buy them from\\nthe Indians when he should return from Canada, whither he had\\ngone to spend the Sabbath wttli his father-in-law. The next day\\nthe prisoners came again, an ompanied by about i tve hundred\\nIndians. My brother, H- J. Hunt, paid five hundred dollars for\\ntheir ransom, and sent them home. A young girl who\\nhad been thus rescued and taken into a family, seeing a party of\\nIndians pass by one day, uttered a piercing shriek, and fell sense-\\nless to the floor. On recovering consciousness, she declared that\\nshe had seen her mother s scalp in possession of one of the\\nsavages, recognizing it by the long light braid of hair. Her story\\nwas confirmed by a person who had seen the mother and daugliter\\nbrought with other prisoners from near Sandusky, Ohio. The\\nmother being in feeble health, and unable to travel as fast as\\nrequired, was tomahawked, her daughter being hurried on in\\nignorance of the cruel murder.\\nEarly in February, 1813, Proctor commenced to\\nplan for the invasion of the valley of the Maumee.\\nTo this end, in April, Tecumseh and fifteen hundred\\nIndians had collected at Maiden. They sailed,\\nApril 23, for P ort Meigs, and attacked that place on\\nMay I, but it resisted all their efforts, and on May\\n5 Proctor abandoned the attack, returned to Maiden,\\nand disbanded the Canadian militia.\\nThe Americans were not inactive. Large bodies\\nof militia were gathered in Ohio and Kentucky, and,\\nunder the leadership of General Harrison, were\\nmoving towards Detroit. Dr. Brunson, in his\\nWestern Pioneer, gives the following account of\\nsoldier fare at the time the troops arrived at San-\\ndusky Bay\\nWe drew our pork and flour, but we had no camp equipage, not\\nhaving yet reached our regiment. We kindled fires of drift-wood,\\nfound on the beach, and took the flour, some on pieces of bark,\\nand some in dirty pocket handkerchiefs. If we had cups, we\\nladled the water from the bay into the flour, and those who had no\\ncups lifted the water with Ihi-ir two hands so arranged as to form\\na cup. The flour thus wet, without salt, yeast, or shortening, was\\nbaked, some on pieces of bark before the fire, hoe-cake or johnny-\\ncake fashion. Some removed the fire, and put the dough into the\\nhot sand, wrapped in leaves or paper. Our pork we cooked in the\\nblaze of the fire, on the points of sticks.\\nOther details are thus narrated\\nThe country was infested with Indians, accompanied by British\\nregulars, and we expected an attack every night for ten days.\\nGeneral Harrison said that his spies reported five thousand regu-\\nlars and sL\\\\ thousand Indians on the way for that purpose; and\\nknowing that his army of twenty-five hundred men could not\\nresist eleven thousand, he made a requisition on Governor Meigs,\\nof Ohio, for four thousand militia, who were on the march to assist\\nus. The spies reported that the enemy had left Fort Meigs, on\\nthe Maumee River, and were heading toward our camp. In view\\nof the near approach of the enemy, the General thought it prudent\\nto fall back toward Upper Sandusky, till he met Governor Meigs,\\nwith his reinforcement, and then return to the fight; but he could\\nnot retreat and leave Major Croghan at Fort Stevenson, with one\\nhundred and forty-three men, where, with such a force against\\nthem, they must be cut off. The General therefore sent an express\\nto the Major to burn his fort, and everything in it that his men\\ncould not carry on their backs, and retreat on the cast side of the\\nriver, so as to be at Seneca at reveille the next morning. Hut it\\nso happened fortunately, as it turned out\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that the express\\nmissed his way, got lost in the woods, and did not reach the Major\\ntill the next day at ten o clock A. .M. In the meantime, everything\\nwas prepared by _ .eneral Harrison s army at Seneca for a retreat\\nat reveille that morning. Morning came, and no troops\\nfrom the little fort. It would not do to retreat and leave them.\\nA council nf war was called to decide what ^.hould be done.\\nWhen General Cass was asked his opinion, he said, General, you\\nare in command; you must do as you think best. But, said\\nHarrison, two heads are better than one, and I want your opin-\\nion. Well, it is my opinion, then, that we would better not\\nretreat till we see something to retreat from. This settled the\\nquestion, and every man was set at work to strengthen our\\ndefences and prepare for the worst.\\nMajor Croghan, knowing that the failure of the express to reach\\nhim in time to obey the order would thwart the General s designs,\\nand that he must wait for further orders, and as his own spies had\\nreported only hundreds, where the General s had reported thou-\\nsands, believed that he could defend the little fort, if attacked,\\nbefore another order could be received. As he had to wait for\\nfurther orders, he sent the express back with this letter: I have\\nmen enough, ammunition enough, and provisions enough, and\\nd n me if I quit the fort.\\nThe express reached headquarters with this insolent letter\\nabout sundown. The General, of course, was nettled. The\\nMajor was a pet of his; had seen ser\\\\ ice with him through the\\nwar, from Tippecanoe to this time and to get such a letter from\\nhis pet was rather too much for his friendship to bear and, be-\\nsides, subordination must be preserved or the army would be\\nruined.\\nThe next morning Colonel Wells was ordered to the command\\nof the little fort, and Colonel Ball, with his two hundred dra-\\ngoons, was ordered to escort him down to it. and bring up Major\\nCroghan under arrest. About noon, the order was executed, and\\nthe little Major, only nineteen years of age, was brought into\\ncamp a prisoner. When the Major appeared before him\\nhe sprang to his feet, and with vehemence said, Major Croghan,\\nhow came you to send me that insolent letter? Why, General,\\ndidn t the express explain it Explain it What explanation\\ncan be given to such a letter as that Why, General, did n t\\nhe tell you that he did n t get there till yesterday morning at ten\\no clock Yes, he told me that. But what has that to do with\\nthis letter Why, you know I could n t evacuate the fort, and\\nget here by reveille of the morning previous. Of course not.\\nWell. I knew that your plans must be thwarted by the circum-\\nstance, and that I must wait for further orders and believing\\nthat I was completely invested by the enemy, and that the express\\nand the letter would fall into his hands, 1 determined, if it did, to\\nsend him as bullying a one as possible. But I told the express,\\nthe d d rascal, that if he got through with it to explain it to\\nyou. Didn t he do it, General? No, he did n t. Why,\\nGeneral, you know that I understand my business, and the duties\\nof a subordinate too well to send you such a letter, under any\\nother circumstances. Why, certainly, 1 thought so and that\\nwas the mystery of the case. But how could I understand it\\nwithout an explanation and with this I am satisfied. And\\nbefore night the Major was restored to his command.\\nIn two days after his return, he fought the memorable battle of\\nFort Stevenson, having but one hundred and forty-three men to\\nrepulse eleven hundred of the enemy.\\nGeneral Proctor, who was thus defeated, had at\\nfirst determined to attack Fort Meigs. He collected\\na large number of savages, and reached the fort on\\nJuly 25. but after a two days attack they retired,\\nand proceeded to attack Fort Stevenson near San-\\ndusky, where Croghan was in command. The-\\nresult has been already stated Proctor lost nearly\\nas many men as the entire number of the garrison,\\nand, on August 3, retreated.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF i8i2.\\n283\\nDuring these weeks the American fleet had been\\ngathering at Erie, and on September 10 Oliver\\nHazard Perry won, at Put-in-Bay, a most complete\\nand brilliant victory over the liritish fleet. If a\\nvictory is to be gained, I will gain it, said Perry, as\\nhe sailed across the bay. Full well he proved his\\nwords, and W e have met the enemy and they are\\nours was the laconic of his day.\\nOn September 20 he tran.sported Harri.son s army\\nfrom Port Clinton to Put-in-Iiay Island on the 24th\\nthey proceeded to Middle Sister Island, and on thi-\\n27th arrived at Maiden. The news of Perry s vic-\\ntory, and the onward movement of Harrison s army,\\nreached Proctor on October 26. He immediately\\ncommenced to send his heavy baggage and supplies\\nup the river, and on September 28 the last of the\\nliritish army left Detroit. Mr. Coffin, in his War\\nof 181 2, says that Proctor transported all the\\nguns across the river to Windsor. His\\nretreat was deliberately organized and\\njudiciously planned. He sent off his heavy bag-\\ngage, reserve supplies, women and children, in\\nadvance and on the 28th finally relinquished De-\\ntroit, and fell back upon British territory. In his\\nretreat he pressed into his service all the horses\\nwhich the inhabitants had not effectually concealed.\\nOne only and that a very indifferent one was\\nleft, and this was appropriated by Governor Shelby.\\nThe American army proceeded from Maiden to\\nSandwich, where they arrived on the 29th.\\nMeantime the inhabitants at Detroit were all in\\nanxious expectation of the troops. A daughter of\\nJudge May, afterwards Mrs. Colonel Edward Brooks,\\nfound the old flag, which had been secreted by the\\njudge in his garret, and it was hoisted on the top\\nof the old Mansion House. The same day, the\\n29th, the army arrived at Sandwich, and immedi-\\nately on their arrival. General McArthur came over\\nand took possession of the town. When his troops\\nlanded there were about six hundred Indians back\\nof the town jerking beef. They abandoned their\\noccupation hurriedly as soon as he came, decamping\\nin such haste that they left enough meat behind to\\nsup[)ly the brigade for several days.\\nThe Kentucky soldiers with their blue hunt-\\ning-shirts, red belts, and blue pantaloons fringed\\nwith red met with a hearty welcome; even be-\\nfore they landed many were weeping tears of joy\\nas they saw the old flag again waving over their\\nhomes.\\nThe fort was newly christened Fort Shelby, in\\nhonor of the brave Governor of Kentucky, who,\\nwhen sixty-three years of age, had marched at the\\nhead of his troops to the relief of Detroit. His\\nState, during the War of 1812, up to October 12,\\n1813, had sent over 17,375 troops to the field, and\\nat one time, in October, 18 13, had over 7,000 soldiers\\nin the army.\\nOn the evening of September 25, 1813, Colonel\\nR. M. Johnson, then at Fort Meigs with a regiment\\nof Kentucky cavaln,-, received orders from General\\nHarrison to march immediately to the river Rai.sin,\\nas it was probable that the army would land the\\nnext day on the Canada shore. Johnson s force\\npressed forward, stopping at I- renchtown long\\nenough to bury the remains of the Kentuckians\\nmassacred the previous January, and late in the\\nforenoon of September 30 the head of the column\\nemerged from the woods of Springwells. The\\nentire population of the town gathered along the\\nriver-road to greet the eleven hundred horsemen as\\nthey thundered by. Colonel Johnson and his army\\ncrossed over to Sandwich on October i, and on the\\n2d Harrison and Shelby, with thirty-five hundred\\ntroops, left Detroit in pursuit of Proctor, Perry,\\nwith the Ariel and the Caledonia, going up the\\nriver. When fifteen miles up the Thames, Perry\\nwith his troops left the vessels and accompanied the\\nami)-.\\nThe battle of the Thames was fought on fJctober\\n5. Proctor was defeated, and Tecumseh killed.\\nPerry and Harrison returned to Detroit, October 7,\\nthe army under Governor Shelby arriving on the\\nloth.\\nSeveral days were spent in taking care of the\\nBritish prisoners, many of whom were sent to\\nChillicothe. Soon after October 16, General Har-\\nrison started for Niagara, reaching Buffalo the 24th\\nof October. General Cass was left in command at\\nDetroit with the Seventeenth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-\\nseventh, and Twenty-eighth Regiments of United\\nStates Infantry, and Captain, Sholes company of\\nartillery. A few days later a regiment of Pennsyl-\\nvania militia came. (General Cass, as brigadier-\\ngeneral of the United States army commanding\\nthe Western District of Upper Canada, exercised\\nauthority in both civil and military matters and\\nmany commissions are in existence issued by him\\nto sheriffs, auctioneers, and other officers in Canada.\\nBefore winter set in General Cass, Colonel Paul\\nof the Twenty-seventh Regiment, and many other\\nofficers left Detroit, and the command devolved\\nupon Colonel Butler, with Colonel George Croghan\\nas second in command. Concerning this period,\\none of the soldiers says, To prepare for winter we\\nhad a heavy job before us. The British had burned\\nthe fort, leaving nothing but the heavy earthworks.\\nThey left nothing combustible, not a board or stick\\nof timber, and we were compelled to go to the\\nwoods, from one to three miles distant, or to the\\nislands, still further, to get logs and poles with\\nwhich to build huts to winter in. Until these could", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "?84\\nTHE WAR OF 1S12.\\nbe got ready, we occupied tents and vacant houses\\nin the city.\\nBefore they had got into their winter quarters the\\narmy was attacked by an enemy which decimated\\ntheir ranks to an extent far greater than their losses\\nby battle. A disease, similar in action to the cholera,\\ncarried them off by hundreds. Some of the citizens\\nwere also among the victims. Reliable accounts\\nsay that fully seven hundred soldiers died in a few\\nweeks. The surgeons treated their patients as for\\ncommon bilious attacks, but they died as many as\\nsix or eight a day. The surgeons had been care-\\nless, and more intent upon their own comfort than\\nthat of the sick, until they became alarmed for their\\nreputation and office, when, by a post mortem\\nexamination, they discovered the nature of the dis-\\nease, and then put a stop to it. The entire army\\non the northern frontier was similarly affected. At\\nDetroit so great was the demand for coffins that\\nfinally no one was able to procure them and pits\\nwere dug near the fort, in which many soldiers were\\nburied together as in one grave. Such was the\\nexcitement and the fear of infection that burial\\nimmediately followed death, and in at least one case\\na man was about being buried before death had\\ntaken place. He was rescued by Victor Morass.\\nA general order required the dead to be buried at\\ntwelve, noon. A squad of men under arms, with\\nmuffled drums, were in attendance, and one salute\\nwas fired over the common grave.\\nIn 1823 the plain where the soldiers were buried\\nwas used as the parade-ground, and was covered\\nwith the tents of the soldiers then in the garrison.\\n(See Cemeteries.) By January 23, 1814, the epi-\\ndemic had passed away, and the troops were in fair\\nhealth. Other events of this time are thus detailed\\nby Dr. Brunson\\nAs the spring of 1S14 opened, the DritisK were gatherini: in\\nforce at the head of the Thames, threatening to descend upon\\nDetroit. A flag-oflicer was sent to our headquarters on some\\nbusiness, real or pretended, and while there, a regiment of Penn-\\nsylvania militia, whose term of si.\\\\ months service had expired,\\ndemanded their discharge. No arguments or patriotic persuasions\\ncould induce them to remain till another regiment that was to\\nrelieve them should arrive. Their time was out and they must\\ngo, and go they would, and go they did. Means were taken to\\nhave them leave the place by a back way, and not to pass by the\\nwindow where the flag officer was quartered being headquarters\\nbut no, they were free men now and they would go where they\\npleased, and the whole regiment went by, and in sight of the\\nofficer, in an unarmed and helter-skelter manner. This must be\\ncounteracted, or the officer might make such a report to his chief\\nas would induce an immediate attack upon us.\\nTo do this, the Seventeenth Regiment of Infantry, whose quar-\\nters were outside, and east of the fort, just about sundown shoul-\\ndered their guns and knapsacks, and moved stealthily round back\\nof the fort, and down towards Springwells, and then marched up\\nthe road by the headquarters, straggling along as if greatly\\nfatigued from a long and hard march. It was beginning to be\\ndark, so that they could not be seen distinctly from the window\\nof the officer, to enable him to form an opinion of their number;\\nbut the line stretched along for half a mile or more. As the head\\nof the column came up by the gate, at headquarters. Colonel\\nCroghan, by order of Colonel Butler, who was in command, went\\nout to and conversed with the officer in command of the new-\\ncomers, to receive his report. After talking some time, while the\\ncohmin was straggling along by, the new officer leaned against\\nthe fence, as if greatly fatigued from the long march.\\nIn the meantime the door of the flag-ofiicer s room was pur-\\nposely left ajar, so that he could hear what was said in the hall\\nbetween the two Colonels.\\nWhen Colonel Croghan came in, he reported to Colonel IJutler\\nthat the troops just passing were under command of Major\\nthat they were the advance of General s Brigade of Regulars,\\nwho would reach there the next day; that this advance had made\\na forced march of thirty-si.x miles that day, on account of the\\nmilitia s leaving, of which they had learned by the express sent\\nthem, thinking possibly they might be needed, etc.\\nAll this reached the flag-officer s ear at nightfall. The next\\nmorning he was hoodwinked and put across the river, and led\\nsome distance, too far off to see anything of the force or fortifica-\\ntions of the place, when he was let loose with a flea in his ear.\\nIt had its desired and designed effect, for the enemy kept at a\\nrespectful distance, and made no attack.\\nIn Februar\\\\ 1S14, Colonel Butler determined to\\nattack some of the advanced posts of the enemy,\\nand Captain Holmes, with a detachment of regulars\\nand some Michigan rangers and militia, was directed\\nto march against Fort Talbot, situated about one\\nhundred miles eastward on Lake Erie or, if he\\nshould deem it more advisable to make an attack\\non the enemy at Delaware, he was authorized to\\nchange his destination to that place. On March 3\\nthey had a skirmish with the British at Longwoods,\\nbut no important results were secured, and the force\\nreturned to Detroit. About this time Colonel But-\\nler obtained leave to return to Kentucky and the\\ncommand at Detroit devolved on Lieutenant-Colonel\\nCroghan; soon after, on March 21, the Americans\\nevacuated Maiden.\\nThe presence of Indians in the vicinity of Detroit\\nmade the obtaining of fuel of any kind, especially\\ndry wood, almost impossible and the troops during\\nthe winter made free use of the stockade and the\\nfences of some of the inhabitants. In 1S24 Con-\\ngress appropriated SjOo to the heirs of Mr. Brush,\\nand $363.60 to Solomon Sibley for fences destroyed.\\nAnd as late as 1830, $70 was appropriated to James\\nAbbott to pay a similar claim.\\nDuring 1814 the Indians again became trouble-\\nsome, and the following letter was addressed to\\nthe adjutant-general of the Territory\\nDetroit, 21st April, 1S14.\\nTo Col. McDougall:\\nSir,\\nThe threatening manner of the Indians of the River Huron\\nrenders it essential that an expedition should march against them\\nin thirty-six hours the least delay would prove dangerous it\\nwould allow them to concentrate. Could not one hundred and\\nfifty or two hundred militia be collected Use your utmost en-\\ndeavors to effect it.\\nLet to-morrow, ten o clock M., be appointed as the hour of\\nrendezvous. Tell the militia they will be kept only for ten days.\\nYours,\\nG. Croghan,\\nLt. Col. Cont d.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF 1812.\\n285\\nOn the original order is this endorsement\\nMem. 2ist April, 1814, I complied with the above order, and\\ndrafted seven orders to the respective Captains of the 1st Reg t,\\nwhich were signed by Colonel Godfroy, to assemble their com-\\npanies at Detroit to-morrow at ten A. m. In the afternoon Colonel\\nCroghan countermanded these orders, and the militia were\\ndirected to hold themselves in readiness at a moment s warning\\nfor marching at the Indians.\\nGeo. McDougall, A. G. T. M.\\nIn April, 1814, Arthur St. Clair, son of Governor\\nSt. Clair, was placed in command of a fleet of five\\nvessels for an expedition against Mackinaw. They\\nleft Detroit about the first of July, and effected a\\nlanding at Mackinaw but finding the post too\\nstrong for them, they returned on August 23. On\\nJuly 20, 1814, General Harrison concluded a treaty\\nof peace at Greenville with some of the Indian\\ntribes, after which a number of Indians returned\\nwith Colonel Cass to Detroit to assist in fighting the\\nunfriendly tribes, who were continually traversing\\nthe country and troubling the inhabitants.\\nThe Indians were so bold that they attempted to\\ndrive off cattle in full view of the fort and the guns\\nhad to be opened upon them to make them desist.\\nOne of their exploits, which took place on Septem,-\\nber 15, 1814, as narrated by William McVey to\\nJudge Witherell, was as follows:\\nDavid and William Burbank and myself were sitting down at\\nthe Deer Park, on the Macomb (now the Cass) farm, near where\\nLafayette street crosses it, watching our cows. Mr. McMillan and\\nArchy passed us. We spoke to them about some apples they\\nwere eating. They passed on towards some cows that were feed-\\ning near the bushes, the bushes then came down to near where\\nthe Capitol now stands. We kept our eyes on them, thinking\\ndanger might be near. When they approached within gunshot of\\nthe bushes, w-e saw three or four guns fired, and Mr. McMillan\\nfall. The Indians instantly dashed upon them and took off his\\nscalp. Archy, on seeing that his father was killed, turned and\\nran towards us with all the speed that his little legs could supply.\\nA savage on horseback pursued hira. As he rode up, and stooped\\nto seize him, the brave little fellow, nothing daunted, turned and\\nstruck the horse on the nose with a rod which he happened to\\nhave in his hand. The horse turned off at the blow, and Archy\\nput forth his best speed again. Again the Indian came on, but a\\nsecond blow made the horse sheer off again; and this was repeated\\nseveral times, until, fearful of losing his prize, the savage sprang\\nfrom his horse, seized the boy and dragged him off to the woods,\\nand thence he was taken to Saginaw.\\nIn order to stop these forays. Governor Cass\\ncalled for volunteers, and a company was raised consisting of\\nJudge Moran, Judge Conant, Captain Francis Cicotte, James\\nCicoUe, George Cicotte, Colonel H. J, Hunt, General Lamed,\\nWilliam Meldrura, John Meldrum, James Meldrum, James Riley,\\nPeter Riley, John Riley, Lambert Beaubien, John B. Beaubien,\\nJoseph Andre, dit Clark, Louis Moran, Louis Dequindre, Lambert\\nla Foy, Joseph Riopelle, Joseph Visger, Jack Smith, Ben Lucas,\\nand John Ruland, with Governor Cass in command. They were\\nmounted on ponies, and armed with shot-guns, rifles, swords, and\\neven tomahawks. They moved along up the bank of the river to\\nthe Witherell farm, the west line of which is now Dequindre\\nstreet, rode up a lane to the woods back of the town, and found\\nan Indian camp, from which the Indians had just fled; so sudden\\nwas the surprise that the Indians left their meat roasting on sticks\\nbefore a fire. They also found the hat of Archy McMillan. Fol-\\nlowing closely after the Indians, they came upon them in rear of\\nthe Cass farm and killed several; at least, an old squaw, who came\\ninto town a few days after, so reported. After this skirmish, tlie\\ncompany marched to the Rouge, drove a band of savages out of\\nthat seftleraent, and returned to Detroit on the evening of the\\nsame day.\\nThe same month Governor Cass wrote from De-\\ntroit to General McArthur, who w as probably then\\nat Urbana, Ohio:\\nThe Indians have recommenced hostilities on every side of us.\\nThey are murdering the people and breaking up the settlements.\\nThere is now a large force of them in the immediate vicinity of\\nthis place, most probably within a mile, with the avowed purpose\\nof attacking the town. We have no force adequate to the defense\\nof the country, and none of the description proper for the pursuit\\nof Indians. My opinion is that you should hasten on with the\\nmounted men with all possible expedition.\\nSoon after, on October 9, General McArthur ar-\\nrived with seven hundred mounted riflemen to pro-\\ntect the city. Not long after General Brown s army,\\nat Fort Erie, was in a critical condition, and McAr-\\nthur determined to form a junction with him. He\\nwent up to Lake St. Clair, crossed into Canada, and\\nproceeded to Dover, defe*;ing the enemy several\\ntimes. But on learning that General Izzard had\\nabandoned Fort Erie, the detachment returned,\\nreaching Sandwich on November 17.\\nIn Januar)-, 181 5, Governor Shelby called for one\\nthousand militia to relieve the troops under Mc-\\nArthur. By this time the war was practically\\nended. The British officials, however, persisted in\\ntheir search of American vessels, and in June, 1815,\\nseveral vessels, while passing Fort Maiden, were\\nstopped and examined for British deserters. Gover-\\nnor Cass sent a strong remonstrance to the com-\\nmandant at Fort Maiden, but it was of no avail.\\nIn addition to these difficulties, Indians from the\\nother side came over and plundered the inhabitants\\non Grosse Isle and other islands.\\nOn October 4, 181 5, D. R. Macomb found several\\nIndians encamped upon his land at Grosse Isle, and\\nnear by the remains of several of his cattle, which,\\nit was evident, the Indians had killed. He remon-\\nstrated, and the Indians threatened; one of them\\nlevelled his gun at Macomb, and was instantly shot\\nby one of Macomb s men.\\nThe Canadian authorities took up the quarrel on\\nbehalf of the Indians, and offered a reward of five\\nhundred dollars for the arrest of the murderer. As\\nthe offense was committed on American soil. Gover-\\nnor Cass was justly incensed at their interference,\\nand by proclamation required all citizens to resist\\nby force any attempt by Canadian authority to\\napprehend the man while within .American jurisdic-\\ntion.\\nThese occurrences caused much bitter feeling;", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "286\\nTHE WAR OF 1S12.\\nand for many years the sentiment along the border\\nwas the opposite of what it is to-day.\\nDate of ReociUpation.\\nThe date of the reoccupation of Detroit by the\\nAmerican troops in 1813 has been the subfeet of\\nmuch controversy.\\nSeptember 28 was settled upon by a few persons\\nas the date, and was so celebrated in 1876. It was\\nnot claimed, liowever, that the date was confirmed by\\nany official dispatch, or sustained by definite written\\nor oral testimony from any individual who was con-\\ntemporary with the occurrence. It was merely an\\nopinion, founded chiefly upon a comparison of dates.\\nSo much prominence was given to it by reason of\\nthe celebration referred to, that it seems desir-\\nable, in assigning another date, to be very full and\\ne.xact.\\nIn obtaining materials for this work, an amount\\nof testimony has been gathered which, from its\\ncharacter and completeness, fixes the date of reoc-\\ncupation as September 29 with a certainty which\\nadmits of no controversy. The evidence upon\\nwhich the date of September 29 rests is as follows\\nIn an address delivered before the Historical So-\\nciety, which numbered among its members the lead-\\ning men of Detroit, Captain Henry Whiting said\\nDetroit was occupied on September 29. He\\ngives this date separate from all others if he had\\nbeen at all in error, it is reasonable to suppose that\\nsome correction would have been made in the vol-\\nume containing his discourse, which was published\\nby the Historical Society; or that General Cass,\\nwho was himself engaged in the war, and was a\\nmember of the Society, and probably one of his\\naudience, would have corrected publicly so import-\\nant a date, if a mistake had been made. General\\nCass, however, not only did not attempt to correct\\nthe date, but he endorsed its correctness by allow-\\ning it to be given in his Life, prepared by W. T.\\nYoung, and published by Markham Elwood in\\n1852, while he was still living. On page 65 Mr.\\nYoung says, On the 29th of September General\\nHarrison moved up to Sandwich, opposite Detroit,\\ncrossed over, and took possession of the town and\\nterritory.\\nIn Volume I. of Michigan Territorial Laws, as\\nreprinted by the State in 1871, on page 145. is an\\nAct of October 4, 18 14, which provides for the ap-\\npointment, by the governor, of three auditors to in-\\nquire into and liquidate debts due to the Territory,\\nor to the County of Wayne. The Act specially\\nprovides that all debts accruing before the i6th of\\nAugust, 181 2. and those which have accrued since\\nSeptember 28, 1813, shall be kept separate. This\\nAct was passed so soon after the war that it is rea-\\nsonable to presume that the dates given in it were\\nthe actual dates. About the date of August 16,\\nthere has been no controversy. If the Americans\\nentered on the 28th, as has been claimed, the Act\\nin all probability would have provided for the settle-\\nment of debts accruing on and from that day,\\ninstead of specially providing for the settlements\\nof debts accruing after that date.\\nVolume v., of Niles Register, page 174, contains\\nthe following, from the Chillicothe Fredonian\\nDetroit, October ii, 1813.\\nOn the 27th ult. we landed on the Canada shore three miles\\nbelow Maiden, and marched up to its ruins without opposition the\\nsame afternoon. We found Maiden burnt; all movable public\\nproperty either taken away or destroyed; and the enemy flown.\\nThe ne.xt day we marched on in pursuit towards Sandwich;\\narrived there on the 2cith; crossed over to Detroit the same day,\\nwhere we were greeted with tearful eyes and joyous hearts by the\\npoor plundered inhabitants.\\nA letter from Governor Isaac Shelby to General\\nHarrison, dated Frankfort, April 21, 1816, contained\\nin Todd and Drake s Life of Harrison, page 94,\\nsays, It is well recollected that the army arrived at\\nSandwich in the afternoon of the 29th of Septem-\\nber. On page 98 of the same book, the date is\\nleiterated in the following words\\nWhen the army reached Sandwich on the 29th, General Mc-\\nArthur was detached, with his brigade, to retake possession of\\nDetroit, which for thirteen months had been in possession of the\\nBritish and Indians. The latter did not leave it until startled by\\na few rounds from one of our vessels. On the .same day the Gen-\\neral, seizing the first moment to abrogate the martial law in force\\nby Proctor, re-established the civil government of Michigan, to\\nthe great joy and relief of the inhabitants.\\nColonel C. S. Todd, one of the authors of the\\nbook just quoted, was an ensign at the time, and\\nwas afterwards promoted.\\nGeneral McArthur, in a letter to the Secretary of\\nWar, dated October 6, 1813, given in Volume V.,\\npage 129, of Niles Register, says, On our arrival\\nat Sandwich, my brigade was ordered across the\\nriver to disperse some Indians who were pillaging\\nthe town, and to take possession of the place.\\nJohn McDonald, who was a soldier in the army, and\\nauthor of Western Sketches, published in 1838,\\nin narrating the life of General Duncan McArthur,\\nsays, On the 28th we passed the Aux Canards.\\nThe next day we reached Sandwich, at two\\no clock in the afternoon. At the same time the\\nfleet came up the river to Detroit i Ball s\\nlegion and McArthur s brigade passed over to De-\\ntroit.\\nMoses Dawson, a soldier in Harrison s army, and\\nafterward editor of the Cincinnati Advertiser, pub-\\nlished a Life of General Harrison at Cincinnati in\\n1824, and on page 421 he says, The army left\\nMaiden on the 28th, and entered Sandwich on the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "THE WAR OF 1S12.\\n287\\n29th and General McArthur s brigade crossed over\\nand took possession of Detroit. On the same even-\\ning General Harrison issued his proclamation for\\nre-establishing the civil government of the terri-\\ntory.\\nIn 1816 Robert B. McAfee, a soldier of the War\\nof 181 2, published at Le.xington, Kentucky, a His-\\ntory of the Late War in the Western Country. In\\nhis preface he says, In procuring materials for this\\nwork, the author is greatly indebted to General\\nHarrison and Governor Shelby for the many valu-\\nable documents they furnished, particularly their\\ncorrespondence with the War Department, and with\\neach other. ;\\\\lost of these papers will\\nremain in the possession of Colonel C. S. Todd, sub-\\nject to be examined by any person who may wish to\\nsee the authorities on which any statement in this\\nhistory is founded.\\nOn page 374 he states that General AIcArthur\\nwent over with his brigade and took possession of\\nDetroit and, on the same evening. General Harri-\\nson issued his proclamation for re-establishing the\\ncivil government.\\nIt is well known that Harrison s proclamation\\nwas dated September 29, and it is given in full,\\nand so dated, in Volume V. of Niles Register,\\npage 173.\\nS. R. Brown, in his Views of the Campaigns of\\nthe Northwestern Army, published at Philadelphia\\nin 1815, on page 64 says, On the 28th we reached\\nAu.\\\\ Canards. The next day we reached\\nSandwich, and the brigades of McArthur\\nand Cass crossed over to Detroit.\\nIn Volume I., page 275, of a work entitled A\\nFull and Correct Account of the Military Occur-\\nrences of the Late War between Great Britain and\\nthe United States of America, by W. James, Lon-\\ndon, 1818, the author say-s, On the 29th General\\nHarrison was enabled to send another portion of his\\nforce, under Brigadier-General McArthur, across to\\nthe opposite town of Detroit.\\nIn the Life of Conunodore Perry, written by Alex-\\nander Slidell McKenzie who had the use of Perry s\\npapers from his son, G. C. Perry this passage oc-\\ncurs, Volume I., page 300: The army took pos-\\nsession of Sandwich on the 29th. On\\nthe same day General Harrison embarked with\\nGeneral McArthur s brigade, seven hundred strong,\\nin the squadron, and proceeded with Captain Perry\\nto take possession uf Detroit.\\nThis ends the evidence, and such evidence must\\nend the controversy.\\nDistress after the War.\\nAfter Proctor s defeat, Detroit was so full of fam-\\nished savages that the rations issued to them failed\\nto satisfy their hunger, and their squaws and children\\nsought among the refuse of the slaughter-houses for\\nany morsel that could be eaten. It was not the\\nsavages alone that were hungry. There was great\\nscarcity of provisions, and much suffering among all\\nclasses for several years. On February 26, 1S14,\\nPresident Madison addressed the following letter to\\nCongress\\nTo ike Si^naie and House o/ Representat i7 cs o/ the United\\nStates\\nTt has appeared that, at the recover}- of the Michigan Territory\\nfrom the temporary pos.sessi\u00c2\u00ab ii of the enemy, the inhabitants\\nthereof were left in so destitute and distressed a condition as to re-\\n(}uire from the public stores certain supplies essential to their sub-\\nsistence, which have been prolonged under the same necessity\\nwhich called for them.\\nThe deplorable situation of the savages, thrown by the same\\nevent on the mercy and humanity of the American commander at\\nDetroit, drew from the same source the means of saving them\\nfrom perishing from famine; and in other places the appeals made\\nby the wants and sufferings of that unhappy description of people\\nhave been equally imperious.\\nThe necessity imposed by the conduct of the enemy in relation\\nto the savages, of admitting their co-operation, in some instances,\\nwith our arms, has also involved occasional expense in supplying\\ntheir wants; and it is possible that a perseverance of the enemy in\\ntheir cruel policy may render a further expense for like purpose\\ninevitable. On these subjects an estimate from the I epartment\\nof W ar will be laid before Congress, and I recommend a suitable\\nprovision for them.\\nJames Madison.\\nFurther information of the deplorable condition of\\nMichigan at this time is contained in the following\\nextract from a letter, dated March 5, 1815, from\\nJudge Woodward to James Monroe, Secretary of\\nState\\nThe desolation of this territory is beyond all conception. No\\nkind of flour or meal to be procured, and nothing for the subsist-\\nence of the cattle. No animals for slaughter, and more than half\\nof the population destitute of any for domestic or agricultural\\npurposes.\\nThe fencing of their farms entirely destroyed by the incursions\\nof the enemy, and for fuel for the military. Their houses left\\nwithout glass, and in many instances even the flooring burnt.\\nTheir clothing plundered from them by the Indians. It isa literal\\nfact, and it will scarcely be deemed permissible to shock the feel-\\nings of human nature so much as to state it, that the inhabitants\\nof the river Raisin have been obliged to resort to chopped hay\\nboiled for subsistence. Many, possessing neither firmness of mind\\nor body sufficient to sustain the calamities with which they have\\nbeen assailed, have sunk into the asylum where the wicked cease\\nto trouble and the weary are at rest.\\nIn response to these statements, on May 25, 1815,\\nthe Secretary of War authorized Governor Cass\\nto distribute fifteen hundred dollars to the settlers\\nof the Raisin, and the money was expended in\\nflour.\\nThe following official order gives details of the\\nmethods employed to distribute the relief afforded\\nby the General Government", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "288\\nTHE WAR OF i8i:\\nAdjutant Gkneual s Office of Militia, i\\nHEAgUARTERS, DETROIT, Sept. 23, 1815. f\\nMILITIA GENERAL ORDERS.\\nThe Governor is authorized by the War Department to issue to\\nthe indigent and distressed people of the Territory such relief of\\nprovisions from the public stores as their necessities may require.\\nIn order that the public bounty may not be misapplied, the (.Gov-\\nernor has determined that a certificate shall be given by the com-\\nmanding officer of the company in whose bounds the applicant\\nresides, stating his infirmity or inability to support himself, which\\ncertificate shall, if the person be of the Roman Catholic Religion,\\nbe countersigned by the Reverend M. Richard and a Justice of\\nthe Peace; and if the person be not of the Roman Catholic Re-\\nligion, it shall be countersigned by two Justices of the Peace.\\nThe Governor will not injure the officers of the Territory\\nby supposing, for a moment, that they will not cheerfully lend\\nevery assistance, as well to help the indigent and distressed, as to\\nprevent improper persons from obtaining that bounty which, as\\nit is generously bestowed, should be sacredly applied.\\nEy command of His Excellency the Commander in Chief.\\nGeo. McDougall,\\nAdj. GerCi of Michigan.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLII,\\nTHE SURRENDER OF DETROIT. AN ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF HULL S\\nTRIAL, HULL S MEMOIRS, AND DEARBORN S DEFENSE.\\nShortly after tlie surrender of Detroit, General\\nHull was officially charged with treason, cowardice,\\nunolTicerlike conduct, and neglect of duty. His\\ntrial on these charges began at Albany on Januarj\\n3, and ended on March 28, 1S14. He was acquitted\\nof treason, but found guilty of the other charges.\\nSo far as I am aware, the e\\\\ndence introduced at\\nthe trial, and the publications that grew out of it,\\nha%e never been reviewed by any resident of De-\\ntroit and after careful inquiry and e.xamination, I\\nam confident that no one has ever examined the\\nquestion in the light of facts that are now accessible.\\nhen the gathering of material for this work was\\nbegun, I did not e.xpect to devote much space to\\nGovernor Hull or his administration. Information\\nthat has fallen in my way compels me, in the interest\\nof truth, and of those whom he and his defenders\\ndenounce, to review certain statements made by\\nhim and by others in his behalf. Some of the at-\\ntempts to defend him are marvels of mendacity, and\\nit is doubtful if the annals of history afYord an in-\\nstance of more persistent effort to excuse crimes\\nand blunders than the endeavors made to excuse\\nand defend General Hull. In their efforts at de-\\nfence, both General Hull and his friends claimed\\nthat President Madison was a cowardly political\\ntrickster Secretary of War Eustis, a possible\\ntraitor General Henry Dearborn, a fool or a knave,\\nor both; Colonel Cass, a Catiline, and that, in fact\\n(this is the logic of his defense and defenders), all\\nof his subordinate officers as well were without wis-\\ndom or honesty, and animated in all their conduct,\\nafter the surrender, by the basest of motives.\\nIt is creditable to General Hull that he was able\\nto find defenders among his relatives, and equally\\ncreditable to them that they state their relationship.\\nNo one, therefore, need be misled into thinking\\nthat they viewed the affair from an unprejudiced\\nstand -point. Hull s Memoirs, first published\\nin a newspaper, were subsequently gathered and\\nprinted in book form, and thus found their way into\\nmany libraries. General H. A. S. Dearborn pub-\\nlished a reply, in defense of his father, in the Ameri-\\ncan Statesman, of Boston. In 1824 it was reprinted\\nin a thin octavo by Edgar W. Davies of Boston, but\\napparently only a few copies were issued the writer\\nafter much research has only found a single copy.\\nThe defense of General Dearborn has. therefore,\\nbeen almost lost sight of. Fortunately, however, the\\nmanuscript of Dearborn s reply, with other important\\nand original letters, have been preserved, and I shall\\nquote therefrom.\\nIt is proper to state here that the distinguished\\nhistorian, Benson J. Lossing, in a letter to the writer,\\ndated March iS. 1882, says: To your allusion to\\nDearborn s Defense of his father, General Dear-\\nbom, I reply that I have never seen it and am\\nignorant of its contents. The pamphlet to which\\nyou allude Hull s Surrender of Detroit was an\\narticle WTitten by me for the American Historical\\nRecord, and printed in pamphlet form by a grand-\\nson of General Hull. It was prepared with all the\\nlight in my possession, and with a sincere desire to\\ndiscover and record the truth.\\nInasmuch as Mr. Lossing was not in possession of\\nall the facts, his mild defense of General Hull cannot\\nbe deemed to have the force it would otherwise pos-\\nsess. Rev. James Freeman Clarke, in his Life of Gen-\\neral Hull, alludes to Dearborn s defense, but it is\\ncharitable to believe that he saw only a portion of it.\\nThe Defense of Dearborn, with the evidence it\\ndiscloses, added to other facts of record, leave little\\nroom to doubt that General Hull deserved sentence\\nof death, and it was possibly a mistaken mercy that\\nspared his life, to be afterwards used in \\\\-ilifying the\\nvery President who granted the pardon.\\nThe malignant screed of General Hull called his\\nMemoirs is a fit indication of his spirit and man-\\nners. His military life at Detroit, both before and\\nduring the War of 181 2, was a mi.xed compound of\\npomposity and pusilanimity. He was alternately a\\nbraggart and a coward. In fact, there is nothing,\\neither in his ciWl or military administration in\\nMichigan, that reflects any credit on his character or\\nability. As a governor, he was such a failure, if no\\nworse, that he might well have been willing that the\\ncountry should become a British Province, that his\\ndoings might be forgotten, or the records destroyed.\\n[289]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "290\\nTHE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\nThe more it is studied, and the more evidence\\nthere is revealed, the worse his record appears. If\\nit be thought tliat this language is severe, I call\\nattention to the language he applied to many whom\\nthe whole country has always delighted to honor.\\nOn page 30 of his Memoirs he says, Both the army\\nand myself have been sacrificed by the Govern-\\nment, and General Dearborn, the commanding\\ngeneral. On page 130 he says, No language\\ncan describe the base injustice I have experienced,\\nor the vile and disgraceful motives from which such\\ninjustice originated. On page 141 he says, For\\nmore than a year every possible effort was made to\\ne.xcite this indignation against me and all the offi-\\ncers who could be induced to become witnesses\\nagainst me were promoted and patronized before\\nthe trial commenced. Neither the admin-\\nistration nor the General (Dearborn) had any other\\nsafety than by my condemnation. On page 143\\nhe continues, I believe, my fellow-citizens, that\\nyou will form a correct opinion on this subject, and\\nbelieve that both the fate of the administration and\\nthe fate of the General (Dearborn) depended so much\\non this trial that they were not willing to trust it to\\nother hands; and likewise that the first court-martial,\\ncomposed of honorable and independent characters,\\nwas dissolved for the same reasons. On page 169\\nhe says, I was continued by the administration a\\nprisoner in arrest another year, that ample time\\nmight be afforded for selecting such a court-martial,\\nand patronizing and promoting officers, who in\\ntheir testimony would give opinions which would ef-\\nfect the object of the plot which had been formed.\\nNotice that he implies that he had been deprived\\nof his liberty. He complains of being under arrest\\nanother year, when, in fact, he was practically under\\nno personal restraint. The reason for the postpone-\\nment of the trial was that .Sir George Prevost noti-\\nfied the Government that he did not recognize the\\nexchange of General Hull and some other officer,\\nand this difficultv was not arranged until December.\\n1813.\\nAfter his trial he was ordered to return to Massa-\\nchusetts to await the orders of the President. As\\nto this order, he claims, on page 144, that, as he\\nwas sentenced to death, this leniency pending the\\naction of the President with regard to the finding of\\nthe court was afforded because it was undoubtedly\\nhoped that the terror of the charges would have\\ndriven nie from my country, and that such a deser-\\ntion would have been considered as an acknowledg-\\nment of my guilt, and an absolution of the faults of\\nthe administration. On page 145 he continues,\\nThe despicable meanness of leaving me in a situa-\\ntion to avoid the sentence of which they were\\nashamed, no language can describe, and no example\\ncan be found from \\\\dam to the present moment.\\nSurely he was hard to please I In the same series\\nof articles he complains both because he was and\\nbecause he was not placed under arrest. It was\\ncheap work, however, to carp at, criticise, and defy\\nan administration which had ceased eight years be-\\nfore. On page 170 he says, The truth is, fellow-\\ncitizens, the administration well knew your inde-\\npendent spirit and sense of right, and dared not\\nexecute that sentence which injustice had pro-\\nnounced. The thorough dishonesty of his criti-\\ncisms on the court-martial will be apparent to any\\none who e.xamines the subject. He stultifies him-\\nself and eats his own words over and o\\\\ er again.\\nThe official report of the trial by Colonel Forbes,\\npage 3, says, The names of the members (of the\\ncourt-martial) having been called over, the accused\\nwas asked if he objected to any of them. He re-\\nplied in the negative, declaring his con-\\nfidence in the honor of the court.\\nIn his opening address, as officially reported by\\nColonel Forbes, page 5, he said, The rank and\\ncharacter of the honorable members of this court\\nwill give a weight and sanction to whatever they\\nmay determine. In his defense, as quoted by\\nForbes, on page 19 of first Appendix, he says, I\\nrejoice that the time has arrived when I may speak\\nin my own vindication, before an impartial and hon-\\norable tribunal. Further along in his defense, page\\n1 1 5. he says, Allow me, Mr. President, and gentle-\\nmen of the court, with the most heartfelt sensibility,\\nto return you my sincere thanks for the manner in\\nwhich this trial has been conducted. For though\\nI humbly conceive there has been some departure\\nfrom accustomed forms, in respect to the examina-\\ntion of witnesses, I know that the court has been\\ngoverned by nothing but its own sense of propriety.\\nThe conduct of the members of this court, and of\\nthe Judge Advocate, has been such as I had antici-\\npated, and everything that I could expect from\\nhonorable, impartial, and humane men. Whatever\\nmay be your sentence, I shall always, with gratitude,\\nacknowledge that I have had a fair, candid, and\\npatient hearing.\\nIn the face of the foregoing, his own words, writ-\\nten and delivered at the time of his trial and then\\ndeposited in the War Department, and obtained\\ntherefrom by Colonel Forbes, General Hull on page\\n146 of his Memoirs says, Inconsistent, unequal,\\nand tyrannical principles were adopted by\\nthe court-martial in the commencement of the trial.\\nOn page 217, in referring to the sentence of the\\ncourt-martial, he says, It must be evident that a\\npart of the court were opposed to it. I should be\\nhappy indeed were it in my power to designate the\\ncharacters who were only influenced by disinterested\\nand honorable motives.\\nThe calumnious intimations of General Hull are", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\n291\\nrepeated in the preface to his Life. On page 14 are\\nthese words His appointed judges were men high\\nin military ranlc and titles but many of them had\\nobtained that elevation and distinction without having\\nrendered any service to the country. General Hull,\\nin his .Memoirs, and Mr. Clarke, his grandson and\\nchief defender, would have us believe that the court-\\nmartial by which he was tried was organized to\\nsecure his conviction, and that not only the admin-\\nistration (otherwise James Madison, President of the\\nUnited States), and the members of the court-\\nmartial were villains of high degree, but that his\\nformer associate officers, Brigadier-General Duncan\\nMcArthur. General James Taylor, Quartermaster-\\nGeneral, Colonel James Miller of the Sixth Regiment\\nUnited States Army, Lieutenant-Colonel T. B. Van\\nHorn of L nited States Infantr)-, Colonel Lewis Cass,\\nand Majors Daliba, Whistler, Snelling, Jessup, and\\nothers, who witnessed against him, were equally\\nguilty of misrepresentation and falsehood. In his\\nDefense, given by Forbes on page 64 of First Ap-\\npendi.x. General Hull says\\ngreat majority of the young gentlemen who have been called\\nby the Judge Advocate have appeared decorated with their two\\nepaulets these have been bestowed, and sometimes with the\\naugmentation of a star, upon gentlemen who began their military\\ncareer with my unfortunate campaign. By what services many\\nof these gentlemen have merited such rapid promotion, I have\\nnot learned. With the exception of a few of the younger\\nofficers there are none of them who have not been promoted to\\ntheir high station without having had any military experience,\\nand without, so far as I have heard, ever having discovered any\\nmilitary talents or genius.\\nOn page 206 of his Memoirs, he says\\nGeneral McArthur was a Lieutenant Colonel in my army, and\\nafter the campaign, and before he gave in his testimony, was ap-\\npointed a Urigadier Genera] in the regular army, without having\\nperformed any service to entitle hira to it, or ever having had any\\nmilitary experience excepting while under my command. The\\nadministration could certainly have had no other motive in\\nsuperseding all the Colonels in the regular army in making the\\nappointments, than to prepare hitu to testify against me.\\nGeneral Hull seems to have forgotten, or possibly\\nhe only hoped others had forgotten, that many of\\nthese officers won their honors by bravery in defeat-\\ning the British on the same territory that he sur-\\nrendered, within a little more than a year after he\\nhad basely yielded that territory.\\nAs to other officers who testified against him, he\\nthus speaks (page 206)\\nColonel Snelling was a Captain in ray army, and before he\\nappeared as a witness against me, was promoted, and soon had a\\nregiment given to him. Major Whistler was a Captain\\nin my army. At my trial he was wanted by the admin-\\nistration, and he was promoted to the rank of Major, and travelled\\nfrom Ohio in the midst of winter, to testify against mc. He\\nwas certainly deeply indebted to the administration, and did not\\nfail in his testimony to make a suitable reward.\\nRegarding these very officers he so vilifies in his\\nMemoirs he used these words in his letter of .August\\n26, 181 2, to the Secretarv- of War, giving an official\\nreport of the surrender (see page 16 of Appendix to\\nTrial)\\nBefore I close this dispatch it is a duty I owe my respectable\\nassociates in command. Colonels McArthur, Findley, Cass, and\\nLieutenant Colonel Miller, to express my obligations to them for\\nthe prompt and judicious manner they have performed their re-\\nspective duties. If aught has taken place during the campaign,\\nwhich is honorable to the army, these officers are entitled to a large\\nshare of it. If the last act should be disapproved, no part of the\\ncensure belongs to them. I have likewise to express my obliga-\\ntions to General Taylor, who has performed the duty of Quarter-\\nmaster General, for his great exertions in procuring everything in\\nhis department which it was possible to furnish for the conveni-\\nence of the army; likewise to Brigade Major Jessup for the correct\\nand punctual manner in which he has discharged his duty.\\nFrom his Memoirs and Defense many more quo-\\ntations of similar character might be made, showing\\nthe utter inconsistency and recklessness of his state-\\nments.\\nGeneral Hull was born in 1753. -At the time of\\nhis trial he was si.xty-one years of age. Was he in\\nhis dotage when he published his Memoirs, ten\\nyears later. If there w ere less pettifogging and\\nvenom therein, we might try to believe him simply a\\nweak old man. A comparison of statements made\\nby him in his Defense with contradictory statements\\nin his Memoirs reveals an utter disregard of both\\nconsistency and truthfulness.\\nHis own Memoirs are the best possible illustration\\nof a statement he makes on page 191 The memory-\\nof man is not always correct and retentive interest,\\npassion, and prejudice frequently have a powerful\\noperation on the mind. Not only is this true of\\nhim. but he and his friends seem to have become\\ncapable of any audacity in their determination to\\ndefend his character. On page 1 1 of the preface to\\nhis Life, in speaking of his Memoirs, it is said\\nThese memoirs have been before the public for more than\\neighteen years, and those of his fellow-citizens who have read\\nthem, have risen from their perusal satisfied that the cause of\\nfailure in the unsuccessful invasion of Canada was not to be im-\\nputed to the commanding officer, but to an administration that\\nhad rushed into war without foresight or preparation.\\nReading only his Memoirs, possibly, but not prob-\\nably, the reader might come to the conclusion inti-\\nmated but it seems inevitable that any one reading\\nthe account of his trial, and General Dearborn s\\nDefense, will be forced to the conclusion that Gen-\\neral Hull was both cowardly and incompetent.\\nFrequent references are made by him and his\\nfriends to his ser\\\\nces in the Revolution. The\\nquestion, however, is not, A\\\\ as he brave in revolu-\\ntionary days but. Was he justified in surrendering\\nDetroit", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "292\\nTHE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\nIt is for his acts at the time of that suiTeiider that\\nhe was tried. Much of the effort in his defense is\\ndevoted to matters having no practical bearing on\\nthe question at issue. The real question is, Did he\\nat any time during the campaign of 1812 exhibit\\nevidences of bravery or good generalship? No such\\nevidence has been presented, either by himself or\\nhis friends. In view of the facts, we must believe\\neither that he was lacking in all the qualities that go\\nto make up a safe leader, and deserved the ignominy\\nthat has been heaped upon him, or that the officers\\nof the Government and his old associates were\\nguilty of the meanest possible spite and subterfuge.\\nConcerning the testimony of the witnesses against\\nGeneral Hull, Mr. Clarke, in his Life of General Hull.\\non page 404, says, Subtract that part of their\\ntestimony which is made up of their opinions, and\\nthe bulk is much reduced. This sword has two\\nedges. It may be truthfully said that both General\\nHull and Mr. Clarke make free use of opinions in his\\nDefense, while they continually denounce those\\nwhose opinions were unfavorable, and even desig-\\nnate some statements given for absolute facts as\\nmere opinions.\\nAmong the palliating reasons assigned by General\\nHull for his surrender, one of his strongest was the\\nstatement that the Government did not support him\\nvi ith a naval force on Lake Erie. On page 8 of his\\nMemoirs he says, I had every reason to believe,\\nbefore a war was declared, that such a navy and\\nsuch an army would have been provided. In the\\npreface to his Life, pages 8 and 9, it is stated that\\nwhen General Hull left Washington in 181 2, he\\nwas assured by the Government that a naval force\\nwould be placed on Lake Erie, to keep open his\\ncommunication with his country. It is deemed a\\nfull and sufiicient reply to these statements to quote\\nfrom a letter, dated March 6, 1812, addressed by\\nGovernor Hull to the Secretary of War. The entire\\nletter was given by nim in connection with his\\nDefense, and covers three pages of fine print. In\\nthis letter he said\\nI think it must be evident that the estabhshment of an army at\\nDetroit, sufficient to defend that part of the country, control the\\nIndians, and commence operations on the weakest points of\\ndefense of the enemy, would be, as an incipient measure, indis-\\npensably necessary. A part of your army, now recruit-\\ning, may be as well supported and disciplined at Detroit as at any\\nother place. A force adequate to the defense of that vulnerable\\npoint would prevent war with the savages, and probably induce\\nthe enemy to abandon the Province of Upper Canada without op-\\nposition. The naval force on the Lakes would, in that event, fall\\ninto our possession, and we should obtain the command of the\\nwaters, without the e-xpense of building such a force. The British\\ncannot hold Upper Canada without the assistance of the Indians,\\nand that assistance they cannot obtain if we have an adequate\\nforce in the situation I have pointed out.\\nWith regard to his carelessness or .stupidity in\\nsending the vessel from old Fort Miami on July i,\\nand allowing his baggage and muster rolls to be\\nplaced in it, General Hull, on page 9 of his Memoirs,\\nsays, This first misfortune was occasioned by the\\nneglect of the administration in not giving me in-\\nformation of the war, eight days sooner. On pages\\n35 and 36, he says\\nAt this time I had received no information of the declaration of\\nwar, and did not consider there was any hazard in the measure.\\nIn time of peace with England, there could have been\\nbut one opinion with respect to engaging this vessel in the manner\\nit was employed. Having no information of the declaration of\\nwar, I must necessarily have believed it was a time of peace, and\\nconsequently no blame could be attached to me.\\nWas it a time of peace Was General Hull only\\nplaying soldier Was his march through the woods\\nand swamps merely for amusement War had\\nbeen anticipated for more than six months, as Gen\\neral Hull well knew; for he had been in Washing-\\nton and had discussed the situation.\\nOn page 36 of his Memoirs he says, On the 24th\\nof June 1 received a letter from the War Department\\ndirecting me to march to Detroit with all possible\\nexpedition. A whole week went by after he received\\nthis letter before he sent the vessel, and, according\\nto his Memoirs, he must still have believed it was\\na time of peace, and therefore, he reasons, he was\\njustified in sending the vessel.\\nWar was anticipated, troops were on the march,\\norders to hasten had been received, and opposing\\nforces were known to be gathering. Should not\\nordinary reason have taught him that war was\\nprobably declared, and that there was danger in\\nsending the vessel\\nOn page 22 of his Defense, he says that an\\norder to repair with as little delay as possible\\nto Detroit, in view of the fact that the enemy\\nwould then be at Maiden, eighteen miles in the\\nrear, and provided with vessels which would enable\\nthem to cut off his supplies, appeared to me so in-\\nconsistent with my military experience that I did\\nnot suppose it could have been founded on a\\ndeclaration of war, or even on a prospect of imme-\\ndiate hostilities.\\nWhen such an excuse is deliberately offered, we\\nmay be justified in believing that if he had received\\nno word of the declaration of war, and if, after his\\narrival at Detroit, Proctor or Brock had quietly\\ncrossed the river, and taken possession of the fort,\\nhe would have offered no opposition, because, as he\\nhad not been ofticially notified of the declaration of\\nwar, there could be no danger, and no reason to\\napprehend any.\\nThese statements are illustrations of his argu-\\nments, and his Defense and Memoirs are full of\\nsimilar attempts to prove that he was justified in\\nhis actions but no one valid excuse is offered, no\\nconvincing proof is brought forward.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\n293\\nThat he was warned that war was imminent, and\\npossibly declared, at the time he sent the vessel, is\\nbeyond question. General McArthur testified (see\\npages 47 and 48 of Forbes report) that on or about\\nJune 26. the time Hull received the first letter, the\\nsame mail brought him (McArthur) a letter from\\na friend at Chillicothe, in which it was stated that\\nbefore this reaches you war will be declared. and\\nthat it was the impression at Chillicothe that war\\nwas declared; and further, that these statements\\nwere communicated to General Hull, and were the\\nsubject of conversation between them that General\\nHull asked what he thought of sending the bag-\\ngage by water; and that he replied he thought it\\nwould be rather hazardous, as the British might\\nbe informed of the declaration of war and seize the\\nvessel.\\n(ieneral James Taylor, of Ohio, testified at the\\ntrial (see page 1 38 of Forbes report)\\nThe impression made on my mind, as well as upon others to\\nwhom the letter from the Secretary of War, dated i8th June, 1812,\\nwas shown, was, that war was inevitable, and that it was sub-\\nstantially, though not formally, declared. I was present when\\ntieneral Hull conversed with Captain Chapin, who commanded\\nthe vessel which was sent from the Rapids to Detroit; Chapin\\ntalked about dining with the British officers, and asked an exorbi-\\ntant price for his boat. 1 told General Hull (whom 1 called out)\\nthat I suspected the vessel was sent there to entrap them, and\\nadvised that she should not be employed, but that the effects\\nshould be sent by wagons. General Hull, however, looked to the\\nexpense, and said he did not know much of Chapin, but he knew\\nhim to be an .American and believed him honest. Chapin reduced\\nhis price from 150 to 60 dollars, and was employed.\\nAs Hull was sent to Detroit in anticipation of\\nwar, and as he himself urged that he needed ves-\\nsels, and knew that the British had them, was it not\\nfoolhardy and careless in the extreme to send his\\nmilitary stores and baggage by the vessel Did he\\nnpt have reason to e.xpect that war might be de-\\nclared at any time Did he not take an unwar-\\nranted risk in assuming that war had not been de-\\nclared, and that there was no danger. He knew\\nthat the mails or express were uncertain, he could\\nnot help knowing that there was a possibility of the\\ncapture of the vessel; and yet he took the risk. Is\\nit an e\\\\ idence of good generalship to take a needless\\nrisk, involving great danger, with no prospect of\\ngain The blunder of allowing his muster-rolls to\\nbe put on the vessel was a blunder so great that it\\nfell but little short of a crime. It was this occur-\\nrence that gave rise to the specific charge of treason,\\nof which he w;is found not guilty. If the state-\\nment made in the I hiladelphia .Aurora of Septem-\\nber 22, 1812, was true, even that charge should have\\nbeen .sustained. In that paper Lewis Dent, quar-\\ntermaster of Colonel Cass s regiment, who was sent\\nwith the vessel to take charge of the baggage, is\\nquoted as saying that on examining the vessel after\\nshe was taken to Fort Maiden, in a trunk belonging\\nto General Hull, the declaration of war against\\nGreat Britain was found, and that he saw it. It\\nwill be remembered that Governor Hull always\\nclaimed that the letter containing the declaration\\nof war did not reach him until after the vessel\\nsailed.\\nWe come now to the question of his cowardice.\\nMr. Clarke, on page 363 of his Life of Hull, says,\\nIt would have required very little courage to\\nfight. It goes without saying that this was the\\ngeneral opinion at the time. It looks very much as\\nthough he did not possess even a very little courage.\\nHis courage was all in his proclamations, letters,\\nand memoirs, and was of the Falstaffian order.\\nBattles have been won, and victory wrested from\\ndefeat, by really brave generals. Of Hull s bravery\\nin the War of 18 12. no evidence has been produced.\\nIn his Defense, page 60, he says\\nI should not, however, have yielded to all these considerations,\\nhad the war I was carrying on been only against civilized men.\\nBut I knew how sanguinary and remorseless the savages\\nwould be, should my army be subdued and the troops be obliged\\nto yield. The whole country would have been deluged with the\\nblood of its inhabitants. Neither men, women, or children would\\nhave been spared.\\nThe same idea is repeated in the preface to the\\nLife of General Hull. On page 16 are these\\nwords\\nTo the latest moment of his life, when aware he was on the\\nverge of eternity, in the full possession of his mental powers. Gen-\\neral Hull still breathed his thanks to his Heavenly Father that he\\nhad been the instrument of saving from the cruelties of a savage\\nfoe a people who expected and demanded protection at his hands.\\nSuch sentiments are pathetic, but they have no\\nreal bearing on the case. The question of surren-\\nder was a military question. War in its best form\\nis inhuman, and General Hull had no right to sacri-\\nfice Detroit and the territor\\\\-. a fortified post and an\\nundefeated army, for a possible but really unfounded\\nfear that otherwise the women and children would\\nall be butchered. It was a fear born of cowardice,\\nand not justified by probability. If a battle had\\nbeen fought, there is no evidence to indicate that,\\nif defeated at all, the defeat of Hull s army would\\nhave been so complete and absolute that no further\\ndefence could be made, or reasonable terms of\\ncapitulation secured. He surrendered without even\\na pretence of fighting, and the English boa.sted, and\\nwith good reason, that they took Detroit without\\nthe loss of a drop of English blood.\\nAs to Hull s cowardly words and appearance\\nprior to the surrender, the following is pertinent\\ntestimony: Captain James Daliba (see page 82,\\nHull s Trial) testified that he commanded the upper\\nbattery on the evening of August 14, and on that", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "294\\nTHE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\nevening conversed with General Hull on the pro-\\npriety of driving the enemy from their works on\\nthe opposite shore. He said to General Hull, Sir,\\nif you will give me permission, I will clear the enemy\\non the opposite shore from the lower batteries.\\nThe general answered, Mr. Daliba, I will make an\\nagreement with the enemy that if they will never\\nfire on me, 1 will never fire on them, and concluded\\nliis answer with this sentence, Those who live in\\nglass houses must take care how they throw stones.\\nMajor Thomas S. Jessup, of the Nineteenth Regi-\\nment of United States Infantry, testified (page 92\\nof Trial), I saw General Hull in the fort, and\\nthought him very much frightened when I met him.\\nHis voice was, at this time, tremulous.\\nIn answer to a question from General Hull, Captain\\nCharles Fuller, of the Fourth Regiment Infantry,\\nsaid at the trial (page 98), I have no doubt of your\\nappearance on that occasion being the effect of per-\\nsonal fear: I had none then, I have none now.\\nWith regard to his neglecting to attack and con-\\nquer Fort Maiden, the following facts appear. On\\nJuly 9 he received a letter from William Eustis, Sec-\\nretary of War, dated June 24, with the following\\norder Should the force under your command be\\nequal to the enterprise, and should it be consistent\\nwith the safety of your own post, you will take pos-\\nsession of Maiden, extending your conquests as cir-\\ncumstances will justify. Concerning this letter and\\norder, General Hull, on page 36 of his Defense,\\nsays\\nThis letter informs me tliat I am autliorized to commence offen-\\nsive operations. This would not have been the language addressed\\nto me upon this occasion if the government had supposed I had a\\nforce sufficient to commence such operations. In that case, I\\nshould have received a command instead of an authority. In this\\nletter the Secretary adverts to my taking possession of Maiden\\nbut not as if he supposed I had the power of doing it.\\nIt may well be doubted whether the annals of any\\npolice court afford a more perfect illustration of\\npettifoggery. Concerning this order, received July\\n9, General Hull says further, on page 10 of his\\nMemoirs\\nThe authority I received to attack the enemy s fortress at\\nMaiden being discretionary, I wrote to the Ciovcrnment the same\\nday I received it, that my force was not adequate to the enter-\\nprise, and stated as a reason that the enemy commanded the\\nLake and the savages.\\nOn July 14 he must have been more hopeful, for\\nhe wrote to the Secretary of War as follows (See\\nthe Dearborn manuscript)\\nSir,\\nThe Canadian militia are deserting from Maiden in large\\nparties about sixty came in yesterday. 1 send them to their\\nhomes and give them protection. The probability is that the\\ngreatest part of them will desert in a few days. The force under\\nmy command, and the movement into their province, has h.ul a\\ngreat effect on the Indians. They are daily returning to their\\nvillages. I have reason to believe the number of hostile Indians\\ndaily decreasing.\\nAgain, on July 19, he wrote the Secretary:\\nThe British force, which in numbers was superior to the Amer-\\nican, including militia and Indians, is daily diminishing. Fifty or\\nsixty of the militia have deserted daily, since the American stand-\\nard was displayed, and taken protection. They are now reduced\\nto less than one hundred. In a lay or two I expect the whole\\nwill desert. Their Indian force is diminishing in nearly the same\\nproportion. I have now a large council of ten or twelve nations\\nsitting at Krownstown, and I have no doubt that the result will be\\nthat they will remain neutral.\\nOn July 22 he addressed the .Secretar\\\\- of War as\\nfollows (page 10 of Appendix to his Trial)\\nIt is in the power of this army to take Maiden by storm, but it\\nwould be attended, in my opinion, with too great a sacrifice under\\npresent circumstances. If Maiden was in our possession\\nI could march this army to Niagara or York in a very short time.\\nThis letter probably stated the facts as to his\\nability to take Maiden. That he did not do it was\\none of the chief grounds for believing him cow-\\nardly, and his own letter proved the charge.\\nWe now reach his charge that the lack of co-op-\\neration, and the armistice entered into by General\\nDearborn, made his defeat possible, and the sur-\\nrender necessary. The Dearborn manuscript states\\nthat on July 26 the Secretary of War wrote to Gen-\\neral Hull\\nGeneral Dearborn s headquarters are at Albany. He will be\\napprised of your situation, and directed to keep up a correspond-\\nence with you and the immediate command at Niagara, and to\\ntake measures to afford the necessary support.\\nThe same day, as is shown by the Dearborn man-\\nuscript, the instructions were sent to General Dear-\\nborn, and reached him on July 31. There is no\\nevidence brought forward by General Hull or his\\ndefenders that, prior to this date. General Dearborn\\nshared the responsibility of his movements, or was\\nexpected to co-operate with him. Indeed, it would\\nhave been impossible to have made any definite\\narrangement sooner, for information of Hull s\\narrival at Detroit had but just reached Washington\\non the 26th of July. On August 3 General Dear-\\nborn wrote to General Van Rensselaer at Niagara:\\nTake measures for keeping up a correspondence with General\\nHull, and ascertain his movements by expresses or otherwise, and\\nmake any exertion in your power to co-operate with him,\\nand if your force will not admit of any strong offensive operations\\nit may be well to make such diversions in his favor as circum-\\nstances will permit, so as to prevent the enemy from directing any\\nforce from the vicinity of Niagara to oppose the movements of\\nGeneral Hull.\\nThis order shows that when Dearborn was direct-\\ned to co-operate with Hull, he g.ave directions to that", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\n295\\nend. That General Hull himself did not expect that\\nhe was in any way responsible to General Dearborn\\nprior to July 26 is clearly evident from the fact\\nthat he would not march into Canada without an\\norder from the Secretar}- of War and all his letters\\nare addressed to and his orders received from the\\nSecretary of War, which would have been a most\\nabsurd arrangement if he was to act under General\\nDearborn. There is no evidence of any kind brought\\nforward, by Hull or Clarke, to show that Dearborn\\nhad anything to do with the raising, equipment, or\\ndrilling of Hull s force. General Hull does not\\nclaim that Dearborn ordered the march to Detroit,\\nor give any evidence that Dearborn was to act with\\nhim prior to the order of July 26. The armistice,\\nas shown in a letter from Dearborn to the Secretary\\nof War, was not concluded until August 9 and, as\\nGeneral Dearborn shows in his letter of that date\\nto the Secretary of War, General Hull was not in-\\ncluded in it, because he had been receiving his\\norders directly from the Secretary of War, and was\\nthen believed to be capable of and engaged in\\noffensive operations. In a letter to General Hull,\\ndated August 9, General Dearborn said\\nThe removal of any troops from Niagara to Detroit, while the\\npresent arrangement continues, would be improper and incom-\\npatible with the true intent of the agreement. 1 have m.ide no\\narrangement that should have any effect upon your command.\\nGeneral Hull complained that this armistice en-\\nabled General Brock to withdraw forces from\\nNiagara, and throw them against him at Detroit.\\nIt will be shown, however, that Brock himself did\\nnot know of the armistice until after the surrender\\nof Detroit.\\nOn page i66 of his Memoirs, General Hull says:\\nAfter the capitulation I first learned from the lips of the liritish\\ncommander the true state of the case that the armistice of Gen-\\neral Dearborn had been eight days in operation, and that that cir-\\ncumstance alone had enabled him to bring such a force against me.\\nThis seems like a positive statement. General\\nHull, however, on page 1 24 of his Memoirs, says, of\\na letter of Colonel Cass, It ought not to be con-\\nsidered as any evidence. He was not under oath\\nwhen he wrote it. The same remark will apply\\nadmirably to much that General Hull says.\\nThat the armistice in question had no effect upon\\nthe situation, and that General Brock himself had\\nno knowledge of it, is positively shown by the letter\\nfrom (ieneral Brock to General Van Rensselaer,\\ndated Fort George, August 25, 1812, gpven in the\\nDearborn manuscript. General Brock says, It\\nwas not until my arrival at Fort Erie, late in the\\nevening of the 23d inst., that I learned that a ces-\\nsation of hostilities had been agreed upon between\\nGeneral Dearborn and Sir George Brevost. Com-\\nparison of this letter with the statements of General\\nHull makes it evident that one of the two was guilty\\nof falsehood and all the facts point to General Hull\\nas the guilty one.\\nIn reviewing the entire campaign. General Hull,\\nin his Memoirs, page 1 1 says\\nI remained in the enemy s country about a month,\\nduring this time 1 received certain information that\\nCieneral Rrock, with all the regulars and militia of Upper Canada,\\nwas proceeding to Maiden, under these circumstances 1\\nconsidered it my duty to recross the river, (and) on the\\n8th of August I recrossed the river to Detroit.\\nOn page 49 of his Defense he .says that on\\nAugust 7,\\nAbout one o clock, an express arrived with letters to me from\\nthe commanding officers on the Niagara frontier, two from\\nMajor General Hall and one from General P. B. Porter,\\nto inform me that a large force from the neighborhood of Niagara\\nwas moving towards my army.\\nComparing these two statements with the well-\\nknown fact that the army began moving the night\\nof the 7th, it is evident that the date given in his\\nDefense is the correct one and the position in\\nwhich he places himself is this first, he says that\\nhe had certain information on August 7 that Brock,\\nwith all the regulars and militia of Upper Canada,\\nwas proceeding to Maiden; second, he claims\\nthat the armistice which was entered into a day\\nafterwards, August 8, at Niagara was the only\\nthing that enabled him (Brock) to bring such a\\nforce against me.\\nComparison shows the absurdity of these state-\\nments. General Hull actually claimed that General\\nBrock was on his way to Maiden on the 7th of\\nAugust, and that an occurrence of the day after was\\nthe prime cause of his being on the march. Such\\nan anachronism is fatal to his argument. There\\nwas really nothing new in the statement of the fact\\nthat General Brock went to and from Maiden. As\\nearly as June 24 General Hull himself wrote to the\\nSecretary of War, General Brock, the Governor of\\nUpper Canada, arrived at Maiden on the 14th inst.,\\nwith one hundred British troops. On the 17th he\\nsailed for Fort Erie, in the Queen Charlotte, and it\\nis said she will return with a re-inforcement imme-\\ndiately. His statement on page 1 1 of his Memoirs\\nonly shows that Brock, on .August 7, was still going\\nto and from Maiden.\\nOn page 95 of his Memoirs General Hull quotes\\nGeneral Brock s summons to surrender, dated\\nAugu.st 15, and on page 97 he says, I ask on what\\ngrounds I could have possibly conceived that Gen-\\neral Brock had left that vital part of his pronnce\\n(meaning Niagara.) There was nothing singular\\nabout it. For nearly two months General Brock\\nhad been on the march, and General Hull had rea-\\nson to e.xpect him.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "296\\nTHE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\nThe plea of General Hull and Mr. Clarke that the\\narmistice was the real cause of the surrender is evi-\\ndently an. afterthought,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a plea studied up for the\\npurpose of multiplying excuses. Its flimsy charac-\\nter is evident from the fact that when on trial Gen-\\neral Hull never even alluded to the armistice. It\\nwas only after he had been tried, convicted, and\\nmercifully pardoned, that he discovered that the\\narmistice was the real cause of all his troubles.\\nThe question as to the number of men composing\\nthe army of General Hull has also been the subject of\\nmuch discussion. Mr. Clarke says (Life of Hull,\\npage 362 that commanders are very apt, even when\\nmeaning to tell the truth, to exaggerate the enemy s\\nforces and underrate their own. He means by this\\nremark to insinuate that I?rock had more men than\\nthe official account shows him to have had it applies\\nequally well, however, to both sides, and the effort\\nto depreciate the numbers of the American army is\\npushed to the extreme by the friends of General\\nHull. On page 8 of his Memoirs General Hull\\nsays, I proceeded to the State of Ohio, took the\\ncommand of the forces, which consisted of twelve\\nhundred militia and volunteers and about three hun-\\ndred regulars.\\nIn three other places in his Memoirs he repeats\\nthe statement that his forces consisted of three hun-\\ndred of the Fourth United States Regulars and\\ntwelve hundred militia. The evidence that he\\nunderstates their number is abundant, and some of\\nit is furnished by his own words. Among the State\\nHistorical Society papers at Detroit is a letter from\\nJudge James Witherell, dated June 22. 1S12, in\\nwhich he states that he has received a letter from\\nHull, dated June 14, showing that he would be at\\nthe river Raisin about the 26th. with about 2,200\\nmen. On June 24 General Hull wrote to the Sec-\\nretary of War, In the event of hostilities, I feel a\\nconfidence that the force under my command will\\nbe superior to any which can be opposed to it. It\\nnow exceeds two thousand, rank and file.\\nA letter given in the Dearborn manuscript shows\\nthat two days later, in a letter to the Secretary of\\nWar from Fort Findlay, he said: Inclosed is the\\nmost correct return that can be made of the army\\nunder present circumstances. The return is as\\nfollows\\n4th Regiment of Infantry\\nCol. Findlay s Reg. of volunteers and militia\\nCol. Cass s\\nCol. McArthur s\\nCaptain Sloan s troops of Cin. Lt. Dragoons\\n483\\n509\\n48\\nTotal\\nIn his Memoirs General Hull does not deny the\\ncorrectness of this return, but on page 203 he says\\nthat General Dearborn\\nmakes it appear that in the three Ohio regiment*; nf militia,\\nwith the few dragoons, there were fifteen hundred and ninety-two\\nmen. This number is three hundred and ninety-two more than\\nthe President had ordered, which number, as has been stated, was\\ntwelve hundred, and I had no authority to take any surplus under\\nmy command. The Colonels, I presume, at that time must have\\nincluded this surplus of three hundred and ninety-two men in\\ntheir returns, in order to obtain provision for them in the wilder-\\nness, as it could not be obtained in any other way. These men\\nwere volunteers who had joined us at intervals in our march, and\\nwere not under my orders. They returned home whenever they\\npleased.\\nWhat amazing liberality on the part of Hull s\\nquartermasters when food was so scarce General\\nHull would have us believe that about one fifth of\\nthe force that marched with his army, nearly four\\nhundred men, was simply a surplus, volunteers,\\nwho were liable to leave the army, and did leave it,\\nwhenever they pleased. Yet these same men were\\non the muster-rolls, and certified to by the colonels,\\nand even by Hull himself, as belonging to his army.\\nAmazing surplus and still more amazing effron-\\ntery- Concerning the militia of the territory, on\\npage 56 he says, Little or no advantage could be\\nderived from this militia, and yet. on page 125, he\\nshows that there were four hundred Michigan mili-\\ntia, some of whom he claims deserted to the enemy\\nwhen they landed.\\nMr. Clarke says, on page 383 of his Life of General\\nHull, The whole number of troops under General\\nHull s command, from the beginning of his march\\nuntil the surrender, was 1,800. He subtracts for\\nblockhouses garrisoned, sickness, etc., eight hundred\\nand forty, leaving only nine hundred and sixty at\\nDetroit on August 16. He evidently renders an old\\nsaying, Let Hull be true and every man a liar,\\nbut the facts show that General Hull s own state-\\nments do not harmonize.\\nWhen Brock, on August 1 5, summonetl him to\\nsurrender, Hull repHed, I am prepared to meet any\\nforce which may be at your disposal. On page\\nno of his Memoirs he says, I however gave a de-\\ncided answer that I should defend the fort, hoping\\nto be able, before he made the invasion, to collect\\nat Detroit the detachments under the command of\\nMcArthur and Cass, and other detach-\\nments which were absent on other duties.\\nIt seems, then, that at this time he thought he\\nmight defend the post, and cope with General Brock\\nand all his force. How soon his brave vaporing\\nchanged to abject cowardice\\nWith regard to the lack of supplies for his army,\\nGeneral Hull, in his report to the Secretary of War\\nmade after the surrender, says\\nIt was impossible, in the nature of things, that an army could\\nhave been furnished with the necessary supplies of provision,\\nmilitary stores, clothing and comforts for the sick, on pack-horses\u00c2\u00bb\\nthrough a wilderness of two hundred miles filled with hostile\\nsavages.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\n297\\nWhy did he not realize this impossibility before\\nhe took the command of the army He had lived\\nin Detroit for the seven years previous, and knew\\nits situation and its sources of supplies. In denying\\nthe proposition that if Hull had defended himself\\nsupplies would have been brought from tlhio, and\\nin order to show that it would have been impossible.\\nMr. Clarke, on page 373 of his Life of Hull, quotes\\nfrom a letter of General Harrison, of October 22,\\n181 2, as follows: To get supplies forward through\\na swampy wilderness of near two hundred miles, in\\nwagons or on pack-horses which are to carry them\\npro\\\\-isions. is absolutely impossible.\\nThe introducing an extract from a letter written\\nin the fall of the year, when roads and swamps were\\nnotoriously bad, as e\\\\Hdence that the transportation\\nof supplies in midsummer over this same route was\\nimpossible, is but one of the many absurd arguments\\nresorted to in defense of General Hull. It seems\\nstrange, indeed, that if, as General Hull would have\\nus believe, the probable want of provisions was one\\nreason of his surrender, he did not anticipate this\\ndifficulty. He was evidently e.xceedingly prodigal\\nof his supplies, for it will be remembered that on\\npage 203 of his Memoirs he claims that a surplus\\nof three hundred and ninety-two men, who were\\nnot under his command, were included with his\\narmy, and fed from the supplies. As late as July\\n29 he seems to have entertained no fear that the\\nsupplies would not hold out, for the original order\\nissued by him on that date, in possession of the\\nState Historical Society at Detroit, shows that he\\nordered rations given to persons who had fled from\\nthe British standard\\nMr. Clarke, on page 360, says\\nWe have seen that General Hull made three attempts to open\\nhis communications to Ohio. The first was on August 4th, by\\nmeans of Major Van Horn s detachment of two hundred men,\\nwhich was defeated by A small body of British and Indians. The\\nsecond was on .\\\\ugusr 8th, by Colonel Miller s detachment of\\nsix hundred men, who defeated the enemy, but returned to Detroit\\nwithout effecting their object. The third was by means of Mc-\\nArthur s and Cass s detachment, which set out .August 14th, to\\ngo by a back route.\\nThat this statement is a misrepresentation of the\\ntruth is shown by the fact that both of the last\\nnamed detachments were ordered back by Hull him-\\nself, which fact is studiously ignored in the above\\nstatement of Mr. Clarke. On page 368 he says\\nAs to the cattle and flour at the River Raisin within reach of\\nthe army, we have seen that before General Drock crossed the\\nriver, Major Van Horn and Colonel Miller had both attempted to\\nreach it; the one with two hundred and the other with six hun-\\ndred men, and that both had failed.\\nThis statement is not true in the sense in which\\nMr. Clarke would have us believe. Colonel Miller\\nwould have gone forward but for lack of provisions,\\nwhich were not forwarded in time, and because he\\nwas soon ordered back by General Hull. However\\nMr. Clarke elsewhere concedes the whole case, in so\\nfar as lack of provisions having compelled the sur-\\nrender, for, in the preface to the Life of Hull, on\\npage 12, he states that General Hull could have\\nsustained his post at Detroit had not an armistice,\\nnow a portion of history, been entered into by\\nGeneral Dearborn, to the exclusion of General Hull s\\narmy and without his knowledge.\\nGeneral Hull voluntarily tried to include in the\\nsurrender the very troops and proWsions at the\\nRaisin which had been sent for his relief. Fortu-\\nnately, however, they refused to be included, and\\nescaped to Ohio.\\nAmong the other reasons assigned for the surren-\\nder. General Hull, on page 108 of his Memoirs, says\\nthat Brock s position at Sandwich was more ele-\\nvated than the fort at Detroit. This statement is\\nwell known to be absurdly untrue. He would not\\ncross to Canada or attack Maiden without orders\\nwhy, then, was he in such haste to surrender\\nentirely on his own responsibility He says dis-\\ntinctly, in his letter of August 26, 1812, to the Sec-\\nretary of War, giving an account of the surrender,\\nI well knew the high responsibility of the measure,\\nand I take the whole upon myself.\\nEven if Brock had as many troops as Hull inti-\\nmates, his was the attacking force he had to cross\\nthe river and approach a fort. All the advantages\\nand probabilities were against him. Many battles\\nhave been fought and won under much greater odds\\nthan General Hull claims he had to contend against.\\nIt was not, however, the force that Brock really had,\\nbut only that which Hull imagined he might have,\\nthat led to the surrender. In his Defense, on pages\\n59 and 60, General Hull made these remarkable\\nadmissions\\nI shall now state what force he (the enemy) brought, or might\\nbring, against me. I say, gentlemen, might bring, because it\\nwas that consideration which induced the surrender, and not the\\nforce which was actually landed on the American shore, on the\\nmorning of the i6th. It is possible that 1 might have met and\\nrepelled that force. If I had no further to look than the event of\\na contest at that time, I should have trusted to the issue of a\\nbattle. If the British landed at Springwells were not\\nmuch more numerous than my twn troops, I knew they must have\\na powerful force in reser\\\\-e, which they could bring to operate on\\nme either by crossing them above the town of Detroit, or by trans-\\nporting them in their ships to that point, and thus attack the fort\\non all sides, and place my array between their fire. If\\nthe attack of the enemy had been repelled, our triumph would\\nhave been but temporary. My numbers must have been dimin-\\nished by loss in battle. They would have been daily lessened by\\nthe cannon of the enemy from the opposite shore. The force of\\nthe enemy, augmented as it was by reinforcements under Colonel\\nProctor, Major Chambers, and the Commander-in-chief, General\\nBrock, would have been daily augmenting.\\nVet. at that time, as he elsewhere states, he had\\nreason to expect, and was expecting, the co-opera-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "298\\nTHE SURRENDER OF DETROIT.\\ntion of General Dearborn, and reinforcements from\\nOhio and two hundred fresh men were less than\\nforty miles away with provisions and supplies.\\nVerily, he had neither faith nor courage\\nThe statements of General Hull and his friends\\nhavinjT^ been compared and analyzed, I now submit\\nthe followincf copies of original letters, bound up\\nwith the manuscript defense of General Dearborn.\\nnow in possession of the Wisconsin .State Historical\\nSociety. Three of the letters were written by ex-\\nPresidents of the United States and when John\\nQuincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Mad-\\nison condemn the conduct of General Hull, we may\\nwell believe that his defenders lead a forlorn hope\\nand essay an impossible task.\\nLetter 0/ Johft Quincy Adams^ then Secretary 0/ State.)\\nWashington, 16 August, 1824.\\nGeneral H. A S, Dearborn Boston.\\nDear Sir,\\nI have to acknowledge tne receipt of your letter, with the four\\nnewspapers containing your defence of your father against the\\nrecent publications of General Hull. Of these I had seen and read\\nonly three or four numbers, which had not excited so much interest\\nas to induce me to look for more. While General Hull remained\\nsilent, I had, since his pardon, considered him an object of com-\\npassion. His present appeal to the public had weakened that\\nsentiment in my mind. Perhaps it is not in his power to forfeit\\nthe claim to it altogether. If he could, it would be by the attempt\\nto shed upon honorable men the shame which his country has\\nendured for committing a trust of honor and of danger to him.\\nI am, with great respect, Dear Sir,\\nYour very humble and obedient servant,\\nJohn Quincy Adams.\\n(Letter /rotn Thomas Jefferson^ ex-Prestdent of the United\\nStates.)\\nThomas Jefferson returns his thanks to Mr. Dearborn for the\\ncommunication of the papers containing the defence of his father.\\nTo him, however, no defence could be needed of a person who\\nhas ever possessed his unlimited confidence. It has served to\\nestablish radically the opinion before entertained of the degraded\\nbeing who has excited this new enquiry.\\nTh. J. salutes Mr. Dearborn with respectful consideration.\\nMONTICELLO, Aug. 20, 24.\\n{Letter front yames Madison, President 0/ the United States\\nduring the IVar 0/ 1812.)\\nMoNTPELlEk, Aug. 23, 1824.\\nDear Sir,\\nI have received and thank you for the papers containing your\\nreply to General Hull. A part only of his address has fallen\\nunder my eye. But the facts you have arrayed before the public\\ncan scarcely fail to make him sensible of his indiscretion in pro-\\nvoking a review of his disastrous career. You have done well in\\nperforming this task, both as a contribution to the truth of His-\\ntor and as the discharge of a filial duty to one whose solid repu-\\ntation will be but the more firmly settled on its foundation by\\nattempts to shake it.\\nI offer you, Sir, my respects and good wishes.\\nJames Madison.\\nCen lH.A. S. Dearborn.\\n{Letter /rofn Governor Lewis Cass.)\\nDetroit, Aug. 27, 1824.\\nDear Sir,\\nI received by last mail your letter, together with the accom-\\npanying papers, containing your observations respecting General\\nHull s recent publications.\\nYour refutation of his injurious statements is complete and un-\\nanswerable. Your father s fame is based upon too solid a founda-\\ntion to be affected by the feeble efforts of garrulity and imbecility,\\nstriving to shake off a load of obloquy, which must press down\\nthe unfortunate man and his memory forever.\\nI cannot tell what local and ephemeral effect these publications\\nmay have produced within the range of the papers which have\\nprinted them, but certainly, in the Union at large, they are\\nwholly unknown or disregarded. 1 have seen but a few of the\\nfirst numbers, and these accidentally, and finding that, like\\na thrice-told tale, they were mere repetitions of what was long\\nsince too stale to be told, and too false to be believed, I dismissed\\nthem from my recollection. The events connected with the sur-\\nrender of Detroit are matters of history, and when we learn to\\nbelieve that Arnold was faithful to his country, and that Gates in\\nhis southern campaign displayed the talents of a consummate\\nGeneral, we may, perhaps, believe that General Hull did not for-\\nget the most sacred obligations of duty from the effect of sheer\\ncowardice.\\nShould your father have returned, please to present my best\\nrespects to him.\\nMy father early taught me to esteem his character and services.\\nWith great respect,\\nI am, Dr Sir, your ob t servant,\\nLewis Cass.\\nGen. I!. A. S. Dearborn.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X L I 1 1\\nTHE BLACK HAWK WAR. TOLEDO WAR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PATRIOT WAR. ME.XICAN WAR.\\nTHE BLACK H.WVK WAR.\\nThe Black Hawk War originated in the refusal\\nof Black Hawk to retire to the Indian Reser\\\\-ation\\non the west of the Mississippi, which had been set\\napart for his band by the United States.\\nIn 1 83 1 General Gaines and seven hundred vol-\\nunteers compelled him to leave Illinois. In August\\nof this year some members of the Sac and Fox tribes\\nattacked and killed nearly twenty Menomenees near\\nPrairie du Chien, and then joined Black Hawk s\\nband. The United States authorities demanded\\ntheir surrender. Black Hawk refused, and crossed\\nthe Mississippi to march on Rock River.\\nThe Government called on Michigan for troops\\nto defend the West, and Governor Mason directed a\\ncall to be issued for volunteers. Accordingly, on\\nMay 22, 1832, the adjutant-general gave orders to\\nGeneral Williams to raise not to exceed three hun-\\ndred men and the same day, the call for three\\nhundred volunteers was made. Two days later, the\\nDetroit City Guards, commanded by Edward Brooks,\\nand the Light Dragoons, under Captain Jackson,\\nresponded. The two companies were placed under\\ncommand of General A. S. Williams, with Edward\\nBrooks as colonel Jonathan Davis, lieutenant-\\ncolonel B. Holbrook, major Louis Davenport,\\nquartermaster and J. L. Whiting, surgeon. They\\nleft on May 24, and proceeded as far as .Saline,\\nwhere the infantry were ordered to return. The\\ndragoons went on to Chicago and the troops re-\\nturned to Detroit, where they arrived on Wednes-\\nday, May 30, 1 832. On Tuesday, June 3, two com-\\npanies of United States troops from Fort Niagara,\\nin command of Major Whistler, left Detroit for\\nChicago in the Austerlitz. On June 30, 1832. C .en-\\neral Scott arrived on his way to Chicago and on\\nJuly 4. the steamboat Henry Clay came with several\\ncompanies of troops. While here the cholera broke\\nout among the soldiers, and a large nimiber perished.\\n(See chapter on Diseases.)\\nBlack Hawk was eventually captured and taken\\nto Washington. On his return to the West he\\narrived at Detroit, on the Superior, about dinner-\\ntime on July 4, 1833, and was lodged at the Mansion\\nHouse,\\nTHE TOLEDO WAR.\\nThe origin of the dissatisfaction which caused the\\nso-called Toledo War dated back to the admis-\\nsion of Ohio, in 1802, with an indefinite northern\\nboundary.\\nOn January 11. 1805, Congress defined the boun-\\ndary between Michigan and Ohio by an imaginary\\nline, which, according to present boundaries, would\\nhave given Michigan a strip across the north of\\nOhio, five miles wide on the western end, and eight\\nmiles wide on the eastern. As the country became\\nsettled and the location of the Lakes better known,\\nit was ascertained that the boundary of 1S05 would\\nplace Toledo within the bounds of Michigan. Under\\nauthority of Congress, a line was run in 1817, by\\nilliam Harris, which placed the disputed territor)-\\nwithin the limits of Ohio, but Michigan continued\\nto control the territory. Early in 1835 Governor\\nLucas, of Ohio, issued a proclamation assuming the\\ncontrol, and three commissioners were appointed to\\nre-mark the Harris line. The Ohio Legislature at\\nthe same time created the county of Lucas, including\\nin it the city of Toledo, and providing for holding a\\nsession of the Court of Common Pleas at that place\\non September 7. In anticipation of this action, the\\nLegislative Council of Michigan had passed an Act\\nmaking it a criminal offense, punishable by five\\nyears imprisonment and a fine of one thousand dol-\\nlars, for any other than Michigan or United States\\nofficials to exercise, or attempt to exercise, any\\nofficial authority in the disputed territory-. In order\\nto enforce this law, on Februarj 19, 1835, Governor\\nMason wrote to Brigadier-General J. W. I5rown,\\ncommander of the Third Division of the Michigan\\nmilitia, directing him to prevent any of the officers\\nof Ohio from exercising authority in the disputed\\nterritory, and to use the civil officers only if possible,\\nbut the militia if necessary, to preserve the rights of\\nMichigan also to report the names of all civil or\\nmilitary officers supposed to favor Ohio, and by\\nvisitation find out proper persons to be appointed in\\ntheir places. Meantime, a public meeting was held\\nat Detroit, and a committee appointed to draft a\\nmemorial to the President in relation to the subject\\nand on March 6, 1835, an adjourned meeting was\\n[299]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "^00\\nTHE TOLEDO WAR. THE PATRIOT WAR.\\nheld at the Capitol to hear the report of tlie com-\\nmittee, which contained a strong protest against the\\nclaims of Ohio. On April 6 an attempt was made\\nto elect Ohio town officers at Toledo. On April 8,\\nwhen the fact was made known at Monroe, the\\nsheriff, with a number of persons, entered Toledo,\\nand arrested Messrs. Goodsell and McKay of that\\nplace. They were subsequently admitted to bail\\nand returned home. Between April 8 and 14 the\\nsheriff of Monroe County, at the head of two\\nhundred persons, again entered Toledo to make\\nfurther arrests, but did not find the persons he was\\nin search of.\\nOn April 26 several shots were exchanged between\\nMichigan troops and the Ohio commissioners, who\\nwere engaged in running a boundary line about\\ntwelve miles southwest of Adrian, and the commis-\\nsioners, with a portion of their guard, were captured.\\nThe ne.xt day the Governor of Ohio was at Port\\nMiami, with two hundred militia, to oppose the\\nforces of Michigan but on May 2 he disbanded his\\nforces. On Saturday, July iS, about 5 P. .M., the\\nsheriff of Monroe County again appeared in Toledo,\\nwith a. posse of about two hundred and fifty armed\\nmen. .Se\\\\en or eight persons were arrested on a\\ncivil process, and some of the men attacked the\\noffice of the Toledo Gazette, and did considerable\\ndamage.\\nThese arrests were chiefly on account of individ-\\nual grievances, but they grew out of the question of\\njurisdiction. The governors of both -States being\\ndetermined to hold control, troubles began to\\nthicken and troops to gather. MulhoUand s in\\nMonroe County was fixed upon as the head-\\nquarters of the Michigan troops, and on September\\n5, about 7 P. ,M., a detachment from Detroit arrived\\nby boat at Monroe, and soon after left for the\\nrendezvous.\\nOn September 6, 1835, Governor Mason and Gen-\\neral lirown, at the head of from eight hundred to\\ntwelve hundred men. entered Toledo, to prevent the\\nholding of the session of a court on the 7th, as pro-\\nvided for by the Ohio Legislature.\\nThe judges, however, by agreement, came to-\\ngether immediately after midnight. The proceed-\\nings, written on loose sheets of paper, were hastily\\ndeposited in the clerk s hat, and the court then\\nliterally took to the woods, and ran from tlieir pur-\\nsuers.\\nThe holding of that court session gave Ohio a\\njudicial and bloodless victory. A further practical\\nvictory for Ohio was obtained the next day by the\\nremoval of Governor Mason, the order reaching him\\nwhile he was addressing the troops. His successor\\nas secretary and acting governor was John S.\\nHorner. On September 10 the Michigan troops\\nleft Toledo.\\nThe whole affair was regarded by many as simply\\nan executive joke, and the following, from a war-\\nsong of the period, illustrates the humor of that\\nday:\\nOld Lucas gave his order all for to hold a court,\\nAnd Ste\\\\ ens Thomas Mason, he thought he d have some sport.\\nHe called upon the Wolverines, and asked them for to go\\nTo meet this rebel Lucas, his court to overthrow.\\nOur independent companies were ordered for the march,\\nOur officers were ready, all stiffened up with starch;\\nOn nimble-footed coursers our otTicers did ride,\\nWith each a pair of pistols and sword hung by his side.\\nThe troops from Detroit came home on the\\nsteamboat General Brady, and the day being the\\nanniversary of I^erry s victory, they celebrated that\\ninstead of the one they did not win. The occasion\\nwas an enjoyable one. John McDonnell was called\\nto the chair, with Franklin Sawyer as secretary.\\nToasts were offered by Captain Griswold, Colonel\\nGoodwin, Surgeon-General Wall, Colonel Bacon,\\nLieutenant Howard, of City Guards, K. Pritchette,\\nCaptain Bull, Captain Rossiter. Captain Ripley,\\nMajor Bucklin. Quartermaster Ten Eyck, Sergeant\\nSawyer, Tallman of the Rifle Corps, H. G. Hubbard,\\nMr. McClure, Squire Abbott. Jr.. Alexander I3ates,\\nand Messrs. Cicotte, Garland, Moran, White. Wil-\\ncox, Emmons, and Rice.\\nAmong those arrested by Mason s forces was\\nMajor B. F. Stickney, of Toledo. The door of his\\nresidence was broken open, he was taken prisoner\\nand brought to Monroe, but he and all of the prison-\\ners captured by Michigan were soon released. An\\nofficial communication of Governor Horner, dated\\nOctober 5, 1835, gives the following reasons for\\ntheir release\\nIn consequence of an anticipated change of Territorial to State\\nGovernment, on the first Monday of November ne.xt, the Execu-\\ntive lost all legal control over the ministerial and executive offices,\\nthe District attorney, James Q. Adams, absolutely refusing to\\nenter a Nolle Prosegiti. The country was in a great\\nstate of excitement and the officers of insubordination. Salus\\npLipuli suprcina le.r.\\nCongress would not admit the State of Michigan\\nunless she gave up this territory, and she was finally\\nobliged to yield.\\nIn 1837 the sum of $13,658.76 was appropriated\\nby the State to pay the expenses incurred in en-\\ndeavoring to defend and save the territory in dis-\\npute.\\nTHE PATRIOT WAR.\\nThe cause of this war was similar to that which\\ngave rise to the American Revolution but the\\ntroubles in Canada seemed aggravated by a com-\\nparison of the condition of Canada at that time with\\nthe prosperity of the United States. The agitation\\nfinallv found vent in an open war between rival par-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "THE PATRIOT WAR.\\n;oi\\nties in Canada. Tbie Patriots, so-called, fortified\\nNavy Island in the Niagara River, and began to\\ncollect troops and munitions of war. The steam-\\nboat Caroline was fitted out at Buffalo, and plied\\nbetween Buffalo, Black Rock, and Na\\\\7 Island,\\ncarrying visitors and oftentimes supplies to the\\nPatriots. This exasperated the Canadian officials,\\nand on December 29 she was boarded, twelve per-\\nsons killed, and the vessel set on fire. This act\\ncalled forth energetic protests from the United\\nStates, and General Scott was sent to the frontier\\nto preserve the peace. The rebels, as they were\\ncalled, were defeated at several points by the Cana-\\ndian Ciovernment, and in December, 1837, three\\nhundred and twenty refugees had gathered at De-\\ntroit. Threats were made by some e.xcited in-\\ndividuals to pursue them, even here, and to burn\\nthe town if they were not delivered up.\\nHunters Lodges, so-called, composed of the\\nfriends of the rebels, were soon formed in Detroit\\nand elsewhere, and were in daily receipt of news\\nfrom the Patriot army.\\nOn Monday, January i, 1838, a meeting of citi-\\nzens, friendly to the Patriot cause, was held at the\\ntheatre, to assist refugees in the city, and to aid the\\nPatriot army. \u00c2\u00a7134.56 and ten rifles were sub-\\nscribed. The Morning Post favored the Patriots,\\nand there was much feeling both for and against\\nthem. As a measure of safety, four hundred and\\nfifty stands of arms had been stored at the jail, but\\nbetween 2 and 3 a. M. on January 5 some twenty\\nor thirty men went there, knocked until they aroused\\nMr. Thompson, the jailor, and when he opened the\\ndoor rushed in, seized the guns, and carried them\\noff. The next day they seized the schooner Ann,\\nand with the stolen arms, one hundred and thirty-\\ntwo men, and provisions for the Patriots, the boat\\nleft the city.\\nThe vessel was chased by an English steamer,\\nand hailed at Ecorce by a United States marshal\\nwith a posse of citizens. She, however, proceeded\\non her way, was joined by several other boats, and\\nthe Patriots and about three hundred Canadian\\nrefugees were landed at Gibraltar. The same\\nevening they were joined by si.xty men from Cleve-\\nland, who came on the steamboat Erie, under\\nthe lead of a Scotchman, T. J. Sutherland. The\\ndesign was to go over from Gibraltar and capture\\nMaiden.\\nOn the day that the Ann left, a public meeting\\nwas held at the City Hall to devise means to pre-\\nserve neutrality; and on January 8, 1838, at 2 M.,\\nGovernor Mason, with two hundred and twenty\\nvolunteer militia, embarked on the steamers Erie\\nand Brady, to arrest the schooner Ann for a viola-\\ntion of neutrality, and to gain possession of the\\narms taken from the jail. The Ann escaped to one\\nof the islands outside of American jurisdiction,\\nand the boats returned at 1 1 i M. entirely unsuc-\\ncessful.\\nMeantime Sutherland s forces attempted to take\\npossession of Bois Blanc Island, but the Canadian\\nofficials rallied their militia, and, with a few troops,\\ntook possession themselves, and prevented his land-\\ning. Sutherland then retired to Fighting Island,\\nand the Canadians, fearing he would make an\\nattempt on the main land, returned to Amherstburg.\\nSutherland now ordered Theller, who was in com-\\nmand of the Ann, to join him. The next day Theller\\nattempted to do so, but the British soldiers on the\\nshore fired into the Ann, and cut her ropes and\\nsails, so that she drifted on shore and was captured,\\nas was also Theller, who was carried to Ouebec as a\\nprisoner. Sutherland now retired to Sugar Island,\\nand from there to Gibraltar, on the American side\\nof the river. To aid him in his plans, the Patriots\\nat Detroit, on January 9, 1838, seized the steamboat\\nErie, but the next day they returned her. On Jan-\\nuary 1 3 there was a meeting of citizens at the City\\nHall, held in pursuance of proclamations by Gov-\\nernor Mason and Mayor Howard. Addresses w ere\\nmade by G. C. Bates, T. Romeyn, Mr. Morey,\\nAttorney- General Pritchette, D. Goodwin, and\\nMajor Kearsley and the meeting resolved to sus-\\ntain the Government in its efforts to preserve\\nneutrality.\\nOn January 27, 1838, the steamboat Robert Ful-\\nton arrived from Buffalo, with three companies of\\nUnited States troops in command of Colonel Worth.\\nOn February 12 six companies of militia were\\ncalled out by Governor Mason to go to Gibraltar\\nto preserve the peace. The weather was cold,\\nand the expedition an undesirable one. In order\\nto avoid going, two men endeavored to cross the\\nriver on the ice, but they broke through and were\\ndrowned.\\nThe militia reached Gibraltar, and Governor\\nMason induced the Patriots to di.sband but they\\nsoon began to gather for a new attempt. On Feb-\\nruary 12, 1838, twelve boxes of arms were brought\\nto the city, from the arsenal at Dearborn. They\\nwere stolen by the Patriots, but found on the fol-\\nlowing Wednesday in a garret over a* ball-alley.\\nOn February 13 one hundred and one barrels of\\nflour were stolen from the steamboat General Brady,\\nby Patriots, as she was lying in the river near the\\ncity. The day following a company of troops,\\ncommanded by Captain Johnson, arrived from\\nBuffalo and the same day the Brady Guards left\\nfor (iibraltar to convoy provisions for troops at\\nMonroe.\\nPrior to February 19, there had been a great\\nnumber of Patriots in Detroit and vicinity. They\\nnow disappeared, having gone up the river and on", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "X02\\nTHE PATRIOT WAR.\\nthe 22d the Brady Guards went to St. Clair to pre-\\nvent them from attacking Port Sarnia. On the 23d,\\nabout two hundred men assembled at Thomas s\\ntavern, five miles below Gibraltar. In the night they\\nmoved up the river, in three divisions, as far as Ecorce;\\nthey remained until 1 P. M. on the 24th, and then\\ncrossed over to Fighting Island and began removing\\narms and ammunition in sleighs. The Canadian\\ntroops immediately gathered opposite the island\\nand the same day a company of United .States troops\\nand the Brady Guards left for Ecorce, reaching there\\nabout 4 P. M.\\nOn Sunday, the 25th. the Canadians commenced\\nto cannonade the Patriots, and thirteen were killed\\nand forty wounded. The Canadians now moved\\nover to the island, and the Patriots retreated to Gib-\\nraltar and along the shore. The American troops\\nintercepted them and took away their arms, taking\\ntwo of th^ leaders into custody. On the 26th, Gen-\\neral Scott arrived to effect a proper distribution of\\nthe United States troops. On March 7 there was a\\nmeeting of citizens a^ the City Hall to consult in\\nregard to warlike preparations made in Canada\\nagainst Detroit, and also in regard to the treatment\\nof the prisoners taken by the Canadians. A com-\\nmittee of citizens was appointed on the subject,\\nconsisting of D. E. Harbaugh, A. D. Eraser, P.\\nUesnoyers, C. C. Trowbridge, and E. Brooks. On\\nMarch 10 there was firing on both sides of the river\\nby unorganized bodies of men. On March 12 a\\ngreat meeting of citizens was held at the City Hall;\\na committee, appointed March 7, reported favoring\\nneutrality, and the meeting protested against .state-\\nments made in the Canadian I^arliament that the\\ncitizens of Detroit sympathized with and aided\\nthe Patriots. At this meeting, by request, John\\nFarmer read a report of a survey made by him for\\nGovernor Stevens T. Mason, which established the\\nfact that the capture of Thomas J. Sutherland by\\nthe British authorities was made within British\\njurisdiction on Detroit River. Sutherland had been\\naccidently met on the ice by Colonel Prince and\\ncaptured.\\nDuring the summer of 1 838 two hundred or more\\nPatriots were in camp near the Bloody Run.\\nMeanwhilethe United States made active prepara-\\ntions to enforce neutrality, and between the 14th\\nand 1 6th of November ten thousand muskets were\\nforwarded to Dearborn.\\nOn November 19 the steamboat Illinois left De-\\ntroit, and returned on the 21st, hanng captured a\\nschooner near Gibraltar, with two or three hundred\\nstands of arms designed for the Patriots. During\\nthe month reports were rife in Detroit that the\\nPatriots were gathering at Cleveland and Sandusky.\\nGeneral Brady chartered the steamboat Illinois and\\nstationed troops along the river to prevent disturb-\\nance, and the United States steamer Erie sailed up\\nand down the river, conveying troops and supplies.\\nOn the 2 1st of the month the Patriots stole the\\narms of the Brady Guards, but on the 23d they\\nwere recaptured. About this time nearly five hun-\\ndred refugees gathered at Brest, and from there\\nmoved up to the Forsyth Farm, now within the\\ncity. On Sunday, December 3, i S38, they were dis-\\npersed, and twelve bo.xes of arms captured by Gen-\\neral Brady, who left Detroit at 8 p. m. and returned\\nat 2 A. M.\\nThe Patriots disagreed among themselves as to\\nthe plan of the campaign, but on December 4, about\\n2 A. M., from one hundred and eighty to two hun-\\ndred and forty persons, under Colonel Harvel and\\nColonel Cunningham, marched into Detroit, to the\\nwharf where the steamboat Champlain lay. They\\nboarded her, and crossed over about three miles\\nabo\\\\ e Windsor. There they formed and marched\\nto the Canadian barracks, which they attacked,\\nburning them, together with the steamer Thames.\\nMeantime the British regulars had been rein-\\nforced from Maiden, and the Patriots were forced\\nto retreat in canoes to Hog Island, with a loss of\\ntwenty-one killed. Four more were shot by order\\nof Colonel Prince, nearly a dozen were frozen to\\ndeath, and sixty-five were captured.\\nColonel Payne, of the United States Army, fired\\non tlie Patriots as they were escaping to Hog Island.\\nSo great was the excitement in Detroit on the clay\\nof the battle that a night-watch of forty men was\\nappointed, and on the following day an additional\\nwatch of one hundred and fifty prominent citizens\\nwas appointed.\\nOn December 4, 1 838, nearly a year after he was\\ncaptured. Dr. Theller, who had escaped from\\nQuebec, returned to Detroit. The next day he\\nwas arrested for violation of neutrality, gave bail,\\nand on his final trial in June, 1839, he was ac-\\nquitted.\\nOn December 6, 183S, the Brady Guards were\\nregularly mustered into the United States sen ice\\nfor three months, unless sooner disbanded and all\\nthrough this war General Hugh Brady co-operated\\nactively with the British forces. Many who sympa-\\nthized with the Patriots disapproved of the exertions\\nof the United States officers, and on one occasion\\ngathered at the Michigan Garden, Colonel James L.\\nGillis presiding, where they denounced the United\\nStates officers for the part they had taken.\\nOn December 9 Major-General Scott and suite\\nagain visited Detroit for the purpose of maintaining\\nneutrality, and on December 1 2 he delivered an ad-\\ndress at the National Hotel on the Patriot ques-\\ntion.\\nAs late as December 25, there were one thousand\\ntroops at Sandwich, three hundred of them being", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "THE MEXICAN WAR.\\n303\\nregulars but the war in this region was practically\\nended.\\nTHE MEXICAN WAR.\\nThe principal cause of this war was doubtless the\\ndesire of Southern congressmen to obtain more ter-\\nritory for slave States but there were also real\\ngrievances, consisting of unsettled claims for out-\\nrages committed upon American citizens living on\\nthe borders of Mexico. These difficulties, together\\nwith a dispute as to the boundary line, caused Con-\\ngress to declare war on May 1 3, 1 846.\\nTroops were soon called for, and ten new regi-\\nments were ordered to be raised for the regular\\narmy. Of these A. T. McReynolds was commis-\\nsioned to raise one company for the Third United\\nStates Dragoons, John Brown was commissioned\\nfirst lieutenant, and J. C. D. Williams second\\nlieutenant.\\nThis was the only mounted company to be raised\\nin Michigan and Wisconsin, and men from both\\nStates enlisted. Though none less than six feet in\\nheight were accepted, the company was rapidly\\nfilled up. It presented so fine an appearance that,\\non its arrival in Mexico, General Scott pronounced\\nit the finest body of troops he had ever seen, and\\nmade it one of the two companies composing his\\npersonal escort.\\nThey left Detroit by boat on April 24, 1847, and\\nreached Vera Cruz on May 20. The same day that\\nthey left, in honor of victories said to have been won\\nat Palo Alto, Buena Vista, and Reseca de la Palma,\\na national saktte was fired by order of the Common\\nCouncil. There was a parade of the Frontier and\\nBrady Guards, and in the evening the city was\\nilluminated, and the firemen turned out in torch-\\nlight procession. These facts afford the best of\\nevidence that Detroit, at that time, was not too\\ncon.ser\\\\ ative. Indeed, she was literally ahead of\\nthe time, for a few days later it was learned that\\nthe battles thus celebrated had not yet taken place.\\nThe celebration actually occurred about two weeks\\nbefore the battles had been fought.\\nAt this time the telegraph was not in operation,\\nand any news from the seat of war came by boat.\\nCaptain Joseph Taylor, a brother of General Zachary\\nTaylor, was then stationed at Detroit, and was\\nnaturally very anxious to hear what was going on.\\nOn the day when definite news arrived of the victory\\nof Palo Alto, he spent most of the time on the\\nwharf, awaiting the vessel with the expected news.\\nJudge Wilkins bore him company a part of the\\nevening, but finally went home. Late in the night\\nthe judge s door-bell rang, and rang again, each\\npeal accompanied by loud outcries and thundering\\nraps on the door. When the judge opened the door\\nto find out the occasion of all the disturbance. Cap-\\ntain Taylor was still alternately beating a tattoo and\\nshouting at the top of his voice, My brother has\\nlicked the Mexicans at Palo Alto Hurrah hur-\\nrah Soon after this the memory of victories in\\nMexico began to be preser\\\\-ed in the names of\\nsaloons and hotels. A noted bowling alley on\\nMonroe Avenue was honored with the title of The\\nPalo Alto or 8th of May Saloon, and the hotel of\\nColonel Prouty, on the corner of Sixth Street and\\nGrand River Avenue, was named the Buena Vista\\nHouse, and retained the name for many years.\\nAfter the company of dragoons had been filled, it\\nwas decided to raise an infantry company, and one\\nhundred and eighteen men were enlisted in sixty\\ndays, three fourths of them in Detroit. They were\\nquartered at the old arsenal, and were designated\\nas Company G of the Fifteenth United States In-\\nfantry. They were commanded by Captain F. M.\\nWinans, with William D. Wilkins as first lieutenant,\\nand M. P. Doyle as second lieutenant. Early in\\nApril, 1847, they were stationed at Mackinaw, reliev-\\ning some regular troops. In June, 1847, they were\\nordered to Mexico, and were relieved by a com-\\npany from Detroit, commanded by Captain M. L.\\nGage, with A. K. Howard as first lieutenant, and\\nW. H. Chittenden and C. F. Davis as second lieu-\\ntenants.\\nThis last company, styled the Brady Suards, was\\nmustered into the United States service on June 18.\\nAlthough called the Brady Guards, they had no\\nconnection or relation to the old company which\\nbore that name. They were enlisted for the special\\njHirpose of garrisoning the posts at Mackinaw and\\n.Sault Ste. Marie, and were disbanded early in 1848.\\nCompany G of the Fifteenth Regiment from Mack-\\ninaw, on their way to the seat of war in Mexico,\\narrived at Detroit on June 26, 1847, and left the\\nsame evening.\\nDuring the year Michigan was called on for a\\nfull regiment of volunteers, and the following officers\\nwere commissioned Colonel T. B. W. Stockton,\\nLieutenant-Colonel A. S. Williams, Major J. V.\\nRuehle, Adjutant J. E. Pittman. Captains Com-\\npany A, F. W. Curtenius Company B, Grove A.\\nBuel Company C, A. H. Hanscom Company D,\\nN. Greusel, Jr Company E, Isaac S. Rowland\\nCompany F, John Whittenmeyer Company G,\\nDaniel Hicks; Company H, Walter W. Dean;\\nCompany I, John Van Arman Company K, James\\nM. Williams. Of the men raised for this regiment,\\nsix companies under Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Wil-\\nliams left in December, 1847,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 three companies\\ngoing on the 24th, under Captains Buel, Hanscom,\\nand Greusel: and three more on the 25th, under\\nCaptains Curtenius. Rowland, and Whittenmeyer.\\nThe second detachment of three companies, under\\nColonel Stockton, with Captains Dean, Van Arman", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "304\\nTHE MEXICAN WAR.\\nand Williams, left on the Albany on February 9,\\n1848.\\nThe war soon after practically ceased, and on\\nJuly 8, 1848, part of the First Regiment arrived on\\nthe John Owen others came on the loth and on\\nSunday, July 16, the balance of the regiment and\\nthe Brady Guards arrived, coming by way of Chi-\\ncago and down the Lakes. They were met on Lake\\nSt. Clair by the Ferry Alliance, with the Scott\\nGuards and a number of citizens on board.\\nThe expense to the State of raising the First\\nRegiment was $10,165.85. On January 15, 1S48,\\nthe State appropriated $5,000 to raise the Second\\nRegiment it was mustered into service, but was\\nnot ordered to Mexico. The total cost to the\\nState of all the troops sent was $17,193.70.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X L I V\\nTHE WAR WITH THIC SOUTH.\\nThe causes of this war are indicated in tliose\\nfamous words of the time, An irrepressible conllict\\nbetween slavery and freedom.\\nAt the beginning of the struggle, the hero of the\\nhour was Major Anderson. He transferred his force\\nto Fort Sumter, where he could be more easily\\n[provisioned, and make a better defense. On January\\n8, 1 86 1, a salute of one hundred guns was fired in\\nhis honor at Detroit, and on ^pril I2 he was fired\\non at Fort Sumter. News of this latter event was\\nreceived at Detroit the same day, and on the 1 3th a\\nlargely attended meeting of the Bar was held, Hon.\\nRoss Wilkins presiding resolutions in favor of sus-\\ntaining the Government were adopted. On April\\n1 5 there was an immense union gathering at Fire-\\nmen s Hall. On the next day Governor Blair arrived,\\nand in the afternoon a number of leading citizens\\nwere invited to meet him at the Michigan E.xchange.\\nAt this meeting the governor announced that Michi-\\ngan had been called upon to furnish immediately an\\ninfantry regiment fully armed, clothed, and equipped.\\nThe State Treasurer, John Owen, stated that it was\\nestimated that $100,000 would be required to defray\\nthe necessary expense, and that the State had no\\npresent means of furnishing the amount. A resolu-\\ntion was then passed pledging Detroit to loan the\\nState $50,000, and calling upon the people of Mich-\\nigan to advance an equal amount. A subscription\\npaper was at once circulated, and $23,000 pledged\\nby those present.\\nThe determination of the people to sustain the\\nUnion now began to manifest itself. On April 17 a\\nflag was raised on the Board of Trade building, and\\npatriotic speeches were made. General Cass was\\npresent. On the same day the Detroit Light Guards\\norganized for the war. The following day a flag was\\nraised on the Custom House and the Post Office\\non April 20. in front of the same building, the oath\\nof allegiance was administered to all government,\\nstate, city, and county officers. On the 23d, the\\nSherlock, Scott, and Brady Guards organized, and\\na flag was raised on Firemen s Hall. Flag-raising\\nnow became general, and churches, schools, stores,\\nand residences displayed the Stars and Stripes.\\nOn April 24 an order was issued from the adju-\\ntant-general s office, organizing the First Regiment\\nof Infantry, and appointing its field-officers. Its\\nrendezvous was fixed at Fort Wayne, and the vari-\\nous companies were ordered to assemble there at\\nonce. The day following an immense meeting was\\nheld on the Campus Martius in favor of the war for\\nthe Union. An address was made by General Cass,\\na flag was raised on the City Hall, and three thou-\\nsand children sang The Star Spangled Banner.\\nOn May 2 the First Regiment was mustered into\\nthe service of the United States, and on May 1 1 it\\nparaded on the Campus Martius, when a banner and\\ncockades were presented. The regiment left the\\ncity on the 13th, seven hundred and eighty strong,\\nwith O. B. Willcox as colonel. It was the first west-\\nern regiment to arrive at Washington, entering the\\ncity May 16. On May 25 the Second Regiment was\\nmustered in, and left on June 5 for the seat of war,\\nwith one thousand and twenty men under Colonel\\nJ. C. Robinson. The rendezvous of this regiment\\nhad been a ten-acre lot, on Clinton Avenue near\\nElmwood Cemetery. On June 19, 1861, a Camp of\\nInstruction was established at Fort Wayne, with\\nGeneral A. S. Williams in command, assisted by\\nColonel J. E. Pittman, Major W. D. Wilkins, and\\nCaptain H. M. Whittlesey. On August 2 the First\\nRegiment returned and were given a grand recep-\\ntion. They were mustered out on August 7.\\nThe Fifth Infantry was mustered in August 28,\\nand left Detroit on September 11, nine hundred\\nstrong, under Colonel H. D. Terry. The Sixteenth\\nInfantry, was mustered in on September 8, and left\\non September 16, nine hundred and si.xty strong,\\nunder Colonel T. B. W. Stockton.\\nSeptember 26, 1861, was observed as a day of\\nnational prayer and fasting. The Eighth Infan-\\ntr\\\\ was mustered in September 23, and left on\\nSeptember 27, nine hundred strong, under Colonel\\nW. M. Fenton. The First Cavalry was mustered\\nin on September 1 3, and left September 29, eleven\\nhundred and fifty strong, imder Colonel T. F. Brod-\\nhead. The Ninth Infantr\\\\-, mustered in October\\n15, left October 25, nine hundred and forty-three\\nstrong, with W. W. Duffield in command.\\nOn October 26, a large Union political convention,\\ncomposed of leading men from both parties, was\\nheld, and it was decided that in the fall election\\n[30s]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": ";o6\\nTHE WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\nbut one ticket, and that a Union ticket, should be\\nnominated. On November 28 a reception was given\\ntc Colonel Mulligan, the hero of Lexington, Missouri.\\nIn January 1862, the (jovernment leased ten\\nacres of the Joseph Campau Farm on Clinton\\nAvenue, between Joseph Campau and Elmwood\\nAvenues, and erected barracks for ten thousand\\nmen. The place was called Camp Backus, and in\\nJune, 1862, troops were quartered there.\\nAt 7 P. M. on February 17, 1862, news of the\\nHam A. Howard, Theodore Romeyn, and Colonel\\nH. A. Morrow. The meeting was interfered with,\\nby disorderly characters, who feared a draft. The\\ncitizens generally denounced the manifestation of\\nmob-spirit, and another and larger meeting was held\\non July 22, at which speeches were made by Colonel\\nHenry A. Morrow, General Lewis Cass, Major Mark\\nFlanigan, Duncan Stuart, C. L Walker, H. H. Em-\\nmons, Lieutenant-Colonel Ruehle, and James F.\\nJoy. At this gathering for the first time bounties\\nPecese.nt.vtion of Culoks to I-IKM Kei.iment.\\nvictory at Fort Donelson was received. A general\\nringing of the fire bells called the engines together\\nin the vicinity of the post-office. Soon after the\\nmilitary arrived, and at eight o clock a procession\\nwas formed and a number of buildings illuminated.\\nLarge quantities of Roman candles had been dis-\\ntributed throughout the procession, and they were\\nburned so extravagantly that at times it was as\\nbright as day along the route.\\nOn July 15, 1862, about five hundred men were\\nrequired from the city. Calls for troops came fre-\\nquently, and a large war-meeting was held to incite\\nvolunteering. Speeches were made by Hon. Wil-\\nwere pledged by leading citizens, and many volun-\\nteers were obtained.\\nOn July 28 a similar meeting was held in front of\\nthe Biddle House and largely aided in raising the\\nTwenty-fourth Regiment, which was composed\\nchiefly of citizens of Detroit and Wayne County.\\nIts rendezvous was at the Fair Grounds on Wood-\\nward Avenue.\\nIn 1862, through the efforts of Colonel Arthur\\nRankin, of Windsor, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. W.\\nTillman, of Detroit, a regiment of Lancers was\\nraised, and accepted by the Government, but was\\nnever called into semce.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "THE WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\n307\\nIn order to prevent avoidance of military duty, on\\nAugust 9 an order was received from the War De-\\npartment directing that all travel to and from Canada\\nshould be interdicted, unless travellers were pro-\\nvided with a permit. The Twenty-fourth Infantry\\nwas mustered in on August 15, and on August 26\\nassembled on Campus Martins, where a beautiful\\nstand of colors was presented.\\nOn the 27th General O. V,. Willco.x, colonel of the\\nFirst Michigan Regiment, who had been a prisoner at\\nRichmond, returned\\nto Detroit, and was\\nreceived with enthu-\\nsiasm. Triumphal\\narches, an immense\\nprocession, and\\nhearty greetings\\nbade him welcome.\\nThe same day the\\nSeventeenth Infant-\\nry, which had been\\nmustered in August\\n21, left the city nine\\nhundred and eighty-\\ntwo strong. Colonel\\nW. H. Withington\\nin command. The\\nTwenty- fourth In-\\nfantry left on Au-\\ngust 29, one thou-\\nsand and twenty-\\nseven strong, under\\nColonel H. A. Mor-\\nrow.\\nEarly in Septem-\\nber it was evident\\nthat more soldiers\\nwould be. called for,\\nand the citizens were\\nrecommended to or-\\nganize for purposes\\nof drill. .Xccorcling-\\nly in most of the\\nwards companies\\nwere formed which\\ndrilled on Monday\\nand Wednesday\\nevenings.\\nOn September 10, an impromptu Har-meeting\\nwas held, and the propriety of adjourning the Wayne\\nCircuit Court, on account of the condition of the\\ncountry, was discussed union of action of all parties\\nwas recommended addresses were made by H. H.\\nEmmons, C. I.Walker, Levi Bishop. D. IS. Duffield.\\nand E. X. Willco.x; and at an adjourned meeting\\nSeptember 11, the above recommendations were\\nadopted.\\nTkUMTHAL AkLH, KKliCTED AT J U,\\\\\\nAvenues, on the Return\\nOn September 12 the Twenty-first Regiment,\\nwhich had been a year in service, returned and was\\ngiven a supper and reception at the M. C. R. R.\\nDepot. The building was handsomely decorated\\nfor the occasion.\\nThe Fourth Regiment of Cavalry, which had been\\nmustered in on the 26th, left on August 29 for the\\nfront, twelve hiuidred and twenty-three strong, with\\nR. H. G. Minty as colonel.\\nThe Ninth Battery, one hundred and sixty-eight\\nstrong, under Cap-\\ntain J. J. Daniels,\\nand the Fifth Regi-\\nment of Cavalry,\\nthirteen hundred\\nand five strong,\\ncommanded byJ.T.\\nCopland, were mus-\\ntered in on August\\n30, and left for the\\nseat of war on De-\\ncember 4.\\nIn July, 1862, the\\nSecretary of War\\nauthorized Henry\\nBarns to recruit a\\ncolored regiment in\\nMichigan, and with\\nthe approval of the\\ngovernor, he raised\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-he First Michigan\\nColored Infantr)\\nThe organization\\nwas completed on\\nhe 17th of Febru-\\nary, 1863, and the\\nregiment was mus-\\ntered into the ser-\\nvice of the United\\nStates as the One\\n1 1 undred and Sec-\\nond United States\\nInfantr\\\\-, with eight\\nhundred and ninety-\\nfive names on its\\nrolls. It left Detroit\\non March 28.\\nCTION OK JeFFEKSON AND WoODVVAKU\\nOF Genekal O. B. Willcox.\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\n unjustifiable\\nfeeling against colored people, caused by the idea that\\nthey were in some way responsible for the war and\\nits attendant evils, was the real occasion of a disgrace-\\nful riot which occurred on March 6, 1S63. A man\\nnamed Faulkner, an alleged negro, had been arrested\\non the charge of outraging a white girl, and sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment for life. The roughs of the\\ncity made this an excuse for a general attack on the\\ncolored people, and while escorting the prisoner to", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "^o8\\nTHE WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\nthe jail, the provost guard of seventy-five men, called\\nout by acting mayor F. B. Phelps, was assaulted by\\nthe mob. A few of the soldiers fired, killing one and\\nwounding- several. The guard then returned to their\\nquarters, and soon after an indiscriminate attack was\\ncommenced on the negroes in the vicinity of the jail.\\nThe provost-guard were again called for by the\\nmayor, but fearing that in their absence the drafted\\nmen would escape, they did not respond. Regular\\ntroops from Fort Wayne, commanded by Captain C.\\nC. Churchill, were now called out, as were aho the\\nLight and Lyon Guards. Five companies of the\\nTwenty-seventh Infantry, commanded by Colonel D.\\nM. Fox, were also summoned from Ypsilanti. The\\nScott Guards were mustered, many members of the\\nBoard of Trade were sworn in as special police, and\\nthe city was divided into thirty patrol districts.\\nDuring the afternoon and evening, over twenty build-\\nings were set on fire, and thirty-five were burned. A\\nlarge number of colored people were horribly beaten\\nand driven back into burning houses though none\\nwere killed, several were severely wounded. Large\\nnumbers of citizens patrolled the streets all night.\\nNo one felt safe in person or property, and, alto-\\ngether, the occasion was one of the darkest in the\\nhistory of Detroit. On March 7 a public meeting\\nof citizens was held which condemned the mob, and\\ncalled for the arrest of the rioters. (See chapter\\non Slavery and the Colored Race.)\\nJuly 2. 1863, brought news of the great battle of\\nGettysburgh, and the retreat of General Lee from\\nPennsylvania, news mingling joy and sorrow, for\\nsome of the Michigan regiments were fearfully\\ndecimated in that battle.\\nOn July 7 news was received of the capture of\\nVicksburg, and an informal celebration was partici-\\npated in by many citizens,\\nOn July 8 the Common Council appropriated\\n$2,500 to be expended in relieving soldiers of Mich-\\nigan who were wounded at Gettysburgh and a\\ncommittee, consisting of \\\\V. C. Duncan, J. C. Gor-\\nton, James McGonegal, and Joseph Hoek, was\\nappointed to visit the scene of battle. On July 28\\nthey reported that the piles of boxes of lemons and\\noranges, tons of rice, crush sugar, tea and coffee of\\nthe best kind, with soups, meat, soft bread, and\\ncrackers, left but very little to be added by the com-\\nmittee. They found the wounded at Annapolis,\\nWashington. Baltimore, and Philadelphia in pleas-\\nant hospitals, surrounded with every comfort the\\nmost fastidious could desire in airy rooms, clean\\nbeds, with a change of linen every day, mosquito\\nbars, and that cleanliness and quiet so much sighed\\nfor by the invalids. It would seem that there is\\nnothing our good Government has forgotten to do\\nfor its noble sons. They therefore deemed it\\nnecessary to expend only $795.\\nOn April 27, 1864, two beautiful flags were pre-\\nsented to Colonel H. A. Morrow for the Twenty-\\nfourth Regiment. In honor of the occasion, a larc-e\\ncrowd gathered on the Campus Martius, and an\\neloquent oration was delivered by Judge J.\\\\ Camp-\\nbell.\\nOn June 20 the Third Infantry returned to Detroit,\\nand the same day was mustered out.\\nOn June 26 the Fourth Infantry returned, and on\\nJune 28 was mustered out.\\nOn .September 3 news was received of the great\\nvictor) at Atlanta, and amid great rejoicing an\\nimpromptu celebration was arranged. A national\\nsalute was fired, brilliant fireworks displayed, and\\nspeeches were made by Theodore Romeyn, Jacob M.\\nHoward, and D. B. Duffield.\\nEarly in November, 1863, the War Department\\nwas officially notified by Lord Lyons, the British\\nMinister, that a plot was on foot among Southern\\nsympathizers in Canada to take possession of some\\nof the steamers on Lake Erie, surprise Johnson s\\nIsland, near Sandusky, and free the Southern prison-\\ners there confined. The plot, however, did not take\\ndefinite shape until September 19, 1864, when the\\nsteamer Philo Parsons was seized. Four of the\\nraiders, including Bennet G. Burley, one of the\\nleaders, had taken passage on the boat at Detroit.\\nOn her way to Sandusky, she landed at Sandwich\\nand Amherstburg. where the balance of the raiders,\\nabout thirty in number, came on board. Their bag-\\ngage consisted of only one trunk, which was after-\\nwards found to contain revolvers and hatchets. The\\nboat reached Kelly s Island about 4 P. m., and while\\nproceeding towards Sandusky, the conspirators took\\npossession. Meantime, another party had seized\\nthe steamer Island Queen, with about twenty-five\\nsoldiers, at Middle Bass Island. Her passengers\\nwere put on board the Philo Parsons, and the two\\nvessels went on to within four miles of Sandusky.\\nNot receiving the assistance that was probably ex-\\npected from that city, the conspirators abandoned\\nthe Island Queen and returned to the Detroit River.\\nAfter landing part of the crew on Fighting Island,\\nthey proceeded to Sandwich, where they arrived on\\nTuesday. Here they plundered and then abandoned\\nthe steamer, which was recovered by the owners in\\na damaged condition, and brought to Detroit. The\\nconspirators had a Confederate Hag, and on their\\ntrial it was conclusively shown that they were acting\\nunder orders from Richmond.\\nMore troops were greatly needed at this time,\\nand in order to secure the full number required\\nfrom Detroit, on September 27, 1864, the first\\ndraft was made for the purpose of filling the\\nquota. A draft was also made on March 21, 1865,\\nbut the men then drafted were not called upon to\\nserve.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "THK WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\n309\\nOn October 30 Mayor Duncan received information\\nthat there was a rebel plot to burn the city. The\\nmilitary companies were at once organized for active\\nservice, and fifty special police were sworn in. The\\nlittle steamer, E. A. Brush, was also chartered to\\npatrol the river. On November 2 the mayor was\\nwarned by telegram from William H. Seward of a\\nsimilar plot and at a meeting of the council, the\\ncitizens of the several wards were recommended to\\norganize and drill as a home guard. On November\\n7, arrangements having been made by the State, the\\nsoldiers in camp and at the front were allowed to\\nvote at the fall election. On December 10 the\\nThirtieth Regiment, under Colonel G. S. Wormer,\\nwhich had been at Jackson, removed to Detroit for\\nThe whole city was at once in mourning men wept\\nlike little children, and intense feeling pervaded all\\nclasses.\\nAt this time there existed in the city an organiza-\\ntion known as the Union League. Its general design\\nwas to bring loyal men together and unite them in\\ntheir efforts for the good of the nation. At a meet-\\ning of this body, on the evening of the day the news\\nof Lincoln s death was received, John J. Bagley,\\nwith other leading citizens, was present. In express-\\ning his feelings, he said, I closed my store and\\nwent home. I sat down in the parlor, and the tears\\nwould come. My little daughter came to me and\\nsaid, Papa, what s the matter. I said, Mr. Lin-\\ncoln is dead. What, papa Our Lincoln Is\\nDeath of President Lincoln. Meeting on the Campus Maktius .\\\\pkil i6, 1S65.\\nduty along the border. They were mustered in on\\nJanuary 9, and mustered out on June 30, 1865.\\nOn April 3, 1865, news was received of the fall\\nof Richmond, and a salute of one hundred guns\\nwas fired. In the evening illuminations and bonfires\\nwere numerous. News was received on April 10\\nof the surrender of the Confederate army under\\nGeneral Lee. This was the virtual termination of\\nthe war. and the announcement caused almost com-\\nplete suspen.sion of business and the joy of the\\ncitizens found expression in speeches, processions,\\nand illuminations.\\nJoy was soon turned into mourning, for on the\\nmorning of April 1 5 the city was startled with the\\nnews that President Lincoln had been assassinated.\\nour Lincoln dead Yes, I .said, our Lincoln is\\ndead. My friends, he was our Lincoln. It s our\\nLincoln that s dead! Not the Lincoln of five years\\nago, whom comparatively few people knew nor\\nthe Lincoln of two years ago, whose ability some\\ndoubted but the Lincoln of to-day, of yesterday,\\nwhom as a nation we loved, and whom as a nation\\nwe mourn. Our Lincoln is dead But he liveth\\nstill, and the spirits of the Brave Boys in Blue, from\\na hundred battle-fields, give him greeting in the\\nmystic land.\\nThe remarks of Mr. Bagley but voiced the uni-\\nversal feeling. Rage, amazement, grief, were all\\ncombined, and stout hearts almost failed from the\\nfear and dread that possessed them. The next day", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": ";io\\nTHE WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\nan immense meeting was held on the Campus Mar-\\ntins to express sorrow for the assassination of the\\nPresident, and condemnation for those responsible\\nfor the deed.\\nIn accordance with the suggestion of a committee\\nof citizens, services were held in the churches at\\ntwelve o clock, noon, on April 19, and on April 25\\nthere was an oration by Jacob M. Howard, and an\\nimmense funeral possession, with catafalque and ap-\\npropriate emblems. Everywhere stores and resi-\\ndencesvwere draped in black, and loving, tender,\\nand patriotic mottoes, displayed in many forms,\\nrelieved and enforced the sombre hangings.\\nMay 20 was obser\\\\ ed as a national fast day.\\nThere was a general suspension of business, and the\\nday was more thoroughly observed than any previous\\noccasion of similar character.\\nEarly in June, 1865, Rev. George Taylor, agent\\nof the Christian Commission, was advised that a\\nregiment of returning soldiers was about to arri\\\\e at\\nDetroit. He conceived the idea that they should\\nbe welcomed with a bountiful meal, served by the\\nladies of the city. Notices were sent to the\\nchurches calling for provisions, money and help-\\ners. A public meeting was held and arrangements\\nperfected, with Mr. Taylor as manager. Scores\\nof ladie.s, both from Detroit and places in the\\ninterior, volunteered to serve the tables and when\\nthe regiment arrived the men were welcomed and\\nwaited upon. The upper part of the freight depot\\nof the M. C. R. R. was fitted up as a dining-hall.\\nwith seats for one thousand persons and between\\nJune 4, 1865, and June 10, 1866, more than twenty-\\nthree thousand troops were received and entertained,\\nmost of them coming by the Cleveland line of boats.\\nThe following gives the dates of the arrival at\\nDetroit of the Michigan regiments in 1865\\nSeventeenth Infantry, on June 7 Nineteenth In-\\nfantry, June 13; Twenty-first Infantry, June 13;\\nTwenty-fourth Infantry, June 20 Twenty-second\\nInfantry, June 30 Fifth Cavalry, July I Twenty-\\nthird Infantry, July 7 Fifth Infantry, July 8 Fourth\\nCavalry, July 10; Sixteenth Infantry. July 12;\\nFourteenth Infantry, July 21 Twenty-seventh In-\\nfantry, July 29; Ninth Cavalry, July 30; Second\\nInfantry, August i Eighth Infantry, August 3\\nFifteenth Infantry, September i Twenty-ninth In-\\nfantry, September 12. In 1866: Twenty-eighth\\nInfantry, June 8 Fourth Infantry, June 10; Third\\nInfantry, June 10.\\nHy appointment of the governor, April 19 was\\nobserx ed as a day of fasting and prayer.\\nOn July 4, 1866, one hundred and twenty-three\\nbattle-stained and bullet-marked flags, belonging to\\nthe Michigan regiments, were formally presented to\\nthe State. Many members of the decimated regi-\\nments took part in a procession connected with the\\nexercises, and their appearance with their torn flags\\nbrought tears to many eyes. They were welcomed\\nby M. I. Mills, the mayor of the city. The flags\\nwere presented by General O. B. Willcox, and an\\naddress was delivered by Governor H. H. Crapo;\\nthe religious exercises were conducted by Bishop\\nMcCoskry and Rev. Dr. Duffield.\\nThe total number of men sent from the State\\nduring the war was 90,747, of which Wayne County\\ncontributed 9,213, or a little more than one tenth of\\nthe whole number, and fully two thirds of those, or\\nover 6,000, were from Detroit.\\nThe number of men lost to the State, as near as\\ncan be determined, was as follows Officers killed,\\n177; died of wounds, 85; died of disease, 96; total,\\n358. Men killed, 2,643; died of wound;;, 1,302; of\\ndisease, 10,040; total, 13,985. Whole total, 14,343.\\nThe associations organized to supply comforts for\\nthe soldiers in hospitals, camp, and field were a\\nmarked feature of the war. The smoke of the first\\nbattle had hardly disappeared before scores of De-\\ntroit ladies were busily engaged in scraping lint, and\\nin collecting and preparing needed comforts for the\\nsick and wounded.\\nMrs. Morse Stewart and Mrs. Dr. Duffield. acting\\non the suggestion of Miss Dix, were the first to\\nobtain and forward hospital supplies; and the Ladies\\nSoldiers Aid Society of Detroit, organized Novem-\\nber 6, 1 86 1, was the first in the United States.\\nFrom 1 86 1 to 1865 the following ladies were officers\\nof this society, and of its younger sister, the Michi-\\ngan Branch of the United States Sanitary Commis-\\nsion\\nPresidents, Mrs. Isabella G. Duffield, Mrs. Theo-\\ndore Romeyn, Mrs. John Palmer, Mrs, Bela Hub-\\nbard vice-presidents, Mrs. John Owen, Mrs. N.\\nAdams, Miss Sarah A. Sibley, and Mrs. Henry L.\\nChipman; treasurers, Mrs. D. P. Bushnell, Mrs. W.\\nN. Carpenter, Mrs. O. T. Sabin, Mrs. H. L. Chip-\\nman, Mrs. George Andrews; auditors, Mrs. D. P.\\nBushnell, Mrs. W. A. Butler recording secretaries,\\nMiss Sarah T. Bingham, Miss Kate E. Stevens,\\nMrs. O. T. Sabin. Miss Lizzie Woodhanis corre-\\nsponding secretary. Miss Valeria Campbell.\\nAmong the ladies who were specially active in\\nvisiting the hospitals, Soldiers Home, and soldiers\\nfamilies, were Mrs. Brent and daughter, Mrs. L.\\nB. Willard. Mrs. Walter Ingersoll, Mrs. Cornelia\\nLudden, Mrs. Edward Kanter, Mrs. Washington\\nThroop, and Mrs. A. A. Fish. These ladies per-\\nformed an immense amount of invaluable work.\\nIn April. 1862, the Michigan Soldiers Relief So-\\nciety was organized, with John Owen as president,\\nB. Vernor as secretary, and William A. Butler,\\ntreasurer. This society forwarded hundreds of\\npackages containing delicacies and supplies for the\\nsoldiers at the front, and largely sustained the -Sol-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "THE WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\n;ii\\ndiers Home in Detroit. In 1864 the two societies\\njust named formed an alliance, the Ladies Aid So-\\nciety continuing its individual efforts.\\nThe new organization bore the name of The\\nMichigan Soldiers Relief Society, and had two sets\\nof officers, as follows: president, John Owen; vice-\\npresidents, B. ernor, I E. Ue.Mill, J. V. Camp-\\nbell; treasurer, William A. Butler. Lady officers:\\nMiss S. A. Sibley, president; Mrs. H. L. Chipman,\\nMrs. N. Adams, vice-presidents Miss Valeria\\nCampbell, corresponding secretary; Mrs. George\\nAndrews, assistant treasurer; Mrs. William A.\\nButler, auditor; Miss Lizzie Woodhams, record-\\ning secretary. These societies sent thousands of\\npackages to soldiers in the various armies. The\\ntotal value of the contributions and money expended\\nthrough their agency was fully \u00c2\u00a750,000.\\nEarly in June, 1863, at a public meeting in Chica-\\ngo, George H. Stuart, Rev. C. P. Lyford, K. A. Bur-\\nnell, and others set forth the work of the United\\nStates Christian Commission as an outgrowth of the\\nYoung Men s Christian Association. The work of\\nthis commission, at that time, was almost unknown\\nin Detroit. At the close of the meeting the Rev.\\nMr. Lyford was engaged by the author of this work\\nto go to Detroit and organize a branch in that city.\\nReturning home soon afterwards, several of the\\nchurches were induced to give up their Sunday\\nevening services, a large meeting was held in Young\\nMen s Hall, and on June 1 5 the Michigan branch of\\nthe United States Christian Commission was or-\\nganized, with the following officers: E. C. Walker,\\nchairman; C. F. Clark, secretarj H. I^. Baldwin,\\ntreasurer; associates, D. Preston, C. Ives, F. Ray-\\nmond, J. S. Vernor. The Commission sent numer-\\nous delegates to hospitals and to the field, and ex-\\npended over $30,000 in ministering to the welfare\\nand comfort of the soldiers.\\nAt the beginning of the war provision was made\\nfor the relief of families of those who went as sol-\\ndiers. Under Act of May 4, 1861, and supplemen-\\ntal Acts of January 17, 1862, and March 19 and 20,\\n1863, persons were appointed in both city and county\\nto seek out and relieve those who were in need of\\nrelief; and a sum not exceeding $15 per month for\\neach family was ordered to be raised and distributed.\\nThe amounts granted were payable by the county\\ntreasurer; and a total of $547,200 was paid out for\\npurposes of relief, the city, as part of the county.\\npaying nearly two thirds of the amount.\\nAt a public meeting held July 18, 1862, a com-\\nmittee, consisting of T. M. McEntee, D. R. Duffield.\\nWilliam A. Moore, D. C. Holbrook, W. P. Yerkes,\\nC. Hurlbut. and H. A. Morrow, was appointed to\\ndevise means for promoting enlistments. The com-\\nmittee reported in favor of a bounty of $50 for each\\nsingle man. and $100 for each married man who\\nvolunteered. On July 24, 1862, the Common Coun-\\ncil accepted the recommendations of the committee,\\nand pledged the city (provided the Legislature au-\\nthorized it) to raise $40,000 to pay the bounties\\nnamed. Messrs. E. Farnsworth, Major Lewis Cass,\\nE. Lyon, H. P. Baldwin, and C. Van Husan were\\nthen appointed by the citizens and confirmed by\\nthe Council to obtain and distribute the money\\nfor these bounties.\\nOn August 26 the Council pledged a further sum\\nof $20,000, if necessary. The original amount was,\\nhowever, found to be sufficient, and on July 21,\\n1863, the comptroller was directed by the Common\\nCouncil, on the certificates of E. Farnsworth, to re-\\nfund the amount of $40,226.25, advanced by citizens\\nto pay the oounties.\\nOn March 22, 1864, $30,000 additional was voted\\nby citizens toward paying a bounty of $50 each to\\nveterans or volunteers enlisting under a new call for\\ntroops which had just been made and on March\\n30, 1864, the comptroller was directed, until the\\nquota of the city was full under the call, to pay a\\nbounty of $50.\\nAt a citizens meeting, held in October, 1864. a\\nloan of $150,000 was authorized to pay bounties of\\n$100 in cash and $200 in bonds to those who en-\\nlisted; and on January 9, 1865, a citizens meeting\\nappropriated $20,000 additional for bounties. Up\\nto April, 1867, the city paid out for bounties the\\nsum of $203,000. The city also bore its share of\\nthe county bounties of $100 each given in the form\\nof bonds. The total amount of bounties paid by\\nthe county amounted to $660,554.\\nSoldiers and Sailors MonuDicnt.\\nAt a war meeting held July 20, 1861, a resolution\\nwas adopted to erect a monument to our heroic\\ndead, and a committee was appointed to carry the\\nresolution into effect, but for various reasons it was\\ndeemed advisable to defer active efforts, and it was\\nnot until July 20, 1865, that a committee was ap-\\npointed to report a plan of work.\\nOn August II, 1865, the committee reported, the\\nassociation was organized, and one hundred and six\\ndirectors with other officers appointed. The first\\npublic and inaugural meeting was held at Young\\nMen s Hall, on .-\\\\ugust 31, 1865, and subscriptions\\namounting to $9,500 were then received. During\\nthe progress of the work. Rev. George Taylor was\\nthe chief financial agent of the association, and,\\nlargely through his efforts, several thousand dollars\\nwere contributed by the scholars in the public\\nschools other large amounts were received from the\\nMasonic, Odd Fellow, and Good Templar organi-\\nzations, and also from various auxiliary Ladies\\nMonument Associations. Competing designs for\\nthe monument were advertised for on I ebruary 26,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "312\\nTHE WAR WITH THE SOUTH.\\n1867, and on June 7 of the same year the design\\nfurnished by Randolph Rogers, of Rome (a former\\nresident of Ann Arbor, Michigan), was accepted,\\nand on September 25 a formal contract was made.\\nThe corner-stone was laid in East Grand Circus\\nPark, on July 4, 1867; delegations from various\\nplaces in Michigan were present, and an immense\\nprocession of military, civil, and secret societies pre-\\nceded the ceremonies.\\nThe association was formally incorporated on\\nAugust 12, 1867, under the name of the Michigan\\nSoldiers and Sail-\\nors Monument As-\\nsociation. The an-\\nnual meeting is on\\nthe first Tuesday\\nafter the first Mon-\\nday in September.\\nThe officers in 1882\\nwere president,\\nC. C. Trowbridge;\\nvice-president,John\\nOwen treasurer,\\nWilliam A Butler;\\nsecretaries, Thom-\\nas W. 1 aimer and\\nJames W. Romeyn.\\nIn 1883, after the\\ndeath of C. C.\\nTrowbridge, H. P.\\nBaldwin was elect-\\ned president.\\nAfter much con-\\nsultation, and in\\naccordance with\\nthe recominenda-\\ntion of Mr. Rogers,\\nit was decided to\\nlocate the monu-\\nment on the Cam-\\npus Martins, in\\nfront of the City\\nHall. The corner-\\nstone was accord-\\ningly removed from\\nEast Grand Circus\\nment erected by J.\\nnecticut.\\nOn April 9, 1872, the monument was formally\\nunveiled, and dedicated with appropriate and im-\\nposing ceremonies, which were witnessed by thou-\\nsands of people from the interior of the State.\\nThe monument is designed as an offering to the\\nmemory of the brave men from Michigan who per-\\nished in the war with the South, and bears the fol-\\nlowing inscription: erected by the people of\\nMICHIGAN, IN HONOR OF THE MARTYRS WHO\\nSoldiers and Sailors Monl .ment.\\nPark, and relaid, and the monu-\\nG. Patterson, of Hartford, Con-\\nFELL AND THE HEROES WHO FOUGHT IN DE-\\nFENCE OF LIBERTY AND UNION.\\nThe body of the monument is of Westerly, Rhode\\nIsland, granite, and the statues are of golden bronze,\\ncast in Munich, Bavaria. The general design of the\\nmonument is embraced in four sections. The first\\nsection has, at its corners, four bronze eagles. The\\nsecond section has four statues, representing the\\nfour departments of the United States Service, In-\\nfantry, Marine. Cavalry, and Artillery each of the\\nstatues is seven feet high. The third section has\\nfour allegorical fig-\\nures, representing\\nVictor}-, Union,\\nEmancipation, and\\nHistory. The fourth\\nsection, or crowning\\nfigure of the monu-\\nment, is eleven feet\\nhigh, and represents\\nMichigan allegori-\\ncally, in aboriginal\\ngarb. On the four\\nsides of the monu-\\nment are bronzed\\nmedallions of Lin-\\ncoln, Grant, Farra-\\ngut, and Sherman.\\nThe height of the\\nmonument, includ-\\ning the crowning\\nfigure, is sikty feet.\\nLack of funds pre-\\nvented the finishing\\nof the four figures\\nfor the third section\\nat the time the mon-\\nument was unveiled.\\nFinally, on Novem-\\nber 17, 1879, hey\\nwere contracted for,\\nand on July 19, 188 1,\\nwere set in position\\nand unveiled. Theo-\\ndore Romeyn deliv-\\nered an address, and there was a parade of the mili-\\ntary. The total cost of the monument was a little\\nin e.xcess of \u00c2\u00a770,000. The cost of the bronzes was\\nas follows the crowning statue, $8,000 the four\\narmy and navy statues in the second section,\\n$20,000; the four allegorical figures, $10,000; the\\nfour medallions, $4,000; the four eagles, $2,400.\\nBy an Act approved January 31, 1S83, the State\\nappropriated $350 for repairs to the railing and\\nfoundation, and provided for the further expenditure\\nof not exceeding $100 per year, for the care and\\npreserx ation of the monument.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLV.\\nMILITIA AND MILITARY COMl ANIES.\\nThe militia organizations existing under Frencli\\nand English rule are named in connection with the\\nseveral wars of those periods. Under the earliest\\nlaws of the Northwest Territory all male citizens,\\nbetween the ages of sixteen and fifty years, were en-\\nrolled in companies, and required to parade for two\\nhours every Saturday in the year. Whenever per-\\nsons so enrolled assembled for public worship, they\\nwere required to go fully armed and equipped, or\\nbe subject to a fine. No provision was made for a\\nuniform of any kind, and there was httle need of\\nany. If a settler was able to kill a squirrel or an\\nIndian at long range, the question as to whether he\\nwore a blue coat, or any coat at all, was of but little\\nmoment.\\nUnder Act of December 13, 1799, all persons\\nover eighteen and under forty-five were to be en-\\nrolled, and to provide their own guns, ammunition,\\nand accoutrements. The companies from Wayne\\nCounty were to form a brigade. The Act made no\\nprovision for uniforming the commissioned ofificers\\nor the members of the ordinary infantry companies\\nand the cavalry and the light infantry companies\\nonly were required to wear uniforms. Enlistments\\nin these companies were entirely voluntary.\\nUnder Indiana Territory the same regulations\\nprevailed. On May 11, 1803. there was a parade\\nat Detroit of the First Regiment of Wayne County.\\nWhen the State of Ohio was organized, her first\\nmilitia law, in 1803, provided that the militia should\\ndetermine for themselves the color and fashion of\\ntheir regimentals. In 1S05, when Michigan Terri-\\ntory was organized. General Hull, on becoming\\ngovernor, evidently determined to awaken astonish-\\nment by introducing a sort of West Point dress and\\ndiscipline. The usual dress of the poor French set-\\ntiers and backwoodsmen would no longer do for\\nexhibition on general muster or training days,\\nand on August 30, 1S05, a militia law was passed\\nwhich provided that all male residents over fourteen\\nand under fifty be enrolled, and that the comman-\\nder-in-chief may direct the color and fashion of the\\nuniforms of the officers, non-commissioned officers,\\nand privates of the militia, and the occasions on\\nwhich they shall appear in uniform. The number\\nof the militia at tliis time is indicated in a return\\nl3\\nmade by Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Chabert de Jon-\\ncaire on July g, 1805. which showed six hundred and\\ntwenty-three soldiers in ten companies. The names\\nof the general officers were as follows commander-\\nin-chief. Governor William Hull aide-de-camps.\\nFrancois Chabert de Joncaire, George McDougall,\\nand Solomon Sibley quartermaster-general, Mat-\\nthew Ernest adjutant-general, James May.\\nThe officers of the First Regiment were colonel,\\nA. B. Woodward lieutenant-colonel, Antoine\\nBeaubien major, Gabriel Godfrey adjutants,\\nChristopher Tuttle and Jean Baptiste Cicotte quar-\\ntermaster, Charles Stewart chaplain, Rev. Gabriel\\nRichard surgeon, William McCoskry captains,\\nJacob Visgar, David Duncan, George Cotterell,\\nLewis Campau, Christopher Tuttle, Louis St. Ber-\\nnard, Joseph Cerre, dit St. Jean, Henry MacVey,\\nJoseph Campau. Jean Cissne, and James Anderson\\nlieutenants, John Ruland, Charles M. Campau,\\nSamuel Abbott, John Meldrum, Whitmore Knaggs,\\nJean Marie Beaubien, Christian Clemens, James\\nCampau, Thomas Tremble, Frangois Chovin, Con-\\nrad Seek, and Benjamin Chittenden ensigns, Allen\\nC. Wilmot, George Cotterell, Jr., James Connor.\\nJohn Dix, Francois Rivard, Fran(;ois Tremble, John\\nRuland, John Burnett, Jacob Aeiller, James F. Gris-\\nwold, and Peter E. Visgar.\\nThe officers of the Second Regiment were col-\\nonel. John Anderson lieutenant-colonel, Frangois\\nNavarre major, Israel Ruland adjutant, Giles\\nBarnes quartermaster. Alexander Ewings sur-\\ngeon. Ethan Baldwin surgeon s mate, Bernard\\nParker captains, Joseph Jobin, Jean Baptiste\\nBeaugrand, Francois Lasselle, Hubert La Croix,\\nJean Baptiste Jeraume, Joseph Menare, William\\nGriffith, and Prosper Thibeau lieutenants. Hya-\\ncinth La Joy, Franqois De Forgue, Jean Baptiste\\nLa Salle, Jacques Martin, Jean Baptiste Couteur,\\nJacques W. Navarre. Thomas Knaggs, and Andrew\\nJourdon ensigns, Joseph Cavalier, James Knaggs,\\n.^le.xis Loranjey, Joseph Bordeaux. Isidore Navarre,\\nJoseph Huntington, and Dominique Drouillard.\\nThe following were officers of the Legionary\\nCorps: lieutenant-colonel, Elijah Brush; major,\\nJames Abbott adjutant, A. F. Hull quarter-\\nmaster, Charles Curry surgeon, John Brown", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "3H\\nMILITIA AND MILITARY COMPANIES.\\ncaptains (of cavalry), James La Salle, (of artillen\\nJohn Williams, (of light infantry), George Hoff-\\nman, (of riflemen), William McDowell Scott; lieu-\\ntenants (of cavalryj, Richard Smyth, (of artillery),\\nJames Dodemeade, (of light infantr) Benjamin\\nChittenden, (of riflemen), Barnabas Campau cornet\\nof cavalry, Gabriel Godfrey, Jr; second lieutenant\\nof artillery, Henry F. Hunt ensigns (of light infan-\\ntry), George Meldrum, (of riflemen). Pierre Navarre.\\nThe militia of the District of Mackinaw were\\norganized into two companies, and those on the\\nriver St. Clair into four.\\nFollowing the passage of the Militia Law. on Sep-\\ntember 27. 1805, General Hull issued the following\\nproclamation\\nUniforms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In conformity to a law of the Territory of Michi-\\ngan, the Commander-in-chief directs the following uniforms for\\nthe officers and soldiers of the militia of the said Territory\\nMajor Generals.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A dark blue coat faced with buff, buff cape,\\nyellow buttons and linings, two gold epaulets, with two silver\\nstars on each, buff vest and breeches, black cocked hat, black\\ncockade, white and red jilumes.\\nBrigadier Generals. The same as Major Generals, with this\\ndifference, one silver star on each epaulet, and white and green\\nplumes. Adjttant Generals. The same as a Major General,\\nwith this difference, no star on the epaulets, and a white plume\\ntipped with red. Qt AKTER^L^STER General. The same as a\\nMajor General, with this difference, no stars on the epaulets, and\\na white plume tipped with green. Aids-de-Ca.mp of the\\nCommander-in-Chief. The same as a Major General, with\\nthis difference, no stars on the epaulets, and black and white\\nplumes. Aids-de-Camp ok Major-Generals. The same as\\na Major General, with this difference, no stars on the epaulets,\\nand a black plusne. Brigade Major.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The same as a Brigadier\\nGeneral, with this difference, no stars on the epaulets, and a\\ngreen plume.\\nAll General Officers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A blue coat edged with gold cord.\\nField Officers, Captains and Subalterns of the ist Regiment.\\nA dark blue coat, long, faced with red, red cape, white buttons,\\nwhite lining, white underclothes, silver epaulets. The Colonel,\\nLieutenant-Colonel, and Major, two epaulets. Captains, an\\nepaulet on the right shoulder, a silver strap on the left. Lieu-\\ntenants, an epaulet on the left shoulder, a silver strap on the\\nright. Ensigns, an epaulet on the left shoulder without any\\nstrap. The whole, black plumes tipped with red. The field offi-\\ncers, small swords. The Captains and Subalterns, hangers with\\nwhite belts. The whole, long boots. The field officers, spurs.\\nThe whole, red sashes. The field officers, bearskin holsters, pis-\\ntols, and blue cloaks edged with silver cord.\\nThe Regimental Quartermaster.- The uniform and rank of\\na Lieutenant. The Regimental .Adjutant, the same. The\\nSurgeon and Surgeon s Mate, long blue coats edged with white,\\ncocked hats, white feathers, white imderclnthes, long boots, dirks\\nwith white handles. Chaplains.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Black coats, black under-\\nclothes, black gowns, cocked hats, rose cockades.\\nThe Privates of Infantry.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Long blue coatsorcapots. white\\nplain buttons, white underclothes in summer; while vest and blue\\npantaloons in winter half boots or gaiters, round black hats, black\\nfeathers tipped with red, cartridge belt and bayonet belt, black.\\nThe length of the coat or capot will be precisely to the knee. It\\nwill be made so as to sit easy on the body, but so tight as to have\\na neat and soldier-like appearance. The Colonel of the Regiment\\nwill point out the particular form, and furnish a sample, so that\\nthe whole will be made similar to each other.\\nOfficers of the 2D Regiment. Field officers, long blue\\ncoats, faced with white, white buttons, white lining, two silver\\nepaulets, cocked hats, white plumes.\\nThe Field officers will point out the uniform of the other officers\\nof the Regiment. The uniform of the soldiers of the 2d Regi-\\nment, the same as the ist Rt-giinent, with this difference, their\\ncoats or capots will be edged with white, and they will wear a\\nwhite featlier.\\nField Officers of the Legionary Corps. Blue coats faced\\nwith buff, buff cape, yellow buttons, gold epaulets, buff lining,\\nbuff vests and breeches, cocked hats with rose cockades, white\\nfeather tipped with red, long boots, silver spurs, and in the sum-\\nmer season they will wear white vests and breeches.\\nCavalry. Red coats, turned up with black velvet, black capes,\\nwhite vests, buckskin breeches, long boots, leather caps covered\\nwith bearskin, blue sash, white feather.\\nArtillery. Blue coats, skirts turned up with red, red capes,\\ncocked hats, red feather for the warm season, white vest and\\npantaloons, black gaiters for the cold season, blue pantaloons\\nedged with red cord.\\nLight Infantry.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Short blue coats faced with buff, buff capes,\\nround hat turned up on one side, black cockade, white feather;\\nin the warm season, white vest and pantaloons, with black gaiters;\\nin the cold season, blue pantaloons edged with yellow cord.\\nRifle.men.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Short green coats, turned up with buff, buff capes,\\nround hats, black cockades, green feather; in the warm season,\\nwhite vest and pantaloons, black gaiters in the cold season, green\\npantaloons, edged with buff cord.\\nThe Commander-in-chief recommends to the officers and soldiers\\nto procure tlieir uniforms as soon as possible; and directs that\\neach officer and soldier appear in full uniform, when on military\\nduty of any kind, after the first day of June next.\\nIn his communications to the Pittsburgh Com-\\nmonwealth, John Gentle, of Detroit, shows that\\nGeneral Hull was thrifty as well as aesthetic in his\\nrequirements. As to the uniforms Gentle says\\nThe 6th day of June, 1806, the people of Detroit were gratified\\nwith the pleasing intelligence -that Governor Hull had arrived at\\nFort Maiden, where he was received with a royal salute, and every\\nroyal distinction due to his high merits as a distinguished officer\\nof the United States. The ne.xt day he came up by land and\\ncrossed the river to Detroit, where he was also received by a salute\\nfrom the Fort. He brought with him a number of\\ncarpenters and bricklayers and a barge of dry goods, consisting of\\ncloths, chiefly blue, cassimeres, and a quantity of swords, epaulets,\\ntinsel ware, Hcc. So soon as his shop was put in order for business,\\nhe issued his general orders, commanding all the militia in the\\nterritory to provide themselves with complete suits of uniform\\nclothing, viz. blue coats, white small clothes for summer, and\\nblue for winter, black hats and feathers, short boots or gaiters.\\nThe chief of the officers complied with his orders, but the\\nsoldiers, more from poverty than from contumacy, did not comply.\\nBlue cloth could not be got at that time, in any of the stores\\nwhere the people were accustomed to traffic, and they could not\\ncommand money to purchase their uniforms at the Governor s\\nshop.\\nThe same orders were again repeated, and all captains of com-\\npanies were commanded to enforce obedience to the orders, by fine\\nand imprisonment. By means of this bare-faced imposition, he\\nemptied a considerable store of money out of the pockets of the\\npeople in a direct line into his own.\\nA printed petition to President Madison contains\\nthe following statement about this same transaction\\nAs a Militia Commandant he would first prescribe\\na particular dress or epaulette, or cord, or facing,\\nand then sell the cloth or lace to comply with it.\\nThese statements seem severe, but they are abund-\\nantly verified by various documents in possession of\\nthe State Historical Society. That uniforms, and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "MILITIA AND MILITARY COMPANIES.\\n3 5\\nespecially uniforms of such costly character, should\\nhave been required in this wild western region is of\\nitself evidence either of jobbery, or of martinetism\\nrun mad. In the light of all the facts. General Hull s\\naction seems to have been a compound of both.\\nThe absurdity of his regulations, and the way in\\nwhich his efforts were regarded by the rough scouts,\\nwoodsmen, and trappers, is thus detailed in the\\nPhiladelphia Aurora for September 15, 1812\\nGovernor Hull, in 1807, look it into his head to take the militia\\nfrom their natural kind of warfare, and dress and drill them in the\\nKevenhuller style, with stiff cocked hats and hiickram uniforms.\\nThey learned nothing, and their only militar usefulness was\\ncompletely destroyed. He also brought with him from the sea-\\nboard, in 1806, two small brass field pieces, and proposed to estab-\\nlish a troop of Cavalrj mounted and properly equipped, with a\\nnumber of pistols and sabers, but very probably he was not per-\\nmitted to accomplish a purpose so prudent and important in an\\nIndian country.\\nThe way in which his orders were received by\\nthe settlers is indicated by statements contained on\\npage 322 of the Military and Civil Life of Cieneral\\nHull:\\nColonel Anderson of the second Regiment of Militia writes\\nmany letters from the river Raisin complaining of his officers be-\\ncause they will not get their uniforms. The poor Colonel at last\\nwishes to resign his commission, for the French gentlemen,\\nheaded by the Lieutenant Colonel, will not get their uniforms,\\nand the troops, the more I exercise them the less they learn.\\nOut of twenty French gentlemen, officers, only five have\\nany uniform.\\nDriven desperate, the Colonel, on June 26, 1806, writes that he\\nhas arrested his officers, and they write to the governor demand-\\ning a court-martial, as they wish to know their fate\\nThe following copy of an official document shows\\nthe foolish persistence of Governor Hull in this\\nmatter of the uniforming of the militia:\\nHead Quarters at Detroit, July 23, 1806.\\nGeneral Orders. The present being the season of har\\\\-est,\\nthe Commander-in-chief excuses the militia from parading for the\\npurpose of exercise, next Saturday.\\nIt will now be more than a month before they will be called for\\nany duty, unless some extraordinary exigence should occur.\\nThis time must be employed in putting their arms and accoutre-\\nments in best possible order, and in procuring the uniform accord-\\ning to law. The Commander-in-chief now informs ihe officers\\nthat, hereafter, no indulgence will be granted, hut the Law. both\\nas to arms and uniform, will be rigidly executed. At the next\\nparade he will personally inspect the several companies.\\nThe militia of the Territory have been particularly distinguished\\nby the (lenera! Covemmenl. The Cavalry been furnished with\\npistols and cutlasses. The Artillery with field-pieces and com-\\nplete apparatus. The Infantr with arms and accoutrements.\\nThese favors have not been granted to any other citizens of the\\nUnited Stales. Let us show by our spirit and conduct that we\\nare worthy of these favors.\\nBy order of the Commander-in-chief.\\nJames May,\\nA djutant-Gtneral.\\nThe injustice of the regulations as to uniforms\\nwas so apparent that on August 20. 1806, the Grand\\nJury protested against them. During this year war\\nrumors were very numerous their effect at Detroit\\nis thus described by Mr. Gentle\\nTowards the spring of 1806, all the Colonels, Majors, Captains,\\netc., both military and militia, convened at Smyth s Hotel to con-\\nsider the warlike rumors. Mr. Walker of Gros Roche, and many\\nothers, were called forward to give evidence. The best part of a\\nday was spent taking down the report of the evidence and collect-\\ning all the information that was possible on the subject. And\\nwhen the whole was summed up, to their great surprise, it\\namounted to nothing at all. A general silence prevailed for a few\\nminutes. Colonel B. then observed that he never suffered these\\nreports to give him one moment s uneasiness, having considered\\nthem, all along, the effusions of disordered brains. A whisper\\nwent immediately round, that it was easily seen that he was con-\\nnected on the British side. No confidence ought to be placed in\\nmen of his description. Colonel McD. rose in great agitation,\\nand declared that although reports seemed favorable, still he\\nlooked upon them as partial. If we were not in immediate danger\\nfrom the Indians, he was conscious, in his own mind, we were\\nfrom the English. He, therefore. m_oved that all true patriots\\nshould wear eagles in their hats to distinguish them from British\\nsubjects.\\nThe motion was seconded, put to the vote, and carried. And\\nfrom that day true patriots, from the Colonel down to the kitchen\\nb. y, wore eagles on their hats. Soon after. Captain\\nDyson, commanding officer of Fort Detroit, received a letter by\\nexpress, from Captain Whipple of Fort Wayne, advising that he\\nhad undoubted information that the Indians were making rapid\\npreparations to attack Chicago, Michilimackinac, Detroit, and\\nFort Wayne, on one and the same day. Captain Connor, from\\nthe river Huron, also reported that the day of the eclipse was the\\nday fixed by the Indians to make the attack on the above named\\nsettlements. A Council of the principal officers assembled, and\\nafter mature deliberation on the state of public affairs, it was\\nresolved that the country was in danger also Resolved, that\\nthree stockades be erected, one at river Huron, one at Detroit,\\nand one at Erie. Also Resolved, that they be completed the\\nday previous to the day of the eclipse. General orders followed\\ncommanding general musters at nine o clock on the nmming of\\nthe eclipse. At twelve o clock, on the morning of the eclipse, the\\ntwelve companies of the district assembled on the Common, armed\\nand accoutred, and ready for action, agreeable to orders. Ihey\\nmarched and countermarched, advanced and retreated, into the\\nstockade, and there remained in a state of perfect safety, while\\ntheir fathers, wives, and children staid at home to protect them-\\nselves. With glasses they very distinctly discovered myriads of\\nIndians in warlike array upon the surface of the two ])lanets\\nVenus and Mars, while they were in conjunction, which is the\\nlast they have ever seen or heard of them to this day.\\nIn addition to other complaints against Governor\\nHull, a petition to President Madison stated\\nIn Upper Canada, African slavery has always existed, and the\\nlabor of their slaves is a principal reliance of many families on\\nboth sides, for subsistence. Mr. Hull has countenanced the run-\\naways from that Province by embodying them into a military\\ncompany, and supplying them with arms from the public stores.\\nHe has signed a written instrument, appointing a black man to\\nthe command of the company. This transaction is extremely\\ndishonorable to the government on this side the river violates the\\nfeelings of the opposite side; essentially injures their interests;\\nand eventually injures our own people, by exciting the others to\\nretaliate in the same way.\\nFew. if any, of the people had confidence in the\\nmilitar\\\\- leadership of General Hull. Their opinion\\nwas thus expressed m the petition", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "3 6\\nMILITIA AND MILITARY COMPANIES.\\nFrom the circumstances of our being on a frontier in a double\\nsense, it is peculiarly necessary to have an officer of judgment and\\nof military science. This gentleman has a kind of reputation of\\nthat sort, from his having served as a Major in the army, and\\nfrom having been a General in the militia; but we have enough\\nto satisfy us here, that it is unmerited. We judge from what we\\nsee with our own eyes.\\nThe petition and remonstrances of the people\\nwere alike disregarded, and the militia parades fol-\\nlowed each other at regular intervals and were alike\\nthe joy and dread of the inhabitants. The children\\nenjoyed them because of the drum and fife and\\ngingerbread of training-day and those who pre-\\npared the soup for the soldiers, which was served in\\niron kettles, enjoyed them because of the emolu-\\nments of the occasion others enjoyed the rough\\nmerriment always caused by certain reckless and\\nunruly spirits. Mrs. William Y. Hamlin has pre-\\nserved this story of one of the most awkward cap-\\ntains of an awkward squad of that period. His\\nname was Jean Cecire. He was full of conceit\\nand exaggerated self-importance, and when dressed\\nin the uniform prescribed by General Hull was,\\nin his own eyes, hardly second to the great Na-\\npoleon. Jean went frequently to see the regular\\ntroops drill. Their wondrous discipline and mili-\\ntary exactness sorely puzzled him, but he thought\\nit must be owing to the fact that the words of\\ncommand were given in English, and that there\\nwas some hidden magic in the language. Calling\\nthe roll was also serious business to him, as his own\\nand his sergeant s knowledge of English was almost\\nas limited as their use of the pen, but his ingenuity\\nconquered the latter difficulty. The names of the\\nmembers of his company having been printed in\\norder, a pin was used to punch a hole after the\\nnames of the absentees. His tongue, however, so\\neasy to control in French, could not be drilled to\\nspeak other than the most broken English. Assem-\\nbled on parade,\\nCaptain Jean ordered the Sergeant to call the roll. He pro-\\nceeded to obey, the Captain standing by in full glory.\\nSergeant, Attention, Companie Francais Canadians Answer\\nyour name when I call it, if you please. Tock, Tock, Livernois.\\nNo answer; at last a voice says, Not here, gone catch his fantb-\\nrener (fast-pacer) in the bush.\\nCaptain to Sergeant Put pcen hole in dat man Go head.\\nSergeant. Laurant Bondy? Here, Sah. Claude\\nCampau Here, Monsieur. Antoine Salliotte Some\\none answers, Little baby came last night at his house, must stay\\nat home.\\nCaptain to Sergeant. Put one preek on dat man s name.\\nSergeant. L enfant Riopelle Here, Sah. Piton\\nLaforest Here, Sah. Simon Meloche Not here,\\ngone to spear muskrat for argent blanc (silver money).\\nCaptain to Sergeant. Take pen and scratch dat man.\\nAfter the roll was called and the absentees pricked, the Captain\\nproceeded to drill his company.\\nCaptain. Marchee, mes comrades, deux et deux, like oxen,\\nand wlien you come to dat stump, stop. They all made for the\\nplace, atid got there in a heap, looking, with their various colored\\ndresses, like a rainbow on a spree. Disgusted at their awkward-\\nness, the Captain gave them a few minutes relaxation. Instead\\nof resting alt tnilitaire., they rushed off, one to smoke his beloved\\npipe, another to polish his carbine, whilst others amused them-\\nselves by sitting on the grass, and telling about the races. The\\nCaptain called them to try again. This time he said, Marchee\\nas far as dat Soulier de l (su/ {t\\\\\\\\d shoe) in the road, den turn\\nRight gauche, left about Shoulder mus-keete Avance done,\\nback Drill fineesh\\nThe disagreeable features of these drills and other\\nmilitary doings are thus described by Mr. Gentle\\nThe farmers were commanded to quit their harvest-fields and\\nrepair to the city, armed and accoutred with pick-axes and\\nshovels, all day, to dig trenches and to plant pickets round Brush s\\nfarm, adjoining the city, without fee or reward, and to stand\\nguard over iheir lords and masters during the silent night, with\\nhungry bellies; whilst their families in the countr are exposed\\n(if the danger was real) to the scalping knife, and their grain to\\nthe rot.\\nSome of the militia grew restive and insubordinate\\nunder regulations that they deemed oppressive. In\\none case of abusive language and threatening\\naction, a court martial, on December 27, 1807,\\nordered ten stripes on the bare back. Others\\nwere literally dragged from their dwellings and\\ncompelled to do military duty. These disturbances\\ngave rise to a conflict between Governor Hull\\nand Stanley Griswold, the secretary of the Terri-\\ntory. Governor Hull, on January 16, 1808, com-\\nplained to the secretary of State that Mr. Griswold\\nwas the chief cause of the troubles between himself\\nand the militia, and enclosed a copy of a proclama-\\ntion which he had issued calling on the people to\\ndiscourage all mutinous conduct and to aid in\\ndetecting and apprehending all persons who might\\ndisturb the public peace. No names were men-\\ntioned in the proclamation, but Hull says in his\\nletter that it was made necessary by the actions of\\nMr. Griswold. It, therefore, seems curious indeed\\nto read at the bottom of the proclamation, By the\\nGovernor. Stanley Griswold. Secy, of Mich. Terri-\\ntory.\\nThe next act in this particular farce was the\\narrest of Mr. Griswold, and his appearance at court\\nbefore Justices May, McDougall, and Smyth, the\\nlast week in Januar iSoS, charged with having\\nenticed one or two of the militia to quit the ser\\\\ice\\nand go home, telling them that they could not be\\nhurt for so doing. The testimony was long and\\nconfused, but in no point of view did it tarnish the\\ncharacter of the accused. On the contrary, it was\\nplainly evident to every spectator, and even to Jus-\\ntice Smvth, that all the testimony went to show that\\nthe accused uniformly advised those members of the\\nmilitia who asked his advice to serve their time with\\ncomposure. Still, astonishing as it may appear,\\nJudges May and McDougall declared it their opinion\\nthat Griswold was guilty of heinous crimes, and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "MILITIA AND iMILITAKN CUMl AMKS.\\nji/\\naccordingly recognized him in the sum of one thou-\\nsand dollars. At the moment this strange judg-\\nment was given, Justice Smyth rose, and protested\\nbefore God, before the Court, and all the bystand-\\ners, that Judges May and McDougall had given a\\npartial judgment. Notwithstanding this protest,\\nthe order of the other two judges remained in force.\\nWithin two months after the trial, the term of Mr.\\nGriswold ceased and he was relieved, and Reuben\\nAtwater appointed in his stead.\\nFor the ne.xt ten years no records concerning the\\nmilitia have been found, except such as directly\\nconnect them with various wars. All such facts are\\ngiven in connection with the wars.\\nIn iSi 8 a company known as the Detroit Town\\nCompany was in existence, commanded by S. T.\\nDavenport, and on September 1 5 of this year there\\nwas a militia parade, and another on October 4, 1819.\\nIn 1 82 1 a military court of inquiry was in session,\\nto inquire why delinquents had not been on duty.\\nThe court was held September 29, and the record\\nshows that Joseph Dupra was called, and explained\\nthat he was taking care of his mother who was\\nsick. Louis Groe.sbeck did not know that the\\nfirst Monday in September was training day. Jean\\nBte Garrat was lame in one of his legs. Another\\nhad hired on board of a scow, and was not present\\nthat day, as the scow was at Hog Island taking in a\\nload of bark. And thus with one accord they all\\nmade excuse.\\nOn December 27, 1821. on the occasion of the\\nexecution of two Indians for murder, the First Regi-\\nment of militia was called out and also the volunteer\\nartillery company commanded by Captain Ben\\nWoodworth.\\nOn May 23, 1822, John Roberts, Jr., notified per-\\nsons liable to militia duty to appear at Military\\nSquare on June 3, armed and equipped as the law\\ndirects.\\nOn April 6, 1831, a company, called the City\\nGuards, was organized, with Edward Brooks as\\ncaptain. It was in existence only a year.\\nThe Brady Guards, so named in honor of General\\nHugh Brady, were organized on April 13, 1836,\\nwith A. S. Williams as captain. In 1837 he was\\nsucceeded by I. S. Rowland, and in this year, on\\nWashington s Birthday, the company was presented\\nwith an elegant standard by Governor Mason. The\\npresentation took place in front of the old Ameri-\\ncan Hotel. In 1839 Mr. Rowland was succeeded\\nby E. R. Kearsley, and in 1840, 1841, and 1842, Mr.\\nRowland was again serving. On February 2, 1843,\\nthe company disbanded, and on February 10 fol-\\nlowing was reorganized, with A. S. W illiams as\\ncaptain. On February 22 of this year Anson Bur-\\nlingame delivered an address before the Scott and\\nBrady Guards on the life and character of Washing-\\nton. In 1845 C. A. Trowbridge was captain. In\\n1846 and 1847 Mr. Williams was again serving. On\\nApril 10, 1851, General Brady died, and on April 18\\nthe company disbanded.\\nJust before General Brady died, Rev. Dr. Duffield\\nvisited him to inquire into his spiritual condition\\nand preparation for death. General Brady listened\\nto him respectfully, and then, in words worthy of\\na true soldier, he said, Sir, that is all right; my\\nknapsack has been packed, and I am ready to\\nmarch at the tap of the drum. Twenty-five years\\nafter his death, on April 13, 1876, twenty-six of the\\nsurviving members of the company celebrated the\\nfortieth anniversary of its organization, by a supper\\nat the Russell House.\\nThe Scott Guards were organized October 16,\\n1 841, and reorganized September 2, 1842. J. V.\\nReuhle served as captain from 1S41 to 1846, and\\nwas succeeded by N. Greusel, Jr. In 1852 Paul\\nGies was captain. From 1853 to 1861 F. Reuhle\\nserved in that capacity, followed in 1862 by F.\\nKremer. In 1862 and 1863 there w-ere two com-\\npanies, the Artillery, commanded at first by F.\\n(iuenther and then by J. Katus and the Infantry,\\ncommanded by F. Kremer. In 1864 the last-named\\nwas the only captain, and he served until the com-\\npany disbanded in December, 1869, In April,\\n1 879, a company by the same name was organized\\nthrough the effort of Max Hochgraef, who was\\nmade captain. In 1880 he was succeeded by Au-\\ngust Goebel, who served until 1882, and was fol-\\nlowed by F. Herzog.\\nThe Lafayette Guards were organized July 4,\\n1842, with F. X. Cicotte as captain. In 1845 and\\nI S46 L. D. Clairoux was captain, and soon after the\\ncompany disbanded.\\nThe Cass (Guards were organized on February 27,\\n1843, with Eugene T. Smith as captain. A pre-\\nliminary meeting had been held on February 20 at\\nRepublican Hall. The company disbanded in about\\na year. On October 4 of this year, for the first\\ntime, all the State uniformed militia went into camp\\nfor two months on the Cass Farm. On October 9\\nthere w-as a grand review on the ground where Fort\\nStreet now crosses the farm.\\nThe Montgomery Guards were organized this\\nsame year, with A. T. McReynolds as captain. He\\nwas succeded in 1846 by W. O Callaghan, after\\nwhich time there is no record of the company.\\nIn July, 1849. a Boy Company, known as the\\nDetroit Lancers, was in exi.stence. The Grayson\\nLight Guards were organized July 29, 1850, and\\ndisbanded in 1855. Colonel John B. Grayson was\\ncaptain until 1853, and was succeeded by A. K.\\nHoward. On October 10, 1854, a State Military\\nConvention was held in the city, at the armory of\\nthese Guards.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": ",i8\\nMILITIA AND MILITARY COMPANIES.\\nThe Detroit City Guards were organized Septem-\\nber 21, 1849. N. Greusel, Jr., was tlie first captain,\\nand was succeeded in March, 1850, by John \\\\Vin-\\nterhalter, who served until 1S54.\\nThe Yager Guards were organized in June, 1853,\\nwith A. Lingeman as captain. He served until\\n1865, when the company practically disbanded.\\nThe National Dragoons, Captain J. V. \\\\Vhiting,\\nwere in existence from 1853 to i860. The Shields\\nGuards organized in 1853. J. C. White, the first\\ncaptain, was succeeded in 1855 by P. Dowling. In\\n1857 Ed MoUoy was captain, in 1859, John McDer-\\nmott, and in i85i E. Molloy again. In 1862 the\\ncompany disbanded.\\nThe Detroit Light Guards were fully organized\\nNovember 19, 1855, the members enlisting for five\\nyears. On October 31, 1859, the members were\\ndivided into two companies, A and B, and on Jan-\\nuary 9 they reorganized as one company. On July\\n5, i860, they entertained the famous Ellsworth\\nZouaves, who came to Detroit from Chicago. The\\nZouaves gave an exhibition drill on Grand River\\nStreet near Third, which was witnessed by an\\nimmense throng of spectators.\\nOn April 17, i86i,the Light Guards organized for\\nwar, and on May i the company volunteered as three\\nmonths troops, with C. IVL Lum as captain. They\\nwere mustered into the United States service as\\nCompany A of the First Regiment of Michigan In-\\nfantry.\\nThose of the company who did not \\\\olunteer for\\nthe war, reorganized as the Detroit Light Guard\\nReserve Corps. On August 7, 1861, the three\\nmonths men returned, and were mustered out at\\nFort Wayne. The entire company was soon after\\norganized by the original name. The captains in\\nvarious years have been as follows: 1855-1860, A.\\nS.Williams; 1860-1861. H. L. Chipman; 1861, J.\\nE. I ittnian; 1862, Jerome Croul 1863-1866. E. R.\\nMatthews; 1866-1S68, C. M. Lum; 1868, F. W.\\nSwift; 1869-1872, G. L. Maltz; 1872-1875, D.\\nV. Fox; 1875, R. A. Liggitt 1876-1S78, L. C.\\nTwombly; 1878, Max Hochgraef 1879- A.\\nV. T. Beniteau.\\nThe Detroit Light Infantry were organized No-\\nvember 16, 1855, and reorganized in 1858, i860, and\\n1877. William Hull was captain in 1859, and\\nW. J. Nesbit in 1861. Since the reorganization of\\n1877, the following have serx ed as captains 1877-\\n1880, L. C. Twombly; 1S80-1882, Charles Du-\\npont; 1882, Henry Milward; 1883, C. Dupont.\\nThe Detroit Grays, a juvenile company, existed\\nin 1857, with F. Speed as captain. The Michigan\\nHussars were organized July 15, 1859, with A. Faldi\\nas captain. He served until 1861, when the com-\\npany disbanded.\\nIn i860 companies of boys, known as Detroit\\nZouaves and United States Zouave Cadets, were in\\nexistence. In 1861 and 1862 a company of Brother\\nJonathan Zouaves were commanded by F. A. Ash-\\nley. The Holt and the Lyon Guards were organ-\\nized in the fall of 1861, commanded respectively by\\nW. S. Biddle and G. S. Wormer. Both companies\\ndisbanded in 1862. The Jackson Guards, M. Mc-\\nGraw captain, organized and disbanded in 1861.\\nThe Emmet Rifles, organized the same year, had\\nan existence equally brief. The Sherman Zouaves\\nmade their first appearance on February 22, 1869,\\nwith Charles H. Brown as captain. No record has\\nbeen found of them after 1870.\\nThe Detroit National Guards were organized\\nNovember 7, i86g. The captains have been as\\nfollows: 1870-1872, P. W. Nolan; 1872, John\\nAtkinson: 1873-1879, J. O Keefe; 1879- F. J-\\nSheahan. The Wolverine Rifles were organized\\nOctober 12, 1870, with J. V. Reuhle as captain; the\\ncompany existed about a year and a half. The\\nSarsfield Guards were organized April 7, 1874. with\\nJ. E. Lally as captain. He was serving in 1875,\\nand the company disbanded in that year.\\nThe Detroit Scottish Guards organized in Sep-\\ntember, 1875, with Ale.xander Witherspoon as\\ncaptain. He served until 187S, when the company\\ndisbanded.\\nThe Detroit Excelsior Guards, P. N. Burkhard,\\ncaptain, organized and disbanded in 1S77.\\nThe Montgomery Ritles were organized in May,\\n1877, with J. C. Donnelly as captain. In 1880 he\\nwas succeeded by Charles Lynch, who served until\\n1S82, and was followed by !\\\\L Whelan.\\nThe Detroit City Grays, organized March 15,\\n1 88 1, have had the following captains: 1881, John\\nG. Cooper; 1882, F. P. Bagley, J. W. Strong;\\n1883, F. P. Bagley.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "PART VI\\nSOCIAL.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLVI,\\nORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF DETROIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INDIAN AGENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EARLY VLSITORS.\\nORIGINAL INHABITANTS.\\nThe origin of the fir.st occupants of this region is\\nshrouded in mystery. .Several writers have adopted\\nthe theory that they were descendants of the lost\\ntribes of Israel, and they fortify their position with\\na variety of interesting facts. The founder of our\\nfair domain was a believer in this theory, and the\\narchives of France contain a lengthy memorial\\nwritten by Cadillac in which he distinctly asserts his\\nbelief that the Indians are descendants of the He-\\nbrew race, strengthening his argument with state-\\nments of many remarkable coincidences and customs\\nconfirmatory of the idea. The researches of School-\\ncraft, Prescott, Pickering, and others, indicate that\\nthe first comers were from Asia, that they were\\ndriven by winds and waves over to the Pacific coast,\\nor made their way by the Aleutian Islands or Beh-\\nring s Strait to Alaska, and from thence southward\\nto Mexico and South America, afterwards spread-\\ning northward and eastward o\\\\ er the .American\\ncontinent.\\nElaborate and plausible arguments have been\\nmade to prove the converse theory, that the Chin-\\nese are descended from the Aztec race. In support\\nof this supposition it is urged that the trade winds\\nfrom the Peruvian coast pass directly to China, and\\nthat even frail vessels could easily be wafted thither.\\nUnique and ancient bronze implements are found\\nalike in both countries the picture-writings of the\\ntwo countries are in many cases similar, and in\\nothers are exactly the same and the Feast of\\nSouls, as celebrated in Central America, is remark-\\nably like certain of the Chinese ceremonies.\\nThe order of the ancient occupancy of the country\\nseems to have been, first the Olmecs, then the Tol-\\ntecs, then the Aztecs, or Aztecas. Various reasons\\ngive rise to the theory that the Aztec race were the\\nfirst occupants of this particular region. Humboldt\\nwas of the opinion that the country of the Aztecas\\nwas in this latitude. The meaning of their tribal\\nname is People of the Lakes and there is no\\nplace in the United States in which small lakes are\\nso numerous as in Michigan, while the State is\\nnearly surrounded by lakes, which are almost seas\\nin extent. The name Michigan is derived from two\\nChippewa words, Mitchaw, great, and Sagiegan,\\nlake. Great Lake. The so-called Indian mounds\\nin various Western States, in their size, form, and\\ncontents, add force to the Aztecan theory. In the\\ntownship of Springwells, just below Detroit, were\\nfour of these mounds one of them still remains\\ninside the grounds of Fort Wayne the second was\\non property now occupied by the Copper Smelting\\nWorks, and the third lay between the other two.\\nThey were circular in form, from thirty to seventy\\nfeet in diameter, and varying from three to ten feet\\nin height. Two parallel embankments, about four\\nfeet high, led to them from the east. One of these\\nmounds was opened in 1837, and the one inside the\\nfort, by permission of the War Department, on May\\n22, 1876. Both were found to contain numerous\\nskeletons, arrow-heads, and vases or pots of earth-\\nenware. The one last opened contained also an\\niron vessel capable of holding two or three gallons,\\nand several pounds of what appeared to be a sort of\\npaint.\\nThe Great Mound of the River Rouge, about\\nhalf a mile below Fort Wayne, was at first, prob-\\nably, fully three hundred feet long and two hundred\\nfeet wide. In 1876 it was twenty feet high. It has\\nnever been fully explored, but a partial investigation\\nby Henry Gillman resulted in the discovery of stone\\naxes, arrow-heads, fragments of pottery, and human\\nbones much decayed.\\nAn old Indian told a member of the Cicotte\\nfamily that these mounds were erected as forts, at\\nthe time the tribes were fighting each other. Indian\\ntradition also ascribes these mounds to the Tuetle\\nIndians, who preceded the Wyandotts. The name\\nTuetle is believed to be a corruption of Tuteloes. a\\ntribe once supposed to have emigrated from Vir-\\nginia only as far north as the Susquehanna but it\\nnow seems probable that some came as far as the\\nDetroit.!\\nOf the more modern Indian tribes who roamed\\nover this region, the Algonquin race was the earliest.\\nThey counted among their numbers in the north-\\nwest the tribes of the Ottawas, Menominees, Sacs,\\nFoxes, and Chippewas. There were also in this\\n1 See Henry Gillman s paper on Mound Builders and Platy-\\ncnemism in Michigan, in Smithsonian Report for 1873.\\nb^i]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "322\\nORIGINAL INHABITANTS.\\nvicinity the tribes of the Miamis, Potowatamies,\\nWinnebagoes, and the Ouendats, or Wyandotts.\\nThe latter who came to this vicinity about 1680,\\nexcelled the other tribes in energy and progressive-\\nness. From time to time the Iroquois also appeared.\\nThis nation was composed originally of the Onon-\\ndagas, Cayugas, Senecas. Oneidas, and Mohawks.\\nIn 17 14 tile Tuscaroras of North Carolina united\\nwith them, and they were afterward known as the\\nSix Nations. They claimed all of Michigan, and\\nbetween them and the Algonquins warfare was\\nfrequent. Indeed, the Iroquois were the enemies of\\nall the Indians at or near Detroit, and in 1649 they\\ndrove the Algonquins from this region. They were\\nunfriendly to the French, and during the French\\nand English war did good ser\\\\ace for the English.\\nThey were the cannibals of America, and French\\nresidents of Detroit, in 1756, stated that the Iro-\\nquois actually ate the flesh of persons slain in battle.\\nIt was the settled policy of the French command-\\nants to induce as many friendly Indians as possible\\nto settle near their forts. We find Cadillac, in 1703,\\nurging the Ottawas to move to Detroit. The French\\nrecords of the same year show that several Miamis\\nwere already settled there, and that on June 28\\nthirty Hurons arrived from Mackinaw and erected\\nwigwams near the fort. The Potowatamies had\\ntheir village west of the fort, near the mouth of\\nwhat was afterwards called Knagg s Creek. The\\nOttawa settlement was where Windsor now is, and\\nthe Hurons were gathered on the Canada side, oppo-\\nsite the Cass Farm. In 1705 about two hundred\\nIndians had been persuaded by Cadillac to settle in\\nthe vicinity. In furtherance of his plans a great\\ncouncil of chiefs was held, continuing from August\\n6 to August 10, 1707.\\nThe following translation from a French Colonial\\nMemoir, written in 1707, and preserved at Paris,\\ngives a vivid picture of Indian life at this period\\nThe village of the Pottowatamies adjoins the fort they lodge\\npartly under Apaquois, which are made of mat-grass. The\\nwomen do all this work. The men belonging to that nalion are\\nwell clothed, like our domiciliated Indians at Montreal their\\nentire occupation is hunting and dress they make use of a great\\ndeal of vermilion, and in winter wear buflalo robes richly painted,\\nand in summer either blue or red cloth. They play a good deal\\nat la crosse in summer, twenty or more on each side. Their bat\\nis a sort of little racket, and the ball with which they play is made\\nof very heavy wood, somewhat larger than the balls used at\\ntennis; when playing they are entirely naked, except a breech\\ncloth, and moccasins on their feet. Their body is completely\\npainted with all sorts of colors. Some, with white clay, trace\\nwhite lare on their bodies, as if on all the seams of a coat, and at\\na distance it would be apt to be taken for silver lace. They play\\nvery deep {gros j eu) and often. The bets sometimes amount to\\nmore than eight hundred livres. They set up two poles and com-\\nmence the game from the center; one party propels the ball from\\none side and the other from the opposite, and which ever reaves\\nthe goal, wins. This is fine recreation and worth seeing. They\\noften play village against village, the Poux against the Outaoues\\nor the Hurons, and lay heavy stakes. Sometimes Frenchmen join\\nin the game with tliem. The women cultivate Indian corn, beans,\\npeas, squashes, and melons, which come up very fine. The\\nwomen and girls dance at night adorn themselves considerably,\\ngrease their hair, put on a white shift, paint their cheeks with\\nvermilion, and wear whatever wampum they possess, and are\\nver\\\\ tidy in their way. They dance to the sound of the drum\\nand sisiquoi, which is a sort of a gourd containing some grains of\\nshot. Four or five young girls sing, and beat time with the drum\\nand sisiquoi, and the women keep time and do not lose a step it\\nis very entertaining, and lasts almost the entire night. The old\\nmen often dance the Medelinne (Medicine Dance); they resemble a\\nset of demons, and all this takes place during the night. The\\nyoung men often dance in a circle (ie ioiir) and strike posts it is\\nthen they recount their achievements, and dance, at the same\\ntime, the war dance {dcs decouvertes)^ and whenever they act\\nthus they are highly ornamented. It is altogether very curious.\\nThey often perform these things for tobacco. When they go\\nhunting, which is every fall, they carry* their Apaquois with them\\nto hut under at night. Everybody follows, men, women, and\\nchildren, and winter in the forest and return in the spring.\\nThe Hurons are also near, perhaps the eighth of a league from\\nthe French fort. This is the most industrious nation that can be\\nseen. They scarcely ever dance, and are always at work; raise a\\nvery large amount of Indian corn, peas, beans some grow wheat.\\nThey construct their huts entirely of bark, very strong and solid\\nvery lofty and very long, and arched like arbors. Their fort is\\nstrongly encircled with pickets and bastions, well redoubted, and\\nhas strong gates. They are the most faithful nation to the\\nFrench, and the most expert hunters that we have. Their cabins\\nare divided into sleeping compartments, which contain their misi-\\nrague, and are very clean. They are the bravest of all the\\nnations and possess considerable talent. They are well ,clad\\nsome of them wear close overcoats {Jjtsie an corfs de ca^ot).\\nThe men are always hunting, summer and winter, and the women\\nwork. When they go hunting in the fall, a goodly number of\\nthem remain to guard their fort. The old women, and through-\\nout the winter those women who remain, collect wood in very\\nlarge quantity. The soil is very fertile Indian corn grows there\\nto the height of ten to twelve feet. Their fields are very clean,\\nand very extensive not the smallest weed is to be seen in them.\\nThe Outaoues are on the opposite of the river, over against the\\nFrench fort they, likewise, have a picket fort. Their cabins\\nresemble somewhat those of the Hurons. They do not make use\\nof Apaquois except when out hunting: their cabins in this fort\\nare all of bark, but not so clean nor so well made as those of the\\nHurons, They are as well dressed and verj- laborious, both in\\ntheir agriculture and hunting. Their dances, juggleries, and\\ngames of ball (la crosse) and of the bowl, are the same as those of\\nthe Poux. Their game of the bowl consists of eight small pebbles\\n{noyait-v), which are red or black on one side, and yellow or\\nwhite on the other these are tossed up in a bowl, and when he\\nwho holds the vessel tosses them and finds seven of the whole\\neight of the same color he gains, and continues playing as long as\\nhe receives the same thing. When the result is different, the\\nadverse party takes the bowl and plays next, and they risk heavy\\nstakes on all these games. They have likewise the game of the\\nstraws, and all the nations gamble in like manner.\\nIn 1736 there were five hundred Indian warriors\\nat Detroit, two hundred each from the Huron and\\nOttawa tribes and one hundred from the Potowa-\\ntamies. Bougainville, who was here in 1757, says:\\nThe Indians who usually come to trade at Detroit are the\\nHurons of the same tribe of those of Lorette, near Quebec, a per-\\nfidious and deceitful nation in whom we must never put confi-\\ndence. There are also the Ottawas, the Sauteux, and the\\nPotowatamies; these last named are of all the Indians the most\\nfaithful and the most attached to our interests. They have never\\nmurdered any Frenchmen, and have often warned us of the plots\\nof other tribes.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "ORIGINAL INHABITANTS.\\n323\\nCadillac says that the Ottavvas wore, as an orna-\\nment, a little stone suspended from their nose, and\\nthat Ottawa, the name of the tribe, signified\\nthe nation with a hole in their nose. The French\\ngave nicknames to most of the tribes in this region.\\nThe Wyandotts they designated as Hurons, because\\nof their fierce aspect, comparing them to a wild\\nboar the Chippewas, as Sauteurs, from their resi-\\ndence near the Sault St. Marie the Menominees\\nwere called P olles Avoines, from wild rice, one\\nof their principal articles of food. The name Poto-\\nwatamie was abbreviated into Poux. This nation\\nwas very uncleanly.\\nAll of the tribes known to the Americans, north\\nof the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, had their\\ncouncil-fire at tne village of the Wyandotts, near\\nthe mouth of the Detroit River. The Wyandotts\\nalone had the power to convene the tribes, and\\nwhen a council as to be held, application was\\nmade to them, and it was held at their village.\\nThis fact gave the locality a peculiar importance and\\nmade it familiar to all the Indians.\\nAt various times nearly all the noted Indian\\nleaders visited this post. Pontiac, Tecumseh, and\\nhis brother The Prophet, were frequent visitors.\\nJohn Logan, the Cayuga chief, whose speech to\\nLord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, is familiar to\\nevery schoolboy, was here in 1774, and after the\\ntreaty of Chillicothe, he resided for many years in\\nthis vicinity. He became a drunkard, and was\\nkilled, between Detroit and Miami, by an Indian.\\nThe French trusted the Indians almost without\\nfear. No seals or locks were placed on the store-\\nhouses, and the Indians came and went as they\\npleased. Under English and American rule the\\nIndians were welcomed inside the stockade during\\nthe day, but at night all were turned out except\\nthose who were entertained by private persons.\\nThe Indians were always persistent beggars, and no\\nArab of the present day demands backsheesh more\\nclamorously than did the red men of their French\\nand English brothers. Their requests were gen-\\nerally acceded to, and the presents given them in\\nsome measure made up for the exorbitant prices\\ncharged them for articles offered in exchange for\\nfurs. Their likes and dislikes turned, like a pair of\\nscales, according as they had free range or were\\nrestricted in their visitations to the houses. On\\nSeptember 18, 1770, Captain Stephenson, of the\\nEighteenth Regiment, then in command, wrote to\\nSir William Johnson\\nMy children here are quiet at present. They have all been to\\npay me a visit and suck my breast, to which they made so close\\nan application that I told them 1 was afraid they would throw me\\nin a consumption. They are very happy at having free access to\\nmy house, which my predecessor s delicacy would not admit.\\nEven after this region was surrendered, the Eng-\\nlish Government sought the favor of the Indians\\nby annual gifts; and year by year up to 1S36\\nthousands from various tribes gathered at Detroit,\\nSandwich, or Maiden to receive the presents of their\\nGreat Father, the King. The American Govern-\\nment was compelled to follow this precedent. On\\nNovember 24, 1807, Governor Hull wrote to the\\nSecretary of War that within the two or three days\\nprevious seven or eight hundred Indians had called\\nat Detroit, on the way to their villages, and that he\\nhad been compelled to feed them. In the autumn\\nof 18 1 2, while the city was in possession of the\\nBritish, the Indians committed many outrages. A\\nparty of them went in a body to rob Colonel Lam-\\nbert Beaubien s orchard, but the Colonel attacked\\nthem with his fists, and made so courageous a defense\\nthat he drove them from his premises. After the\\ncity again passed under American control. Colonel\\nCass was obliged to feed great numbers of the In-\\ndians. In one communication to the War Depart-\\nment he states that for several years he fed an\\naverage of four hundred Indians per day. Between\\niSi4and 1817, he disbursed \u00c2\u00a7200,000 for the benefit\\nof the Indians. To di\\\\-ide and distribute among\\nthem the goods and bounty of the Government was\\na task vexatious in the extreme, and almost unbear-\\nable, for it was impossible to satisfy the stupid and\\nstolid savages. All the year round they came and\\nwent, and the agent s family was driven from one\\nextremity of the house to the other by them. In\\naddition to the annuities the government black-\\nsmith repaired, free of charge, their guns and\\ntraps. There was always some excuse for their\\ncoming, and citizens were not surprised at any time\\nto see a swarthy face at the window-pane often-\\ntimes the click of the latch was the only warning of\\nthe entrance of one of the nation s wards. Some of\\nthem were gayly dressed with blankets of scarlet\\nbroadcloth, and strings of silver half-moons grad-\\nuated in size from one to several inches in length,\\nhung from neck to ankles, both in front and down\\nthe back. Their moccasins and leggins were gay\\nwith beads and the stained quills of the porcupine.\\nThe heads of the war chiefs were frequently gayer\\nstill with the vermilion and bear s grease which had\\nbeen rubbed thereon. The squaws were not left\\nbehind. There was always some burden for them\\nto carry, and the procession ceased on one day only\\nto begin the next. Indians and more Indians, and\\nstill they came I Indians lazy and Indians drunk,\\nIndians sick and Indians hungry, all crj ing Give\\ngive I After receiving their payments, hundreds\\nof them would lie about the city stupidly drunk in\\nAugust, 1825, they so disturbed the peace of the\\ncity, that the Council, through the mayor, sought\\naid from the governor to quiet and control them.\\nA few of these Indians came to buy goods, and", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "\\\\H\\nINDIAN AGENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EARLY VISITORS.\\nwere really trustworthy. An old account book of\\nthat period contains charges made against Indians\\ncalled Saw Goose s Wife, Big Wind s Daughter,\\nThe Rat, The White Devil, The Old Cow,\\nThe Cow s Sister, The Old Eagle and Son,\\nThe Red Bird, and The Turtle.\\nINDIAN AGENTS.\\nThe disbursing of Indian annuities under British\\nrule was intrusted to an officer styled an Indian\\nagent, and an account book of the Macombs shows\\nthat Duperon Baby was paid ten shillings sterling\\nper day, for services as Indian agent, from October\\nlo, 1778, to December 24, 1780.\\nUnder an Act of Virginia, on August i, 1780,\\nJohn Dodge was appointed Indian agent for this\\nregion. By Act of Congress April i8, 1796, Indian\\nagents were provided for, trading houses estab-\\nlished, and $150,000 was invested by the United\\nStates to carry them on. They were abolished May\\n6, 1822. Under the Act of 1805, which organized\\nthe Territory of Michigan, the governor was consti-\\ntuted the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and\\ncontinued to act in that capacity until Act of June\\n30, 1834, which provided that after the Territory of\\nWisconsin was organized, the governor should cease\\nto act as Indian agent.\\nSince 1836. persons have been appointed to act\\nsolely as Indian agents.\\nThe Indian title to land in this region was gradu-\\nally extinguished the Iroquois conveyed their title\\nin 1784, and the Wyandotts, Chippewas, Ottawas,\\nand other tribes, by treaties dated January i, 1785,\\nAugust 3, 1795, ind November 17, 1807. In 181 5\\nthe whole number of Indians in Michigan was about\\n40,000; in 1825 there were nearly 30,000 in 1880\\nthere were 10,141, and 66,632 acres of land were\\nreserved for their use. The following persons have\\nserved as Indian agents, the office being located in\\nDetroit up to 1 87 1\\n1836-1843, H. R. Schoolcraft; 1843-1845, Rob-\\nert Stuart; 1845-1851, W. A. Richmond; 1851, C.\\nP. Babcock 1852 and 1853, William Sprague\\n1853-1858, H. C. Gilbert 1858-1862, A. M. Fitch\\n1S62-1865, D. C. Leach; 1865-1869, R. M. Smith;\\n1S69-1871, James W. Long; 1871, R. M. Smith;\\n1871-1876, George I. Betts 1876-1881, G. W. Lee;\\nl88r- E. r. Allen.\\nEARLY VISITORS.\\nIt is almost literally true that wherever a stream\\nof water flowed the Jesuits and French command-\\nants followed its course. From the Lakes to New\\nOrleans and eastward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,\\ntravelers, single and in groups, and eventually\\ntroops of soldiers, went, apparently with as little\\ncare as one now has in the journey of a hundred\\nmiles in a palace coach, through a settled country.\\nIt is impossible for us to realize the daring and\\nbravery exhibited in those long and tedious trips.\\nChamplain is said to have visited this locality as\\nearly as 1610; that he came here in 161 1 or 1612 is\\npositively asserted in French colonial records.\\nTwo of the most im.portant references to this sub-\\nject are to be found in the ninth volume of the New\\nYork Colonial Documents. A translation from a\\nFrench Memoir, given on page 303. says: That\\nfrom 1604 to 1620 he (Champlain) has been more\\nthan five hundred leagues into the interior of New\\nFrance that he defeated the Iroquois and took\\npossession of their river, and ascended that of Sa-\\nguena towards the north. The relation of Sieur L.\\nEscorbot, printed in 161 2, confirms the same thing.\\nAt page 450 he says that they had received intel-\\nligence from upwards of five hundred leagues be-\\nyond the first Sault of the river .St. Lawrence,\\nincluding the great lake it flows from and that\\nthey, likewise, had knowledge of the Saguena\\ncountry towards the northwest, and of the Iroquois\\ncountry to the southwest. In the same volume, on\\npage 378, M. de Denonville, Governor of New\\nFrance, in a memoir on the French possessions in\\nAmerica, says of Champlain: In the years 1611\\nand 161 2 he ascended the Grand river as far .as\\nLake Huron, called the fresh sea. He\\npassed by places he has himself described in his\\nbook, which are no other than Detroit and Lake\\nErie.\\nNotwithstanding these positive assertions, there\\nseems to be no definite evidence that Champlain\\nvisited the Detroit. In the very complete transla-\\ntion of his works by the Prince Society, is the\\nassertion that the location of the strait was des-\\ncribed to him by the Indians as early as 1603 but\\nthere is nothing in his works so far as published, to\\nverify the statements made in the New York Docu-\\nments and although we do it with great reluctance,\\nwe must, at least for the present, concede that there\\nis no satisfactory- proof that Detroit was honored by\\na visit from the great French navigator. Although\\nhe may not have visited the site of Detroit, there\\ncan be but little doubt that some of the courcurs de\\nh /s reached here many years before there is any\\nmention of the names of visitors. These adventur-\\nous traders and woodsmen went in every direction in\\ntheir endeavors to procure furs, and they undoubtedly\\ncame to the site of Detroit.\\nOne of the earliest Jesuit visitors to the\\nregion of the Lakes was Father Marquette.\\nHe traversed the Upper Peninsula of Michigan,\\nin 1668, but there is no evidence that he was\\never at Detroit. He died at what is now known\\nas Ludington, on Lake Michigan, May 19, 1675.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "EARLY VISITORS.\\n325\\nand in the winter of 1676 his remains were\\ntaken to Point St. Ignace, near Mackinaw.\\nThe first white traveler through the Detroit was\\npossibly the .Sieur Joliet he is beheved to have\\npassed here in 1670. In this same year the\\nSulpitian priests Galinee and DoUier, with three\\ncanoes and seven men, passed through the Detroit\\nand Lake St. Clair. They left La Chine July 6,\\n1669, and arrived at Detroit in the spring of 1670.\\nIn his journal Galinee says that six leagues from\\nLake Erie, or not far from the site of Detroit, he\\nfound a stone idol, which the Indians regarded as\\ninfluencing the navigation of Lake Erie, and to\\nwhich they made .sacrifices of skins and food, when-\\never they were about to embark on the lake. He\\nsays, They broke one of their hatchets in breaking\\nthe idol in pieces, and then threw it into the river,\\nadding, God rewarded us for the pious deed, for\\nwe killed, during the same day, a deer and a\\nbear.\\nThe next visitor, so far as known, was Joliet. In\\na letter dated November 14. 1674, Frontenac says\\nthat Sieur Joliet returned to Quebec three months\\nprevious, and that a person can go from Lake\\nOntario and Fort Frontenac in a bark to the Gulf\\nof Mexico, there being only one carrying place half\\na league where Lake Ontario communicates with\\nLake Erie. He has been within ten days\\njourney of the Gulf of Mexico, and he left copies of\\nhis journals with the Fathers at Sault St. Marie.\\nThese statements make it evident that Joliet passed\\nthrough the Detroit. Unfortunately, on his return\\ntrip, near Montreal, his journals were lost.\\nIn the fall of 1678, the Chevalier de la Salle sent\\nfifteen men up the lakes to trade with the Indians\\nand on July 22, 1679, M. Tonty with five men went\\nfrom Niagara to join them. La Salle, with Father\\nLouis Hennepin, one other Franciscan inonk, and\\nthirty artisans, in Le Griffon, overtook those who\\nhad gone before, at or near the site of Detroit, on\\nAugust 10, 1679. Taking the others on board, Le\\nGriffon proceeded on her way, reached Washington\\nIsland safely, and on September 18 started for Nia-\\ngara, but was lost in the northern part of Lake\\nMichigan. After it became evident that Le Griffon\\nwas lost. La Salle, with others of the party, crossed\\nfrom St. Joseph to Detroit by land, arriving about\\nthe middle of April, 1680. They then crossed the\\nDetroit River, on a raft and proceeded to Nia-\\ngara.\\nIn the spring of 1687 the Marquis de Denonville,\\nGovernor of Canada, determined on an expedition\\nagainst the Seneca Indians of New York, who were\\nenemies of the Canadian colonies. In preparing for\\nthe expedition, M. de Tonty, who commanded Fort\\nSt. Louis in the Illinois country, was ordered\\nto go to Niagara by way of Lake Huron and\\nlake Erie, and to unite with the force of Du-\\nluth at the Detroit. Tonty sent his subordinate,\\nDe la Forest, with thirty men, by way of the\\nlakes, while he came over land direct to Detroit.\\nHis memoir, as given in the first volume of Louisi-\\nana Collections, page 69, thus narrates the occur-\\nrence After two hundred leagues of journey\\nby land we came, on the 19th of May, to Fort De-\\ntroit. We made some canoes of elm, and I sent\\none of them to Fort St. Joseph (near what is now\\nPort Huron), on the high ground above Detroit,\\nthirty leagues from where we were to give the\\nSieur (Greyselon) Dulud (Du Luth). the commander\\nof this fort, information of our arrival. They took\\nformal possession of the strait as far down as the\\nriver St. Denis, this last stream being probably the\\none now known as the Rouge. Soon after, on June\\n7. the Sieurs La Forest, Durantaye, and Du Luth\\njoined him at Detroit. The Sieur de la Durantaye\\nhad with him thirty Englishmen, whom he had\\ncaptured on Lake Huron while on his way down\\nfrom Mackinaw. They had been sent by Colonel\\nDongan, Governor of New York, to take possession\\nof Mackinaw and the adjoining region, and to open\\nup trade with the Indians. The entire party, con-\\nsisting of one hundred and fifty Frenchmen, four\\nhundred Indians, and the thirty Englishmen, soon\\nleft Detroit and proceeded to Niagara, where they\\narrived June 27, 1687, having captured, on Lake\\nErie, a second party, consisting of Major McGregor,\\nsixteen white men and thirteen allied Indians, who\\nwere also on their way to Mackinaw.\\nLa Hontan, in his travels, makes no mention of a\\nvillage or post at this place, but says that on Sep-\\ntember 6, 1687, he passed through the river.\\nThe arrival of Cadillac is elsewhere described;\\nafter him the first visitor of note was Father Peter\\nFrancis Xa\\\\-ier Charlevoix, who arrived June 6,\\n1 72 1, and remained twelve days.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X L V 1 1\\nBIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMANNERS AND CUSTOMS. MARRIAGE LAWS. MASONIC AND\\nODD FELLOW SOCIETIES.\\nAntoine Laumet de l.^ Mothe Cadillac,\\nthe founder of Detroit, was born March 5, 165S, at\\nSt. Nicolas de la Grave, in the Department of Tarn\\nand Garonne, France. The old parish records show\\nthat he was baptized when five days old by Rev.\\nFather John Boscus, under the name of Antoine\\nLaumet, and that he was the son of Jean Laumet,\\nAdvocate in the Court, and of Jean Pechagut, mar-\\nried.\\nPrevious to the birth of Cadillac, his father lived\\nat Caumont, going from thence to St. Nicolas to\\nserve in the capacity of advocate and judge. That\\nhe was a man of wealth is evident from various\\nrecords of transfers of lands, both at Caumont and\\nSt. Nicolas. Some of the lands which Cadilinc\\ninherited from his father were known by the name\\nof Laumet, and were in possession of his descend-\\nants as late as 1748. The name Laumet is still\\nattached to a portion of the lands, and they are so\\ndesignated on detailed maps of the province. The\\nhouse belonging to the manor is one of the most\\ncomfortable dwellings in the vicinity, but unfortu-\\nnately for historic purposes, it has been so thoroughly\\nreconstructed that no trace remains of its appearance\\nat the time our hero was born.\\nThe father and the relatives of Cadillac figure\\nlargely in the records of the communal deliberations\\nof Caumont they were evidently persons of good\\nstanding, not members of the nobility, but belonging\\nto the higher class of citizens, who, at that time, found\\neasy access to judicial and military employments.\\nWith regard to the various names assumed by\\nCadillac and applied to him by oth-\\ners, though there are some things as\\nyet unexplained, there can be no\\ndoubt as to the identity of the person\\nto whom they are applied.\\nHis signature, made at Castelsar-\\nrasin in 1729, at the time of the mar-\\nriage of his daughter, harmonizes\\nclosely with his signature, written a quarter of a\\ncentury before, in the records of St. Anne s Church\\nin Detroit. The name Lamothe, appended to the\\nregistry of marriage at Quebec in 1687, is unlike his\\nlater signatures, but changes in form of letters are\\nnot at all unusual. The chief trouble with the\\nrecord of Quebec is that the statement it contains in\\nregard to his father and mother does not harmonize\\nwith the facts obtained from France. This, how-\\never, may be accounted for by the probability that\\nthe record was carelessly taken down, or hurriedly\\nwritten.\\nPossibly the intimation which we find in one old\\nmanuscript, that Cadillac left France on account of\\npersonal difficulties, is true, and if so, this may have\\nbeen the reason for his change of name. The body\\nof the marriage record gives the name of Cadillac as\\nAntoine de la Mothe. The name he signed was\\nLamothe Launay. The record, however, states that\\nhe married Marie Therese Guyon, and this name\\naccords with all the information obtained elsewhere\\nconcerning the name of his wife.\\nIt was not at all uncommon, at that day, or even\\nin later times, for the same person to be designated\\nby two or more names, entirely different from each\\nother. Laumet was undoubtedly his family name\\nit was used both by him and his wife, as was also\\nthe name La Mothe and sometimes both names\\nwere used in the same document.\\nWhen Cadillac s granddaughter was married to\\nBartholomew Gregoire, at Castelsarrasin, she was\\nstyled Marie Therese de Laumet de Cadillac. In\\n1 74 1 and 1742 the French records of transfers of\\nland titles give the name of Cadillac s wife as\\nMadame Therese de Guyon, wife of Antoine Lau-\\nmet de la Mothe Cadillac.\\nSignature of Lamothe Cadill.\\\\c.\\nThe foregoing evidences of identity are conclusive,\\nbut if it were desirable, similar proofs could be\\nalmost indefinitely multiplied.\\n[3=61", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC.\\n327\\nOf the early life of Cadillac v\\\\ e have no direct\\ninformation. That he received a more than ordi-\\nnary education, for that period, is abundantly evi-\\ndenced by the style of his numerous letters and\\nmemoirs, by the difficult feats of navigation that he\\nperformed, and by the various positions of responsi-\\nbility which he was called to occupy.\\nHe had evidently received a religious training,\\nwas in sympathy with the Franciscan order, and\\nhis writings teem with illustrations from and allu-\\nsions to Bible narratives. He was a close observer,\\nand his papers give evidence of exact knowledge.\\nAlmost v\\\\-ithout e,xception, his plans, as detailed in\\nhis letters, evince a statesmanship born of love for\\nFrance and loyalty to the king. He thought out\\nhis work, and planned like a general. He aimed to\\nprovide for all contingencies, and in their business\\ndetails, many of his letters exhibit rare commercial\\nforesight. Those who criticized his actions found\\nhim keen and cautious in his retorts and resolute in\\nmaintaining his ground. He would neither yield\\nhis right of judgment nor his prerogatives as com-\\nmandant. To quote his own words, he was like a\\ntraveler, and did not propose to stop because all the\\ncurs barked at him.\\nWherever he was stationed, he studied the place\\nand the people, and in every case made detailed\\nreports concerning both, analyzing the character\\nand needs of each and suggesting plans for the\\nfuture. Some of his descriptions of scenery are full\\nof poetic feeling.\\nHe was opposed in many of his plans, not only by\\nthe trading companies, but by the Jesuits as well.\\nThe latter order, for many years, was the dominant\\npolitical force in the New World, as well as the\\nstrongest religious power. That the order hindered\\nCadillac s project is clearly shown in the correspon-\\ndence of the period, which is still preserved in\\nFrance and Canada. While yielding the Jesuit\\nfathers all deference in religious matters. Cadillac\\nwould not yield to their dictation in matters per-\\ntaining to the civil state. He not only knew his\\nrights, but was able to maintain them, even against\\nlarge odds, and did so with spirit and determina-\\ntion. He had rare penetration, could discern\\nmotives and plans, and as nothing escaped his\\nobser\\\\ ation, the members of that order found a\\nfoeman worthy of their steel. As a scholar. Ca-\\ndillac was nearly equal to the best of them and\\nwhether wielding pen or sword, he grasped it with\\nno uncertain hand. His history is certainly a\\nremarkable one. During twenty years or more, he\\nwas a prominent figure in many sections of the con-\\ntinent.\\nIn gathering material for his historv I have been\\nliterally compelled to trace his footsteps in France\\nand then in Canada. He was at Nova Scotia, on the\\ncoast of Maine, at Mackinaw, at Detroit, at Mobile,\\nand on the Illinois, and then the Old World claimed\\nhis thought and time, and near the place of his\\nbirth his grave was made.\\nThe most dilligent search in France, Canada, and\\nthe United States has failed to discover any portrait\\nof Cadillac. There is in existence but one description\\nof his personal appearance, and that is entirely fic-\\ntitious, and without historic foundation for a single\\nfeature. Indeed, the author of it says. I never\\nintended it should be received as resting on any\\nother foundation than that of imagination. Any\\nrepresentation, therefore, of the founder of our city\\nis only of value as it helps to honor the name of\\nCadillac. A picture of the old church where his\\nbones repose has been obtained, and is deemed an\\nappropriate frontispiece for the history of the city\\nwhich he founded.\\nThe date of his arrival in the New World is\\nunknown. It is said that he had previously ser\\\\ ed\\nin the army, and he seems to have held the rank of\\nlieutenant when he came. In 1688 he was styled,\\nin official documents, a Knight of the Royal and\\nMilitary Order of St. Louis. Our history of him in\\nAmerica begins with his marriage at Quebec, on\\nJune 25, 16S7, to Marie Therese Guyon, a native of\\nthat city, daughter of Denis Guyon and Elizabeth\\nBoucher. In 16S9 Governor Menneville designated\\nhim as a resident of Acadia, and said he had a\\nhabitation there Quebec at that time was within\\nthe limits of what was styled Acadia. That his\\nmarriage was a happy one is evident. In Septem-\\nber. 1 701, when Madame Cadillac was about setting\\nout from Quebec to join her husband at Detroit,\\nseveral ladies said to her, It might do if you were\\ngoing to a pleasant country where you could have\\ngood company, but it is impossible to conceive how\\nyou can be willing to go to a desert country where\\nthere is nothing to do but to die of ennui. She\\nreplied. A woman who loves her husband as she\\nshould has no stronger attraction than his company,\\nwherever it may be everything else should be\\nindifferent to her.\\nMadame Cadillac was accompanied on the trip\\nby the wife of Lieutenant Tonty. They came by\\nway of Niagara. So toilsome was the journey that\\nit is no wonder that Father Germain, on August 25,\\n1701, wrote to Cadillac. Everybody here admires\\nthe nobleness of the two ladies, who have had the\\ncourage to undertake such a painful voyage to join\\ntheir husbands.\\nLadies of the present day, imagine it if you can,\\na journey of one thousand miles in an open canoe,\\nwith Indians and rough canoe-men, in many respects\\nworse than Indians, as companions. It was at a\\ntime, too, when winds and rains might be looked for,\\nand we may be sure that their resting places en", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": ";28\\nBIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC.\\nroute were far from being equal to the poorest\\nhotels of to-day.\\nSurely there was occasion to admire their courage,\\nendurance, and devotion. Cadillac s wife left their\\ntwo daughters with the Ursulines to be educated.\\nHer little boy, Jacques, born March i6, 1695, came\\nwith her. Their oldest son, Antoine de la Mothe\\nCadillac, fils, born April 26, 1692, an ensign in 1707,\\nwas already here. He came with his father. A\\nson named Tierre Denis was born June 13, 1699,\\nand died July 4, 1700. A daughter, Marie Anne,\\nborn June 7, died on June 9, 1701. The recorfls of\\nSt. Anne s Church show that in 1706 there was a\\ndaughter here named Magdaline, old enough to act\\nas godmother. The same records also show the\\nnames of five other children, as follows Marie\\nTherese, baptized Februar 2, 1704; Jean Antoine,\\nbaptized January 19, 1707; he died April 9, 1709;\\nMarie Agathe, baptized on December 29. 1707\\nFrancois, baptized on March 28, 1709; and Rene\\nLouis, baptized on March 18, 17 10, he died October\\n7, 1 7 14. The names of two sons, Joseph and Fran-\\ncois, are contained in the records of Castelsarrasin.\\nand an old deed, elsewhere referred to, shows that\\nthey were both living in 173S. We have therefore\\nthe names of eleven children adding the two\\ndaughters left with the Ursulines, we find that Ca-\\ndillac had at least thirteen children.\\nThe oldest son was alive in 1730, but died before\\nhis father s property was divided in 1731. The\\ndaughter, Marie Therese, was married at Castel-\\nsarrasin, February 16, 1729, to Noble Francis de\\nPouzargues. She died on February i, 1753, and\\nwas buried the next day in the same church where\\nher father had been laid. She left two sons one,\\nnamed Joseph, was born October 14, 1730; the\\nname and date of birth of the other have not been\\nfound. Joseph Lamothe Cadillac, who afterwards\\nbecame an advocate in Parliament, was married on\\nJune 5, 1732, to Mademoiselle Marguerite de Gre-\\ngoire, and had two children, Marie Therese, born\\nApril 29, 1733, and Marguerite Anne, born July 19,\\n1735. Frangois, the last named of the sons of Ca-\\ndillac, was married on September 10, 1744, at Castel-\\nsarrasin to Demoiselle Angelique Furgole, widow\\nof Pierre Salvignac. They had no children.\\nAll of Cadillac s children, except Marie Therese,\\nJoseph, and Frangois, were dead in 1731, when his\\nestate was divided.\\nHis wife, after his death, continued to live at\\nCastelsarrasin, and died in the parish of St. Sauveur,\\nin Castelsarrasin, in 1746.\\nJoseph Lamothe Cadillac was living as late as\\n1748, and Frangois in 1741, but both were dead in\\n1798. Marie Therese, daughter of Joseph and\\ngranddaughter of Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac,\\nmarried her cousin, Bartholomey de Gregoire, son\\nof Noble Bartholomey de Gregoire, in May, 1761,\\nat Castelsarrasin. They lived there until they came\\nto America, to prosecute, in person, their claims to\\nthe lands granted to Cadillac on the coast of Maine.\\nThe history of this grant is as follows: In 1688,\\nCadillac petitioned the Marquis de Denonville, Gov-\\nernor of Canada and Acadia, for the grant of a\\nplace called Douaquec, near Mageis (Machias),\\nto consist of two leagues on the sea shore, with\\ntwo leagues in depth, within the land, the Douaquec\\nRiver to divide the said two leagues in depth, one\\nleague to be taken on the west side and one league\\non the other side of said river, with the island of\\nMount Desert and other islands, which are on the fore\\npart of the said two front leagues, to hold in fief\\nand lordship with high mean and low jurisdiction, he\\nbeing desirous to promote an establishment there.\\nThe petition, and a concession made by the governor\\non July 23, 168S. were presented to Louis XI\\\\ at\\nVersailles for confirmation, and on May 24, 1689,\\nhe confirmed the grant of the lands to Cadillac.\\nThe grant was recorded at Quebec on April 20,\\n1 691. The lands lay in what was then Acadia, all\\nthat part of Maine east of the Penobscot River\\nbeing then included in the territory made famous\\nby the story of Evangeline. They afterwards\\nformed part of the Territory of Penobscot, or Dis-\\ntrict of Maine, in the Commonwealth of Massachu-\\nsetts, the State of Maine not having been created\\nuntil 1820.\\nAt the time the Gregoires made their claim, the\\nlands were in the County of Lincoln, and the River\\nDouaquec was then called Taunton. The Gre-\\ngoires claimed two leagues on the sea shore with\\ntwo leagues in depth, bne league in depth to be on\\nthe main land, and the other league to include\\nMount Desert and the neighboring islands, named\\nA, Beans, Prebbles, Bragdons, Burnt, and Black,\\nthe six small islands known as the Porcupines, to-\\ngether with Island B, and the islands known as\\nJordens, Red, Slave or Stave, Nicholas or Iron\\nBound, Turtle, and Heron or Seamwells islands.\\nThe entire grant included 184,272 acres. While\\nthe Gregoires were still in France, on June 15, 1785,\\nthe French consul made an application to Massa-\\nchusetts on their behalf. His communication was\\nreferred to the Committee on Unappropriated\\nLands, and their report was referred to the Com-\\nmittee on Sale of Eastern Lands. They, however,\\nmade no report until the matter was again brought\\nto their attention after the arrival in Boston of\\nMonsieur and Madame Gregoire. In anticipation\\nof going to America to prosecute this claim. Ma-\\ndame Gregoire made her will at Castelsarrasin on\\nFebruary 13, 1784, and she and her husband, on\\ntheir way to America, were in Paris on August\\n26, 1 786. They arrived in Boston a few days prior", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "BIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC.\\n329\\nto November 6, 1786. coming from France 7 /a New\\nYork. On the date last named their second petition\\nwas presented. It set forth the facts above named,\\nand also stated that, from the date of the grant, De\\nla Mothe Cadillac was styled Lord of Douaquec\\nand Mount Desert.\\nThe records of St. Anne s Church, in Detroit,\\nabundantly bear out their assertion. He so styles\\nhimself in many places in those old records. The\\npetition set forth that Cadillac granted leases to\\nlands on Mount Desert, the originals of which were\\nin their possession, and also that he took possession\\nof the lands, and continued to occupy and claim\\njurisdiction over them until his death in 1730, and\\nthat after the treaty of Utrecht, about 1712, the\\nactual possession of the lands could not be proven,\\nas the English usurped possession of the territory,\\nbut that as the owner could not be barred of his\\nrights until sixty years time had clasped, the peti-\\ntioners believed their claim to be good. They stated\\nthat the marriages, minority, and death of various\\nheirs prevented them from prosecuting their claims\\nearlier, especially as they had no hope of getting\\njustice from England. They brought a letter from\\nLa Fayette, re commending them and their claim to\\nconsideration, and the petition stated that Thomas\\nJefferson thought favorably of their claim. The\\ngovernor brought their petition before the General\\nCourt of the Senate and House of Representatives\\nin a special message, dated November 7, 17S6, and\\non the same day a joint committee was appointed\\nto consider the claim. The committee reported\\nthat the lands were in part occupied, and the Legis-\\nlature, in order to ascertain the equities of the case,\\nsought an opinion from the Supreme Court, but the\\ncourt declined to give an opinion on a case not\\nactually before it. The subject was then referred\\nto the attorney-general, and the Gregoires remained\\nin Boston awaiting a decision.\\nThis was so long delayed that in May, 1787, the\\nFrench consul again called the attention of the\\nLegislature to the subject, and on June 6, 1787, it\\nwas referred to a Joint Committee of the Legisla-\\nture. On June 29 the Senate reported favorably on\\nthe claims of the Gregoires, and on July 5, 17S7, the\\nHouse of Representatives concurred in the decision.\\nAll of the lands they claimed, then possessed by the\\ncommonwealth, either by original title, confiscation,\\nor forfeiture, were to be given up to the Gregoires,\\nprovided they would, within one year, make terms\\nwith such of the then possessors of any of the lands\\nas the Committee on Sale of Eastern Lands .should\\ndeem entitled to consideration. The Legislature\\nalso, by .special Act. pro\\\\nded for their naturaliza-\\ntion; and on October 29, 1787, they and their three\\nSpelled also Donagoet and Donaquec.\\nchildren, Pierre, Nicholas, and Marie, were natural-\\nized.\\nThe conceding of the claim of the Gregoires was\\nreally a graceful act, but the good feeling then\\nentertained towards the French nation, on account\\nof services rendered in the Revolutionary War, un-\\ndoubtedly had much to do with the favor with\\nwhich the claim was received.\\nThe lands were actually within the limits claimed\\nby Massachusetts at the time Louis XIV. made the\\nconcession. Cadillac s selection of the locality did\\ncredit to his judgment. Mount Desert Island is the\\nlargest on the coast. It has an area of 6,000 acres,\\nis fifteen miles long and from eight to twelve broad.\\nOn it there are thirteen mountains, with large and\\nbeautiful lakes far up their sides, and the entire\\nisland is remarkable for picturesque and beautiful\\nscenery. It now forms part of Hancock County,\\nMaine, and to this day the land titles of the eastern\\nhalf of the island are all traced from the Gregoires\\nas the first owners.\\nAfter obtaining the grant, the Gregoires made\\ntheir home on Mount Desert Island for several\\nyears. On August 4, 1792, they sold their interest\\nto Henry Jackson, and removed t(j Boston, where\\nthey were in August, 1798. They afterwards re-\\nturned to Mount Desert. Mrs. Clara Barnes Mar-\\ntin, in her account of the island, says that they died\\nabout 1810, and that their graves are shown just\\noutside of the present cemetery, near Hull s Cove,\\non the east side of the island. When the cemetery\\nwas enclosed, their graves were left outside by mis-\\ntake. In 1874 a white wooden cross was erected\\nto mark their site.\\nIn 1882 there was living at Lille, in France, a\\nMadame Gregoire, ti^e de Fremiot, probably the\\nonly remaining descendant of the Gregoires.\\nIn the time of Cadillac, the French colonies were\\nunder the control of the Naval Department, con.se-\\nquently Cadillac and other soldiers engaged in the\\nservice of the colonies belonged, not to the army,\\nbut to the navy, and were rated as marines. Ca-\\ndillac may be said to have been both sailor and\\nsoldier, and seems to have been equally at home on\\nwater and on land. His courage is undoubted he\\nwent fearlessly among the savages, and \\\\\\\\-as always\\nready to brave the dangers of a new post. Imme-\\ndiately after his marriage he went to Port Royal in\\nAcadia, remaining there between one and two years,\\nand in 1689 going to France, probably to secure the\\ngrant of Mount Desert. At this time he seems to\\nhave been a captain of infantry, but without much\\nmeans. When he went to France, he left his wife\\nin Acadia, whither he returned in seven months.\\nSoon after we find him in command of a vessel.\\nA letter from Count Frontenac to the colonial\\nminister, dated October 20. 1691, states that La", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "330\\nBIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC.\\nMothe s vessel had been captured by a Boston cor-\\nsair.\\nIn February, 1692, Count Frontenac, the gover-\\nnor-general, proposed to send him to France to give\\nintelligence as to the condition of the Province.\\nPontchartrain, in reply, asks that he be sent by the\\nfirst ship, so that he might give minute informa-\\ntion to aid in the proposed attack on New York and\\nNew England, as he is considered to be the best\\ninstructed on plans, .soundings, and all observations.\\nIn fullilment of this request, Cadillac returned to\\nFrance. While there, or soon after his return to\\nCanada, he made other suggestions, which are indi-\\ncated in a letter from the king to Count Frontenac,\\nwritten in March, 1693.\\nIn this letter the king approved of Cadillac s plan\\nof liaving vessels of light draft to defend the rivers\\nand lakes of Canada from the English, and author-\\nized Frontenac to give the command to Cadillac.\\nIt is doubtful if this was done, for on October 24,\\n1693, Frontenac wrote to the French colonial min-\\nister that an officer named Mome, having been\\nguilty of insolent and unbecoming behavior, he had\\ngiven the company lately under his command to La\\nMothe Cadillac.\\nIn 1694 he was at Quebec, and on September 16\\nCount Frontenac appointed him commandant of\\nMichilimackinac and of all the country beyond.\\nFrontenac says, We have thought that we could\\nnot make a better choice than to appoint Lieutenant\\nde Lamothe Cadillac, Captain of the troops of the\\ndetachment of the Marine, whose valor, wisdom,\\ne.xperience, and good conduct have been manifested\\non several occasions.\\nOn his way to his new command, Cadillac left\\nQuebec September 24, and arrived in November or\\nDecember at Mackinaw, where he succeeded M. de\\nLovigny. He remained there until 1699, when he\\nasked to be relieved, and returned to Quebec. His\\nchief motive in asking to be relieved was to further\\nthe project he had formed of establishing a post at\\nDetroit.\\nIn order that there may be no break in the his-\\ntory of this post, we temporarily pass over Cadillac s\\nestablishment here, and trace his subsequent career.\\nThe date of his leaving Detroit is not definitely\\nknown. He was certainly here as late as May 7,\\n1710, for on that day he certified to the records of\\nSt. Anne s Church. He had been appointed the\\nday before to the governorship of Louisiana, but\\nknowledge of the fact could not have reached him\\nfor several months, and he was probably at Detroit\\nuntil the summer of 171 1. when there are some in-\\ndications that he went to France. It is certain that\\nhis oldest son and daughter were here until August\\n19, 1711, for on that day they registered at St.\\nAnne s as godfather and godmother at a baptism.\\nOn September 14, 1712, Antoine Crozat was\\ngranted the exclusive commerce of the Province\\nof Louisiana for fifteen years, together with all the\\nlands that he should establish himself upon, and\\nthe proceeds of any mmes. Cadillac was now newly\\ncommissioned by Crozat, and is said to have been\\nproinised a portion of the profits from the province.\\nIf Cadillac was in France at this time he proba-\\nbly returned to Acadia before going to Louisiana,\\nfor the vessel that carried him there had on board\\ntwenty-five Breton girls, who, the record particu-\\nlarly mentions, came of their own free will.\\nHe arrived at Dauphin Island, near Mobile, on\\nMay 17, 171 3, in the frigate Baron de la Fosse, of\\nforty guns, commanded by .M. de la Jonquiere. His\\nwife, sons, and daughters came with him. together\\nwith several ser\\\\-ants. The vessel also brought\\na large quantity of munitions of war and provisions\\nfor the settlement.\\nDuring the year Cadillac caused a number of\\nhouses to be built, and the settlement prospered.\\nThe colony had originally been located further north,\\nbut a short time prior to the arrival of Cadillac it\\nwas established on the present site of Mobile.\\nCadillac sought to obtain supplies for the colony\\nfrom Mexico, and sent out expeditions in various\\ndirections to examine the resources of the country,\\nand discover the mines which almost every one be-\\nlieved to be in existence. He visited the Illinois\\nCountry, explored the lead mines near what is now\\nDubuque, and returned to Mobile in October, 17 15.\\nThe following month he sailed for France, pos-\\nsibly to report his discoveries. He returned in\\n1716.\\nOn March 9, 1717, three French frigates arrived\\nat Mobile, bringing M. de 1 Epinay, who was com-\\nmissioned to succeed Cadillac. The Dudlow, one\\nof the vessels, returned to France in June with Ca-\\ndillac and Duclos, the king s commissary, as passen-\\ngers. Disputes between Cadillac and his associate\\nofficers were undoubtedly the occasion of his recall.\\nIt is evident that his principal accusers were not\\ntrusted by the Government, for M. Duclos, one of\\nthe chief defamers of his administration, was re-\\ncalled by the same order which relieved Cadillac.\\nLa Harpe says that the arrival of Cadillac would cer-\\ntainly have produced a good effect in Louisiana but\\nfor the jealousy existing between him and Bienville.\\nIt was manifestly Cadillac s clear judgment and\\nstrong will that aroused the dislike of his associates.\\nThe old records contain abundant evidence of their\\njealousy and of parties formed against him. M. de\\nBienville was especially his enemy. He asserts\\nthat Cadillac wanted him to marry his daughter,\\nbut it is quite as probable that he was a rejected\\nsuitor. In view of the judgment and ability dis-\\nplayed elsewhere by Cadillac, some portions of his", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\n531\\ndispatches from Louisiana seem weak and ill-\\nadvised. That he was dissatisfied with the country,\\nwith the position he was placed in, and the shabby\\nsupport he received from the mother country, is\\nclearly apparent. It has been claimed that in\\nLouisiana he showed himself weak in character,\\nchildish in spirit, and utterly without capacity for\\nthe position he occupied but careful examina-\\ntion will show any candid mind that such represen-\\ntations are founded on a partial and imperfect knowl-\\nedge of the man. It should be remembered that in\\nCadillac s time, New France, as well as the mother\\ncountry, was governed by cabal and intrigue. Offi-\\ncials, priests, and traders vied with each other in\\ncrafty schemes for personal and churchly aggran-\\ndizement. Hundreds of witnesses, in the shape of\\nold letters, can be produced, showing that these\\ndifferent parties were divided by jealousy and dis-\\ntrust, and the endence is now abundant and con-\\nclusive that Louisiana historians have hitherto failed\\nto study Cadillac s doings and statements in the\\nlight of his previous life and of the society and cir-\\ncumstances that surrounded him.\\nWe have seen that he sailed for France in 1717.\\nAfter having wandered all over America, he re-\\nturned to his birthplace to fight his battles o er.\\nIn August, 1721, his wife was at St. Nicolas de la\\nGrave, and there are records of the sale of property\\nat Caumont by them in that year. Cadillac himself\\nwas then in Paris, having gone thither to obtain the\\ngovernorship of Castelsarrasin. Just a year later, in\\nAugust, 1722, a decree authorizing his appointment\\nwas issued, but the details were not settled until\\nDecember 11, when he was duly commissioned\\ngovernor and mayor. For this office he paid 16,500\\nlivres, 1,500 being for a tax or bonus of two sous\\nper li\\\\Te on the principal sum of 15,000. He was\\nalso to pay 300 livres yearly to the king, but this\\namount he was authorized to collect of the city.\\nOn April 16, 1723, he transmitted his commission\\nfrom Paris to the council of the city for registration,\\nand on September 9, 1723, it was read to the coun-\\ncil at Castelsarrasin and recorded.\\nHis appointment was made under an edict of\\nLouis XIV., of the same year in which was repealed\\nan edict of 17 17, giving municipalities the choice\\nof their own officers. How long he held the office\\nis uncertain. In 1724 the king took away the\\nmunicipal offices he had granted, and Cadillac possi-\\nbly was superseded. He, however, continued to\\nreside at Castelsarrasin, and his remains were in-\\nterred in the old church of the Carmelites at that\\nplace.\\nThe church was confiscated in 1791, at the time\\nof the French Revolution becoming national prop-\\nerty, it was turned into a prison and greatly changed,\\ntherefore the exact location of his tomb cannot be\\nfound. He died at midnight on October 15, 1730,\\nand was buried on the following day.\\nTHE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\nThere are circumstances that indicate the possible\\ne.xistence of a trading post at Detroit, fifteen years\\nprior to the coming of Cadillac but if any such\\npost existed, it was composed of only a few cotirt iirs\\ni/c- bois. In Volume IV. of the New York docu-\\nmentary collections are reports of several councils\\nbetween the English and Indians, which clearly\\nindicate that no permanent post existed at Detroit\\nprior to his coming.\\nWhile stationed at Mackinaw, Cadillac became\\nconvinced that the Indians must be gathered in one\\nlocality before the Government could gain control\\nover them. The soil and situation at Mackinaw\\nwere not favorable for a settlement, and Cadillac\\nthought that the English could be more easily pre-\\nvented from trading with the western Indians if a\\nFrench post were established at Detroit. Fearing\\nthat a written communication would not sufficiently\\nconvince the French Government of the wisdom of\\nhis plans, the Governor of Canada determined to\\nallow him to present them in person, and accord-\\ningly he sailed for France. His plans met with\\nfavor, and after an inter\\\\ iew with Count Pontchar-\\ntrain, and a personal examination of his project by\\nLouis XIV., he received the authority he desired.\\nYoT the building of the fort 1.500 livres was allowed\\nhim he was appointed commandant, and the king\\nagreed to grant an allowance for the subsistence\\nof himself and wife, two children, and two ser-\\nvants.\\nIt was no easy task that Cadillac had undertaken.\\nEven before he came, he knew that his enterprise\\nwould be opposed by the Jesuits at Mackinaw and\\nthe traders at Montreal. He knew also that the\\nEnglish and the Iroquois would destroy the post if\\npossible. He had, however, fully counted the cost,\\nand had achieved almost perfection in his plans.\\nThe friendly Indians were to be gathered about the\\nsettlement, so that the couretcrs de bois could find\\nneither furs nor favorites elsewhere, and in case of\\nattack the Indians and French could help each\\nother. Cadillac was strenuous in urging that the\\nIndians be taught the French language, that they\\nmight understand for themselves the proposals of\\nthe king, and not be dependent on priests or inter-\\npreters, both of whom would, on occasion, accom-\\nmodate their interpretation to selfish purposes.\\nCadillac also favored the intermarriage of the\\nFrench and Indians. This was contrary to custom\\nin many of the settlements, but was permitted at\\nDetroit, and there can be no doubt that these unions\\ngreatly served the colony.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\nThe French colonial documents show that on\\nOctober i6, 1700, M. de Callieres wrote to Count\\nPontchartrain as follows\\n1 shall send Sieur de la Mothe and Sieiir de Tonty in the spring\\nto construct a fort at Detroit. My desiyn is that they sliall go by\\nthe Outaoues (Ottawa) River in order to take possession of that\\npost from the Lake Huron side, by that means avoiding the\\nNiagara passage, so as not to give umbrage to the Iroquois.\\nReturning to America, Cadillac arrived at Quebec\\non March S, 1701. The same day he left for Mon-\\ntreal, where he arrived March 12, and for some\\nweeks busied himself in arranging for the trip. All\\nwas finally in readiness, and on June 5 he left Mon-\\ntreal, having with him M. de Tonty as captain, and\\nMessrs. Dugue and Chacornacle as lieutenants, with\\nfifty soldiers in blue coats with white facings, also\\nfifty emigrants and two priests.\\nThe Chevalier de Beauchene, in a volume pub-\\nlished in Paris in 1733. says that he and a company\\nof Algonquin Indians started with Cadillac as an\\nescort, and that. 00 account of a quarrel, he returned.\\nHe gives a detailed account of the affair, but there\\nare various indications that the narrative is one of\\nthe fictitious works that were not infrequent at that\\nday.\\nCadillac s party came by way of the Ottawa\\nRiver and Lake Huron, arriving on July 24. 1701.\\nThe convoy consisted of twenty-five canoes, which,\\nbesides the soldiers and emigrants, brought supplies\\nof various kinds es.sential to the building and estab-\\nlishment of a new post.\\nArriving at Detroit on a hot summer day. the\\ncanoes were drawn up on shore, and all of the new-\\ncomers were soon sheltered in the leafy groves that\\nhere and there e.xtended almost to the river s edge.\\nThe site of the stockade was selected, and ere long\\nthe sound of axes resounded through the woods.\\nHoles were dug for the palisades, and the stockade\\nwas soon completed. The locations of chapel,\\nmagazine, store, and dwellings were ne.xt deter-\\nmined, and before August had passed away, the\\nsettlement was fully established.\\nA few weeks later the soil was broken, and the\\nfirst wheat sown on the Detroit River was carefully\\nbestowed. On December 6 Cadillac marked out a\\nplace for the Huron village, and in February and\\nMay of the following year he called the Indians\\ntogether for a council. These councils, then and\\nafter, were the occasions of much local interest, for\\nthe Indians were always arrayed in their savage\\nfinery and as they e.xpected gifts they also brought\\nthem; as the talk progressed, presents were\\ngiven and received with almost every point made by\\neither side. When the settlement was a year old,\\nlacking three days. Cadillac for the first time left it,\\ngoing to Quebec to conclude an agreement with the\\ntrading company which had obtained control of the\\npost. He returned on November 6. These days\\nwere dark ones. There was so much opposition to\\nthe establishment that but little trading was done,\\nand between the king and the company, the soldiers\\nwere so poorly paid that, in 1703, nine of them\\ndeserted. They were glad to return, however, on a\\npromise of pardon, which Cadillac was quite willing\\nto grant, for soldiers as well as settlers were few in\\nnumber.\\nHe was constantly seeking to enlarge his force,\\nand finally, in a letter of June 14, 1704, Pontchar-\\ntrain announced that Vaudreuil had been ordered to\\ngive him as many soldiers as he asked, Cadillac only\\nbeing required to pay for their transportation.\\nPontchartrain also said that all that was just and\\nreasonable Cadillac should have to help him estab-\\nlish the colony, that he had fully explained the mat-\\nter to Vaudreuil, and that Cadillac would have no\\nfurther trouble. The letter concludes with these\\nwords I am leaving you absolute master of this\\npost. Use your effort to .succeed at Detroit, and\\nyou will not lack for concessions, nor even for\\na post more considerable than that \\\\\\\\-hich you\\nhave.\\nNotwithstanding the explicit directions to Vau-\\ndreuil. the intrigues of traders and others caused\\nhim to delay giving the assistance he was required\\nto afford, and in the meantime the trading company\\nbrought such charges against Cadillac that in the\\nautumn of 1704 he was compelled to go to Quebec\\nto answer them. In June, 1706. after long delay,\\nhe was completely vindicated, and the king again\\ngave him full control of Detroit, and in August of\\nthat year Cadillac returned. After his return the\\ncolony began to flourish. He induced many fami-\\nlies to settle along the strait, and his oldest son, in\\na memoir, dated 1730, and addressed to Count\\nMaurepas. claimed that he transported one hundred\\nand fifty inhabitants to Detroit, together with cattle,\\nhorses, and other animals, at his own expense, and\\nthat he expended for various improvements fully\\n1 50,000 livres.\\nThe boldness of the early settlers was not ex-\\nceeded in any other colony on American soil. The\\nsettlers of Jamestown and Plymouth Rock were\\nlocated near the coast, and in an emergency could\\nmore easily escape than the first settlers of Detroit,\\nthese last established their firesides nearly a thousand\\nmiles from the sea, and were literally surrounded\\nby thousands of savages, many of them known to\\nbe hostile, and cannibals as well. The colonists\\nwere mostly persons of limited means, many of\\nthem artisans, whose services were essential in such\\na colony. Some were gentlemen by birth, who,\\nhaving failed to inherit a fortune at home, or ha\\\\ ing", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\n000\\nlost their inheritance, brought to this western world\\ntheir empty titles and well-filled scabbards to make\\nhomes and fortunes of their own.\\nAmong those who were specially prominent at an\\nearly day, Robert Navarre may be mentioned. In\\nhis veins coursed the proudest blood of France.\\nThe ancient records of Meaux show that Jean\\nNavarre, who married Perette Barat in 1572, was\\nthe son of Antoine, Duke de endome. and half-\\nbrother of Henri I\\\\ King of France and Navarre,\\nthe predecessor of the g^eat line of kings forming\\nthe Bourbon dynasty. The Robert Navarre, who\\narrived at Detroit in 1728, was a lineal descendant\\nof this family. On February 10, 1704, he married\\nMarie Barrois, daughter of Frangois Lothman de\\nBarrels, whose father came to Canada as .Agent\\nGenerale of the Compagnie des Indes in 1665.\\nFrom this marriage sprang a large family, of whom\\nthe most noted was the eldest son, Robert. He\\nwas born in 1739, and married Louise de Marsac,\\na granddaughter of Jacob de Marsac de Lomme-\\nsprou, an officer who came with the troops when\\nCadillac founded Detroit. The children of the\\nNavarres intermarried with many of the prominent\\nfamilies, notably the Macombs, Godfreys, Anthons,\\nBrevoorts, and Campaus. The line in France\\ncounts among its descendants representatives of\\nthe proudest families of the old nobility, among\\nwhom we may mention the name of the Count\\nLeon Clement de Blavette, of Versailles, from whose\\nheraldic tree the descent of Navarre was obtained.\\nThe signatures in the early records of St. Anne s\\nChurch indicate that most of the officers and early\\nsettlers were persons of good education for the\\ntime. Very appropriately, the first child born in the\\ncolony was a daughter of the founder, Marie\\nTh^rese Cadillac. In a letter, dated August 31,\\n1703, Cadillac says, No one has yet died at this\\npost. The first death, so far as known, was that\\nof Father Del Halle, who was killed by an Indian\\nin June. 1706. The first person who died thereafter\\nwas Jean Lasalle, who died January 24, 1707. The\\nfirst marriage, where both parties were French,\\noccurred on May 5, 1710, when Jean Baptiste Tur-\\npin was married to Margaret Fafard. The ne.\\\\t\\nmarriage took place on June 12, 17 10, between\\nMartin Cirier and Mary Ann Bone.\\nThe records of St. Anne s show that many of the\\nsoldiers brought their wives with them, and nearly\\nall the habitans had large families in one case, one\\nmother is credited with thirty children. In 1707\\nthere were fourteen births, in 1708, thirteen. At\\nthis time they had already begun to build houses\\noutside the fort, and we find in the suburbs a flour\\nmill, and further on, a house and a bam. There\\nwere also two hundred and three arpents of cleared\\nground, ten head of cattle, and one horse.\\nUp to November 14, 1708, only thirty-nine inhab-\\nitants had houses inside of the fort and the whole\\nnumber of French settlers was si.xty-three, of whom\\nthirty-four were traders. In 1709 the king with-\\ndrew the soldiers, and left Cadillac to manage the\\nsettlement without military aid. The same year\\ntwenty-nine discharged soldiers settled at the post,\\namong them men named Marsac, Durocher, La\\nFertc, and St. Aubin. The total population was\\nthen about two hundred. After Cadillac left, and\\nup to 1 7 19, it was deemed uncertain whether the\\npost would be sustained. Many families therefore\\nleft, and the settlement at this time was no larger\\nthan when first established.\\nDuring this period, the births averaged only two\\nper year. In 1719, under the impetus given by\\nJohn Law and his Mississippi schemes, emigrants\\nagain began to join the colony, and in 1722 the pop-\\nulation once more reached about two hundred, and\\nthere were from si.x to eight births per year.\\nThe Chapoton, Godfrey, Goyan, and Laderoute\\nfamilies were among those who came in 1722 or\\nsoon after.\\nYear after year discharged soldiers and emigrants\\nfrom further east continued to arrive. In 1730 the\\nbirths averaged ten or twelve yearly, and the popu-\\nlation continued to increase. There was, however,\\ngreat mortality among the children for nearly fifty\\nyears. In order to promote emigration, on May 24,\\n1749, Gajissonniere, the governor-general, published\\nin all the parishes of Canada the following procla-\\nmation\\nEver man who will go to settle in Detroit shall receive gratui-\\ntously, one spade, one axe, one ploughshare, one large and one\\nsmall wagon. We will make an advance of other tools to be paid\\nfor in two years only. He will be given a Cow, of which he shall\\nreturn the increase, also a Sow. Seed will be advanced the first\\nyear, to be returned at the third harvest. The women and chil-\\ndren will be supported one year. Those will be deprived of the\\nliberality of the King, who shall give themselves up to trade in\\nplace of agriculture.\\nThis proclamation accomplished its purpose, and\\nthe same year forty-six persons came to Detroit,\\nmost of them from Normandy, on the lower Seine,\\nwith nine or ten families from Montreal. The next\\nyear fifty-seven arrived, and an official census of the\\nsame year showed a population of four hundred\\nand eighty-three, which, with the floating popula-\\ntion, made fully five hundred and fifty persons\\namong them were thirty-three women over fifteen\\nyears of age, and ninety-five under fifteen there\\nwas also a garrison of one hundred men. The\\nbirths at this time numbered about twenty-five per\\nyear. The prosperity of the colonists is also shown\\nby the fact that they possessed one hundred and\\nsbcty horses, six hundred and eighty-two cattle, and\\nover two thousand domesticated fowls.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "334\\nTHE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\nIn 1751 a large body of immigrants came. The\\nexpenses of tlieir journey were paid by the Govern-\\nment, and land was granted to twenty-three of\\nthem. Most of those who came in 1751 and 1752\\nwere young men, and Celeron, the Frencli com-\\nmandant, wrote to the king that wives for the new-\\ncomers was their greatest want. In 1752 a bad\\nharvest and the dangers of the war with the English\\ncaused immigration for a time to cease.\\nOther discouragements also beset the colony.\\nOn April 21, 1752, M. de Longueuil wrote: Fam-\\nine is not the sole scourge we experience the\\nsmall-pox commits ravages it begins to reach De-\\ntroit. Over eighty Indians died of the disease at the\\nadjacent villages, including Chief Kinousaki, who\\nwas much attached to the French.\\nThe natural growth of the settlement caused the\\nenlargement of the fort in 1754. and by this time\\nthe colony had so prospered that there was an aver-\\nage of thirty births, and from seven to eight marri-\\nages yearly and notwithstanding the war, the settle-\\nment so fully held its own that in 1760 the births\\nhad attained to about forty per year.\\nIn 1755, when the English banished the Acadians\\nfrom Nova Scotia, many of the fugitives found a\\nrefuge in Detroit, and thus, although many about\\nthis time went from Detroit to incennes, the\\ncolony grew and prospered.\\nIn 1 764, when Laclede founded St. Louis, many\\nwent thither from Detroit, reducing the population\\nof the town and vicinity from two thousand five\\nhundred, to eight hundred, including Indians. A\\ncensus of 1765 showed that there were three hun-\\ndred and fifty families at Detroit and in the imme-\\ndiate neighborhood.\\nThe following copies of official documents con-\\ntained in the Haldimand correspondence, on file in\\nthe British Museum at London, and copied for the\\nDepartment of Archives of Canada, give a variety\\nof interesting details as to the population and re-\\nsources of Detroit on various dates. The first reads\\nas follows\\nSouth side of Fort\\nNorth side of Fort\\nThe Fort\\nOn Hog Island\\nTotal\\n609\\n390\\n602\\n45\\n30\\n1,067\\n2S4\\n1.427\\ni,i75i\\n2,602^\\nN. B. The Troops and Naval Department, with their Cattle,\\nc., are not included in the above. The men servants are gener-\\nally more numerous, several being now hunting and at the Indian\\nvillages. Although all the farms are calculated at forty acres in\\ndepth, eight of them run eighty and one si.vty.\\nP. Dejean.\\nA census of the settlement, taken by order of\\nGovernor Hamilton, on April 26, 1778, showed the\\nfollowing totals\\nMen, five hundred sixty-four. Women, two hundred seventy-\\nfour. Young men and boys, five hundred thirty. Young women\\nand girls, four hundred thirty-eight. JMale servants, one hundred\\nseventy-two. Female ser\\\\ ants, thirty-nine. Slaves, one hundred\\ntwenty-seven. Total, two thousand one hundred forty-four.\\nOxen, four hundred seventy-eight. Cows, eight hundred eighty-\\nfive. Heifers and Steers, six hundred fifty. Sheep, four hun-\\ndred seventy. Hogs, one thousand three hundred and twelve.\\nA survey of the settlement of Detroit, taken\\nMarch 31, 1779, was as follows:\\nTwo hundred thirty-nine in Garrison and Navy. Five hundred\\nPrisoners and Extras. Two hundred seventy-two Male inhab-\\nitants. 265 Women, including 34 connected with the army. 253\\nyoung men. 100 Young women. 484 Boys. 402 Girls. 60 Male\\nslaves. 7S Female slaves. 413 Oxen. 779 Cows. 619 Steers.\\n1076 Hogs. 664 Horses. 313 Sheep.\\nOn November l, 1780, the settlement of Detroit\\nhad\\n394 heads of families. 374 married and young women. 324\\nyoung and married men. 100 absent in Indian country. 455 boys\\nfrom 10 to 15 years. 385 girls from 10 to 15. 79 Male slaves.\\n96 Female slaves. 772 Horses. 474 Oxen. 793 Cows. 361 Steers.\\n279 Sheep. 1,016 Hogs; and there were 1^,083 acres of Land under\\ncultivation.\\nA Gener,\\\\l Return of all the Inhabitants of Detroit,\\nTHEIR Possessions, Cattle, Horses, Servants, and Slaves.\\nTaken by Philip Dejean, Justice of the Peace for the\\nSAID place, the 221) oA^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0 of September, 1773\\nc d\\nd\\nI2\\n|d\\n33\\ni!\\n11\\nin\\n0\\na\\nCO\\nt\\n1/2\\nC\\nSouth side of Fort\\n107\\n81\\n1^\\n112\\n30\\n76\\n27\\n6\\n3\\nNorth side of Fort.\\n124\\n107\\n4\\n137\\n24\\n134\\nl6\\n?6\\n22\\nThe Fort\\n66\\n36\\nI\\n35\\n4\\n27\\n3\\n14\\n14\\nOn Hog Island\\nI\\nTotal\\n=98\\n225\\n84\\n284\\n58\\n240\\n93\\n46\\nThe state of the settlement of Detroit, taken the\\n20th uf July, 17S2, was as follows\\n321 heads of families. 254 married women. 72 widows and\\nmarried women. 336 young and married Men. 526 Boys. 503\\nGirls. 78 Male slaves. loi Female slaves. 1,112 Horses. 413\\nOxen. 452 Heifers. 447 Sheep. 1,370 Hogs. 4,075 Bushels of\\nWheat sown last fall. 521 acres in Indian Corn. 1,849 acres in\\nOats. 13,770 acres under cultivation. 3,000 bushels Potatoes\\nsupposed to be in the ground. 1,000 barrels of Cider supposed\\nwilt be made.\\nIn 1791 and 1792 the colony received an accession\\nfrom Galliopolis. Some of the unfortunate emi-\\ngrants who had been deluded thither by false\\nrepresentations, came to Detroit when that bubble", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\n335\\nburst, and found both homes and friends. The\\nlarge grants of land, with rations for a specified\\ntime from the fort, offered by the English, induced\\nthe settlement of a number of Scotch and English\\nfamilies of the highest respectability, yet French\\ncontinued the predominant language, and soon after\\n1796, when the town passed under American con-\\ntrol, a number of French immigrants arrived. After\\nthe surrender the English began to build F ort\\nMaiden, and the next year many persons went from\\nDetroit and founded Amherstburg.\\nThe first census taken by the Territory of Michi-\\ngSn, on October i, 1805, showed 525 heads of\\nfamilies at Detroit, and 667 males over sixteen\\nyears of age.\\nAbout this time emigration from the Eastern\\nStates began, but the Bostonians, as they were\\ncalled, were not at first made welcome by either\\nFrench or English. The first American settlers\\nwere Solomon Sibley, John Whipple. Dr. William\\nBrown, William Russell, Christian Clemens, James\\nChittenden, Benjamin Chittenden, Dr. McCoskry,\\nJames Henrj-, Elijah Brush, Henry B. Brevoort,\\nCol. Henry J. Hunt, Augustus Langdon, and Major\\nWhistler.\\nFrom 18 1 7 to 1830 the growth of the city was\\nslow but constant. The Gazette did its part to set\\nforth the advantages of the Territory, and a local\\npoet, in one of the numbers for August, 1824, thus\\nsings its charms\\nMICHIGAN.\\nKnow ye the land to the emigrant dear,\\nWliere the wild flower is blooming one half of the year;\\nWhere the dark-eyed chiefs of the native race\\nStill meet in the council and pant in the chase\\nWhere armies have rallied, by day and by night,\\nTo strike or repel, to surrender or fight\\nKnow ye the land of the billow and breeze.\\nThat is poised, like an isle, mid fresh water seas,\\nWhose forests are ample, whose prairies are fine.\\nWhose soil is productive, whose climate benign\\nRemote from extremes, neither torrid nor c(jld,\\nT is the land of the sickle, the plow, and the fold\\nT is a region no eye ere forgets or mistakes,\\nT is the land for improvement, the land of the lakes.\\nOur streams are the clearest that nature supplies.\\nAnd Italy s beauties are marked in our skies,\\nAnd the isle-spotted lakes that encircle our plains\\nAre the largest and purest this planet contains.\\nOf the means that fostered immigration, none\\nwere more potent than the maps and gazetteers\\nissued by John Farmer; the first appeared in 1S25.\\nand many thousands of copies of his maps (espe-\\ncially in 1830) were sold in the Eastern States, and\\nas they furnished all the information obtainable, and\\nin the most accurate manner possible, they were\\ngreatly influential in promoting emigration.\\nFifteen thousand emigrants arrived in 1830, and\\nin 1 831, 1834, and 1836 particularly, the steamboats\\nwere crowded with passengers for Michigan and\\nthe West. The Free Press of May 19, 1831, said:\\nTo say nothing of those who have arrived by land, and through\\nLake Erie by sail vessel, the following steamboats arrived here\\nwithin the last week. The Enterprise, with 250 passengers the\\nWm. Penn, 150 the Ohio, 350 the Henry Clay, 480 the Supe-\\nrior, 550; the Sheldon Thompson. 200; and the Niagara, 200:\\namounting to more than 2,000, and nearly all in the prime of life\\nmostly heads of families who have come for the purpose of pur-\\nchasing land and settling in Michigan.\\nSuch was the tide of immigration during the\\nentire season of navigation that both steam and sail\\nvessels were crowded to their utmost capacity. On\\nOctober 7, 1834, four steamboats brought nearly\\n900 passengers. In January, 1836, three steam-\\nboats two first class and one second class arrived\\neach day, with an average of 260 passengers each\\nway. On May 23, 1836, 700 passengers arrived,\\nand during the month there were ninety steamboat\\narrivals, each boat loaded with passengers. The\\nroads to the interior were literally thronged with\\nwagons. A careful estimate made in June by a\\ncitizen showed that one w-agon left the city every\\nfive minutes during the twelve hours of daylight.\\nIn 1837 the immigration was fully as large; there\\nwas an average of three steamboats a day, with\\nfrom 200 to 300 passengers each, and on one occa-\\nsion in the month of May, 2,400 passengers landed\\nin a single day. The larger part of these immi-\\ngrants w-ere from New York, and the rest mostly\\nfrom New England. It is probable that, in propor-\\ntion to its population, Detroit, and in fact the entire\\nState of Michigan, has a larger percentage of New-\\nYork and New PIngland people than any other west-\\nern city or State. At one time it seemed as though\\nall New England was coming. The emigration\\nfever pervaded almost every hamlet of New Eng-\\nland, and this song was very popular, and is known\\nto have been largely influential in promoting emi-\\ngration\\nMICHIGANIA.\\nCome all ye Yankee fanners who wish to change your lot,\\nWho ve spunk enough to travel beyond your native spot,\\n.\\\\nd leave behind the village where Pa and Ma do slay,\\nCome follow me, and settle in Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, in Michigania.\\nI ve hearn of your Penobscot, way down in parts of Maine,\\nWhere timber grows in plenty, but darn the bit of grain\\n-And I have heard of Quoddy and your Piscatatiua,\\nIJut they can t hold a candle to Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, to Michigania.\\nThen there s old Varmount, well, what d ye think of that\\nTo be sure, the gals are handsome, and the cattle very fat\\nV Ut who among the mountains, mid clouds and snow, would stay;\\nWhen he can buy a prairie in Michigania\\nYea, yea, yea, in Michigania,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "536\\nTHE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT.\\nThen thtre s your Massachusetts, once good enough, be sure.\\nBut now she s always laying a tax upon manure,\\nShe costs you pecks of trouble, which the de ila peck can pay,\\nWhile all is free and easy in Michigania,\\nVea, yea, yea, in Michigania.\\nThere is the land of Ulue Laws, where deacons cut your hair,\\nFor fear your locks and tenets will not exactly square,\\nWhere beer that works on Sunday a penalty must pay,\\nWhile all is Scripture measure in Michigania,\\nVea, yea, yea, in Michigania.\\nThen there s the State of New York, where some are very rich;\\nThemselves and a few others have dug a mighty ditch,\\nTo render it more easy for us to find the way,\\nAnd sail upon the waters to Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, to Michigania.\\nThen there s your bold Ohio, I ve often heard them tell,\\nAbove the other places, she surely wears the bell\\nBut when you come to view her, I will be bound you ll say\\nShe falls quite far below our Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, our Michigania.\\nThen there is Indiana, and Illinois too.\\nBesides the grand Missouri which rises to our view,\\nAll these are fine indeed, and stand in nice array.\\nBut they must all knock under to Michigania,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nYea, yea, yea, to Michigania.\\nUpon the Clinton River, just through the country back.\\nYou 11 find, in shire of Oakland, the town of Pontiac,\\nWhich, springing up a sudden, scared wolves and bears away,\\nThat used to roam about there, in Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, in Michigania.\\nAnd if you follow downwards, why, Rochester is there,\\nAnd further still, Mt. Clemens looks out upon St. Clair,\\nBesides some other places within Macombia,\\nThat promise population to Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, to Michigania.\\nIf you had rather go to a place called Washtenaw,\\nYou 11 find the Huron lands the best you ever saw\\nThe ships sail to Ann Arbor right through La Plaisance Bay,\\nAnd touch at Ypsilanti in Michigania,-\\nYea, yea, yea, in Michigania.\\nOr if you keep a going a great deal further on,\\nI guess you ll reach St. Joe, where everybody s gone\\nThere everything, like Jack s bean, grows monstrous fast, they say.\\nAnd beats the rest all hollow in Michigania,\\nYea, yea, yea, in Michigania.\\nThen come, ye Yankee farmers, who ve mettle hearts like me,\\nAndclbuw-grease in plenty, to bow the forest tree.\\nCome, take a tpiarter section, and 1 11 be bound you 11 say.\\nThis country takes tht; rag oH, this Micliigauia,\\nYea, yea, yea, this Michigania.\\nNo considerable number of Irish were here prior\\nto 1833, but at that time numbers of them came.\\nThe Germans bei^an coming in the sprini*; of 1S32,\\nand the Poles in 1870. The numbers of the various\\nnationalities in the city, accordinj^ to the census of\\n1870, were as follows France. 760 Germany,\\n12,647; England, 3,282; Ireland. 6,970; Scotland,\\n1.637; Holland. 310; Hungary, 310; Norway, 523;\\nPoland, 325. Out of a total of 79,577, 44,196 were\\nborn in America. The census of 1880 gives the\\nnumber of citizens born in various states and coun-\\ntries as follows: France, 721 Germany, 17,292;\\nEngland, 4,200; Ireland, 6,775; Scotland, 1,783;\\nHolland. 275; Hungary, 64; Norway. 27 Poland,\\n1,771; Africa, 2; Australia, 15; Austria. 12S; Bo-\\nhemia, 557; British America, 10.754; China, 11;\\nCuba, 3 Gibraltar, 2 Greece, i India, 9; Italy,\\n127; Malta, 3; Mexico, 6; Russia, 77 Sandwich\\nIsles, 3 Sotith America, 17 Spain, 8 Sweden, 55\\nSwitzerland, 421 Wales, 71 at sea, 24.\\nEvery State and Territory in the Union, except\\nMontana, has contributed to our population. New\\nYork heads the list with 7,722, Ohio sent 1,965,\\nPennsylvania 998, Massachusetts 922, and Illinois\\n568. Out of a total of 116,340 there were born in\\nAmerica 70,695. and of these 2,300 w^ere colored.\\nA curious illustration of the lack of knowledge\\nconcerning this region is afforded in the address of\\nMr, Lymbruner, agent of the Province of Canada,\\nread in 1793 before the House of Commons. The\\naddress, which had been prepared in Canada, was\\nendorsed by Chief Justice Powell, and contained\\nthis passage\\nAlthough there is a small settlement at Detroit, which is, and\\nmust be considered of great importance as a post to trade with the\\nIndians, yet it must appear to this Honorable House that from its\\nsituation it can never become of any great importance as a settle-\\nment. The falls of the Niagara are an insurmountable obstacle\\nto the transportation of such rude materials as the produce of the\\nland. As the farmers about Detroit, therefore, will have only\\ntheir own settlement for the consumption of their produce, such\\na confined market must greatly impede the progress of settlement\\nand cultivation for ages to come.\\nThe following figures do not verify the predic-\\ntion:\\nCensus of Detroit.\\nYears. Population. I Years. Population. Years. Population.\\n1796 5t)0 I 1830 2,222 I 1864 53 170\\n1810 770 I 1834 4,968 I 1868 68,827\\n1S12.\\n1817.\\n1819.\\n1820.\\n800\\n900\\n1,110\\n1,442\\n1840 9*192 1870 79.577\\n1S45 13,065 1874 101,225\\n1S50 21,019 1880 116,342\\n1854 40. 127 I 1884 134.^34\\n1828 ii5^7 i860 45,619\\nThe census of 1884 does not do justice to the\\ngrowth of the city, because many of the people\\ndoing business in Detroit, and in suburbs that are\\npractically a part of the city, are counted in Spring-\\nwells or Hamtramck instead of Detroit. If the\\ncensus had included all who really form part of the\\npopulation, the number would have reached fully\\n1 50,000.\\nThe per cent, of increase of population by de-\\ncades is as follows: 1830-1840, 400 per cent;\\n1840-1850, 102 percent; 1850-1860, loi per cent;\\n1S60-1S70, 74 per cent; 1870-1880, 46 per cent.\\nAn average increase of only fifty per cent, will give\\nthe following population in the years named 1890,\\n1S5.000: 1900,275,000.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.\\n00/\\nThe number of families in i860 was 8,973; in\\n1870, 14,717; and in 1S80, 20,493. ^he statistics,\\nvery carefully taken by the Water Commissioners\\nin June, 1884, showed a total of 29,622 families.\\nAs compared with the population, the average in\\neach decade was about five persons to a family.\\nAs compared with the school census in the same\\ndicades, there was an average of less than two chil-\\ntlren between five and twenty years of age to each\\nfamily. The percentage of children to the total\\npopulation in various decades was as follows 1 840,\\n22 per cent; 1850, 33 per cent; i860, 31 percent;\\n1870, 33 per cent; 1880, 34 per cent. The number\\nof births in Detroit in 18S0 was 4,565, and in 18S1,\\n3,611.\\nMANNERS AND CUSTOMS.\\nMany of the earlier colonists mingled freely with\\nthe Indians, and adopted so many of their habits\\nthat they became more like Indians than white men,\\nfor, as Cadillac says in one of his letters, With\\nwolves one learns to howl. The coitrenrs dc bois\\nin their habits resembled the wildest and worst of\\nthe men in the lumber-camps of to-day, and the\\nrioting and squandering of the lumbermen, on their\\nreturn from the woods, is paralleled by the doings of\\nthese wild and reckless men of the olden time.\\nAlmost every individual was designated, beside\\nhis own name, by a soubriquet indicative of some\\ncharacteristic or incident in his life, and frequently\\nthese names entirely usurped the original ones.\\nIn the list of claims for farms, and in other old\\nrecortls, we find that Joseph Andre was called\\nClark Chesne, Sequin La Butte. Laderoute\\nGodet, Marantette Casse, St. Aubin Velair or\\nV illier was called St. Louis and now Lewis Hubert\\nwas called La Croix; Prieur, La Fleur; Trotier,\\nBeaubien Descompte, Labadie Vernier, Ladou-\\nceur; Billow, L Esperance; Cerait, Coquillard Vis-\\nsier was called La Ferte, now spelled Lafferty. In\\nsome cases the French name has been \\\\nglicised,\\nCharboneau becoming Cole; Laframboise, Berry;\\n(iobiel, Gubby Le Blafic, White Le Noir, Black\\nLa Pierre, Stone and Meunier, Miller. Several of\\nour most prominent families have thus entirely lost\\ntheir original names.\\nThe almost universal dress of the male population\\nin the olden time is portrayed in one of Judge\\nCampbell s unpublished fireside poems, as follows\\nEach sported as he walked the floor.\\nSuch garments as the others wore\\nThough some a careful eye might note\\nHad extra cambnc round the throat,\\nNot as a sanitary stay\\nTo ease their creaking vertebrse,\\nBut as a figurative siKn\\nOf an unbending moral spine.\\nBut wrapped to meet the wintry air.\\nT would make a modish tailor stare\\nTo see what garments, quaint and warm,\\nKept off the rigors of the storm.\\nUpon the head, the noblest part,\\nWell fashioned by the hatter s art.\\nClung close and warm an ample cap\\nOf seal or otter s downy nap.\\nAnd when the wind more fiercely beat\\nAnd dimmed the air with driving sleet,\\nRaised from the shoulders of the coat\\nThe traveler donned his huge capote,\\nWithin whose folds he could defy\\nThe scowling of a polar sky.\\nThat coat no dainty cloth of France\\nBedizened with extravagance\\nWas shaped of blanket, black or blue,\\nThough not unknown the scarlet hue.\\nBound were the cuffs and pocket flap\\nWith fur sufficient for a cap,\\nAnd on the collar too enough\\nTo make his wife a stylish muff,\\nWhile moccasins of Caribou\\nCovered his feet instead of shoe.\\nBut in the shoepac s clumsy bags.\\nStuffed at the toes with blanket rags,\\nThe dweller in the rural shade\\nHis stout extremities arrayed.\\nGartered about his knees were seen\\nLeggings of baize of lively green,\\nHis blanket wrapper t was polite\\nTo mention by the name of white,\\nFor though through darkening hues it went,\\nT was only time or accident.\\nHis mighty buck or woolen mittens\\nWould hold at least a brace of kittens;\\nAnd when he sought to cut a dash\\nHe girt him with a crimson sash.\\nAnd crowned his long and curly locks\\nWitl^spoil of woodchuck, coon, or fox.\\nWhile o er his shoulders broad the tail\\nStreamed like a comet on the gale.\\nSome older and sedater folks\\nWere draped in flowing camlet cloaks,\\nWith soft lined collars stiff and high,\\nConcealing all beneath the eye.\\nWhose bushy brows would overlap\\nAnd seem to fringe the hairy cap.\\nAfter the English came, wealthier citizens and\\nofficials wore black silk breeches and hose, with\\nshoe and knee buckles, which, with a stiff stock and\\nbeaver hat, were signs of gentility. For the women,\\nswanskins were in great demand. They were used\\nto trim borfnets and capes. Bright colors were\\nmuch in favor and the French damsels understood\\nthe art of tying a handkerchief or a ribbon in the\\nmost attractive manner.\\nSimultaneously with the coming of the English,\\nlarger and more attractive stocks of goods gave\\nopportunity for display, and at an evening party,\\nhonored by the presence of the wives and daughters\\nof the officers and leading families, there was no\\nlack of silk and satin gowns, hosiery, and ribbons.\\nSilk and gold-spangled shoes were worn, and\\nFashion had her devotees, as in our day. Colonel", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "33^\\nMANNERS AND CUSTOMS.\\nDe Peyster paid his respects to one of her worship-\\npers in the following lines\\nTo A IJEAUTiruL Young Lady, who had on one of those\\nABOMINABLE STRAW CAPS OR BONNETS IN THE FORM OF ABEE-\\nHIVE.\\nWhile you persist that cap to wear.\\nMiss, let a friend contrive\\nSo that the bees, when swarming near,\\nSha n t take it for a hive.\\nFor, lest you some precaution take,\\nI II be in constant dread\\nThat, through a inouth so sweet, they d make\\nA lodgment in your head.\\nWhere such loud buzzing they would keep.\\nAnd so distract your brain,\\nThat you d not get one wink of sleep\\nTill they buzzed out again.\\nWherefore, to disappoint the bees,\\nWhat I d advise is this\\nClose your sweet lips, when, if you please,\\nI 11 seal them with a kiss.\\nBooks and papers were practically unknown for\\nvery many years. News from the outside world\\ncame in the form of letters, and these were few and\\nfar between. Personal and family plans and adven-\\ntures were the usual subjects of conversation, and\\nthese, with numerous alarms from the Indians and\\nthe changes made by succeeding conunandants,\\nfilled up the measure of the passing years. The\\ntables were well supplied. Beavers tails, wild\\nducks, turkeys, partridges, quails, bear-steaks, ven-\\nison, whitefish, hulled corn, succotash, and baked\\nFrench pears were common articles o^ diet later\\non, many of the best families cured their own pork\\nand beef, and hams and shoulders were smoked at\\nthe smoke-house of some enterprising grocer. A\\nfamily of bovines and eight chickens were sent from\\nMontreal in the fall of 1701 they soon multiplied,\\nand the lowing of cows and the cackling of hens\\nhelped to make the wilderness seem a home. There\\nwas never more stock raised than was needed for\\nhome consumption, and after the War of 1812, for\\nnearly twenty years, a large share of the provisions\\nwas brought from Ohio and New York.\\nThe Gazette for July 25, 1817, announced that\\nduring the preceding two weeks, more than 1,700\\nhead of cattle were brought from Oliio. Even\\nnow little livestock is raised in the vicinity, but in\\n18S3 about 800 cattle, 1,600 sheep and calves, and\\n1,200 hogs were weekly slaughtered in Detroit.\\nThe consumption of flour is nearly 4.000 barrels\\nper week and a single firm supplies 3,000 gallons\\nof inilk daily to customers. Prior to 1830 maple\\nsugar was the only sugar in common use it was\\nnot made in cakes, but was finely grained by stir-\\nring. The Indians cooked their fish in the boiling\\nsap, and fish-bones and scales would sometimes\\nstare at you from the bottom of the coffee-cup. It\\nwas used also as sweetening for tea, and the daily\\ndrink of many of the early American settlers was\\nwintergreen tea sweetened with maple sugar.\\nThe mention of this delicious drink will bring up\\nmany visions of the past to some of the older inhabi-\\ntants.\\nA graphic picture of olden days is given by Gov-\\nernor Cass in a letter dated May 31, 1816, addressed\\nto the .Secretary of War. He says\\nThe Indian trade originally furnished the only employment of\\nthe people of this country, and their only resource against want.\\nAs traders, engages, and voyageurs, they spent one half of the\\nyear in labor, want, and exposure, and the other in indolence and\\namusements.\\nAssociated with the Indians, they contracted their manners\\nand gained their confidence. As a necessary consequence, their\\nfarms were neglected, and the agricultural products of the coun-\\ntry formed a small portion of the subsistence of the inhabitants.\\nWhen the failure of game reduced the profits of this trade, and\\nrendered it more difficult for the persons engaged in it to procure\\nemployment, the people were driven to other pursuits, and the\\nfatal mistake of educating a whole community for a single and\\ntemporary business is now deeply felt and acknowledged. Driven\\nat^Iength to seek resource in tilling the productionsof the country,\\nthe state of the farms shows the extreme defect of agricultural\\nknowledge.\\nThe spinning-wheel and the loom are unknown in the country.\\nLong since the Territory was ceded to the United States, and to\\na certain extent, to the present day, the farmers were in the prac-\\ntice of drawing their manure upon the ice of the river during the\\nwinter, that it might be carried into the lake in the spring. The\\nwool of the sheep was thrown away, and even now, I presume, a\\npound of wool is not manufactured in the Territory by any person\\nof Canadian descent, and four fifths of its inhabitants are of this\\nclass of population. W ithin twelve years the makmg of soap for\\nfamily purposes was a curiosity which attracted the attention of\\nthe people, and although the wonder has ceased with the novelty,\\nyet few have attempted to profit fay the experiment.\\nThat there were gentlemen in 1837 cannot be\\ndoubted, for Mr. McCabe, in his directory of that\\nyear, names fourteen persons whose occupation was\\nthat of gentlemen. Truth compels us to add,\\nhowever, that according to his record there was\\nbut one gentlewoman in all the city, or at least\\nonly one who was so specified.\\nAt the present time the habits and manners of the\\npeople partake largely of the characteristics of both\\nthe French and English races. The result of this\\ncommingling is manifested in the entire social and\\nbusiness life of the city. Detroit is certainly con-\\nservative but coupled with caution there is a spirit\\nof enterprise that, building upon sure foundations, is\\nyearly pushing the city into the front rank of Amer-\\nican cities. There can be no question that it is a\\nremarkably desirable place for those who wish,\\nwhile making money, to enjoy life as well. Various\\nEuropean nationalities are represented in the popu-\\nlation, but no one of them in sufficient numbers to\\ncontrol public sentiment and, as this is true also of\\nthe population of the entire State, both Detroit and\\nMichigan stand for the New England of the West.\\nOur citizens will compare in personal appearance", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.\\n339\\nith the best representatives of the American peo-\\nple. All qualified observers agree that in no eastern\\nor western city are fine-looking women as numerous\\nas in Detroit fresh and fair comple.xions are the\\nrule; and among manufacturers of ladies shoes it\\nis well known that more fine and small-sized shoes\\nare sold here than in any other city of equal popu-\\nlation.\\nThe isolated condition of the first habitans, and\\ntheir consequent dependence upon each other, natu-\\nrally made them friendly and social and partly for\\nprotection, and partly for companionship, the farms\\nof tiie early settlers were of narrow frontage on the\\nriver, and the houses only a quarter of a mile apart.\\nA ntniber of the first comers were of ancient and\\ngentle lineage, and they brought the graces of an\\nolder civilization, the small, sweet courtesies of\\nlife, to the settlement on the Strait. When the\\nEnglish came, the numerous officers of a large gar-\\nrison, and the Scotch and English merchants that\\nsoon followed, contributed to form a society that\\ncould hardly have been more attractive. After it\\nwas surrendered to the United States, the recog-\\nnized importance of the post caused it, for many\\nyears, to be under the command of noted officers\\nseveral wealthy and educated eastern families also\\nmade it their home at this period and after the\\nWar of 1 812, a number of leading families came\\nfrom Marietta, Ohio, the then educational centre of\\nthe West. The society of this western city thus\\nsecured an element quite exceptional in polish and\\nculture, that has affected its characteristics to the\\npresent time. Probably no city in the West has\\npossessed, or maintains, more of the old-school\\nfriendliness and cordial hospitality than is here\\nmanifested. In 1831 a correspondent of an east-\\nern paper made this report\\nThe society of Detroit is kind, hospitable, and excellent. A\\nstrong sense of equality and independence prevails in it. A citi-\\nzen whose conduct is respectable and decorous is respected by all\\nand a-isociates with all. Very little etiquette is practised here.\\nGenuine friendliness and cordiality are the agreeable substitutes.\\nAfternoon visits even to strangers are as orthodox, and even as\\nfrequent, as morning visits. Recently domiciled here, we can\\nspeak feelingly upon this subject. A frank, cordial, and general\\ncivility, at once peculiarly gratifying, and indicative of the char-\\nacter of the Michiganians, has been extended to us. One of the\\nmost agreeable and best established traits of hospitality at Detroit\\nis that decent strangers are always invited to the weddings which\\ntake place in the city.\\nThe spirit indicated in this letter now as then\\nactuates the inhabitants of Detroit, and worth is a\\npassport to the best society.\\nOne of the most noticeable social events that has\\noccurred in Detroit, and in view of all the facts,\\nperhaps one of the most notable occurring in the\\ncountrv, was the complimentarj banquet tendered\\nto C. C. Trowbridge by the citizens of Detroit, on\\nDecember 29, 1882, on the occasion of his eighty-\\nthird birthday. That which caused the occasion to\\nbe exceptional and unique was the fact that, living\\nin Detroit continuously for sixty-three years, and\\noccupying during that time various positions of trust\\nand responsibility, he had so endeared and recom-\\nmended himself to two distinct generations, includ-\\ning men of differing political creeds and religious\\nfaiths and of various nationalities, that they eagerly\\nembraced the opportunity of doing him honor. The\\ntribute was offered him solely on the ground of his\\npersonal worth as the first gentleman of the city,\\nembodying a rare combination of courtesy, scholar-\\nship, and business ability.\\nAt the banquet compliments were literally rained\\nupon him, and the highest compliment of all was\\nthe universal feeling that he could not be injured by\\nthe words and tokens of appreciation so heartily\\nbestowed. It was a remarkable fact that he had\\nwitnessed the growth of Detroit from the little\\nFrench town of 1,110 inhabitants to the metropolis\\nwith a population of 1 30,000.\\nThe reception and banquet took place at the\\nRussell House. The toasts were: Our Guest,\\nThe Banks and Bankers of the Northwest Terri-\\ntory, The French and English Rule in Michi-\\ngan, The Wars and Military Heroes of Michigan,\\nVigorous Age the Product of Virtuous Youth,\\nThe Highways and Byways of Michigan. Hon.\\nG. V. N. Lothrop presided at the banquet, and\\nresponded to the first toast. In making his ac-\\nknowledgments, Mr. Trowbridge read an interesting\\naccount of old-time citizens with various reminis-\\ncences. The other speakers were Hon. T. P. Handy,\\nof Cleveland, Hon. James V. Campbell, of Detroit,\\nPresident James B. Angell, of the University, Rev.\\nDr. T. C. Pitkin, of Detroit, Colonel C. G. Ham-\\nmond, of Chicago, Hon. R. G. Horr, and Hon.\\nThomas W. Palmer. Letters of regret were re-\\nceived from General U. S. Grant, General M. C.\\nMeigs, Hon. Hugh McCuUoch, General H. H. Sib-\\nley, Colonel John N. Macomb, James Watson Webb,\\nand others.\\nThe occasion will be long remembered by all who\\nenjoyed it as one that awakened aspirations after\\nall that is truest and noblest in character. No\\nsermon or address could have been more effective.\\nThe testimonial was timely, for a few months later,\\non Tuesday, April 3, 1883, as the result of what\\nseemed at first only a slight cold, Mr. Trowbridge\\npassed away.\\nThe custom of New Year s calls has been com-\\nmon since the beginning of the century. In 1879\\nit became the practice to print in the daily papers\\nthe narnes and addresses of those intending to re-\\nceive calls.\\nMany persons of various nationalities have or-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "540\\nMANNERS AND CUSTOMS. MARRIAGE LAWS.\\nganized societies for the promotion of social feeling.\\nAmong those of a purely social character is the\\nBurns Club, organized February 26, 1867, and the\\nNew England Society, organized November 6, 1873.\\nThis last has no stated times of meeting. The\\nPhoeni.x Social Club, composed principally of Jewish\\nmembers, was organized September 15, 1872, and\\nincorporated in November, 1875 occupies the\\nsecond and third stories of the block on the south-\\nwest corner of Woodward Avenue and Duflield\\nStreet. The rooms were dedicated November 24,\\n1S75. and in their own Hall the Club have lectures\\nand readings, dramatic and musical entertainments.\\nA society called the Detroit Club was organized in\\nMay, 1875, and had its quarters in an elegant build-\\ning on West Fort Street, but its members became in-\\nactive, and its effects were sold at auction on October\\n8, 1878. A second club by the same name was or-\\nDktkoit Club House.\\nganized and incorporated October 4, 1882, and fitted\\nup a building at 72 Lafayette Avenue, which was\\nformally opened November 18. The Club subse-\\nquently purchased the residence on the northwest\\ncorner of Fort and Wayne Streets. The officers of\\nthe Club have been as follows: 1882, president,\\nHugh McMillan secretary, S. T. Douglas treas-\\nurer, J. V. Moran. In 1S83 the officers were the\\nsame, except that James V. Campbell, Jr., was\\ntreasurer.\\nmarriacIe laws.\\nLong before the French came, dusky lovers\\nstrayed through the primeval forests, exchanged\\nwhispered vows, and made presents of wild roses,\\nwater lilies, and flairs de lis. Indian husbands,\\nhowever, were less attractive than Indian lovers,\\nand the French when they came carried off the fair-\\nest of the forest. To their credit be it said that\\nthey treated their Indian wives with so much more\\nattention than they usually received that the squaws\\nsoon saw the difference, and Cadillac reported that\\nthe Indian women preferred a Frenchman of any\\nsort to a savage. He encouraged these alliances\\nas a means of protection to the settlement, and half-\\nbreeds soon formed the larger per cent of the popu-\\nlation. There are several families still in Detroit\\nwith some ancestral Indian blood in their veins.\\nIn order to provide wi\\\\ es for the soldiers, the\\ncommandants, from time to time, applied to the\\noflicials in France to send out widows and mar-\\nriageable young ladies and at various times com-\\npanies of maidens, with outfits provided by the\\nking, came to cheer and bless the settlement in the\\nwilderness.\\nNo one was allowed to marry without permission.\\nEven Tonty himself, in 171 7, was obliged to solicit\\na marriage permit that he might marry an at-\\ntractive widow. Of the soldiers, no one was\\nallowed to marry who could not show probable\\nability to support a family. The presence of the\\ncommandant was essential to wedding festivities,\\nand there was much formality attendant upon all\\nthe preliminaries. The notary, with his quill and\\nink-horn, was a man of eminent importance on\\nthese occasions, and the contract of marriage which\\nhe drew up specified with exact care the dowry of\\nthe bride and named at length all who were present\\nat the wedding.\\nMarriages under the English law were solemnized\\neither by the minister or a justice of the peace.\\nThe French maidens were not averse to having\\nEnglish suitors, and were so eagerly sought that\\nthey often stepped from childhood int(5 married\\nlife. Tradition says that when Dr. G. C. Anthon\\nmarried Miss St. Martin she had a doll in her arms.\\nWhere both parties were French, less than thirty\\nyears often covered the united ages of both bride\\nand groom.\\nUnder the laws of the Northwest Territory, males\\nof seventeen years and females of fourteen might\\nbe married, but the consent of parents or guardians\\nwas required if the man was under twenty-one and\\nthe woman less than eighteen ears of age. The\\nbans were required to be published for at least\\nfifteen days before the marriage ceremony, either\\nfrom the pulpit on Sundays or by notice posted in\\nsome public place by a justice or a license had to\\nbe obtained.\\nBy territorial law of Au.gust 2, 1805. a justice\\nwas given authority to marry persons where one of", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "MARRIAGE LAWS. MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES.\\n341\\nthe parties lived in the justice s district both parties,\\nlinwever, were required to be over twenty-one years\\nof age, or written consent for the one under age ob-\\ntained from the father or guardian.\\nBy law of October 31, 1820, fifteen days notice\\nof an intended marriage was required to be posted\\nin some public place, or a public declaration to be\\nmade by some minister on two different occasions,\\nthe first publication to be made at least ten days\\nbefore the marriage or a license obtained of the\\nclerk of the county court. Under the same law\\nmales of eighteen and females of fourteen years of\\nage might be married, but males under twenty-one\\nand females under eighteen were required to have\\nthe consent of their father or guardian.\\nThe Revised Statutes of 1S38 required that at\\nleast one of the parties should be examined on oath\\nas to the legality of the proposed marriage, and\\nunder the same law males of seventeen and females\\nof fourteen years of age might marry regardless of\\nthe consent of parents or guardians.\\nThe Revised Statutes of 1846 fi.xed the age at\\nwhich males might marry at eighteen years, and\\nfemales at sixteen years; and no change has since\\nbeen made as to marriageable age.\\nIn the Catholic churches, by church law, the\\nnames of persons proposing to marry, and of the\\nparents of each, are required to be announced three\\ntimes from the pulpit, unless a special dispensation\\nis obtained.\\nIn the Hebrew congregations, the groom is re-\\nquired to obtain from the president of the congrega-\\ntion a permit, and must satisfy him that he can be\\nlawfully married, and give his own and his bride s\\nname and on presentation of the permit, the rabbi\\nis authorized to perform the ceremony.\\nUnder present .state law, any justice of the peace\\nand any pastor of a church may solemnize a mar-\\nriage, after examining on oath one of the parties as\\nto the legality of the proposed marriage two wit-\\nnesses besides the minister or justice and the con-\\ntracting parties must be present.\\nThe person performing the marriage ceremony is\\nrequired, within twenty days thereafter, to deposit\\nin the county clerk s office a record of the date and\\nplace of the marriage, the Christian and surnames\\nof groom and bride, and the maiden name of the\\nbride if a widow, also the color, age, place of birth.\\nand residence of the parties at time of the mar-\\nriage, and the names and residences of the two\\nwitnesses, together with his own name and official\\ntitle or position.\\nMASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES.\\nWithin four years after the post of Detroit was\\nsurrendered to the English, a lodge of Masons was\\norganized. The warrant for its organization was\\nissued on April 27, 1764, by George Harrison,\\nGrand Master of the Province of New York. The\\nwarrant provided for a Lodge of Masons, No. i,\\nto be held at Detroit under whatever name the said\\nMaster and his officers shall please to distinguish it.\\nLieutenant John Christie, of the Sixtieth Regi-\\nment, was named as Master, Samson Fleming,\\nSenior Warden, and Josias Harper, Junior Warden.\\nThe lodge was named Zion Lodge. It surrendered\\nits warrant, and received a new one from the Grand\\nLodge of New York on December 3, i8o5, and was\\nregistered as No. 62. This Lodge was in existence,\\nbearing the same number, in 1817.\\nA second Lodge was instituted in 1773, registered\\nas No. 356, and two years later Union Lodge No.\\n394 was created.\\nA fourth Lodge was organized by the Grand\\n.Secretary. James Davidson, under authority of\\nThos. Ainslie, of Quebec, Deputy Grand Master.\\nThe warrant was dated September 7, 1794, and\\nauthorized James Donaldson as Master Mason,\\nEdward Byrn as Senior Warden, and Findley\\nCampbell as Junior Warden, to hold a Lodge in\\nthe City of Detroit, in LTpper Canada on the first\\nMonday of every calendar month. The Lodge\\nthus authorized was duly established on December\\n19 at the house of James Donaldson, and was\\nknown as Zion Lodge No. 10. It was in existence\\nas late -as December 28, 1801. A notice of one of\\nthe meetings of this lodge, copied from the original\\ndocument, is as follows\\nDetkoit, 23d Aug., 1799.\\nBrother May,\\nYou are requested to meet the Master Wardens and the rest of\\nthe Brethren at the house of James Donaldson, on the 31st day of\\nAug., immediately at 6 o clock in the evening, being a Lodge of\\nEmergency, and this you are to accept as a special summons from\\nZion Lodge No. 10 of the Registry of Lower Canada. Fail not\\non your O. B.\\nBy order of the Body\\nBen. Rand,\\nS^c. 0/ Zion Lodge,\\nUnder authority of the Grand Lodge of New\\nYork, the fourth warrant organizing a lodge bear-\\ning the name of Zion was issued on June 13, 1844,\\nand constituted John E. Schwartz, Master; R. A.\\nForsyth, Senior Warden and David Thompson.\\nJunior Warden, of Zion Lodge No. 99.\\nfifth warrant, dated June 5. 1844. issued by the\\nGrand Lodge of Michigan, authorized the name of\\nZion Lodge No. r, and constituted David Thomp-\\nson, Master; Ezra Williams, Senior Warden; and\\nR. A. Forsyth, Junior Warden. The annual meet-\\ning was at the regular communication preceding the\\nfull moon in December of each year.\\nOn December 21, 1821, Detroit Lodge No. 337\\nwas instituted, and a few days after, on December", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "342\\nMASONIC AND UUU FELLOWS SOCIETIES.\\n26, the officers were publicly installed in the Protes-\\ntant Church on the corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Lamed Street, under the direction of Charles\\nJackson, Jeremiah Moors, and Le\\\\ i Cook as a Com-\\nmittee of Arrangements.\\nIt appears from old records that Detroit Lodge\\nNo. 337 obtained a new charter as Detroit Lodge\\nNo. I, from Michigan Grand Lodge on October 5,\\n1842. and again from some source on May 28, 1S44,\\nand from New York, as Detroit Lodge No. 100, on\\nJune 14, 1844, and lastly, as Detroit Lodge No. 2,\\nfrom the Michigan Grand Lodge, on June 5, 1845.\\nThe following Detroit Lodges were chartered on\\nthe dates named Union Lodge of Strict Observ-\\nance No. 3, on January 18, 1852; Ashlar Lodge\\nNo. 91, January* 16, 1857; Oriental Lodge No. 240,\\nJanuary 10, 1868; Schiller Lodge No. 263, April\\n13, 1869; Kilwinning Lodge No. 297, January 1 1,\\n1872.\\nMonroe Chapter No. i was organized at Detroit\\non February 3, 1818, under a dispensation granted\\nby DeWitt Clinton, of New York. They worked\\nunder this until February 7, 1821, when the General\\nGrand Chapter granted them a charter. They were\\nincorporated by Act of March 14, 1S51. Peninsular\\nChapter No. 16 was organized February 11, 1857.\\nThe first Grand Lodge of Michigan was formed\\non June 24, 1S2G, by delegates from Zion Lodge\\nNo. 3 and Detroit Lodge No. 337 of Detroit, and\\nMenominee Lodge No. 374 of Green Bay, and Mon-\\nroe Lodge No. 375. Four special communications\\nwere held, and one annual one on June 6, 1S27,\\nafter which the Grand Lodge did not meet until\\nJune 2, 1841. At a meeting of the Grand Lodge\\non May 22, 1844, it was recommended that old\\nlodges obtain new charters from New York and as\\na new Grand Lodge was to be organized in accord-\\nance with the recommendations of this body, the\\nold Grand Lodge was discontinued, and the present\\nGrand Lodge organized on September 17, 1844.\\nDetroit Commandery No. I was organized Janu-\\nary 8, 1851 Monroe Council No. i, May 19, 1S56;\\nAncient and Accepted Scottish Rite Carson Lodge\\nof Perfection, May 21, 1861 Carson Council\\nPrinces of Jerusalem, May 21, 1861; Mount Olivet\\nChapter Rose Croix, May 21, 1862; Michigan\\nSovereign Consistory S. P. R. S., 32 degrees. May\\n21, 1862; Detroit Lodge of Perfection, June iS,\\n1869; Palestine Lodge No. 357, December 20, 1880;\\nthe Grand Imperial Council of the Red Cross of\\nConstantine was organized April 10, 1874.\\nMasonic meetings were originally held at private\\nhouses. About 1826 a second story was added to\\nthe old council house, on the corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Randolph Street, and the new story\\nwas used for masonic meetings. After the burning\\nof the building in 1 848, meetings were held in the\\nupper story of a brick building afterwards known as\\nthe Garrison House, on the corner of Jefferson\\nAx enue and Cass Street. The Masonic Hall on\\nJefferson Avenue, between Griswold and Shelby\\nStreets, was begun in 1851, the corner-stone being\\nlaid on September 2. The building was completed\\nin 1852, but the Hall was not formally dedicated\\nuntil June 24, 1857. In 1876 many of the lodges\\nfound quarters in the new building of the Wayne\\nCounty Savings Bank; and in the summer of i88i,\\nthe lease of the property on Jefferson Avenue hav-\\ning e.xpired, all of the lodges left the old hall.\\nOld Masonic Hall.\\nOne of the most notable events in connection\\nwith Masonry was the Knight Templar procession\\nof June 9, 1S70. Many commanderies from various\\nparts of the United States were present, and over\\none thousand Knights participated. By a notice-\\nable coincidence, exactly nine years later the visit\\nand parade of the Palestine Commandery of New\\nYork took place, and this also was a notable occa-\\nsion.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES.\\n343\\nThe Michigan Masons Mutual Benefit Associa-\\ntion was organized June 12, 1874, and incorporated\\nJanuary 7, 1878. It is solely for the benefit of\\nMaster Masons not over fifty-five years of age.\\nThe order of Odd Fellows was introduced into\\nDetroit by the institution of Michigan Lodge No. i\\non December 4, 1843, under a charter granted by\\nthe Grand Lodge of the United States. Joshua L.\\nSmith and Hartford Joy were the first two elected\\nofficers. The lodge was incorporated November\\n10, 1845, d prospered to such an extent that on\\nApril 13, 1844, the second lodge in the State was\\norganized as Wayne Lodge No. 2, with A. R.\\nTerry, John Robinson, Jr., and Charles S. Adams\\nas its first three elective officers. Other lodges\\nwere instituted in the following order\\nOlive Branch Lodge No. 38, September 20, 1S49;\\nWashington Lodge No. 54, February 22, 1851, in-\\ncorporated January 6, 1873; Detroit Lodge No.\\n128, February 29, 1867; IngersoU Encampment\\ngress and Earned Streets. It was built in 1846, and\\ndedicated on February 24, 1847. An oration was\\ndelivered on the occasion by George C. Bates, in\\nthe Baptist Church, corner of Fort and Griswold\\nStreets. The building had a frontage of fifty-two\\nfeet on Woodward .\\\\venue and was eighty feet\\ndeep. It was owned by a stock company, composed\\nexclusively of Odd Fellows, In 1855 most of the\\nstock of the association and the management had\\npassed into the hands of one or two persons. Two\\nof the lodges and the encampment then leased the\\ntwo upper floors in Hull s Block, and fitted up a\\nhall which was known as New Odd Fellows Hall.\\nThis hall was dedicated on the 1 3th of September,\\n1855, by Grand Master William M. Fenton, and\\nwas occupied by all the lodges until the hall on\\n=r J*\\nOUD FliLI.OWs H.M.I,, WliODW.VKU AvENUE. 1857.\\nOdd Fellows Hall, he.\\\\d of Monkoe Avenue.\\nNo. 29, March 19, 1868; First French Lodge of the\\nWest No. 147, October 15, 1870; Germania En-\\ncampment No. 45, November 21, 1870; Sides Lodge\\nNo. 155, February 22, 1871 Columbus Lodge No.\\n215, September 29, 1873; Riverside Lodge No.\\n303, September 12, 1S77; Amity Lodge, January i,\\n1880.\\nThe Detroit Patriarchs were organized in Sep-\\ntember, 1875. The organization is composed of\\nOdd Fellows who have taken the Royal Purple\\ndegree. On September 20, 1876, at the Grand\\nReunion in Philadelphia, they were complimented as\\nthe best drilled company present.\\nThe first Odd Fellows Hall in the city was on\\nthe west side of Woodward Avenue, between Con-\\nMonroe Avenue was built. A small room in the\\noriginal hall was occupied from 1S70 to 1876 by\\nDetroit Lodge. The building was torn down in\\n1877, to make room for a new block.\\nIn 1874, Washington Lodge No. 54 purchased\\na lot on Randolph Street facing Monroe Avenue,\\nand built Odd Fellows Temple thereon. The\\ncorner-stone was laid on August 20, 1874, by the\\nofficers of the Grand Lodge, at which time an\\naddress was delivered by John N. IngersoU, R.\\nW. Grand Warden. The hall was completed in\\nFebruary-, 1S75, and occupied by Washington Lodge\\nNo. 54, Michigan Lodge No. i, Detroit Lodge No.\\n128, and Sides Lodge No. 155. It was dedicated\\non February 22, 1876.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLVIII.\\nSLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE.\\nSlavery began almost with the settlement. The\\nIndians who gathered near the fort brought with\\nthem captives taken in battle, and some of these\\nwere transferred to the French. In 1760 there\\nwere both Indian and African slaves in Detroit.\\nMost of the Indian slaves were from the Pawnee\\ntribe, and a few from the Osage, Choctaw, and\\nother western tribes, who had been captured in\\nwar and sold to French and English residents.\\nThe Indians made excellent servants and com-\\nmanded good prices. At the time of the capitula-\\ntion it was stipulated that the French inhabitants\\nshould keep their negroes, but they were to restore\\nthose belonging to the English. The following\\ncopies of letters from an old manuscript letter-book\\nof Phyn Ellice, in possession of the Buffalo His-\\ntorical Society, give an idea of the spirit of these\\nolden times, and detail the methods of sale and\\nthe prices paid for slaves for this market\\nSchenectady, 7 July, 1760.\\nMr. H. Levy\\nBefore this reaches you we hope every former order will be\\ncompleted. Above we send you a small memorandum which we\\nbeg you 11 execute immediately on receipt. We shall be\\npleased to hear how beaver is selling. If you have wam-\\npum, pipes and moons, you may send em by first opportunity,\\nand we 11 make a trial of them at Detroit this winter.\\nYours, c. P- E.\\nP. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Do not fail to purchase the blacks by first opportunity,\\nas the person for whom they are, has contracted to deliver them\\nat Detroit early in the fall.\\nSCHENECTABY, 23d Aug., J760.\\nMr. James Stirling, Detroit.\\nSir,\\nYour favor, iqth June, attending your order, we had the plea-\\nsure to receive, and immediately thereon J. P. made a jaunt to\\nNew York, with a view to be particular and expeditious in making\\nup the goods. We now inclose you Invoice per L the load-\\ning of six boats is under the direction of James McDonald, who\\nis engaged to proceed with them to Detroit. We have\\ntried all in our power to procure the wenches and negro lads, but\\nit s impossible to get any near your terms. No green negroes are\\nnow brought into this Province. We can purchase negroes from\\neighty pounds to ninety pounds, and wenches from sixty pounds\\nto seventy pounds. If such will be acceptable, advise and you\\nshall have them in the spring, and perhaps under, if we can meet\\nwith Yankees in the winter.\\nWith great esteem, yours,\\nP. E.\\nSchenectady, 13 August, 1770.\\nMr. Levy\\nSir,\\nWe have received two negro boys the oldest will do for Mr.\\nStirling, at Detroit, and is entered in our Order book. Rut we\\nare entirely at a loss what to do with that fat-gutted boy, having\\norders for none such for any of our correspondents, and we don t\\nby any means want him for ourselves. Pray, are not\\nbills of sale necessary with these African gentlemen\\nWe are, c., P. E.\\nSchenectady, 22 March, 1771.\\nMr. Carpenter Wharton\\nSir,\\nUpon your arrival at Philadelphia, please advise us by letter ad-\\ndressed to the care of Mr. Samuel Franklin, Jun., if you can pur-\\nchase for us two negro lads from fifteen to twenty years, for about\\nfifty pounds, New York currency, each. They must be stout and\\nsound, but we are indifferent about their qualifications, as they\\nare for a Frenchman at Detroit.\\nYours, P- E-\\nTo Mr. John Porteous, Detroit:\\nDear Sir,\\nWe have contracted with a New England gentleman for some\\ngreen negroes to be delivered here the first of August, and then\\nyour wench will be forwarded, to^ cther with a negro boy, in case\\nshe may some time hereafter choose a husband. We apprehend\\nhe will be useful to you, or advantageous about the sloop, or you\\ncan dispose of him as you find best. The price is fifty pounds\\neach.\\nYours, c., P. E.\\nThe official returns made to the governor-general\\nin 1773 showed that there were then ninety-six\\nslaves at the settlement along the Detroit five\\nyears later there were one hundred and twenty-\\nseven. After another interval of five years the\\nnumber was reported at one hundred and seventy-\\nfive, and in 1782 there were seventy-eight male and\\none hundred and one female slaves.\\nAmong other old records at Detroit there is a\\ndocument given by John Askin, grandfather of the\\nlate E. A. Brush, dated September 9, 1766, and\\nsaying, I set at liberty and give full freedom unto\\nmy Pawnee slave Monnette, which I had from\\nMons. Barrussa at Michilimackinac. On October\\n19, 1794, the same Mr. Askin bought of James May\\na negro man Pompey, for forty-five pounds, and on\\nJanuar\\\\ 3. 1795, he sold him to James Donaldson\\nfor fifty pounds.\\nI344]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE.\\n345\\nThe American State Papers (Volume I., page\\n146) contain an interesting account of an effort to\\nhave slavery legali/.eti in this region. The facts were\\nas follows On November 22, 1802, Governor Har-\\nrison issued a proclamation notifying the people of\\nan election to be held in the several counties on\\nDecember 11. Delegates were then to be elected\\nto a convention called for December 20, at Vin-\\ncennes; the main object of the convention to be\\nthe consideration of the question of securing the\\nrepeal or suspension of Article VI. of the ordinance\\nof 1787, which prohibited the holding of slaves in\\nthe Territory. No representation was solicited\\nfrom Wayne County, probably because it was so\\nwell understood that Michigan would soon be a\\nseparate Territory that it was deemed unnecessary\\nto consult its citizens on a question of this charac-\\nter. Governor Harrison presided over the conven-\\ntion, and it was decided to petition Congress to\\nsuspend the said article for ten years. It is an\\ninteresting fact that the celebrated John Randolph\\nof Roanoke, the chairman of the Congressional\\nCommittee to whom the petition of the delegates\\nwas referred, made a report declaring that the\\nlabor of slaves is not necessary to promote the\\ngrowth and settlement of colonies in that region.\\nThe committee deem it highly dangerous\\nand inexpedient to impair a provision wisely calcu-\\nlated to promote the happiness and prosperity of\\nthe northwestern country and to give strength and\\nsecurity to that extensive frontier. After hearing\\nthe report, Congress refused to suspend the articles,\\nand the Territory was preserved to freedom.\\nIn tracing the question through the years, we find,\\nin a letter, dated April 2, 1803, that William Elliott,\\nof Sandwich, requested James Henry, of Detroit, to\\nkeep Mr. Ormsby s man in jail a few weeks until he\\ncould sell or dispose of him.\\nAt the time of the fire in 1805 there were six\\ncolored men and nine colored women in the town.\\nThat their numbers increased is evident, for in 1807\\nGovernor Hull organized a company of negro militia.\\nMany of the older citizens had one or more slaves.\\nJoseph Campau owned ten at one time. One of\\nthem, nicknamed Crow, used to ascend the steeple\\nof St. Anne s Church and perform numerous gym-\\nnastic tricks for the amusement of those who\\ngathered beneath.\\nThe impOnation of slaves was discontinued after\\nSeptember 17, 1792, the Canadian Parliament, by\\nlaw of that date, directing that no slaves should\\nthereafter be introduced, and that all born there-\\nafter should be free at the age of twenty-five. The\\nordinance of 1787 had previously provided that\\nslavery should not exist in the Northwest Territory.\\nAt that time, however, this region was not under\\ncontrol of the American Government, and there was\\nno barrier to the holding of slaves at Detroit. After\\nits surrender in 1796, slave owners at Detroit con-\\ntinued to hold their slaves under the Jay treaty of\\nNovember 19, 1794, which provided that the in-\\nhabitants of the Territory surrendered to the United\\nStates should be protected in their property. The\\nquestion as to whether slaves could be legally holden\\nwas adjudicated in 1807.\\nA case came before the Supreme Court of the\\nTerritory in which Richard Patterson, of Sandwich,\\nsought to apprehend as slaves Joseph Quinn and\\nJane, then residing in Michigan. The case was\\ntried, and on September 26, 1807, Judge Woodward\\ndelivered an elaborate opinion against the claimant,\\non the ground that slavery was not admissible in\\nMichigan except as to persons in actual possession\\nof British settlers within this Territory on the i ith\\nday of July, 1796. Those who had possessed\\nslaves under British rule continued to hold them,\\nand the official census for 18 10 shows that, at that\\ntime, seventeen slaves were held in Detroit. On\\nMarch u, 1818, the assessor of taxes for Wayne\\nCounty gave notice that the Court of General Quar-\\nter Sessions of the peace for said county had made\\nnegro and mulatto slaves ratable for taxes for the\\ncurrent year. The census for 1830 showed that\\nthere were thirty-two slaves in Michigan, but by\\n1836 all the slaves were either dead or manumitted.\\nAdvertisements for runaway slaves appeared in the\\nGazette as late as 1827.\\nThe feeling of a portion of the citizens in regard\\nto the colored race found expression in the Act of\\nApril 13, 1S27, which provided that after May i the\\nnames of all colored persons should be registered\\nin the county clerk s office and no blacks were to\\nbe permitted to reside in the Territor) unless they\\ncould produce a certificate that they were actually\\nfree. The certificate was to be placed on record,\\nand twelve and one half cents paid therefor. The\\ncolored people were also required, within twenty\\ndays, to file bonds, with one or more freehold sure-\\nties, in the penal sum of $500, for their good be-\\nhavior and the bondsmen were expected to pay for\\ntheir support in case they were unable to support\\nthemselves. If this law was not complied with, the\\nblacks were to be sent out of the Territory. The\\nsame law provided penalties for kidnapping. No\\nattempt was made to enforce the law until after the\\nriot of 1833, and then the colored people fled to\\nCanada. The history of that riot is as follows On\\nJune 14, 1833, Thornton Blackburn and his wife,\\nwho had resided here nearly two years, were claimed\\nand arrested as fugitive slaves from Kentucky.\\nThey were taken before a justice of the peace, who\\ndirected an officer to take charge of them and de-\\nliver them to the claimant. During their examina-\\ntion before the justice, a crowd of colored people", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "346\\nSLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE.\\ncollected in great excitement, and threatened to re-\\nsist the execution of the law. The alleged slaves\\nwere, however, conveyed to the jail, and the crowd\\ndispersed. The next day, which was Sunday, the\\nagent of the owner sought to have the slaves de-\\nlivered up, but the sheriff, fearing a disturbance, de-\\nclined. During the day a number of colored per-\\nsons were permitted to have access to the prisoners,\\nand one woman was allowed to remain in the cell\\nwith the female slave till after dark. The latter ex-\\nchanged clothing with her visitor, and thus made\\nher escape. Meantime the colored people, armed\\nwith clubs, assembled in large numbers on the\\ncommon near the jail, and showed a determina-\\ntion to attempt a rescue but after the departure of\\nthe steamboat in the evening they dispersed, as it\\nwas evident that the slaves would not be removed.\\nOn Monday they ^gain assembled in increased num-\\nbers, gathering in groups in the neighborhood of\\nthe jail, armed with clubs, stones, and pistols.\\nThere was also a large number of them on the\\nwharf where the steamboat lay. A little before four\\no clock in the afternoon, the sheriff went to the jail,\\nand a carriage was driven up to convey Blackburn\\nto the boat but he was hardly seated before the\\nnegroes attacked the carriage the sheriff then at-\\ntempted to convey him back to the jail, but as he\\nwas going in the negroes made a rush, rescued the\\nslave, put him in a cart, and he escaped to Windsor.\\nHe was then arrested by the Canadian authorities and\\nlodged in Sandwich jail. They were requested by\\nthe State authorities to deliver him up, but refused\\nto do so, and he was soon set at liberty.\\nDuring the melee Sheriff Wilson was dangerously\\nwounded. The e.\\\\citement in the city was intense,\\nand several colored persons were arrested. There\\nwere no sufficient means of preserving order, and\\nGovernor Cass, then Secretary of War, who hap-\\npened to be in the city on a visit, ordered a com-\\npany of troops from Fort Gratiot to proceed to\\nDetroit to aid the civil authority in support of the\\nlaws. As affording further and more permanent\\nprotection, the citizens, at a public meeting, on July\\nID, decided to establish a city watch, to consist of\\nsixteen persons, to continue until the trial or dis-\\ncharge of the colored persons who are now under\\narrest for riotous conduct.\\nPublic sentiment became increasingly opposed to\\nslavery, and on April 26, 1837, the Detroit Anti-\\nSlavery Society was organized. The constitution\\ncontained the following articles\\nA rtkle i.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This association shall be called The Detroit Anti-\\nSlavery Society, and shall be au.\\\\iliary to the Michigan State\\n.\\\\nti-Slavery Society.\\nA rticlc S. The object of this society shall be the entire aboli-\\ntion of slavery in the United States of America, and the elevation\\nof our colored brethren to their proper rank as men. While it\\nadmits that each State alone has, by the constitution f the\\nUnited States, the exclusive right to legislate with regard to\\nslavery within its own limits, its aim shall be to convince all our\\nfellow citizens, by arguments addressed to their understanding\\nand consciences, that slave-holding is a crime in the sight of\\nGod, and tliat the duty, safely, and best interests of all concerned\\nrequire its immediate abandonment.\\nA rticle 3. Any person not a slave-holder, or engaged in the\\ntraffic of slaves, may become a member of this society by signing\\nits constitution.\\nA rtlch 7. The annual meeting of this society shall be held on\\nthe anniversary of the emancipation of the British West Indies.\\nThe officers of the association for 1837 were:\\nShubael Conant, president Edward Brooks, Edwin\\nW. Cowles, and CuUen Brown, vice-presidents;\\nCharles Henry Stewart, secretary; George F. Por-\\nter, treasurer; William Kirkland, Alanson Sheley,\\nand Peter Boughton, executive committee. In 1839\\nRobert Stewart was president, and A. L. Porter,\\ncorresponding secretary. The society was in exist-\\nence only a short time, but its spirit remained, and\\nits principles grew increasingly popular.\\nIn January, 1842, the e.\\\\-slave, Henry Bibb, came\\nto Detroit, and in 1844 and 1845 he lectured in\\nMichigan under the auspices of the Liberty Asso-\\nciation, a political irganization which sought to pro-\\nmote the election of anti-slavery candidates. Horace\\nHallock was president, Cullen Brown, vice-presi-\\ndent, and S. M. Holmes, secretary.\\nOn September 18. 1850, Congress passed the\\nFugitive Slave Act. It provided that slaves might\\nbe arrested in any State, appointed special officers\\nto secure their arrest, and directed that the testi-\\nmony of fugitives, in any trial growing out of their\\narrest, should not be admitted. This law greatly\\nincensed many citizens, and increased the strength\\nof the anti-slaver\\\\- sentiment. The proximity of\\nCanada, where slaves became free men, caused De-\\ntroit to become a noted point of departure, and\\nfugitive slaves were constantly passing through the\\ncity, and frequent, and sometimes successful, efforts\\nwere made by their owners to capture them. In\\nOctober, 1S50, the arrest of a colored man named\\nRose created so great an excitement that, at the\\nrequest of the mayor, General Schwartz called out\\nthree voUmteer companies to preserve the peace\\nand on October 8, 1850, the thanks of the Council\\nwere tendered to John Ladue, then mayor, for his\\naction in the case.\\nThe attempts to retake fugitive slaves were in\\nthe main unsuccessful, for the majority of the peo-\\nple were opposed to slavery, and though the law\\nujiheld them, the slave-holders were foiled and\\noutwitted. There was a complete chain of persons,\\nextending to the slave States, who were organized\\nfor the relief and transportation of fugitive slaves.\\nA paper in their interest, called the Voice of the\\nFugitive, was published, first at Sandwich and then\\nat Windsor, by Henry Bibb. The issue of Novem-\\nber 5, 1851, contained the following notice:", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "SLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE.\\n34;\\nUnderground Railroad,\\nThis road is doing better business this fall than usual. The\\nFugitive Slave Law has given it more vitality, more activity,\\nmore passengers, and more opposition, which invariably acceler-\\nates business. We have been under the necessity of tearing up\\nthe old strap rails and putting down the regular T s, so that wc\\ncan run a lot of slaves through from almost any of the bordering\\nSlave States into Canada, within forty-eight hours, and we defy\\nthe slaveholders and their abettors to beat that if they can.\\nWe have just received a fresh lot to-day of hearty looking men\\nand women, on the last train from Virginia, and still there is\\nroom.\\nIn order to aid the runaway slaves a Refugee\\nHome Society was organized at Detroit, and ofii-\\ncered by the active members of the Liberty Associa-\\ntion. The society bought a large quantity of land\\nback of Sandwich, and aided in settling nearly hfty\\nfamilies. Its operations covered the period from\\n1S54 to 1872.\\nIn order to hinder the working of the Fugitive\\nSlave Law, the Legislature of Michigan, on Feb-\\nruary 13, 1S55, passed a law prohibiting the use\\nSTOCKHOLDERS\\nOF THE rjJNDERGROTJJVD\\nHiLHIMPM\\nHold on to Your Stock!!\\nThe market has an upward tendency. By iho express train wbieli ar-\\nrived this morning at 3 o clock, fifteen thousan l dollfU s worth of human merchandise, consisting of\\ntwenty-nine able bodied men and women, fresh and sound, from the Carolina and Kentucky\\nplantations, have arrived safe at the depot on the other side, where all our sympathisins: coloniza-\\ntion friends may have an opportunity of exprcssjing their sympathy by bringing fonvard donations\\nof ploughs, e., forming utensils, pick axes and hoes, and not old clothes; as these emigrants nil\\ncan till the soil. N. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stockholders don t forget the meeting to-day at 2 o clock at the forry on\\nthe Canada side. All persons desitiog to take stock in this prosperous company, he sure to be on\\nhand. By Order of the\\nDetroit, .Ipra 19, 1853. BOARD OF DIRECTORS.\\nFac-simile OF HAND-Bri. I. OF UNnERr.RotNn R\\\\tLKOAD. (H.ilf size.)\\nOn December 3, 1851, the paper contained this\\nitem\\nProgress of Escape from Slavery.\\nIn enumerating the arrivals of this week we c.in count only\\nseventeen, ten of whom came together on the E.\\\\press train of\\nthe Underground Railroad. This lot consisted of a mother with\\nsix children, and three men. The next day there came four men,\\nthe next day two men arrived, and then one came alone. The\\nlatter tells of having had a warm combat by the way with two\\nslave catchers, in which he found it necessary to throw a handful\\nof sand in the eyes of one of them; and while he was trying to\\nwash it out he broke away from the other, and effected his escape.\\nThe above fac-simile reduced, half size, of a\\nhand-bill of that day, shows the spirit and humor\\nthat were sometimes indulged in.\\nof the county jails to detain persons claimed as\\nfu.gfitive slaves, and directinij the prosecuting attor-\\nneys in the several counties to defend them. On\\nMarch 12, 1859, John Brown arrived in Detroit,\\nwith fourteen slaves from Missouri. One of these\\nslaves gave birth to a son while on the journey, who\\nwas named John Brown, and lived for many years\\nin Windsor. Besides the slaves, John Brown had\\nfive of his own men with him. By a most remark-\\nable coincidence, or as the result of a pre-arranged\\nplan, Frederick Douglass, the colored orator, was\\npresent in Detroit, and lectured on the same evening\\nthat Brown arrived. After the lecture Douglass\\nand Brown, with George De Baptiste, William", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "548\\nSLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE.\\nLambert, John Richards, Dr. J. Ferguson, William\\nWebb, and a few others, met at the house of\\nWilliam Webb, who was then living in the building\\nnow known as 185 Congress St. East, and held a\\npreliminary meeting which resulted in the organiza-\\ntion of the Harper s Ferry raid. Their plan was to\\nmake the vicinity of Harper s Ferry a place of ren-\\ndezvous, and there assemble the fugitive slaves in\\nsufficient numbers to protect them in their freedom.\\nThe treachery or folly of one of their number, who\\nmade known their plans, forced them to make a\\npremature movement, and the result is a matter of\\ngeneral history.\\nrr p r\\nt F T 111 -W\\nliBftr if;;il\\n-r\\nThe John- Bkuwn House.\\nThe Emancipation Proclamation was one of the\\nlegitimate results of the meeting in Detroit. The\\nfirst celebration in honor of the day of its issue\\nwas held on January 6, 1S63, at the colored Baptist\\nChurch.\\nOne of the darkest pages in the history of Detroit\\nis the record of March 6, 1863. The events that\\nled to the doings of that day are as follows A\\nmulatto named William Faulkner, had been arrested,\\ntried, convicted, and sentenced to prison for life for\\nan alleged outrage on a little girl. The war with\\nthe South was then in progress a draft was feared,\\nand the ignorant and vicious were glad of an oppor-\\ntunity to vent their ill-nature on a race which was\\nclaimed to be the cause of the war. Faulkner was\\narrested on February 26. His trial began on March\\n5, and on that day, while he was being conveyed\\nback to jail, he was struck on the head with a\\npaving-stone and knocked down. The mob which\\nsurrounded him then sought to seize him, but the\\nofficers succeeded in getting him inside the jail.\\nThe ne.xt day he was again taken to court. The\\ntrial was concluded and he was sentenced. While\\nhe was being conveyed back to jail, a squad of the\\nprovost-guard, who were aiding the sheriff, were\\nattacked. They fired, and one man was killed.\\nThe mob now became infuriated, and an attack was\\nbegun on the colored people. Many of them were\\nfearfully beaten their buildings were set on fire for\\nthe purpose of burning those who were inside and\\npaving-stones were torn up and thrown at those\\nwho tried to escape, thus driving them back into\\nthe flames. Many had always doubted Faulkner s\\nguilt, and after seven years had passed, the doubt\\nbecoming almost a certainty, a pardon was pro-\\ncured, and on Friday, December 31, 1869, greatly\\nto his surprise, he was released. A number of\\ngentlemen contributed a sum of money, and he was\\nestablished at a stand in the market, which he\\noccupied until his death, about seven years after he\\nwas pardoned.\\nThis riot caused great excitement, but it was the\\nlast manifestation of the prejudice against the colored\\npeople, who were soon after made citizens and\\nclothed with full power of self-defense. Their\\nefforts to obtain citizenship began in 1843, in which\\nyear a State convention was held on October 26 and\\n27, at the church on Fort Street, and they peti-\\ntioned for the privilege of citizenship. In November,\\n1850, the question of conferring the right of suffrage\\non colored people was voted on, and the vote in\\nWayne County was 608 for and 3,320 against con-\\nferring such right. On January 25, 1865. a second\\nState convention was held at the Croghan Street\\nliaptist Church, and the Legislature was petitioned\\nto grant the right of suffrage. The petition was\\nnot granted, but the Fifteenth Amendment to the\\nConstitution of the United States, which, on March\\n30, 1 870, the Secretary of State declared fully rati-\\nfied, made them citizens and voters. The restric-\\ntive word white was stricken from the Constitu-\\ntion of Michigan by a vote of the people on\\nNovember 8, 1870, and the votes of the colored\\ncitizens were first cast in Detroit on the same day.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLIX.\\nRECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS.\\nThe early French colonists had abundant oppor-\\ntunities for the manifestation of their natural gayety,\\neven in this far-off wilderness. The whole region\\nwas a natural preserve, and its hunting and fishing\\nfacilities would have satisfied the most enthusiastic\\nsportsman that ever threw a line or carried a gun.\\nOars plashed here and there along the river, and in\\nhandling the light canoe the dark-eyed French girls\\nshowed great skill and grace. Sunday afternoon\\nand evening were especially given up to gayety.\\nThe people had been to mass in the morning, the\\npenitents had been duly shrived, and the benedic-\\ntions of the priests rested upon them why should\\nthey not be gay They, at least, seemed to know\\nno reason, and in groups and parties they carri-\\noled along the beach or paddled near the shore\\nyoung lovers strolled beneath the old pear-trees,\\nand those tall, strong sentinels of the river-side\\ndropped mellow offerings at their feet. Often the\\nsound of music came through open doors, and\\nwithin light heels and hearts chased the time away.\\nGuns and fish-poles were alike in use, and the finny\\nand feathery tribes should have known w-hen Sun-\\nday came, for then there was danger all around.\\nBougainville, who came here in 1757, thus describes\\nthe foot-races of that day\\nThere are in Detroit some foot-races between Indians and\\nCanadians, and they are as celebrated as those of horses in Eng-\\nland; they take place in the spring from five hundred up to\\nfifteen hundred Indians are generally present at them; the length\\nof the race is one mile and a half {go and return), from Detroit to\\nthe village of the Pottouatamies; the road is broad and beautiful\\nthere are some posts fixed in the ground at both extremities the\\nbets are very high on each side, and consist of furs on one part\\nand French merchandise on the other, for the use of the Indians.\\nThe most celebrated racer is a Frenchman named Campau his\\nsuperiority is so well recognized that he is no more admitted into\\nthe races.\\nIn 1761, during a visit of Sir William Johnson,\\nnotwithstanding the dangers of the time, the fol-\\nlowing extracts from his diary show that amuse-\\nments were not forgotten\\nSunday, 6th (September). A very fine morning. This day I\\nam to drive with Captain Campbell, who is also to give the ladies\\na ball, that I may see them. They assembled at 8 o clock at\\nnight to the number of about twenty. I opened the ball with\\nMademoiselle Curie, a fine girl. We danced until five o clock\\nnext morning. Saturday, 12th. I his morning four of the prin-\\ncipal ladies of the town came to wait on me. I treated them\\nwith rusk and cordial, .\\\\fter silting an hour they went away.\\nSunday, 13th. At 10 o clock Captain Campbell came to\\nintroduce some of the town ladies to me at my quarters, whom 1\\nreceived and treated with cakes, wine, and cordial. Monday,\\n14th. I took a ride before dinner up toward Lake St. Clair.\\nThe road runs along the river side, which is all settled thickly\\nsome miles. A very pleasant place in summer, but at other sea-\\nsons too low and marshy. The French gentleman and the two\\npriests who dined with us got very merry. Invited them all to a\\nball to-morrow night which I am to give to the ladies. Tuesday,\\n15th. In the evening, the ladies and gentlemen assembled\\nat my quarters, danced the whole night until 7 o clock in the\\nmorning, when all parted very much pleased and happy. Prom-\\nised to write to Mademoiselle Curie as soon as possible my senti-\\nments there never was so brilliant an assembly here before.\\nThe several allusions to Mademoiselle Curie\\nmake it evident that his diary was not kept for the\\nbenefit and instruction of Mollie Brant and the ten\\nchildren from whom .Sir William was absent for a\\ntime. Another reference to the lady in question is\\ncontained in a letter from Captain Donald Campbell\\nto Sir William Johnson, dated Detroit, June 9, 1762.\\nHe says\\nI gave a ball on the King s birthday, when a certain acquaint-\\nance of yours appeared to great advantage. She never neglects\\nan opportunity of asking about the General. I think by\\nher talk Sir William had promised to return to Detroit. She\\ndesires I should present her best compliments.\\nIt is evident that these compliments were renewed\\nthrough Captain Gladwin, for on .\\\\pril 7. 1763, Sir\\nWilliam Johnson wrote from Johnson Hall to Glad-\\nwin at Detroit\\nI have not forgotten the powerful effect of the charms of the\\nlady who honors me with a place in her remembrance, and should\\nbe very happy in any opportunity which might offer of paying her\\nmy devoirs.\\nThe lady, however, yielded to the suit of one of\\nthe Detroit merchants, as appears from the follow-\\ning extract from a letter of James Stirling to Sir\\nWilliam Johnson, dated Detroit, April 27, 1765\\nSoon after ray arrival here I was married to Miss Cuiellierrie,\\nwho desires to be remembered to you in the most grateful manner\\nand returns you hearty thanks for your civilities to her whilst at\\nthis place.\\nAlthough several different names are given in\\nthese extracts, they all referred to the same lady.\\n[349]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "350\\nRECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS.\\nMiss Beaubien, who was notably brilliant and ac-\\ncomplished.\\nAll gatherings of young people were enlivened\\nby music and dancing, and if no violinist was to be\\nobtained there were not a few demoiselles who\\ncould lilt the dancing tunes so blithely and so well\\nas to make the violin almost needless. When the\\nEnglish came the officers made sad havoc with the\\ntime and thoughts of the lively maidens of that\\ntime and in the warp and woof of revolutionary\\ndays, the scalp-cry of the Indians, the drum-beat\\nof the garrison, and the howl of wolves, were\\nmingled the music of the ball-room and the gay\\nlaugh of merry dancers. Captain Grant, of the\\nnavy, wrote to a friend, We hop and bob every\\nMonday night at the council-house.\\nLater on dancing parties or assemblies were\\narranged for by subscription, and several invita-\\ntions to these gatherings, written on the back of\\npiayinar cards, are preserved. Some of the amuse-\\n;iaf cart\\ns^ i:\\nments 6t 1789 are described in a letter written by\\nMiss Ann Powell, who was liere in May of that\\nyear. She says\\nAs soon as our vessel anchored, several ladles and gentlemen\\ncame on board they had agreed upon a house for us, till my\\nbrother could meet with one that would suit him, so we found\\nourselves at home immediately. The ladies visited us in full\\ndress, though the weather was boiling hot. What do you think of\\nwalking about when the thermometer is above ninety It was as\\nhigh as ninety-six the morning we returned our visits. Whilst we\\nstaid at the fort, several parties were made for us, a very agree-\\nable one by the 65th, to an island a little way up the river. Our\\nparty was divided into five boats one held the music, in each of\\nthe others were two ladies and as many gentlemen as it could\\nhold. Lord Edward^ and his friend arrived just time enough to\\njoin us they went round the Lake by land to see some Indian\\nsettlements, and were highly pleased with their jaunt. Lord\\nEdward speaks in raptures of the Indian hospitality he told me\\none instance of it which would reflect honor on the most polished\\nsociety. By some means or other, the gentlemen lost their provi-\\nsions and were entirely without bread, in a place where they could\\nget none. Some Indians travelling with them had one loaf, which\\nthey offered to his Lordship, but he would not accept it the\\nIndians gave him to understand that they were used to do without,\\nand that, therefore, it was less inconvenient to them they still\\nrefused, and the Indians then disappeared and left the loaf of\\nbread in the road the travellers must pass, and the Indians were\\nseen no more. Our party on the Island proved very pleasant,\\nwhich that kind of parties seldom do the day was line, the coun-\\ntry cheerful, and the band delightful. We walked some time in\\nthe shady part of the Island, and then were led to a bower where\\nthe table was spread for dinner. Everything here is on a grand\\nscale do not suppose we dined in an English arbor This one\\nwas made of forest trees and bushes, which being fresh cut, you\\ncould not see where they were put together, and the bower was\\nthe whole height of the trees, though quite close at the top. The\\nband was placed without and played whilst we were at dinner.\\nWe were hurried home in the evening by the appearance of a\\nthunder storm it was the most beautiful I ever remember to\\nhave seen.\\nThe winter season furnished many a scene of gay\\nfestivity. The little French or Canadian ponies\\nLord Edward Fitzgerald, then at Detroit.\\nwere so plentiful as to be had for almost nothing\\nand box-runners, then much in vogue, were so\\neasily constructed that every one could procure a\\nturn-out, and not only the river, but the Grand\\nMarsh on the east, and the River Rouge on the\\nwest, became race-courses for the whole community.\\nThis last locality, the Red River, as the English\\nalways called it, was the favorite place for this sport,\\nand fast pacers were in special demand on these\\noccasions. The officers and ladies of the post,\\ndressed in sable-lined robes, with masks to protect\\ntheir faces, and beaver caps for the heads, were well\\nsheltered from the winds. De Peyster in one of his\\npoems relates at length how, on occasions, dinners\\nof venison were barbecued in the open air, and\\nserved on the bank, with bearskins for seats, and no\\nsign of a table, a picnic in the winter time, with\\nthe deers and bears as lookers-on.\\nThe following advertisement, from the Gazette of\\nJanuary 21, 1825, gives characteristics of the sports\\non the Rouge\\nTerritory of Michigan against North America.\\nTo Sportsmen.\\nThe subscriber will pace his horse Bas Blanc against any trot-\\nting or pacing horse, mare, or gelding in North America, from\\ntwo to five miles, for any sum from fifty to ten thousand dollars.\\nThe race to take place on the ice, the present winter, at some\\nplace within the Territory, and the horses to be driven before a\\ncarriole, or rode, as the parties please.\\nIsADOKE Navarre,\\nRiver Raisin, ^an. 18, 1825.\\nOther sports on the ice, as practiced in his boy-\\nhood days, are thus described by Judge Campbell:\\nWhen the sharp winter moved along.\\nAnd the ice on the river was smooth and strong,\\nFrom Bloody Bridge to fair lielle Isle\\nWas seen the flash of the ringing steel,\\nAs over the bar the skaters pass.\\nAnd through the crystal, clear as glass,\\nGaze at the fish, that turn and stare\\nAt the strange doings in the air.\\nOn the wide shallows of Grand-Marais\\nBefore the breeze the rushes sway,\\nAnd domes of plaiti^d reeds appear,^\\nTempting the hunter s cruel spear.\\nBut livelier far, as the boys rush down.\\nIs the clear, deep river before the town.\\nFrom shore to shore they glide and swing\\nQuickly as swallows on the wing,\\nOr backward sweep in a circus ring.\\nOr spread the eagle, or car\\\\ e the ice\\nWith names, and many a strange device.\\nAnd in the moonlight s silvery flow,\\nNimble and tireless as the roe,-\\nAgain on the river the swarm flies out,\\nDodging and sliding and wheeling about,\\nAs when for the season the school is out,\\nAnd urchins, fearless of disaster,\\nCaper undaunted before the master.\\nThe houses of the musk-rat.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "RECREATIONS AND AMUSEiMEXTS.\\n351\\nWith cun ing sticks in fierce melee\\nThey drive the whizzing ball away,\\nOr scamper in a mile long race\\nTo reach the bounds of prisoner s base.\\nOr, twisting tight their kerchiefs stout.\\nHard and stiff as a Russian knout.\\nAnd counting slowly up to ten.\\nCall the Red Lion out of his den,\\nAnd scurrying off in the goalward track\\nLaugh as the clumsy loiterer s back\\nWinces beneath the sounding whack.\\nFor picnic grounds the Woodbridge Grove, lo-\\ncated at what is now the comer of Michigan and\\nTrumbull Avenues, and also the grounds near the\\nfort, were deemed desirable as late as 1850. On\\nSaturday afternoons and holidays the children could\\nramble in the woods, inside the present city limits.\\nIn the spring there were wintergreen berries and\\nsassafras to be gathered and later on, mandrakes,\\nwild strawberries, and huckleberries called many to\\nthe fields. In the fall, hickory and hazel nuts glad-\\ndened the eyes and stained the fingers of those who\\nwent in search of them. On the route out, bull-\\nfrogs and tree-toads frequently livened the way, and\\non the homeward trip, fireflies illumined the path.\\nEach period of the year brought its own peculiar\\ngames, and then as now kites, hoops, tops, marbles,\\nand ball followed each other as regularly as the signs\\nof the zodiac.\\nPublic exhibitions found but little favor, and the\\nSolons of the Territory did not encourage them.\\nOn April 13, 1827, a law was passed providing that\\nIf any person, or persons, shall exhibit any puppet\\nshow, wire dancing, or tumbling, juggling or sleight\\nof hand, within this territory-, and shall ask or\\nreceive any pay in money, or other property, for\\nexhibiting the same, such a person, or persons, shall\\nfor every such offense pay a fine of not less than ten\\nnor exceeding twenty dollars.\\nThe most enterprising caterer to the amusement-\\nloving public was Major D. C. McKinstry. In\\n1834, when the city had a population of only about\\nfive thousand, he was at the same time proprietor\\nof a theatre, a circus, a museum, and a public gar-\\nden, all of them separate and distinct from each\\nother and in size and management they would be\\ncreditable even in the present day. The Circus\\noccupied a large wooden building on the northeast\\ncorner of Gratiot and Farrar Streets it was after-\\nwards used as a theatre, then as a furniture factory,\\nand was finally burned. The Michigan Garden, as\\nit was called, is identical in location with what was\\nrecently known as Brush s Garden it was bounded\\nby Randolph, Brush, Lafayette, and Croghan Streets.\\nThe garden, in 1837, was described as being lo-\\ncated at the northern extremity of the town. It\\ncontained a restaurant and bath-rooms also many\\nkinds of fruit trees, and plants in great variety.\\nThe following literal copies of advertisements from\\nthe papers of that day furnish details concerning the\\ngarden and the entertainments there given\\nTo Sl OKTSMEN\\nRare sport at the Michigan Garden! Two Bears and one\\nWild Goose will be set up to be shot at, or chased by dogs, on\\nT^uesday, 20th October, at two o clock r. M.\\nN. B. Safe and pleasant seats will be in readiness for Ladies\\nand Gentlemen.\\nDetroit, Oct. ig, 1835.\\nMichigan Garden.\\nThe public are respectfully informed that the Garden continues\\nopen to visitors. The Museum, consisting of some of the finest\\nspecimens of Ornithology, Minerals. Coins, natural and artificial\\ncuriosities, and a Grand Cosmorama occupying one building of\\nthe Garden another containing thirty-seven wax figures, of\\nsome of the most interesting characters. The Garden will be\\nilluminated every fair evening, and a band of music will heighten\\nthe enjoyment of a walk through upwards of three thousand\\nfeet of promenade walk.\\nRefreshments as usual. The Baths are likewise in order for\\ncompany.\\nA ug. 19, 1840.\\nThe Museum was opened on May 13, 1834, oc-\\ncupying the two upper stories of the four-story\\nbuilding then owned by Mr. Godard, on the south-\\neast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Griswold\\nStreet. It was burned out in the fire of January I,\\n1842.\\nIn after years several valuable private museums\\nand collections existed, to w-hich the public had ac-\\ncess without charge. The collection of .S. W. Hig-\\ngins, who lived on the northeast corner of Williams\\nand Elizabeth Streets, though not large, possessed\\nmuch of value. It was gathered chiefly by his son,\\nwho, as an officer in the United States Na\\\\y, visited\\nthe Mediterranean and other foreign ports; it was\\nespecially noted for its specimens of cutler)- from\\nthe interior of Africa. The best private museum\\nwas that of Dr. Louis Cavalli, located on Franklin\\nStreet, east of St. Antoine. It was estabhshed about\\nthe year 1846, and was open daily to all visitors,\\nfree of charge, until 1852 or 1853. The collection\\nembraced many rare stones, shells, and minerals,\\nand was especially complete in insects. There were\\nalso many rare curiosities from Herculaneum. The\\ncelebrated men of the fourteenth and eighteenth\\ncenturies were represented in a series of fourteen\\nhundred medals; there were also engravings in\\ngreat variety, and copies of paintings by Rajihael\\nand Correggio. On the death of Dr. Cavalli, the\\ncollection was sold to the Smithsonian Institute.\\nAmong out-door sports, skating and coasting\\nwere always popular, and a favorite resort was\\nknown as Piety Hill. This hill, probably fifty feet\\nhigh, lay inside of the Catholic grounds between\\nRandolph, Bates, and Earned Streets and Michigan\\nGrand Avenue. Sleds would go from the summit,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "RECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS.\\nnear the corner of Randolph and Congress Streets,\\nthrough to Bates Street. Congress Street was finally\\ncut through the hill, and the elevation was levelled\\nmany years ago. About 1S50 Shelby Street, from\\nJefferson Avenue to the river, afforded a fine op-\\nportunity for coasting, and sleds oftentimes went\\nnearly a third of the way across the river.\\nOn December 7, i860, the first skating rink was\\nopened. It was located between Third and Fifth,\\nBeech and High Streets. Another was subsequently\\nopened on the northwest corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and Davenport Street. A rink was also\\nbuilt on the northeast corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Edmund Street; and in 1861, and for several\\nyears after, skating was a popular pastime with\\nbeau.x and belles.\\nReckeation Park Entrance and Reception Biilding.\\nAs a place for out-door entertainments, Recrea-\\ntion Park affords all facilities that can be desired.\\nIt is located on the Brush Farm, the entrance being\\na few blocks east of Woodward Avenue, on Brady\\nStreet. The grounds, embracing eighteen acres,\\nare fitted up to accommodate exhibitions of various\\nkinds. The Reception Building has every needful\\nappliance for comfort and convenience. The Park\\nwas opened on May 10, 1879\\nA Zoological Garden was established on Michi-\\ngan Avenue, near Tenth Street, and first opened on\\nSeptember 5, 1883. It was conducted by a corpora-\\ntion, and a large amount of money was expended,\\nbut the enterprise did not prove a financial success,\\nand the garden was closed July 29. 1884.\\nBetween 1S30 and 1840 many of the prominent\\nmerchants were accustomed on Saturday afternoons\\nto engage in a game of football, and in rolling can-\\nnon-balls on Jefferson Avenue, between Griswold\\nand Wayne Streets. Billiard-tables were in use\\nprior to 1805. George Meldrum, in his estimate of\\nlosses by the fire of that year, notes one billiard-\\ntable, $25. A noted game of billiards was played\\nat Detroit on April 12, 1S59, between Michael\\nPhelan of Chicago, and John Seereiter, of Detroit.\\nThe match took place at Firemen s Hall, Phelan\\nwinning by ninety-si.x points.\\nAmong the noted events, in the way of recrea-\\ntion, was a series of amusement meetings held in\\nYoung Men s Hall. The use of\\nthe hall was given by Luther\\nBeecher, and the first of a series\\nof night entertainments, which\\nlasted about two weeks, took\\nplace on March 10, 1874. Those\\nW ho aided gave their services;\\nsongs, stories, and music formed\\nthe programme, and the hall was\\nfilled to overflowing every even-\\ning.\\nOn June 7, 1875, under the\\n0] M joint auspices of the Young\\n|l Men s Christian Association and\\nthe Home of the Friendless, the\\nAuthors Carnival began at\\nYoung Men s Hall, and con-\\ntinued for a week. The aim of\\nthe entertainment was to repre-\\nsent appropriately the works of\\nnoted authors, and it was admir-\\nably carried out at an expense\\nof over $5,000.\\nRoller skates and velocipedes\\ncame into common use in 1875.\\nThe city license fees for\\namusements are as follows:\\nTheatres, from $50 to $200 per\\nyear; circuses, $75 for first day, and $50 for each\\nsucceeding day ball-alleys and billiard-tables pay\\n$5 per year for each alley or table.\\nAthletic and aquatic sports have been encour-\\naged by the organization of numerous societies.\\nThe Social Turn Verein, or German Gymnastic Asso-\\nciation, was organized June 17, 1852, and incorpor-\\nated February 6. 1855. In iS6othe society erected a\\nbuilding on the south side of Sherman Street, be-\\ntween Russell and Riopelle Streets, at a cost of\\n$4,000. The Peninsular Cricket Club was organized\\nin 185S. The cricket grounds are on the west side\\nof Woodward Avenue, just north of Fremont", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "RECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS.\\n353\\nStreet. One of the most noted games was played\\nwith the All England Eleven on September 25.\\n1879, the English cricketers being victors. On\\nAugust 13, 1S67, a great Base Ball Tournament be-\\ngan on the cricket grountls and lasted nearly a week.\\nThe Detroit Gymnasium, an organization now\\nextinct, grew out of a private gymnasium belonging\\nto persons connected with the Lake Survey Office.\\nTheir apparatus was obtained by D. Farrand Henry,\\nand he and Messrs. \\\\V. A. Throop and A. Selleck\\nfitted up a gj mnasium for personal use over a\\nbookstore on Woodward Avenue, near Congress\\nStreet. Others desiring to participate, on Febru-\\nary 9, 1858. a club was organized, the members\\nto pay five dollars per year each. On April 6.\\n1859. a new constitution was adopted, and in\\ni860 the Gymnasium was moved to the Seitz\\nBuilding. Here it was largely patronized and be-\\ncame very popular. It was then moved to Congress\\nStreet, near Larned, to what was known as the\\nGymnasium Building. Here it lost its popularity,\\nand in 1867 was practically closed. In 1876 the\\napparatus was turned over to the Young Men s\\nChristian Association, and is still in use by that\\norganization.\\nScottish games and memories are kept alive\\nthrough the Detroit Caledonian Club, organized in\\n1 867. The Detroit Schuetzenbund, or German Shoot-\\ning Club, was organized in April, 1855, and incor-\\nporated July. 1866. Its building is located in a\\npark of eleven acres, in Hamtramck, on the Mack\\nRoad. It was erected in May, 1873, at a cost of\\nabout $4,000 the entire property is worth $io,cxx).\\nThe .Audubon Club, originally organized on Febru-\\nary 24, 1868, to secure the presen-ation of game,\\nhas now become a social club.\\nThe most popular and flourishing sporting organi-\\nzation is the Lake St. Clair I ishing and Shooting\\nClub. It was organized April 11, 1872, and incor-\\nporated on June 4 of the same year. The original\\nplan was to limit the club to twenty-five members\\nthe number was then increased to fifty, and finally\\nto two hundred and twenty. A stock company was\\nformed, which owns the buildings and apparatus.\\nMembers must be owners of one share of stock\\nand pay an initiation fee of twenty-five dollars. The\\nclub-house cost $5,000, and is located at the north\\nend of tlie St. Clair Flats Canal. The boats are\\nfree to members of the club. The house is in\\ncharge of a steward, and members pay a stipulated\\nsum per day for board and lodging while at the\\nhouse. Friends of members may be invited to the\\nhouse, if they are not residents of Detroit or towns\\nimmediately adjoining. The Star Island House, a\\npublic hotel located near by, is a favorite resort in\\nthe summer season.\\nThe width, length, and general smoothness of the\\nDetroit River makes it e.xtremely favorable for\\nboating and for regattas. These opportunities are\\nevery year increasingly appreciated, and the boat\\nclubs of Detroit are a marked feature in the sport-\\ning life of the city. There are few finer sights in a\\nsummer evening than the boating parties the\\nboats are often manned in part by ladies, and the\\ngay uniforms and bright flags, the measured dip\\nof the oars, and merry laughter, make a pleasing\\ncombination of sight and sound.\\nThe oldest boat club is the Detroit. It was\\norganized February 18, 1839, and re-organized\\nAugust 23, 1856. It owns one of the finest boat-\\nhouses in the country, erected in 1873. at a cost of\\n$5,000. It was originally located between Hastings\\nand Rivard Streets, and was moved to its present\\nlocation, between Joseph Campau and McDougall\\nAvenues, in 1877.\\nThe Excelsior Boat Club was organized on May\\n14, 1867, and incorporated June 14, 1871. Amended\\narticles were filed January 8, 1878. The club-\\nhouse, at foot of Joseph Campau Avenue, was\\nerected in May, 1867, and has since been improved\\nwith the boats and other property of the club, it is\\nvalued at $5,000.\\nThe Zephyr Boat Club was organized in June,\\n1867, incorporated May 12, 1875, and disbanded in\\n1881.\\nThe Centennial Boat Club was organized Sep-\\ntember 14, 1S75, and incorporated March 2, 1876.\\nIts boat-house, between Chene Street and Joseph\\nCampau Avenue, cost $550, and was dedicated June\\n30, 1877.\\nOther boat-clubs have been organized from time\\nto time, but most of them may be said to be lying\\non their oars. For the purpose of general practice\\nand the management of regattas and races, several\\nof the clubs were united under the title of the\\nDetroit River Navy. It was organized in August,\\n1S67, and re-organized in June, 1S68, and again on\\nJune 8, 1874.\\nAmong the occasions of special interest to boat-\\nclubs were The annual regatta of the Northwest-\\nern Amateur Boating Association, July 14, 1870;\\nthe opening day of the Northwestern Regatta, on\\nAugust 14, 1877 and the arrival of the Shoe-wae-\\ncae-mette Boat Club, of Monroe, on August 3,\\n1878, on their return from England; Augu.st 6,\\n1878, was the opening day of Detroit River Nax^y\\nRegatta, and August 7 of the same year the open-\\ning day of Northwestern Regatta.\\nOn June 28, 1879, the Detroit River Navy\\nRegatta took place. The Wyandottswon a two-\\noared race, the Michigans won the four-oared, and\\nthe barge race was won by the Detroit Club.\\nThe National Rowing Regatta for 1882 was held\\nat Detroit, beginning on August 8.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L.\\nMUSIC AND Till DRAMA. ART. ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.\\nMusic is indigenous to this region. The first\\nsettlers heard not only the rude rattles of the In-\\ndians, but the air was vocal with the songs of bobo-\\nlinks, larks, and robins, to which the chatter of\\nsquirrels and the call of the wild ducks as they\\nswept over the\\ntown formed a fit-\\nting chorus. There\\nwere soon added\\nthe din of drums,\\nthe plash of pad-\\ndles, and the lusty\\nsongs of the trad-\\ners as they rowed\\nup and down the\\nriver.\\nMusic was need-\\ned to cheer tlie\\nloneliness of those\\nso far from home,\\ntherefore fife and\\nfiddle were in con-\\nstant play and the\\nechoes of their\\ntones linger still\\nabout the town,\\nand their memories\\nare linked with the\\nmusic of to-day.\\nIn olden times,\\nas now, the\\nchurches were the\\nfoster-mothers of\\nall singers. The\\nrecords of St.\\n.Anne s for May\\n15, 1755, mention\\nthe marriage of\\nJean Baptiste Ro-\\ncou.x, Chorister\\nof the Parish\\nand the Pontiac Manuscript tells of an instrumental\\nconcert given on June 3, 1 763, in honor of the con-\\nclusion of peace.\\nLater on, in 181 5, there were many excellent sing-\\ners among the troops stationed here. Their favorite\\nresort was the Yankee Boarding House on Bates\\neOJ^CERT\\nAT THE CAPITOL BY\\nTHE ar\u00c2\u00a5ROIiE\u00c2\u00a7E MOtSTREL,\\nWho has performed In the cities of Boston,\\nIlfew York, Philadelphia and New Orleans,\\nand all the principal cities, of the II. states\\nwith great applause, respectfully informs the\\nliadies and Gentlemen of this place, that he\\nwill give a Concert at the Capitol on Thursm\\nday and Friday evenings.\\nORDER OF PERFORMANCE,\\nItt. Tyrolese Son?,\\nad. Sweet Home,\\n3d. Tyrolese Song of Friendship,\\n4lfc. Oh no. we never mention her,\\n6th, Tyrolese Song for Liberty,\\nTTefinatU roBoiAialL the New-Tork Courifr uiJ Enqninrof ulait a\u00c2\u00bbit\\nCarta BSot, TjruJtw, nng oa SiiunUj WDie wib kI Iho CiithuB ThcMre, b the I\\nit baponiLbU Is\\n(be vioiulu ooltslK produce. It iB.ba*B rT, Ibe H\\nibe TjmltM (SuutreU, jf ax or Iwo iin\u00c2\u00ab. W\u00c2\u00ab b\u00c2\u00bbrc bx\\niboro p^B\u00c2\u00a3^al tnil \u00c2\u00bbrc ftit lo contfi thal weknon nol inwhal Itpaii Id.\\nin, \u00c2\u00abnd produted the maul f\\\\aMLl wnssuon* We ornlJ h\u00c2\u00bb\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 Ultaci to\\nfteBwIonTimrfnerMfmiTheroianowMpw Tnmi\\netantia H(pnH]ucta*ouDdiiudia.incnbuulJ lb\\nIfacjaK HuIUi Lu uipD( omUDUid D* in bis bo\\nAdnananee\u00e2\u0080\u0094^S Cttde. Tickets to be hud at Woodwortti d\\nand at the Mansion Honse\\nDetrmt, June \u00c2\u00bb1, 183%\\nFac-simile of Concert Bill of fifty years ago. {Half size.)\\nStreet, where they would gather to sing and to\\ndrink hot flip. In more recent days the singers\\nof the city occasionally united in musical societies,\\nand on such occasions the dining-room of some one\\nof the hotels would be transformed into a concert\\nhall. Among the\\nnoted local vocal-\\nists Madame Va-\\nrian Hoffman was\\nprominent, and in\\nmore recent days\\nEdward Scovcl\\nand D.V. Ben,Jr..\\nhave attained more\\nthan local fame.\\nRonaldson Hunt,\\none of the best of\\ncharacter singers,\\nwent from here to\\nCalifornia.\\nAt various times\\nwe have been fa-\\nvored with visits\\nfrom musical ar-\\ntists whose fame\\nis in all lands.\\nTheresa Parodi\\nand Amalie Patti\\nwere here October\\n23, 1S51 Adelina\\nPatti, July I, i860;\\nGottschalk, April\\n21, 1862; Carlotta\\nPatti, February 10,\\n18S2; and Nilsson,\\nLucca, Mario, An-\\nna Bishop, Capoul,\\nCary, Kellogg,\\nPhillips, and Cam-\\npanini at other\\ntimes. William H.\\nDoane and Philip Phillips have sung several times\\nin Detroit and Dudley Buck, the great organist,\\nCarl Zerrahn, director of the Boston Handel and\\nHaydn .Society, and Lyman Wheeler were in at-\\ntendance at a Normal Musical Institute in July and\\nAugust, 1876, and also in 1877. These Institutes\\n6th.8hip at sea Genut*)\\n7lft. The Cuckoo,\\n8rt. The Swiss Boy,\\n9th. I te all tbe @ame.\\nEr puuliu to Ihe -pcuuL-7 of Ut CCUBTIT W\\n[.^54]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "MUSIC AND THE URAMA.\\n355\\nwere arranged by Professor S. S. Jackson, and were\\ngreatly enjoyed by all who participated.\\nAnicjng the musicians and teachers formerly resi-\\ndents of Detroit, the best known were P. De Costa,\\nProfessor Mercerson, J. Monds, C. H. Levering, the\\nSofges, Sig. Martiney, C. Hess, H. Schumacher, G.\\nA. Metzgar, E. Hoffman, the Yarndleys (Thomas,\\nRichard, and Joseph), Signor P. Centemeri, Pro-\\nfessor Philbrick, C. Swinscoe, T. M. Towne, J.\\nZundel, L. H. Blaisdel, J. Hammill Marum, and\\nE. S. Mattoon.\\nThe oldest musical association in the city is the\\nHarmonie Society. It was organized on June i,\\n1849. and incorporated in 1S52. The corner-stone\\nof its beautiful and convenient building, on the\\nHarmonie Hall.\\nsouthwest corner of Lafayette and Beaiibien Streets,\\nwas laid October 22, 1874, and the hall dedicated\\non November ir, 1875. The lots, building, and\\nfurniture cost about $60,000. The property is man-\\naged by nine directors, five of them, and then four,\\nbeing elected on alternate years. The society em-\\nploys a musical director, secretary, and steward\\nand its annual expenses are $7,500. Although offi-\\ncered and managed by Germans, it numbers among\\nits members many leading citizens of other nationali-\\nties. The musical directors of the society have\\nbeen: 1849-1851, Wiehle; 1851-1863, John\\nMar.x; 1863-1866, Charles Stein; 1866-1871. H.\\nBishop: 1 87 1 -1 873, Carl Hintz; 1873- F. Abel.\\nA society called the Detroit Musical Association\\nwas organized on November 2. 7850. with the fol-\\nlowing officers: U. T. Howe, president; C. S.\\nAdams, vice-president C. H. Aver\\\\ treasurer W.\\nT. Cole, secretary. The committee on music con-\\nsisted of J. L. Whiting, C. A. Trowbridge, C. Hess,\\nC. R. Morse, and U. T. Howe. Under their auspices\\nand managed by Professor Charles Hess, a musical\\nconvention was held from June 10 to 14, 1851, at\\nthe First M. E. Church, on the corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and State Street. Professor Saroni, of New\\nYork, was present and delivered an address.\\nThe Detroit Philharmonic Society was organized\\nin 1854. It was under the direction of P. Cente-\\nmeri, and flourished until about i860, when the\\ndirector moved to New York. From 1868 to 1870\\nanother society, with the same name, was in opera-\\ntion, with A. Elder as president.\\nThe Concordia Society was organized on Febru-\\nary 22, 1865, under the leadership of W. Kopp. In\\nJuly, 1867, he was succeeded by F. Apel, and two\\nmonths later by J. Tinnette. He was followed in\\n1872 by Professor Abel. H. Bishop became the\\nleader on June i, 1S74, and G. Freytag on January\\n15, 1881. The society was incorporated April 10,\\n1873, and meet at 175 Gratiot Avenue, between St.\\nAntoine and Beaubien Streets.\\nThe Nicolao Philharmonic Society, with Joseph\\nNicolao as leader, was organized in 1 873, and con-\\ntinued for several years.\\nA musical society was commenced about 1870 in\\nconnection with the German Workingmen s Aid\\n.Society, and maintained for some years.\\nThe Detroit Musical Society was organized in the\\nfall of 1870 in the parlors of the Michigan Exchange.\\nIn February, 1872, the services of Professor Abel\\nwere secured as musical director, and a society was\\norganized by the name of St. Cecilia, but this name\\nwas soon exchanged for that of Detroit Musical\\nSociety. From its organization until the fall of 1880\\nthe rehearsals were held in Merrill Hall, except for\\nthe second year, when they were held in the Baptist\\nChurch, on the corner of Fort and Griswold Streets.\\nOn the completion of the new Music Hall, on Ran-\\ndolph, between Croghan and Lafayette Streets, the\\nsociety, for a time, made the building its head-\\nquarters, and then returned to Merrill Hall. In 1881\\nit numbered about two hundred active members,\\nwho paid five dollars per year, and three hundred\\nhonorary members who paid ten dollars per year.\\nS. K. Stanton served as president until 1878, and\\nwas succeeded by C. H. Wetmore. The secretaries\\nhave been: 1875, Joseph Colt; 1876. J. G. Erwin\\n1877, to October 2, 1882, F. T. Sibley. Owing to\\ndifferences of opinion among the members, the\\nmeetings for pmctice were discontinued, and the\\nsociety practically disbanded on October 2. 1882.\\nFrom 1876 to 1879 a Catholic Musical Society\\nwas conducted under the direction of Professor\\nFreytag.\\nThe Detroit Chorus Union was organized Januaiy\\n19. 1872, under the direction of Professor Jackson.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "3d^\\nMUSIC AND THE DRAMA.\\nHe resigned May 17, 1872, and was succeeded by\\nProfessor Albert Miller. After practicing ten years,\\nthe society discontinued its meetings in 1882.\\nThe Orpheus Musical Society, with E. C. Gore as\\ndirector, and L. H. Thomas as pianist, was organ-\\nized in 1873, but has been harmoniously inactive for\\nseveral years past.\\nThe Arion Glee Club was organized in February,\\n1874, with C. H. Thompson as director, and J. C.\\ndirectors. It has an active membership of over one\\nhundred, and has given several successful concerts.\\nrtro^n BUnff.a^rV.\\nMusic Store of C. J- Whitnev, 40 Fokt St. West.\\nBuilt in 1874.\\nBatchelder as pianist. It was short lived. In 1878\\na new society by the same name was organized, with\\nG. B. Sihler as director. He was also director of\\nthe Detroit Zither Club, organized in May, 1877.\\nThe Schumann Society was organized September\\n24, 1883, with Oliver J- De Sale as chorus master,\\nand J. De Zielinski and L. H. Thomas as associate\\nMusic Store of Roe Stephens, 184 and 1S6 Woodward Ave.\\nBuilt in 1859.\\nThe meetings of the North American Saenger-\\nbund, June 24-27, 1857, and the Peninsular Saenger-\\nfest, which began August 30, 1880, under the\\nauspices of the German societies, were both notable\\nevents.\\nThe first piano brought to Detroit was the prop-\\nerty of Mrs. Solomon Sibley, formerly Miss Sproat.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.\\n00/\\nShe had used it while attending school at Bethle-\\nhem, Pennsylvania, and after her marriage, in 1803,\\nbrought it with her to Detroit. It was transported\\non horseback from Bethlehem to Marietta, and we\\nmay, therefore, be well assured that it did not com-\\npare in si/,e with the pianos of to-day.\\nThe first organ was brought here by Father\\nRichard. During the War of 1S12, while he was\\noccupying the farm in Spring\\\\vells, the Indians re-\\nmoved the pipes of his organ and used them as\\nhorns, making the woods ring with their shouts and\\ntooting. Either this organ was repaired or a new\\none procured by Father Richard, for after his death\\nin 1832. an organ which had been used in St. Anne s\\nwas given to Trinity Church, and was subsequently\\nin use at St. Joseph s Church. In 1831 St. Paul s\\nEpiscopal Church procured a new organ, and on\\nthe occasion of its first trial, on Friday, September\\n30, a concert was given under direction of Mr.\\nNewell.\\nThe musical compositions of several Detroit au-\\nthors have found numerous purchasers. Of various\\npieces here published, it is safe to say that over a mil-\\nlion copies have been circulated. A single instru-\\nmental piece, the Detroit Schottische, composed and\\npublished by Adam Couse about 1S54, reached a sale\\nof over one hundred thousand copies in America, and\\nwas republished in several foreign countries. Signor\\nP. Centemeri published a number of songs, medita-\\ntive in character, that were deser\\\\-edly popular. Of\\ntwo songs written by C. T. Lockvvood, of Pontiac, and\\npublished by \\\\Vhittemore Stephens, Don t you\\ngo. Tommy. has reached a circulation of some five\\nhundred thousand, and Lottie Lee nearly half as\\nmany. Of his Bouquet March, nearly fifty thou-\\nsand copies have been sold. Mr. J. H. Whittemore\\ncomposed many pieces, some of which had a large\\nsale. T is for him that mother s weeping, pub-\\nlished in 1867, sold to the extent of one hundred\\nthousand copies; half as many more of By old\\nOak Orchard s rippling stream have been disposed\\nof. Several other of his pieces have sold to the\\nextent of thousands of copies each. E. S. Mattoon\\npublished several pieces of merit, one was entitled\\nThe Wood Nymph. J. C. Macy, a former resi-\\ndent, produced some very successful compositions.\\nThe Little Flower you gave me and Bring\\nback the Old Folks have reached a sale of fifty\\nthousand copies each. Messrs. C. H. Levering. C.\\nStein, and Richard Yarndley all published instru-\\nmental pieces, which find occasional purchasers.\\nProfessor S. Mazurette has written several pieces,\\nof which Home. Sweet Home, with variations,\\nhas probably had the largest sale. Of the compo-\\nsitions of M. H. McChesney. There is no one to\\nwelcome me home has sold to the extent of fifty\\nthousand copies, and of I ve been dreaming of my\\nchildhood twenty-five thousand copies have been\\nsold. Of the various eompositions of J. L. Truax\\nprobably one hundred thousand copies have been\\nissued; the Wounded Heart, probably the most\\npopular, has reached a sale of twenty-five thousand\\ncopies. The compositions of James E. Stewart\\nand O. F. Berdan are carefully written, and have\\nfound many purchasers.\\nAmong the popular leaders of brass bands in\\nformer days the names of W. H. Barnhardt, H.\\nLucker, H. Bishop, and H. Kern were prominent.\\nThe last-named leader was portly in the extreme,\\nand able, apparently, to blow any horn that could\\nbe made. During the war with the South he went\\nwith the first regiment, and President Lincoln\\npronounced him the biggest blower in the ser-\\nvice.\\nAmong the leaders of the Opera House Band\\nErnest Sieger was prominent. He succeeded Kern,\\nand was followed by Charles Graul then came\\nWilliam Bendix. and then for ten years H. Bishop\\nwas leader of the band. He was succeeded in 1877\\nby R. Speil.\\nGideon s Band they of the fife and drum\\nwere so called from Gurdon O. Williams, the\\namateur leader. They created much amusement\\nbetween 1857 and 1861.\\nIn 1882 there were five brass bands in the city.\\nthe Great Western, M. Hayek, leader the Opera\\nHouse, R. Speil, leader; the Light Guard, led by\\nJ. D. Elderkin; Gardner s Band. J. H. Gardner,\\nleader and Detroit National, led by M. Steyskal.\\nThe Theatre in Detroit seems to have been an\\nAmerican institution, for no record of any theatrical\\nexhibitions is found until after the coming of the\\nL^nited States troops. In 1798 military and civic\\nentertainments were common, and generally given\\nin the old council-house. In 18 16 a theatre was\\nfitted up in the upper part of the large brick store-\\nhouse at the foot of Wayne Street. The soldiers\\nmade the scenery, and the officers wives painted it.\\nAmong the amateur performers in 1829 were Major\\nJohn Biddle and Lieutenant (afterwards General)\\nJames Watson Webb. This theatre was in opera-\\ntion almost continuously in winter seasons until\\nabout 1830. In that year a theatrical exhibition\\nwas given in a barn belonging to the Steamboat\\nHotel, kept by the well-known Ben Woodworth.\\nParsons, the manager, was a man of considerable\\ntalent, who subsequently doffed the sock and buskin,\\nand became a clergyman.\\nIn the summer of 1834 a theatre was fitted up in\\nthe second story of the Smart Block, on the north-\\nwest corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues.\\nThe same year the brick building, still standing on\\nthe southeast corner of Gratiot and Farrar Streets,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "358\\nMUSIC AND THE DRAMA.\\nbuilt for a Methodist Church but never dedicated,\\nwas purchased and fitted for a theatre. In 1S36\\nand 1837 a wooden building, on the opposite side of\\nGratiot Street, was in use for theatrical exhibitions,\\nas was also the Museum at the corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street. After the fire which\\ndestroyed the Museum, the old wooden building on\\nGratiot Street was again used. In 1848 theatrical\\nentertainments were given at the City Hall. In\\n1849 the Metropolitan Theatre, on Jefferson Avenue\\nopposite the Biddle House, was opened it was\\nsubsequently called The Varieties, and then the\\nTheatre Comique. It was burned and rebuilt,\\nand in 1 883 was turned into a livery stable.\\nAbout 1864 an old church on the corner of Ran-\\ndolph and Congress Streets was converted into a\\ntheatre. It was called the Athenaeum, and used for\\ntheatricals several years. The old Baptist Church\\non the corner of Fort and Griswold Streets was\\nalso at one time used as a theatre.\\nThe Park Theatre, on Michigan Avenue opposite\\nthe City Hall, was built in 1878 and rebuilt in 1881.\\nAfter the building of the opera houses, the better\\nclass of theatrical exhibitions were given in them.\\nThe first German theatre was located on the east\\nside of St. Antoine Street, near Gratiot Street. In\\nlate years German theatricals have been given in\\nConcordia Hall, on the east side of Rivard, between\\nCroghan and Lafayette Streets.\\nAmong the more noted actresses who have ap-\\npeared on the Detroit stage maybe mentioned Julia\\nDean, who was here on October, 1849, 3 d Char-\\nlotte Cushman, August 4, 1851. Ristori, the great\\nItalian tragedienne, played on January 11 and 12,\\n1867. C. B. Palmer and G. A. Hough the former\\nproprietor, and the latter manager, of the Detroit\\nAthen:eum gave five thousand dollars for the two\\nentertainments. The plays given were Marie\\nStuart and Elizabeth. The price of reserved\\nseats was five dollars, general admission three dol-\\nlars. The performances were given at Young Men s\\nHall, at that time the largest public auditorium in\\nthe city. The enterprise was not profitable, the\\nnet loss being about three hundred dollars.\\nModjeska was here December 12, 13, and 14,\\n1878, and again in October, 1883, and Janauschek\\nfrom the 3d to the 6th of March, 1882. Mary An-\\nderson, Sothern, Jefferson, Booth, and Barrett have\\nvisited Detroit repeatedly.\\nDetroit is particularly noted as the birthplace of\\nBronson Howard, one of the most successful drama-\\ntists of our time. The .American plays he composed\\nhave given pleasure to thousands. His Fantine,\\na drama in five acts, founded on Les Miserables,\\nw-as first produced in September, 1864, at the De-\\ntroit Athenaeum. Saratoga, his next piece, a\\ncomic drama in five acts, was produced at the Fifth\\nAvenue Theatre in New York, in December, 1870,\\nand was performed continuously for one hundred\\nand one nights, and twice revived at the New Fifth\\nAvenue Theatre. Brighton, an English version\\nof Saratoga. was played by Charles Wyndham\\nin London in 1874-1875 at the Court Theatre, and\\nsubsequently at the St. James, National, Standard,\\nCriterion, and Haymarket theatres. It was pre-\\nsented two hundred and forty times in the years\\nnamed. It was also adapted to the German, and\\nproduced in Berlin. In 1880 it was revived and\\nplayed in many cities throughout Great Britain.\\nDiamonds, a comedy in five acts, first produced\\nat the Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York, in Septem-\\nber, 1872. ran fifty-six nights. Moorcroft, a\\ncomedy in four acts, produced in the fall of 1874 at\\nthe Fifth Avenue Theatre, was less successful, run-\\nning only two weeks. Hurricane, a comedy in\\nthree acts, was first brought out in Haverly s Thea-\\ntre, Chicago, in May, 1878, and in the fall of 1879\\nwas played for four weeks at the Park Theatre\\nin New York, and then in various other places.\\nTruth, the English version of Hurricane, was\\nproduced at the Criterion Theatre in London, in\\nFebruary. 1879, and ran one hundred and fifty-two\\nnights; i]i 1880 it was performed in other of the\\nprincipal English and Scotch cities, and up to 1S83\\nhad been produced over three hundred times in\\nLondon. The Banker s Daughter, a drama in\\nfive acts, was first performed November 30, 1878,\\nat the Union Square Theatre, New York. It ran\\none hundred and thirty-eight nights, and has been\\nperformed repeatedly in the principal cities of the\\ncountry. The English version, entitled The Old\\nLove and the New. was produced at the Court\\nTheatre, London, on December 15, 1879, running\\none himdred nights or more, and has been given at\\nleast one hundred times in another English theatre.\\nWives, a comedy in five acts, also produced in\\n1879, and Old Love Letters, a one-act comedy\\nof 1878, also achieved success. Among his later\\nproductions are Green-room Fun and Baron\\nRudolph. In 1882 a four-act comedy, entitled\\nYoung Mrs. Winthrop, began a successful run.\\nIn the way of comic operettas and farces, F. J.\\nThomas has achieved a local reputation. All of his\\nplays were written especially for entertainments\\ngiven by the Board of Trade for the benefit of the\\nIndustrial School. A Child for Adoption was\\nperformed in 1873; The Honest Burglar in 1874;\\nOur Mamma in 1876, and Engaged in 1877.\\nART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.\\nBefore the present century began, there were sil-\\nversmiths in the city who produced elaborate and\\ncostly silver ware and ornaments, and skilled work-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "ART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.\\n359\\nmen in gold and silver have always found employ-\\nment.\\nAmong our former quasi residents was Ran-\\ndolph Rogers, who, while living at Aim Arbor, was\\nfrequently in Detroit. His Nydia, now in the\\nUniversity Museum, was exhibited here on April\\nlo, 1S62, at Young IMen s Hall; his Ruth and\\nIsaac, the superb bronze doors in the Capitol at\\nAV ashington, and our own Soldiers Monument, all\\nattest his well-earned fame.\\nJ. M. Stanley chose Detroit for his home in 1S35.\\nand studies. One of his best known single paintings\\nis called The Unveiling of the Conspiracy it por-\\ntrays the Indian girl informing Gladwin of Pontiac s\\ntreachery. Another, The Trial of Red Jacket,\\nrepresents that chief in the centre of a group of\\nwarriors on trial for witchcraft. Seven of his works,\\nUncas Gambling for the Buck, The Trial of\\nRed Jacket, Indian Telegraph, Blackfoot Card\\nPlayers, Hunters, and On the War Path have\\nbeen chromoed all, except the last, were produced\\nin Berlin.\\nThe W.iTSON G.\\\\llery, 236 Wood\\\\v.\\\\rd Avenue, corner of John R Street.\\nBuilt in 1870-1882.\\nAfter a few years residence, he wandered over all\\nthe West, gathering material for his bnish. He re-\\nturned in 1S63. During his absence he painted\\nfrom life representative heads from forty-three dif-\\nferent tribes, his collection including the portraits\\nof one hundred and fifty-two Indian chiefs and\\nnoted characters. In anticipation of their purchase\\nby the Government, the pictures were deposited in\\nthe Smithsonian Institute, and the nation suffered\\nan irreparable loss in their destruction on January\\n24, 1S65, when a portion of the building was burned.\\nIn addition to these, Mr. .Stanley produced one hun-\\ndred and fifty other paintings, chiefly Indian scenes\\nThe name of Alvah Bradish is familiar to the\\nolder citizens. He came to Detroit as early as\\n1S37, and at intervals since then has resided here.\\nFrom 1852 to 1864 he was Professor of Fine Arts\\nin the university. He painted portraits of Stevens\\nT. Mason, John Biddle, Judge Morell, Elon Fams-\\nworth, H. S. Cole, E. P. Hastings. Z. Pitcher, R. S.\\nRicC; D. Houghton, Hugh Brady, Lewis Cass, J.\\nKcarsley, D. Cooper, Thomas Palmer, E. B. Ward,\\nJohn R. Williams, A. S. Williams, Charles Earned,\\nS. Conant, George Duffield, and William E. Ar-\\nmitage.\\nThe name and fame of T. H. O. P. Burnham are", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "360\\nART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.\\npreserved through his picture of the election scene\\nof 1837.\\nC. V. Bond was here from 1846 to 1S53, and is\\nfavorably remembered.\\nA Fine Art E.xhibition at Firemen s Hall, com-\\nmencing February i, 1851, lasted three weeks; it\\nwas repeated in February, 1S53, and no local ex-\\nhibitions of equal merit were held in Detroit up to\\n1883. Both exhibitions brought together articles old\\nand new, curious and rare, e.xpensive and desirable,\\nand embraced nearly every department of tine arts.\\nCrowds thronged the hall and the exhibitions were\\nin every respect creditable to the city. They were\\ngiven under the auspices of the Fire Department\\nSociety, and their success was due very largely to\\nthe efforts of James A. Van Dyke.\\nAmong the local artists and amateurs represented\\nin that exhibition were, F. E. Cohen, Von Bran-\\ndis, L. T. Ives, George Watson, Robert Hopkins,\\nR. S. Duncanson, George W. Clark, W. A. Ray-\\nmond, D Almaine, Mrs. R. W. Baird, C. F. Davis,\\nA. Smith, Jr., Bowman, and A. F. Banks.\\nFrom June 25 to 28, 1862, a Loan Exhibition,\\nmanaged by the ladies of the First Presbyterian\\nChurch, was held at Young Men Hall, and many\\nexcellent works were brought together. Among\\nthe paintings were the following, claimed as origi-\\nnals: Martin Luther, by Raphael, a landscape,\\nby Salvator Rosa, and Ecce Homo, by Guido.\\nAt various times some of the noted paintings of\\nthe world have been exhibited in Detroit. Dunlap s\\nBearing the Cross was here in September, 1S26,\\nand his Calvary at the Presbyterian Church in\\nAugust, 1830, and in May, 1840, with his Christ\\nRejected, at the Baptist Church. Benjamin West s\\npainting of Christ Healing the Sick was exhibited\\nin July, 1844, and Peale s Court of Death in\\nJuly, 1S47. Rossiter s great paintings of The Re-\\nturn of the Dove to the Ark and Miriam, the\\nProphetess, exulting over Pharoah were exhibited\\non September 30, 1851, and for several days follow-\\ning, at Firemen s Hall. The following month, com-\\nmencing with October 7, Dubufe s Adam and\\nEve was on exhibition at the City Hall. It had\\nbeen on view at Detroit sixteen years before. About\\n1853 Powers statue of The Greek Slave was on\\nexhibition. Two French paintings, Jerusalem in\\nits Grandeur and Jerusalem in its Decay, were\\nexhibited in i S78. Tliey were valued at $30,000.\\nIn photographic work, Mr. J. E. Martin and the\\nMessrs. Sutton were the first to give satisfactory-\\nresults in Detroit. On March 6, 1855. there was a\\nnotice in the papers to the effect that the Messrs.\\nSutton had photographed by Turner s process with\\ngreat success. Since then we have had daguerreo-\\ntypes, ambrotypes, tintypes, ivorytypes, aiid photo-\\ngraphs and in no city is finer work produced, and\\nnowhere in America are there larger or better\\nequipped establishments. Large photographic work,\\ncravon and India-ink portraits are made.\\nFrom May 30 to June 1, 1883, nearly fifty large\\nand choice oil paintings by noted artists were ex-\\nliibited at Randall s Art Gallery.\\nC. C. Randall s PnoroGRATiiic STrnio, and the Deiroit\\nArt Store, corner Madison Ave. and Williams St.\\nBuilt in 1882.\\nAll previous local exhibitions were dwarfed into\\ninsignificance by the Art Loan Exhibition projected\\nby W. H. Brearley, and held in the fall of 1883. The\\nfirst meeting in relation to it was held at the resi-\\ndence of Mrs. James F. Joy on December 6, 1882\\na subsequent meeting was held at the office of New-\\nberry McMillan, and a resolution passed favoring\\nthe proposed exhibition, provided a sufficient guar-\\nanty fund was pledged to make good any deficiency.\\nThrough the efforts of the promoter of the Art\\nLoan, the following persons subscribed \u00c2\u00a71,000 each\\nas a gtiarantee R. A. Alger, H. P. Baldwin, H. B.\\nBrown. Clarence Black, W. Boeing, C. H. Buhl, W.\\nA. Butler, Mrs. Jessie W. Brodhead, W. H. Brear-\\nley, A. H. Dey, James L. Edson, Moses W. Field,\\nD. M. Ferry, E. S. Heineman, Charles C. Hodges.\\nGeorge H. Hammond, James F. Joy, Edward Kan-\\nter, W. W. Leggett, G. V. N. Lothrop, E. W.\\nMeddaugh, W. A. Moore, C. R. Mabley, Mrs. C. R.\\nMabley. S. R. Mumford, James McMillan, Hugh\\nMcMillan. Richard McCauley, S. J. Murphy, Thorn-\\ndike Nourse, John S. Newberry, C. A. Newcomb,\\nDavid Preston, Thomas W. Palmer, Francis Palms,\\nPhilo Parsons, George Peck, Thomas Pitts, C. C.\\nRandall, George B. Remick, M. S. Smith, E. Y.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "ART. ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS.\\n361\\nSwift, James E. Scripps, George H. Scripps. Thomas\\nS. SpraijLie. Allan Shelden. W. H. Tefft. David\\nWhitney. Jr.. Richard Storrs Willis. Willis Walker.\\nAn organization was effected, and committees\\nwere appointed as follows\\nExecutive Committee W. H. Drearley. chairman\\nFred E. Farnsworth. secretary John I.. Harper,\\ntreasurer; H. P. I .aldwin. Mrs. Richard Stiirrs\\nWillis. Mrs. II. H. 11. Crapo Sniiih. Mrs. Mc,r.se\\nStewart, Miss Adams, Mrs. I C. Si inncr. Mrs. F. G.\\nHolden.\\nCitv Loan Committee Mrs. Richard Storrs Wil-\\nlis, chairman Mrs. Dr. Fitzhugh Edwards, secre-\\ntary.\\nP oreign Loan Committee: Mrs. H. H. H. Crapo\\nSmith, chairman Mrs. Justin E. Emerson, secre-\\ntary.\\nPrinting Committee Mrs. Mor.se Stewart, chair-\\nman Miss Jenny Coyl, secretary.\\nTransportation Committee Miss Adams, chair-\\nman; Mrs. Gen. King, secretary.\\nProperty Committee Mrs. E. C. Skinner, chair-\\nman Mrs. Alexander Chapoton, secretary.\\nHanging and Arranging Committee Mrs. E. G.\\nHolden, chairman; Mrs. Alfred Russell, secretary.\\nFinance Committee: H. P. Baldwin, chairman\\nClarence Black, secretary.\\nIt was at first proposed to have the e.vhibition at\\nMusic Hall, and on April 5, 18S3. a meeting to\\nratify the proposed plan for the exhibition was held\\nat that place, and addresses were delivered by\\nBishop S. S. Harris, D. D., LL. D., Rev. C. Reilly.\\nD. D., Rev. C. R. Henderson, S. M. Cutcheon, and\\nO. W. Wight. M. D. At the meeting a letter was\\nread from T. W. Palmer pledging $10,000 towards\\na permanent Art Loan, provided \u00c2\u00a740.000 additional\\nwas raised. Doubts having been expressed as to\\nthe safety from fire of Music Hall, it was decided to\\nerect a building especially for tlx; exhibition, and a\\ntract of land on the north side of Earned Street,\\nbetween Bates and Randolph Streets, was rented\\nfor the sum of $500. Plans were procured, and at a\\ntotal cost of $15,000 a one-story brick building,\\n135 X 153 feet, was erected. The plan and contents\\nof the several rooms were as indicated in the\\nannexed diagram.\\nA very complete catalogue of one hundred and\\nseventy pages, furnished for the sum of twenty-five\\ncents, showed the following list of articles Oil\\npaintings, 950; water-color paintings, 260; examples\\nin sculpture, 102; bric-a-brac, 250; etchings, en-\\ngravings, and other examples in black and white,\\n1,000; designs in bronze. 56; te.xtiles and fabrics,\\n103; curios and miscellany. 280. Total, 3,100.\\nSupplementary exhibits brought up the total numbet\\nto 4,851. An idea as to the completeness and variety\\nof the exhibit is given by the statement that the\\nvarious schools of art were represented by the\\nworks of one hundred and ninety-six American, one\\nhundred and five French, sixty-four Italian, fifty-\\neight German, forty-five English, thirty-seven Hol-\\nland, and twenty-three Spanish artists.\\nX\\nY\\nZ\\nJL X\\n1.\\nr r T T\\ns\\nT U V\\nw\\np\\nK\\n1\\nQ F\\n1.\\nL M N\\n(_\\nH\\n1\\nJ\\nfe\\nB C 1\\nPlan or- Art Loan Buii.niNC.\\nA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Office; E, entrance; C. exit D, cloak room; E, gentle-\\nmen s room F, entrance corridor; Ci, ladies room Y, refresh-\\nment room.\\nH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Collections of Senator Palmer, Uela Hubbard, and a por-\\ntion of the Home Loan.\\nI Foreign Loan (paintings from outside thi.- City and State).\\nJ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cleveland, O., Loan.\\nK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James McMillan s Collection.\\nL Annex to the Foreign Loan.\\nM\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Textiles, sculpture, etc.\\nN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TheC. F. Haseltine (Philadelphia) Collection.\\nO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Combined collections of R. A. Alger, lames F. Joy, H. P.\\nBaldwin, F. lUihl, Mrs. C. H. Buhl. M. S. Smith, and Allan\\nShelden.\\nP\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Textiles and part of Home Loan.\\nQ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Floral and Curios.\\nR Amateur Department.\\nS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 City Loan and Works of Detroit Artists.\\nT~Detroit Water Color Society and other Water Colors.\\nU\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Century Collection of original drawings.\\nV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. E. Scripps collection of etchings, engravings, etc.\\nW\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Colonial room (collections of rare and ancient furni-\\nture, pictures, etc).\\nX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bric-il-brac, textiles, fabrics, statuary.\\nV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Architectural photographs, Cesnola and Morgan pottery\\nexhibits, refreshments.\\nZ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ancient paintings and religious pictures.\\nThe following Detroit artists had each one or\\nmore oil paintings on exhibition W. B. Conely,\\nL. T. Ives, J. A. Hekkinjj^. Robert Hopkins, Percy\\nIves. W. H. Machen, G. J. Melchers. J. C. Rolsho-\\nven. Mortimer L. Smith, George Watson. S. A.\\nWhipple. John Antrobus. Miss Hattie Leonard,\\nMiss Annie Pitkin, and Delos Bell.\\nThe exhibition opened on Saturday evening, Sep-\\ntember I, 1883, and was continued during the\\nmonths of September and October, and up to No-\\nvember 10. A total of 134.050 persons visited the\\nbuilding; the highest attendance was on October 27,\\nwhen 6,476 persons were admitted the lowest was\\non September 7. when there were 711 admissions.\\nOriginally a silver quarter was required as an en-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "!62\\nINVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\ntrance fee. but to accommodate those who wished\\nto present tickets to their friends, ordinary tickets\\nwere finally placed on sale. The exhibition closed\\nwith a reception on I^Ionday evening, November 12.\\nThe total receipts were about $45,000. and the\\nexpenses footed up $42,500.\\nDuring- the progress of the loan and immediately\\nafter, a canvass was made for subscriptions to a\\nfund of $40,000, to be used in the purchase of\\ngrounds as a site for a permanent Museum of Art.\\nFor this fund each of the following persons \u00e2\u0080\u00a2sub-\\nscribed one thousand dollars R. A. Alger, H. P.\\nBaldwin, Joseph Black, F. J. F. Bradley. \\\\V. H.\\nBrearley, C. H. Buhl, James L. Edson, Charles Endi-\\ncott, D. M. Ferry, Geo. H. Hammond, Bela Hub-\\nbard, G. V. N. Lothrop, C. R. Mabley, James Mc-\\nMillan, Geo. F. Moore, \\\\V. A. Moore, S. R. Mum-\\nford, C. A. Newcomb, T. W. Palmer, Francis Palms,\\nJ. E. Scripps, G. H. Scripps, Allan Shelden, M. S.\\nSmith, Frederick Stearns, R. P. Toms, E. W.\\nVoigt, Hiram Walker, E. C. Walker, Willis E.\\nWalker.\\nBy request of Thomas W. Palmer, and as a tes-\\ntimonial of their services in behalf of the Art Loan,\\nhis pledge of $10,000 was applied to constitute the\\nfollowing persons subscribers to the fund for the\\nsite of the proposed building P red. E. Farnsworth,\\nJohn L. Harper, Mrs. E. G. Holden, L. T. Ives,\\nMrs. E. C. Skinner, Mrs. H. H. H. Crapo Smith,\\nMrs. Col. J. T. Sterling. Mrs. Morse Stewart. John\\nL. Warren, and Mrs. R. S. Willis.\\nA majority of the persons named met on Febru-\\nary 27, 1884, a temporary organization was effected,\\nand a committee on site appointed, and the further\\nprosecutioit of the plan is gradually going forward.\\nAt a meeting held on May 17, 1884, Mr. Brearlev\\nannounced the purpose of James E. Scripps to give\\nthe munificent sum of $50,000 in furtherance of the\\nenterprise.\\n//r, i-ii/ \u00c2\u00bb-s and Invt-ntions.\\nIn variety and importance, the inventions of cer-\\ntain of our citizens are deservedly famous. Burt s\\nsolar compass, one of the most valuable of inven-\\ntions, was patented by William A. Burt on Febru-\\nary 25, 1836, and fully perfected in 1850. It was ex-\\namined and commended by Sir John Herschel in\\n1 85 1, and received a prize medal at the World s Fair\\nof that year. It is called a solar compass because,\\nby an ingenious arrangement, the rays of the sun\\nare utilized by the instrument, which enables the\\nsurveyor to determine exactly the position of a due\\nnorth and south line. By its use surveys can be\\naccurately made in mineral districts where the old\\n.style of compass would be almost useless. Its value\\nis so thoroughly appreciated by the Government\\nthat it is required to be used in government surveys\\nand without it a large amount of government land\\ncould have been properly surveyed only by the out-\\nlay of more money than the land was worth. The\\nCalumet and HecIa Mine of Lake Superior, the\\nlargest and most productive copper mine in the\\nworld, was discovered through the use of this instru-\\nment.\\nIn connection with the subject of inventions, it is\\nof interest to note that from i860 to 1863 Thomas\\nA. Edison, while a train-boy on the Grand Trunk\\nRailroad, was frequently in Detroit, and divided his\\ntime between the Telegraph and Free Press offices\\nand the Public Library. While here he formed the\\nidea of reading all the books in the library, and be-\\nginning with those on a lower shelf, he actually read\\na row of books occupying a shelf fifteen feet in\\nlength before other plans and duties caused him to\\ndesist. Among the books on that lower shelf were\\nNewton s Principia, Ure s Dictionary, and Bur-\\nton s Anatomy of Melancholy.\\nWith his name that of Charles Van De Poele\\nshould be mentioned; his electric light was first\\npublicly exhibited on July 6, 1879.\\nThe astronomical clock invented by Felix Meier\\nis worthy of special mention, as in many respects it\\nis the superior of all others. It was first exhibited in\\n1879. It is eighteen feet high, eight feet wide, and\\nfive feet thick, and weighs four thousand pounds.\\nIt is run by weights weighing seven hundred pounds,\\nand is wound up once in twelve days. The case is\\nof black walnut, elegantly carved, and engraved\\nwith symbols of the United States. At the top is a\\nmarble dome, with a figure of Washington in his\\nchair of state, protected by a canopy surmounted\\nby a gilded statue of Columbia; on either side of\\nthe figure of Washington are colored servants in\\nlivery, guarding the doors between the pillars that\\nsupport the canopy on the four corners of the clock\\nare figures emblemtitic of the march of life; the two\\nlower corners are supported by female figures with\\nflaming torches, one that of an infant, the second a\\nyouth, the third a man in middle life, and the fourth\\nan aged man still another figure, directly over the\\ncenter, represents Death. All of these figures are\\nfurnished with bells and hammers, and at the end\\nof every quarter of an hour the infant strikes its bell,\\nat the end of the half hour the youth strikes, the\\nman strikes every three quarters of an hour, the old\\nman strikes the hour, and the figure of yeath gives\\nthe appropriate number of strokes for the hour.\\nThe infant s bell is small and sweet-toned; the\\nyouth s bell larger and louder the bell of manhood\\nstrong and resonant that of old age diminishes in\\nstrength, while the bell of the skeleton has a deep,\\nsad tone. When Death strikes the hour, a music-\\nbox concealed within the clock begins to play the\\nfigure of Washington slowly rises from the chair,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\nand extends the rijjht hand, presenting the Declara-\\ntion of Independence the door on the left is opened\\nby the servant, and all the Presidents from Wash-\\nington to Hayes enter in procession, dressed each in\\nthe costume of his time. Passing before Washing-\\nton, they raise their hands as they approach him.\\nplanetary system. The a.stronomical and mathe-\\nmatical calculation, if kept up, would show the cor-\\nrect movement of the planets for two himdred years.\\nWhen the clock is in operation it shows local time\\nin hours, minutes, and seconds; also the time at\\nNew York, Washington, San Francisco, Melbourne,\\nSmith s Cckner. Cor. of Jeffeks(in and Wdodwakd A\\\\ ES.\\nBuilt in 1839-68. Occupied for twenty years preceding 1883\\nby M. S. Smitlj Co., Jewelers.\\nNew JEwEi-KV M KF of .M. s smith a. Co.,\\nCor. Woodwakd Ave. and State St.\\nUuill in 1883.\\nwalk across the platform, and disappear through\\nthe opposite door, which is promptly closed by the\\nsecond servant. Washington then resumes his\\nchair, and all is again quiet, save the measured tick\\nof the huge pendulum. Figures of William Cullen\\nBryant and of Professor Morse, inventor of tele-\\ngraphy, rest upon the pillars that support the\\nPekin, Cairo, Constantinople, St. Pctersburgh,\\nVienna, London, Berlin, and Paris; the day of the\\nweek, calendar day of the month, month of the\\nyear, and seasons of the year; the signs of the\\nzodiac, the revolutions of the earth on its a.\\\\is and\\nalso around the sun the revolutions of the moon\\naround the earth, and with it around the sun; also.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "364\\nINVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\nthe moon s changes from the quarter to the half,\\nthree quarters, and full and the movement of the\\nplanets around the sun.\\nIn connection with this clock, mention may be\\nappropriately made of the clock set up by the firm\\nof M. S. .Smith Co. on the outside of their store,\\non the corner of Woodward Avenue and State\\n.Street. It occupies the front of the second story\\nand is both a curiosity and a public convenience\\nthe dials are live feet in diameter and are illumi-\\nnated at night. Tliere are two life-size figures in\\nconnection with the works, one representing a smith\\nwith his hammer, and the other the emblematic\\nFather Time, the figures together symbolizing\\nSmith s Time. Upon bells hung in full view-\\nboth figures, in quick succession, give one stroke\\nevery quarter of an hour, two every half-hour, and\\nthree strokes a quarter of an hour before every full\\nhour four strokes are given every hour, and imme-\\ndiately thereafter an appropriate number for the\\nparticular hour. The clock and its fittings cost\\n$6,000, and was first publicly shown on February 27,\\n1S84. It is the only one of the kind in the United\\nStates, and there is but one similar to it in the world.\\nThe first successful gold pens were made by Levi\\nDrown about 1840. He then lived in Detroit, but\\nsubsequently moved to New York.\\nAn invention of practical importance is the street-\\nrailway track-cleaner and snow-plough of Augustus\\nDay. It is used in many States by several roads,\\nand is prized for its simplicity and efficiency. The\\nplaning machine of A. A. Wilder was at one time\\nhighly appreciated. He also invented a propeller\\nwheel, still in general use. The patent refrigerators\\nand freezing processes invented by William Davis\\nhave revolutionized the business of transporting\\nflesh and fish. The use of kerosene to increase the\\nilluminating power of coal gas, invented by F. H.\\nEichbaum. has come into general use. E. Fon-\\ntaine s locomotive had trial trips on December 3,\\n1880, and May 5, 1881, on the Canada Southern,\\nwhere it made one hundred and eleven miles in\\nninety-eight minutes. The patent double-faced\\nvalves of James Flowers, for water, steam, and gas\\nconnections, are in use all over the United States,\\nas are also the seamless copper and brass tubes\\ninvented by John Bailey.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "PART Vll,\\nARCHITECTURAL.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LI.\\nHOUSES AND HOMES. STORKS AND BUSINESS BUILDINGS.\\nSTORE NUMBERS. LICHTI NO AND HEATING.\\nHOUSE AND\\nHOUSES AND HOMES.\\nThe houses of the first colonists were few and\\nsimple in construction. Less than a score of log\\nhuts, covered with birch bark or thatched with\\ngrass, within a stockade of wooden pickets, made\\nup the embryo city.\\nIt is safe to say that a more perfect scene of\\nquiet beauty could nowhere else be found the\\ncommodate them; in 170S buildings were erected\\noutside, and from time to time, as grants of land\\nwere made, or permits given, log houses in increas-\\ning numbers dotted the banks of the Detroit. They\\nwere scattered along at intervals of from a quarter\\nto a half mile, and finally reached from the Rouge\\nto Lake St. Clair, on both sides of the Strait. The\\ngrowth, however, was slow after the lapse of fifty\\nView of Detroit in 1796, fkom thi; okigin.\\\\l i*.\\\\inting in Paris.\\nGriswold St.\\nCitadel. Prest-nt Wayne St. St. Anne s Church. Brig Gen. Gage.\\nOld Council House.\\ngray and brown of the roof, the rugged layers of\\nunhewn logs, the whitewashed chimneys, the green\\nof the surrounding forests, and the sheen of the\\nplacid river, afforded a rare combination of colors\\nand a view that an artist might covet to portray.\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\s the years went on and fhe number of houses\\nincreased, the stockade became too narrow to ac-\\nyears there were only from seventy-five to one hun-\\ndred houses within the stockade, which was several\\ntimes enlarged. The houses were usually built of\\noak or cedar logs. In 1749, and probably before\\nthat time, stone for chimneys and ovens was ob-\\ntained from Mongiiagon and Stony Island. In 1763\\nthere were lime-kilns near, and several stone build-\\n1367]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "368\\nHOUSES AND HOMES.\\nings inside the stockade. In 1S70, while workmen\\nwere laying water pipes in front of the Cooper\\nBlock on Jefferson Avenue, they found between the\\ncurbstone and street-car track, at a depth of about\\nfour feet, the remains of an old chimney, with the\\niron crane still fast in the wall. Judging from its\\nThe chart is entitled Topographical Plan of Detroit\\nand of the Waters which form the junction of Lake\\nErie with Lake St. Clair, l^repared to illustrate\\nthe travels by General CoUot in this part of tlie con-\\ntinent in 1796. The picture is of special interest\\nbecause it marks the year when Detroit came into\\ntoizuduuj lit MiUi I\\nRi\\\\ee; Fkont oi JoNts and Cass Faums in 1819.\\nDe Garmo Jones House. Mouth of Savoyard. Cass House in original location.\\nlocation, it was probably part of the cellar-kitchen\\nof a house within the original stockade.\\nIn 1766 there were over a hundred houses in\\nadditinn to the quarters for the troops. Three years\\nlater tlie stockade enclosed one hundred and twenty\\nbuildings, nearly all of them one story high, with a\\npossession of the United States. It was made by a\\nFrench spy. (See French and Spanish Intrigues.\\nSome accounts state that at the time the Americans\\ntook possession, Detroit had three hundred houses.\\nThis number evidently included those outside the\\nstockade, as in 1 805 there were only about two hun-\\nPaivm oi- Sr. Anne s Sjiitti (.now Jiii-i-iiu-soN AviiNUE) in 1800.\\nfew of a story and a half. One house, near the\\npresent south side of Jefferson Avenue and a little\\nwest of Griswold Street, occupied in 1778 by Gov-\\nernor Hamilton, was two stories high. In 1773 the\\nsettlement included two hundred and eighty houses\\nand one hundred and fifty-seven barns.\\nThe appearance of the river front of the town in\\n1796 is shown in a painting occupying one corner of\\na large chart in the Department of Marine in Paris.\\ndred inside of the pickets. The accompanying en-\\ngraving of a street in 1800 is thoroughly charac-\\nteristic. The original sketch was made by Lieuten-\\nant Jacob Kingsbury, and is said to represent a part\\nof St. Anne Street. The large house on the right\\nwas occupied by one of the officers.\\nThe house first oct^ipied by Governf)r Cass was\\nlocated on the north side of Larned, between First\\nand Second Streets. Governor Cass bought it of", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "HOUSES AND HOMES.\\n569\\nthe Macombs, and while he resided there a soldier\\nwith fixed bayonet was usually pacing to and fro in\\nfront. It next became the property of O. New-\\nberry-, and subsequently had several different own-\\ners. It was originally located quite near the river,\\nand in 1S36, when the front of the Cass Farm was\\ngraded down, the house was left twelve feet above\\nthe street. It was then cut in twain, removed to its\\nrecent location, and repaired. There is some ground\\nfor believing that it was originally built in 1703.\\nMrs. Sheldon, in her History of Michigan, quotes a\\nletter from Cadillac, in which he says he has built a\\nhouse for the chief of the Hurons on a little emi-\\nnence which overlooks their village, situated on the\\nCanada shore. It was forty feet long and twenty-\\nfour feet wide and built of oak. The orio:inal site\\nBut straight its roof^ its frame was sound\\nFrom gable peak to level ground.\\nOf sturdy beams so square and stout\\nThat time could never wear them out\\nFor many a frigate safely rides\\nWith lighter keel and frailer sides.\\nStrangers would pause to ponder o er\\nThe low browed eaves and deep set door.\\nAnd wondering ask what freakish fate\\nHad saved that homely pile so late,\\nWhen all beside was new and strange\\nAnd change had oft succeeded change.\\nBut men are hurrying to and fro,\\nIntent to lay its glories low\\nThick through the air the shingles fly.\\nThe roof no more shuts out the sky,\\nBut vain each furious effort seems\\nTo wrench apart the seasoned beams,\\nThe oaks that lent them largest stood\\nOf all the giants of the wood,\\nThe Old Cass Housi-, Lakned biKi\u00c2\u00a3i-:i, jlst iiacR to its demollmun.\\nof the Cass House fulfills these conditions, and\\nas to the house itself, Governor Cass said to\\nMr. McKenney in 1826. it is anterior to the time\\nof Pontiac s war, there being on it now the marks\\nof the bullets which were shot into it then. The\\nhouse was demolished in August, 1882.\\nThe memories and romance that clustered about\\nits oaken beams and rafters of fine-grained pine are\\nadmirably preserved in a historic poem by Judge\\nCampbell, which, though not written for the public\\neye, has been kindly granted for this w^ork.\\nCASSINA.\\nHalf hid beside the noisy street,\\nGray with old storms and summer s heat,\\nThe ancient house seemed all ainne.\\nHemmed in by walls of brick and stone.\\nThat towered aloft, serenely great,\\nWhen bold Champlain sailed down the strait\\nAnd not a withered bough was seen\\nOr blemish on their crowns of green,\\nWhen the shrewd lord of Mont Desert\\nFirst spoiled them of their branches fair.\\nAnd bade his artisans to bring\\nAnd sliapc them for the }Iuron King.\\nWl-II mortised joints with bolt and brace\\nHeld the broad timbers in their place,\\nUnmoved by storm or earthquake shock\\nAs buttresses of living rock.\\nNow a.\\\\c and lever, day by day.\\nWear slow the stubborn logs away;\\nAnd deep-sunk balls and hatchet scars\\nGive token of long ended wars,\\nWhen rival tribes came prowling round,\\nAnd made each spot a battle ground.\\nAnd day by day a curious throng\\nMarks the dull task, and tarries long,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "370\\nHOUSES AND HOMES.\\nWell pleased to find some relic slight\\nMemorial of its former plight,\\nPerchance a hammered bolt or key\\nBrought hither from beyond the sea\\nWhen great King Louis held the throne,\\nAnd claimed this region as his own.\\nOne stands aloof whose earnest face\\nBears witness to his Gallic race.\\nWith shoulders bent, and feeble frame,\\nBut eyes that glow like burning flame.\\nHe sees among that rubbish cast\\nThe records of a glorious past,\\nOf brave explorers, on their quest\\nTo open wide the fabled west\\nOf fearless nobles, trained to know\\nAll haps that fortune can bestow\\nOf men of war and men of state.\\nWho there were born or bowed to fate,\\nAnd now beneath the clover lie,\\nBut leave a fame that cannot die.\\nThose eyes look backward through the gloom.\\nAnd see within the generous room\\nGay crowds of fair and joyous guests.\\nWith clieerful words and harmless jests.\\nAnd pleasant songs of old romance,\\nTheir herita^je from beauteous France\\nWhile music sounds, and dancing feet\\nThe solid floor in cadence beat,\\nOr circle round in merry games,\\nLit by the chimney s crackling flames.\\nThere gathering with the closing year\\nOld friends rejoice with Christmas cheer.\\nWhile youths no more the past review.\\nBut turn impatient towards the new.\\nAnd old and young observe the rite\\nWhen crowns are worn but one brief night,\\nAnd all the pomp of king and queen\\nHangs on the fortune of the bean.\\nThe past goes by him as a stream\\nThat flows in some enchanting dream,\\nAnd in that waking dream he stands\\nWith smiling lips and folded hands,\\nSerene as in his youthful prime,\\nWhile fancy triumphs over time.\\nHe hears all tuneful sounds that lie\\nWithin the sphere uf harmony,\\nWhile in his fragile hand is skill\\nTo summon music at his will.\\nHe knows the wood whose even grain\\nWill echo back the sweetest strain,\\nAnd whence the subtle charm is lent\\nTo the great master s instrument.\\nWith anxious care his eye explores\\nThe rafters broad and well laid floors.\\nAnd in a narrow plank of pine\\nHe finds the riches of a mine\\nFor deftly carven, smooth and thin.\\nSet in a shapely violin,\\nIn sweet accord its shell will ring\\nA clear response to every string.\\nSo, gaining sweetness evermore,\\nT will charm him with the sounds of yore.\\nAnd make him lord, while life shall last.\\nOf all the treasures of the past.\\nRoused by that spell, his spirit woke,\\nAnd plain before his sight there stood,\\nSurrounded by a spreading wood,\\nThe new raised frame of jointed oak.\\nBehind a murmuring river flowed,\\nAnd sheltered in the low ravine\\nAlong its grassy banks were seen\\nIn every clear and sunny spot\\nThe lodges where the Wyandot\\nHad found at last a safe abode.\\nBut fairer seems the view before\\nThe spacious mansion s open door.\\nThe bluff, a few short steps away,\\nLooks down upon a tranquil bay,\\nThrough terraced trees that spread between\\nAn amphitheatre of green.\\nThe elm tree waves its drooping plume.\\nThe dark acacia wastes perfume\\nThat mingles in the dewy morn\\nWith fresher fragrance of the thorn\\nAnd emerald grass and blossoms sweet\\nReach the still waters at its feet.\\nA deep ship-channel skirts the bay\\nSouthward a furlong stretch away,\\nAnd eastward at the early gun\\nThe fort s broad standard greets the sun,\\nWhile, loudly pealing, as it floats.\\nThey hear the mellow bugle notes.\\nHis fancy sfes the changes wrought\\nBy age to age in deed and thought,\\nThe woodland vanished with the stream.\\nWithin the bay no waters gleam,\\nThe verdant slope a level made\\nFor populous thoroughfares of trade,\\nAnd all things modern in the town.\\nBut those old timbers scarred and brown.\\nSo homeward plodding, sad and still,\\nHis thoughts go wandering at their will.\\nTill, murmuring gently as they throng.\\nThey prompt him to a homely song.\\nThe Englishmen of Orange\\nWith promises and bribes\\nAre sending out their runners\\nTo reach the northern tribes.\\nAnd the chiefs of the great Five Nations\\nThink fiercely of the day\\nWhen the Frenchmen sacked their strongholds\\nAnd spoiled them of their prey.\\nAnd they long for the beaver meadows\\nThey won from the Huron braves.\\nAnd the land of deer and bison\\nBeyond Lake Erie s waves.\\nBut they shrink from the rough bushlopere,\\nWho heed no forest law,\\nAnd they fear the Lord of Cadillac,\\nWho rules at Mackinaw.\\nBut the Fathers of the Black Robe\\nStrove sharply with Lamothe,\\nAnd the greedy horde of traders\\nWould bring him fain to nought.\\nFor he deemed a land well peopled,\\nA land of Christian men,\\nWas better far than all the spoil\\nThat ever paid the hunter s toil.\\nOr all the beasts that roam the wood,\\nOr feed in trackless solitude\\nOr lurk in rocky den.\\nAnd he sued before King Louis\\nOn Erie s pleasant strait\\nTo plant a town and build a fort.\\nWhere all the nations might resort,\\nAnd in their children s days might see\\nIn peace and true prosperity\\nThe founding of a State.\\nHis foes were strong and cunning\\nWhile he stood all alone,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "HOUSES AND HOMES.\\n;7i\\nBut he pleaded true and fearless\\nBefore the monarch s throne\\nAnd when his boon was granted,\\nlu triumph o er the sea\\nHe hasted to lead westward\\nHis gallant company.\\nDown the broad channel swift they flew\\nIn roomy barge and light canoe,\\nAnd landed at the middle j^ate,\\nThe narrowest pass of all the strajt\\nWhere the great Idol met its fate\\nBeneath the waters blue.\\nThe tribes of the northern rivers,\\nThe tribes of the western plain,\\nCame near, and built their wigwams\\nBeside the fort domain.\\nThe warriors of the Mohawk\\nNo more the path beset\\nAnd the Seneca came suing\\nTo smoke the calumet.\\nWhile the great king Sastaretsi\\nChief of the Huron clan\\nClose by his good French brother\\nTo raise his fort began.\\nHe begged Lamothe to teach him\\nIn all the Frenchman s ways,\\nThat his children might grow wiser\\nAnd live in peaceful days.\\nAnd so in the coming ages\\nTheir races should combine.\\nAnd plant their corn and till their land,\\nAnd fight beneath the same command,\\nAnd bow in one cathedral grand\\nBefore a common shrine.\\nThen quick made friendly answer\\nThe valiant chevalier,\\nThe Huron s soul is honest,\\nThe Huron s eye is clear,\\nAnd gladly will I listen\\nTo hear in the cabin s gloom\\nThe humming of the spindle,\\nThe rattling of the loom.\\nNo softer fleece is gathered,\\nTo card, or weave, or spin,\\nThan the dusky wool of the bison\\nOr the fur of the beaver skin\\nAnd the low-voiced Huron women,\\nAs they sing in an undertone,\\nHave fingers strong and supple\\nAs the maids that spin by the Rhone.\\nAnd in the Huron clearings\\nThe corn grows tall and green.\\nAnd the mats that deck their wigwam\\nAre fit (or a weary queen.\\nLamothe employed his craftsmen\\nTo build a house of frame.\\nWhere tall king Sastaretsi\\nFirst lit the chimney flame.\\nThere oft in peace together\\nThe white chief and the red\\nWere joined in friendly council\\nOr broke as friends their bread,\\nTill, restless at the malice\\nOf knaves, who grudged his place,\\nAnd smiiched his name with slander.\\nHe won a further grace.\\nThen from his western seigneurie\\nHe homeward sailed across the sea,\\nAnd other chiefs with other thought\\nConfounded all the work he wrouj^ht,\\nAnd right was sold, and wrong was bought.\\nWith treachery bold and base.\\nThe Hurons left their village.\\nAnd sought the Isle of the Lynn,\\nBut the house was all too pleasant\\nThat none should dwell therein\\nAnd threescore years were ended,\\nAnd the iily flag was down\\nWhen Pontiac and his allies\\nEncamped before the town.\\nBut safely stood the mansion,\\nUnspoiled of boll or bar,\\nFor the Indians loved St. Martin,\\nAnd the gray hairs of Navarre.\\nSprung from an old and kingly race.\\nThe glory of his dwelling place\\nCarae from his honored children more\\nThan from his ancestry of yore\\nBedecked with cross and star.\\nBehind the dormer windows\\nThat open on the strait\\nFirst cradled were the Anthons,\\nRenowned in church and state.\\nThe good and wise physician.\\nOf all the red men known.\\nHad lore of the German forest.\\nOf star and mine and stone\\nAnd the slender, dark-eyed mother\\nThat held them on her knees,\\nSang songs of the Spanish border.\\nThe land of the Pyrenees.\\nWho knows what golden threads of thought\\nBefore the infant memory brouglit.\\nIn manly eloquence were wrought\\nBeneath those waving trees\\nThere on the New Years gathered,\\nWithin the largest room,\\nAround the roaring chimney,\\nThe household of Macomb.\\nStraight sat the keen De Peyster,\\nWith learning quaint in store.\\nBut first, at sound of the fiddle,\\nTo dance on the well-rubbed floor.\\nAnd there were the great fur traders.\\nWhose will in the woods wis law.\\nWith heart of a Highland chieftain,\\nAnd grip of a lion s paw.\\nAnd all were gay together\\nWith New Year s mirth and glee.\\nWhile the children romped with the elders\\nOr teased the grave Pani.\\nAnd little they dreamed, in childish sport.\\nOf high command in field and fort,\\nAnd brilliant scenes in hall and court,\\nAt home and o er the sea.\\nThe hale old house had flourished\\nA hundred years and ten,\\nAbove the fort was floating\\nThe flag of stars again.\\nA brave and honored soldier\\nCame up to hold the town,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA wise and manly ruler,\\nA scholar of renown.\\nAnd here he made his homestead\\nAnd lived in quiet state,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": ";72\\nHOUSES AND HOMES.\\nBefore the wanderini; emigrants\\nBegan to crowd the strait.\\nAlong the sloping banii side,\\nIn front of Itis open door,\\nThe tents of the forest chieftains\\nAre mustered as of yore.\\nAnd painted warriors, as they pass,\\nOr smoke in groups upon the grass,\\nSmile grim applause when stately Cass\\nI\\\\Ioves downward to the shore.\\nThe spreading town has shouldered\\nThe useless fort away.\\nThe grasping hands of Commerce\\nAre closing on the bay.\\nThe garden and the orchard\\nNo ripened fruit retain.\\nAnd idlers cross the wheat-fields\\nAnd trample down the grain.\\nAlas for the brave old mansion\\nAlas for its ancient fame\\nOld things make room for the present\\nAs ashes follow the flame.\\nBut all of the massy timbers\\nAre sound and stiff and strong.\\nAnd In their seasoned fibre lies\\nA store of precious memories,\\nThat, wakened by the sounding bow.\\nMay murmur music sweet and low.\\nOr quiver into song.\\nThe old Moral! House, built about\\nI73 4, was still standing in 1S83, on\\nW oodbridge Street, between St.\\nAntoine and Hastings Streets. The\\nLafferty House was on the river, between what are\\nnow Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets. The main\\nportion of this building was erected in 1747; an\\naddition was built in 181 5. The house was burned\\nor demolished in 1861.\\nIn 1807 Governor Hull built a brick residence fifty feet square,\\non the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph\\nStreet. It was the first brick house in the town, and, up to\\nThe Old Mokan House.\\nAfter the fire of 1805 the first house built inside\\nthe limits of the old stockade was owned by Peter\\nAudrain. It was on the north side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, just below the Michigan Exchange.\\nThe Old Lafferty House.\\nabout 1S20, the only one. In the fall of 1813\\nGeneral Harrison occupied it as headquarters, but\\nduring the sickness in the army in the latter part\\nof 18 1 3 and early in 1814 the officers quarters\\nvi ere removed to the Cass House, and the Hull\\nHouse became the general hospital; later\\non it again became the officers quar-\\nters. It was used by General Macomb,\\nand was subsequently occupied by Will-\\niam Woodbridge while secretary of the\\nTerritory, and then by Major John Bid-\\ndie, brother of Nicholas Biddle, of United\\nStates Bank fame. In 1823, when Mr.\\nBiddle became United States Register,\\nhe used it for the Land Office. About\\n1830 an addition, extending to the avenue,\\nwas built on the west side. This was\\noccupied by Z. Chandler as a dry goods\\nstore. In June, 1 834, Mrs. Snelling, widow\\nof Colonel Snelling, of the United States\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\rmy, leased it for a boarding house.\\nIt subsequently became the American\\nHouse.\\nThe Campau House, torn down in\\nMarch, 1880, was on the south side of\\nJefferson .Avenue, midway between Griswold and\\nShelby Streets, and is said to have occupied the\\nsite of the original headquarters of Cadillac. It\\nwas erected in 181-;, on an old stone foundation,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "HOUSES AND HOMES.\\nfor Joseph Campnii, by Ignace Moross, at a cost poses. Fifty-one buildings had been erected the\\nof abont Ji6,ooo. It was one of the most ancient, previous year. Up to this time the houses were\\nand .-It the time of its destruction the best preserved built almost exclusively of hewn logs, many of them\\nResidence of Wm. Wuodbkiuge, t W.h\u00c2\u00bbihh id{;e Sticeet. (Torn duwn in 1873.),\\nof any of the French houses of the olden time. boarded on the outside. The roofs were very steep,\\nThe engraving of it is from a painting by Mr. coming within a few feet of the ground. From one\\nCohen in 1853. to three dormer windows were inserted, and fre-\\nIn 1813 there were about one hundred houses in quently the edges of the roof were notched ani]\\npainted red. The shingles were of white cedar, and\\noften covered not only the roof but the sides of the\\nhouse.\\nSome houses were coated both outside and inside.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0L I\\nIP\\nja|\\nill ajs\\nGov. Hull s Residenxe.\\nThe Camtau Holse.\\nDetroit. In June, icSig, an ofTicial count showed with plaster laid over cedar lath split so unevenly\\none hundred antl forty-two dwellinc^s, and one bun- that the plaster varied frf)m half an inch to several\\ntired and thirty-one buildings used for other pur- inches in thickness. Some of the older houses were", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": ";74\\nHOUSES ANU HOMES.\\nlined with birch bark, and mention is made, in one\\nold trader s book, of deerskins sold for house\\nlinings. The outer front door was divided crosswise\\nin the middle. The upper part might thus be open\\nwhile the lower half was closed. If the door was\\npainted a bri;, ht green, it was an evidence of the\\ntaste and wealth of the householder. Each part of\\nthe door liad its own fastening, and locks nearly a\\nfoot square and knockers that would knock up a\\nneighborhood were a part of the appurtenances.\\nDoor-bells and gongs are of comparatively recent\\nintroduction. Tight board shutters were provided\\nfor all the windows. The glass in the windows was\\nof the smallest size, and, in many cases, so thor-\\nKokMEK ReSIUKNCE OF T. H. HlNCHMAN. ONE OF 1 HE EAKLIESI OOTHIC\\nHouses in the Citv.\\n117 Fort Street West.. Built in 184S, removed ia 1868.\\noughly patched up that half the light was excluded.\\nAll of the nails used were made by hand, and as\\nwood was plentiful, the beams and rafters were\\nlarge enough to do duty in any building of the\\npresent day. As a matter of course, a large chim-\\nney of stone occupied the center of the house. The\\ninside furnishing was simple in the extreme. Car-\\npets were almost unknown Indian mats on yellow\\nfloors often supplied their place, and sometimes the\\nfloor was sanded. Here and there were a few rush\\nor wooden chairs a plain deal table stood at one\\nside, and a dresser on the other, on which Queen s\\nware and shining pewter were displayed. In the\\nbedroom was a wooden chest, and a high-post\\nbedstead, with wood enough in it, if used for that\\npurpose, to make many a blazing fire. On the wall\\na crucilix hung and in winter, spread in front of the\\nbed, a bear or deer skin, dressed with the fur on,\\nwas deemed an essential.\\nAbout the year 1828 the city began to grow more\\nrapidly, but the number of houses erected barely\\nkept pace witli tlie demand, and almost any sort of\\na dwelling commanded a high rent.\\nIn 1853 there was a total of 4,685 buildings, of\\nwhich 601 were of brick, 7 of stone, and 4,077 of\\nwood. The number of houses in the city in\\n1853, and their location, is indicated in the fac-\\nsimile of the Henry Hart ]Map, published in that\\nyear. In i860 there were 8.243 dwelling houses;\\nin 1S74 there were 4,046 brick,\\nand 16,255 wooden buildings,\\nvalued at about \u00c2\u00a722,000,000.\\nSince 1877, under the regulation\\nwhich provides that the fire\\nmarshal shall inspect all new\\nbuildings or additions, an ac-\\ncount has been kept of the value\\nof the buildings erected each year,,\\nand, making allowance for the\\nfact that the cost of a building\\nalmost invariably exceeds the\\noriginal estimate, it appears that\\nin 1878 fully $1,000,000 was ex-\\npended for new buildings, and\\nan average of nearly $2,000,000\\nper year has been invested in\\nbuildings since that date. In\\n1 882 there were 28,345 buildings\\nassessed for ta.xes, and 1.310\\nnew buildings erected.\\nThe first building moved in\\nDetroit was the old church of\\nthe I irst Protestant Society.\\nThe work was accomplished by\\na man who came for the pur-\\npose from Buffalo, bringing his\\nrollers with him. Another re-\\nmoval of note occurred in 1862, when the brick\\nhouse just east of the residence of James F. Joy,\\non the corner of Fort and First Streets, was\\nmoved a distance of sixteen feet, a family living\\nin and occupying it while the work was in progress.\\nThis was the first time such a feat was performed\\nin Detroit. The Van Dyke residence, built in 1836\\nby F. H. Stevens, is said to have been built with the\\nfirst pressed brick made in the United States.\\nThe first gravel roof was laid in 1848 on a small\\naddition to store No. 1 1 5 Woodward Avenue.\\nSlate roofs were first used about 1853, one being\\nthen placed on the Newberry Warehouse at foot of\\nWayne Street. Ten years later they were common.\\nThe first row of brick dwellings under one roof was", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "e \u00e2\u0096\u00a0_\u00c2\u00ab J w ^Ji^ -S^^\\nFac-simile or Map op 1S53, showing Location of all Buildings then in the City.\\nl37Sl", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "3/6\\nHOUSES AND HOMES.\\nerected by I Wight in 1853 on the north side of\\nJefferson Avenue, between Russell and Riopelle\\nStreets. Bay windows were introduced in i860.\\nThe James Abbott Residence.\\nSoutheast corin-r of Grisvvold and Fort Street.\\nErected in 1835. Torn down in 18S1.\\nbeds, and the grounds of hundreds of citizens give\\nample evidence that there is no iacic of a-sthetic\\ntaste. Many of the houses liave neat and well-kept\\nlawns, and the introduction of lawn mowers in\\n1 868, and their general use since 1870, afford facili-\\nties for keeping lawns in order that yearly increases\\ntheir number. Few, if any, cities have so large an\\narea in proportion to population, or furnish so much\\ndwelling room to their inhabitants. The United\\nStates census of 18S0 shows that Detroit has a\\ngreater number of dwellings in proportion to its\\npopulation than any one of one hundred of the\\nlargest cities in the United States. The average\\nnumber of persons to each house is only 5.68.\\nWhere dwellings are rented the lease usually\\nexpires on the first of May. The rent of dwellings\\nvaries from fi\\\\-e dollars to two hundred dollars\\nper month an ax erage dwelling in a good loca-\\ntion can be had at from twenty dollars to fifty\\ndollars per month.\\nMost of the houses, however, are owned by their\\noccupants, and the numerous engravings contained\\nherein give ample evidence of beauty and variety\\nof architectural style. The date of erection, given\\nWith the introduction of street\\ncars in 1 863, the suburbs of the\\ncity began to build up rapidly\\nand all property on the outskirts\\ngreatly increased in value. At\\nthe same time, in part owing to\\nthe wealth accumulated during\\nthe war, new departures in archi-\\ntecture were constantly inaugur-\\nated, and now every year marks\\nan increase of elaboration in both\\nstores and residences, and the\\nstreets grow increa.singly attrac-\\ntive. Mansard roofs were intro-\\nduced in 1870. No street or\\navenue has a monopoly of fine\\nresidences. In every ward there\\nare many elegant houses. In-\\ndeed, the city is noted for the\\nunusual number of tasteful and\\nelaborate homes it contains, and\\nDetroit has probably several\\ntimes the number of desirable\\nresidence streets of any city of\\nits size. The exceptionally num-\\nerous and thrifty shade-trees\\nare the pride of its citizens and\\nthe admiration of visitors so\\nnumerous are they that from the top of the City\\nHall tower there seem to be as many trees as houses.\\nThe soil is well adapted for lawns and flower-\\nTjlk Joii.N P.VLMHK lIOMliSi liAD.\\nNortlieast corner of Griswold and Fort Streets.\\nBuilt in 1829. Removed in i86g.\\nin connection with each building, is of interest as\\nshowing the growth of the city and changes in\\nstyles of architecture.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "RKSIDENCF.S.\\nzn\\nThe John Farrak Residence,\\nNorthwest corner of Farrar and Eates Streets. F.uilt in 1816.\\nIhk Ji h\\\\ Fakmer PKOrEKTV, in 1859,\\nSouth side of farmer Street, between Monroe Avenue and Bates Street.\\nResidence of Gf.n. Lewis Cass,\\nNorthwest corner of Fort and Cass Streets. Built about 1S40. Removed\\n1876.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "378\\nRESIDENCES.\\nThe Duffiei.d Homestead,\\nResidence of Rev, Geo. Duffield, D. D,, northeast corner of Woodward Ave, and High Street.\\nErected in 1S46. Torn down in 1S83.\\nThe Brush Homestead, in 1850,\\nBetween Randolph, Brush, Lafayette and Croghan Streets.\\nLooking north from Lafayette Street,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\nSoutheast corner of Farmer and Bales Streets. Built in 1837. Removed in 1883.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "38o\\nRESIDENCES.\\nKksi[ en( E OF Mk-s, James A. Van Dvke, 30S Jefferson Ave. lUiitt in 1836-72.\\nResidence ov Fkanlis Palms, 357 Jetfcrson Ave. Buiii m io4i", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n?8l\\nResidence ui James Flaiiekv, 3S4 Jefferson Ave. liuiit in 187^\\nllilill jiH III qjfaii igiiBgg\\nRbsidhn-ce or R. H. Hall, 406 Jefferson Ave. Built in 1855.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "382\\nRESIDENCES.\\nKKblJJbN^Ii Ul- K. l;. WiGHl, 41s Jcftcl^uii A\\\\c. IniiU HI 1S40-75.\\nResidence or A. H. Dev, 425 JetTcison Ave. Btiilt in 1S62.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n383\\nResidence of A. C. McGk.mv, 460 Jefferson Ave. Built in 1852.\\nResidence of A. E. Bkish, 462 Jefferson Ave. Built in 1828-70.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "386\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of W. G. Thomi-son, 47S Jefftrson Ave. Built in 1876.\\nKksiukncf of H, k. Nku riEKic\\\\ 4H1 i(.-Ht.TSiui Ave. Built in iS", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n587\\nResiden Ce of Thomas FtiKGUSON, 521 Jefferson Ave. Built in 1853-83.\\nResidence of S. D. Millbk, 524 Jefferson Ave. Built in 18", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": ";88\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of thh lATii Roberi P. ^^)^ts, 526 Jefferson A\\\\e. Built in 1876.\\n*^6^^\\nIv^MDlMl It Mlc--. H. R. r.i-:NsiiN, 5*^7 Jefferson Ave. lUiilt in i86t", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n389\\nThe Thumas Pal.mek Homesieau, 650 Jefferson Ave. Built in 1848.\\nKesidencr op W, K. AIuik, 055 Jefferson Ave. Uuiit in 1879,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "39\u00c2\u00b0\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of Chatncy Hurlhut, 661 Jefferson Ave. Piiilt in 1856.\\nResidence of Geukce McMillan, 740 Jt-tk-rsun Ave. r.uili in 1S70.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n391\\nResidence of the late Hugh Moffat, 750 Jefferson Ave. Built in 1861.\\nResidence of George S. Davis, 760 Jefferson Ave. Buili in 1852.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "39^\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResujenle of S. B. Grimmond, 8io Jefferson Ave,\\nKl-,;-llJl:,.-.i.i:, k- l .Ml.--, (.H.\\\\K[i.^ 1\\no ;4 JlIIlTsuh A\\\\ lUlllt HI iSUy.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n393\\nResiden-ce of S. D. Elwood, south side of Jefferson Ave., Hamtramck. Built in 1870.\\nResidence of W. B. Wesson, south side of Jefferson Ave., Hamtramck, Built in 1838-5B-64.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "394\\nRESIDENCES.\\nRk^ideni. mf I. Ik-kknslade, 126 -M(.L ou,i, all Ave Hiiilt in 1S76.\\nResidence uk J. MienELs, 182 McDou^all Avt. Liuli 111 107^.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n395\\nResidence of C. I. WALKEh-, 30 Fort St. West. Built in 1833-69.\\nREsinENLE OP Joii.v OwK.v, 6i Fort St. West. Built in 1873.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "596\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of G. V. N. Lothkof-, 94 Fort St. West. Built in 1860-82.\\nRemdence Ol- Charles Kiiui, 134 Fort St. WV-st. Built in 1848-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "598\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of James Joy, 140 Fort St. West. Built in 1845-62-82.\\nResidence ui- Mks. Zach-vki.\\\\h Chandlek, 174 Fori St. W tst. IJuili in 1S5S.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "Residence cik H. A. Newland, 177 Fort St. West. Built in 1845.\\nResidknxe of Caleb Van Husan,\\n165 Fort St. West.\\nBuilt in 1872.\\nResidences of Charles Bi:nchek and Alfred Chesebrough,\\n169 Fort St. West. 171 Fort St. West.\\nBuilt in 1856.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "400\\nRESIDENCES.\\nrja^n,. t\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\\n,A\u00c2\u00ab/M]C\\ny \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bbruL i.l-\u00c2\u00bb Y.\\nResidence of Allan Shelden, 196 Fort St. West. Built in 1S75.\\nI uK.MEK Rl-SJL ENCE ot (i. S. I l.os I .s Hit Iiw l^i .nrncrtif Furl and Jhird Sts. I .uilt in 1845-69.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n401\\nResjdence of Kenjamin-Vernor, 222 Fort St. West. Built in 1851\\nRESiijii.NcE ot Do.\\\\ M. DjLui.\\\\.su.\\\\-, jji Fort St. West. Built in 1867-75,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "402\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of Mrs. N. W. Brooks, 233 Fort Si. West. Built in 1865.\\nThe De G.\\\\kmo Jones Resiu^nxe, Fort St., between Fourth and Fifth Sts.\\nBuilt in 1851 moved forward in 1882.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n403\\nResidence of Alexander Di-lano. 264 Fort St., corner of Fifth St. Built in 1858.\\nKiisiuENxE OK Mrs. 1 K, Aeuiott, 297 F .rt Si. West. Hiiilt in 1856.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "404\\nRESIDENCES.\\nKesidknce of J. p. PuiLT.iis, 301 Foft St. West, linilt in 1874.\\nKE,sIDf:.\\\\tIi Ut ClEMKNT LaULKI^, ^6^ Vull hi. ^;^t. Uuilt ill lb;6.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n405\\nResidence of Emily Wakd, 807 Fort St. West, Built in\\nKB6IDENCE OF Henkv Heames, 8y6 Fort St. West. Built in 1874.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "4o6\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of Edwin Reeder, Indian Avt., near Fort St. Built in 1875.\\nKf-ii i-.N^ 1- t W. I.- L...twi. iiuiliiU .sl ._. iiii.i- wl Iwji M. .uui Viii .wuud Ave. l:uilt in 1071", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "4o8\\nRESIDENCES.\\nRksiuhinch iih Ua.nii^i SciaTRN, Viiiewoud Ave., near Furl .St. Btiilt in 1856.\\nKi-.^iijiiNCfc uF LJilla Hlbbakd, Viiitwood Ave., near Fort St. Built in 1850.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n409\\nRemdenlk uf C. H. IJciiL, 63 Lafaycitt Ave. Built in 1S54-82.\\nKesidknce and (Jkfice or Wm. Uuodie. iM. D., Lafayette Ave., corner of Wayne St. liuilt in 1870.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "4IO\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResihence of M. S. Smith, 120 Lafayette Ave. IJuilt in 1872.\\nResidence ok T. D. liim 143 Lafayette Ave. Built in 1869.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "RESIDENXES.\\n411\\nKesidench ov George W. IIissell. 144 LaUytttt Ave. Built in 1055.\\nKEblDtNLt uh V. 6\\\\Mfi, 1^4 Laiayctlc Ave. built in 1677.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "412\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of W. A. Butler, 185 Lafayette Ave. Built in 1875.\\n^/yy-y^\\nN\\\\^^^\\nI\\nResiuench of W. H. Ttr-FT, 210 LafayciLc Ave. Built in 1S74.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n413\\nFormer Residence of Alfred R[ ssell, 220 Lafayette Ave. Built in 1853.\\nKkMi I-.,\\\\t.U Ol- CititiUiil. C LA. .wlyt*;., 40O i..lUk LlU Ave. Iluilv 111 105", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "414\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of D, M. Richakusqn, 409 Lafayette Ave. Built in 1868.\\n7 1\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j\u00c2\u00bbf ;3pj^^\u00c2\u00bb\\n_ilI|X!iiH::iJi-^\\nResidence of CiEOrge H. Hammond, 105 Howard St. Built in 1S76.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n415\\nResidence of Neii. Fi.atierv, 21 Washington Ave, Built in 1859.\\nktslDENur. 01 ku.in Rkv. t. U. llom.i N, ;i \\\\Vjsiiin.i;ton Ave. I .iiiil in 157,1 7", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "4i6\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of J. W. Watekman, 50 Washington Ave. Euilt in 18\\nRei-hji^nle or RoriERT McMiu.w. 77 .shinyi n Ave. lUiili in 1S50-79.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n417\\nREMUENtK ,.i. ]HE LAI h M I. Miii.^-, Wasliin j:tf.n Ave. T.uih in iS\\nResidknce of J.iHN MoDKE, 93 Washington ;U C. Uuilt in 1873.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "411\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of the late Ex-Goveknor John J. Baglev,\\nCorner Washington Ave. and Park St. Built in 1869.\\nResidence of the late S. F. Hodge, 168 Henry St. lUiili in iS6q.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n419\\nResidence of Dav[d Preston, 43 Hagg St. Built in i860.\\nResiuknck of J. S. VtKNuk, 164 HagK Si. T-uilt in", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "420\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of E. W. Voic, northeast corner of Second Ave. and Ledyard St. Huilding in 18S4.\\nRksidexce or J. B. Wavne. 477 Second A^c., cor\\nn.r ol llaffs M. I .iiU 111 1071.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n421\\nResidence of J. A. Rovs, 305 Cass Ave. Huilt in 1865-72.\\nKbsidbnce of Ai.anson Shelkv, 37 Slimson Place. Built in 1874.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "422\\nRESIDENCES.\\nKesidenli-: dI David Wakh, 459 Cass Ave. Built in 1864-80.\\nKhMUh.,M h. i_ l G. U. K\\nCa?? A\\\\L, Liiiiil 111 liijo.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n423\\nKEsiDENCli i)K W. Smr.MAN, 439 Cass Ave. Built in 1^77.\\nKEblutNLE iji I- li. Un_Kfc.K D.s, uwiUic.ial i-uiiKT of Sutuiid aiicl AlcxaiiUi iiic Avub. Uuill in 1883.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "424\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of J. Dickinson, 40 Canfield Ave. Built in 1883.\\nResiuence of Willt.vm CouiE. 11-- CiiilitlJ .\\\\vc. l;iiilt 111 1S75.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "KKSIDENCES.\\n425\\nResioence of Euwaku fJi kk, 3t (iaiiield Ave. Huilt in 1884.\\nkKsruENtE OF J. t. CKiii s, jijS Trumbull Ave. Built in 1879.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "426\\nRESIDENCES.\\nKhsidkncr \\\\ni IU ii.UIN( .s Ml- H. A. I.kKm-,, 271 W.^iiluard Ave. BuiU in 1S40.\\nRESiDENCE OF E. S. Heinkman, 428 Woodwaid A\\\\c. Built in 1859.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n427\\nKF^.nFvrH \u00e2\u0080\u009eF M,\u00e2\u0080\u009e. I.. K. jip,,,.. 1^^ Woodward Ave. Built in 1861.\\nResidence uk C. J. Whmnev, 437 Woodward Ave Uuill in i3", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "RESIDENX ES.\\nResidence of Da\\\\ id Whiinev, Jr., 443 Woodward Ave. lluilt in 1S70.\\nResidence of Juhn Pkidgeon, 456 Woodward A\\\\c. Built in 1868.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n429\\nResidence of J. S. Faijkanu, 457 Woodward Ave. Built in 1854.\\nRssmBNCB OF Sami-el Heavenhich, 46a Woodward Ave. liuilt in 1874.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "43\u00c2\u00b0\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence op Mrs. Helkn S. Frue, 481 Woodward Ave. Built in 1870-83.\\nFAtc-T\u00c2\u00bbAf y^^. -a\\nResidence of R. \\\\V. Ring, 4u;, Woodward Ave. Built in 1867.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n431\\nResidence of \\\\V. C. Williams, 500 Woodward Ave. Built in 1866.\\nResidenxe of Phii.o Parsons, 530 Woodward Ave. Built in 1876.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "432\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of K. W. Haves, 608 Woodward Ave. Built in 1870.\\nRr-bii-iENCE or W. W. Legoett, 645 \\\\V( nd\\\\\\\\ard Ave. IJiiilt in iS", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n433\\nResidence iij- John llAbiLLioN, 65^ Wuodwanl Ave. Built in 1672.\\nResidence oi- J. L. Kusun, 654 Woodward Ave, Built in 186S.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "434\\nRESIDENCES.\\n3\\\\flt^ eBT -Q.H^--^:^-^\\nResidence of Josei H Black, 665 Woodward Ave. Built in 18\\nResidencf or A. (i. Limjsav, 8S1 Woodward Ave. Huilt i", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n435\\nKk^-ilirNi. K .11 K. H. Mfk. )2:; uu(iu;ir(l Ave, Built in iti;\\nKhsidknck li. F. FaKKINGIon, 1^40 XWi.nlu^irti Ave. iiuiit ill", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n437\\nFormer Residence of C. D. Fari.in, 1005 Woodward Ave. Built in 1872 removtd in 1883.\\nRt.\u00c2\u00bbu iiS..K jt GtuRoE F. MuCjKE, i io Woodward Ave. Built in", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "438\\nRESIDENCES.\\na^^^^^-^^^y^miiiiiiiiiiiii?^\\nResidence of John IU kt, 1073 W(jodward Ave. Built in\\nKKsirjKNCE OF Wells IUki, 1077 Wundward Anc Hiiilt id iSSj.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n439\\nKhsii-knce oi- \\\\\\\\M- H. ^iKVi,N-;, 1025 Wm.dwarcl Ave. limit in 1^75.\\nKesiuhnce ui W.M. A. iMuOKii, 1015 W uudwiird A\\\\c. liuilL in 1870.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "Residence of Mrs. C. W. Eaton, 1055 Woodward Ave. Built in 1872.\\nKksiubnce of L. L. Farnsworth, 1050 Woodward Ave. liuilt in 1^76.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "442\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of C. A. Newco.mb, 1085 Woodward Ave. Htiik in 1S74.\\nResidence ok C. C. F-owen, 1095 W oudward Ave. Built in 1S72.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n443\\nResiden ce of Wm. Boei\\\\-(;, hoi Woodward Ave. Built in 1875.\\nKtblDENcb ut- C. K. MAtiLtv, 1105 Wuudward Avt. Built in iB7Vb3-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "444\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of Charle%Endicott, ii6i Woodward Ave. liuik in 1871.\\nResidence uf \\\\V. J. W atekman, 33 Adams Ave. Kast. Built in 1865.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n445\\nResidence of G. S. Worivier, 55 High St. East. Built in 1854-77.\\nResidence of H. K. Whjte, 37 High St. East. Built in 1868-78.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "446\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence uf A. H. Wilkinson, hi High St. Wtit. P.uilt in 1865.\\nResidence of JD. M. Fekkv, 31 Winder St. Built in 1869.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n44/\\nResidence of Simon Heavenrich, 43 Winder St. Built in 1875\\nResidence of George C. Coud, 26 Adelaide St. Built in 1874.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "448\\nRESIDENCES.\\nRHsiDiiNtii oi- G. M. TuAVEU, 95 Adelaide St. Built in i8n8.\\nResidence of Emsha Ta^i.oi;, 25 Alfred St. Built in 1872.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n449\\nki:bn i:NLE or A. K. h. W hhe, 6i Alfred St. Kuilt in 1872\\nResidence i h James V. CAMiitiiLi,, yi Altrcii St. liuili m 1677.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "Kii-siiJENci-. ui. UEuKi.t JbuuME, 85 Alfred St. Built in 1877.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCES.\\n451\\nResiuence of G. S. Frost, S6 Edmund Place Built in 18S1.\\nKbMUKNcK uh C W. NuuLb, 66 EUintutd I lacc. Built iu 1S73.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "452\\nRESIDENCES.\\niiiiiii\\niiiiiii\\niliiii\\n(III\\nlilt\\nnil II\\nllllll\\nII jl I\\nllllllll\\nIIIIIII\\nllllll\\nIIIIIII\\nIIIIIII\\nINI\\nIIIIIII\\nIIIIIII\\nIIIIIII\\nmil\\nllllll\\nllllltl\\niliilli\\nIIIIIII\\niiiiiii\\nmil\\nriKii\\niiiiii\\njiiiii\\niiiiii\\njiiiii\\niiiiii\\niiiiii\\niiiiii\\niiiiii\\nResidence of the late Henry P. Bridge, 116 Congress St. East. Built in 1848.\\n1 u 1 1 n m i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iJliill\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^:^^^Jis}-\\n\\\\ftfi;Tj.\u00c2\u00a3w-rt?^ /v-\\nFoRMKR KrslDENCK OF W.M. ANl) Wal IKk S. Haicsim. I T3 I .ariu d St. West. Huill in 1845", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "456\\nRESIDENCES.\\nResidence of J. I. David, Grusse Isle. Built in 1873.\\nRii^siDENCE .iF THE LATt Ed^vakd l.YON, Grosse Islc. Huilt in 1865-77.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "STORES AND BUSINESS BUILDINGS.\\n457\\nSTORES AND BUSINESS BUILDINGS.\\nIn olden times, much more than now, the corners\\nof business streets were designated by the names of\\nthe owners or occupants of the buildings thereon.\\nThe southwest corner of Woodward and Jefferson\\nAvenues was\\ncalled Curry s\\nCorner, and is\\nso designated in\\nthe Act of In-\\ncorporation of\\n1806. Years af-\\nterward it was\\nknown as Hal-\\nlock s Corner.\\nThe first busi-\\nness place built\\nof brick was a\\nsmall, square,\\none-story build-\\ning on the north-\\nwest corner of\\nJefferson Ave-\\nnue and Ran-\\ndolph Street,\\nYA T E S\\ncraiNc\\nfelPirfiltii\\nSC 0.TCH STORE\\nThe S.makt Block, i-kesent site of Wekkill Block.\\nin 1820 by Thomas Palmer. It was on the south-\\neast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Griswold\\nStreet. The second vias built in 1821 by Peter\\nDesnoyers, near the northwest corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Bates Street. Smart s Block, on the\\nnortheast corner\\nof Jefferson and\\nWoodward Ave-\\nnues, was erected\\nin 1822, and was\\ndeemed at the\\ntime a very sub-\\nstantial and even\\nelegant business\\nbuilding. It was\\ntorn down in 1857\\nto make room for\\nthe Merrill Block.\\nThe property on\\nthe southeast cor-\\nner of Jefferson\\nand Woodward\\nAvenues was\\nknown as King s\\nCorner it was\\nView of the north side of Jefferson .Avenue and Grlswold Street in 1837.\\nFrom an original sketch by Wm. A. Raymond.\\nerected in 1806 for the Bank of Michigan; the\\nne.xt was the Government Warehouse at the foot\\nof Wayne Street. The first brick store was built\\noccupied until a few years ago by J. L. King as a\\nclothing store. The building was commenced in\\nMay, 1832, and finished in the winter of 1833.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "458\\nSTORES AND BUSINESS BUILDINGS.\\nIn the f:ill of 1857 an additional story was added the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Bates\\nand other improvements made. Almost as soon Street. It was built for John R. Williams in 1833\\nas the store was built the basement was occupied and torn down in 1881. Large plate-glass store\\nNorthwest corner of Wuodwakd Avenue and Lakned Street in 1S62.\\nfor restaurant purposes, and has continued to be so windows were first introduced by George Doty,\\nused ever since. This fact gave rise to a conundrum The following, from the Daily Advertiser of Sep-\\nvvhich obtained the prize at a minstrel show many tember 19, 1849, gives interesting details concerning\\nyears ago. The question was, Why is a man s this window\\nThe .Abbott Block in 1845.\\nWoodward Avenue, between Woodbridge and Atwater Streets.\\nnose like King s clothing store A !s-nvr.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Because w\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2w..-THE Largest Class vet.\\nthere is an eating establishment below. George Doty, jeweler, has ptn-chased, and is fitting up the build-\\nmg on the west end of the Daily Advertiser block, m a style\\nThe tirst four-story brick building was located on superior to anythinj^ in the Western States. His show windows", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "STORES AND BUSINESS BUILDINGS.\\n459\\nwill be a curiosity. Tlie main glass in each of them is imported\\nFrench plate^ 5 by 7 feet in size, and cost $300. We believe these\\nare the largest glass west of New York City, not excepting the\\nlarge, fine ones in Cincinnati.\\nThe last years have witnessed many changes\\nthe finer commercial structures in various lo-\\ncalities are the P erry, Palms, Moffat, Godfrey,\\nSchmidt, Newberry McMillan, Campau, Wil-\\nliams, Buhl, Chandler, and Wesson buildings.\\nThere are, besides, a great number of costly\\nL^^J^.t\\n.1: jl I \\\\i\u00c2\u00a7 1 1|\\nifp- i^a^^ ^:M s if\\nROTi-NDA Curding.\\nSoutheast corner Griswold and Larned Streets. Torn down 1S79.\\nand improvements in the construction of stores and\\nbusiness blocks. Nearly all the newer buildings\\nare now provided with pktte-glass fronts, and cut\\nstone and orna-\\nmental iron -work\\nare freely used.\\nThe upper stories of\\nmany large blocks\\nare fitted up for\\noffices. On Gris-\\nwold Street, for\\nnearly its whole\\nlength, the buildings\\nare thus arranged.\\nThe first building\\nerected especially\\nwith a view of fur-\\nnishing office ac-\\ncommodations was\\nthe Rotunda, on\\nGriswold Street. It\\nwas built in 1852.\\nIn .\\\\ugust, 1S79, it\\nwas torn down to\\nmake way for the\\nNewberry Mc-\\nMillan Building. Mo.st of the banking, insur-\\nan(;e, real estate, and legal business is done on\\nGriswold Street, making it the financial center of\\nthe city, the Wall Street of Detroit. Among\\nView of S. W. corner of Griswold and Larned Streets in 1870.\\nand ornamental stores, many of them provided\\nwith elevators, operated by steam or hydraulic\\npower. The Moffat Building was the first which\\nhad an elevator.\\nRents of stores\\nand offices are as\\nvaried as the styles\\nand locations of the\\nbuildings, and range\\nfrom Sio to S400\\nper month. An\\naverage store in a\\ndesirable location\\ncommands from\\n$800 to \u00c2\u00a72,000 per\\nyear, while others\\nbring$3,ooo, $4,000,\\nand even more.\\nThe former names\\nof the older blocks\\nand buildings are\\nunknown to many\\nof our citizens,\\nand for purposes\\nof reference a list\\nof the more im-\\nportant old and new buildings, with their loca-\\ntion and date of erection, is appended. Those\\nmarked with a star are no longer known by the\\nname given\\ni/i..", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "460\\nSTORES AND BUSINESS BUILDINGS.\\nArcade, n. s. Lamed near Shelby. 1S67.\\nAbbott, w. s. Woodward Ave., bet. Atwater and\\nWoodbridge, 1851.\\nBank, s. \\\\v. cor. Congress and (iri.s\\\\vold. 1868.\\nBurns, e. .s. Griswold, bet. Earned and Congress,\\n1874.\\nBateson, s. s. Michigan Ave., bet. Cass and First,\\n1869.\\nBagley, s. w. cor. Bates and Woodbridge, 1876.\\nButler, e. s. Griswold, bet. Earned and Congress,\\ni860.\\nBartholomew, s. s. Michigan Ave., bet. Fourth and\\nFifth, 1S65.\\nBaldwin, w. s. Woodward Ave., bet. State and Mich-\\nigan Ave, 1 87 1.\\nBarns, w. s. Woodward Ave., cor. Grand River Ave.,\\n1868.\\nBressler, s. s. Michigan Ave., bet. Griswold and\\nShelby, 1S60.\\nCoyl, e. s. Woodward Ave., facing Campus Martius,\\ni860.\\nColburn, n. s. Congress, near Bates, 1879.\\nConant, s. s. Jefferson Ave., near Griswold, 1S52.\\nChandler, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet. Griswold and\\nWoodward Ave., 1879.\\nCranage, s. e. cor. Shelby and Lafayette Ave.,\\n1878.\\nCanfield, n. s. Michigan Ave., bet. Third and Fourth.\\ni866.\\nCrane, n. s. Grand River Ave., bet. Adams Ave. and\\nElizabeth W., 1861.\\nCampau, s. w. cor. Griswold and Earned, 1883.\\nCleland, s. s. .State, near Griswold, 18S1.\\nDesnoyers, n. w. cor. Jefferson Ave. and Bates, 1 834.\\nDarling, n. w. cor. Griswold and Congress, 1855.\\n1876.\\nFerry, e. s. Woodward Ave., bet. State and tirand\\nRiver Ave., 1880.\\nFisher, w. s. Woodward Ave., facing Campus Mar-\\ntius, 1S60.\\nGodfrey, w. s. Woodward Ave., bet. State and\\nGrand River Ave., i860, 1871.\\nHough, n. w. cur. Griswold and Congress, 1S76.\\nHall, n. w. cor. Michigan Avenue and Griswold,\\n1S77.\\nHopson, n. e. cor. Randolpli and Gratiot, 1850.\\nHodges, w. s. \\\\Voodward A\\\\ e., near Grand River\\nAve., 1877.\\nHawley, n. w. cor. IJates and Woodbridge, 1S5S.\\nHilsendegen, s. s. Alonroe Ave., bet. Farrar and\\nRandolph, 1S78.\\n*Johnson. e. s. Monroe Ave., bet. Michigan Ave.\\nand Farmer, 1S52.\\nLewis, e. s. Griswold, bet. Earned and Congress,\\n1874.\\nMerrill, n. e. cor. [efferson and Woodward Aves,,\\n1859.\\nMechanics s. w. cor. Griswold and Lafayette, 1875.\\nMather, e. s. Woodward Ave., bet. John R. and\\nWilliams, 1868.\\nMoffat, s. w. cor. Fort and Griswold, 1871.\\nNewberry McMillan, e. s. Griswold, bet. Jefferson\\nand Earned, 1879.\\n*PhQeni.x, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet. Griswold and\\nWoodward Ave., 1843.\\nBreston, s. s. Grand River Ave., cor. Griswold, 1868.\\nPalms, s. e. cor. Jefferson Ave. and Bates, 1883.\\nParlcer, s. w. cor. Woodward Ave. and State. 1883.\\n*Rotunda, s. e. cor. Griswold and Earned, 1852.\\nRentz, n. s. Grand River Ave., bet. Fifth and Si.xth,\\n1870.\\nReed, n. s. Grand River Ave., near Third. 1863,\\n1S74.\\nStandish, s. s. Congress, near Bates, 1S50, 1861.\\nSeitz, n. s. Griswold, near Congress, and on Con-\\ngress, i860, 1870.\\nSmart, n. e. cor. Jefferson and Woodward Aves.,\\nl832.\\nStimson, s. w. cor. Shelby and Woodbridge, 1868.\\nSheley, e. s. Woodward Ave., near Gratiot, 1854,\\n1871.\\nScott, w. s. Woodward Ave., near Campus Martius,\\n18S1,\\nStrong, n. w. cor. Jefferson Ave. and Shelby, 1836.\\nSchmidt, w. s. Monroe Ave., near Farmer, 1S72.\\nTelegraph, s. e. cor. Griswold and Congress, 1872.\\nUnion, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet. Cass and First,\\n1849.\\nWaterman, s. e. cor. Woodward Ave. and Earned,\\n1854.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Williams (Old), s. e. cor. Jefferson Ave., and Bates,\\n1833-\\nWilliams (New), cor. Michigan and Monroe Aves.,\\n1873-\\nWillis (formerly Sheldon), n. s. Jefferson Ave., bet.\\nCongress and Shelby, 1838.\\nWalker, s. e. cor. Woodward Ave. and Woodbridge,\\n1852.\\nWesson, n. w. cor. Woodward Ave. and State, 1880.\\nThe old block which, until 1882, stood on the\\nnorthwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby\\nStreet was originally called the White Block because\\nit was painted white subsequently after being\\noccupied as the Waverly House, it was called the\\nWaverly Block, and then Strong s Block.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "Camtau Block, S. W. cornier of Griswold and Lars-ep Streets.\\nBuilt by Daniel J. Campau, in 1883.\\nn D r- Occupied by\\nJJ, rreston Co., Hankers. Commercial National Kank.\\nMO", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "The Newiirhkv McMillan Kidldlng.\\nSoutheast corner o( Griswold and Larned Streets. Built in 1879.\\n[46=]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "The CtivL Block.\\nNortheast corner of Woodward Avenue and Campus Martins. Erected by \\\\V. K. Coyl in i860.\\nThe Ckanac.e Block.\\nSoutheast corner I.afayelte Avenue and Shelby Street. Built by Thos, Cranage in 187S.\\n[463]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "The Fekkv Phi mm..\\nXcwcomb, Endicott, Co. s Dry Goods and Carpet Stores, 190 to 200 Woodward Avenue, between State and Grand River Streets.\\nBuilt by D. M. Kerry in 1879.\\n[465]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "The Wesson Building.\\nTaylor, WooUenden i Co., Dry Goods Slorts. Built by W m. B. Wesson in :8\\n[466]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "HOUSE AXn STORE NUMBERS,\\n467\\nHOUSE AXD STdRE NUMBERS.\\nThe first provision for numbering houses was\\nmade on December 23, 1S45. The Council then\\nprovided that the houses on streets each side of\\nWoodward Avenue should be numbered east or\\nwest of that avenue. The regulation did not apply\\nto the streets, and there is no authority for desig-\\nnating the streets them.selves east or west.\\nThe lir.st ordinance definitely providing for the num-\\nbering of buildings was\\npassed on February\\n10, 1S46. On June 10.\\n1S69, the matter was\\nthoroughly systema-\\ntized by an ordinance\\nwhich provided for\\nnumbering the houses\\nin accordance vxnth sets\\nof numbers arranged\\nin books by the city\\nsurveyor and deposited\\nwith the city clerk.\\nThe regulations pro-\\nvide one number for\\nevery twenty feet, the\\nnumbers alternating\\nfrom one side of the\\nstreet to the other.\\nOn all streets running\\nnearly north and south,\\nor at right angles to the\\nriver and parallel with\\nWoodward Avenue,\\nthe numbers begin at\\nthe south end of the\\nstreet, or the end near-\\nest the river, and num-\\nber towards the city\\nlimits; and when the\\nstreets do not extend\\nthrough to the river,\\nthe numbers begin at\\ntheir southerly end,\\nnear some one of the\\nprincipal avenues,\\nJefferson, Michigan,\\nGrand River, or Gratiot\\nthe odd numbers, as i.\\nPhoVoEng.co.N.Y.\\nThk Cleland Building, State near Gbiswold Street.\\nBuilt by H. A. Cleland in 1881.\\nGoing from the river,\\n3, 5, and 7, are on the\\nleft hand, and the even numbers, as 2. 4, 6, and\\n8, on the right-hand side of the street. On all\\nstreets east of Woodward Avenue, and running\\nnearly east and west, or at right angles with Wood-\\nward Avenue and parallel with the river, the num-\\nbers begin at Woodward Avenue, or the end near-\\nest to it, and number outwards towards the city\\nlimits, the odd numbers on the north or left-hand\\nside going from Woodward Avenue, and the even\\nnumbers on the south side of the street. On all\\nstreets west of Woodward Avenue, and running\\nnearly east and west or at right angles with Wood-\\nward Avenue and parallel with the river, the num-\\nbers begin at Woodward Avenue, or the end near-\\nest it, and number outwards towards the city limits\\nthe odd numbers being on the south or left-hand side\\nof the street, and the even numbers on the north\\nside of the street. The only exception to this\\nrule is in the case\\nof Jefferson Avenue,\\nwhere the numbers be-\\ngin at Third Street\\nand run east, the odd\\nnumbers being on the\\nnorth side of the street,\\nand on Madison Ave-\\nnue, where the even\\nnumbers are on the\\nsouth side. There is\\nan average of about\\nforty numbers to a\\nblock, including those\\non both sides of the\\nstreet.\\nLIGHTING AND\\nHEATING.\\nIn the long ago peo-\\nple were economical\\nin all things; even a\\nspark was not need-\\nlessly wasted. If a fire\\nwas needed for any\\npurpose, the flint and\\nfire steel were brought\\ntogether, and behold\\nhow great a matter a\\nlittle fire kindleth.\\nThe cricket on the\\nhearth never feared the\\ncold, for the fire was\\nseldom out like that\\non vestal altars, it was\\nkept constantly burn-\\ning; if by accident it failed, perchance the old\\nflint-lock was taken down, and the tow and wood\\nwere kindled by its use.\\nMatches were introduced as early as 1815. They\\nconsisted of little sticks dipped in sulphur; with\\nwhich was supplied a small vial of oxide of phos-\\nphorus. The sulphur sticks, when inserted in the\\nphosphorus, would at once take fire. This was con-\\nsidered a wonderful invention. In 1829 matches\\nthat would light upon being drawn through a pre-\\npared and folded paper were first used. A few", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "468\\nLIGHTING AND HEATING.\\nyears later the ordinary friction matches became\\ncommon. In 1780 wax lights or tapers were used\\nsparingly, even by the rich. These lights were often\\nmade from the berries of the candleberry tree or\\nbayberry bush, which usually grew near the sea.\\nThe berries were gathered in the autumn, and put\\ninto boiling water; a fatty substance e.xuded, which,\\non being skiinmed off. melted, and refined, produced\\na beautiful green, transparent wa.x, from which can-\\ndles were made. They would not easily bend or\\nmelt even in midsummer, and gave out an agreeable\\n4. 1S79. On March 21, iSSo. the Van De Poele\\nlight was publicly shown in front of the Detroit\\nOpera House. In July, 1S80, several Brush\\nlights were put up on trial in the warehouse of\\nD. M. Ferry Co., but the light was not sys-\\ntematically tried until introduced by Wells W.\\nLeggett, on September 13, 18S0. He obtained\\nhis power from the engine of the Detroit P ree\\nPress Company, and on the evening of the day\\nabove named, lights were put in operation at\\nthe following places: Two at the store of M.\\nThe Moffat Dlilding, S. W. cornfr Fort and Grisuoi-d Streets.\\nErected by Hugh JMoffat in 1871.\\nodor while burning. Tallow dips or mold can-\\ndles, also sperm and lard oils, were more largely\\nused. In 1850 star and stearine candles were popu-\\nlar illuminators, and soon after, burning fluid was\\nintroduced. Early in 1850, and over a year before\\ngas was manufactured elsewhere in Detroit, H. R.\\nJohnson made gas for his hotel at the foot of Third\\nStreet, and continued to do so until the Gas Com-\\npany went into operation. In the fall of 1851 gas\\nwas first supplied by a Gas Company. In 1861\\nkerosene oil began to be extensively used. The\\nBrush electric light was publicly exhibited for the\\nfirst time in connection with a circus, on June\\nS. Smith, three at Steinfeld s clothing house,\\ntwo at the Russell House Bazaar, one at Prittie s\\ndrug store, two each at the Detroit and Whitney\\nOpera Houses, two at the Coliseum, one each at\\nFrizelle s and Stearns drug stores, and one at the\\ntailor shop of Mr. Tripp. In May, 1881, a stock\\ncompany was organized in Detroit to supply the\\npower and lights, and on September 13, 1881, they\\nwere supplying thirty-two lights; on September 13,\\n1882, one hundred and thirty; on January 1, 18S3,\\ntwo hundred and forty-five, and on January i, 1884,\\nthree hundred and fifty. Their works are located\\non the west side of Third Street, between Fort and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "LIGHTING AND HEATING.\\n469\\nCongress Streets. The price charged varies from\\nsi.\\\\teen dollars to eighteen dollars per month per\\nlight, according to the number of hours that a light\\nis required.\\nThe Edison incandescent light was first intro-\\nduced and used in Metcalf Brothers dry goods\\nstore on January 27, 1S83. The E.xcelsior Electric\\nLight Company was incorporated September 7,\\n1 8S3. and on November i had four lights in operation.\\nThe light of the United States Electric Light\\nCompany is in use in the establishment of C. R.\\nMabley Co., who own the apparatus for and\\nmake their own light. It was first used on Decem-\\nber 24, 1883.\\nThe lighting the streets of Detroit by public\\nlamps was first discussed in 1S27, and on March 12\\na committee of the Common Council reported in\\nfavor of lighting Jefferson Avenue. Nothing fur-\\nther was done until May 21, 1834, when a council\\ncommittee reported in favor of lighting the avenue\\nfrom Cass to Randolph Street. They presented the\\nfollowing estimate Twenty lamps, including posts,\\nat $5 three quarts of sperm oil per night, seventy-\\nfive cents; total cost per year, $262.50. On Janu-\\nary 2, 1835, the committee was ordered to carry\\ninto operation the plan, and on the 29th James\\nDelaney was appointed lamplighter at $10 per\\nmonth. On February 19 forty lamps were ordered,\\nand soon after an ordinance in regard to public\\nlamps was passed but both lamps and ordinance\\nwent out in about three months, and again dark-\\nness reigned.\\nOn March 14, 1849, the City of Detroit Gaslight\\nCompany was incorporated. The company was\\nslow in its operations, and on March 8, 1851, was\\nre-organized under the title of the Detroit Gaslight\\nCompany. The work was now successfully prose-\\ncuted, and on September 24, 185 1, the streets, for\\nthe first time, were lighted with gas. The works\\nwere on the north side of W oodbridge Street west,\\nbetween Fifth and Si.xth Streets. In 1867 new\\nworks were erected at the foot of Twenty-first\\nStreet, and gas was first supplied from there on Sep-\\ntember 27 of that year. In 1871 additional works\\nat the corner of Chene and Franklin Streets were\\ncompleted. Up to 1881 nearly fifty miles of street\\npipe had been laid by this company. The Mutual\\nGaslight Company was incorjjorated in 1871, and\\nre-organized in 1S78 as the Mutual Gas Company.\\nIts works are in Hamtramck. just outside of the\\ncity. They went into operation on November 26,\\n1872. In 1 88 1 the company had nearly si.xty miles\\nof street pipe.\\nThe two companies engaged in a lively competi-\\ntion for several years, but after July, 1877, by\\nagreement between the companies, the Detroit Gas\\nCompany supplied gas only to consumers on the\\nwest of Woodward Avenue, and the Mutual only\\nto persons on the east of Woodward Avenue. The\\nincreasing demand for gas is shown in the fact\\nthat in i860 the Detroit Gaslight Company pro-\\nduced only 26,892,000 cubic feet. In 1870 the\\namount produced reached 85,427,000 cubic feet,\\nand in 1880 the combined product of the Detroit\\nand .Mutual Companies amounted to 162,775,000\\ncubic feet, the two companies in that year con-\\nsuming about twelve thousand tons of coal and\\nfive hundred thousand gallons of naphtha.\\nStreet lamps lighted by the use of naphtha were\\nintroduced on July 12, 1877. The lamps were put\\nup and supplied under contract with the Michigan\\nGaslight Company. In 1878 naphtha lamps ex-\\nclusively were used. On January i, 1884, there\\nwere in use 1,929 gas lamps and 1,743 naphtha\\nburners.\\nThe expense for lighting the lamps in 1SS3 was\\n$72,301 they burn an average of seven hours.\\nOn July 3, 1883, the council voted to light a por-\\ntion of Woodward and Jefferson .-Vvenues with\\ntwenty-four electric lights, to be supplied by the\\nBrush Company. In June, 1884, a contract was\\nmade with the same company to light the entire\\ncity with electricity, and in July the company com-\\nmenced the erection of seventy-two towers made of\\niron tubing, the towers to be from one hundred to\\none hundred and fifty feet high, the electric lights\\nbeing placed at the top.\\nThe office of gas inspector was established by\\nordinance of December 2, 1861, under the title of\\ninspector of gas meters. The inspector was\\nappointed by the Council. A strange provision of\\nthe ordinance was that his salary of $600 a year\\nwas to be paid by the gas company whose products\\nand apparatus he was to inspect. Under the revised\\nordinances of 1863, as amended September 7, 1870,\\nthe gas company was to pay $600 of his salary, and\\nthe city to supplement it with $400 more. In 1871\\nthe lamplighters were selected by the Gaslight\\nCompany, who paid for one third of their time, the\\ncity paying for the other two thirds yet all of their\\ntime not employed in lighting or cleaning lamps\\nwas given to the gas company. Since the ordinance\\nof March 16, 1872, the title of the incumbent of\\nthe office has been gas inspector, and the entire\\nsalaries of the inspector and lamplighters are now\\npaid by the city. The inspector is appointed\\nyearly by the Council, and is charged with the\\nduty of testing the meters and the quality of gas\\nsupplied. The lamplighters are selected by the\\ninspector. In 1883 there were twenty-two, at a\\nsalar\\\\- of $55 each per month.\\nThe inspectors have been: 1862- 1S71, Alfred\\nMarsh; 1871-1875, James T. Wright 1875-1877,\\nChristian Blattmeier; 1877, Julius S. Kloppenburg;", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "470\\nLIGHTING AND HEATING.\\n1878, Michael (^uinii 1879, George H. Modr-;\\nlSSo-1884, John Archer; 1S84- John O Killey.\\nOriginally, the inhabitants of Detroit found fuel\\nnear at hand and easily procured, except during the\\ndays of war. At the time of Pontiac s Conspiracy\\nit was brought in boats from Belle Isle. During\\nthe War of 181 2 laborers were so few, and soldiers\\nso lawless, that the farm fences near the town were\\nfreely used for fuel, and in after years the (govern-\\nment paid a considerable sum for damages on this\\naccount. The earliest record as to stoves is found\\nin a letter dated Pittsburgh, September 30, 1797,\\nfrom Quartermaster- General John Wilkins, Jr.,\\nothers began to keep small lots for sale. In 1850\\nP. I. Price made a specialty of the business. Two\\nyears later the firm of Pittman, Trowbridge. Jones\\nbegan. Since then various firms have engaged in\\nselling coal. The amount of coal sold in Detroit\\nin several decades is estimated to be as follows\\nbetween 1840 and 1850, an average of 1,000 tons\\nyearly; between 1850 and i860, an average of\\n10,000 tons; between i860 and 1870, an average\\nof 30,000 tons, and between 1870 and 1880, an\\naverage of 80,000 tons. The use of coal for fuel\\nbecame increasingly popular with the year 1873,\\nthe Argand stove extensively introduced that year\\nJ. E. Pittiman s Coal Dock.\\nOn River, foot of Riopclle Street. Built in 1S75.\\nto Matthew Ernest at Detroit. He says, By boat\\nwhich went a few days ago, I sent twenty stoves\\nfor the use of the garrison at Detroit. These will\\naid in making the soldiers more comfortable anti\\nsave firewood. During this period, and as late as\\n1825, stoves were obtained from Montreal, and\\nrented during the winter season. They hardly\\ncame into general use until about 1830. Coal was\\nintroduced in 1836. In the fall of this year three\\ncoal stoves were procured by C. C. Trowbridge,\\none for himself, one for St. Paul s Church, and one\\nfor Judge Sibley. The coal and transportation cost\\neighteen dollars a ton. The use of coal was only\\noccasional and confined to a few persons, until 1 848,\\nwhen E. W. Hudson, B. L. Webb, and one or two\\naffording advantages not previously possessed. So\\nrapid is the increased use that it is estimated that\\nin 1883, about 100,000 tons of anthracite and\\n200.000 tons of bituminous coal were sold in De-\\ntroit, and not less than 200,000 cords of wood.\\nThe use of steam for heating buildings was first\\nknown in 1857. The first building fitted for the\\npurpose was the residence of E. A. Brush, in the\\nold Michigan Garden. The fittings were put in by\\nJ. Flower Brothers. Soon after this, .steam began\\nto be used in the larger tanneries, and now it is used\\nin scores of establishments and residences. On\\nSeptember 12, 1878, the Detroit Steam Supply\\nCompany was organized, with a capital stock of\\n$85,000. The company supplied steam either for", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "LIGHTING AND HEATING.\\n471\\npower or heating purposes it was generated in a\\nseries of ten boilers of one hundred horse-power\\neach, located on the corner of Atwater and Ciriswold\\nStreets; four miles of iron pipes, covered with wood,\\nconveyed the steam through various streets, and\\nfrom them it was supplied to customers. The com-\\npany began to supply steam on December 25, 1878,\\nand ceased to do so on September i, 1S84, the\\nprofits not w. irranting a continuance.\\nUnder ordinance of 1881, all steam boilers are\\nnow subject to yearly inspection, and all engineers\\nare required to pass an examination as to fitness for\\ntheir position. \\\\V. J. VVray, the first city boiler\\ninspector, was appointed September 27, 1881, for a\\nterm of three years. During 18S3 he inspected\\nthree hundred and thirty-nine boilers. His suc-\\ncessor in 1884 was John Carroll.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "CH APTE R LI I.\\nCOUNCIL HOUSES. COURT-HOUSE OR CAPITOL. CITY HALLS.\\nOPERA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS.\\nCOUNCIL HOUSES.\\nAt different periods of time three several build-\\nings have been designated by the title of Council\\nHouse.\\nOld Colncil Holse,\\nSouthwest corner Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street,\\nOriginal appearance.\\nThe first, a large wooden building with\\narched ceilings, was near the river, on the\\neast side of the alley known in early days\\nboth as St. Antoine Street and Campau\\nAlley. It was burned in the fire of 1805.\\nThe second stood on the southwest cor-\\nner of Jefferson .Avenue and Randolph\\nStreet. The following facts make it evident\\nthat the building was a relic of British oc-\\ncupation In 1 85 1 the Farmers and Mechan-\\nics Bank hied a bill in chancery against the\\ncity and others to recover the value of the\\nIndian blacksmith and carpenter s shop lot.\\nThe lot had also been occupied by Wood-\\nworth s Hotel, and was immediately in the\\nrear of the Council House. During the trial\\nGovernor Cass testified as follows 1 un-\\nderstood that the British Government had\\nsome Indian Department Buildings on .said prem-\\nises. The Council House was on these premises\\nbefore I came, built, as I suppose, by Governor\\nHull. It was understood to be a reservation, and\\nwas in possession- of the officers of the Government\\nlong before I came here. I don t know how the\\nreservation was made, but it was understood\\nto be a Government property under the\\nBritish Government before it became the\\nproperty of the United States. This was\\nthe tradition relative to these premises.\\nB. Woodworth testified that the Indian\\nDepartment lot was treated as a reservation\\nby the Indian Department, and was occupied\\nby said Department for ten years prior to\\n1816, to my knowledge. The records of\\nthe Governor and Judges contain no reference\\nto the erection of the building, and when\\nthe lot was sur\\\\-eyed by Abijah Hull, on\\nFebruary 9, 1807, it was marked as belonging\\nto the United States. At one time there was\\nin the city clerk s office an unexecuted deed\\nfrom the Governor and Judges to the United\\nStates, dated February 11, 1 807 and a\\nmemorandum, without date, found among\\nCouncil Hoi se, as eniarged.\\nthe Governor and Judges papers, apparently\\nabout the time the deed was dated, says\\nwritten\\nLot 12,\\n147=1", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "COUNCIL HOUSES.\\n473\\nsection 4, is built on as Council House. The build-\\ning was certainly in existence as early as May 4,\\n1807, for old court records show that the District\\nCourt, for the District of Huron and Detroit, met\\nin it on that date. An official order from James\\nMay, adjutant-general of the Territory, dated Au-\\ngust 1 1, 1S07, makes several references to the build-\\ning; and a military order in possession of the His-\\ntorical Society, dated December 1 5, 1S07. says, His\\nExcellency, the Commander-in-Chief, having oblig-\\ningly given up the Indian Council Hou.se, you will\\nhave to fit it up for the militia as the Major Com-\\nmandant may direct. The same manuscript speaks\\non Fort Street. In 1827 it became the property of\\nthe city. In September of that year it was decided\\nto open Fort Street from Woodward Avenue to the\\nCass Farm, and this necessitated the moving of the\\nbuilding. The First Protestant Society offered to\\ngive it room in the rear of their church on the north-\\neast corner of Woodward Avenue and Earned\\nStreet, provided they could have occasional use of\\nit. Their terms were accepted, and on September\\n9, 1 827, the Council appointed a committee to super-\\nintend its removal and repair; on October 19, 1827,\\nDe Garmo Jones was paid fifty dollars for moving\\nthe building. In the spring of 1833, after the First\\nThe Coukt House or Capitol.\\nof providing materials for putting the Indian Coun-\\ncil House in a proper situation for the accommoda-\\ntion of troops. The house was built of stone, and\\nwas originally but one story high. In 1826 or 1827\\nthe Masonic Order was allowed to add another\\nstory, made of boards with split lath and plaster on\\noutside, and to use it for their meetings. The lower\\nroom would accommodate about two hundred per-\\nsons. It was used for almost every purpose courts.\\nfairs, and elections were held in it, and religious and\\npolitical .societies used it in turn. The Indian De-\\npartment occupied a portion as late as 183 1. It was\\nburned in 1848.\\nThe history of the third Council House is certainly\\na moving one. It was originally called Military\\nHall, and occupied part of the old cantonment\\nProtestan^ Society built their brick session room on\\nWoodward Avenue, they had no further use for the\\nbuilding, and on June 5 the Council gave the First\\nM. E. Church permission to move it to the rear of\\ntheir lot, on northeast corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Congress Street. In its new location, as on Ear-\\nned Street, it was occupied by the Conmion Council,\\nand gained the name of Council House. After tarry-\\ning on Congress Street for six years, on July 9, 1839,\\nthe Council gave the building to the colored M. E.\\nChurch, and they moved it to Croghan Street near the\\nnorthwest corner of Hastings Street. In 1841 it\\nwas moved to the north side of Fort Street, between\\nBrush and Beaubien Streets. Here it was used as\\na Methodist Church, and about 1848, after the\\nsociety had built a brick church, it was torn down.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "474\\nTHE COURT HOUSE OR CAPITOL.\\nTHE COURl HOUSE OR CAPITOL.\\nFar off, ill solitary pride,\\nLonely amid tlie pastures wide.\\nThe Territorial Court House stood\\nIn bold relief a^ ainst the wood.\\nBehind, from bone-strewed plains, arose\\nA noisy crowd of carrion crows.\\nDisturbing by their clamorous caws\\nThose who both made and dealt the laws.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Campbell.\\nAfter the fire of\\n1805, an Act of\\nCongress of April\\n2 1, 1 806, authorized\\nthe laying out of a\\nnew town of De-\\ntroit and of ten\\nthousand acres ad-\\njoining. The Act\\ngave the Governor\\nand Judges power\\nto dispose of the\\nten thousand acres,\\nand such portion of\\nthe town lots as\\nwere not needed to\\nsatisfy the claims of\\ninhabitants, and to\\ndevote the pro-\\nceeds towards\\nbuilding a Court\\nHouse and a Jail.\\nOn September 13,\\n1806, the Governor\\nand Judges decided\\nthat the Court\\nHouse should be\\nbuilt in the center\\nof the Grand Cir-\\ncus, and on No-\\nvember 3 following\\n$20,000 were ap-\\npropriated for its\\nerection. Nine\\nyears passed away\\nwithout further ac-\\ntion, and then, by\\nLaw of November\\n7, I Si 5, the Act lo-\\ncating it on the\\nGrand Circus was\\nrepealed, and it\\nwas decided to lo-\\ncate it at the head\\nof Griswold Street.\\nNearly nine more\\nyears elapsed, and\\nthen plans were solicited. arious drawings were\\nsubmitted; that made by Obed Wait was accepted.\\nand he was eventually paid $600 for superintending\\nthe erection of the building, Mr. Wait s estimate\\nof the cost was $11,250.99, but on May 31, 1823,\\nD. C. McKinstry offered to build it for $7,000.\\nThere must have been a mistake somevi here, for on\\nJuly 25, 1823, the Governor and Judges contracted\\nwith D. C. McKinstry, Thomas Palmer, and De\\nGarmo Jones to erect it for $21,000. The bill for\\nextras footed up\\n$3,500 additional.\\nThe terms of this\\nj singular contract\\nwere as follows\\nJ The contractors\\nwere to have 6,500\\n5 and 92-100 acres\\n3 of the Ten Thou-\\nS sand Acre Tract\\n3 at $2. 1 2^ per acre,\\nJ and one hundred\\nJ and forty-four city\\n5 lots, named in a\\n5 schedule, at an\\naverage price of\\n$50 per lot. Inad-\\ndition to erecting\\nthe building they\\nS were to pay the\\ncreditors of the\\nDetroit Fund,with-\\na in three years,\\n3 $12,000, and to\\nhave $3,000 of the\\nJ debts due said fund.\\nThe building was\\nJ to be completed\\ns; before December\\nI I, 1S24. The cor-\\nner stone was laid\\no\\n5 in ancient masonic\\nI form on Monday,\\n.September 22,\\na 1823, by the mem-\\nj bers of Zion, De-\\ntroit, and Oakland\\n5 Lodges. The Ma-\\nl sons met at their\\nhall at eleven\\no clock, and pro-\\nf ceeded in proces-\\nJ sion to the place;\\nat 1 2 M. William A.\\nFletcher delivered\\nthe address, and at\\nthe conclusion a\\nbountiful dinner was provided at tile e.xpense of\\nD. C. McKinstry.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "THE COURT HOUSE OR CAPITOL.-CITY HALLS.\\nIn those days the erection of so large a building\\nwas an extensive enterprise. The finishing con-\\nsumed several years, and no part was occu|5ied\\nuntil May 5. 1828. when the Legislative Council met\\nfor the first time within its walls. In his opening\\naddress at that time the president of the Council\\nsaid, Permit me, gentlemen, to congratulate you\\non the honor that is conferred on us in being the\\nfirst to occupy this splendid hall as a legislative\\nbody, and may the laws we here enact be as crcdit-\\nable to us as this noble edifice is to its projector and\\nits architect.\\nIn order to aid the contractors who built the Jail,\\nas well as those who built the Court House, the\\nGovernor and Judges, between the years of 181 9 and\\n1826, issued scrip to the amount of $22,500, in sums\\nof $2.00, S3.00, $5.00, $[o.oo, and $20.00. receiv-\\nable in payments for lands, or redeemable out of\\nmoneys received from sale of lands. The lands\\nwere sold at such low prices that, on June 23, 1S28,\\nthe Council were impelled to pass an Act guarantee-\\ning the .scrip issued by the Governor and Judges,\\nand pledging the faith of the Territory to make good\\nany deficiency arising from sale of the lands the\\nsame act authorized the Governor and Judges to\\naccept the Capitol. The building was !\u00c2\u00bbi.xty by\\nninety feet in size, and the cupola, one hundred and\\nforty feet high, was a favorite place from which to\\nview the city. In 1847 it was decided to remove the\\nState Capitol to Lansing, and the last session of the\\nLegislature held in the building closed on March 17\\nof that year. For the subsequent history of the\\nbuilding, see chapter on Board of Education.\\nCITY HALLS.\\nThe old City Hall, size fifty feet by one hundred\\nfeet, was located just east of Woodward Avenue, in\\nthe middle of Michigan Grand Avenue the history\\nof its erection is as follows On December 21, 1833,\\na committee of the Council was appointed to select\\na site for a Market and City Hall. It was thought\\nthat Michigan Avenue would be selected, and on\\nDecember 27 a meeting of citizens opposed to\\nthat location, was held, but on the .same dav the\\ncommittee of the Common Council reported in\\nfavor of the site named. On January 3, 1834, C. C.\\nTrowbridge and Henry Howard were appointed a\\ncommittee to procure a design. On .March 19,\\n1834, a plan was presented by Mr. White, and on\\nApril 10 foibwing a contract was entered into with\\nJohn Scott to erect the building for .449. one\\nfourth payable in advance. The lime used in its\\nerecticn was burned on the Campus Martins, and\\nthe building was completed and first occupied on\\nNovember 18, 1835. It cost $14,747, this sum\\nrepresenting the visible proceeds of the lots .sold by\\nthe city on the Military Reserve. The lower part.\\n475\\nup to the spring of 1856, was occupied by stalls for\\nthe sale of meat it was then fitted up for city offices,\\na safety vault being added in 1863. The city clerk\\nand collector had their offices in the second stor)\\nThe council-room in the upper stor\\\\ of the old\\nCity Hall was used for various public entertain-\\nments, and was at one time rented continuously for\\nweeks as a theatre. Courts held their sessions there,\\nand several religious bodies, at different times, had\\nthe use of it. Originally of a brick color, the build-\\ning was afterwards painted a slate color. After the\\ncompletion of the new City Hall, it was formally\\nvacated by the Common Council on July 18. 1871.\\nIt was afterwards given to the Board of Education,\\nto be fitted up for the public library, but they sur-\\nrendered it on receiving the site in Center Park.\\nIt was finally sold for Si. 025, and torn down in\\nNovember, 1872.\\nThe new City Hall has probably no superior\\namong the municipal halls of the country both\\nthe building and its site command universal admir-\\nation, and are in every way well adapted for the\\nconvenience of the people and the officials. The\\ngrounds embrace an entire square, bounded east\\nand west by Woodward Avenue and Griswold\\nStreet, and north and south by Michigan Avenue\\nand Fort Street.\\nA portion of the square was purchased by the\\ncity in 1854 for $iS,ooo. Five years later, on Sep-\\ntember 30, 1859, a citizens meeting voted $250,000\\ntowards the erection of the building, and on No-\\nvember 15 a committee on plans was appointed,\\nconsisting of C. H. Buhl, mayor B. L. Webb,\\ncomptroller; J. Shearer, J. S. Farrand, and E. Le\\nFavour. On March 6, i860, so much of the square\\nas formed part of the Campus Martins was set\\napart by the city as a portion of the site. On April\\n23, 1 86 1, the committee on plans reported in favor\\nof designs submitted by James Anderson.\\nThe war w ith the South delayed the erection of\\nthe building, and nothing further was done until\\nAugust 28, 1866. A contract was then made with\\nCharles Stange to build the basement for $58,625.\\nOn April 23, 1867, A. W. Copland, W. H. Langley.\\nand J. W. Waterman were appointed a committee\\nto go East and inspect methods of heating. On\\nMay 21, 1867, A. Chapoton was appointed superin-\\ntendent of construction, and on November 26 of\\nthe same year the comptroller was directed to\\nadvertise for proposals for completing the building.\\nIn 1857 the offices of the maypr, sewer commissioners, sur-\\nveyor, and assessor were in the old seminary building on the site\\nof the new City Hall. The growth of the city business required\\nstill more office room, and in 1866, and up to the completion of\\nthe new City Hall, the offices of the city sur\\\\ eyor, Ixwird of\\nsewer commissioners, and some other city officers, were located\\nin the Williams Block on Monroe Avenue.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "476\\nCITY HALLS.\\nOn February 13, 1S68, the bid of N. Osborne\\nSon, of Rochester, N. Y., for 8339,578, was accepted.\\nFive days later they reported to the Council that, by\\nan error in the footings, $60,000 was omitted from\\nthe total of their bid, and that, although the next\\nlowest bid was $469,500, they would do the work\\nfor $379,578, or $20,000 less than the sum they\\noriginally intended for their bid. In accordance\\nAuditors, subject to approval of the Common Council\\nand Board of Supervisors, under which the county\\nwas to pay $12,000 a year, quarterly, in advance,\\nfor fifteen years, the county to fit up its own rooms,\\nexcept that the city was to pay part of the expense\\nof fitting up the Circuit Court room. The agree-\\nment was accepted, and city and county officers\\noccupy the building. In 1883 the county obtained\\nOld City Hall and Surroundings in 1862.\\nwith their proposition, a contract was made the fol-\\nlowing day.\\nOn August 6, 1868, the corner-stone was laid\\nwith imposing ceremonies an address was made by\\nC. I. Walker.\\nThe original contract called for a plain fiat roof,\\nbut the Council decided in May to have a mansard\\nroof, at an additional cost of $3,500.\\nIt was expected that the county offices would be\\nlocated in the building, and a special committee of\\nthe Common Council was appointed to decide upon\\nthe rooms to be occupied by them and the price to\\nbe paid by the county. On March i, 1870, the\\ncommittee reported an agreement with the Board of\\na new lease and considerable more room than they\\nhad previously occupied.\\nOn June 20. 1S71, the last payment was made to\\nthe contractors, and the city took formal possession.\\nOn July 4 the building was formally opened, the\\noccasion being celebrated by a procession, speeches,\\netc., and on July 18 the City Council held its first\\nsession in the new council chamber.\\nThe building is on the western half of the square.\\nIt has four fronts, but the principal entrance is on\\nWoodward Avenue. It is two hundred and four\\nfeet long from north to_ south and ninety feet wide.\\nThe first story is thirteen feet high, the second\\neighteen, and the third twenty-one the height of", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "OPERA HOUSES AND PUIU.IC HALLS.\\n477\\nthe building to the cornice is sixty-six feet, and to\\ntop of flag-staff two hundred feet. The style is\\nItalian, with a mansard roof. The walls arc of\\nAmherst sandstone, from near Cleveland. The\\nbuilding is intended to be fire-proof. The halls\\nhave marble floors, and the main floors rest on\\nbrick arches, supported by iron beams. The total\\ncost of the buiklinjj was $600,000, and the square\\nof land on which it stands is worth as much more.\\nOn the several cornices of the first section of the\\ntower are stone figures, each fourteen feet high,\\nrepresenting Justice. Industry, Art, and Commerce.\\nThe number of steps to the top is from sidewalk\\nto entrance door. 13; to stairway, 67; to the clock.\\n143; to the top\\nof the tower,\\n213. From the\\ntower, which is\\nreached by iron\\nstairways, a mag-\\nnificent view is af-\\nforded. The usual-\\nly clean streets\\nlook cleaner still\\nin the distance\\nthe groves of\\nshade trees, the\\nelegant residences,\\nthe river and its\\nshipping, the Can-\\nadian shore and\\nBelle Isle, all unite\\nto form a panorama\\nnot often excelled.\\nThe weight of the\\nbell in the tower\\nis 7,670 pounds,\\nand it cost $2,782.\\nThe clock is the\\nlargest in the\\nUnited States, and\\nthere is but one larger in the world it cost\\n$2,850, and was set running on July 4, 1871.\\nThe pendulum weighs one hundred and twenty-five\\npounds. The striking part is wound once in eight\\ndays, and the running part every thirty days. The\\nweights have a fall of one hundred and twenty feet.\\nThe clock has four dials, each eight feet three inches\\nin diameter. In the evening the dials are illumi-\\nnated, and the figures can be plainly seen. The\\ncontract for keeping it in order is awarded yearly.\\nOn either side of the eastern portico is an old\\ncannon. These cannon originally belonged to the\\nfleet of Commodore Barclay, and were captured at\\nthe battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813.\\nAfter the battle the fleet was taken to Erie, Venn.\\nWhen that station was abandoned as a naval depot\\n^A-\\nby the Government, the guns were ordered removed\\nto Detroit. Here they were placed on the Govern-\\nment Wharf, between Wayne and Cass Streets.\\nSeveral years later the wharf and these guns were\\npurchased by Oliver Newberry. The guns were set\\nin the ground, and for a long time, as occasion\\nrequired, vessels were fastened to them. One of\\nthe cannon eventually came into possession of a\\nfoundry, and was about to be broken up, when a\\nsubscription of one hundred dollars was raised for\\nits purchase, and on April 12, 1872, it was presented\\nto the city. On May 17 following, its male was\\npresented by Messrs. Moore, Foote, Co., and on\\nJuly 4, 1S74, both guns were mounted in their\\npresent position,\\nand addresses\\nappropriate to the\\noccasion deliv-\\nered.\\npresentation\\nof still greater his-\\ntoric interest was\\nm.ide in August.\\n1.S.S4. ()[ie of our\\noldest citizens. Bela\\nHubbard, having\\ncaused statues of\\nCadillac. La Salle,\\nand l athers Mar-\\nquette and Richard\\nto be prepared by\\nJulius Melchers,\\npresented them\\nto the city, and\\nhad them placed\\nin the niches pro-\\nvidetl for statues\\non the east and\\nwest fronts of the\\nbuilding. The\\nstatues cost several\\nand are worthy of the building\\nThe Citv Hall.\\nthousand dollars,\\nand llu- d )n )r.\\nOPERA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS.\\nIn olden times the Indian Council House, near\\nthe river and east of Griswold Street, was in requi-\\nsition for balls and other entertainments. After the\\nfire of 1805 the Council House, on the corner of\\nJefferson Avenue and Randolph Street, became the\\nplace where public meetings of every sort were\\nheld. Woodworth s Hotel was also a favorite meet-\\ning place.\\nIn the spring of 1833 the Presbyterian Session\\nRoom was completed. It was a small brick build-\\ning on the east side of Woodward Avenue, in the", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "478\\nOPERA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS.\\ncenter of the block between Congress and Earned\\nStreets. It was a favorite lecture and debating hall\\nand, up to 1850, all the public exercises of the then\\nArbeiter Hall.\\nvery popular Young Men s Society took\\nplace within its walls.\\nThe State Capitol was also used for\\nlectures and exhibitions of various kinds.\\nYoung Men s Hall, on the north side\\nof Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and\\nRandolph Streets, was dedicated Novem-\\nber 27, 1850. It seated about 500 people,\\nand was the wonder and pride of the\\ncity for many years.\\nFiremen s Hall, located on the south-\\nwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and\\nRandolph Street, was opened October 23,\\n185 1. It seated nearly 1,000, and was\\ndeemed exceedingly desirable for concerts.\\nMerrill Hall, in the Merrill Block, on\\nnortheast corner of Jefferson and Wood-\\nward Avenues, was the ne.xt hall used\\nfor public entertainments. It was opened\\nNovember I, 1859, and, with the gallery,\\nwill seat 1 ,000 persons.\\nYoung Men s Hall, in the Biddle House\\nBlock, was first used November 21, 1861.\\nIt seated 1,500, and for many years was\\na popular place of resort. Since 1875 it\\nhas been but little used for lectures.\\nArbeiter Hall, owned by the German\\nWorkingmen s Aid Society, located on the\\nnorthwest corner of Catherine and Russell\\nStreets, seats 1,300; it is chiefly used\\nby German citizens. It was opened\\n1868.\\nSt. Andrew s Hall, formerly the Woodw\\nnue M. E. Church, was fitted up as a public hall,\\nand first used as such by the St. Andrew s Society\\nin 1S67. The building was torn down in April, 1883.\\nThe Detroit Opera House, facing the Campus\\nMartins, was opened March 29, 1869. It is ele-\\ngantly fitted up, and seats 1,800.\\nWhitney s Grand Opera House, on northwest\\ncorner of Shelby and Fort Streets, seats 1,400, and\\nwas first used September 13, 1S75.\\nThe large and imposing building of the Harmo-\\nnic Society is located on the southwest corner of\\nLafayette and Beaubien Streets; it seats 1,300, and\\nwas dedicated November 11, 1S75.\\nThe Gymnasium, Hall and Rooms of the Detroit\\nYoung Men s Christian Association were formerly\\nlocated on west side of Farmer Street, between\\nMonroe and Gratiot Avenues. The building was\\ndedicated February 14, 1876, and the hall, with the\\nrooms opening into it, would seat Soo persons.\\nIn 1882 the Association sold the property to the\\nDetroit Medical College.\\nCoyl s Hall, facing the Campus Martins and ad-\\njoining the Detroit Opera House, was built in i860,\\nDetroit Opera House.\\nClothing Stores of J. L. Hudson, 2 and 3 Opera House Block.\\nMay 17, and could accoinmodate 600 persons. It is chiefly\\nused for business purposes,\\nard Ave- Masonic Hall, on north side of Jefferson Avenue,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "OPERA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS.\\n479\\nbetween Griswold and\\nJune 24, 1S57.\\nGood Templars\\nHall is on north-\\neast corner of\\nWoodward Avenue\\nand Grand River\\nStreet. Kittelber-\\nger s Hall is on\\nRandolph Street near\\nMonroe Avenue.\\nFunke s Hall was on\\nsouth side of Ma-\\ncomb near Beaubien\\nStreet, ft has been\\nused as a duelling\\nfor many years.\\nBarns Hall, in the\\nBarns Block, corner\\nof Woodward and\\nGrand River Ave-\\nnues, was first fitted\\nup as a hall by the\\nRed f ibbon Club,\\nand dedicated on\\nJune 10, 1879, as\\nReform Hall. After\\nthe disbanding of\\nthe club it took its\\nname from the\\nblock in which it is\\nlocated.\\nWhite s Grand\\nTheatre, formerly\\nMusic Hall, facing\\nRandolph Street,\\nand between Cro-\\nghan and Lafay-\\nette Streets, was\\nerected in\\nand opened\\nMusic Hall\\nShelby Streets, was dedicated\\n18S0,\\nas\\non\\nof\\nWhitney s Opeka House.\\nAugust 3 1\\nthat year; it seated\\nF0R.MEK Music Hall, nuw Whiie s Gkand Theatre.\\n3,000, and was much the largest hall in the city. In\\nthe summer of 1 883 it was arranged for a theatre.\\nUnder the provi-\\nsions (if State Laws,\\napproved May 24,\\n1879, and March 18,\\n1 88 1, requiring the\\nmayor to appoint\\nthree building in-\\nspectors, the Council,\\nby ordinance of Au-\\ngust 1 8, 1 882, provid-\\ned for their appoint-\\nment, with power\\nto inspect all build-\\nings or platforms\\nerected, or to be\\nused for public gath-\\nerings, and to decide\\non the safety of all\\nsuch structures. In-\\nspections are made\\nat the request of\\nowners, agents, or\\nlessees, or of any\\nmember of the Me-\\ntropolitan Police, and\\nare certified to if sat-\\nisfactory. For such\\nservices the com-\\nmissioners are paid\\nat the rate of S3.00\\nper day by owners\\nor agents. The\\nfirst commission-\\ners, appointed Feb-\\nruary 10, iS82,were\\nP. H. McWilliams,\\nGeo. D. Mason, and\\nHenry Spitzlcy.\\nOn November 2,\\n1883, Mr. Mason\\nwas succeeded by\\nE. W. Simpson.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L I I I\\nOLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\nIt is not proposed in this article to include tht\\nminor establishments, but only the older or more\\nimportant public houses, and in these the changes\\nhave been numerous, making it evident that few\\npersons know enough to keep a hotel.\\nAfter the city came under American control, and\\nas early as 1805, the Dodemead House, near the\\nsoutheast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby\\nStreet, was one of the best-known taverns. .-\\\\t the\\nsame time, and until 1827 or later, Colonel Richard\\nknown characters of that time. He came to Detroit\\nin 1S06, and as early as May, 181 2, was keeping a\\nhotel on the northwest corner of Woodbridge and\\nRandolph Streets. In 1818 he built a new house\\non the same site, and opened it in March, 1819.\\nThis house was the chief headquarters for passen-\\ngers by vessel and steamboat, and in it the various\\nstage lines had their offices. The long room was\\nin almost constant requisition for fairs and public\\nmeetings, and for many years no public dinner was\\nWoodwouth s Steamboat Hotel.\\nSmyth was keeping Smyth s Hotel, called, in 1823,\\nthe Sagina Hotel, and subsequently the Michigan\\nHotel. It was on the west side of Woodward Ave-\\nnue, between Jefferson Avenue and Woodbridge\\nStreet. From 1S30 to 1834. it was kept by John\\nBrunson.\\nThe most noted caravansary was Woodwnrth s\\nSteamboat Hotel. The landlord, familiarly known\\nas Uncle Ben, was a brother of the author of\\nThe Old Oaken Bucket, and one of the best-\\nall that it should be unless given at this noted resort.\\nIn the spring of 1844 the house was purchased by\\nMilton Barney, and on May 9, 1848, it was burned.\\nThe same fire destroyed the Wales Hotel in the\\nadjacent block, on the south side of Jefferson Ave-\\nnue, just east of Randolph Street. The building\\nwhich formed the nucleus of that hotel was erected\\nby Governor Hull in 1807. In February, 1835. it\\nwas fitted up for a hotel, and in May following was\\nopened by John Griswold as The American. He\\n[480]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\n481\\nwas soon succeeded by Mr. Pratt, and in May, 1S38,\\nPetty Havvley were proprietors. They were suc-\\nceeded by Colonel Dibble, and he by Austin Wales.\\nDuring 1840 Simon Burk and S. K. Harring offi-\\nciated as landlords. In May, 1 841, they were suc-\\nceeded by H. A. Chase and Joshua an Anden,\\nfrom Rochester, N. Y. In September, 1841, or\\nearlier, Mr. Chase retired. Mr. Van Anden con-\\ntinued until August, 1845, when the house was ex-\\ntensively refitted, and opened on January i, 1846,\\nas Wales Hotel, by Austin Wales and his two\\nsons. They were proprietors of the house when\\nit was burned. Harriet Martineau, who visited\\nDetroit in June, 1S36. in her Society in America,\\ngives this account of her stay at this house\\ntractive appearance. The hotel contained thirty\\nbedrooms: it had a frontage of seventy feet, and\\nwas two hundred feet deep, extending through to\\nLarned Street. It was torn down about 1836.\\nIn 1817, and for some years after, John Palmer\\nwas keeping a hotel on the south side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets.\\nAbout 1828 John Garrison built and kept a house\\ncalled the Yankee Boarding House, on the east\\nside of Bates Street, between Jefferson Avenue and\\nLarned Street. He was succeeded by Mr. Wattles.\\nIn 1831 the house changed hands, Mr. Sherward\\nbecoming proprietor. Mr. Williams followed Mr.\\nSherward, and kept the house until 1S33. D. Petty\\nsucceeded him, and changed the name of the house\\nWe reached the American just in\\ntime for breakfast At that long\\ntable I had the pleasure of seeing\\nthe healthiest set of faces I had be-\\nheld since I left England. The\\nbreakfast was excellent, and we were\\nser\\\\ ed with much consideration but\\nthe place was so full, and the accom-\\nmodations of Detroit are so insuffi-\\ncient for the influx of people who\\nare betaking themselves thither, that\\nstrangers must patiently put up with\\nmuch delay and inconvenience, till\\nnew houses of entertainment are\\nopened. We had to wait till near one\\no clock before any of us could have\\na room in which to dress.\\nAnother noted hostelry of\\nthe past, known as the Man-\\nsion House, was located near\\nwhat is now the northwest\\ncorner of Jefferson Avenue\\nand Cass Street. The build-\\ning had a varied history-.\\nErected by James May after\\nthe fire of 1805, from the\\nremains of the old stone\\nchimneys, it was successively\\na residence, jail, court-house, the British quarters,\\nagain a residence, and finally a hotel. Originally it\\nwas a story and a half high. From 181 5 to 1824 it\\nwas kept by Major Whipple, an old captain in\\nGeneral Wayne s army. He was succeeded by John\\nBrunson, who kept it until 1827, when it was pur-\\nchased by John E. Schwartz, who raised it, greatly\\nenlarged it on both sides, and built a verandah in\\nfront and on the western side. He opened it as a\\nhotel on Thursday, May 3, 1827. In July, 1S29,\\nIsaac J. Ullman was proprietor. In 1830 the house\\nwas sold to Colonel Andrew Mack, and on May 24\\nformally opened by him. Three years after it was\\nclosed as a hotel. As seen from the river, the house\\nand its surroundings presented a homelike and at-\\nThe Mansion House.\\nto the New York and City Hotel. .Soon after this\\nMr. Anderson took charge, and was followed by\\nHorace Heath. In 1837, or earlier, Orson and Valen-\\ntine Eddy succeeded Mr. Heath. Mr. Eddy died in\\n1S38, and the house remained closed until 1840.\\nWe now turn back to 1835 or 1836, when Russell\\nChase rented of Mrs. McMillan a house which he\\ncalled the Franklin House, on the southwest comer\\nof Bates and Larned Streets. In the spring of 1 837\\nJ. C. Warner became the proprietor, and kept it\\nuntil 1S40. He then purchased of John Largy the\\nold New York and City Hotel, and named it the\\nFranklin House. From 1840 to 1845, liquor was\\nsold here, as at other houses, but after that date no\\nbar was kept on the premises. In 1846 S. Finney", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "482\\nOLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\nsucceeded J. C. Warner, and kept the house five\\nyears. After 1846 the name of the house was\\nchanged from Franklin to Franklin Coldwater\\nHouse, and J. C. Warner again became the landlord.\\nHe continued in charge until the summer of 1854,\\nwhen he erected and took charge of a new brick\\nhotel called the Franklin House, on the southeast\\ncorner of Bates and Larned Streets on October\\nI, 1856, he leased it to John R. Tibbetts, who kept\\nit until December l, 1865. Messrs. Winn Emery\\nthen became proprietors. From 1866 to September,\\n1869, A. H. Emery managed it alone. He was suc-\\nceeded by Charles Ruhl, who remained until May i,\\n1876, and was followed by A. Montgomery. On\\nJuly I, 1879, Messrs. Montgomery Peoples be-\\ncame proprietors. In September, 1880, they sold\\ntheir interest to Messrs. Andrew J. C. Warner.\\nSoon after the management was assumed by War-\\nner James, and on December i, 1S81, C. Friedman\\nbecame manager.\\nThe Eagle Hotel,\\non the south side\\nof Woodbridge\\nStreet, near Gris-\\nwold, was erected\\nabout 1S30 by Al-\\nexander Campbell.\\nIn 1837 Horace\\nHeath, the pro-\\nprietor, was a zeal-\\nous advocate of the\\ncause of the patriots\\nduring the Patriot\\nWar. In April,\\n1838, the house was\\npurchased by Wil-\\nliam .Shaw, and in\\nNovember of the\\nsame year by\\nMessrs. Crawford\\nMurray. In 1845\\nB. B. Davis was the landlord. B. S. Farnsworth\\nbought the building in 1853, and kept it as a hotel\\nfor ten years. He was succeeded by W. Hickey,\\nwho kept it two years, after which it ceased to be\\nused as a hotel, and on April 13, i866, it was\\nburned.\\nIn 1832, and for at least five years after, Thomas\\nCliff kept a tavern on the west side of Woodward\\nAvenue, just above Clifford Street. He was suc-\\nceeded by Mr. Busby, and in 1840 Mr. Turk was\\nkeeping the house.\\nThe New York and Ohio House, made memor-\\nable by the great fire of January i, 1842, which\\noriginated in or near it, was in existence as early as\\n1834. J. L. Ward were the proprietors until\\n1837, when it was purchased by T. G. Hadley. In\\nproprietors, E. F. Lyon.\\nThe National Hutel in 1846.\\nDecember, 1838, he sold to William Shaw, who\\nwas occupying the hotel at the time the entire block\\nin which it stood was burned.\\nOf the leading hotels of the present day, the\\nMichigan E.xchange is a few months the oldest. It\\nwas opened on June 27, 1835, by E. A. Wales. In\\nI S37 it was managed by Austin Wales. Soon after\\nit was sold to O. B. Dibble, who, in 1846, sold it\\nto Mr. Goodnow, and he to Edward Lyon, who\\nopened it on January i, 1847. In 1851 H. A. Bar-\\nstow was associated with Mr. Lyon in its manage-\\nment, under the firm name of H. A. Barstow-\\nCo. In 1852 the firm name was Fellers Benja-\\nmin. In 1835 a five-story addition was built, with\\none hundred feet front on Shelby Street by one\\nhundred on Woodbridge Street, and this year Lyon\\nBarstow were managers, followed in 1859 by\\nFellers, Barstow, Benjamin. In 1868 an enlarge-\\nment was made on Jefferson Avenue by the then\\nFrom 1874 to 1879\\nH. Porter was as-\\nsociated with Ed-\\nward Lyon, after\\nwhich the hotel was\\nconducted by Mr.\\nLyon until May i,\\n18S1, when he re-\\ntired, and was suc-\\nceeded by J. D.\\nLyon and W. J.\\nFerguson. In May,\\n1882, Mr. Lyon re-\\ntired, and Mr. Fer-\\nguson became sole\\nproprietor.\\nThe Russell House\\ninherited the site\\nand the business of\\nthe old National.\\nThe last-named\\nhouse was opened\\nHarring as\\nWales was\\non December\\nproprietor. In\\nI, 1836, with S. K,\\nApril, 1838, Austin\\nmanager. In April, 1840, it was newly furnished\\nand opened by Edward Lyon. He was suc-\\nceeded on January i, 1847, by H. D. Garrison,\\nwho soon gave place to H. A. Barstow, and under\\nhis management, in September, 1847, the hotel was\\nenlarged by a brick addition of thirty-five feet, by\\nseventy-five on Woodward Avenue. In April.\\n185 1, the house was closed for the purpose of being\\nrebuilt and improved. The wooden portion on\\nMichigan Avenue was moved away, and in 1852\\na practically new hotel was opened by Fellers\\nBenjamin. In 1857, William Hale bought the prop-\\nerty, enlarged and improved the hotel, and on Sep-\\ntember 28 it was opened as the Russell House by", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\n48.\\n\\\\V. H. Russell, with William J. Chittenden as chief\\nclerk. On December i, 1861, Mr. Russell was suc-\\nceeded by L. T. Minor, Mr. Chittenden continuing\\nas clerk. In 1863 H. P. Stevens was proprietor.\\nThe ne.\\\\t year W. J. Chittenden and C. S. Witbeck\\nentered into a partnership as proprietors of the\\nhouse. In 1875 a large addition was made on the\\nsoutherly end of the Woodward Avenue front, and\\na similar enlargement in 1 876 on the Michigan Ave-\\nnue side. The same year L. A. McCreary became\\nassociate proprietor. In 1881 Mr. Witbeck died,\\nand in that year the central portion of the hotel was\\ntorn down and a new building was erected, and first\\npresent Detroit Opera House. The original build-\\ning was moved from the Jones Farm by Mr. Ballard,\\nand opened as a hotel 1838. In 1840 it was kept\\nby Patrick Andrews. An advertisement in 1844\\naimounced that they would carry passengers to and\\nfrom their hotel and give them a dinner for twenty-\\nlive cents. After one year Mr. Patrick retired.\\nMr. Andrews continued the hotel until 1 861, when\\nthe property was sold to J. F. Antisdel Brother,\\nand in 1S67 to Dr. E. M. Clark; the house was\\nthen torn down.\\nA hotel bearing the name Mansion House, on the\\nwest side of Griswold Street near Atwater, was\\nRussell House,\\nCorner Michigan Grand and Woodward Avenues.\\nused in March, 1883. His Royal Highness the\\nPrince of Wales, the Crand Duke Alexis of Russia,\\nLady Jane Franklin, and Miss Elizabeth Di.x. the\\ngreat philanthropist, have been guests at the Russell.\\nThe St. Joseph House, kept by Amos Lewis, on\\nthe corner of Bates and Woodbridge Streets, was\\nburned April 27, 1837.\\nThe Detroit Cottage, kept by O. Field, was of\\nsome note from 1837 to 1840. It had been the\\nLarned residence, and was near the southwest cor-\\nner of Woodward .Avenue and Larned Street.\\nAndrews Railroad Hotel occupied the site of the\\nbuilt and conducted by J. Hanmer, as early as 1837.\\nOn February 16, 1840, it was partially destroyed by\\nfire. After being repaired it was kept by B. S.\\nFarnsworth. In March, 1849, John Moore became\\nlandlord, remaining until 1852. Since then it has\\nfrequently changed proprietors.\\nThe United States Hotel was located on Wood-\\nbridge Street, between Griswold and Shelby Streets.\\nIt was in use in 1837. In 1840 H. Heath was the\\nlandlord. After the burning of the New York and\\nOhio House, William Shaw became proprietor and\\ncontinued until 1845. From 1845 to 1846 it was", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "484\\nOLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\nkept by M. T. Robinson. On October 31, 1848, it\\nwas burned.\\nThe Central Railroad House, kept by John\\nChamberlain, on the northeast corner of Michigan\\nAvenue and Griswold Street, was burned on May\\n17, 1841. In 1846 William Shaw was keeping a\\ntavern called the Michigan Railroad Hotel, on the\\nnorthwest corner of Michigan Avenue and Griswold\\nStreet. In 1849 he sold the building to W. Gar-\\nrett, and on September 23, 1850, the house was\\nburned. The Coyl House, located on the west side\\nof Woodward Avenue just north of Woodbridge\\nStreet, was burned in the fire of January i, 1842.\\nThe same year Messrs. Hobert Terhune were\\nkeeping a temperance hotel at the corner of Wash-\\nington and Michigan Avenues. In 1843 the land-\\nlord was William Champ.\\nremaining until 1868, when he was succeeded by H.\\nW. Graves. In 1869 the names of Hackett Ross\\nappear as proprietors; in 1870 and 1871 Mr.\\nHackett was sole proprietor. In 1872 he was suc-\\nceeded by M. G. McCall, and after that time the\\nbuilding was used for other purposes.\\nIn 1846 the Grand River House, on the north-\\nwest corner of Griswold and Grand River Streets,\\nwas conducted by Marvin Salter. He was suc-\\nceeded in 1848 or 1850 by S. J. French. In 1863\\nthe proprietor was A. Goodman, who, six years\\nlater, erected the Goodman House on the same site.\\nThe Northern Hotel, on the east side of Wood-\\nward Avenue, near the Grand Circus, was opened\\nin March, 1S46. In December, 1847, William Per-\\nkins, Jr., became proprietor of a hotel on the north-\\neast corner of Grand Rivsr and Middle Streets. In\\nAndrews Railroad Hotel and Pontiac Depot.\\nThe Commercial Hotel, on the southwest corner\\nof Woodbridge and First Streets, was conducted\\nby John Murray in 1842, and was burned on Octo-\\nber 6. A new hotel by the same name was erected\\non the old site, and opened March 23, 1846, by\\nJohn Murray. In June, 1850, B. S. Farnsworth\\nbecame proprietor and remained four years. The\\nhouse was burned Vugust 19, 1856.\\nFrom 1845 until the great tire of May, 1848, A.\\nLeadbeater kept the Indiana House, on the south\\nside of Atwater Street near Randolph. Soon after\\nthe fire he opened the Western Hotel, on the north-\\nwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Third Street,\\n1856 he built a large brick addition on Middle\\nStreet, and in 1877 a large four-story addition on\\nGrand River Avenue. He is still (1884) proprietor,\\nand has always had a large patronage.\\nJohnson s Hotel, on the southeast corner of Third\\nand Woodbridge .Streets, was opened early in June,\\n1848, by H. R. Johnson. Mr. Johnson retired in\\n1852, and for the next seventeen months the house\\nwas kept by Czar Jones. During 1853 Mr. John-\\nson resumed the management, and continued till\\n1S57, when S. B. King became the proprietor. In\\n1 86 1 the name was changed to Bagg s Hotel, and\\nit was conducted by McDonald, Russell, Co. In", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\n485\\n1S62 and 1863 R. iMcUonald Co. were proprietors.\\nIn 1S64 Sheldon Graves were conducting the\\nhotel, and they changed the name to Cass House.\\nIn 1865 Sheldon Tyrrell were managers, and\\nfrom 1866 to 1878 the Tyrrell Brothers. In 1878\\nit was kept by Johnson Ferguson, and in 1S79\\nE. Ferguson became sole proprietor.\\nFrom the spring of 1S50 for nearly three years\\nWilliam Shaw kept a hotel on the southeast corner\\nof Woodward Avenue and Grand River Street.\\nThe building was then turned into stores.\\nIn 184S Colonel N. Prouty was landlord of the\\nBuena Vista House. The building is still standing\\non Sixth Street, between Walnut Street and Grand\\nRiver Avenue.\\nRandolph, and Brush Streets, and as he owned the\\nbalance, he controlled almost the entire block. In\\n1872 he purchased the rights of the Young Men s\\nSociety, and in 1 873 the Woodbridge front of si. c\\nstories was added. Many thousands of dollars have\\nbeen spent upon the house for alterations and en-\\nlargements, but during much of the time for the last\\nten years the house and stores underneath have\\nbeen unoccupied; and speculations and rumors as\\nto probable occupants are as common as remarks\\nupon the weather. The house was first opened on\\nJune 7, 1851, by Colonel O. B. Dibble and his son\\nCharles. After the enlargement of 1861, on No-\\n\\\\-ember 4, it was opened by J. A. B. Tabor.\\nThey were succeeded in August, 1871, by J. F. An-\\nWlLLIAM PeKKINs HuILL AND bUlKt,\\nNortheast comer of Grand River Avenue and Middle Street. Hotel built in 1838-56. Store in 1877.\\nThe Biddle House was erected in 1849 by a\\nstock company upon the site of the old American\\nor Wales Hotel, on ground belonging to the estate\\nof John Biddle. Various changes took place in the\\ncompany, and finally Luther Beecher became sole\\nproprietor. In i860 and 1861 a large addition was\\nbuilt on the east side, and Young Men s Hall erected\\nin the rear. On July i, 1871, Mr. Beecher obtained\\na one-hundred-year lease of about two thirds of the\\nblock bounded by Jefferson Avenue, Woodbridge,\\ntisdel, who remained two years, and was followed\\nby H. r. Stevens. On February 7, 1874, John\\nStevens became the manager. In 1S75 J. M. Ma.\\\\-\\nwell was in charge and his successors, at various\\ntimes up to 18S0, have been Howell .Schoaff, Gay\\nVan Norman, and N. H. Williams.\\nThe City Hotel on Lafayette Avenue, on the site\\nof the present Abstract Building, was built by Rod-\\nman Stoddard in 1850. Upon his death, in 1853,\\nNathan Stone became the proprietor. From 1856", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "486\\nOLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\nto 1859 it was kept by C. M. Stoddard. He was\\nsucceeded in 1859 by H. L. Reeves, whio remained\\ntill 1862, when C. M. Stoddard resumed the man-\\nagement. In 1866 Nicholson Emery became\\nmanagers, and in 1868 were succeeded by E. Pol-\\nhemus, who was the last to occupy the house as a\\nhotel. The building was torn down in 1874.\\nFrom 1850 to i S59 H. R. Andrews, with G. W.\\nThayer as clerk, kept the American Temperance\\nHouse in the old arsenal building on the northwest\\ncorner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street.\\nThe building was afterwards used as a Soldiers\\nHome, and was demolished in 1868.\\nAt various times a building on the southeast cor-\\nner of Woodward Avenue and Williams Street\\nwas occupied as a hotel and on December 22,\\n1 85 1, a wooden building there located, known as\\nthe Grand Circus Hotel, was partly burned. In\\n1852 N. Stone was the proprietor, and in 1863 S.\\nWeaver. A later brick building was at one time\\ncalled Purdy s Hotel, and in 1875 was known as\\nthe Pierson House it subsequently became a\\nTurkish Bath establishment.\\nThe Merchants Exchange, on the southeast cor-\\nner of Griswold and Woodbridge Streets, was built\\nby James Abbott, and opened by John Moore on\\nSeptember 22, 1852. He remained until December\\n31, 1866, when the building was converted into\\nstores.\\nThe Peninsular Hotel, originally part of the old\\nNational, was moved to the southeast corner of\\nMacomb and Grand River Avenues, by Charles\\nSelkrig. in 1852. After him W. T. Purdy was\\nmanager for two years, and then John Small.\\nFrom 1862 to 1865 W. Eisenlord was proprietor.\\nIn 1867 the names of J. T. and L. M. Ives appear\\nas managers, and in 1869 J. T. Ives only. Other\\nlandlords succeeded, but none remained long, and\\nin 1879 the building was torn down.\\nBlindbury s Hotel, on the corner of Michigan\\nand Washington Avenues, was erected by John\\nBlindbury in 1852. He kept it until his death in\\n1864. B. C. Hills succeeded him, followed by R.\\nD. Johnson, who was proprietor from 1865 to 1S67.\\nIn 1868 J. F. W. W. Antisdel became managers,\\nand the name was changed to Antisdel House.\\nAfter a few years W. W. Antisdel became sole\\nmanager. In May, 1883, W. A. Scripps bought\\nthe property, and W. W. Antisdel became a partner\\nwith him in conducting the house.\\nThe Garrison House was for many years an un-\\nfinished brick building on the northeast corner of\\nJefferson Avenue and Cass Street. In 1854 it was\\nenlarged, finished for a hotel, and opened on January\\nI, 1855, by A. A. S. P. Pond. In 1856 and 1857\\nGeorge Millard was manager. In 1859 it was kept\\nby J. J. Garrison, and in i860, 1 861, and 1862 by\\nGarrison Gillman. In 1863 and 1864 it was kept\\nby D. C. Goodale, in 1865 by Cole Kingsley, in\\n1 866 and 1867 by H. H. and J. E. Cole, in 1868\\nand 1869 by J. J. Rhodes, and in 1870 and 1 871 by\\nRhodes Kingsley. After Mr. Rhodes death\\nin 1 87 1 the house was rebuilt and turned into\\nstores.\\nThe hotel now known as the Madison, on the\\nnortheast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph\\nStreet, was originally called the St. Charles Hotel,\\nand was opened by W. T. Purdy and S. Cosens in\\n1852. In 1853 G. F R. Wadleigh was proprietor,\\nand A. H. Goodrich in 1855, and the name was then\\nchanged to Tremont House. In 1862 and 1863 D.\\nS. Headley was proprietor, from 1 866 to 1 870 D. C.\\nGoodale, and in 1870 G. Tucker. In 1873 the name\\nwas changed to Revere House, and W. Gray was\\nproprietor, followed in 1874 by O. W. Penny. He\\nwas succeeded in 1879 by Cunningham Barnard,\\nand they in 1880 by W. H. Leland, who changed\\nthe name to Leland House. In November, 1880,\\nthe hotel was closed for repairs, and opened March\\n9, 1881, by George H. Martin Co. as the Madison.\\nOn June i following M. V. Borgrnan took posses-\\nsion, and on August 20, 1883, George Scheller. In\\nDecember, 1883, the lease and good will of the\\nhouse was purchased by J. L. Wilder.\\nThe Waverly House, immediately opposite the\\nMichigan Exchange on Jefferson Avenue; was\\nopened by Cook Baldwin in April, 1852. They\\nkept it until November, 1853. J. P. Whiting then\\nmanaged it for a year, and Whiting Luff for\\nseveral years. After this time it was rented for\\nother purposes.\\nThe Howard House, on Congress Street, between\\nWoodward Avenue and Griswold Street, was opened\\nin 1853, with J. C. Davis as proprietor. In 1855 he\\nwas succeeded by George Millard, who remained\\nthree years or more. In 1862 M. W. Burchard was\\nacting landlord; in 1863 Mrs. R. A. Bishop; in\\n1864 J. Haggenbach; from 1865 to 1869, A. A.\\nCorkins. In 1869 G. O. Williams was proprietor,\\nsucceeded in 1870 by Mrs. G. O. Williams. From\\n1871 to 1875 it was conducted by J. B. Hamilton,\\nin 1875 by Hamilton Clark, in 1876 by Booth\\nRoot, in 1877 by G. P. Booth, and in 1878 by L. J.\\nClark. On May 3, 1880, Van Est Graves became\\nproprietors, and the name was changed to Griswold\\nHouse. In 1881 the house was enlarged on the\\nnorrh side and extensively refitted.\\nThe Earned House, on the northeast corner of\\nJefferson Avenue and Third Street, was opened by\\nO. Whitney on May 30, 1853. In 1862 M. W. War-\\nner was in charge, and in 1865 George Niles. It\\nwas never a popular house, was often closed for\\nlong periods of rime, and was finally rented for\\noffices.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\n487\\nThe Railroad Exchange, on the south side of\\nMichigan Avenue, between the Campus Martins and\\nBates Street, was opened by C. J. Beardslee, who\\nIcept the hotel until 1868. In 1870 J. F. LobdcU\\nwas manager. After 1S78 the building was torn\\ndown, and the Mansfield Market erected on its site.\\nThe Finney House was built in 1854 by Seymour\\nFinney, who kept the house until 1857. In 1858\\nParshall Antisdel were proprietors. From 1859\\nto 1870 J. Parshall was sole manager; in 1S70 C. P.\\nLord; from 1872 to 1876, A.H.Emery; from 1S76\\nto 1883. N. H. Williams. In 1883 A. H. Emery\\nagain became manager.\\n1 866. One or more additions hiive since bei^n made\\nto tlie building.\\nHotel Henry, at the head of Monroe Avenue,\\nwas erected in 1870, and up to 1882 was conducted\\nby John Henry.\\nHotel Renaud, on the northeast corner of Adams\\nand Grand River Avenues, was so named in 1875\\nby its owner, George F. Renaud.\\nHotel Goffinet, on the southeast corner of Ran-\\ndolph and Earned Streets, also dates from 1875. It\\nwas conducted by James Goffinct until 1 878, when\\nM. Borgman became the proprietor, and the\\nname was changed to Bernard House. On January\\nElSENLOKD House, 205 tu -11 Cass Street. Built in 1S64-75.\\nThe Brighton House, on the southeast corner of\\nGrand River Avenue and Gillman Street, was\\nerected in 1863 by Harvey King.\\nThe block on the northeast corner of Fort and\\nRandolph Streets was fitted up as a hotel in 1865,\\nand conducted until 1879 by C. D. Erichsen. He\\nthen moved to a building on Farmer Street, between\\nRandolph and Bates Streets. The first -named\\nbuilding was turned into stores, and the hotel name\\ntransferred to the new location.\\nThe Eisenlord House, on the corner of Cass and\\nLewis Streets, was built by William Eisenlord in\\n1 5. 18S1. the property was sold to W. A. Jones. In\\n1883 he was succeeded by R. J. Calvert.\\nThe Brunswick House, on the southeast comer\\nof Griswold and State Streets, was opened in 1878\\nby A. M. Van Duzer and J. D. Tucker. In 1879\\nE. H. Hudson was proprietor, in 1880 J. M.\\nHanaford, in 1881 M. W. Field, and on June\\n29, 1882, the house was sold to Messrs. Dickinson\\nCarr.\\nThe Standish House, on the north side of Con-\\ngress Street near oodward Avenue, was opened\\nin iS79by L. B. Clark. Rice s Hotel, occupying a", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "488 OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS.\\npart of the same block with the Standish House, was succeeded on April 30, 1882, by Messrs. Hart-\\nwas opened in 1879 by John D. Rice, zell Co. In July, 1882, owing to difficulties\\nIn 1 88 1 the Williams Block, on the north side of between landlord and proprietors, the house was\\nMichigan Avenue, facing the Campus Martins, was closed. In 18S3 a portion of the building was\\nfitted up as a hotel, and opened on August 1 1 as again opened as a hotel with the same name, and\\nthe Kirkwood, with C. P. Howell as proprietor. He conducted by John C. Williams.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LIV.\\nIMPORTANT FIRES. FIRE MARSHAL. FIRE LIMITS. CHIMNEY SWEEPS.\\nIMPORTANT FIRES,\\nMany of the fires which have occurred at Detroit\\nare vitally connected with important historical facts.\\nSome of them affected all the future of the city.\\nThe mention of many will recall collateral circum-\\nstances, locate various events, and suggest items of\\ninterest. In the following list there has been no\\nendeavor to recall every fire, but only those which\\ndestroyed one building or more, or an e.xceptionally\\nlarge amount of property. Soon after it was founded\\nthe settlement suffered from torch and flame.\\n1703. This year Indians set fire to a barn filled\\nwith corn and other grain, located outside of but\\nadjoining the stockade. There was a high wind at\\nthe time, and the flames spread, consuming the\\nchurch and the houses of the priest, Commandant\\nCadillac, and M. Tonty, as well as part of the stock-\\nade. At this fire Cadillac s hand was burned and\\nmany of his papers destroyed.\\n1712. The Mascoutins and Outagamies, when\\nthey besieged the fort, threw hundreds of burning\\nmissiles inside the pickets, which set fire to the\\nthatched roofs of the houses. The inhabitants put\\nout the fire with swabs attached to long poles, and\\nthen covered the roofs with bear and deer skins.\\nAt this time the church, storehouse, and several\\nother buildings outside the stockade were demol-\\nished because they were so near as to endanger the\\nfort if set on fire.\\n1805. The next fire of which any record has\\nbeen preser\\\\-ed was the notable one of June 11,\\n1S05, which, on account of its results, was the most\\nimportant local event that has taken place in\\nDetroit. The town came out of this fire entirely\\nchanged,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 built on a new plan, with new streets\\nand new names, a new basis for the land titles, and\\na new and original system of local government in\\nfact, every interest of the inhabitants, .social, politi-\\ncal, and commercial, was affected by the event so\\nappropriately commemorated in the seal of the city.\\nThe inhabitants of Detroit, especially the trustees,\\nseem to have had a premonition of the calamity\\nwhich so completely swept away the town the very\\nfirst ordinance passed was in regard to protection\\nfrom fires, and the records show that a large portion\\nof each of their sessions was spent in framing regu-\\nlations about fires, and fining the inhabitants for\\nnot obeying them. At their last meeting on June 3,\\neight days previous to the fire, the inspectors were\\nordered to inspect the jiremises of householders\\nonce a week, to see if their fire-buckets and fire-\\nbags were in order.\\nThe fatal day arrived. A careless laborer, in the\\nemploy of John Harvey, a baker, was sent to har-\\nness the horses in a small stable situated on St. Anne\\nStreet, on what is now the north side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, between Shelby and Wayne Streets. The\\nfire of the man s pipe was communicated to the\\nhay, and about nine o clock in the morning the con-\\nflagration began. There was little or no wind at\\nfirst, and no one was much alarmed. The old fire-\\npump was brought into use, but as supplying it\\nfrom the river was a slow and tedious process, the\\nfiremen resorted for water to a hatter s vat. The\\nfur and shreds from the vat soon clogged and dis-\\nabled the engine, and the fire spread apace, in less\\nthan an hour reaching the pickets on the eastern\\nside of the town.\\nMeantime the inhabitants were not inactive. They\\nformed in double lines, obtained water, passed it\\nfrom hand to hand, and poured it on the flames\\nbut the effort availed but little, and was soon dis-\\ncontinued. Some of the people continued to throw\\nwater from buckets and basins; others rushed\\nhither and thither with ladders and fire-bags, but\\nall in vain. Boats, pirogues, and canoes were now\\nin requisition. Furs and flannels, beds and bundles,\\ngoods and groceries, were placed therein, and with\\nheavy hearts and hea\\\\-y loads the boats were pulled\\naway, in many cases only to be overtaken and\\ndestroyed by the burning shingles that filled the air.\\nThe margin of the river was thickly lined with\\ntables, chairs, chests, and bedsteads. In many cases\\nhousehold goods and household gods were pre-\\nserved only by being thrown into the water. The\\nexcitable French population grew almost frantic as\\nthey saw houses, shops, and barns, one after another,\\nturned to ashes almost in a moment. The thatched\\nbuildings, many of them a century old, moss-grown,\\nand made sacred by a thousand memories and tra-\\nditions, handed down from those who risked their\\nL.(89]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "490\\nIMPORTANT FIRES.\\nall in the first settlement on the banks of the\\nDetroit, flamed and flashed, and faded out of siijht.\\nThe narrow streets, ranging from twehe to twenty\\nfeet in width, offered little or no hindrance to the\\nspread of the fire, and by one o clock, out of nearly\\ntwo hundred buildings inside of the stockade, but\\none was left, the stone chimneys alone remaining to\\nmark the sites of the others.\\nThe building left standing was owned by Robert\\nMcNiff, and was located on St. Anne s Street near\\nthe site occupied in recent years by the Campau\\nHouse. A warehouse just outside of the stockade,\\nat the foot of what is now Wayne Street, on the\\nsoutheast corner of Woodbridge Street, was also\\nsaved; it was owned by Angus Mcintosh, and\\noccupied by Colonel H. J. Hunt.\\nOn the western side of Woodward Avenue there\\nwere a number of buildings untouched by the fire,\\nwhich extended no farther than the middle of the\\nblock between Griswold Street and Woodward\\nAvenue.\\nRev. John Dilhet, a Roman Catholic clergyman,\\ngives this account of the fire\\nI was occupied with Mr. Richard when a messenger came to\\ninform us that three houses had been already consumed, and that\\nthere was no hope of saving the rest. I exhorted the faithful who\\nwere present to help each other, and immediately commenced the\\ncelebration of low mass, after which we had barely time to\\nremove the vestments and furniture of the church, with the\\neffects of the adjoining presbytery, when both buildings were\\nenveloped in the flames.\\nIn the course of three hours, from 9 o clock till noon, nothing\\nwas to be seen of the city except a mass of burning coals, and\\nchimney-tops stretching like pyramids into the air. Fortunately\\nthere was no wind during the conflagration this allowed the\\nflames and smoke to ascend to a prodigious height, giving the\\ncity the appearance of an immense funeral pile. It was the most\\nmajestic, and at the same time the most frightful spectacle I e\\\\cr\\nwitnessed. The city contained at least one hundred and fifty\\nhouses, mostly frame, which caused the fire to spread with the\\nutmost rapidity. The number of people in tJie town being unusu-\\nally large, there was ample force for removing the merchandise\\nand furniture of the inhabitants, which were in a great measure\\nsaved. No personal injury was sustained during the fire.\\nThis last statement is evidently a mistake, for an\\nappropriation bill of December 8, 1806, contains an\\nitem that not over $20.25 was to be paid to Cather-\\nine Lasselle for nursing a child crippled by the\\nconflagration of the iithdayof June. Other in-\\njuries are spoken of and further particulars narrated\\nin the following letter from the agent of the public\\nstores at Detroit to Governor Harrison\\nDetroit, June 14, 1805.\\nSir,\\nI have the painful task to inform you of the entire conflagration\\nof the town of Detroit. About ten o clock on Tuesday last a\\nstable, immediately opposite the factory, was discovered on fire.\\nThe first intimation I had of it was the flames bursting through the\\ndoors and windows of the house T immediately gave the alarm,\\nand with great exertion saved my papers, and about two thirds of\\nthe goods of the factory my private property was entirely con-\\nsumed.\\nIn less than two hours the whole town was in (lames, and before\\nthree o clock not a vestige of a house (except the chimneys) vis-\\nible within the limits of Detroit. The citadel and military stores\\nwere entirely consumed, and the furniture belonging to the estate\\nof Colonel Hamtramck shared nearly the same fate the china is\\nthe only thing I can mention to be the contrary.\\nI have removed the factory goods to the ship yard, and am now\\nfixing a place to arrange them for disposal, agreeable to the origi-\\nnal intention of the establishment, and I will speedily forward a\\n.statement of the loss that has been sustained. The situation of\\nthe inhabitants is deplorable beyond description dependence,\\nwant, and misery is the situation of the former inhabitants of the\\ntown of Detroit. Provisions are furnished by contributions, but\\nhouses cannot be obtained.\\niMr. Dodemead lives in a corner of the public storehouse at the\\nship yard Mr. Donavan with his family have gone to Sandwich\\nand Mr. Audrain, with many others, occupy the small house\\nbelow Mr. May s. A number of families are scattered over the\\ncommons without any protection or shelter.\\nI have been very much bruised and hurt by my exertion to save\\nthe property. My right arm particularly is so much swelled that\\nI can hardly hold the pen to write these few lines, and my mind\\nis equally affected with the distressing scenes I have witnessed\\nfor the last three days.\\nI am, Sir, your ob t serv t\\nRODERT MUNRO.\\nJust previous to the fire, Jacques A. Girardin, a\\nbaker, kneaded a batch of bread and placed it in\\nhis oven. When the fire ceased burning he be-\\nthought him of his loaves, and proceeded to his\\nbakery. To his astonishment he found that the\\nbread was not only uninjured, but well baked. It\\nwas dinner time and also a time of need and his\\nhot and hungry neighbors were generously supplied\\nfrom this unexpected store.\\nA list of losses by the fire, presented to a com-\\nmittee of citizens, foots up ^39,847, but the total\\nloss must have been much greater, as the names of\\nseveral score of persons, known to have been living\\nin the town at the time, are not included in the list.\\nAfter the fire some of the people were cared for\\nin farm houses along the river; others erected tents\\nand shanties on the commons in the rear of the old\\ntown. In a letter to James Madison, Secretary of\\nState, dated August 3, 1805, Governor Hull says,\\nOn my arrival (July ist) every house was crowded,\\nand it was more than a week before I could obtain\\nthe least accommodation. I am now in a small\\nfarmer s house about a mile above the ruins, and\\nmust satisfy myself to remain in this situation dur-\\ning the next winter, at least.\\nIt was fortuitous, indeed, that the fire did not\\noccur in winter, for although there was much dis-\\ncomfort, the mild weather made it endurable for a\\ntime. The country people soon poured in, with\\nmaterials to be paid for when the citizens were able,\\nand also offered their assistance to raise new build-\\nings. Timber, plank, stone, lime, brick, and other\\nmaterials necessary for building were of cour.se in\\ngreat demand, a state of affairs which appears to\\nhave been peculiarly satisfactory to the lumbermen,\\nand in a letter to James Madison, written August", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FIRES.\\n491\\n3, 1805, and on file at Washington, Governor Hull\\nmakes known the horrible suspicion of the people.\\nHe says, It has not been ascertained how the fire\\ntook place, but it is generally believed it was by de-\\nsign, and by persons interested in the lumber trade.\\nContracts had been previously made for all the lum-\\nber at the mills, and which could be sawed this\\nseason, w-hich was a novel arrangement in this coun-\\ntry. Was it in deference to this belief that C.ovcr-\\nnor Hull issued a proclamation on September 4,\\n1805, forbidding all persons, on pain of fine and im-\\nprisonment, to cut any timber in the St. Clair pinery\\nor was it because he purposed to prevent, as he did\\nprevent, the people from building on their old lots,\\nin order to secure the adoption of a new and really\\nbetter plan? Such, at least, was the result of his\\nefforts, for no houses were built during all that year,\\nIn connection with plans for the relief of the\\npeople, some curious statements are made by Mr.\\nGentle. He says:\\nTwo or three days after the fire, the sufferers met in McComb s\\norchard and appointed a committee to forward petitions to differ-\\nent parts, and to receive contributions for the relief of tlie suffer-\\ners. Through neglect the petitions were not forwarded until\\nabout si.x weeks afterwards. By that time the public commisera-\\ntion had in a great measure subsided and this, we may suppose,\\nwas the reason why in all the United States not one cent was\\nraised for our relief. Three weeks after the fire a vessel arrived\\nfrom Michilimackinac and brought a contribution of nine hun-\\ndred and sixty-one dollars, addressed to Frederick Bates, James\\nHenry, and Robert .\\\\bbott, to be distributed amongst the most\\nnecessitous of the sufferers. Soon after, a bill of exchange of one\\nthousand and ten dollars was received from Montreal by Elijah\\nBrush for the same purpose. Mr. Brush disposed of the bill to\\nR. and J. .\\\\bbott, and received four hundred dollars prompt pay-\\nment. Meantime Mr. Bates gave up his part of the charge to\\nMr. Henry. Some part of the Michilimackinac money being in\\nbills on Montreal, Mr. Henry gave them over to R. .and J. Abbott,\\nto the amount of $336. The whole in R. and J. .\\\\bbott s hands\\nis $925 in Mr. Brush s, $400 in all, $1,961.\\nTowards spring, 1806, a meeting of the sufferers was held, and\\na committee empowered to compel those to whom this money was\\nintrusted to give an account of its expenditure. A demand was\\nmade, but the answer not being satisfactory, it was resolved to\\nenter suits against them at the following September term, if pre-\\nvious to that time they did not comply with the above demand.\\nThe disposal of these contributions gave rise to\\nmuch controversy, and the matter was considered\\nby the Governor and judges on October 22, 1808,\\nwhen Judge Woodward laid on the table a reso-\\nlution for the appointment of a committee on the\\nsubject of sundry considerable sums of money sub-\\nscribed by the inhabitants of Montreal and Michili-\\nmackinac for the relief of the sufferers by the con-\\nflagration of Detroit.\\nIt does not appear from the old records that a\\nsettlement was then made, and it is not probable\\nthat any settlement would have been thoroughly\\nsatisfactory to all parties. There is no evidence\\nthat any of the funds were misappropriated. As\\nlate as October 20, 1817, Solomon Sibley, who, in\\nsome way, became the custodian of a part of the\\nfunds, turned over to the University the sum of\\n$625.67. as part of the donation received from the\\ncitizens of Mackinaw, and from some other party,\\nenough more (part or all of which came from Mon-\\ntreal) was turned over to make up the sum of S940.\\n(See History of the University).\\nThe remembrances of 1805 made the people care-\\nful and vigilant and for twenty years thereafter no\\nrecord or memory exists of a single conflagration.\\n1825. On the 27th of .September the brewery of\\nAbbott Converse was consumed, with a large\\nquantity of beer and barley.\\n1827. Two years later the Detroit Gazette an-\\nnounced the second burning of the brewery on the\\n17th of February, as follows\\nBetween 8 and 9 p. m. a fire broke out in the brewery of\\nMessrs. .4bbott Converse, situated on Palmer McKinstry s\\nwharf, adjoining the storehouse and wharf of Dorr Jones.\\nAfter most severe and unceasing exertions for upwards of four\\nhours, the fire was so far checked as to warrant the hope that no\\nfarther damage would be done by it. On taking a sur\\\\ ey of its\\nravages, it was found that in addition to the brewery, the ashery\\nof Thomas Palmer, the shop of R. W. Paine, wagon maker, and\\nthe shop of Mr. Ewers, cooper, were destroyed. Several small\\nbuildings were torn down and others damaged.\\n1830. On April 26 the Detroit Gazette office, the\\ndwellings of John Smith and Judge McDonnell, the\\nstores of Major Brooks and Mr. Griswold, and the\\noffices of Dr. Clark and Thomas Palmer were\\nburned.\\n1831. On Sunday, January 16, at one P. M.,\\na building on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and\\nGriswold Street, occupied by Mr. Heartt as a\\nhardware store, and also by Mr. Wendel, was\\nburned. The flames e.\\\\tended to an adjoining\\nbuilding, occupied by Dean Hurlbut as a saddle\\nand harness store also to the adjacent dwelling\\nhouse occupied by the Messrs. Moon, Cole, Porter\\nand Dr. Henry, which was destroyed, together with\\nmany household goods belonging to John Farmer,\\nstored, during the absence of the family, over Dean\\nHurlbut s. Total loss, about $8,000 insurance,\\n$4,000.\\nJune 8, Judge Leib s house in Hamtramck was\\nburned.\\nDecember 9, the dwelling of Julius Eldred,\\nFrench Eldred s woolen factory, S. Phelps gro-\\ncery and bath-house, also a house owned by B.\\nCampau and occupied by Mr. Moon as a grocery\\nand by Mr. Fairbanks as a dwelling, were destroyed.\\nAll were located on and near the corner of Ran-\\ndolph and Atwater Streets. Loss, $9,000.\\n1832. March 16, a cooper shop, with dwelling\\noccupied by Mr. Sutton was burned.\\nMarch 28, house and stable owned by Mrs.\\nHanks, occupied by J. Keeney. Two horses burned.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "49-\\nIMPORTANT FIRES.\\nSeptember 15, stable of Robert Abb(jU, below\\nthe city, burned.\\n1833. July 15, Mr. Goodell s barn, near the\\njail.\\nAugust 15, the new dwelling of Mr. Beaubien\\ntook fire Lieutenant Morris, with several U. S.\\nsoldiers, aided in putting out the fire.\\nOctober 5, a fire at i A. M. in Z. Kirby s leather\\nstore and W. F. Brewster s dry goods store, in\\nor ne.xt to Smart s Block. Roof burned and some\\nof the goods.\\n1834. Sunday, January 12, cabinet warehouse of\\nMoore Britton, corner of Randolph and Atwater\\nStreets, entirely consumed.\\nJanuary 15, Beardsley s blacksmith shop.\\nAugust 21, steamboat, Oliver Newberry, partially\\nburned loss, $1,000.\\n1835. On Sunday, December 13, at 10.30 a. m.,\\na fire, corner of Larned and Brush Streets, burned\\nan unfinished building belonging to the proprietors\\nof the Journal and Courier one adjoining building\\nwas also entirely destroyed, and several others par-\\ntially burned.\\n1836. February 17, a fire began about 8 p. m.,\\nwhich burned N. T. Ludden s grocery and John\\nHale s dry goods store and shoe shop on Atwater\\nStreet, near Berthelet Market.\\nSeptember 6, Rice Clark s steam saw-mill and\\nsash factory. Loss, about $15,000.\\n1837. January 4, at 3 P. M., a fire on the north-\\neast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby Street,\\nin T. C. Sheldon s block, burned the Free Press\\noffice, H. A. Naglee s confectionery and bakery,\\nRufus Brown s grocery and A. Chaffee s blacksmith\\nshop. Total loss, about $23,000.\\nApril 27, at 12.30 a. m., a. fire broke out in the\\nbakery of Mr. White on Woodward Avenue, which\\nburned seventy-three buildings. It extended on\\nWoodward Avenue from Woodbridge to Atwater,\\non Atwater, both sides, from Woodward to Ran-\\ndolph on both sides of Woodbridge to the Steam-\\nboat Hotel, near Randolph .Street, leaving in three\\nblocks only one brick house and a range of low\\nwooden buildings, opposite the Steamboat Hotel.\\nLoss, about $200,000. Following is a list of the\\nproperty destroyed John Farmer, block of three\\nstores J. L. Whiting, storage and forwarding\\nhouse J. White, bakehouse M. Bishop, provisions\\nand groceries McKenzie Gfaves, provisions and\\ngroceries F. Moore Co., provisions and grocer-\\nies S. Fletcher, Hall of Amusement Garrison\\nHolmes, grocery; J. Roberts, cigar manufactory;\\nLittle Wells, chair manufactory A. C. Pierce\\nCo., wholesale grocers; H. Farrar, liquor store;\\nJesse McMillan, grocery and liquor store Robert\\nTerhune, crockery warehouse Amos Lewis, St.\\nJoseph House; Michael Dougherty, upholsterer;\\nWilliam Dickenson, groceries William Andrews,\\ngroceries; Mrs. Copland, bakery and confectionery\\nGeorge Miller, groceries Michael Kelly, provisions\\nand groceries C. L. Bristol, new block of five\\nstores.\\n1838. May I, building on northwest corner of\\nJefferson and Woodward Avenues burned. The\\noccupants were: John McReynoIds, loss $11,000,\\ninsured for $6,000 T. H. Hickcox, loss $3,000\\nGeorge Doty, loss $5. 000; De Graff Townsend,\\nloss $1,000, insured; William Phelps, loss $300.\\nDecember 17, a bowling alley, tailor shop, gro-\\ncery and barn, at foot of Woodward Avenue,\\nburned at i a. m.\\n1839. February 9, at 3 a. u., a woodshed, stable,\\ntwo horses and a cow, belonging to Mr. Wilkins on\\nJefferson Avenue.\\nJune 26, Wednesday, at 10 P. M., T. M. Ladd s\\ntwo-story house on Cass Farm.\\nSeptember i, evening. Great Western, at the\\nwharf of Gillett Desnoyers.\\n1840. September 26, 4.30 A. M., corner of Gris-\\nwold and Larned Streets, a barn and four horses\\nburned the property of O. Field.\\nOctober 31, a barn and several small buildings\\non southeast corner of Monroe Avenue and Farmer\\nStreet, belonging to Major Kearsley.\\nDecember 17, Fletcher s Hall of Amusement and\\nCampbell s liquor store, foot of Woodward Avenue.\\n1841. Sunday, January 3, at 6.30 a. m.. Major\\nDequindre s house, corner of St. Antoine and Wood-\\nbridge -Streets.\\nMay 17, C. L. Bristol s house, opposite the Capi-\\ntol, and Central Railroad House, on Michigan Ave-\\nnue, kept by John Chamberlain. Loss, $9,000.\\n1842. On Saturday. January i, a fire broke out\\nabout 10 P. M., either in the Coyl House or the New\\nYork and Ohio House, old wooden buildings, located\\non the northwest corner of Woodward Avenue and\\nWoodbridge Street. The fire burned over the\\nentire block, bounded by Woodward and Jefferson\\nAvenues, Griswold and Woodbridge Streets, con-\\nsuming twenty-five buildings, including the two\\nfinest four-story brick stores then in the city. En-\\ntire loss, $200,000.\\nAmong the buildings were those of Messrs. Lud-\\nden. Garrison, John Palmer, Webb Douglass,\\nDequindre, Moore, Chandler and Dwight. The\\nfollowing business places were burned out Adver-\\ntiser and Free Press offices, the Museum, F. Ray-\\nmond s clothing store, Warren s confectionery,\\nGardner s crockery store, G. J. G. Hill s drug\\nand grocery store, A. C. McGraw s shoe store, E.\\nBingham s drug store. Nelson s grocer\\\\\\\\ Salsbury s\\ngrocery, Johnson s tailor shop, the Custom House,\\nand many small establishments.\\nAt this fire the officers and soldiers of the Fifth", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FIRES.\\n493\\nUnited States Regiment did effective service, for\\nwhich they were thanked by the Common Council.\\nApril 27, the Canadian steamer Western burned\\nat Watkins iS: Bissell s dock.\\nOctober 6, 11 P. M., O. Newberry s warehouse\\nand part of the Commercial Hotel. Loss, \u00c2\u00a73,000.\\n1843. February 20, at corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and Woodbridge Street, a building occu-\\npied by A. H. Stowell. B. B. Moore, and Witherell s\\nlaw office. The adjoining buildings, occupied by\\nA. M. Bartholomew and M. F. Dickinson, were\\nmuch injured.\\nAugust 12, several small buildings, also a horse,\\ncorner of Woodbridge and Beaubien Streets.\\nOctober 18, at 1.30 A. M., on south side of Jeffer-\\nson .Avenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets,\\nthe building occupied by George Egner, confec-\\ntioner; Tyler Beaufait s hat store; Dr. Bar-\\ntholick, druggist; and Gantry, tailor, were burned;\\nalso Barney Campau s dwelling.\\n1844. November 4. the house of G. Mott Wil-\\nliams, corner of Congress and Wayne Streets. This\\nwas the first fire that had occurred since the one\\nlast noted, over a year previous.\\nDecember 13, early in the morning, Campau s\\nBlock, on northwest corner of Jefferson and Wood-\\nward Avenues, partly burned. The stores were\\noccupied by W. D. Benn ett, druggists. Loss,\\n$5,000. Adjoining store of De Graff Townsend\\nslightly damaged.\\n1845. March 15, 2 a. m., Detroit Iron Com-\\npany s Foundry entirely consumed.\\n1846. August 28, Mr. Holmes residence on\\nLarned Street much injured barn burned, also a\\ncarpenter shop and R. H. Hall s stable.\\n1847. March 8, dwelling on Woodward Avenue,\\nowned by C. W. Morgan, occupied by J. C. W. Sey-\\nmour. Loss, S600.\\nJuly 24, dwelling near Central Depot, owned by\\nMr. Lothrop, of Jackson, occupied by Mr. Le Roy.\\nSeptember 15, tannery of W. Parker, near Water\\nWorks, burned. Loss, $10,000.\\nDecember 21, an extensive fire broke out about\\n1 1 o clock in the block on north side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, between Randolph and Brush Streets. It\\nwas first discovered in Long s wagon shop. It\\nspread rapidly half way to Brush Street, west to\\nRandolph Street, and north to the alley between\\nJefferson Avenue and Larned Street, burning all a^\\nfar east as William Moore s livery stable.\\n1848. January 24, residence of Samuel Pitts on\\nJefferson Avenue. Loss, $3,000.\\nApril 12. 9 p. M., barn u.sed by D. Smart, corner\\nof Russell Street and Jefferson Avenue.\\nMay 4, Odd Fellows Hall, on Woodward Ave-\\nnue, considerably damaged.\\nMay 9, an extensive conflagration occurred. It\\nburned more buildiiigs and destroyed much more\\nproperty than any previous fire.\\nIt originated in De Wolf s storehouse, better\\nknown as the old yellow warehouse, located on\\nthe river between Bates and Randolph Streets, and\\nwas caused by sparks from the propeller St. Joseph,\\nthen lying at the dock. The fire extended from\\nthis point northeast nearly to the southwest corner\\nof Jefferson Avenue and Beaubien Street, burning\\nmost of the buildings, nearly three hundred in all,\\nsouth of Jefferson Avenue to the river and from\\nthe middle of the block between Bates and Ran-\\ndolph Streets to the middle of the block between\\nBrush and Beaubien Streets,-;-a space equal to six\\nsquares. For many years the locality was desig-\\nnated as the burnt district. Of the buildings\\nburned, one hundred and seven were dwelling-\\nhouses, and between three hundred and four hun-\\ndred families were left homeless. Among the more\\nprominent buildings burned were the old Council\\nHouse, the Berthelet Market, Wales Hotel or the\\nAmerican House, and Woodworth s Steamboat\\nHotel. The fire broke out at 10.30 a. m., and lasted\\ntill 4 P. M. The sparks were so numerous and so\\nlarge that, east of Woodward Avenue, nearly every\\nhouse had to be watched, and sparks brushed from\\nthe roofs. The whole city was alarmed, and there\\nwas great fear that the fire could not be subdued.\\nSeveral buildings were blown up and others torn\\ndown, to hinder the progress of the flames. Furni-\\nture was carried for safety to points a mile distant,\\nand many families, nearly that distance away, com-\\nmenced to pack their most valuable goods. The\\ntotal loss exceeded \u00c2\u00a7200,000, on which there was\\nbut $34,000 insurance. Sufferers by the fire were\\nrelieved by committees of citizens.\\nAugust 22, W illiam Barclay s foundry burned it\\nwas a large wooden building, on the corner of\\nLafayette Avenue and Shelby Street. Loss, about\\n$12,000.\\nOctober 31, 11 P. M., United States Hotel, on\\nWoodbridge between Griswold and Shelby Streets.\\n1849. February 14, three wooden buildings near\\nthe Commercial Hotel. One entirely, and two par-\\ntially consumed.\\nApril 14, Bom s shoe .shop and dwelling on\\nLarned Street, between Bates and Randolph\\nStreets, burned.\\nMay 22, twelve o clock midnight, a fire broke out\\nin the machine shop and engine buildings of the\\nPontiac Railroad Depot, and the buildings and their\\ncontents, including many valuable patterns, tools,\\netc.. were destroyed. The engines were removed\\nwithout injury. The depot was on the southwest\\ncorner of Gratiot and Farmer .Streets.\\nJune 5, Wilcox s carpenter shop, on the north side\\nof Farrar, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "494\\nIMPORTANT FIRES.\\nentirely, and the adjoining old brick theatre partially\\ndestroyed.\\nJune 14, John Edwards old Ferry House, at the\\nfoot of Woodward Avenue, was burned.\\nAugfust 23, a fire on Monroe Avenue, near Ran-\\ndolph, burned Northrop s blacksmith shop. Graves\\npaint shop, and a carpenter shop.\\nDecember 7, a fire on south side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets,\\noriginating in a frame building next to M. H. Web-\\nster s hardware store, burned Stewart s botanic\\nstore, Hirsch Silberman s cigar store, William\\nLambert s clothes cleaning establishment, and other\\nbusiness places.\\nNovember 19, officers quarters at Fort Wayne\\nburned.\\n1850. March 28. about three o clock A. M., a fire\\nbroke out on northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue\\nand (Jriswold Street, and Collins eating house.\\nBanks clothing store, Rankin s shoe store. Marsh s\\njewelry store, and the stores of Rowe Co., oyster\\ndealers, and Bates Henderson, tailors, were de-\\nstroyed.\\nMay II, the Williams Block, on south side of\\nJefferson Avenue, corner of Bates Street, was dam-\\naged by a fire in the upper stories building occu-\\npied by Carpenter Rice, J. W. Thompson, and\\nJames Lowry.\\nJune 17, a grocery, on corner of Jefferson Avenue\\nand Beaubien Street, and several wooden buildings\\nwere burned.\\nSeptember 23, a barn attached to the Michigan\\nRailroad House, on northwest corner of Griswold\\nStreet and Michigan Avenue, was set on fire, and\\nthe Hames communicated to the hotel, which was\\ntotally destroyed.\\nOctober 29, fire in a carpenter shop on State\\nStreet, in rear of O. M. Hyde s dwelling and First\\nM. E. Church. The last two buildings somewhat\\ndamaged.\\nNovember 19, the M. C. R. R. Depot, with all its\\ncontents, was burned. Loss, $150,000. The burn-\\ning of this depot was the culminating act in the\\nRailroad Conspiracy Case, and had much to do\\nwith that celebrated trial.\\n1851. April II, the Seamen s Home Hotel, on\\nAtwater Street, together with three or four other\\nwooden buildings.\\nMay 3, F. P. Markham Brother s book store,\\non Jefferson Avenue, next to Firemen s Hall, also\\nJames Riley s house in the eighth ward.\\nDecember 22, Grand Circus Hotel and barn.\\n1852. January 23, car manufacturing shop of\\nM. C. R. R. and much lumber.\\nApril 16. Cooper Block, on Jefferson Avenue, be-\\ntween Griswold and Shelby Streets, nearly con-\\nsumed.\\nSeptember 28, three dwellings and two barns,\\ncorner of Congress and Russell Streets.\\nOctober 15, C. C. Jackson s house, on Woodward\\nAvenue, between State and Grand River Streets,\\nburned, and D. C. Holbrook s much injured.\\n1853. February 10, the furniture factory of\\nStevens Weber, above Grand Circus, burned.\\nFebruary 15, Ellis s dry goods store, southeast\\ncorner of Woodward Avenue and Congress Street.\\nJune 23, a fire on Gratiot Street, near Beaubien\\nfour buildings entirely, and several others partially\\ndestroyed.\\nMay 30, the dry kiln of Sutton s pail factory, on\\nFort Street West, burned.\\nAugust 15, a pottery on Orleans Street, near\\nGratiot, was totally destroyed, and a man burned to\\ndeath.\\nNovember 8. old Bowling Alley, on Monroe Ave-\\nnue near the Campus Martins, known as the Palo\\nAlto Saloon, and two adjoining buildings, occupied\\nas a bakery and a meat shop, were burned.\\n1854. January 10, the First Presbyterian Church,\\non northeast corner of Woodward Avenue and\\nEarned Street, with half the block between Lamed\\nStreet and Jefferson Avenue, the fire extending to\\nthe old Boston shoe store of L. L. Farnsworth. The\\nfire began in Smith Tyler s shoe store, on Wood-\\nward Ax enue, and consumed the grocery stores of\\nT. Lewis and George Davis, T. H. Armstrong s\\nhat store, Foster s paint shop, a barber shop, P.\\nTeller s residence on Earned Street, and the Presby-\\nterian Church. The burning of the church was a sad\\nbut splendid sight as the flames streamed up and\\nenveloped the steeple, they illuminated half the city.\\nThe picture given of the fire is from an oil paint-\\ning produced from a sketch made by Robert\\nHopkins the morning after the fire. The original\\nappearance of the church is more accurately shown\\nin connection with the history of the churches.\\nJanuary 22, M. C. R. R. offices, at foot of Third\\nStreet, burned. Loss, $10,000.\\nJune 26, Colored Baptist Church, known also as\\nLiberty Hall, on Fort Street East, between Beau-\\nbien and St. Antoine Streets.\\nJune 29, Phillips sash factory, part of the Penin-\\nsular Hotel barn, a bakery, and four dwellings,\\nburned.\\nAugust 6, Lutheran Church, on Monroe Avenue,\\ncorner of Farrar Streets, and two frame dwellings.\\nAugust 19, a number of barns and sheds between\\nLamed Street and Jefferson Avenue and Brush\\nand Beaubien Streets.\\nSeptember 19, two wooden buildings on Atwater\\nand First Streets burned and two others injured.\\nOctober 20, Ingersoll s carpenter-shop, on Wood-\\nbridge, between Bates and Randolph Streets,\\nburned.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FIRES.\\n495\\nDecember 22, coo[K-r shop and three dwellings\\non Gratiot Avenue.\\nDecember 23, Wenzell s tin shop and adjacent\\nbuildings, on Woodward Avenue near the Campus\\nMartius.\\n1855. January 24, Wilcox s carpenter shop on\\nFarrar, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues,\\nconsumed.\\nMarch 7, Long s livery stable, on Woodbridge\\nStreet in rear of Firemen s Hall.\\nMay 28, grocery and feed store of Todd Van-\\nAugust 17. Mechanics Hall, on Griswold Street,\\npartially consumed.\\nAugust 19, Commercial Hotel, on Woodbridge\\nand I irst Streets.\\nSeptember 19, dwelling houses, occupied by the\\nMisses Scott and Mrs. J. C. Ladue, corner of Hjist-\\nings and Larned Streets, partly burned.\\nDecember 24, C. V. Mellus s saw factory, on\\nFort Street East, near Beaubien.\\n1857. January 13, old Abbott Block, on Atwater\\nStreet.\\nBurning of First Presdyteri.\\\\n Church.\\nderwarker, southeast comer of Woodward and\\nGrand River Avenues.\\nSeptember 4, Cass Warehouse, foot of First\\nStreet, occupied by Williams Buckley, burned.\\nLoss, $30,000.\\n1856. May 1 3, German Theatre, corner of Rivard\\nand Macomb Streets, burned, two other buildings\\ninjured.\\nMay 18, Tribune Building, northeast comer of\\nWoodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street.\\nFebruary 12, New York Boiler Works and Hall s\\nHotel, on Atwater near Hastings Street.\\nJune 20, fire in Tenth Ward, caused by inhabitants\\n.seeking to drive disreputable persons out of the\\nward.\\n1858. February- 5, the old Smart Buildings,\\nknown also as the Scotch store of Campbell\\nLinn, on northeast corner of Jefferson and Wood-\\nward Avenues also the adjoining brick stores on\\nWoodward and Jefferson Avenues, occupied by", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "496\\nIMPORTANT FIRES.\\nShcldun lirothcr and Amberg Co., were\\nburned. Loss, \u00c2\u00a750,000.\\nFebruary 14, large wooden building, corner of\\nBrush and Gratiot Streets, occupied by Moross\\nProvost.\\nMarch 7, old wooden theatre on northwest corner\\nof State and Farrar Streets. The old brick theatre\\nopposite partially burned.\\nApril 1 1, Hyde s planing mill, in Tenth Ward.\\nApril 16, Moffat s saw mill, in Tenth Ward.\\nSeptember 20, old barn on Cass Farm, belonging\\nto Mr. King.\\nDecember 31, Tribune Building, northeast corner\\nof Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street.\\n1859. February 8, stables of Grand River House,\\nnear corner of Griswold and Grand River Streets.\\nMarch, 24, Funke s hat store. King s clothing\\nstore, and Elliott s paint shop, on north side of Jef-\\nferson Avenue, between Bates and Woodward.\\nApril 25, Grigg s chair factory, on northwest cor-\\nner of Brush and Gratiot Streets (formerly used as\\na warehouse by the D. P. R. R. Co.), and eight\\nother buildings.\\nMay 22, dwelling of A. H. Stowell, on northeast\\ncorner of Griswold and Grand River Streets, par-\\ntially burned.\\nJune 15, old railroad freight building, on Michi-\\ngan Avenue, .site of New City Hall, partially burned.\\nJune 20, William Phelps Company s store, 98\\nJefferson Avenue, damaged, and three or four other\\nstores burned. At this fire R. W. Wright, by over-\\nexertion or inhaling of smoke, was much injured.\\nJuly 29, W. F. Belman s grocery, corner of John\\nR Street and Woodward Avenue.\\ni860. January i, old Whig Cabin, ne.xt to Bid-\\ndie House, occupied by several small firms. Loss,\\n$5,000.\\nJanuary 19, Blindbur^- s planing mill, on Atwater\\nStreet, between Rivard and Riupelle Streets. Loss,\\n$3,000.\\nJanuary 29, frame house, corner of Earned and\\nBrush Streets. Loss, $1,000.\\nMarch 5, bo.x factory, rear of 200 Macomb Street.\\nSame day, old oilcloth factory, on Jefferson Avenue,\\nnear St. Aubin Avenue. Loss, $400.\\nMarch 18, residence of H. H. Wells, corner of\\nJefferson venue and Rivard Street, greatly dam-\\naged.\\nMay 3, two houses on Hastings, between Fort\\nand Lafayette Streets. Loss, $r,ooo.\\nMay 1 5, dwelling on Earned Street in rear of the\\nCathedral.\\nMay 30, a row of one-story buildings, corner of\\nMichigan Avenue and Third Street. Loss, $1,000.\\nJune 3, several piles of lumber at Pitts Mill.\\nSame day, U. M. Richardson s match factory.\\nLoss, $1 2,000.\\nJune 17, J. Taylor Co. s grocery, a two-story\\nbuilding, corner of Macomb and Grand River\\nStreets. Loss, $4,000.\\nJuly 4, old Detroit Institute, or Fowler School-\\nhouse, in use as a livery stable, with eleven horses,\\nburned. Loss, $3,200.\\nJuly 7, barn near Woodward Avenue and be-\\ntween Columbia and Elizabeth Streets.\\nJuly II, frame dwelling, corner Park and Sproat\\nStreets, occupied by Mr. Deming, burned several\\nothers injured.\\nAugust 1 1, several stables in alley near Beaubien\\nand between Congress and Earned Streets. Loss,\\n$1,500.\\nAugust 12, two buildings, on Earned near St. An-\\ntoine Street, partially burned.\\nAugust 29, fire on the dock between Cass and\\nFirst Streets Newman s roofing establishment and\\nPittman s warehouse burned, and other buildings\\ndamaged. Loss, about $5,000.\\nDecember i, stores of J. Van Baalen, P. Carr. W.\\nG. Peters, H. S. Lapham Wanbeq Musche, J.\\nO Connor, and D. McCormick, burned; they were\\non north side of Michigan Avenue, between Gris-\\nwold and Woodward Avenues.\\n1861. January 4, fire on north side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, between Griswold and Woodward Ave-\\nnues. D. Amberg s clothing store burned and S.\\nGrigg s furniture store badly damaged.\\nJanuary 25, Traub Brothers jewelry store, on\\nsouth side of Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and\\nRandolph Streets.\\nFebruary i, old wooden buildings on west side of\\noodward Avenue, from Atwater Street to dock, in-\\ncluding Brady warehouse. All burned. Loss, $7,000.\\nFebruary 22, fire in Scotten, Granger, Eovett s\\ntobacco factory, on Randolph Street, and in A.\\nLingeman s jewelry store, at head of Michigan\\nGrand Avenue.\\nMarch 15, Mechanics Hall, in use for police\\ncourt, on Griswold Street, partly burned.\\nMay 5, residences of S. E. Pittman and Mrs. Van\\nAnden burned, also two or three smaller buildings\\non Woodbridge Street, near St. Antoine.\\nMay 29, building on Si.xth and Locust Streets,\\noccupied by Mrs. Starkey s select .school.\\nJune I, F. E. Eldred s tannery, in Springwells,\\nbadly damaged.\\nJune 10, Ouinlan s grocery, corner of Seventh and\\nGrand River Streets. Loss, $2,500.\\nJuly 4, house belonging to Mr. Flattery, occupied\\nby Mr. Elliott, also adjoining residence and two\\nbarns, corner of Rivard and Earned Streets.\\nJuly 13. old building, formerly a Catholic Church,\\non the Church Farm in Hamtramck.\\nJuly 18, Michigan Oil Company s store, iii\\nWoodbridge Street.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FIRES.\\n497\\nAugust 22, two houses on Maple, between Or-\\nleans and Dequindre Streets.\\nSeptember 6, large barn and shed in King s\\nstockyard, also a bull.\\nDecember 23, store on corner of Macomb and\\nSt. Antoine Streets.\\nDecember 26, residence of Mr. German, corner\\nof Clinton and Chene Streets.\\n1862. April 2, M. C. R. R. engine house. Eight\\nlocomotives badly damaged, $20,000 worth of\\nproperty destroyed.\\nAugust 12, steam sawmill of H. A. S. C Wight.\\nLoss, $75,000.\\n1863. January i, fire at Heavenrich lirothers\\nstore, 78 Woodward Avenue. Loss, $5,000.\\nJanuary 7, twelve o clock P. M., W. E. Tunis s\\nstore, near northwest corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Lamed Street, upper part occupied by Pelgrim\\nGray.\\nFebruary 3, T. J. Haywood s store, on Atwater\\nStreet, between Griswold Street and Woodward\\nAvenue.\\nMarch 6, during the riot against the negroes in\\nconnection with the trial of Faulkner, the city was\\nfired in some twenty places, and eighty-five build-\\nings on Lafayette, between Brush and St. Antoine\\nStreets, on Brush near Congress, and on Ikaubien\\nnear Croghan, were burned.\\nJuly 18, Congress Street M. E. Church nearly de-\\nstroyed.\\n1864. September 23, warehouse occupied by B.\\nO Grady and Black Young, on dock at foot of\\nFirst Street.\\nSeptember 30, large brick factory and shop of\\nMorhous, Mitchell, Byram, on south side of\\nWoodbridge, between Beaubien and St. Antoine\\nStreets.\\n1865. April 23, Campbell Linn s dry goods\\nhouse, on northwest corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Congress Street. Loss, $50,000.\\nOctober iS, M. C. R. R. freight house and large\\nquantity of freight. Loss, $1,500,000.\\n1866. April 26, in the evening, the passenger and\\nfreight ofiiees and depots of the D. M., and M.\\nS. L. S. Railroads, also the freight depot of the\\nG. W. R. R., at foot of Brush Street and e.xtending\\nto St. Antoine Street, were burned, together with\\nover eighty cars, the steam ferry Windsor, and an\\nimmense amount of freight. Loss, over $1,000,000.\\nEighteen lives were lost at this fire, and in this re-\\nspect it was the most disastrous the city ever ex-\\nperienced.\\nMay 6, three distinct fires took place, burning the\\nhardware store of Charles Busch, on north side of\\nJefferson Avenue, near Bates, a carpenter shop at\\n1 1 2 Randolph Street, and a two-story house on\\nClinton Street.\\nOctober 9, Frost s woodenware works, on Wight\\nat foot of Leib Street. Loss, $20,000.\\nNovember 24, the paint shop of M. C. R. R.\\nLoss, $80,000.\\n1867. June 3, Worcester, Standish, Co. s |)aint\\nfactory and eight dwellings. Loss, several thousand\\ndollars.\\nJune 28, the bo.x factory of Dewey Brady, and\\nlast factory of Mumford, Foster, Co., on Atwater\\nStreet, at foot of Riopelle Street.\\n1868. January 2, old wooden building, on north-\\neast corner of Alwater and St. Antoine Streets, oc-\\ncupied as City Mission Lodging House.\\nApril 4, part of the old Merchants E.xchange\\nHotel. It was occupied by the Detroit Stove\\nWorks and H. P. Baldwin Co.\\nDecember 7, Hubbard King s planing mill.\\nLoss, $20,000.\\n1869. January 23, old Athemeum, formerly Con-\\ngress Street M. E. Church.\\nJune 29, Fulton Iron Works, corner of Franklin\\nand Brush Streets. Two firemen badly injured.\\nLoss, about $50,000; insurance, $20,000.\\nJuly 1, the picture frame factory of Date Berry,\\non southwest corner of Randolph and Atwater\\nStreets. Loss, $60,000.\\n1870. January 9, a two-story frame building,\\nused as grocery and dwelling, on Wight Street, be-\\ntween Walker Street and Joseph Campau Avenue.\\nFive persons burned to death.\\n1871. February 11, Trowbridge Block, at foot of\\nBates Street, on west side, partially burned. Loss,\\n$60,000.\\nMarch i. Peninsular Dressed Lumber Company s\\nWorks, on southeast corner of Atwater and Riopelle\\nStreets. Loss, $50,000.\\nMay II. Pullman Car shops, on northeast corner\\nof Croghan and Dequindre Streets three cars and\\none of the shops burned. Loss. $50,000.\\nJune 1 1, F. Stearns drug store, on west side of\\nWoodward Avenue near Earned Street. Loss.\\n$16,588.\\nJuly 31, E.xcelsior Club Boathouse and boats, on\\nsouth side of Atwater, between Chene Street and\\nJoseph Campau Avenue also four ice-houses be-\\nlonging to Seitz Brothers.\\nDecember 4, the tobacco factory of M. Rosenfield\\nCo., 19 Jefferson Avenue, on north side, between\\nFirst and Second Streets. Loss, $20,000.\\nDecember 30, F. Stearns drug store, on west side\\nof Woodward Avenue, burned, second time this\\nyear four lives lost. Loss, $64,000.\\n1872. July 14, brick store at 522 Gratiot Street.\\nLoss, $10,000.\\nJuly 29, four stores, numbers 948 to 954, on\\nMichigan Avenue. Loss, $9,500.\\nAugust 5, match factory, on corner of Grand", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "498\\nIMPORTANT FIRES.\\nRiver Avenue and Thirteen-and-a-half Streets.\\nLoss; $20,000.\\nSeptember 10, the g)-mnasium building, on the\\nsouthwest corner of Congress and Randolph Streets\\nalso a picture-frame store on Jefferson Avenue.\\nLoss, $30,000.\\nOctober 7, brick store, 145 Woodward Avenue.\\nLoss, $43,000.\\nNovember 1 5, brick carpenter shop and wood-\\nworking room of M. C. R. R. Loss, $100,000.\\nDecember 5, fire at Pullman Car Works. Loss,\\n18,000.\\n1873. February 9, foundry on corner of Atwater\\nand Dequindre Streets. Loss, $11,500.\\nApril 13, Tribune printing building, on north side\\nof Larned, between Griswold and Shelby Streets\\nalso property belonging to the Michigan Farmer\\nand Commercial Advertiser offices. Loss, $1 1 2,000\\ninsurance, $55,000.\\nMay I 5, Schulenburg s billiard factor) on Ran-\\ndolph Street, partly burned. Loss, $1 5,000.\\nJune 7, Propeller Meteor and Bulkley s ware-\\nhouse, at foot of First Street. Loss, $87,000.\\nJune 30, destructive fire in K. C. Barker Co. s\\ntobacco factory, south side of Jefferson Avenue,\\nnear Cass Street.\\nSeptember 2, Republic Brewery, on Elmwood\\nAvenue. Loss, $14,000.\\nOctober 11, Weber s planing mill and lumber\\nyard, a brewery, nine dwellings, and other buildings\\nin the block bounded by Hastings, Rivard, Maple,\\nand Sherman Streets. Loss, $35,000.\\nNovember 27, distillery on corner of Larned and\\nFirst Streets. Loss, $12,000.\\nDecember 20, Hinnian s oil store, 54 Jefferson\\nAvenue. Lo.ss, $12,000.\\nDecember 30, Farrington, Campbell, Co. s spice\\nmills. Loss, $25,000.\\n1874. February 18, tobacco works, 152 Ran-\\ndolph Street. Loss, $20,000.\\nMarch 5, Kieler s Hall, 339 Lafayette Street East.\\nApril 14, burial-case factory, on southeast corner\\nof Congress and Third .Streets. Loss, $75,000.\\n1875. April 29, at night, Weber s furniture fac-\\ntory, on corner of John R., between High and\\nMontcalm Streets also fifteen dwellings. Loss,\\n$250,000.\\nJune 14, Adams saw mill. Loss, $8,000.\\nJune 30, bridge and iron works, on Foundr)\\nStreet, near Michigan Avenue, partially burned.\\nLoss, $30,000.\\n1876. .March 25, Fort Street Presbyterian Church,\\non corner of Third and Fort Streets, a large and\\nelegant stone building, was almost entirelv destroyed.\\nThe fire was probably caused by a defective chim-\\nney. Loss, about $100,000.\\nJune 13. market shed on Michigan Grand Ave-\\nnue. The heat was so intense that the plate-glass\\nwindows in the Russell House, McKinstry and\\nWilliams Blocks, were largely destroyed.\\nDecember 30, Wight s saw mill. Loss, $30,000.\\n1877. May 7, Phillips s show-case factorj- and D.\\nM. Ferry Co. s box factory, on northwest corner\\nof East Fort and Beaubien Streets. Loss, $23,000.\\nMay 29, seven small houses and three barns on cor-\\nner of Hastings and Marion Streets. Lo.ss, $8,000.\\nJune 5, Charles Tegler s planing mill and other\\nbuildings on north side of High near Beaubien\\nStreet. Loss, $15,000.\\nJune 10, steamer R. N. Rice, of the Cleveland\\nline, burned at foot of Wayne Street. Loss, $40,000.\\nJuly 5, house, barn, and sheds, 46 Lewis Street.\\nLoss, $2,600.\\nJuly 22, Theatre Comique, on Jefferson Avenue\\nopposite the Biddle House. Loss. $12,000.\\nSeptember 17, the cracker factory of Vail\\nCrane, on southeast corner of Woodbridge and\\nRandolph Streets. Loss, $9,700.\\nSeptember 20, several factories at 34 Atwater\\nStreet, occupied by C. B. Seitz, W. H. Scott, and\\nW. O Callaghan. Loss, $7,000.\\nNovember g, frame store and dwelling, 1 1 1 Joseph\\nCampau Avenue. Loss, $2,200.\\nDecember 14, M. M. Gisler s house, 1062 Wood-\\nward Avenue. Loss, $4,000.\\n1878. January 13, Amos Chaffee s brick store,\\noccupied by Barnes Brothers and Hazard Brew-\\nster, on Jefferson Avenue. Loss, $32,000.\\nMarch 26, tower of engine-house on Alexandrine\\nAvenue struck by lightning and destroyed.\\nApril 29, Free Press Building burned. Loss,\\n$44,000.\\nMay 22, coal-shed and coal of Gas Company, and\\nBigley s packing and ice houses, at foot of Twenty-\\nsecond Street. Loss, $12,000.\\nMay 23, Berry Brothers varnish factory. Loss,\\n$45,000.\\nAugust II, several one-story stores, dwellings,\\nand sheds, at 485 Grand River Avenue. Loss,\\n$6,500.\\nOctober 24, Doane s fiour mill, corner of Larned\\nand Second Streets. Loss, $12,000.\\n1879. May II, Post and Tribune Company s\\nprinting office. Loss, $30,000.\\nMay 28, Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church and\\nrectory partly burned. Loss. $2,000.\\nAugust 1 3. propeller Steinhoff and a warehouse\\nat foot of Griswold Street. Loss, $19,000. Two\\npersons burned to death.\\nNovember 23, brick house. 169 Fort Street West.\\nLoss, $5,500. Also, Kaiser s brick tanner)-, 219 Rio-\\npelle Street. Loss, $4,000.\\n1880. May 3, M. Maier s trunk factory. 55 Mon-\\nroe Avenue. Loss, $6,000.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FIRES.\\n499\\nJuly 27, brick store and dwelling, 316 Rivard\\nStreet. Loss, $4,200.\\nOctober 1 3, old warehouse, corner of Second and\\nFront Streets. Loss, S4.7oo-\\nNovember 4, H. McCain s dwelling, 379 Clinton\\nStreet. Loss, $2,000.\\n1881. January 2, M. J. Reardon s store and\\ndwelling, 445 Trumbull Avenue. Loss, $1,250.\\nJanuary 12, boiler explosion and fire at Union\\nSteam Mills, corner of Ninth and Woodbridge\\nStreets. Loss, $25,000.\\nJanuary 22, comb factory, 203 MuUett Street,\\nowned by William Roth. Loss, $4,303.\\nFebruary 6, a two-story dwelling, 474 Congress\\nStreet East, occupied by H. Hunter. Loss,\\n$1,000.\\nFebruary 27, store of Amos Chaffee, 141 Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, occupied by Barnes Brothers.\\nMarch 18, two dwellings, 2S0 Congress Street\\nEast. Loss, $1,000.\\nMarch 31, G. M. Traver s store, in Woodward\\nAvenue. Loss, $8,000.\\nApril 20, store and dwelling, 646 Twelfth Street.\\nLoss, $1,500.\\nApril 30, Frost s woodenware works, Wight near\\nAdair Street. Loss, $41,000.\\nMay 4, barns and dwelling, 268 to 272 Alfred\\nStreet. Loss, $1,500.\\nMay 6, Detroit Lithographic Office, 54 Bates\\nStreet. Loss, $6,000.\\nMay 16, frame store and dwelling, 356 Chestnut\\nStreet. Loss, $1,200.\\nJuly 20, J. E. Davis Co. s store, corner of Jef-\\nferson Avenue and Wayne Street. Loss, $45,500.\\nAugust 23, frame buildings, 70 to 74 Catherine\\nStreet. Loss, $6,500.\\nSeptember 3, Delray Glass Works burned.\\nOctober 27, L. Laurense s moulding factory, on\\nAtwater Street near Bates. Loss, $2,000.\\nDecember 5, Sowden s Mills, on Gratiot near\\nDequindre Street. Loss, $1,325.\\nDecember 1 2, store 27 1 Michigan Avenue. Loss,\\n$1,100.\\nDecember 29, J. E. Davis Co. s drug store, on\\nWoodbridge Street near Bates. Loss, $3,000.\\n1882. January 20, C. Schulte s soap factory,\\nWoodbridge Street West. Loss, $1,768.\\nJanuary 22, Horace Turner s upholstering stores,\\nfoot of Woodward Avenue. Loss, $17,550.\\nMarch 7, Barnum s wire works, 12 and 14 .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\t-\\nwater Street East. Loss. $5,549.\\nMarch 23. T. Hawley s building, 280 Atwater\\nStreet East. Loss, $6,500.\\nMay I, Martz Brothers brewer^ 487 Orleans\\nStreet. Loss, $4,500.\\nJune 19, Shefferly s planing mill, 193 Croghan\\nStreet. Loss, $16,300.\\nJuly 22, McGregor s machine shop, corner of St.\\nAntoine and .Atwater Streets. Less, $3,500.\\nAugust 5, J. Hartness s soap factory, 119 Father\\nStreet. Loss, $2,500.\\nSeptember 1 1, Seitz s icehouses, foot of Mc-\\nDougall Avenue. Loss, $2,500.\\nSeptember 20, Detroit Dry Dock Co. s sawmill,\\nfoot of Orleans Street. Loss, $18,000.\\nOctober 24, Backus Sons planing mill, corner\\nof Fort and Eleventh Streets. Loss, $150,000.\\nNovember 14, William Saurs s cooper shop, Ber-\\nlin Street. Loss, $10,000.\\nNovember 1 8, Backus Sons lumber yard, cor-\\nner of Fort and Eleventh Street. Loss, $4,682.\\nDecember 30, carriage factory, Randolph Street.\\nLoss, $5,776.\\n1883. January i, candy store at No. 8 Grand\\nRiver Avenue. Loss, $3,296.\\nJanuarj 8, Telegraph Block, southeast corner of\\nCongress and Griswold Streets, badly damaged.\\nLoss, $19,414.\\nJanuary 22, factory on the corner of Randolph\\nand Atwater Streets. Loss, $3,058.\\nFebruary- 28, Miller s soap works at 606 Wood-\\nbridge Street West. Loss, $7,100.\\nMarch 30, Gisler s carriage shop, on Lamed\\nStreet West. Loss, $6,000.\\nApril 4, lumber yard of Mr. Japes, at 643 Gratiot\\nAvenue, burned. Loss, $5,500.\\nApril 13, furniture stores at 47, 49, and 51 Jeffer-\\nson Avenue. Loss, $30,410.\\nMay 10, John Marr s cooper shops at corner of\\nBagg and Twelfth Streets. Loss, $5,000.\\nMay 21, explosion of boiler and fire at Wolverine\\npaper mills. Loss, $14,650.\\nAugust 2, Henkel cS; oorhees s flour mill at south-\\nwest corner of Randolph and Woodbridge Streets.\\nLoss, $31,450.\\nAugust 10, Saurs s cooper shops at corner of\\nArndt and Berlin Streets. Loss, $18,376.\\nNovember 21, Detroit Dry Dock engine works\\nbadly damaged. Loss, $5,747.\\nSince the organization of the Fire Commission,\\ngreat care has been taken to keep a record of fires,\\nwith the following result:\\nNumber Number\\nYear. ^3^ T.nal Loss. Year. ^^j Total Loss.\\nAlarms. Alarms.\\n1867 212 $185,473 1876 232 202,433\\n1868 137 99.828 1877 340 238,832\\n1869 152 240.490 1S78 234 177.933\\n1870 190 172,960 1879 261 89,687\\n1871 191 239,006 iSSo 191 77.619\\n1872 128 192.935 1881 230 150,011\\n1873 154 390.315 1882 226 290,134\\n1874 240 195.249 18S3 283 210,767\\n1875 222 250,909", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "500\\nFIRE MARSHAL. FIRE LIMITS. CHIMNEY SWEEPS.\\nFIRE MARSHAL.\\nThis office was first established by ordinance,\\napproved April 3, i860. The ordinance greatly\\ncurtailed the powers of the chief engineer, and gave\\nthe marshal power to enforce ordinances as to fires,\\nto cause chimneys to be cleaned, to examine\\npremises as to their safety against fire, and to over-\\nsee the fire wardens. The salary of the marshal\\nwas fi.xed at $600, and that of the chief engineer re-\\nduced from $500 to $200. The proposed action\\ngreatly displea.sed some of the firemen, and on April\\n2, i860, they held a large meeting at Firemen s\\nHall to protest against it. Their protest, however,\\nwas of no avail, and the ordinance was approved\\nthe next day. The office of fire marshal was abol-\\nished on March 26, 1S67, by the Act creating the\\nFire Commission.\\nThe following persons have served as fire mar-\\nshals: 1 86 1, H. A. Snow; 1862, James Battle;\\n1 863- 1 866, William Champ; 1866, J. H. Van\\nSchoick,\\nBy Act of ;\\\\Iay 23, 1877, the office was revived,\\nbut with such additional power and increased duties\\nas to make it virtually a new office. The Act\\nprovided that a fire marshal, and, if need be, an\\nassistant fire marshal, should be nominated by the\\nfire commissioners, and appointed by the council.\\nIt is the duty of the marshal to be present at all\\nfires, to inquire into their origin, recommend pre-\\ncautionary measures, and to prevent the transporta-\\ntion and storing of dangerous materials; and all\\npersons erecting or altering buildings are required\\nto get a permit from him. The charge for a per-\\nmit within the fire limits is, for repairs costing less\\nthan $1,000, one dollar for repairs costing over\\n$r,ooo and less than $5,000, two dollars; and for\\nevery additional $1,000, twenty cents.\\nThe marshal has power to stop repairs or altera-\\ntions in a building, in case they increase the fire\\nrisk. George Uunlap was the first marshal under\\nthe law, serving till April i, 18S0, when he was\\nsucceeded by W. H. Baxter.\\nFIRE LIMITS.\\nFire limits were first prescribed by ordinance\\npassed October 7, 1845, the limits including all the\\nterritory between Randolph and Cass Streets to\\nLamed, along Earned to Griswold, up Griswold to\\nMichigan Avenue, on Michigan Avenue to Bates\\nStreet, on Bates to Earned, along Earned to Ran-\\ndolph, and down Randolph to the river. Within\\nthese limits no building was to be erected over\\ntwenty feet in height, unless built partly of stone or\\nbrick, with fire walls ten inches above the roof.\\nAfter the great fire of May 9, 1848, a new or-\\ndinance was passed, which prescribed that wooden\\nbuildings of more than twelve feet in height, twenty\\nfeet in length, and si.xteen feet in width, should not\\nbe erected within the limits defined by the follow-\\ning streets Beaubien from the river to Congress,\\nalong Congress to Randolph, along Randolph to\\nMonroe, down Monroe and Campus Martins to\\nMichigan Avenue, on Michigan Avenue to Shelby,\\ndown Shelby to Fort, on Fort to the west line of the\\ncity, which, at that time, extended only to the For-\\nsyth Farm. Since 1848 the limits have been gradu-\\nally extended, and they are frequently changed.\\nCHIMNEY SWEEPS.\\nThe oversight and cleaning of chimneys received\\nthe attention of the trustees in 1802. Fines were\\nthen inflicted for dirty or defective chimneys, and,\\nin some instances, dangerous chimneys w ere ordered\\nto be torn down.\\nA curious illustration of the changes that take\\nplace in public opinion and in law is afforded by the\\nfact that, by ordinance of 1836, the fire-wardens\\nwere authorized to cause chimneys to be burned\\nout, while later and present ordinances provide\\nthat if any chimney burns out, the owner shall be\\nfined for not preventing it.\\nBy ordinance of November 18, 1845. and up to\\n1859, the fire-wardens were to nominate, and the\\ncouncil to appoint a chimney sweep the fire-\\nwardens, however, held no regular meetings, and\\noftentimes no sweeps were appointed. By ordinance\\nof November 15, 1869, the office was dignified and\\ndisguised under the tide of inspector of chimneys.\\nTwo or more sweeps are appointed yearly by the\\ncouncil. The present ordinance allows the chimney\\nsweep to charge twenty-five cents for each story\\nthat the chimney passes through, and when the\\nchimney has more than one flue, ten cents per story\\nfor each additional flue.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LV.\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTHE EIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nThe earliest fire extinguishers consisted of lona;\\npoles with swabs attached, and with these the first\\nhahitans of Detroit literally mopped out the fires.\\nWhen the sparks flew so thickly as to be dangerous,\\npacks of furs were opened, and deer and bear skins,\\nwith the fur downwards, were spread upon the\\nroofs if they were green they would not be injured,\\nand in any case a little water did not hurt them, and\\nthey often did as good service in protecting their\\nowner s property from fire as they had originally\\ndone in protecting their four-footed wearers from\\nthe cold.\\nThe first mention of a fire engine occurs in con-\\nnection with the proceedings of the Court of Quarter\\nSessions. It reads as follows\\nTuesday, March 13, 1798. The Court received the account of\\nThomas Co.\\\\ respecting the engine, by which it appears there is a\\nbalance remaining in his hands of $16.47!.^.\\nHow this money came into his hands does not\\nappear possibly it had been collected to pay for\\nrepairing the engine left by the English when the\\npost was surrendered.\\nAt the second meeting of the trustees of the town,\\non February 23, 1S02, an ordinance entitled Regu-\\nlations for securing the town of Detroit from injuries\\nfrom fires was drafted. It was the first that tliey\\nacted upon, and was adopted two days later. It\\nrequired all chimneys to be swept every two weeks\\nbetween October and April, and every four weeks\\nthe rest of the year, the sweeping to be done on\\nSaturdays before 9 a. m., under a penalty of $5.00,\\nand a further penalty of Sio.oo if a chimney took\\nfire. Each householder and shopkeeper was also\\nrequired to have two bags holding three bushels\\neach, to place goods in, in case of fire, and to keep\\nat his shop, where it would not freeze, a keg or light\\nbarrel filled with water, having ears on each side,\\nwith a lever or pole to pass through them so that\\ntwo men could carry it. Two buckets, holding\\nabout three gallons each, one ladder to each chim-\\nney fastened on the roof, and one other long enough\\nto reach up to it, were also to be pro\\\\nded. The\\nhouseholders and shopkeepers were required to take\\nor send the kegs or buckets to every fire under a\\npenalty of $5.00 for each neglect, and every house-\\nholder capable of assisting was directed to turn out\\non the first cry of fire a line was then to be formed\\nfrom the river to the fire for the purpose of passing\\nwater, and any person refusing to appear, or con-\\ncealing himself, w-as fined $2.00 or imprisoned for\\ntwo weeks. James May, Jacques Girardin, and\\nAuguste Laffrey, together with twelve United States\\nsoldiers, were required to assemble at the engine\\nhouse, and take the engine out on the first notice of\\nfire, under penalty of $5.00 for any neglect or refusal;\\nand Francis Frero, director, Presque Cote, Sen.,\\nTheophilus Mettez, Baptiste Peltier, Charles Pou-\\npard, and Presque Cote, Jr., were required to appear\\nat the same time, each armed with a good felling\\naxe, to be used as circumstances might require.\\nAny one of the above not appearing when alarm\\nwas given was to be fined S5.00.\\nIt appears that the trustees were not observant of\\ntheir own regulations, for on March 24. r8o3. they\\nfined three of their own number, and also their sec-\\nretary and assessor, for violation of the fire ordi-\\nnance, and the next day another trustee, Joseph\\nCampau, was also reported to be fined.\\nOn May 2, 1803, Joseph Harrison and Joseph\\nCampau were appointed iiispectors of ladders, buck-\\nets, fire bags, water barrels, etc.\\nThere was continual trouble in enforcing the fire\\nordinance, the inspectors reporting some persons\\nwithout buckets, others without ladders the barrel\\nof water frozen in some places, and the barrel empty\\nin others, the shop bags filled with goods instead of\\nbeing ready for use, the ears off the barrels and\\nthe poles missing. In a word, then as now, ordi-\\nnances were not obeyed. On one of their rounds a\\nquick-witted widow saw the inspectors coming, and\\nknowing that her barrel was empty and that her\\nexcuses for previous neglect would not avail, she\\njumped into the water-cask herself, saying, You\\nsee, gentlemen, the cask is full. Of course there\\nwas a hearty laugh, and the gallant inspectors could\\ndo no less than to obtain water and fill the widow s\\ncask themselves.\\nThe old records make it evident that the trustees\\n[501]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "502\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nwere morbidly apprehensive of fire regulations\\nwere made and inspectors of chimneys appointed at\\nalmost every meeting. On September 19. 1803, a\\ncommittee was appointed to ascertain whether the\\nengine was in order for immediate use on Sejitem-\\nber 26 thirteen persons were appointed to work the\\nengine, under direction of Dr. Wm. M. Scott,\\nEsq., and on Monday, March 4, 1804, James Dode-\\nmead was appointed in his stead. On May 1 1\\nCharles Curry and J. Bte. Piquette were appointed\\ninspectors of fire regulations. On Monday, October\\nI, the trustees ordered the screws of the engine to\\nbe put in good order. May 1 1, 1805, they resolved\\nthat the Board do determine that from and after\\nthe first Monday in June next, the Inspectors of\\nfire regulations do go around once every week dur-\\ning the time of their appointment. On Monday,\\nJune 3, Dr. McCoskry and Robert Munroe were\\nappointed inspectors of fire regulations within the\\npickets, and John Gentle and John Harvey for\\nthe suburbs, with orders to go aroimd once a week.\\nBefore the time for their second tour there were\\nneither houses nor chimneys to inspect, for the fire\\nof June 1 1 had destroyed the town. (See history\\nof fire.)\\nAfter the fire of 1805, no traces of fire regula-\\ntions or apparatus appear until April i, 181 1.\\nGeorge Mcliougall then applied to the Governor\\nand Judges for a donation lot in the city of Detroit,\\nnear the center thereof, whereon to erect a frame\\nbuilding for the fire engine. There is a tradition\\nthat during the War of 181 2 Commodore Perry s\\nflag-ship was provided with a fire-pump, which,\\nafter the war, became the property of Detroit.\\nOn December 4, 1815, an ordinance provided for\\nthe appointment, by the trustees, of si.x household-\\ners, who were to be furnished \\\\\\\\ith three battering\\nrams, to demolish buildings in case of fire and\\nanother, of January, 1816, appointed twelve house-\\nholders as axemen, six as battering men, and\\ntwenty-four as fire-hook men. On Februarys,\\n1817, the ordinance was revised, but no important\\nchanges were made. The next year, on September\\n23, the Board of Trustees organized a fire company\\nof eleven axemen, with B. Woodworth as captain\\nfourteen fire-engine men, with D. C. McKinstry as\\ncaptain and fourteen bagmen, with H. J. Hunt as\\ncaptain. There was evidently much trouble this\\nyear occasioned by evil or mischievously disposed\\npersons stealing or hiding some of the apparatus.\\nOn September 30 the secretary of the trustees was\\ndirected to procure information as to where the\\nFire hooks and Battering rams are, and on Novem-\\nber 14 John R. Williams was authorized to provide\\neight battering rams and two fire hooks. The\\nGazette of December 16, 181 8, contained the fol-\\nlowing\\nNOTICE.\\nAny person who will give such information as will lead to the\\nrecovery of the fire hooks and battering rams belonging to the\\ncity, which have for some time been lost or concealed, will be\\nduly rewarded.\\nThos. Rowland,\\nSecretary,\\nThe notice was evidently of no avail new fire-\\nhooks had to be obtained, and at a meeting of the\\ntrustees, January 28, 18 19, Har\\\\ ey Williams pre-\\nsented an account of $55 for making them. On\\nMarch 13, 1819, a meeting of the citizens was held\\nat the call of the trustees to consider the propriety\\nof raising a tax to buy a fire engine. The tax was\\nvoted down, because a scheme was in progress to\\nprocure one by means of a lottery to come off April\\nI. A communication in the Gazette of Marcli 26\\nmade the following plea for the plan Let every\\ncitizen buy a lottery ticket as soon as possible in\\norder to procure the means to lessen the danger\\nfrom fire. Ten per cent was to be deducted from\\nthe eighty-four prizes for the purpose of purchasing\\nthe engine. The value of the property put up was\\n$4,040, and it was to be disposed of by selling 808\\ntickets at SS-oo each. The lottery did not draw,\\nand meantime the old engine was repaired and the\\nfollowing notice appeared:\\nFIRE FIRE\\nThe members of the Eagle Engine Company are hereby in-\\nformed that the engine is now fit for use, and that agreeably to\\nthe by-laws of the Company, they must assemble every Monday\\nmorning at sunrise for the space of six months.\\nN. r.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There not being a suitable building .erected in which to\\nkeep the engine, it is in the care of Captain H. Sanderson, at\\nwhose house the Company will meet until further directions.\\nBy order of the Acting Captain.\\nJ. W. COLDORN,\\nMarch 31, i8ig. Clerk.\\nOn April 28, 1819, a bill for repairing the engine,\\namounting to S87.10, was presented by H. Sander-\\nson it was paid May 11, and on the same day John\\nW. Tompkins was paid $130 for building a house\\nfor the engine and for fire- hooks.\\nIn Januar) 1S20, J. D. Doty was secretary of\\nthe fire company and Robert Irwin director. On\\nSeptember 1 1 following, another meeting was held\\nto consider the voting of a tax to purchase an engine,\\nbut the people again voted against taxation. The\\ncondition of affairs at this time is set forth in the\\nfollowing from an editorial in the Gazette for Janu-\\nary 19, 1821.\\nThe Corporation, it is tree, is in possession of a small engine,\\nbut it is much too small and is believed to be out of repair and\\nunfit for use. The fire company met once a week at sunrise for\\nseveral weeks for drill, but at this date the organization is extinct-\\nThe article further argued that buckets were pre-\\nferable to tubs with ears to be carried on a pole,\\nand complained of the unwillingness of the citizens", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n503\\nto shoulder their tubs when alarmed by cry of\\nfire.\\nOn March 29, 1S21, the chairman of the Board of\\nTrustees and H. J. Hunt were appointed a commit-\\ntee to wait on the Governor and Judges, and solicit\\nan appropriation towards procuring an engine. It is\\nto be presumed that the committee were unsuccess-\\nful, for on April 9 a citizens meeting voted S400 to\\nprocure one, the amount to be collected by a tax on\\nreal and personal property.\\nMeantime the editorial in the Gazette bore some\\nfruit, for on May 16 the board of trustees repealed\\nthat part of the ordinance which required a wooden\\nvessel with loops and pole to be kept by citizens.\\nNotwithstanding the vote in favor of purchasing\\na fire engine, the trustees were slow in procuring it\\nbut finally, on December 24, they resolved to carry-\\ninto immediate effect the vote of April 9 last, and to\\nraise $600 instead of S400 to purchase a fire engine.\\nThis resolution, like many others, was never carried\\nout.\\nOn October 16, 1824, a committee of the newly\\ncreated Common Council was appointed to ascer-\\ntain where a suitable site for the Engine house\\ncould be obtained, and to make an estknate of the\\nexpense of removing said building, and application\\nwas made to the trustees of the imiversity for the\\nprivilege of placing the engine house in front of\\nthe academy.\\nOn March 2, 1825, the council appointed a\\ncommittee to procure information from New York,\\nPhiladelphia, and such other places as they may\\nthink proper, relative to the price and quality of a\\nFire Engine for the City, and on March 15 the\\ncommittee was authorized to remit the funds\\nin the Treasury applicable to the purchase\\nof a Fire Engine, directly to such maker of\\nengines as they might think proper, accom-\\npanied with an order for the immediate for-\\nwarding of a Fire Engine provided the\\nprice thereof did not e.xceed six hundred\\ndollars. On April 7 a committee was ap-\\npointed to apply to the Legislative Council\\nfor such exemptions and other provisions\\nas would facilitate the establishment of a\\nFire Company; and on June 4 a committee\\nof the Council was appointed to sujierintend\\nthe removal, repairs and painting of Engine\\nHouse. The building was moved in front\\nof the old academy, on the site now occupied\\nby the store of Farrand, Williams, Co.\\nOn June 4, 1825, an elaborate fire ordinance,\\nmodelled after the New York ordinance, was passed\\namong its various provisions was one making it the\\nduty of every watchman or patrolman, upon the\\nbreaking out of fire, to alarm the citizens by crying\\nFire I mentioning the street where it was, that\\nthe firemen and citizens might know where to go.\\nand householders were enjoined to place a lighted\\ncandle at the windows of their respective dwelUngs,\\nin order that citizens might pass along the streets\\nwith greater safety. This custom was kept up until\\nthe telegraph alarm went into operation, and many\\na time the nights were filled with terror by the\\nhoarse shouting of Fire! the hurrj-ing crowds\\nof men and boys, and the rattling of the engines\\nas they were pulled over the uneven walks and\\npavements.\\nOn September 28, 1825, the council gave notice\\nthat a Fire Company would be organized the suc-\\nceeding day, and it was resolved that it be the\\nduty of the Chief Engineer to raise a hook and\\nladder company, to consist of not less than eighteen\\nmen. On October 4 inquiry was made in the\\nDetroit Gazette as to the whereabouts of the fire\\nengine, for which the citizens had paid four or five\\nyears previously.\\nThe engine finally arrived, and the Common\\nCouncil records for December i, 1825, say that an\\naccount was audited and allowed of S54 for trans-\\nportation and storage of a Fire Engine from New\\nYork. On January 11, 1826, the council tendered\\nthe thanks of the corporation to W. J. James, of\\nNew York, for gratuitous commission serxices, in\\nprocuring a fire engine on September 21, 1825. As\\nthe balance due William John James, in pay-\\nment for the engine, w-as not remitted until June 13,\\na resolution of thanks was certainly their due.\\nThe engine, the first one really purchased by the\\ncorporation, was named Protection No. i. It\\nremained in use for upwards of thirty years, and\\nOld No. i, The Gooseneck.\\nserved as the organizing machine for Engine Com-\\npanies Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9. For many years after\\nit was laid aside it occupied the post of honor on\\nreview days, and in Fourth of July processions was\\ndrawn about on a platform. Concerning the man-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "504\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nageraent of this engine at a tire, on February 17,\\n1827, the Detroit Gazette says:\\nThose citizens who had the management of our little engine\\ndeserve praise for their activity and perseverance, yet it was a\\ngeneral remark that not sufficient alacrity was displayed by them\\nin getting thc-ir engine to the scene of action. The disaster will\\ndoubtless lead to the permanent organization of a fire company,\\nand to the adoption of such regulations, by our citizens generally\\nas will, at a future time, prevent a recurrence of the confusion\\nwhich then existed.\\nA few days after, on February 22, the records of\\nthe council show the appointment of a committee\\nto ascertain the practicability of repairing the old\\nFire Engine belonging to this city, and to contract\\nfor said repairs at any sum not exceeding $25. At\\nthe same meeting it was resolved that E. P. Hast-\\nings, Marshall Chapin, R. A. Forsyth, Henry S.\\nCole, and Edmund A. Brush be requested to asso-\\nciate to themselves such persons as they may think\\nproper for the purpose of taking care of said En-\\ngine; also that Aldermen Palmer and Chapin be\\na committee to ascertain the number and condition\\nof the fire hooks belonging to this city; and, if\\nnecessary, to procure so many as that the whole\\nnumber shall amount to six and, also, to report on\\nthe practicability of converting the Flag staff at the\\ncantonment into ladders for the use of the city.\\nOn March 12 a council committee on improve-\\nments reported in favor of purchasing a new engine,\\nrepairing the old one, procuring twelve good fire\\nhooks, well provided with handles, the organization\\nof suitable fire companies, and the procuring of a\\ntriangular bell for fire alarms only.\\nOn March 31 Fire Company No. 2, with thirty-\\none members, was organized, and required by the\\ncouncil to have the old engine repaired at a cost of\\nnot exceeding $127, and to use the same for a time.\\nOn May 14 they were authorized to increase their\\nnumber to thirty-six on September 9 the old fire\\nengine was again ordered to be repaired at a cost\\nof not exceeding $275, and on November 26 a bill\\nfor repairs was audited at $313.63.\\nGreat encouragement was afforded to firemen by\\nan Act of the Legislative Council of April 4, 1S27,\\nwhich exempted them from military service in\\ntime of peace and from serving on a jury. By Act\\nof July 31, 1830, the number exempted was limited\\nto forty. By Act of March 14. 1840, all firemen\\nwere exempted from military and jury duty.\\nOn January 21, 1830, the council contracted for\\nfour adtlitional fire ladders. On April 28 they de-\\ncided to organize a Hook and Ladder Company,\\nand the chief engineer was directed to procure more\\nfire hooks, also six ladders, and caps and wands for\\nuse of himself and wardens. The following day\\nthe first firemen s inspection and review was held.\\nIt took place on the Public Wharf at 4 P. M., and\\nwas participated in by Companies Nos. i and_2, and\\nthe newly organized Hook and Ladder Company.\\nThe organization of the last company was fully per-\\nfected two days afterw-ard.\\nIn January, 1831, a new engine was procured for\\nEagle Company No. 2, and on April 13 following\\nthe council borrowed \u00c2\u00a7800 of the Bank of Michigan\\nto pay for it. On September 14, 1S31, the chief\\nengineer was directed to procure a tub or cask\\nmounted on wheels, to be attached to one of the\\nengines for use in case of fire. On May 3, 1832,\\nthe council supplemented that primitive arrange-\\nment by ordering six reservoirs, to contain ro.ooo\\ngallons each, to be built and connected with logs\\nof five-inch calibre for use in case of fire. On\\nSeptember 4, 1833, the council disbanded Company\\nNo. 2 for neglect of duty.\\nThe organization of a hose company was recom-\\nmended by a committee of the council on July 9,\\n1 834, and on October 8 a hose company was or-\\nganized, and also a new company for No. 2.\\nOn December 2, 1835. Company No. 3 was or-\\nganized, placed in possession of the old original\\nengine, and located near the Berthelet Market, at\\nnorthwest corner of Randolph and Atwater Streets.\\nOn April 13, 1836, the company was disbanded by\\nthe council, and another company, consisting of\\nDavid Smart and twenty-two others, was recognized\\nas Company No. 3.\\nOn August 1 1 the council\\nResoived, that a committee be appointed with authority to\\ncontract for the erection of a building on the Female Seminary\\nlot, on northeast corner of Fort and Griswold streets, for use of\\nEngine Company No. 2.\\nThe building was duly erected, and occupied by\\nthe company until December 12, 1853; they then\\nmoved into their new building, on the north side of\\nEarned Street, between Woodward Avenue and\\nBates Street. This building was elegantly fitted\\nup, and at the time, and for many years, was the\\nfinest in the city. The engine house for No. 3 was\\non the north side of Earned, between Brush and\\nBeaubien Streets, and in 1S84 is still standing.\\nIn September, 1S36, a new and elaborate fire or-\\ndinance was passed by the council. It provided\\nthat at the time of a fire the mayor, recorder, and\\naldermen should severally carry a white wand\\nwith a gilded flame at the top, and each of the en-\\ngineers shall wear a leathern cap, painted white,\\nwith a gilded front thereto, and a fire engine\\nblazoned thereon and shall, also, carrj- a speaking\\ntrumpet, painted black, with the words Chief En-\\ngineer, Engine No. i, etc., as the case may be. in\\nwhite letters. Each of the fire wardens was to\\nwear a similar cap, painted white, with the city\\narms emblazoned on the front, and to carry a speak-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n505\\ning tmmpet, painted white, with the words Chief\\nFire Warden, and Fire Warden No. i, etc., in\\nblact: letters. The cap of each foreman was to have\\nthe word Foreman painted on the front, together\\nwith the number of the company to which he be-\\nlonged, and each member was to have the number\\nof his company painted upon the frdfit of his cap.\\nThe same ordinance required each building in\\nthe city to have one fire bucket for every fireplace\\nor stove, to hold two and a half gallons each,\\nmarked with owner s name, number of his house,\\nand name of street the buckets were to be sus-\\npended in some conspicuous place in the entry near\\nthe front door of each house, so as to be ready for\\ndelivery and use in extinguishing fires. One half\\nof the number of buckets required might be de-\\nposited with the city, and if lost two dollars was\\npaid the owner for them. After a fire all buckets\\nthat were imclaimed were left at the market house,\\nto be called for by their owners.\\nAn old Fire Bucket.\\nBy the same ordinance the council, in the month\\nof ATay of each year, was to appoint one or more fire\\nwardens in each ward, who were clothed with\\npower to enter any house and examine all chimneys\\nand fireplaces. They were also authorized, at the\\ntime of a fire, to direct the inhabitants to form\\nthemselves in ranks for the purpose of handing\\nbuckets and suppl -ing water. Soon after the pas-\\nsage of this ordinance the number of wardens was\\nincreased to five in each ward. In 1845 there were\\nthree for the first ward, and two each for the other\\nwards; the following year there were four in the\\nfirst, and three in each of the other wards. The\\nnumber of wardens was subsequently increased to\\na chief and four assistants, and finally seven war-\\ndens were assigned to each ward the office by this\\ntime became a sinecure, and in June, 1857, it was\\npublicly affirmed that, with a single exception, not\\na warden had been present at a fire for two years\\nprevious. The office existed in name up to 1867,\\nbut on the creation of the Fire Commission it was\\ndiscontinued.\\nIn 1836 the council provided for paying five dol-\\nlars to the person first giving an alarm and ringing\\nthe bell. At this time the bells were tolled instead\\nof rung. In 1841, a change from tolling to ringing\\nwas made, and those who had charge of the bell\\nrung it so effectively that the whole city was startled\\nby the quick and rattling character of the alarm.\\nIn 1847 the council divided the city into districts,\\nand a watch was kept in the steeple of the Presby-\\nterian Church, on the corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Larned Street. The locality of a fire was indi-\\ncated, then as now, by taps upon a bell. A night\\nwatchman was subsequently stationed in the cupola\\nof the National Hotel, now the Russell House, and\\nafterwards in the steeples of the State Street and\\nJefferson Avenue Presbyterian Churches. In March,\\n1857, a steel triangle was ordered, upon which\\nalarms were to be given. It was hung in the cupola\\nof the old City Hall, and for years periodic efforts\\nwere made to so place it that it would give a satis-\\nfactory alarm, but all efforts were fruitless.\\nIn 1858 the city was divided into two districts,\\nthe first, second, fifth, eighth, and ninth wards com-\\nposing the First District, and Companies 2, 4, 5, 8,\\n10, and 12, and the Hook and Ladder Company\\nwere to do duty therein. The Second District com-\\nprised the third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and tenth\\nwards, and Companies i, 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11, and the\\nHook and Ladder Company were to attend all fires\\nin the district.\\nIn 1866 the entire city was divided into five fire\\ndistricts, and two companies were designated to\\nattend all fires and alarms originating in each dis-\\ntrict. A general alarm was first sounded by ringing\\nall the bells, and then the number of the ward was\\ngiven.\\nTurning again to the history of the companies\\nwe find that on October 4, 1836, the mayor noti-\\nfied the council that he had contracted with Mr.\\nSmith of New York for a new fire engine of the\\nmost approved kind, to be delivered in New York,\\nOctober 1 5. On January 23, 1 837, the Commit-\\ntee on Fire Department was requested to ascer-\\ntain the most eligible site which can be obtained\\nfor the erection of a permanent building for the\\nuse of Engine Company No. i, the Hook and\\nLadder Company and a Hose Company, and the\\nterms upon which such site can be had, and\\nwhether by purchase or by lease. .On P ebruarj 3\\nit was resolved that the fire engine lately arrived\\nbe delivered to Engine Company No. 3. provided\\nthe number of members of that company shall be\\nincreased to not less than twenty-five by the i8th\\ninst. It was also resolved that the sum of fifty", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "5o6\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\ndollars be appropriated, and expended under the\\ndirection of the Chief Engineer, for painting the\\nengine formerly belonging to Company No. i, and\\nlately in possession of Company No. 3, and that said\\nengine be hereafter designated and considered as\\nengine No. 4, also that the Chief Engineer be\\nrequested to use his efforts to embody a company to\\nbe attached to Engine No. 4. The effort to organ-\\nize this company was not immediately successful.\\nA house was built for them in the rear of Washing-\\nton Market in the summer of 1840, but the company\\nwas not officially organized until May iS, 1S41.\\nThe names of the officers of the companies in\\nJanuary, 1837, were:\\nCompany No. i C. Hurlbut, foreman John\\nOwen, assistant foreman; A. Ewers, treasurer; R.\\nE. Roberts, secretary James W. Sutton, steward.\\nCompany No. 2 Thomas J. Reese, foreman G.\\nH. Jones, first assistant foreman; Charles C. Trow-\\nbridge, second assistant foreman H. J. Caniff, sec-\\nretary and treasurer W. H. Wells, engineer.\\nCompany No. 3 Francis E. Eldred, foreman.\\nIn January and April of this year very disastrous\\nfires occurred the supply of hose was insulficient,\\nand the firemen declared that they were unable, on\\nthat account, to do good service. There can be no\\nquestion of the heroism that some of them displayed.\\nThe members of Company No. i suffered severely,\\nand many had their coats entirely destroyed by the\\nflames. At the burning of the Oreat Western, in\\n1839, the gallant boys of No. 4 stationed themselves\\nwithin fifteen feet of the fierce flames, and remained\\nuntil they were extinguished. The heat was so in-\\ntense that it was necessary to throw the water over\\nthem as they stood at the brakes.\\nOn June 6, 1837, Hurlbut Hose Company No. I\\nwas formed, and in P ebruary, 1844, LeRoy Hose\\nCompany No. 2.\\nIn 1838 the firemen had so increased in number\\nthat plans for mutual improvement began to be\\nsuggested, and on August 21 they opened a reading\\nroom and library.\\nIn January, 1839, the council obtained the use of\\nthe lot on the northwest corner of Earned and liates\\nStreets, and the same year the first Firemen s Hall\\nwas erected, at a cost of $3,300. It was paid for by\\nthe city, aided by the firemen. It was of brick,\\nthirty by fifty feet, and was first occupied in Decem-\\nber, 1839. The lower story was used by Protection\\nCompany No. i, Hurlbut Hose Company No. i.and\\nthe Hook, Ladder, and Axe Company. The upper\\nroom was used for some time by the common coun-\\ncil, and in 1S52 for a public school it afterwards\\nbecame the office of the Water Works. The entire\\nbuilding was finally occupied for business purposes.\\nIt was torn down in 1872, to make room for the\\nstore of Farrand, Williams, iS: Co.\\nDuring 1842 one thousand feet of hose was con-\\ntracted for, and for nearly six months the question\\nof how to obtain $S6o in good money, to pay for\\nit, was before the council. So difficult was it for\\nthe city to support the department that a propo-\\nsition to turn over the engines and apparatus to the\\nFire Dcpartn^nt Society was seriously discussed.\\nThe records of the council for June 15, 1S42, con-\\ntain the following\\nResolved, that .1 committee, with the Mayor as chairman, be\\nappointed to receive proposals from, and to confer with the Fire\\nDepartment of the city, relative to the sale to them of the fire\\nengines, hose, hose carts, and other apparatus now in use by the\\nFire Department. And that said committee be authorized to\\nmake such sale and conveyances for .such consideration as they\\ndeem most advisable for the city.\\nOld Fikemen s Hall.\\nOn June 27, 1S43, ^he council further\\nResolved, that the Recorder be authorized, in consideration of\\nthe valuable services rendered the city by the firemen thereof, to\\nsell and convey, for and on behalf of the Mayor, Recorder, Alder-\\nmen, and F iremen of the city of Detroit, all the fire engines, hose,\\nhose carts, hooks and ladders, trucks and the appurtenances of\\nthe various fire companies, and now owned by the said city, to\\nthe Fire Department of the city of Detroit, provided that said\\nmatters and things continue to be used for the purposes for wiiich\\nthey were obtained.\\nAs the Fire Department Society did not dare to\\nassume the risk which the purchase would involve,\\nthis piece of financiering failed. The hard times\\nfinally passed away, and there was no occasion for\\nfurther considering the proposition. The credit and\\nability of the city was, however, so uncertain that,\\nlest the property should be attached, a law of Feb-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n507\\nruary 6, 1843, and amendment of March 9, 1844,\\nexempted it from execution.\\nBy this time the growth of tlie city made another\\ncompany desirable, and on August 19, 1845, Phoenix\\nCompany No. 5 was organized. A new engine was\\nthen procured, and in 1846 an engine house was\\nbuilt for this company, on Clifford, at the head of\\nGriswold Street.\\nOld No. 5 Engine House, Clifford Street.\\nAbout this time it became the custom for firemen\\nto visit other cities and receive visits in return. On\\nthese occasions the Detroit Fire Department always\\nperformed its part thoroughly and well. Concern-\\ning the preparations for one of these events a paper\\nof August 12, 1845, says:\\nAt a meeting of the committee on behalf of the Fire Depart-\\nment of the city of Detroit, convened at the National Hotel on\\nthe morning of the nth inst., the following pn-ainhle antl res ilti-\\ntions were adopted. Whereas, Ithaca Hook and Ladder Co. No.\\n3, having complimented ns by a visit to the City of the Straits.\\nResolved, that there be a torchlight procession, to form at eight\\no clock this evening at King s Comer.\\nResolved, that we invite our guests of Ithaca to partake of a\\ndinner on the late Camp ground on Jefferson Avenue, at two\\no clock M. on Tuesday.\\nOn July 2, 1849, Company No. 2 went to Roch-\\nester, New York, on the steamboat Baltic their\\nengine was sent on the Mayflower.\\nThe popularity of these occasions made the office\\nof a fireman attractive, and when the grow ing city\\nrequired a new company its formation was not dilTi-\\ncult. The residents of the Third and Fourth\\nWards met on Monday, September 22, 1845, at the\\nFiremen s Hall, and resolved to form a company,\\nto be called Michigan Engine Company No. 6.\\nThe following temporary officers were appointed\\nN. Greusel, foreman F. Raymond, assistant fore-\\nman; W. W. Duflield, secretary. The name of\\nthe company was soon changed to Alert, and\\nthen to Rough and Ready. A new engine was\\nprovided in October, and the company was officially\\nrecognized by the council on November 6, 1846.\\nA building was erected for them in 1857 on the\\nnorthwest corner of Earned and St. Antoinc Streets.\\nIn January, 1849, two companies, Union No. 7\\nand Mechanics No. 8, were organized. The house\\nof No. 7 was on the corner of Lamed and Riopelle\\nStreets. Company No. 8 was located on Third\\nStreet, between Lafayette and Howard Streets.\\nFrom the year 1830, it had been customary to\\nhave an annual review of the Department. In 1849\\na firemen s parade was arranged for September 26,\\nduring the session of the State Fair, and a torch-\\nlight procession for the evening. For some reason.\\nCompany No. i was disaffected, and voted not to\\nturn out, and on November 20 it was disbanded.\\nThe other companies paraded, adding greatly to\\nthe attraction of Fair week. These parades were\\nalways occasions of great interest. The gayly dec-\\norated engines, polished to the last degree of\\nbrightness, the festoons and wreaths of flowers\\nwith which they were ornamented, the red shirts\\nand spotless black pantaloons of the firemen, and\\nthe firemen themselves, w-ere the admiration of all\\neyes and the throwing was watched with anxiety\\nand delight by both boys and men. Members of\\nthe company which threw the largest stream, high-\\nest or furthest, were as proud as Grecian victors.\\nA victorious engine was mounted with an immense\\nbroom, and sometimes with several, and to say\\nShe carries the broom was the highest praise.\\nThe steeple of the Presbyterian Church, on the\\ncomer of Woodward Avenue and Lamed Street,\\nthe steeple of the Baptist Church, on the corner of\\nFort and Grisvi-old Streets, and the Cupola of the\\nCity Hall, were favorite places for testing the\\nhighest water.\\nDifferent coinpanies often challenged each other\\nin order to test the muscle of members and ma-\\nchines. Sometimes bonfires were built, or false\\nalarms raised, that one company might mislead or\\ndefeat another and be first at a fire. Incase defeat\\nseemed probable in a trial of skill, members of\\nsome companies did not hesitate to cut their ow n\\nhose, or the hose of other companies, in order to\\ncarry out their plans or make good their claims.\\nThese were days when not only the safety of the\\ncity was in care of the firemen, but they also held the\\nbalance of political power, and neither council nor\\ncitizens dared refu.se their requests. Because of the\\npower the organizations possessed, disreputable\\npersons sought to become firemen, and in some", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "5o8\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\ncompanies they were admitted. The firemen s balls\\nthen became disgraceful routs, and as these balls\\nsucceeded each other in rapid succession, and as\\nevery one was expected to buy a ticket whenever\\nasked, the tax became somewhat oppressive. The\\nworst characters among the firemen, however,\\nwould, at the time of a fire, do deeds of daring that\\nwere the admiration and pride of the city.\\nA fire of any moment afforded a scene of e.xcite-\\nment that now is never paralleled. The loud cries,\\nthe hoarse shouting, the rattling thud of the breaks,\\nand the picturesque dress of the firemen, were in\\nmarked contrast\\nwith the quiet\\nand system of\\nthe present day.\\nStart her live-\\nly! Jump her!\\nwere the cries\\nheard as the\\nbrave and bois-\\nterous b hoys\\ntugged at the\\nropes, and\\npulled away\\nfor a fire. Of-\\ntentimes a ri-\\nval company\\nreached the\\nscene before\\ntheir hose-cart\\narrived, and to\\nprevent another\\ncompany from\\ngetting water\\nthat they wanted\\nthemselves, a\\nbarrel or bo.x\\nwould be hastily\\nthrown over the\\nhydrant, and it\\ncould not be had\\nwithout a strug-\\ngle. If noise\\ncould have drowned a fire, few fires would have\\nmade any headway after the engines were fairly\\nat work. In his energetic endeavors the foreman\\noften mounted the machine, and Up with her,\\nboys Down with rtie brakes Be lively and\\na hundred other ejaculations flowed from his lips as\\nfast as the stream from the nozzle. Often, just as\\nthe stream began gaining on the fire, the hose would\\nburst and drench the bystanders, and then there was\\nloud and fervent comment. Sometimes, owing to the\\nscarcity of water or of hose, one machine played into\\nanother, and an engine that could not throw out\\nwater as fast as another threw it in was said to be\\nwashed. This was considered a deep disgrace,\\nand when such instances occurred, firemen have\\nbeen known to throw up their hats and abandon\\nthe engine. In order to avoid such difliculties,\\ngreat care was taken that no one of the companies\\nwas supplied with an engine better than the\\nothers.\\nDuring these years the duties of firemen were\\nvery laborious and exhaustive, and it became cus-\\ntomary to supply them with refreshments after a\\nfire, especially if in the night. Citizens whose\\nproperty was saved often vied with each other in\\nthe hospitalities\\nwhich they prof-\\nfered to the\\nfaithful fire-\\nmen, and many\\ngallons of coffee\\nand baskets of\\nhard boiled eggs,\\nwith other acces-\\nsories.Avere pro-\\nvided. The fol-\\nlowing notices\\ntell their own\\nstory\\nA Mose of the Olden Time.\\n(From a painting by Robert Hopkin.)\\nMr. Tliomas C. Slieldon,\\nmorning of the 30th ult.\\nThe undersigned\\nlakes this method of\\nj, ratefully acknowl-\\nedging his indebted-\\nness to the firemen\\nof the city for their\\nprompt efficiency in\\nsaving his residence\\nfrom destruction by\\nfire on Sunday morn-\\ning and to his\\nneighbors for the\\nimportant assistance\\nrendered by them, in\\narresting the con-\\nflagration.\\nZ. Pitcher.\\nApril ist, 1851.\\nProtection Co. No.\\nI tender their thanks\\nto Dr. Pitcher and\\nfor refreshments after the fire on the\\nJesse McMillan,\\nSecrelary.\\nMoney was frequently sent to the companies or\\nthe Department in acknowledgment of services ren-\\ndered, and from time to time elegant speaking-\\ntrumpets of silver were presented. One such was\\npresented by the citizens of Windsor for valuable\\nservices rendered at the time of a fii e.\\nIf the people neglected to furnish refreshments,\\nthe companies after a fire often regaled themselves\\nwith hot coffee and sundries at their own houses.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n509\\nOn such occasions the following song was popular\\nwith many of the firemen\\nFIREMEN S DRINKING SONG.\\nHere is to Number One, drink her down,\\nHere is to Number One, drink her down,\\nHere is to Number One, for their boys are fnil of fun.\\nDrink lier down, drink her down, drink lier down.\\nThe first two lines of each verse were constructed\\nalike, and the refrain was the same in all, the third\\nlines of the verses were as follows\\nHere is to Number Two, for their boys are good and true,\\nHere is to Number Three, and you d better let her be,\\nHere is to Number Four, for the boys they make her roar.\\nHere is to Number Five, for the boys are all alive.\\nHere is to Number Six, for the boys they give her fits.\\nHere is to Number Seven, for they are all a going to heaven.\\nHere is to Number Eight, for they never get there late.\\nHere is to Number Nine, for they make the best of time.\\nHere is to Number Ten, for they are all Irishmen,\\nHere is to Number Eleven, hope to meet them all in heaven,\\nHere is to Number Twelve, they re too far away to hear the bells.\\nFurther recollections of the old days are con-\\ntained in the following lines, written by William H.\\nCoyle, and forming part of an ode read at a fire-\\nmen s benefit at the National Theatre on July 8,\\n1850:\\nWhen, in the deep and dim midnight,\\nIs beard a cry of wild affright,\\nA shriek, that pierces slumber s ear,\\nAnd chills the blood with horrid fear,\\nWalie peals th alarm from many a spire.\\nAnd the dread sound of Kire Fire\\nWakes the still city, who appears,\\nSwift thro the darkness, with loud cheers\\nProtection, gallant Number One,\\nWhen bell and trumpet calls each son\\nOf daring forth, lifts her broad shield.\\nThe first to rescue, last to yield.\\nThe noble Eagle, Number Two,\\nOften tried, and ever true,\\nWith engine new, tliat can t be beat,\\nComes thundering down the torch-Ht street.\\nThe Wolverine next, Number Three,\\nNo laggard in the field will be.\\nStout arras are theirs, that never tire,\\nBut bravely work, thro smoke and fire.\\nOld Lafayette, staunch Number Four,\\nA torrent, long and strong, will pour;\\nWith zealous pride in her loved name.\\nShe Ml front the hottest, fiercest flame.\\nHeroic Phcenix, Number Five,\\nImpatient, dashes on, to strive\\nAgainst tlie foe, on fearless wings,\\nAnd from the ashes conquering springs.\\nOld Rough and Ready, Number Six,\\nMounts foremost on the roof to fix\\nHer pipe in peril sure and steady.\\nAt the bell tap always ready.\\nIntrepid Union, Number Seven,\\nWhen cinders flash and fly to heaven,\\nWheels into line, a Spartan band.\\nAnd fights the fire-fiend hand to hand.\\nMechanic, veteran Number Eight,\\nOn duty never known too late.\\nMans her brakes, and makes them ring.\\nAs flood on flood the quick strokes fling.\\nNow Hurlbut Hose, and young Le Roys,\\nTake each their post, while mid the nuisr\\nAnd smothering smuke, the trumpet blows,\\nClear the track Keep off that hose\\nHook, Axe, and Ladder, scale the walls\\nPull hard, my lads! it rocks, it falls,\\nDown tumbling in a blood-red blaze\\nHurrah And now in chorus raise\\nThree cheers, my boys, we ve won the fight\\nThree more Good night good night good night\\nThe mottoes of the companies also indicated the\\nspirit of the times. That of No. i read, Deeds\\nare fruits, words are but leaves. The motto of\\nNo. 4 was When danger calls we re prompt to fly,\\nand bravely do, or bravely die. The back of\\nEngine No. 5 bore the legend, Man the brakes\\nand keep me clean, and I 11 take the butt from any\\nmachine. Rescue Hook and Ladder Company\\nNo. I had for a motto the words, We raze to\\nsave.\\nIn 1 85 1 the condition of the Department was as\\nfollows:\\nProtection i, eleven members, engine built 1S35,\\n250 ft. hose.\\nEagle 2, fifty-one members, engine built 1S48,\\n500 ft. hose.\\nWolverine 3, forty-four members, engine built\\n1851, 350 ft. hose.\\nLafayette 4, fifty-four niL-mbers, engine built\\n1 85 1, 400 ft. hose.\\nPhoenix 5, forty-three members, engine built 1S4S,\\n500 ft. hose.\\nRough and Ready 6, twenty-nine URMubers, en-\\ngine built 1846, 500 ft. hose.\\nUnion 7, forty members, engine built 1S51, 500\\nft. hose.\\nMechanics 8, thirty-two members, engine built\\n1S50, 400 ft. hose.\\nThere were also four old engines not in use.\\nHook and Ladder Company had no members. The\\ncompany officers consisted of a foreman, first,\\nsecond, and third assistants, and a secretary. Com-\\nmittees were appointed by each company monthly,\\nto care for the engine.\\nThe upper story of each engine house was fitted up\\nas an assembly room, and many of the rooms were\\nreally elegant and inviting. Oftentimes the firemen\\nplated their engines at their own expense, and the\\nmembers of some companies contributed more than\\nthe city to further the objects of their organizations.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "5IO\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nThe condition of many of the streets at this period\\noftentimes made the drawing of the engines a very\\nhard task, especially if but few members of a com-\\npany were present.\\nThere was great rivalry among the companies to\\nget the first stream on. Drays were frequently\\nused, and paid for by the council if no dray was at\\nhand, the companies ran on the sidewalks, to the\\ndanger of pedestrians, and the damage of shade-\\ntrees and other property. As the companies in-\\ncreased in number, the rivalries increased in\\nintensity, until legitimate and praiseworthy emula-\\ntion was transformed, in some cases, into petty and\\nmalignant jealousy, and in the effort to be first at a\\nfire, some of\\nthe companies\\nwould crowd\\nothers from the\\nwalks, and even\\nrun into them,\\ndamaging the\\nengines, and\\nmaking the\\ncosts for repairs\\nfrequent and ex-\\npensive. There\\nwas also much\\ndisturbance at\\nthe engine\\nhouses caused\\nby the boy mem\\nbers of the hose\\ncompanies, and\\nfor this reason\\nin March, 1855,\\nthe boy com-\\npanies were dis-\\nbanded, and the\\nhose was there-\\nafter cared for\\nby the men.\\nThis entailed more work and increased the dissatis-\\nfaction and disorder.\\nIn order to remedy some of the existing evils, the\\ncouncil, on April 24, 1855, prohibited the running\\nof fire engines upon the sidewalks of paved streets\\nbetween the hours of 6 A. M. and 10 P. M., and\\nprescribed a penalty of five dollars, or five days\\nimprisonment, at the discretion of the mayor s\\ncourt. This greatly displeased the firemen, and on\\nthe following week the council repealed the clause\\nimposing the penalty of imprisonment, and adopted\\nan ordinance providing for the expulsion or suspen-\\nsion of the guilty party from the Fire Department.\\nCertain of the firemen, however, were stiii dissatis-\\nfied, and at the semi-annual review, on May 2, they\\nheld a meeting to discuss their grievances, after\\nFiremen s Banner, Comp.\\\\ny No. 4.\\nwhich some of the members of Companies 1,4, 5.\\n6, 7, and 8 abandoned their engines and left the\\nservice numbers of them marched through the\\nstreets with hats reversed. On the same day, at the\\ncall of the mayor, a meeting was held, and a large\\nnumber of prominent citizens, many of them old\\nfiremen, tendered their services for the protection\\nand management of such engines as were unmanned.\\nOn the following day the employees of the M. C. R.\\nR. and of Jackson and Wiley s Foundry organized\\na fire company, called Mayflower No. 76, and vol-\\nunteered to go to all fires needing their services. On\\nMay 1 5 new comijanies for Nos. 5, 6, and 8 were\\norganized by the council, and by June 1 3 eight new\\ncompanies had\\nbeen formed.\\nThe names of\\nsome companies\\nwere then\\nchanged as fol-\\nlows Pha-nix 5\\nto Washington,\\nand then back\\nagain to Phoe-\\nnix; Rough and\\nReady6 to Nep-\\ntune 6 and\\nMechanics 8 to\\nContinental 8.\\nThe members\\nof this last com-\\npany were uni-\\nformed in Con-\\ntinental-soldier\\nstyle, and in the\\nsummer of 1857\\nthe company\\nbuilt a new\\nhouse on the\\nsite of the old\\none. Besides\\nthe furnishing it cost something over $5,000, of\\nwhich the company raised $3,000, and the remainder\\nwas paid by the city. The speedy and successful re-\\norganization of the Department did not please the\\ndissatisfied members of the old companies, and for\\nnearly a year there were numerous false alarms\\nbelieved to have been given by former firemen.\\nOn June 10, 1856, Detroit Company No. 9 was\\norganized, and on November 21, 1856, took pos-\\nsession of a new brick building on north side of\\nGratiot near St. Antoine Street. They were provided\\nwith a new engine, which was first used on May\\n26, 1857.\\nOn June 9, 1856. Operative Company No. 10 was\\norgani/.ed. They occupied a brick building on the\\nnorth side of Orchard, corner of Fifth Street. A", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n511\\nnew engine for this company arrived, and was tested\\nat the same time as tlie new engine of No. 9.\\nA company known as Spouters No. 1 1 was or-\\nganized February 11, 1S57. They were originally\\ndesignated the Hamtramck Spouters. Their engine\\nhouse, built in 1859, was located on the corner of\\nJefferson and St. Aubin Avenues.\\nWoodbridge Company No. 12 was organized in\\nMarch, 1857. They were located on the corner of\\nFort and Thompson, now Twelfth Street.\\nA company, styled Gratiot Fire Company No. 13,\\nwas organized November 23, 1857, but a committee\\nof the council reported against accepting it.\\nBy firemen, and especially by members of Com-\\npany No. 2, Old Joe, the firemen s dog, will be\\nremembered. He was a large black Newfound-\\nland, bought, when two years old, by John Atkin-\\nson of a sailor, and given to Robert McMillan. He\\nbelonged to Eagle Company No. 2 for si.x or seven\\nyears, was always on hand at fires, and ready at the\\nfirst tap of the bell to seize the ropes and bark the\\nalarm. He was provided with a fine collar, and was\\na general favorite, and on his death, in May, 1S5S,\\nwas sincerely mourned. The accompanying picture\\nof Old Joe is from an oil painting, and the painter\\nalone is responsible for the perspective.\\n^,---\\\\,Kf(.%f \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cm\\nKtWtKfV, no etc\\n^^tfeg\\nOld Joe, the Firemen s Dog.\\nEven after the reorganization of the department\\nin 1855, peace did not always reign, and among\\nthose who joined the companies were many un-\\nworthy members. On August 4, 1858, some mem-\\nbers, or pretended friends, of Company No. 4\\nstarted a dangerous bonfire on the corner of Earned\\nand Wayne Streets, and when No. 8 arrived they\\ncut their hose and threw stones at the men. In\\nfact, the disorder was almost as great as it had been\\nin 1855; the property of the companies was neg-\\nlected, and the hose allowed to go uncared for un-\\ntil much of it became unfit for use. September 2,\\n1858, marked the beginning of a new era. On that\\ndate a steam fire engine was first tried in Detroit.\\nIt was one of Silsby Co. s make, and by agree-\\nment its merits were to be compared with the ser-\\nvice rendered by hand engines. The trial took\\nplace on the Campus Martins.\\nThe engines on a bell signal were to start at 2\\nP. M., and meet in front of the City Hall. Long\\nbefore two o clock the avenue was thronged with\\npeople anxious to see the race and the trial. En-\\ngine companies 8 and 10 were selected as repre-\\nsenting the hand-engine companies. The time of\\narri\\\\-al and commencement of throwing was as fol-\\nlows\\nArrival.\\nCommenced to throw water.\\nHour. Min. S c.\\ni/our. Min.\\nSec.\\nNo. 10, 2 o clock 9 47^\\n2 o clock 10\\nS4^\\nNo. 8, 2 II 11;^\\n2 13\\n\\\\1V,\\nSteamer, 2 11 2o3r(\\n3 23\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i6 A\\nOn the succeeding day the steamer was again\\ntested, and for two hours it threw a continuous\\nstream with great force, abundantly evincing its\\nadvantage in endurance over hand power. On\\nNovember 5, 1859, another trial took place, and the\\nsteamer won still more favor.\\nBy this time interest in the volunteer companies\\nhad almost passed away. Company No. 2 dis-\\nbanded on December 31, 1859.\\nUpon the introduction of steam fire engines the\\ncity authorities took possession of the different\\nengine houses, but a number of the companies still\\nkept up a sort of club organization, and at their\\nmeetings it was customary for them to sing this\\nsong, composed by a member of Lafayette Com-\\npany No. 4\\nTHAT OLD MACHINE AND HOSE.\\nAiK\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T/it- Floating Sco-w o/ Old Virginny.^^\\nQie sun has gone down in the western sky,\\nNight s putting her mantle on,\\nThe moon and stars are taking their place.\\nTo shine when the sun is gone.\\nThere is scarcely a breath to stir the leaves,\\nAll nature seems in repose,\\nAnd the door is locked on the old machine,\\nThe old machine and hose.\\nCkorus. Then give us back that old machine,\\nThat old machine and hose,\\nOh give us back that old machine.\\nThat old machine and hose.\\nT is now the fireman seeks for rest,\\nHis labors all being done.\\nAnd kind emotions fill his breast\\nAs he reaches his welcome home.\\nHis mind is free from sorrow and care\u00c2\u00bb\\nHe banishes all his woes,\\nAnd only thinks of the old machine,\\nThe old machine and hose.\\nChorus.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "5\\nTHE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nNow the fireman is growing old,\\nHis race is nearly run,\\nHut he has nutliiug to regret.\\nHis duty he s nobly done.\\nSo when he is dead and gone to rest.\\nAnd taking his last repose.\\nDrag over his grave that old machine,\\nThat old machine and hose.\\nChorus.\\nOn January 24, 1S60, the Council Committee on\\nFire Department was requested to report on the\\nexpediency of procuring one or more steam fire\\nengines for the city and soon after this, proposals\\nnies 3 and 4 disbanded. The second steamer arrived\\nJanuary 7, 1861. and, under the name of Neptune\\nNo. 2, was located in the engine house of old No. 6,\\non the corner of Earned and St. Antoine Streets.\\nOn July 24, 1 86 1, a third steamer, known as\\nPhoenix No. 3, was procured, and located in the\\nhouse of old No. 5, on Clifford Street.\\nOn June 25, 1861, an ordinance was passed which\\nprovided for paid hand fire engine companies the\\nforemen and stewards were to be paid $50 a quar-\\nter and members $25 a quarter, and twenty-three\\nmen were appointed for each of four companies\\ni^HOi.Ni.x SrE. VM FiKE Engini; No. 3, as it .appeared in the Funeral Procession of\\nPresident Lincoln, April 25, 1865.\\nfor furnishing steam engines were invited. On May\\n29 propositions were received, and on June 26 a\\ncontract was made with the Amosl eag Manufac-\\nturing Company of Manchester, N. H., for a steamer\\nto cost $3. 1 50. The engine was duly received, and\\non October 4, i860, it was housed and manned for\\nser\\\\ ice. Ii was named Lafayette No. i, and was\\nlocated on the northeast corner of Earned and\\nWayne Streets. On October 9 the council formally\\nappointed the officers and members, and a paid\\nSteam Fire Department was inaugurated.\\nA second steamer was ordered November 20,\\ni860, and on the 27th of the same month Compa-\\norganized. Members of the hook and ladder com-\\npanies were to be paid $120 a year, and by ordi-\\nnance of June 17, 1864, this was increased to $160.\\nThe steamer K. C. Barker No. 4 arrived Febru-\\nar} I, 1865, and was stationed in the engine house\\nat the corner of Orchard and Fifth Streets. It cost\\n$4,500, and was ready for use February 11.\\nOn February 17, 1865, the paid hand fire engine\\ncompanies were disbanded, and on May 16 the\\nchief engineer resigned.\\n)n June 27 the steamer James A. Van Dyke\\nNo. 5 was procured. It was located on the corner\\nof Earned and Riopelle Streets.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n513\\nIn October, 1S66, the city coiuraclcil for a fire\\nalarm tclcijrapli. It was known as tlic Key and\\nBell plan, and had wooden boxes. The work of\\nputting it up was begun December 26, and it was\\nactrepted tile same month. The apparatus cost\\n$5,700. On January 4, 1867, it was tested by the\\nCommittee on Fire Department, the fire marshal,\\nand members of the council, and gave good satis-\\nfaction.\\nl!y this time public opinion was ready for the\\nestablishment of a Fire Conimi.ssion, and on March\\n26, 1S67, it was created.\\nThe chief engineers of the old Fire Department\\nwere appointed by the council, with salaries varying\\nfrom $300 to $500.\\nTheir names and\\nterms of office were:\\n1S25, D. C. Mc-\\nKinstry; 1830, Levi\\nCook; 1831, J. L.\\nWhiting; 1S32,\\nMarshall Chapin\\n1S33-1835, Levi\\nCook; 1S35, Noah\\nSutton, H. V. Dis-\\nbrow; 1S36, H.\\nV. Disbrow; 1S37,\\nChauncy Hurlbut;\\nI1S38,. Theodore\\nWilliams; 1 839-\\n1842, C. llurlbut;\\n1S42, Matthew\\nGooding; 1843-\\n1845, H.H.LeRoy;\\n1845-1847, James\\nStewart; 1 847-1 849,\\nWilliam Barclay\\n1 849-1 85 1, William\\nDuncan; 1851, L.\\nH. Cobb; 1852-1854, John Patton 1854-1857,\\nWilliam Duncan 1857, William Lee i858,William\\nDuncan 1859, William Lee 1S60, William Holmes\\n1S60-1863, James Battle; 1S63, Thomas Oakley;\\n1S64-1867, James Battle.\\nTHK STKAM I IRE DKP.\\\\RTMF.NT.\\nThe present Steam Fire Department is believed\\nto be one of the best organized in the country. It\\nwas created by Act of March 26, 1867, and reorgan-\\nized by Act of March 18, 1871. The latter Act re-\\nconstituted the commission, remedied some defects\\nin the law first passed, and defined more fully the\\npowers of the board. A further Act of March 31,\\n1 87 1, legalized some technically illegal acts of the\\ncommission. The commissioners named in the\\nfirst Act took the oath of office and entered upon\\ntheir duties on April i, 1867. They at once found\\nmuch to do the houses needed fitting up. and the\\nmachines needed repairing. The hand engines\\nand some lots and buildings which seemed unde-\\nsirable were sold and from year to year, since the\\norganization of the commission, the value of the\\nproperty and the efficiency of the force have steadily\\nincreased.\\nThe department is managed upon military princi-\\nples, each person being held strictly accountable for\\nthe work assigned to him cvcn, thing is required\\nto be done ;ind reported with much precision, and\\nall details come before the board at its weekly meet-\\nings. The captain\\nof each company\\nreports to the chief\\nengineer the facts\\nas to all alarms\\ngiven and fires at-\\ntended, specifying,\\non each occasion,\\nthe presence or ab-\\nsence of each mem-\\nber of the company.\\nI hese reports are\\nmade daily, certi-\\nfied to by the chief\\nengineer, and re-\\nported to the\\nboard. For all ex-\\npenditures .a sys-\\ntem of checks and\\nbalances is pro-\\nvided, and a com-\\nplete record is kept\\nof all articles used.\\nAll orders for sup-\\nplies of any kind\\nmust be signed by the president of the commission\\neach company is charged with the supplies fur-\\nnished, and the chief engineer and captain of each\\ncompany are required to certify that articles are\\nneeded before they are furnished or procured.\\nThe yearly expenses and the value of the property\\nof the department have been as follows\\nFiKE Commissioner s Office, and Engine Houses,\\nCOKNER LaKNED AND WaVNE STREETS.\\nYears.\\nExpense. Inventory.\\nYears.\\nExpense.\\nInventory.\\n1867\\n$63,469 $131,852\\n1876\\n$109,423\\n$344,334\\n1868\\n71,138 152,529\\n1877\\n112,059\\n360, 1 89\\n1869\\n69,025 166,778\\n1878\\n103,655\\n367,272\\n1870\\n78,106 202,730\\n1879\\n104,022\\n398,895\\n1871\\n85,845 217,155\\n1880\\n111.197\\n417,867\\n1872\\n71,062 241,691\\n1881\\n117,290\\n412.384\\n1873\\n105,806 299.382\\n1882\\n142,536\\n439,041\\n1874\\ni\u00c2\u00b09.799 334.630\\n1883\\n177,869\\n478,235\\n1875\\n109,766 338,939", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "514\\nSTEAM FIRE DEPARTMExNT.\\nEngine HoitsfS.\\nPrior to the organization of the commission, and\\nfor several years thereafter, the engine houses were\\nluiiit.\\n1882\\n1S83\\n1884\\n1S84\\nEngine House, corner Larned and St. Antoine Streets.\\nLocation.\\nSixteenth at head of Bagg Street.\\nN. W. corner Gratiot and Grandy Avenues.\\nTwentieth Street near Michigan Avenue.\\nLarned near St. .Antoine Street.\\nEngi?ics.\\nWhen the I- ire Commission organized, it\\ncame into possession of five steamers, all of\\nwhich, except one, were still in use in 1883;\\nsome of them, however, have been so\\nthoroughly rebuilt as to be practically new.\\nVermilion red, as an emblematical color,\\nis the distinguishing mark of all the depart-\\nment property. The body of the engines,\\nhose carriages, supply wagons, the fire-\\nalarm boxes, and posts indicating location\\nof cisterns, are all of this color. The or-\\ndinary steamers weigh from two to three\\ntons each, cost an average of $4,000, and\\nhave a capacity of from five to six hundred\\ngallons per minute. The self-propeller\\nweighs four and a half tons, was pur-\\nused as polling places and occasionally for political\\nmeetings. In the fall of 1870 the board prohibited\\nthe use of the engine houses for any purpose not\\nactually connected with the work of the depart-\\nment. The upper part of each house is neatly fitted\\nup with beds and furniture for the accommodation\\nof the firemen, and all the regular force are re-\\nquired .to lodge in the building. Each house is\\nprovided with a tower about seventy feet high, and\\na continuous watch is kept from 8 P. M. to 6 A. M.,\\nthe time being apportioned between the members\\nof the company. All the hours are struck by those\\nin charge of the tower. In the City Hall tower a\\nwatchman is on duty day and night. In 1883 there\\nwere sixteen buildings belonging to the department.\\nThe location and date of erection of each building\\nis shown in the following table. Some of the\\nhouses, however, have been almost entirely rebuilt\\nsince the date given\\nBuilt. Location.\\n1849 Corner Larned and Riopelle Streets.\\n1856 Orchard near Fifth Street.\\n1857 Corner Larned and St. Antoine Streets.\\n1857 Corner Larned and Wayne Streets.\\n1867 Corner High and Russell Streets.\\n1870 Corner Larned and Wayne Streets.\\n1 87 1 Corner Sixth and Baker Streets.\\n1873 Corner Elmwood Avenue and Fort Street.\\n1873 Eighteenth near Howard Street.\\n1874 Hastings near Larned Street.\\n1876 Alexandrine near Cass Avenue.\\n1879 Montcalm West near Park Street.\\n1879 Clifford near Woodward Avenue.\\nEngine House, corner Larned and Riopelle Streets.\\nchased in January, 1874, at a cost of $5,000, and\\nwas the third machine of the kind built in the Uni-\\nted States it can propel itself on the paved streets\\ni", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n515\\nat the rate of a mile in four minutes. Each steamer\\nis supplied with a patent heater, by which the water\\nin the boilers is kept at such a temperature that\\nsteam can be generated in tw O or three minutes,\\nand the kindling and coal are always in place in the\\nfire-box. In iS7+Beaufait s automatic lighter was\\nsupplied for each engine. It consists of a match\\nso arranged that, as the engine is drawn out of the\\nhouse, it comes in contact with a rough surface, and\\nw*-:\\n^-^^-J\\nwith all the engines except the self-propeller, are\\ndrawn by two horses. The stalls are so arranged\\nthat the horses heads face towards the front of the\\nengine, and on an alarm being given, they can pass\\nwithout delay to their proper places. When an\\nalarm is given from any box, the same stroke of the\\nhammer that strikes the gong in the engine house,\\ndisconnects a wire and allows a weight that holds\\nthe stall-doors to drop. The doors of the stalls\\nthen fly open, the horses are released, and actually\\nbound to their places the harness, which is sus-\\nEngine House, corner Fort St. and Elmwood Ave.\\nEighteenth Streei Engine House.\\nthe fuel is ignited. In 1S72 the engines were sup-\\nplied with Mayor s relief valves, which regulate\\nwith ease the size and flow of the stream. Ten\\nyears later Siamese connections, by which the force\\nof several streams can be concentrated in one, were\\nadopted.\\nEach engine is provided with a hose-carriage,\\ncarrying from 800 to 1200 feet of hose, which, with\\nthe carriage, weighs about two tons. In 1883 the\\ndepartment had nearly 23,650 feet of hose. Prior\\nto 1873 all the hose-carts were two-wheeled and\\ndrawn by one horse. On January 8, 1873, the first\\nfour-wheeled cart was introduced, and since 1878\\nall the hose-carts have been four-wheelers, and thev.\\npended over the place where the horses take their\\nposition, is dropped upon them and adjusted and\\nwithin seven seconds from the time of an alarm, the\\nengine can leave the house. The horses are excep-\\ntionally well cared for, and since 1882 an infirmary\\nhas been maintained in connection with the engine\\nhouse on Alexandrine Avenue, and disabled horses\\nare there cared for.\\nWhen the commission was organized there was\\nbut one hook and ladder company, the truck for\\nwhich was built in 1852. It was replaced by a new\\none on November 17, 1870. A second hook and\\nladder company was organized August 12, 1 871,\\nand a third in February, 1881. Company No. 2", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "5i6\\nSTEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nEn*.im-; Hoi.\\nhas a patent fire escape extension ladder. A re-\\nserve fire escape ladder and truck went into service\\nin January, 1880. Each truck is provided with\\nladders, buckets, axes, ropes, crowbars, lanterns,\\nand Babcock fire extinguishers. Two chemical en-\\ngines, or large Babcock tire extinguishers on wheels,\\nwere procured in 1876; they throw a fluid that\\nquickly smothers an in-\\ncipient fire.\\nOn January I, 1883,\\na protective company,\\ncomposed of seven\\nmen, was established.\\nThey were stationed\\nat the Hastings Street\\nengine house, and are\\nprovided with a two-\\nwheeled, eight-gallon\\nchemical engine, and\\na large number of\\nwaterproof covers to\\nspread over articles\\nthat would be damaged\\nby water.\\nThe names of the\\nengines in 1 883 were\\nLafayette No. i, Nep-\\ntune No. 2, Phoenix No.\\n3, K. C. Barker No, 4,\\nJas. A. Van Dyke No.\\n5, Detroit No. 6, L. H.\\nCobb No. 7, Continen-\\ntal No. 8, and Chauncy\\nHurlbutNo. 9. Nos. 10\\nand 1 1 are unnamed.\\nRescue Hook Ladder\\nNo. I, Eagle No. 2,\\nAlert No. 3, and No.\\n4. Chemical No. i.\\nChemical No. 2, Chem-\\nical No. 3. In 1S83\\nthere were also three\\nreserve engines, for use\\nin special emergencies.\\nThe Fire Alarm Tel-\\negraph.\\nThe telegraph which\\nwas put up in 1866\\nproved so unreliable\\nthat in 1869 a contract was made for the Game-\\nwell apparatus. It was completed and tested\\nNovember 3, and accepted on November 7, 1870.\\nThe cost of the apparatus and putting up was\\n$8,5co; with it were furnished seven hundred white\\ncedar telegraph poles, six repeaters, seven engine-\\nhouse gongs, seven galvanometers, and sixty boxes.\\nHam ings, i .ktwkh!\\nI.AKMiU StkKETS.\\nEngine H.k sk, AiEXANniciM-. ,\\\\\\\\-ENrE\\nUp to 1883, these had been increased to one\\nhundred and thirty-four miles of wire and four-\\nteen hundred poles. On the erection of the appar-\\natus, the services of the bell-ringer in the steeple of\\nDr. Duffield s church were dispensed with, and on\\nJanuary 20. 1872, an electro-mechanical bell-striker\\nwas put up in the City Hall, for the purpose of\\ngiving alarms on a\\nlarge bell there located.\\nSince these improve-\\nments, the Detroit fire\\nalarm is believed to be\\nalmost perfect. There\\nis a complete metallic\\ncircuit starting from\\nand returning to the\\ncentral office on Ear-\\nned, near St. Antoine\\nStreet. The line, as it\\npasses about the city,\\nis looped at con-\\nvenient intervals each\\nloop embraces several\\nboxes, and is supplied\\nwith a repeating wire\\nwhich conveys the\\nalarm from the loop\\nto the central station,\\nfrom whence it is con-\\nveyed to all the other\\nstations. Each loop\\nis connected at the\\ncentral station with a\\ngalvanometer, similar\\nto a compass in its con-\\nstruction. When the\\nloop is in good working\\norder the pointer of the\\ngalvanometer (a mag-\\nnetic needle) is always\\ndeflected from its\\nnatural position. If\\nan examination of the\\ngalvanometer of any\\nparticular loop shows\\nthe needle to be in its\\nnatural position due\\nnorth, it becomes evi-\\ndent that the loop\\nis out of order or\\nbroken. With the aid of what is called a switch\\nboard any portion of the loop line may be discon-\\nnected from the battery, and in case any of the\\nwires are out of order, the particular part of the loop\\nthat is affected is readily determined.\\nOn the arrival of an alarm from any loop, a\\nrepeater at the central station shuts off an alarm", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n517\\nfrom any other loop until the first alarm is fully\\ngiven. If two alarms are given from two different\\nboxes on the same loop, at about the same time, an\\nautomatic non-interference arrangement connected\\nvuth each box shuts off the completion of an alarm\\nfrom the second box until the alarm first given is\\ncompleted.\\nThe fire-alarm boxes are kept locked, and the\\nkeys deposited in the nearest and most convenient\\nstore or house; all members of the police force are\\nalso provided with keys. Within each box is a brass\\nhook, and in giving an alarm the hook is pulled\\nfirmly downwards\\nas far as it will go,\\nonce, then allowed\\nto slide back. If\\nthe line is in work-\\ning order, a small\\nbell in the same box\\nwill at once ring.\\nThe pulling of the\\nhook causes an\\nalarm to be struck\\non the gong at the\\nengine houses, and\\nrings the bells in all\\nthe fire bo.xes. If\\nthe bell in the box\\ndoes not ring, it is\\nevident that that\\nbox or part of the\\nline is out of order,\\nand an alarm should\\nthen be given at the\\nnext nearest box.\\nIf on going to a box\\nthe bell within is\\nheard giving an\\nalarm, the signal\\nshould be counted,\\nthe same as the\\nsignals are counted\\nfrom the tower bells;\\nif it is evident from\\nthe number that\\nthe alarm is not for the same fire, then the hook\\nshould be pulled. Each box has a particular num-\\nber, and the pulling of the hook causes the\\nslipping of a bar into certain notches, thus register-\\ning the number of the box. On an alarm being\\ngiven, the City Hall bell and the tower bells\\nimmediately strike the number of the box, in this\\nmanner: Ten regular strokes are first given, indicat-\\nting that a fire has broken out; the number of the\\nbox from which the alarm comes is then given. If\\nthe alarm comes from Box 73. seven regular strokes\\nare given then, after a short pause, three strokes\\nthe general alarm of ten strokes and the number of\\nthe box given is twice repeated. Lists of the num-\\nber and location of each box are printed, and refer-\\nence to a list will show the vicinity of the fire. At\\neach of the engine houses the fire-alarm instrument\\nis enclosed in a walnut case with a glass front, which\\nshows the working of the machinery. Connected\\nwith each fire-alarm box, but entirely distinct from\\nthe other apparatus, is a small bell, attached to\\na wire that reaches all the boxes and all the engine\\nhouses, and with these bells by a system of signals\\ninformation is conveyed, or help summoned, from\\nany engine house.\\nTo protect the ap-\\nparatus from dam-\\nage during thunder\\nstorms, nearly all\\nthe fire-alarm boxes\\nare provided with\\nlarge copper wires,\\nwhich extend to the\\nground, and carrj-\\noff any surplus of\\nelectrical currents.\\nThe followingshows\\nthe number of fire-\\nalarm bo.xes in use\\nin various years\\nYear.\\nBoxes\\n1867\\n49\\n1868\\n50\\ni86g\\n5\\n1 870- 1 872\\n60\\n1872\\n68\\n1873-\\n1875\\nn\\n1875\\n89\\n1876\\n104\\nIS77\\n96\\n1878-\\n1 88 1\\n106\\nI88I-\\n1S83\\n124\\n1883\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a238\\nEngine House, coknbu IIiuh and Rl ssell Streets.\\nIn addition to\\nthe care of the en-\\ngines, hose, horses,\\nand apparatus, the department has the care of\\nthe fire hydrants and cisterns, each company hav-\\ning charge of those within its district, and it is\\nthe duty of the captain to see that tho.se in his\\ndistrict are kept in order, and that ice and snow\\ndo not accumulate on or about them. In 1883 red\\nposts were set up near the hydrants to denote their\\nlocation. The cisterns hold from one hundred to\\nfive hundred barrels and cost from $6 5 to $1,100,\\nand both they and the hydrants are paid for by\\nthe Fire Commis:^ion. The following table gives the\\nnumber of cisterns and hydrants in different years", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "5i8\\nSTEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\nYears.\\nReser-\\nvoirs.\\nHy-\\ndrants.\\nYears.\\nReser-\\nvoirs.\\nHy-\\ndrants.\\n1867\\n134\\n265\\n1.875\\n170\\n601\\n1868\\n144\\n305\\n1876\\n171\\n606\\ni86g\\n144\\n330\\n1877\\n172\\n662\\n1S70\\n136\\n365\\n1878\\n172\\n689\\n1S71\\n135\\n394\\n1879\\n172\\n746\\n1S72\\n134\\n420\\n18S0\\n175\\n758\\n1S73\\n146\\n463\\n1881\\n175\\n809\\n1874\\n157\\n535\\n1883\\n202\\n954\\nCommissioners.\\nThe Act of March 26, 1867, determined the length\\nof term of each of the first four commissioners, and\\nEngine House, Corner of Sixth and Baker Streets.\\non the expiration of their terms, others were to\\nbe nominated by the mayor and appointed by\\nthe council for terms of four years each. The\\ncommissioners serve without pay and cannot hold\\nany political office if nominated for any such office,\\na commissioner must decline within ten days or his\\nplace will be deemed vacant. Each commissioner\\nser\\\\ es as president of the board during the last year\\nof his term.\\nTheir first meeting was on April I, 1S67. Regu-\\nlar meetings are held every Monday at 4 P. M. at\\nthe office, corner of Earned and Wayne Streets.\\nThe commission is divided into eight committees,\\nviz., on Finance, Supplies, Men, Horses, Water,\\nApparatus, Buildings, and Telegraph. Each mem-\\nber of the commission is chairman of, and serves\\non two committees.\\nThe commissioners named in the original Act\\nwere T. H. Hinchman. William Duncan, L. H.\\nCobb, and J. W. Sutton. The term of T. H.\\nHinchman expired April i, 1871. He was re-ap-\\npointed for two full terms. On his election to the\\nState Senate in the fall of 1876, he resigned, and\\nwas succeeded in December by L. H. Cobb, who,\\nEngine Hou.se, Montcalm Street West.\\nas one of the first commissioners, had previously\\nserved from 1867 to 1873. Mr. Cobb died April i,\\n1879, and T. H. Hinchman was appointed his suc-\\ncessor, retaining the position until November, 1880,\\nwhen he resigned, and was succeeded on Novem-\\nber 5 by R. W. Gillctt. On April i, 1872, Jerome\\nCroul was appointed as the successor of William\\nDuncan, and has since been three times re-appointed.\\nOn April i, 1873, Joseph Godfrey was appointed the\\nsuccessor of L. H. Cobb. Mr. Godfrey died\\nJanuary 7, 1875, and the same month Peter\\nHenkel was appointed to fill the vacancy, and\\nhe has since been re-appointed. The term of", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT.\\n519\\nJ. \\\\V. Sutton expired April 1, 1870. Benjamin\\nVernor was appointed as his successor, and has\\nsince been three times re-appointed. The chief\\nofficers appointed by the commission, and their\\nterms of service, have been Secretaries, B. F.\\nBaker, April i, 1867, to July 24, 1871 F. H. Sey-\\nmour, July 24, 1S71, to January i, iSGi; James E.\\nTryon, from January I, iSSi Chief Engineer,\\nJames Battle, from April i, 1S67 Assistant En-\\ngineer, T- R- Elliott, from April l, 1867 Superin-\\ntendent of Telegraph, M. H. Gascoigne, from 1873;\\nSurgeon, William Brodie, M. D., from 1873; Veter-\\ninary Surgeons, A.\\nJ. Murray, 1876 to\\n1879; Robert Jen-\\nnings, from 1S79.\\nAll members of\\ncompanies are re-\\nquired to be citizens\\nofthe United States,\\nand over twenty-one\\nyears of age; they\\nare also required to\\nfurnish reliable\\nreferences, to pass\\na medical examina-\\ntion, and also an ex-\\namination as to\\nbusiness ability and\\nmoral character.\\nThe endeavor of\\nthe commissioners\\nfrom the first has\\nbeen to secure the\\nbest men possible\\nconsistent with the\\npay allowed, and as\\na result, the charac-\\nter and morale of\\nthe force is calculated to reflect credit on the city.\\nThe braver)- and devotion of the men and their faith-\\nfulness in time of danger are worthy of all praise.\\nMany of them ha\\\\e suffered serious injury, as the\\nresult of heroic efforts to save life and property.\\nIn July, 1S81, one of the firemen, Mr. McQueen,\\nwas instantly killed by falling walls. It was the\\nfirst fatal accident in fourteen years.\\nThe uniform was adopted in November, 1870.\\nIt is of blue cloth with brass buttons, upon which\\nare the letters D. F. D.\\nAll members of the department are required to\\njoin the Firemen s Fund Association within one\\nmonth after their appointment. Leave of alisence\\nfor not more than five hours may be granted by the\\nEngine House, Clifford Street.\\ncaptains of either engine or hook and ladder com-\\npanies, provided not more than one stationary man\\nor one pipeman is granted leave of absence at the\\nsame time. Leave of absence for engineers of\\nsteamers, for men of hook and ladder companies,\\nmay be granted only by the chief engineer. Per-\\nmission to be absent for more than five hours is\\ngranted only by the president, upon the endorse-\\nment of the captain, countersigned by the chief\\nengineer. Substitutes, in all cases, must be pro-\\ncured by those who wish to be absent. Daily re-\\nports are made of the absences of each member of\\nthe company, the\\ncondition of the ap-\\nparatus, and the\\nvisits of the officers,\\nand a summary of\\nthese reports is\\nmade by the chief\\nengineer to the\\nboard. Money or\\nrewards for services\\ncan be received only\\nby the chief en-\\ngineer, must be\\nturned over by him\\nto the board, and\\ncannot be used ex-\\ncept by permission\\nof that body. A\\nfire company con-\\nsists of ten persons,\\none captain, one\\nengineer, one fire-\\nman, one engine-\\ndriver, one hose-cart\\ndriver, and five pipe-\\nmen.\\nThe number of\\nmen employed dur-\\ning the several years\\nhas been: 1867, 62;\\n1868-1871,72; 1871,78; 1872-1874,81; 1874-1877,\\n107; 1877, 119; 1S78, 115; 1879, 127; 1880, 137;\\n1 88 1. 142; 1883, 187. Of those serving in 1883\\nonly one hundred and seventeen devoted their\\nfull time the rest of the force, who are under en-\\ngagement to ser\\\\-e when needed, are men engaged\\nin various business occupations, who pursue their\\nordinary avocations during the day, and report\\nand sleep at the company quarters at night. They\\nare paid from $240 to $300 per year the salaries\\nof the men in constant service range from $650 to\\n$1,000 per year.\\nThe Detroit Firemen s Fund Association\\nwas incorporated on April 17, 1867; its objects are\\n^jrjim/tfi^!^", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "520\\nTHE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.\\nto afford relief to sick and disabled firemen who\\nare connected with the Fire Department, and to re-\\nlieve the widows and children of deceased mem-\\nbers.\\nAny member incapacitated from attending to his\\nwork is entitled to five dollars per week, for such\\ntime as a committee deem proper and by a two-\\nthirds vote of the trus-\\ntees, a larger sum, not\\nexceeding twelve dol-\\nlars per week, may be\\ngranted. In case of\\ndeath, a sum of not\\nover one hundred\\ndollars may be appro-\\npriated for funeral ex-\\npenses. Widows and\\nchildren are relieved\\nby such monthly pay-\\nments, and for such\\nlength of time, as the\\ntrustees may agree\\nupon.\\nThe initiation fee of\\nactive members is five\\ndollars, with annual\\ndues of four dollars,\\npayable quarterly.\\nHonorary members\\npay five dollars a year,\\nbut have no privileges.\\nThe annual meeting is\\non the first Monday of\\nApril. Twenty trustees\\nare elected on the last\\nSaturday in March be-\\nfore the annual meet-\\ning, each fire company\\nbeing entitled to one\\ntrustee.\\nAll active members\\nof the Fire Depart-\\nment are members,\\nand there are besides\\na large number of\\nhonorary members.\\nEngine House, Sixteenth, head of Bagg Street.\\nTHE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.\\nThe public interest felt in the Fire Department,\\nand the facilities which old Firemen s Hall afforded\\nfor meetings, led to the organization of this society.\\nA constitution was drawn up by James A. an\\nDyke, and adopted in January, 1840. The first\\nelection was held January 20, when the following\\nofficers were chosen: Robert E. Roberts, president;\\nFrederick Buhl, vice-president Edmund R. Kears-\\nley, secretary; Darius Lamson, treasurer; Elijah\\nGoodell, collector. The Board of Trustees was\\ncomposed of the officers of the society, the chief\\nengineer, and delegates elected from each company.\\nThe object of the organization was thus stated\\nThe purpose of this Association shall be the more effectually\\nto enable the Firemen of said city to perfect the object of their\\norganization, and to provide for the relief of disabled and indi-\\ngent firemen and their fam-\\nilies.\\nAll firemen while doing\\nduty as such, and being in-\\ndigent, all firemen who have\\nbeen disabled while doing\\nduty as such, and having\\nbecome indigent and infirm\\nand all firemen having served\\nthe time prescribed by law\\nas such, and who shall resign\\nthereafter, and having be-\\ncome indigent and in6rm,\\nshall be entirled to relief from\\nthe Fire Department fund.\\nThe widows and orphans of\\nall such persons shall, also,\\nbe entitled to assistance from\\nthe fund aforesaid.\\nOn February 14,\\n1840, the society was\\nincorporated under the\\nname of the Fire De-\\npartment of the City of\\nDetroit. Membership\\ncertificates were fixed\\nat two dollars each\\nother funds were re-\\nceived from entertain-\\nments of various kinds,\\nfrom donations of\\ncitizens whose property\\nwas saved from loss,\\nand from sources in\\npart indicated by the\\nfollowing letter, found\\namong the old records\\nr EiRoiT, March 3d. 1841.\\nyohn 07i/f*t, Esg.^ President\\n0/ Fire Dept. 0/ City 0/\\nDetroit.\\nDear Sir,\\nEnclosed you will find a\\nwarrant on the city Treasurer\\nfor $100, which I received for ser\\\\ ices as Chief Engineer. Being a\\nbeliever in Franklin s doctrine that no man should grow rich by\\nemoluments of office, I remit the warrant to you for the benefit\\nof the Fire Department.\\nVery respectfully yours,\\nChauncv HuRLnirr.\\nThe funds of the society grew quite rapidly in\\nSeptember, 1 848, there was $6,000 in the treasury,\\nand it was decided to build a large Firemen s Hall.\\nThe lot on the southwest corner of Jefferson Avenue\\nand Randolph Street, from which the old Council", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "THE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.\\n521\\nHouse had a few months before been swept by the\\nfire, was purchased, and on January- 15, 1849, J. A.\\nVan Dyke, H. H. LeRoy, and Hugh Moffat were\\nappointed .is a building committee. Comparatively\\nlittle was done until a year later then, on January\\n26, 1850, it was resolved to solicit loans of money\\nin sums of fifty dollars and upward, and gifts\\nof building material, or goods of any kind that\\ncould be turned to account in erecting the struc-\\nture. From this time the work went forward on\\nJuly 4, 1850, the corner-stone was laid, and the\\noccasion celebrated by a parade of all the fire\\ncompanies, the reading of the Declaration of In-\\nMr. Van Dyke retired from the presidency; the\\ndepartment tendered him its thanks for his untir-\\ning zeal and successful efforts in its behalf, and\\nresolved, as a token of high esteem and affection-\\nate regard, to procure his portrait to adorn the\\nwalls he had spent so much time to rai.se. The\\nportrait, a very striking one, was painted by Hicks\\nof New York, and cost, with its elegant frame,\\nnearly $700.\\nAfter the completion of the Hall the department\\ninaugurated a course of lectures, the first of which\\nwas given on January 7, 1853, by J. A. Van Dyke;\\nhis subject was The Fire Department of Detroit,\\nA Steam Fire Engine.\\ndependence, an original ode by \\\\V. H. Coyle, and\\nan oration by U. Tracy Howe.\\nOn February 14, 1851, the department gave a\\nsupper and concert in aid of the enterpri.se, which\\nwere very successful, and on October 23, 1S51, the\\nHall was opened with a concert by Theresa Parodi.\\nShe subsequently addressed a letter to the president\\nof the department, in which she complimented the\\nHall by saying, I think it one of the very best\\nthat I have ever sung in. The formal dedication,\\nby a grand ball, took place on Thursday evening,\\nDecember 4.\\nThe lot cost S9.000 and the building $18,000.\\nThe Hall is fifty-six by seventy-five feet and twcnty-\\n.six feet high. It was originally seated with arm-\\nchairs, and was for many years the best public\\nhall in the city. On the completion of the Hall,\\nPast, Present, and Future. One month lalcr V.\\nTracy Howe delivered an address on The Fine\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\rts. During 1854 a donation of $100 was received\\nfrom James Stevens, and on January 15, 1855, the\\ndepartment adopted the following;\\nResolved, ihat this Firp Tieparlmcnt .ippropri.ite the $ioo\\nri fcived fnim Mr. J.^itics Stevens ti \\\\v.ircls the purchase f a lot\\nin Elmwood Cemetery, to be tised for the interment of deceased\\nDuring 1876 the .society erected an elegant Fire-\\nmen s Monument on the lot. It cost $5,083.\\nIn 1S58 the walls of the Hall were raised and the\\nfront and roof re-constructed at a cost of $6,000.\\nThe H.-ill was re-opcncd on July 8 with a concert by\\nMiss Caroline Richings. On August 21. 1858, the\\ndepartment opened a library and reading room.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "522\\nTHE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.\\nThe wealth of the corporation continued to increase,\\nand on January 25, 1859, an Act of the Legislature\\ngave it power to hold \u00c2\u00a760,000 worth of property,\\nand exempted it from taxation.\\nThe disbanding of the companies, caused by the\\nintroduction of steam engines, made it impracticable\\nto elect trustees from the several companies, and, by\\nAct of .March 15, 1S61, it was therefore provided\\nthat, on approval of the society, twelve trustees\\nshould be elected by ballot at the annual meeting\\non the third Monday of January, six to be chosen\\nfor one, and six for two years, and six annually\\nthereafter. These trustees, with the president, vice-\\n28, 1S70, but no practical results grew out of the\\naction.\\nMeanwhile, many members neglected the pay-\\nment of their dues the oflicers held that they had\\nthus forfeited their rights as members and on May\\n21, 1877, the Legislature provided that every mem-\\nber who had failed for three years or more previous\\nto January i, 1878, to pay his dues should cease to\\nbe a member and that members failing for three\\nyears after that date to pay their dues should forfeit\\ntheir membership the Act also provided that new-\\nmembers, selected by the trustees, might be admitted\\nby a two-thirds vote of the society at any lawful\\nFiREMEN s ?I\\\\[_i,.S. W. C H\u00c2\u00abNEi; OF JeFIERSON .\\\\\\\\EN1E ANFj RaNUOLI K StREET.\\npresident, and secretan,-. were to manage the affairs\\nof the society. On November 30, 1S61. the society\\nvoted in favor of this method, and provision was\\nmade for reducing the dues to fifty cents per year.\\nNotwithstanding this reduction, the membership\\nconstantly decreased, and as there was little occa-\\nsion to apply its funds to the use originally in-\\ntended, the Legislature, on .April 3. 1869, author-\\nized the society to maintain an Institution or\\nInstitutions for moral and intellectual improve-\\nment and the relief and instruction of such home-\\nless and destitute persons of the city of Detroit as\\nthe Board of Trustees may select. The society\\naccepted the provisions of the Act on September\\nmeeting. By an Act approved April 21, 1883. it\\nwas provided that property to the amount of \u00c2\u00a7120,-\\n000 should be exempted from taxation, and each\\nmember was autliorized to appoint some one to suc-\\nceed him on his demise and in case any member\\nneglected to appoint his successor, the trustees\\nwere authorized, on the death of a member, to name\\na successor, who should have and exercise all the\\nrights of the original member.\\nIn 1883 there were about one hundred and thirty\\nmembers, and the property of the corporation\\namounted to nearly $100,000, about one half being\\nin cash or its equivalent.\\nThe presidents of the society have been: 1840,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "THE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY.\\n523\\nRobert E. Roberts; 1841-1843. John Owen; 1843,\\nChauncy Hurlbut; 1 844- 1847, David Smart 1847-\\n1852, James A. Van Dyke; 1852-1855, Eben N\\n\\\\Villcox; 1855-1857. John I atton 1857, Robert T\\nElliott; I S58, Robert E. Roberts; 1859-1861, John\\nD.Fairbanks; 1 86 r. Benjamin Vemor; 1862, H.H\\nWells; 1S63, H. \\\\V. Newberry; 1S64-1866, L. H\\nCobb; 1866-1868, S. G. Wight; 1S68-1870, T. H\\nHinchman; 1870-1872. Robert McMillan; 1872-\\n1874, Jerome Croul 1874-1876, W. S. Penfield\\n1S76-1878, J. S. Vernor; 187S, T. H. Hinchman\\n1879, William Adair; 1880-1882, Alexander Cop-\\nland; 1882-1884, R. S. Dillon; 1884. John Camp-\\nbell.\\nThe secretaries have been; 1840, E. R. Kearsley;\\n1841, W. B. Wesson; 1842-1846, H. M. Roby;\\n1S46-184S, E. D. Hyde 1848, P. C. Higgins 1849-\\n1851, R. W. King; 1851-1854, R. E. Roberts;\\n1854-1857. C.S.Cole; 1857-1 859, B. Vernor; 1859-\\ni86i,G. W. Osborn; 1861, H. Starkey 1862-1877,\\nGeorge W. Osborn; 1877-1879, G. C. Codd; 1875^\\nMark Flanigan.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "PART VIII,\\nRELIGIOUS.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LVI\\nROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. CHURCHES.\\nDIOCESES. THE CATHOLIC UNION.\\n-BISHOPS AND\\nMISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\nThe first settlements in the West differed from\\nnearly all the eastern colonies, in that the settlers\\nwere not Puritans, but members of the Roman\\nCatholic Church. Long before the first posts were\\nestablished, the Jesuit and Sulpitian missionaries,\\nwith unsurpassed devotion to their faith, and with\\nskill and courage that no difficulties could over-\\ncome, traversed the entire West, exploring, study-\\ning, and planning for the future of their Church.\\nOne after another they visited the region of the\\nlakes, and the Indian soon learned to respect the\\nblack gowns, and in form, if not in fact, to\\nadore the Crucified. Father Sagard came to Michi-\\ngan in 1632; Fathers Raymbault and Jogues, in\\n1641 Dablon, in 1655; Menard, in 1660; .-\\\\llouez,\\nin 1666; Marquette, in 1668; and. in the spring of\\n1770 the Sulpitian Galinee was at Detroit with La\\nSalle.\\nA bishop and nuns from the highest ranks, rep-\\nresenting the best blood of France, followed in\\nthe footsteps of these priestly explorers. Father\\nHennepin came in 1679. Twenty years later the\\nsettlement was determined upon, and in 1701 the\\ncross was set up on the shores of the Detroit.\\nIt was well that the old faith was represented by\\nthe ancient Gallic Church: independent but faith-\\nful, zealous but liberal, the impress of her spirit\\nremains to this day.\\nSt. Anne s Church.\\nOne of the first acts of Cadillac was to provide\\na place of worship. He arrived on July 24, which\\nwas St. Anne s Day, and two days later he laid\\nthe foundations for a chapel. Father Francois\\nValliant, a Jesuit, and Father Nicholas Constantine\\ndel Halle, a Franciscan, both aided in the pious\\nwork.\\nCadillac s letters and various other old manu-\\nscripts make it evident that he preferred the Fran-\\nciscans, who were usually in charge of the posts.\\nThe directors of the colony, however, chose to estab-\\nlish a Jesuit missionary, and agreed to allow 800\\nfrancs yearly, necessary food and clothing, and free\\ntransponation for those who were sent to the settle-\\nment. The personal preferences of Cadillac did\\nnot trouble the colonists, and ere the settlement\\nwas a month old the little log church just outside\\nthe stockade was completed, the rude cross pointed\\nto the sky, and thereafter the bell was daily rung\\nand daily prayers were said; and when harvest\\ntime had passed, the priest s granary was full.\\nFather V alliant and Cadillac did not agree, and\\nearly in the fall of 1 701 Valliant left the settlement.\\nThe presence of a Franciscan priest was dis-\\ntasteful to the Jesuits, and, hoping that the settle-\\nment would prove a failure and that the Indians\\nwould return to Mackinaw, they evaded the king s\\norders directing them to establish themselves at\\nDetroit, and for several years after Valliant left\\nthere were no Jesuits at Detroit.\\nIn 1703 some Indians, who had become disaf-\\nfected, set fire to a barn, and as a result the church\\nand the home of the priest were burned, together\\nwith other buildings. A new church was immedi-\\nately erected, in which, as will appear. Father del\\nHalle was buried.\\nWith the year 1704, so far as is now known, the\\nrecords of the church began and, excepting those\\nof the Roman Catholic churches of St. Ignace and\\nKaskaskia, which date back to 1695 and 1696, there\\nare no manuscript records in the West so ancient\\nand so interesting as those contained in the thin\\nquarto volumes now in possession of the parish\\npriest of St. Anne s. The records are complete\\nfrom the beginning, and the faded and yellow pages\\ntell the history of events that thrilled the hearts of\\nthe colonists of Detroit for generations before the\\nwar of the Revolution. Their authenticity is at-\\ntested by the signatures (as witnesses at weddings\\nand burials) of Cadillac, De la Forest, De Noyelle,\\nTonty, IJellestre, Dubuisson, Boishebert, and other\\nnoted military characters. The record of births,\\ndeaths, and marriages, from 1704 to 1744, is con-\\ntained in a small book of three hundred and thirty-\\nfour pages. The following translation of one of\\nthe pages gives evidence of a care which has pre-\\nserved them to the present time\\nThe undersigned Recollect Priest, e.xercising vicarial functions\\nat Fort Pontchartrain of Detroit, declares that the present book\\nL5=7l", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "e w,^ I\\nA^-w/i Qa^y^-^^ ^A-^ ut^ ^^y^s^f^\\nmJJA/h-viiu\\ne^. ^v S^ e/ ^^^zo 2^^^ ,,i*^a\u00c2\u00ab^l\\nCn ftP/ S-^-j7\\nFirst pAr.p, oj St. Anne s Records.\\nL528I", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\n529\\ncontains thirteen sheets of paper, being the veritable first Book\\nor Registry of Baptisms and Interments at Fort Pontchartrain,\\nand that it has been prepared and arranged by the venerable Pere\\nDominique de la Marche, formerly Professor of Theology and\\nRecollect Priest, my predecessor at this said mission of Fort Pont-\\nchartrain; and for the purpose of giving to this Registry all\\nnecessary force and value, I have requested Monsieur Antoine\\nde la Mothe Cadillac, Commandant for the King at said Fort, to\\nhonor it with his signature. Done at said place the 15th of Janu-\\nary, 1709.\\nFrere Chekubim Denian,\\nRecollect Miss. Priest.\\nWe, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, Lord of the places of Doua-\\nguet and Mont Desert, Commander for the King at Fort Pont-\\nchartrain, certify that the present book contains thirteen sheets,\\nbeing the First Registry of Baptisms and interments in faith of\\nwhich we have signed.\\nDone at said Fort, January i6th, 1709.\\nLa Mothe Cadillac.\\nA reduced fac-simile is given of the first page of\\nthe record; the size of the original is seven by eight\\nand three quarters inches.\\nThe second entry tells of the baptism of the child\\nof a soldier and an Indian woman.\\nFrom 1704 to 1709 three or four other books of\\nregistry were formally opened by the priests in\\ncharge, and a special registry is preser\\\\-ed, in which\\nbaptisms of savages, principally of tlie Huron tribe,\\nare noted.\\nBetween April 24 and August i6, 1706, during an\\nattack on the fort by the Indians, while walking in\\nhis garden outside of the stockade, Father del Halle\\nwas seized he was soon released, but as he turned\\nto enter the fort he was shot and instantly killed by\\none of the Indians; the place of his burial was the\\nchapel in which he had officiated. In after years,\\nwhen newer and larger churches were erected in\\ndifferent localities, the remains of del Halle were\\nfour times removed, the first time in 1 709. Two of\\nthe removals are described in the following transla-\\ntions from the records\\nIn the year of our Lord 1723, May 13th, at the request of Rev.\\nFather Bonaventure Leonard, Franciscan Missionary for the post\\nof Detroit on Lake Erie, we the undersigned declare having been\\non the ground where was formerly the church in which had been\\nburied the late Rev. Father Constantine del Halle, Franciscan,\\nfulfilling the functions of a missionary for the said post and,\\naccording to the indication given us, we recognized the exact spot\\nwhere his remains would be found. The Rev. Father Bonaven-\\n1 Translated, the entry reads\\nI, brother Constantine del Halle, missionary, Recollect Priest,\\nand Chaplain at Fort Pontchartrain, certify that T have conferred\\nholy baptism on Marie Th^r^se, legitimate daughter of Monsieur\\nAntoine de la Mothe Cadillac, commandant for the King, and of\\nMadame Marie Therese Guoin, the Father and Mother. There\\nwas for Godfather, Bertrand Arnault, and for Godmother, Md lle\\nGenevieve le Tendre. In faith of which we have signed, this ad\\nof February, 1704.\\nFr^kil CoxN STantine del Halle,\\nRecollect.\\nArnaud,\\nGbnevibvb le Ten-dre.\\nture paid two men to make researches in the said ground. The\\nsame day these men found the cofiin of the late Rev. Father, who\\nwas recognized by the marks every one has seen that is, a small\\ncap, many pieces of cloth of his cloak, very distinct marks on\\nhis body of a siring and of haircloth. After that examination\\nthe Rev. Father Bonaventure ordered the body to be taken into\\nthe church.\\nIn testimony whereof we assure whomsoever it may concern of\\nthe truth of our present attestation. Made at the Post of Detroit\\non Lake Erie, May 13th, 1723.\\n(Signed) H. Campaii. Pierre Hubert Lacroix\\nChs. Chesne, Eonaventure.\\nIn the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty-\\nfive, the thirteenth day of July, we, priest, Franciscan, and chap-\\nIain at the Fort of Detroit, in the name of His Majesty, the King\\nLouis, and fulfilling in the said place the holy functions of priest,\\nrector in St. Anne s parish, according to the resolution taken\\nDecember 24th of the preceding year {1754) have transferred from\\nthe old church into the new one, first, the remains of the vener-\\nable Father Constantine del Halle, heretofore Franciscan Mis-\\nsionarj who had been killed by the Indians in 1706, in the per-\\nformance of his holy duties.\\nIn the year 1723 these remains had been already transferred\\ninto the said old church, and buried under the steps of the altar\\nby our predecessor, Rev. Father Bonaventure Leonard.\\nWe have deposited them./ri? tempore^ under the steps of the\\naltar in the new church, until the lengthening and other improve-\\nments may be made then we will give him a last sepulture con-\\nformable to his dignity and to the miracles performed through\\nhis intercession these miracles are related by many persons\\nworthy to be trusted.\\nFinally, we have transferred also to the new church all the\\nother bodies and bones found in the old one, and we have said a\\nRequiem Mass for the rest of their souls.\\n(Signed) Simple Boc^uet,\\nPriest., Franciscan Missionary.\\nImmediately after the death of Del Halle, Cadillac\\ninduced two Franciscans to take charge of the little\\nflock, one of whom remained three years.\\nIn 1708 it was decided to build a new church, and\\nin the following year it was erected, proof of which\\nis found in papers deposited with the Department\\nof Marine in Paris.\\nIn 171 2, at the time of the attack of the Outa-\\ngamies, the commandant burned the church lest it\\nshould afford a place of refuge to the Indians.\\nAbout this time, on account of the discouraging\\ncondition of affairs, many of the inhabitants left the\\nsettlement, and consequently there were several\\nunoccupied houses, one of which was used for\\nchurch purposes.\\nOn June 6. 1 721, Pierre Francis Xavier de Charle-\\nvoix, a Jesuit missionary, arrived on a visit to the\\ncolony, and remained nearly two weeks. Two years\\nlater, on May 13, 1723, Father Bonaventure arrived,\\nand within a year he be.ijan the erection of a church,\\nwhich was duly completed and was the first to\\nreceive the name St. Anne s. It was situated near\\nthe stockade, and was probably the first church\\nlocated inside the pickets. Both the church and the\\ncemetery then occupied a portion of the property\\nnow KHng between Griswold and Shelby Streets,\\non the north side of Jefferson Avenue.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": ":)j\\nMISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\nConcerning priestly life and labor at this time,\\nFather Emanuel Crespel, who visited the settlement\\nin 1729, says:\\nIn the spring I made a journey to Detroit on the invitation of\\na brother of our order, who was there on a mission. In seventeen\\ndays I reached Detroit, and was received by the priest I went to\\nvisit with a warmth which showed tlie e-xtreme pleasure we ex-\\npenence in meeting one of our countrymen in a distant region\\nbesides, we are brethren of the same order, and quitted our coun-\\ntry for the same motive.\\nI was therefore welcome to him on many accounts nor did he\\nomit any opportunity of convincing me how pleased he was with\\nmy visit. He was older than and had been very successful in\\nhis apostolic labors. His house was agreeable and convenient\\nit was, as 1 may say, his own work, and the habitation of virtue.\\nHis time which was not employed in the duties of his office was\\ndivided between study and the occupations of the field. He had\\na few books, the choice of which afforded a good idea of the\\npurity of his morals and the extent of his knowledge. With the\\nlanguage of the country he was familiar and the facility with\\nwhich he spoke it made him very acceptable to many of the\\nIndians, who communicated to him their reflections on all sub-\\njects, particularly religion. Affability attracts confidence, and no\\none was more deserving of the latter than this good ntan. He\\nhad taught some of the inhabitants the French language and\\namong them I found many whose good sense and sound judg-\\nment would have made them conspicuous even in France, had\\ntheir minds been cultivated by study. Every day 1 remained\\nwith this man I found new motives to envy his situation. In a\\nword, he was happy, and had no cause to blush at the means by\\nwhich he became so.\\nIn 1738, I ^ather de la Richardie was here as mis-\\nsionary to the Hurons. He afterwards went to\\nMontreal, and was succeeded by F ather Louis An-\\ntoine Pothier, who as early as 1742 was in charge of\\na mission among the Hurons on Bois Blanc Island.\\nIn June, 1747, the Hurons fell out with the French,\\nand Pothier returned to Detroit. In 1748 friend-\\nship was restored, and Fathers Pothier and De la\\nRichardie built a church and established a mission\\namong the Hurons at Sandwich. For several years\\nprior to 1761 Father J. B. Sallenauve was in charge\\nof the Sandwich mission, and then Father Pothier,\\nwho in the interim had been in Detroit, was again\\nat Sandwich.\\nConcerning Father Pothier, the Pontiac manu-\\nscript says, The French, who knew and respected\\nthejesuit Father as a worthy ecclesiastic, considered\\nhim as a saint upon earth. He spent much of his\\ntime in Detroit, where he died July 16, 1781. His\\ndeath was occasioned by a fall which fractured his\\nskull.\\nIn 1754 Father de la Richardie was again in\\ncharge of the Huron mission, which was still at Bois\\nBlanc Island.\\nWith the year 1749 immigration took a new start,\\nand so great was the increase of the inhabitants\\nin Detroit that a larger church became a neces-\\nsity; and in 1754 Father Bocquet. who then had\\ncharge of the parish, determined that one should be\\nerected. Accordingly, either on the old site, or in\\nits immediate vicinity, just west of the present Gris-\\nwold Street, and covering a part of Jefferson Avenue,\\nthe church was erected. In March of the following\\nyear it was consecrated by the Right Rev. Henri\\nDubreuil de Pontbriand, Bishop of Ouebec. He was\\nhere the i6th of March, and .spent several weeks in\\nthe vicinity.\\nIt will be borne in mind that, at this period, in\\naddition to the inhabitants inside the stockade, there\\nwas a large number of settlers on both sides of the\\nriver and on either side of the fort. It was not\\nalways safe or convenient for them to attend ser-\\nvices at the fort, and therefore as early as 1763, and\\nprobably soon after the capitulation of 1760, Jacques\\nCampau, in pursuance of a religious vow, built a\\nsmall church, about twenty by thirty feet in size, on\\nhis farm, now known as the James Campau Farm,\\nor east half of Private Claim 91. The building\\nstood near the river, and was known in more recent\\ntimes as the Red Chapel. On May 13, 1787, Father\\nFrechette, for the first time, said mass in it, and the\\nodor of incense mingled with the smell of apple-\\nblossoms from the surrounding orchards. The\\nbuilding was burned in August or September, 1843.\\nIt was doubtless at this church that these services\\nalluded to in the Pontiac manuscript took place\\nOn Sunday, ist of May, about three in the afternoon {the\\nFrench then returning from vespers), Pontiac, with forty chosen\\nmen, appeared at the gate.\\nOn the Moon day, the gth of May, the first day of Rogations,\\naccording to custom, the curate and all the clergy made a pro-\\ncession out of the Fort very peaceably. The mass wa.s celebrated\\nin the same manner.\\nWith regard to the feelings of the Indians\\ntowards Pothier, the manuscript says\\nFather Pothier, a Jesuit missionary of the Hurons, who in the\\nquality and by the power he had over them, had brought part of\\nthem, particularly the good band, within the bounds of tranquil-\\nlity, by refusing them the sacrament.\\nWe find also in the same document the following\\ninteresting item\\nThursday, June i6th. It is usual, in places besieged and\\nblockaded, to observe silence, and not on any account to ring the\\nbells of the churches, in order that the enemy might not know\\nthe time the people go to church. The bell of the French church\\nof this place had not been rung since the commencement of the\\nsiege. The commander having inquired of the curate why the\\nbell was not rung, permitted it to be rung, and it commenced its\\nfunction by ringing the Angelus.\\nTrustees for the parish of St. Anne s were ap-\\npointed as early as 1744, and the pews were prob-\\nably first rented about that time. An old account\\nbook in possession of the writer contains this entry\\nWidow McDougall, Dr. September 2Sth, 1781, cash paid her\\nseat in the church, 16s.\\nThe best known of the older priests was the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\n531\\nRev. Gabriel Richard, of tlie order of Sulpitians.\\nHe arrived here on the feast day of Corpus Christi,\\nin June, 1 798. He was a man of great catholicity\\nof spirit, much esteemed by both Catholics and\\nProtestants, and for nearly a quarter of a century\\nlabored assiduously for the interests of his flock,\\nand the whole city as well. His connection with\\neducational and publishing interests is set forth\\nelsewhere. In 1807, on the invitation of Governor\\nHull and others, he preached several times in the\\nCouncil House. Although an accomplished French\\nscholar, his English was defective yet his discourses\\ncommanded respect because of the character of the\\nman, and because they were devoid of churchly\\nassumption. During the War of 181 2 he was\\nimprisoned for a time at Sandwich, because of\\nloyalty to the United States. After his release,\\nduring the period of distress that succeeded the\\nwar, he was actively engaged in ministering to the\\nnecessities of the people.\\nIn 1823 he had the rare honor, for a priest, of\\nbeing elected a delegate to Congress; he served\\nuntil 1825. This is the only instance in the history\\nof the Territory or the State where a clergyman\\nheld this position. A short time before his elec-\\ntion one of his flock married a second wife, without\\nhaving obtained a divorce from the first. For this\\nhe was excommunicated by Father Richard, and so\\ninjurious were the consequences that he sued for\\ndamages, and obtained a judgment for $1,116.\\nFather Richard was unwilling or unable to pay the\\namount, and was imprisoned in the old jail, remain-\\ning there three or four weeks. After he was elected\\nto Congress, Messrs. Louis Beaufait. Charles Rivard,\\nand Joseph Bartlett became his bail, and one even-\\ning, about nine o clock, he was released, and pro-\\nceeded to Washington, where he faithfully served\\nthe Territory.\\nAt the time of the first visitation of the cholera\\nhe was unselfishly active in affording temporal and\\nspiritual relief to the sick and dying; finally, on\\nSeptember 13, 1832, at 3 a. m., he was himself\\ncarried away by the dread scourge. His decease\\nwas universally lamented, and both Protestants\\nand Catholics were sincere mourners at the funeral,\\nwhich took place at 5 P. M. He was buried in a\\ncrypt beneath St. Anne s. Beside him, in other\\ncrypts, are the remains of Fathers Vanderpoel and\\nDe Bruyn, Louis Antoine Beaubien, and a sister\\nwhose name is unknown. A memorial window,\\nbearing an excellent likeness of Father Richard,\\noccupies a conspicuous place at the left, as you\\nenter the church. It cost $400.\\nThe church in which Father Richard first ofiici-\\nated is shown in the view of the city as it was in\\n1796. It was a large building, towering far above\\nthe surrounding houses. In the fall of 1799 it was\\nrepaired and enlarged at an expense of about\\n$3,000. On June 11, 1805, it, with the rest of the\\ntown, was burned. At this time Rev. John Dilhet\\nwas associated with Father Richard. The ruins of\\nthe old church, overgrown with weeds, remained\\non what is now Jefferson Avenue until 181 7 or\\nlater.\\nAfter the fire a tent was erected on the Commons,\\nand for a short time services were held therein.\\nMeldrum s warehouse, which stood not far from the\\nfoot of the present Woodward Avenue, was next\\nnegotiated for, the trustees, on August 27, voting\\nto offer S300 New York currency for the property.\\nWhether they bought if or not does not appear, but\\nfor about four years it was occupied by the church.\\nFrom the Meldrum Warehouse, as early as the first\\nof January, 1809, the services were transferred to\\nSpring Hill Farm, so called, now known as Private\\nClaim 30 in Springwells. This farm was rented of\\nthe United States, for $205 per year, by Father\\nRichard. The Government had taken the farm in\\nsettlement of its account against Matthew Ernest,\\nwho, while collector of customs in Detroit, became\\na defaulter to the amount of $6,000 or $8,000.\\nFather Richard remained on the farm until Novem-\\nber I, 1810, or later, and was so unfortunate that in\\n181 1 the United States had to sue for a portion of\\nthe rent. During this period occasional services\\nwere held in a chapel built on the Melcher or\\nChurch Farm in Hamtramck.\\nIt was evidently the congregation which wor-\\nshiped in this chapel that had the disagreement\\nwith Father Richard spoken of in Spalding s Life\\nof Bishop Flaget. The trouble seems to have\\ngrown out of the proposed removal of the old\\ncemetery from the church grounds, through which\\nJefferson Avenue had been extended. The dis-\\nagreeing members were also opposed to the building\\nof St. Anne s on the site it now occupies. On Feb-\\nruary 24, 1 81 7, Bishop Flaget issued a pastoral letter\\nreproving the schismatic members at Detroit and in-\\nterdicting their church. In order to fully settle the\\ndifficulty, the bishop, in company with Reverend\\nFathers Bertrand and Janvier, and Messrs. Godfrey\\nand Knaggs, left St. Thomas for Detroit on May\\n15, 1818, They made the entire journey on horse-\\nback, and on June i, when within ten miles of De-\\ntroit, they were met by a number of persons W ho\\nescorted them into the city. The bishop soon\\nbrought about a reconciliation between the chief\\nmembers of the congregation on the Melcher Farm,\\nand they agreed on behalf of the congregation\\nto remove their dead from the street and lot, to contribute\\ntowards the erection of the new church in Detroit, and not tospeak\\nof the past, but to bury it in oblivion. On his part, the bishop\\npromised to raise the interdict on their church, to permit burials\\nin the cemetery, and to send them a priest once a month.\\nThe preliminaries of the reconciliation having been satisfac-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\ntorily adjusted, the bishop determined to render the ceremony of\\nremoving the interdict as public and solemn as possible. Ac-\\ncordingly, on Tuesday, the 9th of June, 181S, he was conducted\\nto their church in grand procession, the discharge of cannon\\nannouncing the approaching ceremony, and the music of the\\nregimental band mingling with that of the choristers. Addresses\\nwere delivered in English and French. An affecting public recon-\\nciliation took place between the schismatics and their pastor, M.\\nRichard, who shed tears of joy on the occasion. A collection of\\n$500 was taken up on the spot, which the bishop considered a\\nsubstantial omen of a permanent peace.\\nThe comer-Stone of St. Anne s was laid the same\\nday. Later in the day, while the bishop was\\nreturning from a dinner party at General Macomb s,\\nhis horses took fright, and he was thrown down the\\nhigh bank, then existing below what is now Cass\\nStreet, receiving a severe injury on the right shoulder\\nfrom which he never fully recovered.\\nOn June 17 the bishop, with Father Bertrand,\\nleft in a sailing vessel for Montreal. He returned\\non July 27, and remained until September 3, when\\nhe went up to.Sault St. Marie, returning on the i ith\\nof October. When he arrived he was quite ill, but\\ngradually recovered, and on November i he con-\\nfirmed two hundred persons. Soon after this he\\ncommenced a spiritual retreat at the Melcher\\nFarm church, discontinuing it on the 17th for a trip\\nto the River Raisin, and resuming it after his\\nreturn on December 30. The e.xercises were abun-\\ndantly profitable to the people. On April 19, 18 19,\\nhe again visited the River Raisin, returning in May.\\nOn the 29th he took his final departure from De-\\ntroit, going by steamer to Erie.\\nThe first church on the Melcher Farm was built\\nof logs, and was consecrated May 10, 1809. During\\nthe year 1834 it was repaired. The following extract\\nfrom a letter of Rev. Mr. Kundig to Bishop Le-\\nfevere, dated January 12, 1857, gives interesting\\nparticulars as to its condition at that time\\nHe, Bishop Rese, ordered me to repair the old shabby church,\\nwhich I did by taking off the casing and shingles. But the night\\nfollowing, February 22d, 1834, the whole concern was, by a great\\nstorm, blown 10 the ground. It had looked as old as if it was\\nNoe s Ark itself. He then put up a new church, he built the\\nadditions to the old and worthless house and repaired it, and from\\nthat time he took care to have a clergyman remain there.\\nThe new church was built by a man named\\nPayee, and was consecrated by Bishop Fenwick.\\nAt various times Fathers Bernier, Warlop, Vander-\\npoel, Kilroy, Maxwell, and Duboix were stationed\\nhere. Father Duboix procured a bell for the church\\nin 1848. The building was burned on July 13, 1861.\\nReturning to the history of St. Anne s Church,\\nwe find that in 1798 the use of about an acre of\\nground was given for a cemetery-. Seven years\\nlater, on account of the wider streets laid out in re-\\nbuilding the city, after the fire of 1805, a new\\nchurch location became desirable. Accordingly,\\nFather Richard presented a petition asking for a\\ndefinite grant of the ground the church had been\\nusing for a cemetery, and on October 4, 1S06, the\\nGovernor and Judges passed the following\\nRt-soived^ that the Roman Catholic Church be built in the\\ncentre of the little military square, on section No. i, on the\\nground adjacent to the burying ground the said lot fronting on\\nEast and West Avenue (Michigan Avenue) two hundred feet\\nwide and running back two hundred feet deep, and bounded on\\nthe three sides by three other streets.\\nIt will be noticed that no title was conveyed by\\nthe above resolution, and the description does not\\ndefine all the land which was actually conveyed at a\\nsubsequent date. About six months after the pas-\\nsage of the resolution, The Catholic, Apostolic, and\\nRoman Church of St. Anne, of Detroit, was incor-\\nporated under a general law for the incorporation of\\nreligious societies, passed a few days before. One\\nof the pro\\\\nsions of this law was that trustees could\\nacquire and hold personal property, slaves ex-\\ncepted but no society could hold more than two\\nthousand acres of land at one time, and the property\\nwas liable to taxation.\\nThe articles of incorporation were drawn up and\\nsigned April 12, 1807, and recorded three days\\nlater, in Liber 2 of Deeds, page 149.\\nThe following persons were named in the articles\\nas trustees Antoine Beaubien, Francois Chabert,\\nGabriel Godfroy, and Jacques Campau. The cor-\\nporators were Charbert Joncaire, Henry Berthelet,\\nPierre Desnoyers, Charles Poupard, Joseph Beau-\\nbien, Antoine Cecille, Etienne Dubois, Alexis Cerat,\\nJoseph Cot^, Presque Cote, Gabriel Godfroy, and\\nFrancis Frerot.\\nOn January 11, 1817, in consideration of the re-\\nlinquishment by the church of all right to the prop-\\nerty lying within the limits of the then new Jefferson\\nAvenue, the Governor and Judges conveyed to the\\nchurch certain property which they had previously\\noccupied on Jefferson Avenue, near Griswold, and\\nalso the interior triangle of Section i, sixteen lots\\nin the block adjoining on the north, and thirteen\\nlots in Section 9. Under the treaty of Fort Meigs,\\nof September 29, 1817, St. Anne s Church also ob-\\ntained an undivided half of the six sections of land\\ngiven by the Indians. This land was located in\\nMonroe County, and was sold about 1840.\\nOn March 26, 1834, the Governor and Judges\\ngave a new deed for the interior triangle of Section\\n1 and the sixteen lots adjoining on the north, shown\\non John Farmer s map of 1831. The chief point of\\ndifference between this deed and that of 181 7 was,\\nthat the new deed gave the church the right either\\nto dispose of the property or to erect buildings for\\nany use, instead of exclusively for church purposes.\\nIn 1836 a brick residence for the bishop, facing Ran-\\ndolph Street, was erected on the property.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\nThe house was built about an old wooden dwell-\\ning. Tradition says that the property on which the\\nwooden house stood was given to the church to be\\nused as long as the building should remain standing,\\nand that the brick encasement was designed to pre-\\nserve the inner building. .A. careful investigation\\nof the deeds fails to afford the slightest evidence\\nupon which to found any such tradition.\\nkF^]i KSi,E KkKCiEU B\\\\ tll^HL l ReSE.\\nAs to the erection of the church, the following\\nadvertisement from the Detroit Gazette of August\\n19, i8i8, gives interesting facts\\nGreat Bargain Offered by Gabriel Richard, rector of St.\\nAnne, 200 hard dollars will be given for twenty toises of long\\nstone, of Stony Island, delivered at Detroit, on the wharf of Mr.\\nJacob Smith, or two hundred and forty dollars, if delivered on\\nthe church ground. 100 barrels of lime are wanted immediately.\\nFive shillings will be given per barrel at the river side, and six\\nshillings delivered on the church ground.\\nIt has been said that the stone for St. Anne s was\\nbrought in bateau.\\\\ up the Savoyard Creek, but the\\nabove advertisement indicates nothing of the kind,\\nand the late Peter Desnoyers, on two different\\noccasions, told the writer that the statement as to\\nthe conveying of the stone up the Savoyard was en-\\ntirely incorrect. The stone was furnished by J. B.\\nSt. Armour and Louis Desolcour. The timber was\\nsupplied by Messrs. Young and St. Barnard, and\\nwas obtained on Pine River. St. Clair County. It\\nwas while this church was in process of erection\\nthat Father Richard issued the shinplasters\\nwhich were so extensively counterfeited.\\nIt was at first intended to have a row of pillars\\nabout the outside of the church, and numbers of\\nthem were procured. This plan, however, was re-\\nconsidered and abandoned several of the pillars\\nwere finally used in building a porch in the rear of\\nthe bishop s residence.\\nThe steeples were completed and tinned over in\\nthe fall of 1S20. While putting on the tin, the\\nworkmen used a pot of live coals to heat their irons,\\nand by some carelessness one of the steeples took\\nfire. It was late at night when it was discovered,\\nand one of the firemen, who had been out on a hunt\\nall day, was thoroughly tired out when aroused and\\nwarned to hurry up, he carelessly turned over in\\nbed, saying, Oh, never mind It won t burn much\\ntill morning it s all green timber. His careless\\nprophecy proved true, and the old steeple still\\nremains.\\nIn 1820 the basement was opened for use. The\\nupper portion of the church was completed and first\\nused December 25, 1828. There was placed in it\\nthe pulpit and two of the side altars saved from the\\nfire of 1805, and these relics are still preser\\\\ ed.\\nThe old bell, with its birthmark of 1766, rescued\\nfrom that fire, no longer rings the Angelus. but is\\nlaid away as a memorial of the past.\\nThe size of the church is sixty by one hundred\\nand sixteen feet. Originally there was in the center\\nan octagonal dome, thirty feet in diameter and thirty\\nfeet high, and two small cupolas at the rear. The\\ncenter dome was surmounted by a representation of\\nthe sun, on which was a human face, and over it\\na cock. On the smaller cupolas were representa-\\ntions of the moon and a fish. The center dome and\\nthe cupolas were removed in 1842. The next year\\nthe towers were fully enclosed and the front porch\\nerected. In the spring of 1850 the brick extension\\nin the rear was added. In 1880 the church sold a\\nportion of the property, fronting two hundred and\\nfifty feet on Earned Street, and extending along\\nRandolph Street through to Congress Street, for the\\nsum of $100,000.\\nThe changes of the passing years have affected\\nnot only the property, but the customs of the church.\\nA curious illustratiorwof past scenes, and of the\\nmingling of the duties of the territorial militia with\\nthose of the church militant, half a centurj ago, is\\nafforded by the following copy of an official letter\\non record at Lansing\\nSlR,-\\nAdjittant General s Office,\\nDetroit, May 28th, 1820.\\nBy general order of the 21st inst., which will be inserted in the\\nnext Gazette, the company lately commanded by Captain Beau-\\nfait in the second Battalion of the tirst Regiment, has been con-\\nsolidated with that commanded by you. It therefore becomes\\nnecessary that you should take immediate measure-S to carr that\\nprovision of the General Order into complete effect on or before\\nthe first Monday of June next. Vou are also hereby directed to\\ncause your company to be assembled at 3 o clock l M. of that\\nday. at which time the .Adg t. and Insp. General will attend in\\nperson for the purpose of inspecting the state of their discipline,\\nand of introducing the system of discipline established by law.\\nIn the interim you are requested to appear with your company,\\non the General Parade ground in the rear of this city, on Satur-\\nday next at 2 o clock p. m., with a view to prepare your men to\\nattend as a military escort at the celebration of the Anniversary o{", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "534\\nMISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\nthe institution of the feast of the blessed sacrament of our Lord\\nJesus Christ.\\nYour obt. serv t.\\nTo Cfipt. yacqites Canipazt^ and\\nto Capt. God/roy^ on the\\nsubject o/ the consolidation\\nof their contpunics.\\nJohn R, Williams\\n1,1 I iJ-j_. I\\niJ^\\nprominent citizens. The highest military officers\\noften assisted in this service and it was no unusual\\nsight to see Major-General Macomb, of the United\\nStates Army, and General John R. Williams, of the\\nTerritorial Militia, assist in carrying the canopy.\\nThis naturally secured the co-operation of the troops\\nand the militia and thus, with the booming of can-\\nnon and a general parade of soldiers, these occasions\\npossessed uncommon interest. The procession usu-\\nally formed at St. Anne s, proceeding from thence\\nto the little chapel on the Campau Farm, or to\\nsimilar chapels on the Lafontaine and Godfroy\\nFarms on the west of the town, and to other shrines\\ntemporarily erected. These public processions were\\nkept up until about 1825. At this same period,\\nduring the last week of Lent, the church bell hung\\nunloUed and unrung and instead thereof, men stood\\nupon the street comers, and with crecelle or rattle\\ncalled the people to prayer. The Rogation days,\\nspoken of in the extract from the Pontiac Manuscript,\\nwere publicly observed up to 1828, and probably\\nSt. Anne s Church.\\nOriginal appearance.\\nA further relic of the olden time is the\\nfollowing advertisement from the Gazette\\nof June 2, 1820, which has reference to\\nthe same occasion\\nNOTICE.\\nAccording to ancient custom, the solemn Proces-\\nsion in commemoration of the Blessed Sacrament,\\ncommonly called the Lord s Supper, will take place\\non Sunday ne.\\\\t at 5 o clock p. M., within the en-\\nclosure of the Church of St. Anne. A short address,\\nexplanatory of the ceremony, will be delivered at\\nhalf past four. Christians of all denoininations are\\nwelcome. It is expected, howeveipShat they will\\nconform to all rules obser\\\\ ed by Catholics on such\\noccasions by standing, walking and kneeling. The\\nMilitary on duty only may remain covered.\\nIt is enjoined on all persons to preserve profound\\nsilence during the whole ceremony.\\nN. B. X collection will be made, the proceeds\\nof which will be employed in completing the\\nsteeples of the Church of St. Anne, and covering\\nthem with tin.\\nIn earlier days, this procession on\\nPentecost, or Whitsunday, was succeeded\\nby the feast of Corpus Christi. On such\\noccasions, almost the entire settlement\\nturned out, and nearly all united in the\\nprocession. Priests with lighted candles\\nand acolytes bearing small flags preceded\\nthe host, which was held aloft enclosed\\nin the ostentorium, and shielded by a\\ncanopy, which was usually borne by four\\nSt. Anne s Rom.\\\\n C.atholic Chikch.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\n535\\nsomewhat later. On these days the procession pro-\\nceeded from St. Anne s, circled about the farms,\\nand blessed and prayed for the fertile fields, while\\nseeds and grain were brought to the altar to receive\\nthe priestly blessing. These were the halcyon days\\nof security and peace.\\nThe corporation of St. Anne obtained possession\\nof a large amount of land when it was of compara-\\ntively little value, and as a natural result is now the\\nwealthiest church organization in Detroit. It has also\\nreceived at least one valuable gift. On February\\n15, 1845, Presque Cote, one of the original corpora-\\ntors, deeded to Bishop Lefevere, for the church, Lot\\nNo. 61 in Section 2, located on the west side of\\nWoodward Avenue near Earned Street, and now\\noccupied by the stores of T. A. Parker and James L.\\nFisher. The deed, which is recorded in Liber 16.\\npage 157, provided that the property could never be\\nalienated, sold, or rented away from the corporation,\\nand imposed the further condition that forty masses\\nannually be said for the repose of the souls of the\\nfather and mother of the grantor, his brother Joseph\\nand sister Madeline; and ten masses yearly for\\nhimself, after his decease. This property affords a\\nyearly income of about $4,000. The estimated\\nvalue of the whole property belonging to the church\\nis not far from \u00c2\u00a72 50,000.\\nThe priest s residence, erected in 1S5S, cost\\n$3,200. The church seats eight hundred and fifty,\\nand in 1 880 there was an average attendance of five\\nhundred and fifty. At that time, the priest s salary\\nwas $700 the expenses for the choir, $700, and for\\nsexton, S300. The total annual expenses were\\n$3,500, and the receipts from pew rents \u00c2\u00a72,500.\\nThe parish then contained eight hundred families,\\nand included all French inhabitants west of Rio-\\npelle Street. The following is a list of the priests\\nwhose names appear in St. Anne s records. The\\ndate of the first and last entry by each is given.\\nIt will be noticed that several must have been\\nhere only on a visit, their names appearing but\\nonce:\\n1. Constantine del Halle, Priest, Franciscan Mis-\\nsionary. February 14, 1704; April 24, 1706.\\n2. Dominique de la Marche, Priest, Franciscan\\nMissionary, First Lecturer in Theology. August\\n16, 1706; July 29, 1708.\\n3. Cherubim Deneau, Priest, Franciscan Mission-\\nary. January 14, 1709; May 11, 17 14.\\n4. Hyacinthe Pelfresne, Priest, Franciscan Mis-\\nsionary. August 20, 1715; March 25, f7i8.\\n5. Calvarin, Priest of the Foreign Missions, icar-\\nGeneral of the Mission. March i, 171S August 3,\\n1718.\\n6. Jean Mercier, Priest nf the Foreign Mission.\\nOfficiated at baptism. August 3. 17 18.\\n7. De Thaumur. icar-General, Superior of the\\nMission of the Holy Family. Augtist 3, 17 18;\\nMarch 25, 1728.\\n8. Antoine de Levis, Priest, Franciscan Mission-\\nary. December 12, 1717 March 9, 1722.\\n9. Bonaventure Leonard, Priest, Franciscan Mis-\\nsionary. June 28, 1722; July 8, 1757.\\n10. P. Daniel, Priest, Franciscan Missionary.\\nAugust 31, 1735; June 19, 1738.\\n11. Lamoirinie, Jesuit Missionary. November i,\\n1738; April 13, 1739.\\n12. Jean Baptiste de la Riviere, Jesuit Missionary,\\nwitness of a wedding. January 27, 1737.\\n13. C. de la Richardie, Jesuit Missionarj-. Octo-\\nber 19, 1741 August 17. 1743.\\n14. De Gasmar, Jesuit Missionary, officiated at\\nBaptism. September i, 1743.\\n15. Simple Bocquet, Franciscan Missionary, Vicar\\nGeneral. September 18, 1754: January 14, 1781.\\n16. Louis Coller, Chaplain for the Troops. Janu-\\nary 14, 1760.\\n17. S. Payet, Rector. September 30, 17S2; July\\n4. i785._\\n18. Pierre Hubert, Vicar-General; afterwards\\nBishop of Quebec. October 31, 1784 December\\nI, 1784-\\n19. Pierre Frechette, Vicar-General. November\\n2g, 1785 .August 4, 1789.\\n20. Dufaux, \\\\^icar-General died in Sandwich,\\nburied in the church. August 30, 1793 July 14, 1798.\\n21. Edmund Bastie, Vicar-General. November\\n3, 1794; November 3, 1797.\\n22. Michael Levadoux, Vicar-General. August\\n16, 1796 June 4, 1801.\\n23. Gabriel Richard, Vicar-General. October 23,\\n1797; September 13, 1832.\\n24. John Dilhet, Rector. August 18, 1803; June\\nII, 1805.\\n25. Marchand, Rector; died in Sandwich, buried\\nin the church. June 4, 1809; July 3, 1823.\\n26. R. Janvier, Rector. March 4, 1814; 1822.\\n27. R. Francois, Rector. May i, 181 5.\\n28. F. V. Badin, Vicar-General first priest con-\\nsecrated in the L^nited States. June i, 181 5 1S28.\\n29. P. D. Kelley, Rector. July 2, 181 5.\\n30. Hermant. 1826; 1827.\\n31. Patrick Kelley. 1829; 1831.\\n32. Jean Baptiste Hatchey, Priest. September 4,\\n1830.\\n33. F. Baraga, Vicar-General. September 15,\\n1832.\\n34. Francis Vincent. 1832; 1842.\\n35. P. Lastrie, Rector. June 2, 1833.\\n36. Vanderpoel. May i. 1834.\\n37. J. Kinderkins, Vicar-General. October, 1 842\\nMay, 1848.\\n38. P. Hennaert, Vicar-General. May, 1848;\\nJuly. 1853.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "Oo\\nMISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\n39. C. Moutard. July, 1853; October, 1856.\\n40. B. J. Soffers. October, 1S56; October, 1871.\\n41. T. Anciaux. October, 1871.\\nHoly Tn iiity Cliurch.\\nThis society was the second Catholic parish\\norganized in Detroit. Its first house of worship\\nwas added and other alterations made in August,\\n1839. In August, 1849, the building was moved to\\nthe northeast corner of Porter and Sixth Streets,\\nwhere it did good service until June, 1856, when it\\nwas demolished to make room for a brick edifice,\\nwhich was consecrated October 29, 1866.\\nThis building will accommodate 1,134 persons,\\nHoLV Trinity Catholic CuiiRCH.\\noccupied the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue\\nand Hates Street, and was purchased of Alpheus\\nWhite, in August, 1834. The building was origin-\\nally owned and used by the First Protestant Society,\\nand a picture from a sketch made December 21,\\n1840, by Robert T. Elliott, is given in connection\\nwith the history of that organization. The steeple\\ncost $30,000, and was extensively repaired in 1870 at\\na further cost of about $10,000. In 1880 the value\\nof the church property, aside from the school, was\\n$50,000. The priest s residence, built in 1851, cost\\n$2,000, and with the lot was valued, in 1880, at\\n$5,000. Three services of mass are held each Sab-\\nbath, the average attendance at each in 1880 being", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\n537\\nrespectively 1,200, Soo, and 1,000. The choir cost\\n$700 per year, and the total yearly expenses\\nwere S4.000. The pew rents amounted to about\\n$3,400.\\nIn March, 18S1, an elegant white bronze tablet,\\nat a cost of $375, was erected in memory of the\\nseventeen acolytes and members of the church who\\nperished in the Mamie disaster, w hich occurred on\\nthe Detroit River, July 22, 1880. The parish, in\\n1 88 1, embraced the territory bounded by Third\\nFebruary, 1848; Rev. M. E. E. Shawe, March to\\nDecember, 1848; from January, 1849, to August,\\n1S50, mass was celebrated by priests from the bish-\\nop s residence; Rev. M. F. 1 Etourneau, August,\\n1850, to March, 1851; Rev. Patrick Y. Donahoe,\\nMarch, 1851, to December, 1852; Rev. Francis H.\\nPeters, December, 1852, to February, 1869; Rev.\\nA. F. Bleyenbergh, F ebruary, 1869, to December,\\n1883. In December, 1S83, Rev. Robert Doman\\nwas placed in charge of the parish. Rev. J. Savage\\nThe Memorial Tablet.\\nDesign furnished by J. H. Eakins, founder of tho Detroit Bronze Company.\\nStreet, Grand River Avenue, Eleventh Street, Na-\\ntional Avenue, and the river, and numbered eight\\nhundred families.\\nThe regular clergymen have been as follows:\\nRev. Bernard O Cavanagh, 1834-1839; Rev. Mar-\\ntin Kundig, July, 1839, to May, 1842; Rev. Law-\\nrence Kilroy, January, 1 841, to October, 1847; Rev.\\nJohn Kenny, March to June. 1843 l^ev. M. Gannon.\\nJuly. 1843. to May. 844: Rev. W. Ouinn, July to\\nOctober. 1844: Rev. E. Dillon, May, 1846, to De-\\ncember, 1847; Rev. John Farnan. October, 1847. to\\nbecame assistant priest on July 24, 1870, and was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Fathers James Byrne, Peter\\nLeary, P. A. Baart, and D. Co3 le.\\n5/. Mary s Church (German\\nThe first Roman Catholic .services in German\\nwere conducted by Father Martin Kimdig in St.\\nAnne s Church, on Sunday, between 8 and 10 o clock\\nM. in October, 1833. In 1836 Rev. Anton\\nKupp conducted the ser\\\\-ices. and in 1837 he was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Clemens Hammer, who remained", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "538\\nMISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\ntill August, 1840, when Martin Kundig again took\\ncharge of the flock. He soon made preparations\\nremained until 1S61. Fathers T. Majens, J. Nagle,\\nand L. Cloessens, of ihe Redemptorist order,\\nwere then in charge for several years. In\\n1866 Father F. N. Van Emstede was in\\ncharge; in 1867 and 1868 Rev. J. B. Hespe-\\nlein, and from 1868 to 1872 Rev. John D.\\nDyker. In May, 1872, the church was\\nplaced under the care of the Franciscan\\nFathers, and in 1S77 an elegant residence\\nwas erected for their use on Croghan Street,\\nadjacent to the church, at a cost of $20,000\\nthe lot cost \u00c2\u00a73,000.\\nSt. Makv s Catholic Church. (Original building.)\\nFranciscan P athrrs House, St. Mary s Church\\nfor a church building on the\\nsoutheast corner of St. Antoine\\nand Croghan Streets, and on\\nJune 10, 1841, the comer-stone\\nwas laid. The church was con-\\nsecrated June 29, 1843. It was\\n60 by 125 feet; and had 231\\npews, with seating capacity for\\nabout 1,000 persons. Its original\\ncost was about $1 5,000. The\\nvalue of the church, priest s\\nhouse, and lot, in 1S80, was\\n$50,000. Fathers Skolla and\\nGodez succeeded Father Kundig\\nin 1842, and on the completion\\nof the church Rev. Mr. Kupp\\nwas put in charge of the parish.\\nIn January, 1847, Rev. Martin\\nHasslinger took charge, and the\\nsociety was incorporated on Sep-\\ntember 28, 1847. In 1S53 Rev.\\nA. Schefflar became the priest,\\nand in iSjCi or 1S57 he was suc-\\nceeded by Father Bernick, who\\nPriests House, St. Anne s Church, Corner of Larned and Bates Streets.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\n539\\nIn i8So the total yearly expenses of the church\\nwere $10,000, of which amount $500 was for the\\nchoir. About S3.000 was received from the pews.\\nThe average attendance was eight hundred. Five\\nhundred and seventy-five families belong to this\\nparish, which in 1S81 included all the Germans be-\\ntween Russell and Third Streets, and south of the\\nline of Napoleon Street. During 1 884 the old church\\nwas torn down and the erection of a new building\\nwas begun. The estimated cost is $65,000. It will\\nseat 1,500, and is to be completed during 1885.\\n55. Peter and PattFs Church.\\nThe corner-stone of this church, on the northeast\\ncorner of Jefferson Avenue and St. Antoine Street,\\nwas laid on June 29, 1844, and the\\nchurch was finished and conse-\\ncrated four years after, on June\\n29. 1S4S. Archbishop Eccleston,\\nof Baltimore, preached in the\\nmorning, and the vesper service\\nwas conducted by Archbishop\\nKendrick, of St. Louis. While\\nBishop Lefevere was in charge of\\nthe diocese it was called the\\nCathedral. It is built of brick, is\\neighty feet in width, one hundred\\nand sixty feet in length, and sev-\\nenty-two feet high. It seats 1.000,\\nand cost $30,000. A chime of\\nbells costing $4,000. presented by\\nMrs. Ann Keveny. was consecrated\\non April 15, 1879. The priest s\\nhouse, next to the Cathedral, was\\nbuilt in 1858, and cost $7,000.\\nThe property in 1880 was esti-\\nmated as worth $80,000.\\nThe first priest was Rev. John\\nFarnan. He was succeeded, as\\nearly as 1850, by Father M. E. E.\\nShawe, who was followed by\\nFather Duffy. After him came Father Hennaert.\\nwho had charge for twenty-three years. Fathers\\nHennesy and Gonnesse being associated with him a\\npart of the time. After Father Hennaert came\\nFather Ernest an Dyke, who remained in charge\\none year, and was succeeded by Father O Donovan.\\nwho remained until June 3. 1877, at which time the\\nJesuit Fathers took charge. Father Mieje ser\\\\Hng\\nuntil June, 1880, when he was succeeded by Father\\nJ. G. Walshe.\\nThe number of families worshiping at this church\\nin 1880 was about three hundred, representing one\\nthousand five hundred persons. The average at-\\ntendance at the earliest mass was fully 1,000. The\\nparish is bounded on the east by Dubois Street, on\\nthe west by Randolph Street, on the north by Gratiot\\nand Adams Avenues, and on the south by the river.\\nThe church expenses for 1880 were $3,500.\\nSt. Joseph s Church.\\nThis church was originally located on a part of a\\nlarge triangular tract of land owned by the society\\non the south side of Gratiot Avenue, between Rio-\\npelle and Orleans Streets. It was a wooden build-\\ning, forty-four by one hundred feet in size, cost\\n$5,000, and seated five hundred people. It was\\nconsecrated May 25, 1856. After the completion\\nof a new church the old one was moved to Jay\\nStreet, and used for school purposes. On August 3,\\niSSi, it was partially destroyed by fire.\\nIn 1863 a residence for the priest was erected on\\nChurch\\nFORMER Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul.\\nOrleans Street, at a cost of $5,000. In August,\\n1870, the foundations of the present church building\\nwere laid. It is situated on the southeast corner of\\nOrleans and Jay Streets, on a lot facing one hundred\\nfeet on Jay Street, and extending two hundred ;md\\nthirty feet on Orleans through to Antietam Street.\\nThe edifice is built of stone, and is seventy by two\\nhundred feet in size. It was completed, excepting\\nthe tower, and consecrated on November 16, 1873.\\nIt will seat 1,500. The cost, without the tower, was\\nabout $125,000. After ten years, in the fall of\\n1883, the erection of the tower was begun; it is\\nestimated to cost $18,000.\\nThe value of the church property in 1880 was\\n$130,000. The total yearly expenses, aside from\\ninterest, was $3,000, of which $1,000 was for the", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "540\\nMISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS.\\npriest and $550 for the choir. The pew rents amount\\nto $5,500 per year. The parish numbers one thou-\\nsand two hundred families. At the six o clock\\nmornincf mass there is an average attendance of\\n500; at half past seven, 1,500; at nine o clock, for\\nchildren, 1,000.\\nIn 1856 a mutual benefit society was established\\nOiciGiNAL St. Joseth s Church and Priest s House.\\nin connection with the church, the mem-\\nbers of which receive $5 a week in case of\\nsickness, and in case of death the funeral\\nexpenses are paid. The parish includes all\\nthe German-speaking Catholics east of Ran-\\ndolph Street.\\nThe priests have been: 1S56-1859, Rev.\\nFrancis Van Campenhaudt spring to fall of\\n1859, Rev. John A. Koenig; fall of 185910\\ni86r, Rev. Charles Chambille; 1861, Rev. A.\\nDurst; 1862 to Rev. J. F. Friedland.\\nS/. ylnt/iony s Church\\nis located on the Gratiot Road, just out-\\nside the city limits. The building cost\\nift6,ooo, and was completed and blessed on\\nJuly 5, 1S57. It seats 300, and the average\\nattendance at early mass in 1880 was 300.\\nThe total yearly expenses were $1,075. The\\nnames of the various priests have been: 1857\\nto August, 185S, Rev. Leopold Panlonski;\\n1859, Rev. J. A. Koenig; i860. Rev. P.\\nNagel; November, i860, to January, 1864,\\nRev. August Durst; January, 1S64, to Octo-\\nber 9, 1S67, Rev. J. F. Friedland. Rev. P.\\nAndre commenced his term in 1867, and is\\nstill in charge in 1884.\\nSt. Patrick s Church.\\nThis church, located on the southwest cor-\\nner of Adelaide and John R. Streets, was\\nconsecrated on March 17, 1862. The lot\\ncost $10,000, and the original structure $15,000.\\nIt was enlarged in 1872 at a cost of $30,000, and\\nnow seats 1,200. The lot for the priest s house\\ncost $9,050, and the house itself, which was built\\nin 1867, cost $7,000. The property was valued\\nin 1880 at $100,000. The salary of the priest\\nwas $700; the choir cost $450, and the total yearly\\nexpenses were $3,400. The yearly receipts\\nfrom pew rents were $2,800. Mass is cele-\\nbrated twice each Sabbath, with an average\\nattendance at each of 900 persons.\\nThe first priest. Rev. J. A. Hennesey,\\nserved until his decease on October 11,\\n1875. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles\\nReilly, D. D., who continues in charge of\\nthe parish, which includes all north of the\\nalley between Columbia and Elizabeth\\n-rf Streets, and is bounded on the west by\\nGrand River Avenue, and on the east by\\nGratiot Avenue.\\n67. I inccnt de Paul.\\nThis church is located on the east side\\nof Fourteenth Street, between Dalzelle and\\nMarantette Streets. The building was con-\\nSr. J j.Liu b Cathouic Church.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.\\n541\\nsecrated December 2, 1866. The lot cost $2,900,\\nand the church about $16,000. It contains two\\nhundred pews and will accommodate 800 persons.\\nThe priest s house, built in 1S66, cost $4,800,\\nand the lot on which it stands, $3,000. In\\n1S80 the church property, exclusive of the\\nschool, was estimated to be worth $28,000.\\nThe parish then contained 1,100 families,\\nand included all Catholics west of Eleventh\\nStreet and National Avenue to Twenty-sixth\\nStreet, and all south of Grand River Avenue.\\nThe priest s salary was $700, the choir ex-\\npenses $400, and the total expenses $3,000\\nyearly. About $2,000 per year was received\\nfrom pew rents. Mass is said three times on\\nSunday, with an average attendance at each\\nservice of 900.\\nRev. A. F. Bleyenbergh, the first priest,\\ntook charge in December, 1 866, and left in\\nFebruary, 1869. He was succeeded by Rev.\\nM. Willigan, who left in the fall of 1871, and\\nwas succeeded by Rev. E. Van Pamel, who\\nremained until June i, 1877, when Rev. M.\\nO Donovan took charge.\\nStreets, and was consecrated December 8, 1867. It\\nis of brick, fifty by one hundred and ten feet in\\nsize, and cost $10,000. It will seat 900 persons.\\nSt. Anthony s Gekman Catholic Chukch.\\nOur Lady of Hdp.\\nThis church is located on the west side of Elm-\\nwood Avenue, between Lamed and Congress\\nSt. Patrick s Catholic Chcklh.\\nand there is an average attendance at each ser\\\\ ice\\nof mass of about 400. Value of property aside from\\nschool in 1881, $15,000.\\nThe parish extends from Dubois Street to Con-\\nnor s Creek and includes all south of Gratiot Ave-\\nnue. In 1880 the salary of the priest was $700 the\\nyearly expense of the choir $300; and the total\\ne.xpenses $1,500.\\nThe priest s house cost $2,000. The first priest\\nwas Rev. G. E. M. Limpens. He was succeeded\\nin 1877 by Rev. J. C. Pulcher, who was succeeded\\nin 1 88 1 by Rev. James Savage.\\nSt. Bojiiface Church.\\nThis congregation was organized in the fall of\\n1869, and for fourteen years met in the chapel of\\ntheir school building, on the west side of Thir-\\nteenth Street near Michigan Avenue. It seated 400,\\nand in 1880 there was an average attendance\\nof fully that number. The income from pew rents\\nin the same year was $2,000. The total church\\nexpenses were $3,000.\\nThe priest s house, of brick, was erected in 1873,\\nat a cost of $6,000. The first priest. Rev. A. KuU-\\nman, remained until October, 1872. He was suc-\\nceeded by Rev. B. J. Wermers. In 1880 there were\\ntwo hundred families in the parish, which included\\nall the German Catholics west of Third Street.\\nDuring 1882 and 1883 the society erected a\\nchurch on the southeast corner of High and Thir-\\nteenth Streets. The corner-stone was laid on Au-\\ngust 13, 1882, and the church was consecrated\\nAugu.st 19, 1883. The building cost about $30,000,\\nand the lots in 1S83 were valued at $5,000.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "542\\nROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.\\nS/. Albert s Church.\\nThis parish was organized in 1870. The church\\nis on the west side of St. Aubin Avenue between\\nWinter and Fremont Streets, and was consecrated\\non July 14, 1872. The lot cost $2,000 and the\\nchurch \u00c2\u00a71 1,000. It seats 1,200, and the average\\nSt. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church and Priest s House.\\nattendance in 1880 was 750. The parish includes\\nall Poles in the city east of Woodward Avenue. The\\npriest s house, built in 1872, cost $1,600, and his\\nsalary is $700. The expense of the choir in 1880\\nwas $420 and the total church expenses $2,400.\\nThe church property was then valued at $15,000.\\nTne several priests of the parish have been:\\n1871-1873, Rev. Simon Wieczorek 1S73-1875,\\nRev. Theodore Gieryk; 1875-1879, Rev. A. Doni-\\nbrouski; 1879-1882, Rev. John Wollouski 1882-\\nRev. D. H. Kolasinski. Eariy in 1884 the\\nsociety began the erection of a new church on the\\nsouthwest corner of St. Aubin Avenue and Fre-\\nmont Street. The building is intended to seat 2,450\\npersons and will cost $^0,000. The corner stone\\nwas laid June 29, 1884.\\nSt. Aloystus (^Pro- Cathedral).\\nThe building occupied by this congregation, origi-\\nnally built for the Westminster Presbyterian Church,\\nis located on the east side of Washington Avenue,\\nnear State Street. It was bought by Bishop Borgess\\nin the spring of 1873 for $25,000; $12,000 additional\\nwere spent in improvements, and it received the\\nname of St. Aloysius and \\\\\\\\as opened on August 24,\\n1873. The priest s house, which was bought at the\\nsame time as the church, cost $1 5,000. The church\\nseats 728, and in 1S80 there was an average attend-\\nance of 400 at each mass.\\nThe parish is bounded on the north by the alley\\nbetween Columbia and Elizabeth Streets, on the\\neast by Randolph Street, on the west by Third\\nStreet, and it extends to the river. The salary of\\nthe priest is $702. the cost of the choir $1,000, and\\ntotal yearly expenses $4,000. From pew rents\\n$2. 300 are yeariy received. Rev. Ernest Van Dyke\\nhas been in charge since the church was first organ-\\nized. The estimated value of the church prop-\\nerty in 1S80 was $35,000.\\nSt. Joachim s Church (French formerly\\nChurch of the Sacred Heart.\\nThe wooden building, used for both school\\nand church purposes by this congregation,\\nwas blessed on June 11, 1875; it is located\\non the north side of Fort Street East, between\\nChene .Street and Joseph Campau Avenue.\\nThe lot cost $1,150, and the building $4,000.\\nIt seats 300. The parish includes all French\\nCatholics east of Riopelle Street to Connor s\\nCreek. The priest s house cost about $3,500,\\nand the lot 1 ,000. The total yearly expenses\\nin 1880 were $1,800. Value of property,\\naside from school, $5,000. In 1882 the name\\nof the church was changed to St. Joachim.\\nThe first priest. Rev. M. L. Laporte, is still\\n(1884) in charge.\\nChurch of the Sacred Heart {German).\\nThe brick church of this congregation is on the\\nsouthwest corner of Prospect and t.rove Streets. It\\ncost $15,000, and was consecrated June 27, 1875.\\nIt seats Soo, and in 1880 there was an average at-\\ntendance of 400 at mass. The total yearly expenses\\nCatholic Church of Our Ladv of Help.\\nof the church in 1880 were $1,300. and about $i,Soo\\nwas recei\\\\-ed from pew rents. The cost of the choir\\nwas $240. There were then 275 families in the\\nparish. Rev. Eugene Butterman, O. S. F., the first\\ni", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.\\n543\\npriest, remained until 1878, when he was succeeded\\nby Rev. David Kersting, O. S. F. The parish in\\niSSo included all Germans living north of Nap-\\noleon Street and between Third and Russell\\nStreets.\\nThe priest s house\\nwas built in 1875,\\ncosting about\\n$2,000. The value\\nof the church prop-\\nerty in 1880, aside\\nfrom the school,\\nwas S-o,ooo.\\nS/. lVe ui:sla74s\\nChurch.\\nThis society in-\\ncludes all the Bohe-\\nmians in the city.\\nThe church, a\\nwooden structure,\\nis located on the\\nnorthsideof Leland\\nStreet, between\\nBeaubien and St.\\nAntoine Streets it\\ncost $4,000. and\\nseats about 200. It\\nwas consecrated in\\n1S74. The lot was\\ng^ven by the execu-\\ntors of the Van\\nDyke estate. The\\nsociety began with\\nsi.xty families, and\\nin 1880 there was\\nan average attend-\\nance at mass of 250\\npersons. Father\\nTichy, the first\\npriest in charge, re-\\nmained till 1S77,\\nand was succeeded\\nby Rev.Wenceslaus\\nTillek, who re-\\nmained till March,\\n1 879. From that\\ntime there was no\\npriest in charge un-\\ntil April 26, 1884.\\nwhen Rev.W. Koerner was appointed.\\nexpenses in 1S80 were S550.\\nSt. II.jNiFACE Catholic CuLi.\\nRoad. The Redemplorist Fathers, who were in\\ncharge, soon obtained a lot on the southwest corner\\nof Dix Road and Grand Junction Avenue in Spring-\\nwells, and on July 17, i88i, the church, costing\\n85,000, was con-\\nsecrated. It seats\\n850 people. A\\nhouse for the priest\\nwas built at the\\nsame time. The\\nparish includes all\\nof Springwells as\\nfar east as Twenty-\\nsixth Street. In\\n1884 the following\\nfathers had charge\\nof the parish Rev.\\nE. Smulders, Rev.\\nTerence Clarke,\\nand Rev. C. Kern.\\nSi. Cassimer s\\nCliurch.\\nThe church and\\nschool of this so-\\nciety occupy a brick\\nbuilding on the\\nsouthwest corner of\\nTwenty-third and\\nMyrtle Streets.\\nThe six lots owned\\nby the society cost\\n$2,330. The build-\\ning cost S7.670, and\\nwas consecrated\\nApril 29, 1883.\\nRev. Paul Gutow-\\nski. the first priest,\\nwas still sening in\\n1 884, and the school\\nin the same build-\\ning was taught by\\nthree Polish Fran-\\nciscan Sisters. The\\nparish includes all\\nPolish Catholics liv-\\ning west of Wood-\\nward Avenue.\\nThe yearly\\nChurch of the Holy Redecnur.\\nThis society began church services in March,\\n1880, in a hall over P. Ratigan s grocery on the Dix\\nSt. Bonaventure Church and Monastery.\\nThis establishment, under the management of the\\nCapuchin Fathers, is located on the east side of Mt.\\nElliott Avenue, opposite the entrance to Mt. Elliott\\nCemetery. The grounds embrace about four acres.\\nThe Fathers arrived on May 8, 1883, and tempo-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "544\\nROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BISHOPS AND DIOCESES.\\nrarily occupied a residence formerly connected with\\nMt. Elliott Cemetery. On July 29, 1883, the corner-\\nSr. Ai-iiKKT b Catholic Ciui.cn.\\nStone of one of their buildings\\nwas laid. It is of brick, one\\nhundred and fifty feet square,\\nand includes a church forty-five\\nby one hundred and ten feet in\\nsize, fronting on Mt. Elliott\\nAvenue, and also a chapel The\\nchurch will seat 500. It was con-\\nsecrated July 14, 1 884. The mon-\\nastery in rear of the church is in-\\ntended to accommodate thirty\\npersons. The estimated cost of\\nthe two structures is $75,000.\\nGrotto of tJic Blessed Virgin\\nMary.\\nOne of the most attractive,\\nand for this country most pecu-\\nliar, .structures connected with\\nchurch life is the grotto erected\\nin memory of the apparition at Lourdes. It is\\nnear the Church of the Assumption, in the town-\\nship of Hamtratnck, about seven miles from De-\\ntroit on the Gratiot road. It was built through\\nthe exertions of Rev. Father Amandus Vanden-\\ndriessche, who has been in charge of the parish\\nsince 1 85 1. The grotto is located at the end of\\nan a\\\\enue of trees nearly 1,000 feet long, planted\\nthrough the same zeal that caused the grotto to be\\nreared. The entire cost of the structure is estimated\\nat $6,000, though much of the work has been gratui-\\ntously performed. It was begun by the blessing of\\nthe ground, on the last Sunday of May, 1881, and\\njust a year from that time mass was said for the\\nfirst time.\\nWithin the grotto, ten feet of the wall on either\\nhand are occupied by four rows of massive stones,\\nall dressed to the square, the face of each stone\\nbearing an emblem of the church or of the Virgin.\\nThey are also inscribed with the names of various\\ndeceased priests.\\nOn each of the stones in the ceiling will be en-\\ngraved the name of one of the popes, with the date\\nof his death, and the name of the donor of the stone.\\nAt the base of the arch is a narrow projection or\\ncornice of stone, bearing on its sides the inscrip-\\ntions Hail, Mary, full of grace; the Lord is with\\nthee Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us\\nsinners, the words being separated by stars. On\\nthe rear cornice is the word sanctus thrice re-\\npeated. The floor will be of marble.\\nROMAN CATHOLIC BISHOPS AND DIOCESES.\\nA diocese was first created for New France on\\nJune 3, 1658, and Francis de Laval de Montmorency\\nSt. Alovsius Pro-Cathedral And Priest s House.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "f\\n5r\\n-j^n^MftJV\\nJ\\nSt. Aluert s Polish Catholic Church.\\nLin process of erection.]\\n[5451", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "546\\nROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BISHOPS AND DIOCESES.\\nwas made Bishop of Petrea in partibus infidel iuin,\\nand vicar apostolic of Montreal.\\nHe arrived at Quebec on June 6, 1659. In 1670\\nhe was made Bishop of Quebec, and the episcopal\\nSt Joachim French Catholic School and Chukch.\\nresidence was transferred to that place. On January\\n24, 16S8, he resigned. The following bishops suc-\\nceeded him\\nJohn Baptist de la Croix Chevrieres de St. Valier,\\nconsecrated January 25, 1688; died December 26,\\nSacred Heakt Catiujlic Chl Rch and School.\\n1727. In 1728 M. BouUard was vicar capitular.\\nThe same year Louis Francis Duplessis de Mornay\\nwas made bishop; he died November 28, 1741. In\\n1734 Pierre Herman Dosquet was acting bishop; he\\ndied March 4, 1777. He was succeeded in 1740 by\\nFrancis Louis de Pourroy de I Auberiviere, who\\ndied August 20, 1740. ]\\\\IM. de Miniac and Hazeur\\nthen served as vicars capitular for a year, and in\\n1 741 Henri Marie Dubreuil de Pontbriand was made\\nbishop. So far as is known, he was the first bishop\\nwho visited Detroit. He was here March 16,\\n1755, and spent several weeks in this vicinity. He\\ndied June 8, 1760. Between 1760 and 1766, Rev.\\nFathers Briand, Perrault, and Montgolfier were\\nvicars capitular. In 1766 John Oliver Briand was\\nbishop; he died June 25, 1794. As early as 1784\\nLouis Philippe Mariaucheau d Esglis was in charge\\nllJIi^l\\nSt. Wenceslaus Catholic Church.\\nof the diocese. He died June 4, 1788, and was\\nimmediately succeeded by John Francis Hubert,\\nwho died October 17, 1797. Peter Denaut was\\nimmediately appointed to the vacant bishopric, and\\nvisited Detroit in June, 1801. Old records show\\nthat he went to Monroe on June 18; returned on\\nJune 25, and confirmed several persons in the vicinity\\nof Detroit. He died January 17, 1806.\\nAbout this time Detroit was included in the juris-\\ndiction of the Diocese of Baltimore, under the care\\nof John Carroll, who was consecrated August 15,\\n1790. Leonard Neale was made coadjutor of Bishop\\nCarroll, December 7, 1800. Bishop Carroll died in\\n1815, and Father Neale in 1817. The Diocese of\\nBardstown, to include Detroit, was created April\\n8, 1808, but Benedict Joseph Flaget, who was to be\\nthe bishop, declined the honor, and Detroit was", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BISHOPS AND DIOCESES.\\n547\\npractically in the Diocese o{ Baltimore until June\\n4, 1811, when Flaget consented to serve, and\\nentered upon his duties. He was consecrated No-\\nvember 4, 1810. John 13. David was consecrated\\ncoadjutor to Flaget and Bishop of Mauricastro on\\nAugust 15, 1819.\\nCiii KLH F Holy Redeemer.\\nIn 1882 Detroit was included in the Diocese\\nof Cincinnati, presided over by Bishop E. Fenwick.\\nWhen Father Richard died, in 1832, Bishop Fen-\\nwick was with him, and that same year he also\\npassed away. The Diocese of Detroit was now\\ncreated, and Detroit became a cathedral city.\\nFrederick Rese, the first bishop of the diocese, was\\nconsecrated at Cincinnati on October 6, 1833, and\\narrived in Detroit January 7, 1834. Within si.x\\nyears after, unfavorable reports concerning him were\\nforwarded to Rome and he was summoned there to\\nanswer them. He never returned, but in accor-\\ndance with the custom of the church he retained\\nthe title of Bishop of Detroit until his death, on De-\\ncember 29, 1 87 1. By an instrument dated Rome,\\nDecember 4, 1840, he constituted Rev. John M.\\nOdin his coadjutor and attorney at Detroit. On the\\n1 8th of May, 1843, Father Odin, who had become\\nVicar of Texas, transferred his legal authority over\\nthe property of the church to Rev. Peter Paul\\nLefevere, who, on November 21, 1841, had been ap-\\npointed Bishop of Zela in partibtis iiijidch uin. and\\nCoadjutor Administrator of Detroit. He arrived in\\nDecember, 1841. He died on the 4th and was\\nburied on the 9th of March, 1869. There were two\\nbishops and seventy-nine priests in attendance at\\nhis funeral. It will be noticed that his death took\\nplace two years before that of Bishop Rese, so that\\nhe never actually possessed the title of Bishop of\\nDetroit.\\nThe Right Rev. C. H. Borgess was consecrated\\nbishop of the diocese on April 24, 1870. On No-\\nvember I, 1853, Frederick Baraga was consecrated\\nVicar Apostolic of the Upper Peninsula of Michi-\\ngan, and h.xed his residence at Sault Ste. Marie. In\\n1857 the Diocese of Marquette and Sault Stc. Marie\\nwas created, and in 1865 Baraga removed to Mar-\\nquette. He died on January 19, 1868.\\nOn February 7, 1869, Ignatius Mrak was\\nconsecrated bishop of that diocese. He\\nresigned in 1878, and on September 14,\\n1879, John Vertin, D. D., was conse-\\ncrated in his stead. On May 19, 1882,\\nthe Diocese of Grand Rapids was created\\nby bull of Leo XIII. This diocese em-\\nbraces all the country north of the south\\nboundaries of Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm,\\nGratiot, and Saginaw Counties, and all\\nwest of the east boundaries of Saginaw\\nand Bay Counties. The first bishop\\nof the diocese, Henry Joseph Richter,\\nD. D.. was consecrated at Grand Rapids\\non April 22, 1883.\\nAll of the vicar-generals of the Dio-\\ncese of Detroit, save one, the Rev. Ed-\\nward Joos, of Monroe, have at some\\ntime officiated at St. Anne s, and their\\nnames will be found in connection with the history\\nof that church.\\nSt. Cassimek Polish School anu Chukcii.\\nThe secretaries of the Diocese of Detroit have\\nbeen: Rev. H. J. H. Schutjes, January, 1874, to\\nMarch 15, 1880; Rev. C. P. Maes, from March 15,\\n1880.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "548\\nCATHOLIC UNION.\\nCATHOLIC UNION SOCIETY AND YOUNG MEN S\\nCATHOLIC UNION.\\nAn association named the Catholic Union was\\norganized December 25, 1868, and incorporated\\nMarch 29, 1869. It objects were to promote the\\ncause of the Catho-\\nlic Church by every\\navailable means,\\namong which will\\nbe the founding of\\nreading rooms, li-\\nbraries, and places\\nof innocent amuse-\\nment, performing\\nworks of charity,\\neducating the poor,\\nprocuring the deliv-\\nery of lectures to\\nthe public, etc.\\nIts affairs were\\nmanaged by nine\\ndirectors, elected\\nannually in sets of\\nthree persons, for\\nterms of one, two,\\nand three years, and\\nall of them were re-\\nquired to be in full communion with the Catholic\\nChurch. Any Roman Catholic, eighteen years of\\nage, could become a member by vote of the direc-\\nSt. Bonaventure Catholic Church and Monastery.\\ntors at any of their meetings and by paying the fees\\nprescribed. The active members of the Union en-\\njoyed all the rights and privileges under the Ar-\\nticles of Agreement and By-Laws, including the\\nright to vote at the meetings of the corporation\\nassociate members\\nwere admitted to all\\nthe rights and priv-\\nileges except that of\\nvoting at the meet-\\nings of the corpora-\\ntion. No initiation\\nfee was charged,\\nbut active members\\npaid quarterly in ad-\\nvance an annual fee\\nof twelve dollars,\\nand associate mem-\\nbers quarterly in ad-\\nvance an annual fee\\nof six dollars.\\nRegular meetings\\nof the directors\\nwere held on each\\nMonday evening.\\nThe annual meet-\\ning was on Easter\\nMonday. The total yearly expenses averaged about\\n$1,500, of which $600 was for salaries. The rooms\\nof the society were at first located at 146 Woodward\\nGkoiio UK Church uf the Assumftiun, Connou s Cueek.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "CATHOLIC UNION.\\n549\\nAvenue, but in September, 1877, they moved to\\nthe third and fourth floors of the Williams Block\\non Monroe Avenue, and on November 27, 1S81,\\nto the Hilsendegen Block. The rooms included g\\\\-m-\\nnasium, bowling alley, billiard room, and reading\\nroom. The presidents and secretaries have been\\nPresidents: 1869, R.S.Willis; 1870-1871, C. J.\\nO FIynn; 1872, R. R. Elliott 1873, John Heffron\\n1S74, Bishop Borgess; 1S75-1S76, W. E. Moran;\\n1877, William Foxen 1S78-1S79, A. Chapoton,\\nJr.; i8So-iSS3,M.W. O Brien; 1 883, Rev. Charles\\nReilly, D. D.\\nSecretaries: 1S69-1S74, W. B. Moran; 1874, C.\\nJ. OTlynn; 1875-1882, J. B. Moore; 1882, John J.\\nEnright 1883, John Letteker. On November 21,\\n1883, this society was consolidated with a younger\\nSociety known as the Young Men s Catholic Asso-\\nciation, the two societies uniting under the name\\nof the Young Men s Catholic Union, with prac-\\ntically the same objects. They occupy the rooms\\nin the Hilsendegen Block. The president in\\n1884 is Jeremiah Dwyer and the secretary, J. A.\\nRussell.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "C H AFTER LVir\\nEARLIEST PROTESTANT MINISTERS. THE MORAVIANS. LATER MISSIONARIES\\nAND CLERICAL VISITORS. FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.\\nWhen the English troops arrived, Protestantism\\nfor the first time entered the palisades. At that\\ntime Protestants were as rare a sight in Detroit as\\nMohammedans would be now. The official records\\nshow that in 1770, aside from the soldiers, there were\\nonly 360 adult male Protestants in Canada, while of\\nCatholics there were 1 50.000. The army lists of\\nEngland, however, show that, with scarce an excep-\\ntion, each regiment had its chaplain, whose name\\nwas given with as much regularity as that of the\\ncolonel and other officers. Of necessity, he belonged\\nto the Church of England and as the English\\ntroops came to Detroit in 1760, and members of the\\nEighth, Fifty-fifth, Eightieth, and other regiments\\nwere stationed here, it is probable that each of\\nthose regiments was accompanied by its chaplain.\\nGeneral Bradstreet, who was in Detroit in 1765\\nwith an army of twelve hundred men, undoubtedly\\ncomposed of parts of two or more regiments, prob-\\nably had at least one chaplain with him and as he\\nstationed seven companies of soldiers here, we may\\npresume a chaplain was left with them.\\nThe earliest record found of the presence of a\\nchaplain is contained in Professor C. E. Anthon s\\nNarrative of the Anthon Family. He states that\\nDoctor G. C. Anthon and Mariana Navarre were\\nmarried in Detroit by Chaplain Turring of the Fifty-\\nthird Regiment, on August 13, 1770. After that\\ndate we have no positive knowledge of the presence\\nof Protestant clergymen in Detroit until those de-\\nvoted missionaries, the Moravians, were brought\\nhere as prisoners, on suspicion of having aided the\\nAmericans during the War of the Revolution.\\nUnder the orders of Colonel De Peyster, brethren\\nZeisberger, Senfeman, Heckenwaelder, and Edwards\\nwere arrested near what is now Sandusky, by two\\nDelaware Indians who had allied themselves to the\\nEnglish. They were brought to Detroit on Novem-\\nber 3, 1 78 1. It is evident that the Indians were\\naccompanied by an English guide or officer, for an\\naccount book of a government official, now in pos-\\nsession of the writer, contains this item\\nObediah Robbins. Cr. 1781, By Indian account expenses\\nbringing off Moravians, \u00c2\u00a3^i los.\\nThe Moravians were tried on November 9, and\\nacquitted, the Indians confessing that they had\\nwrongly accused them. On November 14 they left\\nDetroit, and reached Sandusky on the 22d.\\nThe renegade Girty still suspected them, and on\\nthe I St of March, 17S2, he produced a letter from the\\ncommandant at Detroit announcing that, on the re-\\nquest of Half King, an Indian chief, he had deter-\\nmined to remove them from among the Indians.\\nAccordingly on March 1 5, in deep sorrow because of\\nthis overwhelming calamity, six of the teachers,\\nwith four women and two children, started for De-\\ntroit under the escort of Matthew Elliott and an\\nofficer named Leslie. Owing to the non-arrival of\\nvessels, they were obliged to wait for some time in\\nLower Sandusky. At length two ships came, with a\\ncorporal and fourteen riflemen, and on April 14 they\\nagain set out, and reached Detroit in safety on the\\n20th. A large room in the barracks was given to\\nthem, and many English, French, and German\\nofficers visited them and treated them very kindly.\\nColonel De Peyster offered them the use of his\\nown house, and gave orders that they be provided\\nwith clothes and other articles. They had been\\nrobbed of their watches, and De Peyster bought\\nthem back of a trader to whom the Indians had\\nsold them, and returned them. He also told the\\nmissionaries that they might remain at Detroit or go\\nto Bethlehem, as they preferred. After several\\nweeks, they left the barracks, and moved into a\\nhouse at a small distance from the fort. Loskiel,\\ntheir historian, tells this story of their stay in Detroit\\nOn the 2d of July the missionaries had the inexpressible satis-\\nfaction to bid two families of their beloved Indian flock welcome.\\nThese were soon followed by Abraham, a venerable assistant,\\nwith his and another family, who immediately erected huts near\\nthe Missionaries house. Brother Richard Connor arrived likewise\\nwith his family at Detroit. One of the dispersed came with some\\nHeathen warriors painted like a savage. He did not expect to\\nfind the missionaries still here, but upon seeing them said, You\\nsee, my brethren, that 1 have no more the appearance of a\\nbrother. I despaired of ever hearing the word of God again from\\nthe brethren I therefore thought that I ought to live peaceably\\nwith the heathen and do as they do, lest they should persecute\\nme. But as I perceive that the Indian congregation is gathering\\ntogether again, and our teachers are with them, I pray that they\\nwould kindly receive me again. This request was granted with\\nL550]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "THE MORAVIANS.\\n551\\npleasure. The rest of the dispersed Indians rejoiced greatly at\\nthe friendly message sent them by the Governor and the Mission-\\naries, but suffered themselves to be intimidated by the lies of\\nsome malicious people, who wished to prevent them from return-\\ning to the brethren, and resolved therefore to wait a little longer.\\nIn the meantime the missionaries began their usual daily meetings\\nwith their Indians, and met in the open air for want of a chapel.\\nThey were commonly joined by the neighbors, prisoners, and\\nother strangers, to whom it was a new and interesting sight to\\nsee such devotion among the Indians and the sweet singing of\\nthe Christian Indians was particularly admired. Here the mis-\\nsionaries had a good opportunity of bearing many a testimony of\\nthe grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom they invited all the\\nweary and hea\\\\ laden. As they were frequently desired to bap-\\ntize children, or to bur the dead, they improved these oppor-\\ntunities 10 preach the gospel, both in the English and German\\nlanguages.\\nBrother Zeisberger delivered also several discourses to the\\nprisoners, many Inhabitants of Detroit being present. By this\\ntime twenty-eight believing Indians had returned to the Mission-\\naries, and they therefore resolved, with the consent of the\\nGovernor, to begin the building of a new settlement.\\nThe Governor liberally assisted them in various ways, furnished\\nthem with provisions, books, plank, and the necessary utensils\\nfrom the royal stores, and gave them some horses and cows. His\\nLady presented them with a valuable assortment of seeds and\\nroots, and both of them gave the most obliging proofs of their\\nbenevolent disposition.\\nThe brethren were more particularly thankful to the Governor\\nthat he assisted them in renewing their correspondence with\\nPennsylvania and Europe, so that they could again procure\\nmoney which was remitted by way of Montreal. On\\nJuly 20th, 1782, the brethren Zeisberger and Jungman with their\\nwives, and the two single brethren Edwards and Michael Jung, set\\nout with nineteen Indian brethren and sisters from Fort Detroit.\\nMany of the inhabitants had conceived so great a regard for\\nthem during their abode there that they shed tears at seeing them\\ndepart.\\nThe brethren Senfeman and Heckenwaelder with their families\\nremained with the rest of the believing Indians at Detroit, to\\nattend to the concerns of the reviving mission in this place. The\\ntravelers passed over Lake St. Clair into the River Huron, arrived\\non the 21st in the evening at the place destined fur their future\\nresidence, and chose on the following day a convenient spot on\\nthe south side of the river, where they marked out a settlement,\\ncalling it Gnaden-huetten,^ in remembrance of their settlement\\non the Muskingum.\\nIn August they began to build, and first erected only one street\\nof block houses. Towards the end of the month those who had\\nstaid in Detroit followed them to New Gnaden-huetten, and the\\nmissionaries moved into their new house. September 21 they had\\na solemn celebration of the Lord s Supper, which appeared as\\nnew to the Indians as if they now partook of it for the first time.\\nWhenever our Indians passed through Detroit to New\\nGnaden-huetten, the Governor always provided them with food\\nand, if needful, with clothes. Even the inhabitants of New\\nGnaden-huetten went now and then to Detroit to fetch provisions^\\nwhich the Governor kindly ordered to be given them gratis till\\nthey could reap their own fruits.\\nOn November sth, the small flock of believing Indians collected\\nhere, to the number of fifty-three persons, met to consecrate their\\nnew church unto God. In May, 1783, the missionaries\\nreceived the joyful news of the conclusion of peace between Eng-\\nland and the United States, and in July they had the pleasure\\nThis New Gnaden-huetten was on the Clinton River, then\\ncalled the Huron. The location was about two miles west of\\nwhat is now the village of Mount Clemens In the township of\\nClinton. The lands they occupied were confirmed by the Com-\\nmissioners of Claims of the United States as Private Claims 137\\nand 138. to the heirs of Richard Connor, who, as we shall see, was\\nleft behind at the time the missionaries went away in 1786.\\nto see the brethren Wcygand and Schebosch arrive from Bethle-\\nhem after a journey of above seven weeks, by way of Albany,\\nOswego, Niagara, Fort Erie, and Fort Detroit.\\nAs it happened that no ordained Protestant divine resided ia\\nDetroit at that time, the missionaries, at the request of the\\nparents, baptized several children when they visited the fort.\\nSome parents brought their children to the New Gnaden-huetten\\nto be baptized there and a trader, who h.^d two unbaptized\\nchildren, went thither with his wife and whole family, and pub-\\nlicly presented his children to the Lord in holy baptism.\\nOn November 14, 1784, the first grown person\\nwas baptized at New Gnaden-huetten. About this\\ntime the governor of Detroit sent word that their\\nlabor of clearing lands and building mii^ht be lost,\\nas no guarantee could be given that the Govern-\\nment would allow them to stay; the Indians also\\nthreatened them, and the missionaries determined\\nto remove to the south side of Lake Erie. In May,\\n1785, Missionaries Jungman and Senfeman passed\\nthrough Detroit on their way to Bethlehem, Penn-\\nsylvania. In March, 17S6, it was fully determined\\nthat New Gnaden-huetten must be inhabited by\\nwhite people, a sur\\\\ ey was made, two hundred dol-\\nlars were paid to the missionaries for their houses\\nand fields, and preparations were made for their\\ndeparture.\\nApril 20th they met for the last time in the Chapel at New Gna-\\ndenhuetten to offer up praise and prayer unto the Lord, thanking\\nHim for all the benefits and mercies received in this place and\\ncommending themselves to His grace and protection. Then they\\nall set out in twenty-two canoes, except the family of Richard\\nConnor, who stayed behind. The white inhabitants of that\\ncountry, both English and French, came from all places to take\\nleave of our Indians, and expressed great sorrow at their depart-\\nure having always found them upright and punctual in their\\ndealings. At Detroit they were well received by the Governor\\nand treated with great hospitality for several days.\\nOn April 28, 1786, they left for Cuyahoga River,\\ngoing in two trading vessels, the Beaver and the\\nMackina.\\nAfter the departure of the Moravians, no record\\nhas been found of the presence of any Protestant\\nclerg man in Detroit until 1795 the Simcoe papers\\nat Ottawa show the presence here in that year of\\nRev. Mr. Burke, who was chaplain of the Queen s\\nRangers, then stationed at Detroit. Ne.\\\\t after Mr.\\nBurke we note the arrival of the Rev. Da\\\\-id Jones,\\na Baptist minister, and chaplain in General \\\\Va Tie s\\narmy. Mr. Jones s journal says\\nAugust 25th, 1796. Landed three miles below Detroit where\\nwe shaved and changed our clothes. The wind rising high we\\nwere obliged to walk to town, leaving the soldiers with ourgoods,\\nand Major Henry sick, who came next morning. Through the\\ncare of that God who has presen ed me all my life, I came safe\\nand enjoyed the happiness of seeing General Wayne in good\\nhealth. October 2nd, preached to the troops in the ciudeL Oc-\\ntober 30, Sunday, preached in the Council House.\\nSoon after this he left Detroit.\\nFour years later the city was visited by Rev,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "552\\nLATER MISSIONARIES AND CLERICAL VISITORS.\\nDavid Bacon, sent out by the Congregational Mis-\\nsionary Society, of Connecticut. He left Hartford\\non August 8, 1800, on foot and alone, carrying his\\nown baggage. He arrived September 11, having\\nmade the distance from Buffalo, by sail-vessel, in\\nthree days. He was received and entertained by\\nMajor Hunt, and on the 13th left for Mackinaw to\\nlook over that field. He was detained at Harson s\\nIsland by adverse winds, and finally concluded to\\nreturn to Detroit, where he arrived September 30.\\nOn his return he found two ministers here, sent to\\nobtain information respecting the Indians, with a\\nview of sending missionaries. They had been here\\nabout ten days, but had had little opportunity to\\ninform themselves, as the Indian agent was absent\\nwith General Tracey; they sailed about half an\\nhour after Mr. Bacon s return. These ministers\\nwere the Rev. Joseph Badger of Connecticut, and\\nRev Thomas E. Hughes of Pennsylvania. Mr.\\nBadger reported respecting Detroit that there\\nwas not one Christian to be found in all this region,\\nexcept a black man, who appeared to be pious.\\nOn October 7, 1800, .Mr. Bacon attended a grand\\ncouncil of Indians, and was introduced to them by\\nGeneral Uriah Tracey, who told them of his desire\\nto benefit them. Soon after Mr. Bacon left Detroit\\nfor the East, arriving at Hartford about December\\n15. On the 24th of December he was married to\\nMiss Olive Parks, and on the last day of December\\nwas commissioned as a missionary to the Indians of\\nthe West.\\nDeparting from Manchester on February 1 1, 1801,\\nwith his wife and Beaumont Parks, her fifteen-year-\\nold-brother, he set out for the woods and wilds of\\nMichigan in a two-horse sleigh. At East Bloom-\\nfield, in Ontario County, he sold the sleigh, and\\nabout April i they proceeded to Buffalo, taking\\nturns in riding the horses. When within about\\nfifty miles of Detroit, Mr. Bacon sold one of the\\nhorses, and the rest of the way he and his brother\\ntraveled on foot, reaching here on Saturday, May 9.\\nHe was too much fatigued to preach the next day.\\nOn the following Sabbath he preached, and of these\\nservices he says\\nIn the forenoon I gave them an introductory discourse showing\\nthe need and advantages of Divine revelation and of a regular\\nministry of the word. The assembly, which was more numerous\\nthan I expected, appeared to be all attention. W e make use of\\nthe court-house, which is very convenient for the purpose. As\\nthe congregation is more numerous in tlie forenoon (on account\\nof their being in the habit of visiting and riding out for pleasure\\nin the latter part of the day), if I have a sermon of my own, I\\ndeliver it in the forenoon. I am so cold and lifeless through the\\nweek that it seems as if T should be in no way useful to this\\npeople. But when the Sabbath comes, I am generally so unex-\\npectedly assisted, and the people appear so uncommonly atten-\\ntive, that I cannot but hope there is mercy in store for them, and\\nthat it will be poured out upon them in answer to the prayers of\\nthousands who are pleading for my success. T use notes, but the\\nbest of my sermons often come to me while I am preaching.\\nFour or five of my hearers are men of liberal education, but I\\nhave not heard that they have made any unfavorable remarks.\\nIndeed, I am treated with much more respect by all classes of\\npeople than I had any right to expect. Though I have\\nbeen enabled, as I believe, to declare to this people the counsel of\\nGod without reser\\\\-e, yet the number of my hearers increases.\\nThe people all demanded baptism for their chil-\\ndren, and seemed to think that this was the principal\\nthing for which they wanted a minister. He refused\\nto baptize the children of parents making no pro-\\nfession of religious experience, and this caused\\nmuch comment.\\nOn August 25, 1801, he wrote that Mr. Denkey,\\none of the Moravian ministers from Fairfield,\\nCanada, had been to see him, to inquire whether\\nhe had any objections to his laboring among the\\nChippewas on the St. Clair River. Soon after Mr.\\nBacon discontinued his afternoon services, and held\\ninstead a service about six miles from the town on\\nthe Rouge.\\nAbout September 25, a second visit was received\\nfrom Rev. Messrs. Badger and Hughes. The latter\\npreached on the Sabbath morning to bat few hear-\\ners in the evening Mr. Badger had a large audience,\\nseveral of whom expressed their disapproval by\\nwinking and grinning.\\nMeantime Mr. Bacon was casting about for a\\nfavorable place for a mission among the Indians,\\nand making himself acquainted with their language\\nand logic. On February 19, 1S02, he was gladdened\\nby the arrival of his first-born, the late Rev. Dr.\\nLeonard Bacon of New Haven.\\nThe following incident of those days is g^ven by\\nthe last named in a sketch of his father s life\\nIt was while my parents were living In Detroit, and when I was\\nan infant of less than four months, that two Indians came as if\\nfor a friendly visit one of them a tall and stalwart young man\\nthe other shorter and older. -As they entered my father met\\nthem, gave his hand to the old man, and was just extending it to\\nthe other when ray mother, quick to discern the danger, exclaimed\\nSee he has a knife At the word my father saw that while\\nthe Indian s right hand was ready for the salute, a gleaming\\nknife in his left hand was partly concealed under his blanket. An\\nIndian coming to assassinate waits for a moment when his in-\\ntended victim is looking away from him, and then strikes.\\nMy father s keen eye was iixed upon the murderer, and watched\\nhim eye to eye. The Indian found himself strangely disconcerted.\\nIn vain did the old man talk to my father in angry and chiding\\ntones that keen black eye was watching the would-be assassin.\\nThe time seemed long. My mother took her baby from the birch-\\nbark cradle, and was going out to call help, but when she reached\\nthe door she dared not leave her husband. At last the old man\\nbecame weary of chiding the young man had given up his pur-\\npose for the time, and they retired.\\nThe last week in April, 1802, Mr. Bacon made a\\nmissionary \\\\Hsit to the Indians on the Maumee,\\nremaining there nearly three weeks he returned to\\nDetroit May 18, and about June 2 went to Macki-\\nnaw on a similar errand. He remained there until\\nAugust, 1804, and then returned to Detroit, intend-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "LATER MISSIONARIES AND CLERICAL VISITORS.\\n553\\ning to go to Cleveland, but was detained by sickness\\nnearly two months, after which he started for his\\ndestination, and his connection with Detroit tenni-\\nnated.\\nThe next religious event of note was the arrival,\\nin the spring of 1804, of Daniel Freeman, an\\nelderly local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch from Canada. Soon after he arrived he\\nannounced that he would preach on the following\\nSabbath afternoon. He faithfully fulfilled his prom-\\nise, his sermon pro\\\\-ing profitable to at least one\\nperson, and though he stayed but a few days, his\\nname and his mission were long remembered.\\nIn this same year Rev. Richard Pollard was rector\\nof the Church of England in Sandwich, and the\\nrecords of that church show that he frequently held\\nservices in Detroit, and performed the ceremonies of\\nbaptism and marriage. William McDowell Scott,\\nan Episcopal layman, also occasionally read collects\\nfor particular days.\\nRev. Nathan Bangs, subsequently one of the most\\neminent ministers and authors of the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church, was the next clerical \\\\Tsitor. He\\nhad been appointed by the New York Conference\\nin July. 1804, to preach in this region. He arrived,\\nprobably in August. In his History of the M. E.\\nChurch, he says\\nWTien the \\\\\\\\Titer of this history visited Detroit in 1804, he ob-\\ntained an old building called the Council House to preach in.\\nOn his second visit, while preaching in the evening, there arose\\na tremendous storm, accompanied with the most vivid lightning\\nand awful peals of thunder. He continued the sermon, however,\\nreminding his hearers that this war in the elements was but a\\nfaint resemblance of that day when the heavens shall pass away\\nwith a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fer\\\\ ent heat;\\nthe earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up.\\nHe was afterwards informed that some of the baser sort of\\nthe young men, after the candles were lighted, deposited some\\npowder in them at such a distance from the blaze that they sup-\\nposed it would take fire and explode during the sermon. They\\nwere disappointed. The exercises closed without any explosion,\\nbecause the candles had not burned down to the powder. These\\nwags, after all was over, informed their associates of what they\\nhad done, and remarked that while the peals of thunder were\\nbursting over the house, they were fearful that the .\\\\lmighty was\\nabout to hurl a bolt at their heads as a punishment for their\\nwickedness, and hence they sat trembling for their fate during\\nthe greater part of the sermon.\\nOn this visit he met the Rev. David Bacon, who,\\nas has been shown, was detained by sickness in the\\nfall of 1804. Concerning the meeting a note in Mr.\\nBangs history states that he\\nwas introduced to a Congregational minister, who told him lh.it\\nhe had preached in Detroit until none but a few children would\\ncome to hear, and said he If you can succeed, which I very\\nmuch doubt, I shall rejoice. On his third visit, which was on\\nthe Sabbath, sure enough, only a few children came to the place\\nof worship and no one appearing to take any interest in hearing\\nthe Gospel preached there, our missionar shook off the dust of\\nhis feet as a testimony against them and look his departure.\\nThus even the Methodists at that time gave up\\nDetroit.\\nIn connection with the history of Protestantism,\\nwe next notice this entry in the records of the Gov-\\nernor and Judges, for April 27, 1807\\nA petition for a spot of ground on which to build a Protestant\\nChurch W.1S presented and read, and it w.as thereupon resolved\\nthat a committee be appointed to report on said petition, and it\\nwas ordered that the committee consist of one, and that Judge\\nGriffin be the said committee.\\nOn May 13, 1807, the following entry appears:\\nThe committee to whom was referred the petition of the Presby-\\nterian Church, made a report, which was ordered to lie upon the\\ntable.\\nIt will be noticed that the word Presbyterian\\nis used in this latter entry, instead of Protestant,\\nbut it undoubtedly refers to the petition of April 27,\\nand the change may be accounted for by the fact\\nthat the entries were made by two different indi-\\nviduals.\\nOn May 18, 1807, the Governor and Judges\\nResolved^ that a committee be appointed to report on the peti-\\ntion of William Scott, Esq., in behalf of the members of the\\nPresbyterian Church. Ordered that said committee consist of\\none, and that the Governor be the said committee.\\nNo further references to the matter appear in the\\nrecords.\\nWith the year 1 809 a second and successful effort\\nwas made bv the Methodist Episcopal Church to\\nestablish ser\\\\-ices at Detroit.\\nAt a session of the New York Conference, held\\nin May of that year. Rev. William Case was ap)-\\npointed to this locality as a missionary. In a letter\\nto Bishop Asburj-. dated Chatham, N. Y., May 16.\\n1 8 10, Mr. Case says:\\nVccording to your appointment, I set out from Ancas-\\nter to Detroit, the 2?nd of June. 1 had thought to have\\nvisited Detroit immediately on my first coming into the countr\\nbut by reason of the revival, my whole attention was necessary\\non the Canada shore, so that I did not visit that town till, I think,\\nabout the last of September.\\nOur Lord has instructed us, that into whatsoever place we\\nenter, we are to enquire who in it are worthy but as I could not\\nunderstand that there were any serious persons in the town, and\\nas I knew of none more worthy than the rulers ought to be, 1\\nimmediately went to the governor, and having introduced myself\\nto him as a minister of the Gospel, I requested the privilege of\\nthe Council House to hold meetings in. He appeared very\\nfriendly, and used me as a Christian minister, and ordered the\\nCouncil House to be prepared for meeting, where I preached to\\ncrowded and listening congregations during the time I staid in\\nthat country. As yet there is no society formed in this territory,\\n(Michigan, Detroit being the principal town), though some few\\nwere brought under awakening, and three or four had found peace\\nin believing, and expect to join in society when a minister shall\\nagain be sent among them.\\nMr. Case preached frequently at Detroit, and on one\\noccasion some of the boys of the place, offended at\\nhis denunciation of their follies, broke into the stable", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "554\\nFIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.\\nwhere his horse was kept, and closely sheared the\\nmane and tail of the unfortunate animal. In the\\nmorning the dauntless minister mounted his horse,\\nand e.xhibited his condition by riding through the\\ntown. Several of the leading citizens were so\\nmortified at the occurrence that they offered a large\\nprice for the horse, but Mr. Case declined to sell,\\nand was not again molested during the year that\\nhe remained. In 1810, about three months after\\nhe had left, he was succeeded by Rev. William\\nMitchell, a member of what was called the West-\\nern Conference, and in the autumn of this year a\\nMethodist Episcopal Church was organized.\\nThis, the first Protestant church in the Territory,\\non its organization numbered seven members,\\nnamely, Robert Abbott and wife, William McCarty\\nand wife, William Stacy and wife, and Sarah Ma-\\ncomb.\\nIt is evident that, by this time, the Methodist\\nChurch was fully alive to the importance of Detroit,\\nfor in this year two ministers from two different\\nconferences were sent hither, one of whom was\\nthe Mr. Mitchell before mentioned, the other the\\nRev. Ninian Holmes, who came from the Genesee\\nConference finding Mr. Mitchell on the ground, he\\ncrossed over to the Canada side, and labored there\\nfor a year, and in 181 1 held ser\\\\ ices in Detroit.\\nIn the spring of 181 1, according to Pilcher s His-\\ntory of Methodism, the ordinance of baptism and\\nsacrament of the Lord s Supper, with other services,\\nwere observed by the church at the house of Wil-\\nliam Weaver, a Roman Catholic who lived on the\\nRouge. At this time the church numbered about\\nthirty members, some of whom lived in Detroit and\\nothers at the Rouge. In the autumn, sen-ices\\nwere conducted at the house of Robert Abbott\\nin Detroit, by Rev. Henry Ryan, the presiding elder,\\nand by Rev. Ninian Holmes. Mr. Holmes remained\\nuntil August, I Si 2, and perhaps longer. On Au-\\ngust 16, the day of the surrender, he baptized a child.\\nIn 181 1 Rev. Silas Hopkins was appointed to\\nassist Mr. Holmes on the circuit, and by July, 1812,\\nabout fifty persons, most of whom lived in or near\\nDetroit, had united with the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch in Michigan.\\nIn July of this year. Rev. George W. Densmore\\nwas appointed to Detroit, but the war prevented his\\ncoming, and scattered the little flock that had been\\ngathered.\\nWhen the city was recovered by the Americans\\nin September, 1813, the destitution of its inhabitants\\nas to bodily comforts symbolized their condition as\\nto spiritual good, so far as Protestant services were\\nconcerned.\\nEach brigade of the American troops had a chap-\\nlain. The late Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, in a letter\\nto the writer, said that he heard one of them preach\\nat Detroit in 18 14. Mr. Brunson was then a private\\nsoldier in the Twenty-seventh LInited States Infan-\\ntry. It is quite possible that this chaplain was the\\nRev. James T. Wilmor, who died at Detroit on\\nApril 14, 1814. after a long and painful illness. He\\nwas a brigade chaplain in the northwestern army,\\nand prior to his appointment as an army chaplain\\nhad served for thirteen years as chaplain in Con-\\ngress.\\nNo effort appears to have been made by any one\\nto re-establish Protestant services until July, 1815,\\nwhen the Rev. Joseph Hickco.x of the Genesee Con-\\nference was appointed to this place. On his arrival\\nhe found no members except the original seven\\ntruly a perfect number, they held fast their pro-\\nfession through all the storms of war, and all of\\nthem remained acceptable members of the church\\nduring life.\\nMr. Hickco.x was received very cordially by Gov-\\nernor Cass, who said that the Council House would\\nalways be at his ser\\\\-ice, and that himself and his\\nfamily would be constant attendants at the services.\\nThe mgrals of Detroit at this time were in a\\ndeplorable condition. Soldiers and Indians were\\nfrequently seen intoxicated in the streets profanity\\nand unbelief were rife indeed, the whole popula-\\ntion were draining the dregs from the cup of war,\\nand giving abundant reason for the passage, on\\nNovember 4, 181 5, of the following law, which\\nsavors a little of the old Blue Laws\\nIf any person shciU wilfully blaspheme the holy name of God\\nby denying, cursing, or contumeliously reproaching His being or\\nprovidence, or by cursing or contumeliously reproaching Jesus\\nChrist or the Holy Ghost, or the Christian Religion, or the holy\\nword of God, that is, the canonical Scriptures contained in the\\nbooks of the Old and New Testament, or by profanely scoffing at,\\nor exposing them or any of them to contempt or ridicule, then\\nany person so offending shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine\\nnot exceeding $200, or an imprisonment at hard labor, not ex-\\nceeding twelve months, or both, at the discretion of the court.\\nMr. Hickcox preached at Detroit once in three\\nweeks on Sabbath evening, and in the interim at the\\nRouge and also in Canada. Going to the latter\\nplace in winter was a perilous undertaking on one\\noccasion at least he crossed the river on floating ice,\\nleaping from cake to cake.\\nAt the time Mr. Hickcox arrived. Governor Cass\\nand Generals Harrison and Brown were holding a\\nconference with the Indians. A large number of\\nsoldiers were also stationed at Detroit. In his diary\\nMr. Hickcox says\\nIn this state of society but little impression could be made by a\\nsermon once in three weeks. True, the Council House, a large\\nand commodious building, was always filled with attentive audi-\\ntors, the superior officers setting a decorous example by their\\nuni/orin presence and respectful attention. But in my hurried\\nrounds on a three weeks circuit, traveling some three hundred\\nmiles, my stay in Detroit was necessarily so short that I could not", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.\\n555\\nfollow up, to any extent, by pastoral visitation, any impression\\nthat might have been made by the labor of the pulpit.\\nIn the latter part of 1816, during his second year\\nin Detroit, Mr. Hickcox was greatly aided by the\\nservices of Rev. Joseph Mitchell, an elderly local\\npreacher of real ability, who soon filled almost all\\nof the appointments on this side of the river. He\\nbecame very popular with all classes by reason of\\nhis sturdy independence, but his popularity did not\\ndull his weapons or cause him to forget his duty.\\nHe was still faithful in reproof and warning. On\\none Sabbath, when his theme was The New\\nBirth, the old Council House was crowded with\\nterritorial, mihtary, and city officers, together with\\nleading citizens. Near the close of his sermon,\\naddressing the parties almost by name, he called\\nout, You, governor You, lawyers You, judges\\nYou, doctors You must be converted and born\\nagain, or God will damn you as soon as the beggar\\non the dung-hill. The next morning Governor\\nCass sent him a five-dollar note, and expressed his\\nkindly thanks, saying that the sermon was the best\\nhe had ever heard.\\nAt the close of his second year, in the summer of\\n1817, Mr. Hickco.K reported thirty members for\\nDetroit Circuit. In June of this year the Rev.\\nGideon Lanning was appointed to Detroit, and was\\nso well liked that when he preached the Council\\nHouse, yard, and adjacent street were filled with\\nlisteners. The Detroit Gazette of August i con-\\ntains the following announcement of one of his\\nservices\\nOn Sunday evening the Rev. Mr. Lanning, a missionar from\\nNew York, will deliver a discourse in the Council House. People\\nare requested to attend at early candle lighting.\\nIn a letter to Rev. Dr. Carroll, quoted in his Case\\nand his Cotemporaries, Mr. Lanning says\\nDetroit in i8iS was a mission-field embracing the whole of\\nMichigan and a small section of Ohio. It did not extend into\\nCanada, as had been the case previously, but was attached to the\\nUpper Canada District still. In Detroit city I found no society,\\nand only two members (Judge Abbott and his wife), belonging to\\na society seven miles distant but I had a large congregation\\nwhich met in the Council House, there being no church of any\\ndenomination in the place. I found but one class of twenty\\nmembers, and a few other names at various points, making a\\ngrand total of thirty members in all in my hands But there\\nwere many doors open to receive the Gospel message, and I had\\nthe honor of preaching in many places where no one had ever\\npreached before. !n consequence of failing health I had to leave\\nthis most inviting field of ministerial toil after the lapse of a few\\nmonths: and one Thomas Harmon, a local preacher from Canada,\\nofBciated the balance of the year.\\nOn account of sickness, Mr. Lanning remained\\nonly until New Year. He had been assisted, espe-\\ncially at the Rouge, by a local preacher named\\nThomas Harmon, who filled the rest of the appoint-\\nments for the conference year, which ended in June,\\n1 8 18. There were reported this year forty members\\nfor the circuit. It was under Mr. Harmon s labors\\nthat the log church on the Rouge was erected.\\nThis location was selected, in part at least, through\\nthe influence of Rev. J. Hickcox, who had entered a\\ntract of land on that river. The church was situated\\non Private Claim 52, then known as the Sargeant\\nFarm. The deed for a square acre of land is dated\\nNovember 21, 181 7, and was recorded in Liber 6,\\npage 89, of County Records, on April 24, 1821. It\\nwas made by Thomas and John Sargeant and their\\nwives for the consideration of one dollar. The lot\\nwas on the north side of the Rouge, about one\\nhundred and twenty rods from the river, and twenty\\nrods west of the town line which forms the eastern\\nboundary line of Private Claim 52, in the town of\\nDearborn.\\nThe church was twenty-four by thirty feet in size,\\nand of course a rough affair, remarkable only as being\\n(e.xcept the one built by the Moravians in 1782) the\\nfirst Protestant church built in Michigan. It was\\nerected March 31, 1818. Disaffections arising in\\nthe society, the building was used for church pur-\\nposes only about ten years. It then became a\\nschool-house, and finally fell from grace, becom-\\ning a place of evil resort. In 1843 the neighbors\\nset fire to it, and then pulled it down. In 1882 the\\nsite was occupied by an orchard.\\nIn July, 1818, Alpheus Davis was appointed to\\nDetroit Circuit, but on account of ill health he was\\nsoon transferred to Ancaster circuit, in Canada, and\\nwas succeeded at Detroit by Samuel Belton, who\\nserved the rest of the year. He was followed by\\nTruman Dixon, who at the close of his year in 1819\\nreported sixty-six members.\\nIn 1820 Rev. John P. Kent was put in charge of\\nthe circuit, which was probably divided this year, as\\nMr. Kent reported only twenty members. In the\\nsummer of 1821 he w-as taken sick, and his appoint-\\nments were filled for two or more Sabbaths by Rev.\\nJ. B. Finley. So acceptable were his sermons that\\nGovernor Cass, the Messrs. Hunt, and other promi-\\nnent citizens sent a request to the bishop to have\\nhim stationed at Detroit, but he did not accede to\\ntheir wishes. In September Piatt B. Morey was\\nappointed to this circuit, but he died soon after his\\nappointment, preaching in Detroit only once. His\\npredecessor. John P. Kent, having recovered his\\nhealth, finished the year, preaching frequently in\\nthe First Protestant Church. He reported one\\nhundred and thirty members on the circuit, an\\nincrease of one hundred and ten.\\nOn January 25, 1822, the charge was visited by\\nRev. John Strange, the presiding elder, who preached\\nin the Council House, greatly edifying his hearers.\\nWe now turn back to 18 16. In that year corre-\\nspondence with one of the professors of Princeton", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "556\\nFIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.\\nCollege resulted in the appointment of the Rev.\\nJohn Monteith to Detroit by the American Board of\\nCommissioners for Foreign Missions. A month s\\npay ($40) was advanced him, until arrangements\\ncould be made for his salary among those for whom\\nhe was to labor. In due time he reached the\\ncity, and on June 30, 1816, he preached his first ser-\\nmon in the Council House. On August 8, at a\\npublic meeting called for the purpose, a committee\\nof three, consisting of Governor Cass, H. J. Hunt,\\nand James Abbott, was appointed to represent the\\npeople.and they made\\nan arrangement with\\nMr. Monteith to stay\\none year for $800.\\nHe preached regu-\\nlarly every .Sabbath\\nin the Council House,\\nexcept that on every\\nthird Sabbath in the\\nevening the services\\nwere conducted by a\\nMethodist minister.\\nThe next year on\\nSeptember 15, 181 7,\\nan association, com-\\nprising all persons\\nwho chose to belong,\\ncalled the First Evan-\\ngelistic Society of De-\\ntroit, was organized\\nwith the object of\\nsustaining the ser-\\nvices. It was in no\\nsense a church, but\\nsimply an association.\\nAbout this time it was\\ndecided to fit up the\\nupper story of the\\nnew University Build-\\ning as a place of wor-\\nship, and on October\\n24, 181 7, the Detroit Gazette contained the follow-\\ning notice\\nThe citizens of Detroit and vicinity are informed that the\\nupper story of the building now erecting and belonging to the\\nUniversity of Michigan, is to be laid out and furnished for the\\naccommodation of the Protestant Congregation as a place of\\nworship, and that the pews will be sold for one year to the high-\\nest bidder, on Monday next at 3 o clock p. m. at the Council\\nHouse, where a plan of the pews will be exhibited.\\nThis project apparently did not succeed, for ser-\\nvices were still held in the Council House, as appears\\nfrom the following notice, in the Gazette of Decem-\\nber 26, 1817\\nThe Musical Society and others are requested to assist in the\\npublic exercises to-morrow at the Council House. The hymns\\nwill be selected from Dr. Watts.\\nFirst Protestant Chqrch as it A\\nCatholic\\nIt appears that there were some persons who did\\nnot approve of the form or the name of the organi-\\nzation of 181 7; the Gazette of March 27, 1818,\\ncontained the following editorial\\nFirst Evangelic Church of Detroit. On the morning of the\\n23d inst. an assembly was held at the Council House in this city\\nfor the purpose of establishing a Protestant religious society, there\\nbeing no Protestant Church yet established in this Territory. One\\nof the judges of the Territory addressed the assembly, and de-\\nduced the origin of the word Protestant from the publication\\non the Church door of W^ittemberg, on the 31st day of October,\\nT5171 of the theses of Luther, containing ninety-five proposi-\\ntions against indulgences and the subsequent protest and union\\nof certain potentates of\\nGermany, published on the\\nigth day of April, 1529,\\nHe then stated the events\\nconnected with the Cen-\\ntennial anniversary of Oc-\\ntober the 31st, 1817, and\\nthe resolution to reduce\\nthe Protestant sects into\\none general denomina-\\ntion under the name\\nEvangelic. He read parts\\nof the decree signed by\\nthe Minister of the In-\\nterior at Berlin on the\\n30th day of June, 1817;\\nreducing the Protestant\\nsects into one denomina-\\ntion; and assigning the\\nreasons for abolishing the\\nterm Protestant and sub-\\nstituting the term Evan-\\ngelic.\\nAfter some further ex-\\nplanations it was sncces-\\nsively resolved to adopt the\\nterm Evangelic in lieu of\\nthe term Protestant, or any\\nless general Sectarian de-\\nnomination, to designate\\nthe first religious society\\nestablished within the Ter-\\nritory of Michigan, of a\\npersuasion different from\\nthat of the Roman Cath-\\nolic.\\nI PEARED WHEN IN USE BY TrINITY\\nChurch.\\nThe judge who de-\\nlivered the learned dissertation could have been no\\nother than the pedantic Woodward, and the article\\nin the Gazette bears marks of his authorship. The\\nnext Gazette, of April 3, 181 8, contained the fol-\\nlowing\\nThe notice contained in our last number respecting the estab-\\nlishment of a Church we found to be incorrect. We published it\\nhastily according to the information we received, supposing that\\nalthough there had been for a long time regular worship in this\\ncity, there probably was nothing before that could be called a\\nchurch. In this, however, our informant was mistaken. No\\norganization of a Society took place on the 23d ult.\\nThe Protectant Church in its present form existed before, and\\nin some form or other has existed more than ten years.\\nThe following was published for the first time in\\nthe same Gazette", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.\\n557\\nreceival le for debts due the first Pr^.gK-{\\nfarit iDliupch of tlie City of Dcfroif, and 1\\npayable at the Treasury of the\\nTHE FIRST PROTESTANT CHURCH IN THE TERRI-\\nTORY OF MICHIGAN\\nwas erected at the River Rouge on the 31st ultimo by a society of\\nMethodists, a body corporate belonging to the Methodist Episco-\\npal Church in the United States. The said society was estab-\\nlished at the River Rouge in the year 1810, and, through the\\nmercies of God, h-is remained inflexible through the storms uf\\nwar and various other trials, and by the Divine blessing is still in\\na prosperous way. Robert Abbott,\\nOne 0/ the Trustees 0/ the M, E, Church.\\nRiver Rouge, April 2d, 1818.\\nNo further efforts were made to change the name\\nof the Evangel-\\nistic society, and\\nthe services went\\non. The natural\\ngrowth of the\\ncity and Mr.\\nMonteith s pop-\\nularity rendered\\na larger room\\ndesirable, and on\\nJanuary 17,1819,\\nMr. Monteith\\nwas authorized\\nby the society to\\ngo East and so-\\nlicit funds to aid\\nin building a\\nchurch. His\\nmission proved\\nsuccessful, and\\non June 17 he\\nreturned with\\n$1,122.46. Pre-\\nparations were\\nat once made\\nfor erecting the\\nbuilding, and as a preliminary step, on July 26, 1819,\\nthe Governor and Judges\\nResolved^ that the burying ground adjoining upon Woodward\\nAvenue be granted to the Trustees of the Protestant Religious\\nsociety of Detroit by their legal designation for the use of said\\nsociety, exclusive of the streets and alleys therein and that the\\nsurveyor make an accurate sur\\\\ ey and plat of the Protestant\\nburying ground for this Board.\\nIt is said that one of the judges had scruples\\nabout giving lots for a church, and therefore no deed\\nwas granted at this time. The church, however,\\nwas at once erected on a part of the burying ground\\non Woodward Avenue, about one hundred feet\\nnorth of Lamed Street. It cost \u00c2\u00a77,000. The pews\\nwere sold at auction on Saturday, February 26,\\n1820, at 10 A. M., and the ne.xt day the church was\\ndedicated.\\nThe Gazette of March 3 contained this notice\\nDEDICATION.\\nThe dedication of the First Protestant Church of Detroit took\\nplace on Lord s Day, 27th ult. The sermon was delivered by the\\nRev. John Monteith, Dishop of the Church, from Psalm cxxii. i.\\nI was glad when they said unto me, let us gi into the house of\\nthe Lord. A Christian society was then formally organized and\\nthree elders ordained with the imposition of hands. In the after-\\nnoon a sermon was preached by i\\\\Ir. Moses Hunter, a missionary\\nof the General Assembly, from Canticles, 85, Who is this that\\ncometh up from the wilderness leaning on her beloved\\nThe sacraments of baptism and the Lord s i^upper were then\\nadministered. The assembly was large and remarkably attentive\\nand solemn. The music was good and particularly the tunes of\\nDenmark and Tamworth were well performed.\\nF.\\\\c-siMiLE OF Scrip issued bv First Protest.-\\\\nt Society.\\nThe society\\nwas still com-\\nposed of Episco-\\npalians, Presby-\\nterians, Metho-\\ndists, Congrega-\\ntionalists, and\\npersons holding\\nno particular\\ncreed and it\\nwas, perhaps, in\\ndeference to the\\nEpiscopalians or\\nMethodists that\\nMr. Monteith re-\\nceived the appel-\\nlation of Bish-\\nop in the notice.\\nThe Presbyter-\\nians were conci-\\nliated by the or-\\ndaining of three\\nelders, Messrs.\\nJ. J. Deming,\\nLevi Brown, and\\nLemuel Shattuck and as all pew-holders, or those\\nwho paid $5.00 a year, had a right to vote on ques-\\ntions connected with the society, the Congregation-\\nalists must have been satisfied.\\nThe precentor of this period was Abraham Del-\\namater, a drummer or fifer connected with the\\nUnited States troops then stationed at Detroit. He\\nled the singing dressed in his regimentals, a bright\\nred coat being part of his attire. The trustees were\\nD. G. Jones, _H. J. Hunt, S. Mack, L. Shattuck, and\\nJ. Abbott. The secretary was James D. Doty, who\\nafterwards became Governor of Wisconsin.\\nOnly nine tenths of the pews were sold up to\\nApril, 1820, but enough was realized to more than\\npay the cost of the building. The people, however,\\ndid not respond readily to the calls for money, as is\\nevident from the following statement, published in\\nthe Gazette of November 17, 1820:", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "558\\nFIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES.\\nSABBATH COLLECTIONS.\\nWe have been informed from respectable sources that some of\\nour citizens who belong to the Protestant Association make objec-\\ntions to the practice of collecting money on each Sabbath, pre-\\nvious to the dismissal of the congregation. To do away with\\nthese objections we are requested to state that the money collected\\nis to be applied to the enclosing of the Protestant burying\\nground. There have been already several collections made ex-\\nclusively for that purpose, but enough has never been collected\\nto defray more than one half of the probable expense of the\\ncontemplated enclosure, and it will not be commenced until a\\nsufficient sum is collected to complete it.\\nMoney was also needed to pay Mr. Monteith, yet,\\nnotwithstanding all the efforts made, it could not be\\nraised, and as a last resort, the society issued due-\\nbills to the amount of $700, in sums of one, two, and\\nthree dollars each, dated March 15, 1821. These\\ndue-bills were paid over to Mr. Monteith on account\\nof salary. They were evidently intended to be cir-\\nculated as money, for almost every merchant and\\ncorporation at that time issued their own bills; but\\nthe credit of this church corporation was so poor,\\nor the time of Mr. Monteith s stay so limited, that\\nthe bills were never circulated or redeemed, and\\nconsequently Mr. Monteith was never paid.\\nOn April 13, 1821, James Abbott, as treasurer of\\nthe Protestant Church, gave notice in the Gazette\\nthat persons could be accommodated with single\\nseats at fifty cents a quarter, and on June 30 fol-\\nlowing he gave further notice to all persons who\\nowe subscriptions or taxes on the pews, that if they\\nare not paid by July 6, coercive measures will be\\nresorted to for their immediate collection. Possi-\\nbly the funds were needed to pay Mr. Monteith, for\\nhe left on the 23d of July, when an appropriate ad-\\ndress was voted him.\\nOn October 1 5 a meeting of the corporation was\\nheld, and the following persons were elected\\ntrustees for one year, namely James Abbott,\\nAustin E. Wing, Thomas Rowland, Henry J. Hunt,\\nDeGarmo Jones, and C. C. Trowbridge, The last\\nnamed served also as secretary of the board.\\nAt a subsequent meeting of the corporation a\\nnew constitution and articles of incorporation were\\nagreed upon, under the title of First Protestant\\nSociety of Detroit. The society was incorporated\\nunder a general law of April 12, 1821. On Decem-\\nber 7 the articles were signed by the following citi-\\nzens Charles Earned, A. E. Wing, Thomas Palmer,\\nJ. D. Doty, Thomas Rowland, Stephen C. Henry,\\nFrancis Audrain, William Woodbridge, John Hunt,\\nJustin Rice, James Abbott, Henry J. Hunt, Henry\\nSanderson, DeGarmo Jones, John P. Sheldon, J. J.\\nDeming, Lewis Cass, B. Woodworth, Arthur Ed-\\nwards, and B. F. H. Witherell.\\nNo important change was made in the govern-\\nment or management of the society at this time,\\nand it was entirely destitute of any denominational\\npredilection. It was organized to secure the regu-\\nlar public worship of Almighty God, and the\\nenjoyment of the many advantages resulting there-\\nfrom.\\nAfter the departure of Mr. Monteith, the services\\nwere conducted occasionally by Rev. John P. Kent,\\na Methodist clergyman, and also by Rev. A. W.\\nWelton, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who\\nbecame a resident of Detroit in November, 1821,\\nbut was not settled as a pastor. On May 10, 1822,\\nhe was engaged for a few weeks as a supply.\\nSoon afterwards C. C. Trowbridge, secretary of\\nthe society, called a meeting for July 1 1, to arrange\\nto supply the pulpit with preaching. This evi-\\ndently had reference to the coming of Rev. Joshua\\nMoore, the second preacher sent here by the Pres-\\nbyterian Board of Missions. He arrived on the day\\nappointed for the meeting. Two days before he\\ncame the Rev. Mr. Gratton had been engaged to fill\\nthe pulpit, and therefore the engagement of Mr.\\nMoore for a year did not begin until September 22.\\nOn September 23 a meeting was called by Mr.\\nTrowbridge to consider about levying a ta.x on the\\npews for the regular preaching of the gospel for\\nsome definite term. Mr. Moore ser\\\\ ed until\\nOctober, 1824, when he was obliged to leave, as the\\nsociety was unable to pay him. On the final settle-\\nment the society gave him a note for $1,450, which\\nwas never paid.\\nOn January 23, 1825, the First Protestant Society\\nand Church was reorganized, and Articles of Faith\\nadopted which, for the first time, fully committed\\nthe organization to the Presbyterian doctrines and\\ngovernment. Its history will be found in another\\nchapter.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LVIII\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EVENTS OF INTEREST TO THE\\nDENOMINATION.\\nMETHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nThe advent of Methodist circuit riders in this\\nregion, and the services they held, have been already\\ndetailed. The present article concerns the corpo-\\nrate body known as the First Methodist Episcopal\\nSociety, and later churches of the same denomina-\\ntion.\\nSev cral notable facts serve as an appropriate in-\\ntroduction to the history of this particular church.\\nAs is elsewhere shown, the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch was the first Protestant organization that\\nappointed a minister to labor with the white people\\nof this region, and the earliest continuous church\\nservices were conducted by a Methodist minister.\\nFirst M. E. Church.\\nThe first Protestant church building in Michigan,\\nother than that of the Moravians, was built by and\\nfor the Methodists, and the society named above\\nwas the first Protestant denominational church\\norganized in the Territory and the first to become\\nincorporated.\\nThe effort to build a Methodist church especially\\nfor Detroit dates from 1820. A meeting was held\\non May 16 of that year, for the purpose of consult-\\ning in regard to it, and committees were appointed\\non site and subscriptions. The following notice\\nthen appeared in the Detroit Gazette\\nNOTICE\\nThe committee of arrangement who \\\\yere appointed to procure\\na suitable site for the erection of a Methodist Episcopal Church\\nin the city of Detroit, and to receive subscriptions for building of\\nthe same, will meet at the Council House in said city at 6 o clock\\np. M. on Monday, the 22nd day of May, 1820, at which time and\\nplace the citizens of Detroit are respectfully requested to attend,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Robert .Abbott,\\nS. T. D.WENPORT, Jr.,\\nW1LLIA.M W. Petit.\\nCom.\\nDetroit, May 16, 1820.\\nAt an adjourned meeting on Monday, May 22,\\nthe committee previously appointed made a report,\\nbut it is evident that the enterprise was not vigor-\\nously prosecuted, for the meeting was adjourned to\\nMay 29 and then to June 6. On June 6 Robert\\nAbbott, Jerry Dean, and Edwin W. Goodwin were\\nappointed a committee to draft a constitution.\\nAfter this action, promoters and committee appa-\\nrently rested from their labors, for nothing further\\nwas done for nearly two years.\\nThen, under an act of April 12, 1821, a society\\nwas organized. The original copy of the articles,\\ndrawn up by John Farmer, is still preser\\\\-ed, and\\nthe writer identifies, beyond a doubt, the heading\\nand the body of the document as the work of his\\nfather s hand. The articles were dated March 21,\\n1822, and are the only articles of incorporation of a\\nProtestant church organized under territorial law\\nnow known to be in existence. The following\\ntwenty signatures are appended Robert Abbott,\\nJoseph Hickcox. William Hickco.x, Joseph C. Corbus,\\nIsrael Noble. James Kapple, Nathaniel Champ,\\nWilliam McCarty, James L. Reed, John Ramsay,\\nJoseph Donald, James Abbott, H. W. Johns, Edwin\\nW. Goodwin, William R. Goodwin, P. Warren,\\nJerry Dean, Joseph Hanchett, Robert P. Lewis, and\\nJohn Farmer.\\nIt is worthy of mention that the Joseph Hickco.x\\nwhose name appears as one of the corporators was\\nthe minister who came after the war, in 181 5, and\\nreorganized the Methodist Church, afterwards re-\\ntiring from the ministrj and settling on the Rouge.\\nAnd as Robert Abbott, Joseph Hanchett, Joseph C.\\nCorbus, William McCarty, and possibly some others\\nof the twenty, had been members of the church on\\nthe Rouge, the new organization may be properly\\nconsidered the legitimate successor of that church.\\nThe articles of incorporation bear the signatures\\nand approval of A. B. Woodward and James With-\\nerell, judges Charles Larned, attorney-general\\nand Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory. The\\nsociety was thus doubly legalized, for it was not\\nonly duly organized under the Act, but the articles\\nreceived the specific and written endorsement of\\nthe governor and two of the three judges and as\\nthe Governor and Judges then possessed legislative\\npower, the articles had almost the force of a special\\nenactment.\\nMarch 21, 1822, was named in the articles as the\\ntime for the first election of officers of the society,\\nand on that date the following persons were elected\\n[559]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "jrLe first ^/Lt^iAnQAhi Episcopal jS oci ety\\nOl Timt CxTX^ of\\nBETHOIT\\n//I A.\\nV-\\n(i\\n^jfc^^.\\ne^fZ^i^C\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Odfiit^\\n\u00c2\u00a3^iUi^i.\u00c2\u00a3tf\u00e2\u0082\u00ac t^ .^TfL? gCCC ii\u00e2\u0080\u009e^ i\\na^t ru^ rf ^^T^w^iCa**^^ f^ee*^ .^4t Tno-^tl^ ^\u00c2\u00bbi.^ e A*^^\\n,,^*Ky^W\\n/;\u00c2\u00abi!^^-\\nUf^\\n5\\nArticles of Incorporation of First Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nFac-simile, half size.\\nL560I", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "i^./.^ ^/aC J^f i ^a^ rr-^t/i.a Jf^^l^3 Ji4iiy f-^-^^ i\\nt4ttf iS-lH^a ly\\n^C^ t2i^tlt*n/^X^ a*^ a^- i^ctjcC^^/^tOAo J/Ct/^^ affvCTC*ti t-r^CA^^r ^l^ .tl\u00c2\u00a3^ -Cy. tAty tv*\\n^UdAcAY/:^ Y /i\u00c2\u00bb-^^ ^J^ ^Cy^ a. ..ru^^^\\n^r A^ A^j f7^if~ /T^^e^Ci^*^ r^^ i2^^c^\u00c2\u00a3^ ^^i^ A vt.u4^a^^\u00c2\u00a3^ -^t^-^cijey O^jvc^^t^y\\nArticled op Incorporation, I AGR a.\\n[561]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "\\\\iifT //r.\\n^v-*-^\\nySt^int- /^e^i:e^( fa^u^ i\\n/o U ^*n t^i^ \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i-^JS c^Th^iU^^ U^la t^\\n^ix;,\\ntyxjtW\\nArticles of Incorporation, page 3.\\n[562-1", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 56^\\n,y^^ ..cut .otZ^SZT\\nArticles of Incorporation, page 4.\\nas trustees Robert Abbott, Philip Warren, Jerry she would bu afraid of the Indians, especially when I should not\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rv T-j 11T J o .u I n D K _\u00e2\u0096\u00ba be at home. Dut she soon got bravely over it. The Indians, not\\nDean, Edwin W. Goodwin, Seth L. Pappino, Robert _j^^,^ blacksmith, came to the shop to\\nP. Lewis, James Kapple, Timothy Murphy, and g^^ \u00e2\u0080\u009eork done, but finding no smith, they came to the house or\\nJoseph Donald. to the door to inquire for him, when my wife, by the best signs\\nAt the ne.Xt meeting, held October 30, 1822, it was ^^e could make, informed them of his death. Upon this they\\nwould step back in apparent deep distress, and sit on the wood-\\nResobtcd, that John Ramsay, John Farmer, II. V. H. Witherell pile before the door, at a loss to know what to do. She, seeing\\nand Israel Noble be appointed to supply the vacancy occasioned their distress, and that they showed no disposition to molest her\\nby the removal of Timothy Murphy, Joseph Donald, Seth L. or the children, soon felt her sympathies for them roused up, and\\nPappino, and F.d\u00c2\u00abin W. Goodwin. gave them food. This they received with so much apparent grati-\\ntude, that she soon became attached to them, and they recipro-\\nIn September, 1822, Alfred BrunSOn and Samuel catcd her feelings and made presents of brooms, baskets, and\\nBaker were appointed to Detroit Circuit. Concern- bowls wrought out of ash knots.\\nI T-i T^ r, \u00c2\u00bbu:.- While here in Detroit I saw. what I have smce seen more clearly\\ning his stay m Detroit. Dr. Brunson eives this wmie nere m weiro.i a\\nexhibited, that the missionary spirit is the millennial spirit.\\naccount TheTe was but one Protestant minister in the Territory besides\\nThe house I rented had been occupied by the Indian black- myself and colleague he was a Presbyterian licentiate, and not\\nsmith, his shop answering for a stable. My wife had feared that being in orders himself, he requested me to give his little flock", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "564\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nthe Sacraments of the Lord s Supper and Baptism. To accom-\\nmodate him and them, as well as my own charge, I administered\\nthe Eucharist once a quarter, inviting them to attend, and bap-\\ntized them and their children, when requested to do so.\\nIn the missionary field we met as brethren, laborers with God\\nin one common cause. No controversy between ourselves, on\\nnon-essential doctrines, and no seeking of the supremacy one\\nover the other was apparently thought of but Christian cour-\\ntesies, as of brethren in one common har\\\\ est-field, seemed to\\nprevail. In this is plainly seen the spirit that will prevail in the\\nmillennium, when the watchmen of Zion will see eye to eye.\\nFor the first three months that Mr. Brunson was\\nhere, he and Mr. Baker preached on alternate Sun-\\ndays at the Council House, and then the service was\\nleft entirely in charge of Mr. Brunson.\\nThe next year the following notice appeared in the\\nGazette\\nOrdered by the Trustees of the First M. E, Society of the city\\nof Detroit, that the Secretary give notice, in the Detroit Gazette,\\nthat the trustees will receive proposals till the 25th of February\\nfor the furnishing to said society 80,000 good merchantable brick,\\nto be delivered on the banks of some navigable water within a\\nfew miles of the city of Detroit, on or before the ist of July next.\\nAnd also proposals for the mason and carpenter work, to erect a\\nbrick church, of the dimensions of fifty feet in length by thirty-\\nsix in breadth, and twenty in height the proposals for the brick\\nand stone work to be made separately.\\nAll proposals to be delivered sealed to the Secretary.\\nJames L. Reed,\\nSecretary.\\nN. B. The plan of the building may be seen at my store.\\nJ. L. Ref.d.\\nDetroit, Feb. 6th, 1823.\\nSoon after, this notice appeared\\nM. E, Meeting Holsf..\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Trustees of the First M. E.\\nChurch of this city contemplate building a meeting house during\\nthe present season, of the dimensions of 50 by 36 feet two stories\\nhigh, with a suitable cupola. The funds necessar are to be\\nraised by subscription, and wc trust that the usual liberality ol\\nthe citizens of Detroit will display itself on this occasion.\\nMarch 7th, 1S23.\\nThe next publication was as follows:\\nNotice is hereby given to those who have subscribed moneys,\\netc., for the erection of the Church of the First M. E. Society, of\\nthe city of Detroit, that the society are about to commence the\\nerection of their church, and that the subscribers will shortly be\\ncalled on to comply with the terms of their subscription.\\nBy order of the Society,\\nJames L. Reed,\\nSecretary.\\nOn April 33. 1823, the Governor and Judges gave\\nLots 55 and 56 in Section 7, on the southeast corner\\nof Gratiot and Farrar Streets, to Robert Abbott,\\nPhilip Warren, Jerry Dean. Robert P. Lewis. James\\nKapple, John Ramsey. John Farmer, B. F. H.\\nWitherell, and Israel Noble, as the trustees of the\\nsociety. The deed provided that a church should\\nbe erected before March 19. 1826. The erection of\\nthe church was commenced soon after the deed was\\nreceived, but the work moved slowly, and the funds\\nwere all gone before the walls were completed.\\nIn September of this year Elias Pattee and B. O.\\nPlympton were stationed on Detroit Circuit, and the\\nnext year Pattee was returned with Isaac C. Hunter\\nas his associate. During 1824 Mr. Pattee was com-\\nmissioned to collect funds to tinish the church, and\\non April 22, he reported that he had collected in\\nOhio, over and above his traveling expenses, $291.82,\\nand this amount was paid over to the trustees. In\\n1825 he was sent on a similar trip, and a story has\\nbeen put in print that his expenses were $2.50 more\\nthan the sum he collected, and that the trustees\\nwere obliged to make up this deficit. The official\\nrecords, however, disprove that story, for they show\\nthat he collected $625.25 over all expenses, and\\nthat out of this amount he was paid $175.00 for his\\nservices.\\nRev. J. B. Finley, in his history of the Wyandotte\\nMission, gives incidentally the following account of\\none of his visits to Detroit, during this period\\nWe set off next morning (December i6, 1823, from Brownstownj\\nfor Detroit city. Here we were joyfully received by my old\\nfriend, brother Dean. The news got out that some of the Chris-\\ntian Indians were with me, and this called together some who\\nwere skeptical on the subject of the possibility of Indians being\\nreligious. They conversed with them on the subject and found\\nthat they were not at a loss to give a reason for the hope that was\\nin them. They could tell of their conviction, conversion, and\\nprogress :n godliness as well as though they had been taught to\\nread, or were brought up by Christian parents.\\nAfter the conversation ended, in which I took no part, but left\\nthem to make the examination for themselves, I asked the Indian\\nbrethren to sing a hymn in Wyandott, which they did to the\\nastonishment of the company. Then I asked Mononcue to pray,\\nwhich he did with great fervor and zeal, and before he was done,\\nthe company were affected to tears, to hear a poor Indian pray\\nwith such power. When we arose from our knees, they sung\\nagain, and with their faces wet with tears, went around the room\\nand shook hands with all present. This put an end to all their\\nunbelief, and they most cordially received and embraced them as\\nchildren of God, born of His spirit, and bound for the land of\\nCanaan. It was a blessed evening to me and all present.\\nThe next morning {December 17, 1823) we visited Governor\\nCass, and were received with great kindness, and obtained from\\nhim all the information he was in possession of, in reference to\\nthe situation of the Indians in that region of country. We were\\nreferred by the Governor to Major liaker, commandant of the\\ngarrison, who had recently built the military works at Saginaw,\\nBrother Mononcue and myself dined with the Governor, who\\ntreated us with the greatest respect. I tried to preach at candle-\\nlight, from Romans vi. 23: The wages of sin is death, etc.;\\nand fJod owned his word. Many were cut to the heart, and en-\\nquired the way of salvation.\\nOn the morning of the i8th we took breakfast with Brother\\nLockwood. On the 26th I preached on the Rouge\\nriver, at brother Robert Abbott s, from Ephesians v. 15, 16:\\nSee that yc walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise,\\nredeeming the time, because the days are evil, We had a time\\nof feeling, many wept, and a few joined class.\\nI returned lu Detroit (on Sunday, Dec. zSth) and preached at\\nnight from Rev. xx. 12 I saw the dead, small and great, stand\\nbefore God, and the books were opened, etc. This night will\\nbe remembered in eternity. Such were the cries for mercy that\\nmy voice was drowned. More than forty came forward to be\\nprayed for, and several experienced the pardon of their sins,\\nwhile many others resolved never to rest until they found\\nredemption in the blood of the Lamb. This city seemed now", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n56;\\nto be visited with a cloud of mercy, and it appeared next\\nday as if all business was suspended. 1 went from house to house\\nand e.xhorled all to turn to Christ. I went into the barracks\\namong the officers and soldiers, and preached to them Jesus and\\nthe resurrection. I prayed in every house which I visited, and\\nthere was an awful shaking among the dry bones. About si.xty\\njoined the church, as the fruit of these meetings and, if I\\ncould have staid, I have no doubt that many more would have\\njoined but it was imperiously necessary for me to return home.\\nIn 1S25 William Simmons was appointed to De-\\ntroit, and during his ministry services were held in\\nthe old University Building, on Bates Street near\\nCongress.\\nFirst Methoe)ist Episcopai. Chirch.\\nOriginal brick building.\\nIn 1826 Zarah H. Coston was appointed as pas-\\ntor. He undertook to fit up the church, making a\\npulpit himself there was a gallery on three sides, and\\nthe seats were rough boards, supported at either\\nend by pieces of short plank piled together. The\\nbuilding, though never formally dedicated, was used\\nfrom 1826 to 1833. It was far out on the commons,\\nwith only an occasional board or stone for a walk,\\nand in wet weather there was no lack of room for\\nthose who attended. The society realized, as early\\nas 1828, that the location was an unfortunate one,\\nand sought to exchange with the Governor and\\nJudges for a more eligible site, but no exchange\\ncould be made. During 1827 Rev. Wni. Runnels,\\none of the preachers for Detroit circuit, preached\\nseveral times in this church. Rev. .Arza Brown, who\\nwas pastor in 1828-1829, obtained funds for and\\nlaid a plank walk to the church, and the attend-\\nance was greatly increased.\\nIn September, 1829, the membership was seventy-\\neight. During these years, when the pastor was\\nunavoidably detained, one of Wesley s sermons was\\noccasionally read by a young man named John\\nOwen. In 1830 Alvan Billings was pastor. He\\nwas succeeded in 1831 by Henry Colclazer.\\nThe following full record of the proceedings of\\none quarterly conference during the pastorate of Mr.\\nColclazer affords several illustrations of old-time\\nmethods\\nProceedings of the Official Members of the Chvrch, held\\nIN Robert Abbott, Esq. s, Office, October 24TH, 1832.\\nAfter some consultation, it was\\nResolved, i. That John Owen and Orson Eddy be a committee\\nto prepare the stoves for winter service.\\nResolved^ 2. That the preacher in charge be authorized to\\nselect his place of boarding for the ensuing year.\\nResolved, 3. That in order to raise funds we attend, ist, to our\\nquarterly collection among the members; 2nd, that we have a\\npenny collection after each service on the Sabbath 3rd, that we\\nat a suitable time circulate a subscription amongst the citizens.\\nResolved, 4. That we change the manner of sitting in the con-\\ngregation so that the men will occupy the seats on left of the\\naisle, and the women on the right.\\nResolved, 5. That Thomas Knapp, Jerry Dean, and Mr. Owen\\nbe a committee to select and purchase a lot for the purpose of\\nbuilding a church thereon, after which the meeting adjourned.\\nJekrv Dean,\\nH. CnLCLAZER, Pr. Secretary,\\nOn June 18, 1834, the trustees were authorized by\\nspecial Act to dispose of the old lot. On May 1 5,\\n1833, Mr. Witherell, on behalf of the church, paid\\n$1,100 for the lot on the northeast corner of Wood-\\nward Avenue and Congress Street. On June 11,\\n1833, the society ordered that the old church and\\nlots be advertised for sale, and Messrs. Witherell\\nand Owen were appointed a committee to obtain\\nplans for a new church and on June 27, this notice\\nappeared in the Journal and Advertiser\\nThe trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church contemplate\\nerecting a new House of Worship, and offer the one they now\\noccupy for sale, together with the two lots on which it stands.\\nFor terms apply to\\nJ. Dean.\\nOn January 24, 1834, the committee reported the\\nsale of the old church and lots for $1,500, payable\\none third in cash, one third in six months, and\\none third in nine months. Prior to this sale, on\\nJune 5, 1833, the Common Council had given the\\nsociety permission to remove the Council House\\nfrom Earned Street near Woodward Avenue to the\\nlot on Congress Street, in the rear of the church they\\nwere about to erect. In this new location the build-\\ning was used for services until the completion of the\\nchurch. The new church, built of wood, cost\\n$3,000, and was dedicated July 13, 1834. during the\\npastorate of Elijah Crane; he came in the fall of\\n1833 and remained two years. On July n. 1834,\\non account of a debt hanging over the building, the\\ntrustees resolved to rent one half of the slips in the\\nchurch at a minimum price of six dollars each,\\nwn th the privilege of retaining them for five years by", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "566\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\npayment of the rent yearly in advance. The pas-\\ntor s salary, in 1840, was $636.\\nThe successive pastors after Mr. Crane, up to\\n1850, were: 1835, William Herr; 1836-1838, Rev.\\n(subsequently Bishop) Edward Thompson 183S, J.\\nE. Chaplain; 1S39-1841, Henry Colclazer; i84i,A.\\nM. Fitch 1842, James S. Harrison 1843, James S.\\nHarrison and Jonathan Blanchard 1844. James V.\\nWatson; 1845-1847, J. A. Baughman; 1847, O.\\nMason and E. Crane (temporary supply) 1848-\\n1850, S. D. Simonds.\\nEarly in 1848 the building of a new church began\\nto be agitated, and on February 16 it was resolved\\nto sell the property then occupied.\\nIn selecting a site for a new church the choice lay\\nbetween a lot on the corner of Lafayette and Shelby\\nStreets and the lot on the northwest corner of\\nWoodward Avenue and State Street. The trustees\\nfinally decided to\\nbuy the first-\\nnamed lot, but as\\ntheir decision was\\nnot wholly satis-\\nfactory, the sub-\\nject was referred\\nto the class leaders\\nof the church, and\\nthey reported in\\nfavor of the lot on\\nWoodward Ave-\\nnue. On June 26\\nit was agreed to\\npurchase the lot\\non Woodward\\nAvenue at $2,000,\\nand four days after\\nthe deed was made.\\nOn March 22,\\n1849, the lot on the corner of Woodward Avenue\\nand Congress Street was sold for \u00c2\u00a77,000. The\\nerection of a brick church on the new lot was begun,\\nand on Sunday, April 8, 1849, the basement was\\nfirst used for public worship. During the previous\\nweek the old church was moved to the northeast\\ncorner of Lafayette and Fourth Streets to be used\\nas a Mission Church.\\nThe new church was fifty-five by seventy-eight\\nfeet and cost $11,000. It had galleries on three\\nsides, and could seat seven hundred persons. The\\naudience room was dedicated on June 2, 1850.\\nThe morning sermon was by Dr. Edward Thomp-\\nson, then president of the Ohio Wesleyan University.\\nIn the afternoon Professor Seager, of Buffalo,\\npreached. From 1850-1852, E. H. Pilcher was\\npastor; 1852-1854, W. H. Collins; 1854-1856, A.\\nD. Wilbor; 1856-1858, F. A. Blades; 1858, S.\\nClements; 1859-1861, S. Reed; 1861-1863, John\\nFirst M. E. Chl rch, corner Woodward Avenue and State Street.\\nM. Arnold during the pastorate of Mr. Arnold an\\nentrance to the church on the south side was built,\\nand other improvements made, and on July 14 the\\naudience room was re-opened for service. From\\n1 863-1 865 J. M. Buckley was pastor, The sermons\\nof Mr. Buckley were highly appreciated, and during\\nhis pastorate many persons who had not been in the\\nhabit of so doing commenced to attend the church,\\nand the building became too small for the con-\\ngregations.\\nIt so happened that a few weeks prior to the\\ncoming of Mr. Buckley the church building of the\\nCongress Street M. E. Society was destroyed by fire;\\nthat society soon decided to build in a new location,\\nand purchased five lots on the northeast corner\\nof Woodward and Adams Avenues for $8,600.\\nMeantime, while arranging their plans, the congre-\\ngation worshiped in various public halls. At the\\nsame time the\\ntrustees of the\\nFirst Church had\\nunder considera-\\ntion the selection\\nof a site for a new\\nchurch. Ere long\\ncommittees from\\nthe two churches\\nwere in consulta-\\ntion, and after sev-\\neral conferences,\\nin February, 1864,\\nit was agreed to\\nunite the property\\nand inlluence of\\nthe two societies\\nand build a stone\\nchurch, to cost not\\nless than $50,000,\\non the site selected by the Congress Street Church,\\nthe building to be erected in the name of the First M.\\nE. Church as the older corporation, but to be known\\nby the name of the Central M. E. Church, which\\nname had been selected by the Congress Street\\nSociety. There was also included in the agreement\\nthe contribution of $2,500 towards the erection of a\\nchapel on Jefferson Avenue, and the partial support\\nof a pastor there for three years.\\nOn March 14. 1864, the following persons were\\nappointed as a building committee for the new\\nchurch; John Owen, David Preston, L. L. Farns-\\nworth, John Kendall, Aaron C. Fisher. The esti-\\nmated value of the property possessed by the First\\nChurch was $18,000, and that of the Congress\\nStreet Church $17,500. The old edifice of the First\\nChurch was finally sold for $23,000, and the prop-\\nerty of the Congress Street Society, aside from the\\nlots, netted $13,500.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n567\\nThe Sunday schools of the two churches were\\nunited, and met together for the first time on Sep-\\ntember 25, 1864. The occasion was observed with\\nappropriate exercises.\\nIt was soon decided to build a chapel as well as\\na church this necessitated more ground, and on\\nOctober 21, 1864, two lots facing on Adams .Ave-\\nnue were purchased for the sum of $2,500. The\\nerection of the chapel was commenced, and on Sep-\\ntember 21, 1865, the building was dedicated. The\\ntotal cost, including the furnishing, was $27,834;\\nthe size of the building is fifty-two by ninety-four\\nfeet, and it seats five hundred persons.\\nOn the completion of the chapel, as neither it nor\\nthe old church was large enough for the congrega-\\ntion, the Detroit conference appointed Rev. J. H.\\nMcCarty as associate pastor, and he and Rev. J. M.\\nBuckley preached alternately, morning and evening,\\nto the two congregations. From the fall of 1S66 to\\nthat of 1867 Rev. J. H. McCarty and Rev. L. R.\\nFiske were associated in the same way, and then\\nRev. L. R. Fiske became the sole pastor.\\nOn July 2, 1866, at a meeting of the members\\nand friends of the church, $13,200 was subscribed\\ntowards a church building, and on the next day the\\ncorner-stone was laid with appropriate exercises.\\nOn November 17, 1867, it was completed, and dedi-\\ncated with services conducted in the morning by\\nBishop M. Simpson, in the afternoon by Dr. T. M.\\nEddy, and in the evening by Rev. J. M. Buckley.\\nThe burden of soliciting the funds for the erection\\nof both chapel and church fell largely upon David\\nPreston, and his presentation of the claims of the\\nchurch, and plea for funds, on the day of dedication,\\nwas a combination of power and eloquence, born\\nof feeling, probably never excelled on any similar\\noccasion. In the work of paying for tlje church,\\nthe services of John Owen, its long-time treasurer,\\nwere especially valuable; under his management\\nno bills have ever gone unpaid, whether the church\\nwas or was not in possession of funds.\\nThe entire length of the church is one hundred\\nand twenty-three feet, general width, fifty-eight feet,\\nwidth including transepts, ninety feet height from\\nground to ridge of roof, seventy feet, to top of tower,\\none hundred and seventy-five feet. It seats 1,200\\nand can accommodate 1,500. Including the furnish-\\ning, it cost $92,000 exclusive of the ground and not\\nincluding the cost of the chapel.\\nIn order to insure light on the eastern side of the\\nchapel, and as a site for a parsonage, the church, on\\nSeptember 28. 1868, bought Lots 8 and g on Adams\\nAvenue for the sum of $4,800, making the total\\namount paid for the grounds $13,900. The frontage\\non Woodward Avenue is 100 feet and on Adams\\nAvenue 238.79 feet.\\nThe pastorate of Mr. Fiske ceased about two years\\nafter the dedication of the church, and from the fall\\nof 1869 to the fall of 1870 the pulpit was supplied by\\nRev. Dr. B. F. Cocker, Rev. D. D. Buck, and Rev.\\nG. G. Lyon. From 1 870-1 873 Rev. W. X. Ninde,\\nD. D., was in charge, assisted the first year by Rev.\\nC. C. Yemans. In 1873 Rev. L. R. Fiske, D. D.,\\nagain became the pastor, and remained for three\\nyears. He was assisted the last two years by Rev.\\nJ. B. Atchinson, who had the morning mission Sun-\\nday school especially in charge.\\nDuring Mr. Fiske s pastorate, in May, 1S74, the\\nchurch published five hundred copies of a hymnal of\\ntwo hundred pages, compiled under its direction by\\nthe organist, Professor L. H. Thomas. It found\\nfavor with several other congregations, and was\\nused until displaced by the denominational hymnal.\\nIn the fall of 1876 Rev. W. X. Ninde, D. D., (now\\nBishop), was for the second time appointed pastor,\\nand served until the fall of 1879. He was succeeded\\nby Rev. J. H. Bayliss, D. D., who remained until the\\nfall of 1882, when the Rev. W. W. Ramsay, D. D.,\\nentered upon the pastorate. This year, for the first\\ntime, the pews were rented for one year with the privi-\\nlege of retaining for three years at the same rental,\\nand they brought a larger price than ever before.\\nAs is the case in many of the larger churches,\\nvarious societies for the promotion of particular lines\\nof church work have been organized among the mem-\\nbers. A Ladies Missionary Society was organized\\nMay 14, 1844, reorganized as a Missionary and Be-\\nnevolent Society on November 7, 1855, changed to a\\nChurch Furnishing Society in 1864. and on December\\n10, 1867, again organized as a Benevolent Society. Its\\nspecial object is the care of the sick and poor of the\\nchurch, but from time to time it has turned its\\nefforts in various other directions. The first young\\npeople s prayer-meeting in the fcity was organized in\\nconnection with this church in November, 1855. It\\nhas been continuously successful, and is now in\\ncharge of the Young People s Society. A branch\\nof the Woman s Foreign Missionary Society has\\nbeen in successful operation for nearly ten years.\\nDuring 1883 the society erected an elegant par-\\nsonage with stone front facing .Adams Avenue. It\\ncost, with its furnishings, about $12,000. The\\nannual expenses of the church average about $8,000.\\nIn 18S3 $7,000 was realized from pew rents. About\\n$1,000 is received annually from ordinary Sunday\\ncollections. The pastor is paid $3,000, the sexton\\n$700, and the choir costs about $1,100 a year. The\\nvalue of the property in 1880 was $150,000. The\\nsociety is entirely free from debt.\\nThe average attendance at morning service in\\n1880 was 600. The number of members in the\\nseveral decades has been: 1830, 78; 1840, 241;\\n1850,198; 1860,269; 1870,600; 1880,769. Since\\nJanuary i, 1879, a paper, called The Central Mirror,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "CA! Tv^^vvf^jrf2\\nCentral Methodist Ei iscoi AL Church, Chapel and Parsonage.\\n[S(-.81", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n569\\nhas been published, devoted to the interests of the\\nchurch and Sunday school. From 1870 the church\\nhas had especially in its charge a morning mission\\nSunday school, organized in 1844.\\nIts pastor and founder were both the same,\\nA German brother, Helwig by name,\\nHe gathered in from lane and street,\\nHe was zealous, and wise, and also discreet.\\nAn old wood building, yellow and gray,\\nSheltered the school on its natal day,\\nOn Brush, near Larned, the school began,\\nT was founded on the union plan.\\nIt flourished there for several years,\\nIts teachings watered with prayer and tears.\\nIn forty-nine a home it found\\nIn the German Church new to the ground,\\nOn comer of Croghan and Beaubien Street,\\nAnd memory lingers o er many a sweet\\nWhich came to our hearts while laboring there\\nWith souls new filled with joy and prayer.\\nIn singing we used the Sunday School Bell,\\n.And then the Harmonist as well.\\nAnd Chain, and .Shower, and Censer all.\\nWith Singing Pilgrim made tlieir call\\nKresh Laurels, too, were strewed along,\\nAnd Brightest and Best was full of song,\\nAnd Jewels with setting of Pure Gold,\\nShed rays of joy on young and old.\\nAnd Diamonds brighter than the day\\nLured us on in the upward way\\nAnd as we sung along the road\\nWe never called the work a load,\\nBut gladly gave both means and care.\\nFor benedictions filled the air\\nAnd many a soul is nearer heaven\\nBecause of lessons therein given.\\nOn July 17, 1870, the school was opened in a\\nnew location, on the southeast corner of Clinton\\nand Hastings Streets. The original cost of the\\nproperty was 4.000, and \u00c2\u00a72,000 additional was spent\\nin improvements. In June, 1883, the property was\\nsold for $3,458. The school was then reorganized\\nand continued in the same location.\\nCongress Street Church.\\nAt the i-onference of 1843, Rev. Jonathan lilan-\\nchard was appointed to Detroit to aid in organizing\\nthis church. Under his leadership .several members\\nof the First Church, with some new members, or-\\nganized this society. In 1844 Rev. R. R. Richards\\nwas appointed as the first pastor and ser\\\\-ed two\\nyears. Ser\\\\nces were at first held in Mechanics\\nHall, then in the Capitol, and in May, 1845, the\\nsociety began worshijiing in the United States Court\\nRoom, on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Gris-\\nwold Street.\\nThe first meeting of the trustees was held on\\nMarch 17,1 845. The following persons were present\\nWilliam Scott, S. W. Higgins, William Phelps, J.\\nS. Trask, Charles Lee. J. H. Van Dyke, and L. L.\\nFarnsworth. At a meeting held on the following\\nday, it was resolved to purchase the lot on the\\nnortheast corner of Congress and Randolph Streets\\nfor $900, and to build a brick church at an estimated\\ncost of $3,754.\\nThe church, forty-tw o by si.xty-seven feet, was\\ncompleted and the basement dedicated with a ser-\\nmon by Rev. Noah Levings, on September 14, 1845.\\nThe body of the church was dedicated July 24,\\n1846, with a sermon by the eloquent and eccentric\\nRev. John N. Mafiitt. Some days after Mr. Maffitt\\ndelivered a lecture, as appears from the following\\nnewspaper notice\\nRev. Professor Mafiitt will deliver a lecture in the new brick\\nMethodist Episcopal Church on Congress Street, this evening,\\nJuly 28th, at 8 o clock. Subject Glory of Mechanism the\\nMechanism of the Heavens and the Earth of Man of Mortals\\nof Religion, and Eternity, and the Pha;nix Bird of Immortality.\\nAdmission, 25 cents. The lecture for the benefit of the Second\\nMethodist Episcopal Church.\\nIn 1846 Rev. James F. Davidson served as pas-\\ntor, and was succeeded in 1847 by Rev. Harrison\\nMorgan. The salarj- of the pastor at this time was\\n$400, and of course donation parties were made use\\nof to help raise the amount. It is not to be regretted\\nthat these misnomers are things of the past in\\nDetroit, and yet they were marked occasions, for\\nthe good cheer and friendly intercourse that pre-\\nvailed. The parsonage during this period was on\\nCongress Street in the rear of the church.\\nIn the fall of 1849 Rev. George Taylor became\\nthe pastor. During his pastorate, in the spring of\\n1850, through an introduction from Colonel J. B.\\nGrayson, he made the acquaintance of Lieutenant\\nU. S. Grant, and as a result Lieutenant CSrant\\nrented a pew in the church and was a regular\\nattendant during his stay in Detroit. When Gen-\\neral Grant became President, he testified on several\\noccasions his esteem for his former pastor, both by\\nword and deed.\\nIn the fall of 1851 Rev. John Russell was ap-\\npointed pastor; in 1852, Rev. C. C. Olds; in 1853.\\nRev. William Mahon, and then for two years Rev.\\nM. Hickey was pastor.\\nIn 1855 the old steps in front of the church were\\nremoved, and a new entrance with other improve-\\nments made. At this time a Library Association,\\nwith several hundred volumes, was in existence,\\nregular meetings were held for social intercourse\\nand the exchange of books, and there was much\\nactivity and interest in the affairs of the church.\\nFrom 1856 to 1858 Rev. A. J. Eldred was pastor.\\nOn October i, 1856, the society purchased the Good-\\nrich property on Randolph Street for a parsonage,\\nat a cost of $6,000. From 1858 to i860 Rev. F. A.\\nBlades was pastor. Soon after his appointment, on\\nOctober 18, 1858, it was resolved to take in the old\\nparsonage lot on Congress Street and increase the\\nlength of the church fifty feet.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "570\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nThe extension was completed and the church re-\\nopened on January 22, 1859. The cost of the im-\\nprovements was $2,500, including the fitting up of\\ni^-..m .gR../^ g^a\\ncopvsiCMr laao by atL^S FA fWEHl ^3\\nCongress Street M. E. Church.\\ntwo Stores in the basement. On February 20, i860,\\nthe Goodrich property was sold to Peter Henkel for\\n$6,500. This year Rev. F. W. May was pastor; in\\n1 86 1 he was succeeded by Rev. O. W. Sanborn, and\\nduring his pastorate, on January 14, 1862, the\\nsociety bought of Governor Cass two lots on the\\nnortheast corner of Second and George Streets for\\n$1,200, and soon after erected a parsonage thereon\\nat a cost of 2,000.\\nIn the fall of 1S63 Rev. J. S. Smart was appointed\\nto the church, and became the last pastor of the\\norganization.\\nThe church was wholly destroyed by fire on July\\n18, 1863. Immediately after the fire services were\\ninaugurated in a hall on Woodward Avenue, be-\\ntween State and Grand River Streets, and continued\\nuntil October 25. The society then commenced to\\nhold services in Young Men s Hall, remaining there\\nuntil January 3, 1864. The last public services of\\nthe organization were held on that day, as the\\nsociety had virtually decided to unite with the\\nWoodward .A. venue Church, and build on the corner\\nof Woodward and Adams Avenues.\\nThe number of members in 1850 was 150; in\\n1S60, 182.\\nTabernacle C/iurch.\\nThis society, which at different times was desig-\\nnated also by the names of Lafayette Street and\\nTrinity, was organized and incorporated May i,\\n1849. Their first church, a wooden building, was\\non the northeast corner of Lafayette Avenue and\\nFourth Street. It was the old building formerly\\nlocated on the corner of Woodward Avenue and\\nCongress Street. On its removal to the new site\\nthe building was extensively repaired, and on Octo-\\nber 14, 1849, it was dedicated anew. The parson-\\nage, in rear of the church, was built about 1854.\\nTabernacle M. E. Church.\\nOriginal I.afavette Street M. E. Church.\\nEarly in 186S the church was again repaired\\nat a cost of about S5.000, and on Februarj- 2\\nwas rededicated with a sermon by Bishop\\nThompson. .A.fter five years more of ser\\\\ ice,\\nit was decided to sell the property and build\\nelsewhere, and accordingly the last service in\\nthe old church was held on August 24, 1873.\\nThe property was sold for Sn.ooo and the\\nchurch torn down.\\nMeantime lots had been purchased on the\\nnortheast corner of Howard and Fourth\\nStreets at a cost of $8,000 the chapel built\\nthereon was dedicated October 26, 1873. On\\nSeptember 13. 1874, the church was dedi-\\ncated. It seats 875. The church and chapel,\\nincluding the furnishing, cost $38,700. The", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n571\\npastor s salary in 1S80 was Si. 700. The total\\nannual church expenses were \u00c2\u00a72,500, and \u00c2\u00a71.100 was\\nreceived from pew rents. The choir cost \u00c2\u00a7100 a\\nWalnlt Street M. E. Chl rch.\\nyear, and the property at that time was valued at\\n\u00c2\u00a740,000. The average attendance at morning ser-\\nvice in iSSo was 325. Number of members in 1850,\\n43; 1860.58; 1870,225; 1880.234.\\nThe following is a list of the pastors: 1S49. J. J.\\nPerry; 1850, L. D. Price; 1851, George Taylor;\\n1852-1854, M. Hickey; 1854-1856, William H.\\nPerrine; 1856-1858, J. F. Davidson; 1858, Robert\\nBird; 1859-1861, D. C. Jacokes; 1861, Seth Reed,\\n1862-1865, J. C. Wortley; 1865-1867, O. Whit-\\nmore; 1867-1870, E. E. Caster; 1870-1873, J.\\nMcEldowney; 1 873-1 876, W. H. Pearce; 1876, L.\\nR. Fiske; fall of 1S77 to 1880, C. T. Allen; 1880 to\\nfall of 1882, William Dawe; fall of 1882 to 1S83.\\nJohn Alabaster 1883 to .E.W.Ryan.\\nSimpson Church.\\nThis society, also formerly designated as Sev-\\nenth Street, Walnut Street and Sixth Street\\nM. E. Church, grew out of a mission Sunday school\\nestablished in 1853 by Rev, M. Hickey and Welling-\\nton Willets. The school was designed as a help to\\nthe Lafayette Ave. M. E. Church, where Mr. Hickey\\nwas then stationed. It began in the parlor of a Mr.\\nElliott, on Seventh Street near Walnut. Through\\nthe agency of the Methodist Sunday School Union\\na church with ten members was organized in Sep-\\ntember, 1856. The first brick church was built on\\na lot donated by Colonel N. Prouty, on the north-\\nwest corner of Seventh and Walnut Streets, then\\nworth S300. The building was dedicated June 1 5,\\n1856, Dr. E. O. Haven preaching the sermon. The\\nchurch seated 1 50. and cost S i 500.\\nA Board of Trustees had been created on Febru-\\nar 14, 1854. to hold title to the lot donated. In\\n1868, under the direction of the Church and Sunday\\nSchool Union of the M. E. Church, and especially\\nthrough the efforts of David Preston, a large lot,\\nfronting one hundred and fifty feet on south side of\\ndrand River Avenue and two hundred and forty-\\nnine feet on east side of Si.xth Street, was purchased\\nfor $4, 500 and on August 24, 1 868, the corner-stone\\nof a new church was laid, and on December 5,\\n1 869, the basement was dedicated. The main audi-\\nence room was dedicated July 22, 1870.\\nThe old church property sold for \u00c2\u00a72.600. The\\nnew building cost $37,325, and seats $1,000 per-\\nsons. The average attendance in 1880 was 300.\\nIt is named Simpson Chuch, in honor of Bishop\\nSimpson.\\nIn 1876 the brick parsonage was built in the rear\\nof the church at a cost of \u00c2\u00a75,000. The pastor s\\nsalary in 1880 was g 1,600. The total annual expen-\\nses were then $4,000, of which \u00c2\u00a7250 were for the\\nchoir. The yearly receipts from pews was \u00c2\u00a73,000.\\nNumber of members in i860, 30; in 1870, 124; in\\n1880, 371. Value of property in 1S80, \u00c2\u00a740,000.\\nDuring the summer of 1S83 extensive repairs and\\nSimpson M. E. Church.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nimprovements were made to the church, and it was\\nformally reopened October 14. 1883, with a sermon\\nby Rev. Dr. W. X. Ninde.\\nJefferson- Avenue M. E. Church.\\nOriginal Building.\\nThe names of the pastors in charge, and their\\nyears of service, have been 1856, M. Hickey 1857,\\nJ. Levington; 1858, J. A. Banghman; 1859, Arthur\\nEdwards; i860, John Levington 1861-1863, J. W.\\nKellogg; 1863, J. M. Arnold; 1864, H. N. Brown;\\n1865, s\\\\ P. Warner; 1866, M. Hickey; 1867, S. E.\\nWarren; 1868, W. J. Campbell; 1869-1871. T. J.\\nJoslin; 1871, W. H. Shier; 1872- 1875, Thomas\\nStalker; 1875-1878, W. W. Washburn fall of 1878\\nto fall of 1879, D. easier; fall of 1879 to fall of 1882,\\nW. H. Poole; fall of 1882 to C. T. Allen.\\nPalmer Mt niorza/ Af. E. Churcli. formerly Jeffer-\\nson Avenue Chiireli.\\nThe erection of this church was provided for at\\nthe time the Congress Street and First M. E. societies\\nunited. The nucleus for the enterprise was a .Sunday\\nschool, established mainly through the efforts of\\nMrs. D. E. Rice, in the machine-shop of her hus-\\nband on Atwater Street. The school was subse-\\nquently removed to a boat-house farther up the\\nriver, and merged into the church school when the\\nbuilding of this society was erected.\\nThe original church, on the south side of Jeffer-\\nson Avenue near the west corner of St. Aubin\\nAvenue, cost $3,675. The lot, which is ninety-si.x\\nby two hundred feet, cost $3,500. The church was\\ndedicated on December 23. 1866, Rev. E. O. Haven\\npreaching the sermon. The society was incorpor-\\nated December 30, 1866, at which time thirty-si.\\\\\\npersons became members.\\nIn the fall of 1875 the building was enlarged by\\nthe addition of awing on each side; twenty-eight\\nadditional seats were gained, making the total num-\\nber of seats 400. The cost of the alterations and\\nimprovements was $3,700. On December 19, 1875,\\nit was reopened. In 1880 there was an average\\nattendance of 325. The pastor s salary was then\\n$1,700. The choir cost $300. The total yearly\\nexpenses were $2,375, and the annual receipts from\\nthe pews, $650. Number of members in 1870, loi\\nin 1880, 207. Value of property in 1880, $20,000.\\nIn October, 1883, it was sold for $14,500. The\\nsociety then bought a lot on the southwest corner\\nof Lafayette Street and McDougall Avenue, which\\ncost $6,000, and a church estimated to cost $24,000\\nis in process of erection. The corner stone was\\nlaid May 14, 1884. The society during this year\\nPalmer .Memorial M. E. Church.\\n(Mason Rice, Architects).\\n(1884) was newly incorporated as the Mary W.\\nPalmer Memorial M. E. Church in honor of the\\nmother of Thomas W. Palmer. She w-as one of\\nthe earliest Methodists residing in Detroit, and her\\nson has been a liberal contributor to this and other\\nMethodist interests.\\nThe pastors have been 1866, M. Hickey; 1867-\\n1870. A. F. Bourns; 1 870-1 873, E. E. Caster;\\n1873-1875, A. R. Bartlett; 1875, J. M. Fuller;\\n1876, E. H. Pilcher and D. C. Jacokes 1877-1880,\\nR. S. Pardington; 1880-1882, C. T. Allen; fall of\\n18S2 to William Dawe.\\nFort Street ChurcTi.\\nThis society may be called in part the outgrowth\\nof a mission Sunday school, established in 1856,\\nunder direction of a City Methodist Sunday School\\nUnion, in a private house on Thompson, now\\nTvt elfth Street. In 1857 the school was moved to\\nthe public school building on Lafontaine, now\\nFifteenth Street, holding its first session there on\\nJune 14. In the fall of 1858 it was again moved,\\nthis time into the newly erected Second German", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n57-\\nM. E. Church. A mission school was also established,\\nat a later day, in Springwells, by Edwin Reader, at\\nthe corner of Indian Avenue and Fort Street.\\nIn 1 87 1 several persons who had been specially\\ninterested in these mission schools decided to erect\\na building for their permanent home. A lot was\\npurchased on the northeast comer of Fort and\\nFort Street M. E. Church.\\nTwenty-second Streets at a cost of 2,000, and a\\nwooden building, forty by forty-si,x feet, seating 400,\\nand costing SZ Soo. was erected. It was dedicated\\nOctober 15, 1871. Both of the mission Sunday\\nschools were moved into the building. The society\\nwas incorporated in 1S73, and on February 22, 1S74,\\na church was organized with 30 members. In 1880\\nthe membership was 125.\\nThe church was in charge of Rev. E. H. Pilcher,\\npresiding elder, until the fall of 1874, when Rev. R. S.\\nPardington was appointed pastor, and ser\\\\ ed until\\nthe fall of 1877. He was succeeded by Rev. W. y.\\nBurnett, who remained until the fall of 1880, and\\nwas followed by Rev. G. W. Lowe. In the fall of\\n1881 Rev. H. A. Merrill became pastor, serving\\nuntil 1883. He was succeeded by Rev. C. M. Stuart.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $1,200, and the\\ntotal yearly expenses i ,800. The value of the prop-\\nerty was S 8,000. The average attendance was 120.\\nSixteenth Street Church.\\nThe beginning of this society dates from a mis-\\nsion school begun in May, 1869. It was soon deter-\\nmined to establish a church, and a society was\\nincorporated August 22, 1871. On September 11,\\n1 87 1, the corner-stone of the brick church, fifty-six\\nby sixty-seven feet, on the west side of Sixteenth\\nStreet at the junction of Walnut (now Bagg)\\nStreet, was laid. It was completed and dedicated\\nJuly 28, 1372. It occupies two lots, which cost\\n$1,200. The building cost $10,000, and can seat\\n350. The average attendance in 1880 was 150.\\nThe pastor s salary was $800, and the total yearly\\nexpenses of the church $1,200. The property was\\nvalued at Si 1,000. The number of members was 82.\\nThe following is the list of pastors: 1873, H.\\nN. Brown; 1 874-1 876, L. P. Davis; 1876, L. H.\\nDean, S. E. Warren 1877-1878, John Russell,\\nL. H. Dean; 1879, J- C. Higgins; 1880-1881, L.E.\\nLennox; 1881-1883, T. H. Baskerville 1883-\\nC. B. Spencer.\\nSixteenth Street M. E. Church.\\nJunction Church.\\nIn the fall of 1S75, through the efforts of the pre-\\nsiding elder. Rev. E. H. Pilcher, this church was\\nerected on the east side of Clippert Avenue, between\\nAudrain and Edwards Streets, in Springwells. Al-\\nthough unfinished, without even being lathed, it\\nwas dedicated on Sunday afternoon, June 18, 1876,\\nand from that time services were held regularly on\\nthe Sabbath.\\nThe following month a weekly prayer-meeting\\ncommenced, and op July 9 a Sabbath school was\\norganized. The last service in 1876 was held on", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "574\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nSeptember 17. As the church building was too un-\\ncomfortable for further use. a room near the present\\nlocation was leased, and a union Sunday school\\norganized. On February 4, 1877, Rev. J. M. Ker-\\nrige began to hold services at the Junction, and on\\nMarch 1 1 a church class with ten members was\\norganized. During this year a lot in a new location\\nwas given the society by Mr. A. Leavitt, but it was\\ndeemed too small for the church. Mr. C. R. Mabley\\nthen gave one lot to the society, and sold it another,\\nand the church was moved from Clippert Avenue to\\nthe north side of Leavitt Street, between Hammond\\nand Welch Avenues. In its new location it was dedi-\\ncated on October 28, 1877, by Rev. F. A. Blades.\\nIn the fall of 1880 the lot given by Mr. Leavitt was\\nsold, and the cost of moving and fitting up the\\nchurch paid in full. The entire property, as it was\\nW _\\nA-tO--^\\nJunction M. Tt. Church.\\nin 1880, had cost $2,000 and was worth \u00c2\u00a72,500.\\nThe church had 180 sittings, and there was an\\naverage attendance of 50 persons. Up to the fall\\nof 1 882 it had no regular pastor, but was cared for\\nby Rev. F. A. Blades Rev. J. A. Lowry was then\\nappointed to the charge. He was succeeded in the\\nfall of 1883 by Rev. H. A. Merrill, who was placed\\nin charge of this, and also of the missions of Del-\\nray, Wesley, and Asbury chapels.\\nDelray Church.\\nThis society is the result of a Sunday school\\nestablished in the upper story of a public school\\nbuilding on May i, 1881. On November 20, a\\nchurch was organized, and on June i, 1882, its\\nbuilding, on the south .side of the river road, just\\neast of the village of Delray, was dedicated. It cost\\n$1,550; the lot, valued at $500, was donated by M.\\nW. Field. The first regular pastor, Rev. S. P. War-\\nner, was appointed in the fall of 1882. Number of\\nmembers in 1882, 56. The names of the first trus-\\ntees were recorded in the county clerk s office De-\\ncember 16, 1882. During 1883 an addition to the\\nchurch, costing $400, was erected.\\nDelray M. E. Church.\\nWesley Church.\\nThis society had its beginnings in a Sunday school\\nestablished by the M. E. Church and .Sunday School\\nUnion. The school, under the superintendence of\\nMrs. George Hargreaves, began on February 12,\\n1882. in a room on Indian Avenue near the Di.x\\nRoad, previously occupied as a saloon. The\\nschool flourished, and a lot was procured on the\\nnorthwest corner of Vinewood Avenue and Dix\\nRoad, at a cost of $1,700. A building was erected\\nat a cost, including furnishing, of $2,700, and on\\nJanuary 28, 1883, it was dedicated. It .seats 270\\npersons, and can be made to accommodate about\\n50 more. The average attendance at the school at\\ntime of dedication was 180.\\nWesley M. E. Church.\\nCass Avenue Church.\\nThis society was organized May 8. 1882, by the\\nelection of nine trustees and a Board of Stewards.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n575\\nThe lot on the northwest cor-\\nner of Cass and Selden Ave-\\nnues was purchased and held\\nfor the society by David Pres-\\nton including the interest, it\\ncost nearly $9,000. The\\nchapel, with its furnishings,\\ncost about $11,000. It was\\ndedicated December 2, 1883,\\nRev. J. H. Bayliss, D. D.,\\npreaching in the morning and\\nRev. R. M. Hatfield, D. D.,\\nin the afternoon. The first\\npastor, Rev. Dr. \\\\V. W. Wash-\\nburn, was appointed in Sep-\\ntember, 1883.\\nAsbury Mission Chapel.\\nThis enterprise is the\\noutgrowth of a Sabbath\\nschool established in an\\nunoccupied building by the\\nM. E. Church and Sunday\\nSchool Union. The chapel\\nis located on the north\\nside of Garfield Avenue\\njust east of Chene Street.\\nIt is thirty-two by forty-\\neight feet in size, and with\\nthe lot, cost about $1 ,700.\\nIt was dedicated October\\n7, 1883.\\nFirst German\\nChurch.\\nThis society\\nwas organized\\nand incorporated\\nin May, 1847,\\nand held their\\nfirst meetings in\\nan old yellow\\nbuilding on\\nBrush .Street,\\nnear Earned. On\\nJuly 5, 1848, the\\ncorner-stone of\\ntheir brick\\nchurch, on the\\nnortheast corner\\nof Croghan and\\nBeaubien Streets\\nwas laid and in\\nMay, 1 85 1, the\\nchurch was dedi-\\nFiRST German M. E. Church.\\nAsBURy M. E. Mission Chapel.\\nCass Avenue M. E. Chatel.\\nGated. It seats 300. The lot\\ncost $300 and the building\\n$3,000. In 1873 $2,600 was\\nexpended in repairs, and the\\nfront of the building was much\\nimproved. The parsonage,\\nbuilt in 1857, is in the rear\\nof the church, and cost about\\n$800. The salary of the pas-\\ntor is $600 and the total\\nannual expenses are $1,000.\\nValue of property in 1880,\\n$10,000. Amount of debt,\\n$75\u00c2\u00b0-\\nThe average attendance\\nin 1880 was no. The\\nnumber of members in\\nI S 50 was 48; in i860, 78;\\nin 1870, 92 in 1880, 133.\\nThe pastors have been\\n1846, Charles Helwig\\n1547, John M. Hartman;\\n1 548, Charles Hehvig and\\nC.Grimm; 1849, Charles\\nHeKvig; 1850-1851, John\\nA. Kleine; 1852-1853, Ja-\\ncob Rothvveiler 1854-\\n1855, Peter F. Schneider;\\n1856, Emil Baur; 1857-\\n1858, N.Nufer; 1859-1860,\\nJohn Schweinfert 1861-\\n1862, George Nachtrieb;\\n1 863- 1 866, George Reu-\\nter; 1866,\\nCharles Melit-\\nzer; 1 867-1 870,\\nGeo. Schwinn\\n1 870-1 872, An-\\nton Warns;\\n1872- 1875, H.\\nPullman; 1875-\\n1878, Charles G.\\nHertzer; 1S78-\\n1880, A. Loe-\\nbenstein 1880-\\n1883, Charles\\nTreuschel;i883-\\nG. Weiler.\\nSecond German\\nChurch.\\nThis society\\nwas organized\\nin 1857, and on\\nSeptember 5,\\n1858. dedicated\\nthe brick church", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "576\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\non east side of Sixteenth Street, then called Lasalle\\nAvenue, between Michigan Avenue and Dalzelle\\nStreet. A large portion of the purchase price of the\\nlot, $ioo, was donated by J. W. Johnston. The\\nchurch cost I 500. It seats 200, and the average\\nattendance in 1880 was about 100. The number of\\nmembers in i860 was 25; in 1S70, 74, in 1880,88.\\nThe salary of the pastor was \u00c2\u00a7600, and the other\\nchurch e.xpenses in 1880 footed up about $100. All\\nthe pews are free. The parsonage was built in 1859\\nand cost $300.\\nThe following persons have served as pastors\\n1856, Gustavus Laas; 1857-1859, Gustavus Ber-\\ntrams; 1859-1861, William A. Boerns; 1861, Jacob\\nSecond German M. E. Church.\\nBraun; 1862-1865, C. G. Hertzer; 1865. Henry\\nMaentz; iSr 6- 1868, John S.Schneider; 1868- 1 870,\\nWilliam Borcherding; 1870, A. Meyer; 1 87 1- [874,\\nJacob Braun; 1 874-1 S76, Henry Krill; 1876-18S0,\\nGeorge A. Renter; 1880-1882, William Miller;\\n1S82- E. Wunderlich.\\nThirty-second Street German Church.\\nThis society was organized, and the church on\\nThirty-second Street, near Michigan Avenue, dedi-\\ncated on February 26, 1882. The lot cost $500, the\\nbuilding cost $1,100 and seats 200. Rev. R. Pludde-\\nman, the first pastor, is still serving, in 1884.\\nLafayette Street African Church.\\nIt may be mentioned to the credit of the colored\\nrace th;it one of the first Protestant missionaries to\\nthe Indians in this region was John Stewart, a free\\nman of color and a Methodist, bom in Powhattan\\nCounty, Virginia. In November, 1816, he arrived\\nat the Wyandotte Village, near Detroit, as a volun-\\nteer Christian teacher. His mission proved a suc-\\nceis, as he was both well received and well adapted\\nfor the work. In 1819 his mission was taken in\\ncharge by the Ohio Conference, and the same year\\nthe Missionary Society of the M. E. Church was\\norganized and his mission continued.\\nA colored .Methodist society was organized in\\nDetroit in 1839, but was not originally connected\\nwith the African M. E. Church. Their tirst meet-\\nings were held in an old building located on north\\nside of Congress Street near Woodward Avenue,\\nknown as Military Hall or Council House. It was\\ngranted by the Common Council to the colored\\nMethodist Church on July 9, 1839, and removed\\nwithin a few weeks to Croghan Street near\\nthe northwest corner of Hastings Street, on\\nwhat was known as Father Armstrong s lot.\\nWhile the society was there located, John\\nM. Brown, now a bishop, was an exhorter\\nin the church. The society remained on\\nCroghan Street for a year or two, and on\\nMay 10, 1841, was organized under the\\ndirect control of the African M. E. Church.\\nThe building was then moved to Fort Street\\nEast, a little west of Beaubien Street, neatly\\nfitted up,, and formally dedicated on June 14,\\n1842; it was used by the society until the\\nbrick church on the south side of Lafayette\\nStreet, immediately in the rear, was com-\\npleted. The lot on Lafayette Street was\\nbought June 5, 1845, for $300. The church,\\nforty by fifty feet, was dedicated September\\n19, 1847, and cost $2,000.\\nOn July 30, 1849, the society was incor-\\nporated. On December 2, 1866, after being ex-\\ntensively repaired, the church was re-dedicated.\\nThe repairs cost about $4,000, increasing the size\\nof the building to forty by sixty-eight feet, and 100\\nseats were gained. The church now seats 500.\\nThirty-Second Street German M. E. Church.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n577\\nIn 1880 the average attendance was 300, the pas-\\ntor s salary was S900, and the total church expenses\\nabout Si joo per year. The value of the property\\nwas $12,000. The number of members in 1840 was\\n40; in 1850, loo; in i860, 135; in 1870,200; in\\n18S0, 308.\\nThe names of the pastors are as follows 1 842-\\n1844, Mr. Hargraves; 1844- 1846, J. Thomas;\\n1846-1847. Edward Davis; 1847-1848, Edward\\nL\\\\f KTTF_ Street African M. E. Chl kck.\\nHeart; 1848 to August, 1850, Peter Gardner;\\nAugust, 1850. to March, 1851, J. Bowman; Au-\\ngust, 1851, to August, 1S52, E. Heart; 1852-\\n1854, Isaac Williams; 1854-1856, John A. Warren;\\n1856-1S58, A. H. Turpin; 1858-1860, A. R. Green;\\ni860- 1862, John A. Warren; 1862-1864, R- A.\\nJohnson; 1864-1865, H. J. Young; May, 1865,10\\nAugust, 1867 A. Mcintosh; 1S67-1869, W. S.\\nLankford; 1869-1872, G. C. Booth; 1872-1874, A.\\nT.Hall; January, 1874, to August, 1875, William\\nC. Trevan; 1875 to March. 1877, W. S. Lankford;\\nMarch, 1877,10 August, G. C. Booth; August, 1877,\\nto August, 1879, J. Mitchem; August, 1879, to\\nAugust, 1882, D. P. Roberts; August. 1882, to 1S84.\\nA. A. Burleigh; 1884- J. Bass.\\nEbenezer African Church.\\nThis society, located on the north side of Calhoun\\nStreet, between Beaubien and St. Antoine Streets,\\nwas organized, with thirteen members, by Rev.\\nC Booth, in Cook s Hall, corner of Prospect and\\nWatson Streets, on November 2, 1871. The Sunday\\nschool began the following Sunday with twenty-\\nthree members. In August, 1872, the society\\nfirst occupied its own building on Calhoun Street.\\nIn 1874 tlie old Second Congregational Chapel was\\npurchased, and moved beside the former meeting-\\nhouse of the society it was dedicated in its new\\nlocation on September 5, 1874, with a sermon by\\nBishop W. A. Wayman. The .old building was\\nthen transfo rmed into a parsonage. The present\\nchurch seats 500.\\nThe average attendance in 18S0 was 125. The\\npastor s salary was S400. J total annual expenses,\\nS800. The value of the property was $3. 500. and\\nthe number of members 83.\\nThey had no pastor until 1873; since then the\\npastors have been: 1873, C. H. Ward; 1874, L. D.\\nCrosby; 1875, H.H.Wilson; 1876-1878, R. Jef-\\nfries; 1878-18S1. J. Simpson; 1881 to 1884. L. D.\\nCrosby; 1884- .T.Price.\\nZion African Church.\\nA society with seven members, called the First\\nIndependent M. E. Church, was organized in April,\\n;87o, by Rev. Henry Henderson, and a wooden\\nchurch, on the south side of Calhoun Street, between\\nHastings and Prospect Streets, was dedicated\\nOctober 15, 1 871. Mr. Henderson remained until\\nthe fall of 1 87 1, and was succeeded by Bishop A.\\nR. Green, who remained five months. Rev. John\\nGreen was then pastor for two years. In 1874,\\nand until about the close of 1875, Rev. James\\nSimpson was pastor. The church then became\\ndisorganized, and many of the members joined\\nother congregations.\\nThe present Zion Church was organized in 1875,\\nwith five members. In iSSo it had nineteen mem-\\nEbbnbzer Afric.v M. E. Church.\\nbers. The church was cared for by various elders\\nuntil October, 1S79, when Rev. A. .A. Wilson, of\\nPontiac, began to ser\\\\ e as pastor. He was suc-\\nceeded by Rev. C. W. Gordon, who preached his\\nfirst sermon October i6, 1881. In the winter of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "578\\nTHE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n1880 the building was torn down, and the society\\nthen procured, for $75, a leased lot and building on\\nthe north side of Ohio Street, between St. Antoine\\nand Hastings Streets. The building accommodates\\neighty persons, and in 1880 there was an average\\nattendance of 50.\\nFrench C/iiirch. (Extinct)\\nThis society was an outgrowth of the labors of\\nRev. Thomas Carter. The first services were lield\\nin the old Congress Street M. E. Church. Success\\nattending these endeavors, a lot costing $300 was\\npurchased on the east side of Rivard Street, between\\nCroghan and Lafayette Streets, and a substantial\\nbrick building, costing S4.000, erected. It was dedi-\\ncated on November 20. 1S53. In this year fifteen\\nmembers were reported.\\nIn 1S56 Mr. Carter was called to another field,\\nand the church, for the next three years, formed\\npart of the City Mission, and was supplied, for one\\nyear each, by Revs. M. Hickey, J. Levington, and J.\\nA. Baughman. Most of the members then joined\\nother churches, and in the summer of 1861 the\\nchurch building was sold to a congregation of Jews\\nfor 13,500, and was set apart by them on August\\n30, 1861. It was subsequently sold to be used for\\nbusiness purposes.\\nThe money received by the Methodist society\\nfrom the sale of the property was invested in a lot\\non Jefferson Avenue, a church was erected thereon,\\nand the name of the French M. E. Church changed\\nto Jefferson Avenue M. E. Church on May 31, 1875.\\nPine Street Protestant Methodist Church.\\nExtinct. I\\nA society of Protestant Methodists was organized\\non February 10, 1867, by Rev. W. H. Bakewell,\\nand a wooden church erected on the north side of\\nPine Street, between Si.xth and Seventh Streets.\\nAlthough not completed, it was dedicated on No-\\nvember 29, 1 868. The society then had thirty\\nmembers. Rev. W. M. Goodner, who served in\\n1S69, was the last pastor. The building was sub-\\nsequently turned into a machine shop and eventu-\\nally burned.\\nBethel Evangelical Association Church.\\nThis society, although not connected with the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church, is nearly the same in\\nits doctrines and usages as the German M. E.\\nChurches. The society in Detroit was organized\\n.August 20, 1856, with twenty-six members, and in-\\ncorporated July 3, 1879. The wooden church on\\nthe southeast corner of Hastings and Montcalm\\nStreets was dedicated July 25, 1858. The three\\nlots on Hastings Street cost $800; the church cost\\n$1,700, and seated 300. The parsonage was built in\\n1859, and cost S300. On June 26, 1883, the prop-\\nerty was sold for \u00c2\u00a73,180, and a lot on the northwest\\ncorner of Catharine and Dubois Streets purchased\\nfor $1,200. In the fall of 1883 a church costing\\n$5,700 was erected thereon; it was dedicated No-\\nvember 4, 1883. It seats 300. The average attend-\\nance on Sunday morning in iSSo was 60. The\\nsalary of the pastor was $500, and the other cliurch\\nexpenses $125 per year. The number of members\\nin i85o was 34; in 1870, 25; and in 1880, 70.\\nBrthel Chl rch of E\\\\ angelical .Assoclvtion.\\nOriginal Building.\\nThe following persons have served as pastors\\n1857-1859, J. P. Schantz; J859-1861, C. Tranier;\\n1861-1863, J. Meek; 1863-1866, J. M.Haug; 1866-\\n1868, J. C. Ude; 1868-1870, M. Speek; 1870-1872,\\nJ. M. Fuchs; 1872-1875, C. Deike; 1875-1878, J.\\nF.Mueller; 1878, J. Frankhauser; 1879 to April,\\n1880, C. G. Koch; April, iSSo, to 1883, Frederick\\nKlump; .April, 1883, to W. T. Zander.\\nNl-:\\\\V liETHEL Church ok K\\\\A\\\\GELrCAL A.S,SOCIAT10i\\\\.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "EVENTS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMINATION.\\n579\\nEVENTS OF INTEKF.ST TO THE DENOMINATION.\\n1837. SeptembcT 6. first session of Michigan\\nConference held in tlie church on corner of Wood-\\nward .Avenue and Slate Street, Bishop R. R.\\nRoberts presiding.\\n1839. July 17, Centenary celebration of found-\\ning of Methodism in England. Convention in De-\\ntroit.\\n1839. Sunday, September i. Rev. Bishop Soule\\npreached in the church corner of Congress Street\\nand Woodward Avenue.\\n1845. September 10, Session of Michigan Con-\\nference held in Congress Street M. E. Church,\\nBishop E. S. Janes presiding.\\n1847. March 7, Sunday farewell missionary\\nmeeting on the occasion of the departure of Rev.\\nJudson D. Collins, of Michigan, to China, at the\\nCongress Street M. E. Church. He was the first\\nMethodist missionary sent to that country.\\n1 85 1. June 8, Wednesday, Procession of seven\\nhundred Sunday school scholars. Dinner served in\\nbasement of the church corner of Woodward Ave-\\nnue and State Street.\\n1853. September 14, Michigan Conference ses-\\nsion held in State Street M. E. Church, Bishop B.\\nWaugh presiding.\\n1854. November 23, Detroit Methodist Sunday\\nSchool Union organized, composed of ministers,\\nofficers, and teachers of all the Methodist Sunday\\nschools, with the design of improving the methods\\nof instruction and increasing the membership\\nof the schools. Quarterly meetings were held\\non the Sabbath at different churches at which all\\nthe children were gathered. Addresses and singing\\nconstituted the exercises, which were always enjoy-\\nable. It was under the direction of this Union that\\nthe Sunday schools were established which resulted\\nin the forming of the Fort Street and Simpson M.\\nE. Churches.\\n1855.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 August 2, General Sunday .School cele-\\nbration of the M. E. Churches of the city. Excur-\\nsion to Wyandotte on May Queen, and picnic there.\\n1,400 participants.\\n1856.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 May 25, Sunday, Dr. F. J. Jobson of the\\nBritish Conference in Detroit. He stopped at the\\nBiddle House. In his book on America and\\nAmerican Methodism, he says, We passed the\\nSabbath in Detroit, and as our Sabbaths in .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\merica\\nhad been wholly spent among the Methodists, we\\nresolved, after a visit to the Methodist Church, to\\nattend on that day the ser\\\\nces of other denomina-\\ntions.\\ni860. October 21 and 22, Anniversary exercises\\nof the General M. E. Sunday School L nion. .Sermons\\nand addresses were delivered by Rev. Dr. (after-\\nwards Bishop) D. W. Clark, Rev. Dr. Wise, editor\\nof the Sunday School Advocate, Rev. J. H. Vincent,\\nD. D., and Rev. T. M. Eddy. D. D.\\n1861. September 25, Detroit Conference session\\nin Woodward Avenue M. E. Church, presided over\\nby Bishop E. R. Ames.\\n1863.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 January 19, General Methodist Missionary\\nMeeting at Young Men s Hall. Addresses by Rev.\\nR. .M. Hatfield. Rev. M. A. Dougherty. Rev. T. C.\\nGardner. Rev. B. F. Cocker, and- others.\\n1 866.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 October 25, Centenary Jubilee of founding\\nof American Methodism. Services in chapel of\\nCentral M. E. Church, sermon by Rev. E. O. Haven,\\nUnion Love Feast, addresses, etc.\\n1868.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 January 31, The Sunday School and Mis-\\nsionary Union of the M. E. Church of Detroit was\\norganized; it made itself chiefiy useful in stimu-\\nlating the building of the Simpson .M. E. Church.\\n1869. September I, Detroit Conference met at\\nDetroit in Central Church, Bishop Levi Scott pre-\\nsiding.\\n1872. November 25 and 26, Anniversary exer-\\ncises of General M. E. Tract Society held at Detroit.\\n1874. August 30, Bishop J. T. Peck, while in\\nattendance at the German Conference, preached\\nSunday morning at Central M. E. Church.\\n1876. April 14, Quarterly and ninth annual\\nmeetings of Northwestern Branch of Women s For-\\neign Missionary Society in Central M. E. Church.\\n1876. August 30, Detroit Conference session at\\nTabernacle Church, Bishop E. R. Ames presiding.\\n1878.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 July 15, The M. E. Church and Sunday\\nSchool Alliance was formed to further the interests\\nof the Methodist Church in Detroit. Soon after it\\nwas organized, the project of uniting all the churches\\nin an effort to pay off the united debts of the Eng-\\nlish-speaking Methodist churches was proposed,\\nand, after various meetings, ratified by the official\\nboards of the several churches. As a result, there\\nwas raised the sum of S35.500, and on Novem-\\nber 25, 1880, at a jubilee thank.sgiving service, held\\nin the Central M. E. Church, the total of the debts\\nof the several churches was reported, not only as\\nsubscribed but actually paid in, so that the can-\\ncelled mortgages and obligations were presented to\\nthe officiary of the several churches.\\n1882. May 10, The semi-annual meeting of the\\nBishops of the .M. E. Church began. There were\\npresent Bishops Simpson, Foster, Peck, Wiley,\\nHurst, Merrill. Warren, and Andrews. On Sunday,\\nMay 14. they occupied the .several Methodist pulpits,\\nand the annual missionary collections were taken\\nup.\\n1882. September 19, Closing session of Detroit\\nConference at Central M. E. Church.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "58o\\nEVENTS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMINATION.\\nPresiding Elcli-rs of the Distriii, iiuiiiding\\nDetroit.\\nNew York Confer- 1S04, Samuel Coate.\\nence. 1809, Joseph Sawyer.\\nr 1S10-181 3, Henry Ryan.\\nGenesee Confer-\\nI S K, \\\\v illiam Case,\\nence i\\n1 816-1820, Henry Ryan.\\n1820, James B. Finley.\\n1 82 1, John Strange.\\n1S22, James B. Finley.\\n1823, John Strange.\\nOhio Conference. -I 1824, James B. Finley.\\n1825, William Simmons.\\n1826-1829, Z. H. Coston.\\n1 829- 1 832, Curtis Goddard.\\n1 832-1 836, James Gilruth.\\nMichigan Confer-\\nence.\\nDetroit Confer-\\nence.\\nri836-\\n1838-\\nI 1842-\\n1844-\\n1848-\\n1852-\\n1854-\\n1856-\\n1858-\\n1S60-\\n1864-\\n1868-\\n1872-\\n1876-\\n1880-\\niS8v\\nS37, William Herr.\\n842, George Smith.\\n843, E. H. Pilcher.\\n848, Elijah Crane.\\n852, James Shaw.\\n853, J. A. Baughman.\\n856, W H. Collins.\\n857, W. H. Collins.\\n859, J. F. Davidson.\\n864, M. Hickey.\\n868, S. Clements, Jr.\\n872, F. A. Blades.\\n876, E. H. Pilcher.\\n880, J. M. Fuller.\\n883, W. W. Washburn.\\nJ. McEldowney.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LIX.\\nTHE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BISHOPS, DIOCESES, AND CONVEN-\\nTIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ANGLO-CATHOLIC AND REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nPROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n5/. Pau/ s Clturcli.\\nThe first organization of a Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch in Detroit dates from November 22, 1824, at\\nwhich time a few persons met in the Council House\\non the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph\\nStreet, and, aided by the Rev. Richard F. Cadle, who\\nhad arrived July 12 organized St. Paul s Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church, the first of the denomination in\\nMichigan. In February, 1S25, under a genera! law,\\nthe church was incorporated.\\nThe city government seems to have specially\\nfavored Episcopalian ministers, for when it came\\ninto possession of several dwellings on the Military\\nReserve granted by Congress, the Council, on Nov-\\nember 18, 1826, reduced the rent of Rev. Mr.\\nWells, the Presbyterian minister, from seven to five\\ndollars per month, while the Rev. Mr. Cadle s rent\\nwas reduced from four dollars to one dollar per\\nmonth.\\nThe church ser\\\\ices were held in the Council\\nHouse and Fort for some four years, and then, imder\\nMr. Cadle s ministrations, it was determined to erect\\na church. The First Protestant Society, at this time,\\nhad become a regularly organized Presbyterian\\nChurch, but retained possession of the entire prop-\\nerty of the old society. The members of .St. Paul s\\nChurch claimed a portion of the land, on the ground\\nthat they were a part of the original owners and\\non August 7, 1827, a lot sixty by one hundred was\\ndeeded to the rector, wardens, and vestrj-men of St.\\nPaul s, on condition that they would move the\\nwooden church, then owned by the Presbyterians,\\nfrom the middle of the lot to the corner of Lamed\\nStreet. This was done at a cost of $150, and on\\nAu.gust 10, 1827. the corner-stone of St. Paul s\\nChurch, on Woodward Avenue, was laid. The\\nchurch was completed and pews sold on July 26,\\n1828, and on August 24 it was consecrated. It was\\na very plain brick building, forty by si.xty feet, cost-\\ning, with its furnishings, \u00c2\u00a74,500. Rev. Eleazer\\nWilliams, the reputed Dauphin of France, read the\\nconsecration service. The sermon was by Bishop\\nJohn H. Hobart, of New York.\\nIn June, 1829, Mr. Cadle left on account of failing\\nhealth, and on March 30, 1830. Rev. Richard Bury\\nwas installed as his successor. In August, 1 831, an\\norgan was procured. Mr. Bury was compelled to\\nresign the rectorship on account of illness in March,\\n1833, and was succeeded in April by Rev. Addison\\nSearle. In 1834 the church had sixty-eight com-\\nmunicants and a Sunday school of one hundred and\\neighty members, with an average attendance of 120.\\nThis year an addition forty-seven feet in length was\\nmade to the rear of the building: galleries were also\\nput in, and a tower one hundred and fifteen feet\\nhigh added. The total cost of these improvements\\nwas \u00c2\u00a73,000. (See picture given in a general view\\nin connection with history of First Presbyterian\\nChurch.)\\nMr. Searle served as rector until January, 1835.\\nRev. Hugh Smith, of New York, then came and\\npreached, but declined a call. On June 29. 1836,\\nRev. S. A. McCoskry was made rector. He arrived\\nat Detroit in August.\\nMrs. Jameson, who was in Detroit in July, 1837,\\nthus speaks of the church and its services at the\\ntime of her visit\\nOn entering. I perceived at one glance that the Episcopal\\nChurch is here, as at New York, the fashionable church of the\\nplace. It was crowded in everj- part the women well dressed,\\nbut, as at New York, too much dressed, too fine for good taste\\nand real fashion. I was handed immediately to the strangers\\npew. a book put in my hand, and it was whispered to me that\\nthe bishop would preach. Our English idea of the exterior of a\\nbishop is an old gentleman in a wig and lawn sleeves, both\\nequally de rigueiir. I was therefore childishly surprised to find\\nin the Bishop of Michigan a young man of very elegant appear-\\nance, wearing his own fine hair, and in a plain black silk gown.\\nThe sermon was on the well worn subject of charity as it consists\\nin giving,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the least and lowest it may be, of all the branches of\\ncharity, though indeed that depends on what we give, and how\\nwe give it.\\nWe may give our heart, our soul, our time, our health, our life,\\nas well as our money and the greatest of these, as well as the\\nleast, is still but charity, hi home I have often thought that\\nwhen people gave money, they gave counters here when people\\ngive money they are really charitable they give a portion of their\\ntime and their existence, both of which are devoted to money-\\nmaking.\\nOn closing his sermon, which was short and unexceptionable,\\nthe bishop leaned forward over the pulpit, and commenced an\\nextemporaneous address to his congregation. I have\\nnever heard anything more eloquent and more elegant than this\\naddress. It was in perfect good taste besides being very much\\nto the purpose. He spoke in behalf of the domestic missions of\\nls8i]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "58^\\nTHE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nhis diocese. I understood that the missions hitherto supported\\nin the back settlements are, in consequence of the e.vtreme\\npressure of the times, lilcely to be withdrawn, and the new, thinly\\npeopled districts thus left without any ministry whatever. He\\ncalled on the people to give their aid towards sustaining these\\ndomestic missionaries, at least for a time, and said, among other\\nthings, that if each indi-\\nvidual of the Episcopal\\nChurch in the United\\nStates subscribed one\\ncent per week for one\\nyear, it would amount\\nto more than $300,000.\\nThis address was re-\\nsponded to by a subscrip-\\ntion on the spot, of above\\n$400, a large sum for a\\nsmall town, suffering,\\nlike all other places, from\\nthe present commercial\\ndifficulties.\\nIn October, 1842,\\nthe services at St.\\nPaul s were so\\nlargely attended\\nthat the bishop com-\\nmenced holding e.\\\\-\\ntra services in the\\nCity Hall, and in\\nNovember, 1 842. the\\nfollowing appeared\\nin a daily paper\\nOwing to the want ot\\nroom in St. Paul s\\nChurch, Detroit, the\\nBishop of the Diocese\\nhas organized a chapel\\nin connection with said\\nchurch, and has pro-\\ncured the use of Mechan-\\nics Hall, where Protest-\\nant Episcopal services\\nwill be held morning and\\nafternoon each Sabbath,\\nat the usual hours.\\nThe attendance\\ndid not warrant\\ntheir continuance,\\nand they were\\ngiven up but the\\ngrowth of the\\nchurch and the pro-\\ngress of the times\\nmade it necessary\\nto erect a larger\\nbuilding, and ac-\\ncordingly a new site was selected on the northeast\\ncorner of Congress and Shelby Streets. In March,\\n1851, and 1852, the property on Woodward Avenue\\nwas sold to several parties for a total of S;i2. 42. and\\nin April, 1852, the old church was demolished. The\\nSt. Paul s Protestant Episcopal Chuhch.\\nlast service was held on Easter Monday. Services\\nwere then held in Firemen s Hall until the church\\nwas completed.\\nThe new building and its furnishings cost $43,000,\\nit was dedicated December 19, 1852. Its size is\\nseventy by one hun-\\ndred and thirty-\\nthree feet. It has\\none hundred and\\nsixty-si.K pews and\\nseats eight hundred\\nand fifty persons.\\nThe lots cost $4,400.\\nThe rectory near\\nthe church, built in\\n1852. cost $3,000,\\nand the lot $4,500.\\nRev. Dr. Mc-\\nCoskry resigned the\\nrectorship in 1863,\\nand was succeeded\\non October i by\\nRev. Milton C.\\nLight ner. He was\\nfollowed in October,\\n1867. by Rev. Dr.\\nT. C. Pitkin, who\\nser\\\\ ed the parish\\nuntil April. 1877,\\nand during his pas-\\ntorate, on Novem-\\nber 22, 1874, the\\nsemi-centennial of\\nthe organization of\\nthe church was ap-\\npropriately observ-\\ned. Rev. Rufus W.\\nClark became rector\\nSeptember 12, 1877.\\nThe rector s sal-\\nary, in 1880, was\\n$2,500 and the use\\nof the rectory. The\\ncost of the choir\\nwas Si,6oo, the sex-\\nton s .salary, $475,\\nand the total an-\\nnual e p e n s e s,\\nS7.000. The re-\\nceipts from pew\\nrents were $5,000.\\nValue of the prop-\\nerty $100,000. The average attendance at Sun-\\nday morning service in 1880 was 500. Number of\\nmembers in 1830, 40; in 1840, 291 in 1850, 250;\\nin i860, 265; in 1870. 296; in 1880, 448. In 1883\\nthe three missions of All Saints, St. Barnabas, and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n5S3\\nSt. Thomas, were under the care of St. Paul s\\nChurch. The former rectory, now known as St.\\nPaul s buildincf, is occupied by a classical school\\ntaught by Rev. Paul Ziesler.\\nChrist Pkotestan\\nt-tlv lt.l.N.AL IjiriLDING.\\nChrist Cliiircli.\\nThis, the second parish of the denomina-\\ntion in Detroit, was organized on May 26.\\n1845. The articles of association were signed\\nby sixty-seven persons. As the State law\\nunder which it would have been necessary to\\nincorporate was then unsatisfactory, the so-\\nciety was not incorporated until March 27,\\n1857.\\nIn 1845 a lot on the south side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, between Hastings and Rivard Streets,\\nwas procured, and a frame church, forty-two\\nby seventy-two feet, erected at a cost of\\n$1,500. It seated 300, and was consecrated\\nMay 31, 1846. The first rector was Rev. W.\\nN. Lyster. He served until April, 1849, and\\nwas succeeded in July by Rev. Charles Aldis,\\nwho remained until June, 1851. During that\\nsummer the church was enlarged by an addi-\\ntion of thirty feet on the rear, at a cost of\\nabout $3,000. The seating capacity was thus\\nincreased to 500.\\nIn November, 1856, Rev. T. R. Chipman\\nbecame rector, and remained until November,\\n1859. In February, i860. Rev. B. H. Paddock\\ntook charge of the parish, and on October\\n19 following, the corner-stone of the stone\\nchapel on the rear of the lot was laid. The\\nchapel was fully completed and consecrated\\non June 9, 1861. It seats 300 persons and\\ncost $5,706. The old church was then torn\\ndown and the erection of ,-i new edifice begun.\\nOn April 9, 1863, it was consecrated. The cost of\\ntile building and its furnishings was $28,150. It is\\nbuilt in the form of a Latin cross. The total length\\ninside is one hundred and twelve feet, the width\\nacross the nave forty-four feet, and across the tran-\\nsept seventy-seven feet height from floor to ridge\\nof roof, fifty-five feet. It seats 900 persons.\\nIn October, 1864, a chime of nine bells was\\nplaced in the tower, at an expen.se of $5,409. The\\nseveral bells were contributed by the following\\nparties: Bell No. i, by the Ladies Society; No. 2,\\nby Mrs. C. C. Trowbridge No. 3, by the Sanger\\nfamily No. 4, by the children of the Sunday school\\nNo. 5, by the young men of the parish as a testi-\\nmonial to the senior warden, Mr. C. C. Trowbridge\\nNo. 6, by J. N. Ford No. 7, by J. E. Pittnian No.\\n8, by Edward and Martha Lyon No. 9 by Mary S.\\nMandelbaum.\\nIn 1864 the rectory on Woodbridge Street, in\\nrear of the church, was purchased for $2,500, and\\nin 1866 it was enlarged at a cost of $3,000.\\nCuKisT Protestant Ei iscopal Chl-rch.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "5^4\\nTHE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nIn April, 1S69, Rev. Mr. Paddock resigned his\\nrectorship. He was succeeded in January-. 1S70,\\nby Rev. J. W. Brown, who remained until February;\\n1S76. In August, 1876, Rev. William J. Harris\\nbecame rector, and in December, iSSi, he was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Chauncey B. Brewster.\\nIn 1S77 the tower of the church was completed,\\nat a cost of $4,000.\\nA short time before his death the senior warden,\\nMr. C. C. Trowbridge, presented the church with\\nan elegant memorial window, bearing a repre-\\nsentation of the Good Shepherd, with this inscrip-\\ntion, I am the Good Shepherd. In memory of\\nRev. William N. Lyster, first rector of this parish,\\nand of Ellen E., his wife.\\nThe rector s salary in iSSo was \u00c2\u00a73,000. The\\nannual expenses for the choir are $1,000. The\\nsexton is paid $300. The total yearly e.\\\\penses in\\n1880 were about $5,000, and the receipts from pews\\n$4,500. The average attendance at the morning\\nser\\\\-ice was from 250 to 300. Number of com-\\nmunicants in 1S50, 94; in i860, 149; in 1S70,\\n399; in iSSo, 500. Value of property in iSSo,\\nSi 20,000. Amount of debt, $2,700.\\nMariners Church.\\nThis church owes its e.xistence to the liberality\\nof Miss Charlotte Ann Taylor and her sister. Mrs.\\nJulia .Ann Anderson. Miss Taylor died February\\nI, 1840. bequeathing all her property to her sister,\\nbut with a verbal and well-understood agreement\\nbetween them that Mrs. Anderson would eventually\\nbequeath it, with her own property, to establish a\\nmariners church. Both ladies were, at the time of\\ntheir death, communicants of St. Paul s.\\nMrs. Anderson died October 28, 1S42, aged forty-\\nnine years. Her will, dated eight days before her\\ndeath, gave the lot fifty by one hundred feet on\\nnorthVvest corner of Woodward Avenue and Wood-\\nbridge Street, as a site for a church, to be called the\\nMariners Church of Detroit, and directed that it\\nbe built of stone. For the purpose of building and\\nmaintaining the church, she gave a lot of land in\\nMonroe, and a lot in the rear of the church, on\\nWoodbridge Street, extending through to Griswold,\\nwith a front of forty feet on that street, together\\nwith $13,100 in cash.\\nOn March 29, 1S48, by special Act of the Legis-\\nlature, C. C. Trowbridge, who had been appointed\\na trustee by the executors, and eight others who\\nwere to be appointed, were constituted a corpora-\\ntion under the title of Trustees of the Mariners\\nChurch of Detroit. The Act provided that the\\npews in the church to be erected should be forever\\nfree.\\nThe erection of the church was begun in the\\nspring of 1S49. October 24, Rev. Horace Hill\\nwas chosen rector, and on December 23, 1S49, the\\nchurch was consecrated. It is fifty by one hundred\\nfeet in size, and seats about 500 persons. The\\nentire cost was $15,000. The lower stor\\\\- has\\nalways been used for business purposes; it was first\\noccupied by the post-oflice, and has since been\\nrented to various business firms. (See picture given\\nin connection w ith chapter on Merchants and Trad-\\ning-)\\nMr. Hill resigned in December, 1856, and was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Rufus Murray. He remained\\nuntil March 27, i860, and on April 28 of this year.\\nRev. A. L. Brewer became rector. He resigned in\\nDecember, 1864, and the parish was cared for by\\nthe bishop until November, 1S65, when Rev. A. AL\\nLewis began his term. In May, 1S72, he resigned,\\nand on October 1, Rev. E. W. Flow er was appointed.\\nHe resigned October i, 1S76, and was succeeded on\\nFebruary 14, 1877, by Rev. William Charles.\\nThe revenue of the church from rents amounts\\nto about $2,500 per year, and is used in its main-\\ntenance. The rector s salary is $1,400; the annual\\nexpenses of the choir and sexton are $200 each\\nand the total expenditures, about $2,000. The\\naverage attendance at the church in 1880 was 130.\\nNumber of members in 1850, 63; in i860, 134; in\\n1S70, 136; in iSSo, 52. Value of the property in\\niSSo, $100,000.\\nSt. Peter s Church.\\nThis society held its first ser\\\\ices in a private\\nhouse on the corner of Baker Street and Trumbull\\nAvenue. On February 12, 1858, it was incorpor-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Ogi,.\\nSt. Peter s Protestant Episcopal Church.\\nated. A small house on Leverette Street, near\\nTrumbull Avenue, was then fitted up. but as it could\\nnot be used in cold weather, the services were con-\\nducted in a store on the northwest comer of Baker\\nStreet and Trumbull Avenue, subsequently at Mor-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n5^5\\nris s Hall, and then in an old engine house on Third\\nStreet. In 1859 Governor Woodbridge gave the\\nsociety a lot on the comer of Church Street and\\nTrumbull Avenue.\\nThe society purch.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^sed the adjoining lot, and a\\nplain wooden church, costing $1,200 and .seating\\n250, was erected, and first used in December, i860.\\nOn .Vjiril 25, 1861, it was partially destroyed by\\nfire. It was repaired, and again in use early\\nin the fall. In 1866 the church was moved\\nback thirty feet, and an addition thirty by seventy-\\nlive feet and a tower ninety feet high erected.\\nThese improve-\\nments cost\\n$4,500. The\\nchurch, seating\\n360, was re-\\nopened after\\nthese additions\\non April 22,\\n1 866.\\nOn April 29,\\n1S83, a memo-\\nrial w i n d o w\\nerected by a\\nMasonic So-\\nciety as a\\nmemorial to\\nThomas May-\\nbur) one of\\nthe former\\nwardens, was\\nform.illy pre-\\nsented to the\\nchurch.\\nThe pastor s\\nsalary in 1880\\nwas $800, the\\ntotal church ex-\\npenses $1,700,\\nand the receipts\\nfrom the pews\\n$400. a 1 u e\\nof property,\\n$10,000. Num-\\nber of members in i860, 40; in 1870, 71 in\\n1880. 1 80.\\nThe rectors have been March to November,\\n1859, Rev. C. Reighley; December, i860, to June,\\n1861, Rev. E. Denroche; winter of 1861 and 1862,\\nRev. Osgood E. Fuller; July, 1862, to May, 1865,\\nRev. H. J. Brown; June, 1865, to November, 1866,\\nRev. A. P. Crouch; January, 1S67, to August, i86g.\\nRev. Paul Ziegler; December 2, 1S83, to\\nDr. J. H. Hartzell.\\nRev.\\nSt. John s Protestant Ei Iscopal Ciu-rch, Chapel, and Rectorv.\\nS/. John s Church.\\nThis society was organized and incorporated on\\nDecember 13, 1S58. Its existence is largely due\\nto the liberality of II. P. Paldwin, who gave the\\nsociety a lot valued at $10,000, fronting one hundred\\nuid twenty-five fjet on Woodward Avenue by one\\nhundred and seventy-five feet on High Street,\\nand built a rectory at a further cost of $7,000. The\\ncomer-stone of the stone chapel was laid April 19,\\n1859, and on\\nJune 29 follow-\\ning it was re-\\nsolved to inyite\\nRev William\\nK. Armitage to\\nbecome rector\\nof the parish.\\nHe came in Oc-\\ntober, and on\\nNovember 19,\\njust seven\\nmonths from\\nthe laying of\\nthe corner-\\nstone, the\\nchapel was\\nconsecrated\\nIt cost S10.576.\\nTwo days after-\\nward the pews\\nwere rented,\\nand it at once\\nbecame evi-\\ndent that the\\nchapel was\\ntoo small for\\nthe congrega-\\ntions that gath-\\nered. Within\\ntwo weeks af-\\nter the chapel\\nwas opened,\\ni\\\\Ir. P)aldwin offered to give $17,000 additional, on\\ncondition that a church to cost not less than $32,000\\nbe erected. In addition to this amount he subse-\\nquently gave $8,000 and then $ro,ooo to the\\nenterprise.\\nThe comer-stone of the church was laid June 6,\\ni860, and on December 19, 186 1, it was consecrated.\\nRev. George Burgess, Bishop of Maine, and many\\nRev. G. E. Peters; January, 1870. to April, 1871. clerg\\\\ mcn of note were present. The total cost of\\nRev. J. L. Taylor; July. 1871, to January, 1876. the church and its furnishings was $48,512. It seats\\nRev. W. R. Tillingha.st July, 1876. to Vpril, 1879, i.ooo. In order to relieve the rector, who needed\\nRev. W. H. Watts; May, 1S79, to fall of 1883, rest, on June 1,1863, Rev. M. Sweetland, of New", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "586\\nTHE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nYork, was engaged lo take his place for three\\nmonths, and in November, 1864. on the inflation\\nof Mr. Baldwin, Mr. Armitage accompanied him on\\na trip to Palestine and the East. They retiuned in\\nJuly, 1865, their tour haung lasted some eight\\nmonths.\\nOn Septemtjer 29, 1866, Mr. Armitage aimoimced\\nto the vestry his acceptance of the Bishopric of\\nWisconsin, to which he had been elected, and his\\nresignation took effect October i, 1866.\\nOn November 10, Mr. Baldwin donated to the\\nchurch a lot twenty-five feet front on Woodward\\nAvenue by one hundred and seventy-five feet deep,\\nadjoining the rector)- on the south.\\nIn March, 1867, Rev. John J. McCook was called\\nas rector, but being unable to come till October.\\nRev. Dr. McCuUough temporarily ser\\\\ ed as rector.\\nMr. McCook came in October, but before he had\\nser\\\\ ed a year, the failing health of himself and\\nwife compelled his resignation, which took effect\\non April 27, 1868. On June 23 following. Rev.\\nGeorge Worthington was called, and on 5 ep-\\ntember 6, 1868, he preached his first sermon in\\nthe parish.\\nIn December, 1873, Bishop Armitage died. The\\nintelligence brought deep sorrow to his friends\\nin Detroit; his remains were brought here, and\\nburied in Elmwood. The funeral, on December\\nII, 1873, was largely attended by clergy from several\\nStates.\\nThe parish of St. John s is pre-eminent in mis-\\nsionary work. Its members organized and pushed\\ninto succes-sful operation the church of St. James\\nand St. Mar\\\\ s Mission. In order to give informa-\\ntion and aid in their church work, a monthly paf er,\\ncalled .St. John s Chronicle, has been issued since\\nNovember, 1874.\\nThe average attendance at Sunday morning ser-\\nvice in 1880 was 600. The rector s salar\\\\ was\\n$2,500, the choir cost $1,000, and the total annual\\nexpanses were \u00c2\u00a79,675. The yearly receipts from\\nthe pews were S5.000. Value of property, \u00c2\u00a71 10.000.\\nNumber of members in i860, 140; in 1870,630;\\nin 1880, 923.\\nThe assistant rectors of the parish have been\\nMarch, 1866, to Easter. 1S67, John K. Dunn; .May,\\n1869, to Janu2ary 4, 1871, Jesse T. Webster; 1872-\\n1874, John L. Taylor; 1875 to Febniar\\\\-, 1877,\\nW. Charles; March. 1876, to Februar I, 1880, .S.\\nB. Carpenter; Februar 1880. to July. 1882, S. W.\\nFrisbie. in charge of St. James Chapel September,\\n1880, to Nwember, 1882, W. J. Roberts, in charge\\nof St. Mar)- s Chapel; Januar)-, 1881, to April, 1 882.\\nG. Mott Williams; April 9, 1882, to September 25.\\n1882, W. J. Roberts; November i, 1882, to\\nfirst assLstant, E. L. Turquand second assistant,\\nW. Wame Wilson.\\nGrace Church.\\nThis society was organized and incorpfjrated J uly\\n12, 1867. The first senice was held on Sunday\\nafternoon, September 2, 1867, in the Lafayette Ave-\\nnue M. E. Church. Afternoon services were subse-\\nquently held in the Congregational Church, and then\\n.St. Andrew s Hall was rented, and here the congre-\\ngation remained until their church was completed.\\nOn December 21, 1867, Rev. M. C. Lightner was\\ncalled to the rectorship, and exactly three years\\nafter, on December 21. 1870. their brick church, on\\nthe northeast corner of Fort and Second Streets,\\nwas opened for worship.\\nThe lot, seventv-five bv one hundred and thirty\\nfeet, and then worth $13,000, was gi\\\\ en by E. W.\\nHudson. The building is sixty-six by one hundred\\nand twenty feet, and with its furnishings, cost\\n$75,000. It will seat twelve hundred persons. In\\n1879 a mortgage of $16,000 on the property was\\npaid by J. W. Waterman, who presented the society\\nwith the cancelled document. As the church was\\nnow free from debt, on Januar 7, 1880, it was\\nconsecrated.\\nThe average attendance at Sundaj- morning ser-\\nvices, in 1880, was 300. The rector s salary was\\n$3,500, the choir cost $1,500, the sexton was paid\\n$350, and the total annual expenses were $6,000.\\nThe pew rents ai^iounted to $4,500 per year. The\\nvalue of property was $90,000. Number of mem-\\nbers in 1870, 409; in 1880, 535.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0638.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n587\\nRev. Mr. Lightner resigned September 13, 1873, Avenue. They were begun in the fall of 1872\\nand on September 28, 1874, the Kev. Lewis P. W. and continued until June, 1873. Ser\\\\-ices were\\nISalch was elected as rector. He died on June 4, next held in the chapel of the First Baptist\\n1S75. and on June 11 Rev. C. H. W. Stocking\\nwas chosen his successor. He resigned in 1883,\\npreaching his last sermon on August 5. In Janu-\\nary 1 884, Rev. J. McCarroll accepted a call to ser\\\\e\\nas rector.\\nS/. Stephen s Church.\\nThe building of this society is located on the\\nnorth side of Catharine Street, between Dequindre\\nStreet and St. Aubin Avenue. The society was\\nirganized in 186S by Rev. M. C. Lightner. The\\nchurch building was consecrated November 18,\\n1873. It seats 300. The lot cost S500. and the\\nbuilding Si. 500. In 1870 there were seventy-five\\ncommunicants, and in 1880, 30. The average at-\\ntendance at morning service, in 1880, was 30. The\\ntotal yearly expenses were Si 50. The estimated\\nvalue of the property was Si, 500.\\nThe following rectors have officiated in the order\\nin which they are named Rev. M. C. Lightner,\\nRev. Milton Ward. Rev. E. W. Flowers. Rev.\\nWilliam J. Harris, Rev. William Charles. In 1883\\nEiiAxi EL Memorial PRnrESTAN T Ei-iscopal Chi Rch.\\nChurch on Bagg Street. In the fall of 1S73 Rev.\\nMoses Hunter took charge of the work, and in F eb-\\nruar\\\\ 1874, ser\\\\-ices were held in the building of\\nthe Peninsular Cricket Club, on Woodward Avenue\\njust above Fremont Street. Mr. Hunter retired\\nfrom the work on October 25, 1874. and on Novem-\\nber 30 the church was incorporated. A lot just\\nnorth of the Cricket building, eighty-eight by two\\nhundred feet, was then leased, and a church erected\\nwhich cost 84,035. The entire amount was given\\nby Mrs. L. R. Medbury. as a memorial of her hus-\\nband, Samuel Medbury-.\\nOn January 27, 1875. Rev. J. T. Webster was\\ncalled as the rector. The first service in the new\\nbuilding was held on Februar\\\\- 14. 1875. Although\\npresent at this ser\\\\Hce. Mr. Webster did not enter\\nupon the rectorship until April 4. and in the mean-\\ntime ser\\\\nces were conducted by Rev. Paul Ziegler\\nand Rev. C. A. Qaxy. On June 7, 1875, the church\\nwas consecrated. Two years later the society pur-\\nchased two lots, eighty feet front on the north side\\nof .Alexandrine Avenue, between Cass and Wood-\\nward .Avenues, for \u00c2\u00a74,400. The church building\\nwas moved thither, and alterations and repairs made\\nwhich cost \u00c2\u00a72,500.\\nOn August 26, 1877. the building, seating 600,\\nwas opened for worship. In 18783 rectory costing\\n$2,000 was built on the lot formerly occupied by the\\nSt. Stephen s Protestant Episcopal Chi rch.\\nthe church was cared for by Rev.\\nChrist Church.\\nC. B. Brewster, of\\nEmanuel Memorial Church.\\nThis church grew out of ser\\\\-ices instituted by\\nRev. Henry Banwell in his house on Forest", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0639.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "588\\nTHE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\nchurch. Mr. Webster resigned on December 31,\\n1879. Rev. G. E. Peters then served until the first\\nSunday in Lent, when Rev. AL C. Dotten became\\nrector. The number of members in i S80 was 220.\\nThe average attendance at Sunday morning service\\nwas 200. The rector s salary was \u00c2\u00a71,200, in addi-\\ntion to the use of rectory. The total annual\\ne.xpenses amounted to $5,500, and nearly $1,300\\nwas received from pew rents. The property was\\nvalued at Si 5.375; amount of debt, $4,000.\\nnLa.....^...,^.-ias.. g6K^J\\nAll Saints P. E. Mission.\\nAll Saints Chapel.\\nThis mission was established in 1873. The first\\nservices were held in a hall on Michigan Avenue\\nnear the Railroad Junction. In 1874 three lots were\\npurchased on the northwest corner of Otis and\\nWesson Streets, in Springwells, at a cost of $900,\\nand a building erected which cost $1,000. It has\\n1 20 sittings, and the average attendance at Sunday\\nmorning service, in 1 880, was 60, and there were 41\\ncommunicants. The yearly e.xpenses were S450.\\nThe rectors in charge have been: 1874- 1877,\\nRev. E. H. Rudd; August 5, 1877, to February i,\\n1880, Rev. S. W. Frisbie. After that date Rev.\\nWilliam Charles and Rev. H. J. Brown continued\\nthe ser\\\\-ices for a time, and then they ceased until\\nresumed under the direction of Rev. Mr. Clark of\\nSt. Paul s Church.\\nSt. Jatiics s Clnirch.\\nThis church is the outgrowth of a mission estab-\\nlished on May 17, 1868, by St. John s parish, in the\\nupper story of a building on Grand River Avenue\\nnear Sixth Street. In 1874 the property on the\\nnorthwest corner of Walnut and Seventh Streets,\\nwhich had been ownt d and used by the Simpson\\nM. E. Church, was purcliased for $2,600. The old\\nchurch was torn down, and a new one, costing\\n$1 3,000, was erected. It was first opened for public\\nworship on February I, 1S76. It was consecrated\\nJune 8, 1S80. Number of sittings, 406. Average\\nattendance at morning service in 1S80, 120. Number\\nof communicants, 150. The rector s salar was\\n$1,000, and the total annual e.xpenses $1,850, The\\nreceipts from pew-rents were $600. alue of prop-\\nerty, $18,000.\\nThe rectors in charge have been: Rev. J. T.\\nWebster, Rev. J. L. Taylor, Rev. William Charles,\\nRev. S. B. Carpenter and Rev. S. W. Frisbie. The\\nterm of the last named began February i, 1880.\\nOn February i, 1882, the society became a regular\\nparish, severing the connection it had previously\\nsustained as a mission of .St. John s.\\nSt. J.\\\\mes p. E. Church-\\nlif/ssi on of the JSIcssiali.\\nThis mission was established by Christ Church\\nin June, 1874, in a three-story brick building. No.\\n1 160 Jefferson .Avenue, near Mt. Elliott Avenue.\\nIt proved so successful that a lot on the southeast\\ncorner of Mt. Elliott Avenue and Fort Street was\\npurchased, at a cost of $800, and a building erected\\ncosting, with the furnishing, $1,700. It was first\\nused on November 9, 1879. It .seats 200. In 1880\\nthe property was valued at $3,000. The average\\nattendance at ser\\\\ ice in 1S80 was 80, and there\\nwere thirty-five communicants. The yearly expenses\\nwere $600.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0640.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "THE I ROTESTANT EPISCOl AL CHURCHES.\\n589\\nThe rectors in charge have been Rev. C. A.\\nCar\\\\-, to .September. 1S75; Rev. W. A. Cochran,\\nfrom September, 1875, to July, 1877; Rev. Lucius\\nPKOTKSr.VNT El ISCOPAL MiSSlON OF THE MeSSIAH.\\nWaterman, from July, 1877, to June, 1879; Rev.\\nJ. J. Morton and Rev. Mr. Alcorn, from June, 1S79,\\nto September, 1879; Rev. H. Banwell, from Novem-\\nber, 1879, to February, 1881 Rev. W. J. Roberts,\\nfrom Februarj 1881, to January i, 1882; Rev. G.\\nM. Williams, from Januar\\\\- i, 1S82.\\nS/. Alary s Mission.\\nThis mission was established February 7, 1S75,\\nin Cook s Hall, on the corner of Prospect and St.\\nAntoine Streets. On December 29. 187S, the pres-\\nSt. MARy s Protestant Episcopal Mission Chapel.\\nent church, on the southeast corner of Benton and\\nSt. Antoine Streets, was first used. The lot cost\\nSi, 000 and the church S 440. It seats 200. The\\naverage attendance at Sunday morning service in\\n1880 was TOO and the number of members 20. The\\nyearly expenses were $650. The value of the prop-\\nerty in 1S80 was $2,500. .A-mount of debt, $300.\\nThe following clergymen have been in charge\\nabout a year each, dating from 1875: Rev. Paul\\nZiegler, Rev. William Charles, Rev. S. B. Carpenter,\\nRev. J. W. Pro.sser, Rev. S. W. Frisbie. The term\\nof Rev. W. J. Roberts began September i, 1880,\\nand ceased in November, 1882. He was succeeded\\nJanuary i, 1883, by Rev. E. L. Turquand.\\nMission of the Good Shepherd.\\nThis mission was inaugurated by the establish-\\nment of a Sunday school in July, 1881, in a building\\non Vinewood Avenue, owned by George Hendrie.\\nGood Shf.pherd P. E. Mission.\\nRegular church services, under the charge of Rev.\\nG. E. Peters, were commenced in the same place\\nin April, 1882. A lot for a church, located on the\\neast side of Vinewood Avenue, between Michigan\\nAvenue and the M. C. R. R. was donated by Mr.\\nHendrie, and a church building begun in 1882.\\nand finished at a cost, including furnishing, of about\\n$3,500. The value of the entire property is about\\n$4,000. The building was first used by the Sunday\\nschool on December 25, 1883. Church services was\\nheld in it for the first time on May 11, 1884.\\nSt. Thomas s Mission.\\nThis mission Sunday school, located on the north-\\neast corner of Twenty-sixth Street and Shady Lane,\\nwas established by the members of St. Paul s\\nChurch in December. 18S2. Their new building\\nwas consecrated August 3, 1884.\\n.sy. Bariia/ as s .Mission.\\nThis mission was inaugurated July 15, 1883. on\\nGrand River Avenue near Sixteenth Street. Their", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0641.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "590\\nTHE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES\\nchapel, on the corner of Grand River Avenue and\\nFourteenth Street, was first used on October 14,\\n1883. The lot and building cost nearly $3,000. The\\nmission was originally under the care of Rev. S. W.\\nFrisbie, and Rev. G. Mott Williams. On January\\nI, 1884, it was placed in charge of Rev. Paul Ziegler.\\nSt. U.^rnabas P. E. Mission.\\nHoly Trinity Mission.\\nThis mission was established by authority of the\\nbishop, in the building formerly occupied by the\\nHoly Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church on the corner of\\nFourteenth Avenue and Howard Street. The first\\nservices were held on December 16, 1883. The\\nmission began under the care of Rev. G. Mott\\nWilliams and Rev. C. A. Cary.\\nZT? ^;^jr.\\n1\\ni.?i i\\n1\\n1.1 1\\n1f^\\n4-\\nHoLv Trinitv p. E. Mission.\\nFormerly the Vnglo-Calholic Church.\\nSf. Luke s Memorial Chapel\\nis located on the grounds of St. Luke s Hospital,\\njust west of the main building. It is of brick, cost\\n$7,000, and was consecrated February 27, 1881, the\\nanniversary of the birthday of the wife of C. C.\\nTrowbridge. It was erected by Mr. Trowbridge\\nas a tribute to her memory, and is an elegant and\\nsubstantial testimonial, both of the worth of the\\ndead, and of the wisdom that remembers the dead\\nby doing good to the living. It is designed to\\naccommodate the inmates of the hospital, and\\nothers in that neighborhood, and will seat 125.\\nServices were conducted by the chaplain of the\\nhospital. Rev. August Bush, until his death in May,\\n1S83.\\nSt. Lukj-: s .Memorial Protestant EriscoHAi. Chaiei.\\nSt. Matthe-iv s Chitrch {Colored).\\nThe congregation thus designated first met for\\nworship, in 1847, in an old building on Fort Street,\\nwest of Beaubien Street, previously occupied by\\nthe African M. E. Church. The society remained\\nthere until their church, on the southeast corner of\\nCongress and St. Antoine Streets, was completed.\\nThis was built in the fall of 1 851, but being en-\\ncumbered by debt, it was never consecrated.\\nServices were conducted by Rev. W. C. Monroe\\nuntil 1859. Rev. Mr. King then served the church\\nfor a brief period, and as early as April, 1859, Rev.\\nS. V. Berry was in charge. The church had no\\nmembers, as such, because it was not fully organ-\\nized. Many of those who attended held member-\\nship in other parishes. The present Bishop of the\\nIsland of Hayti. James Holly, attended this church.\\nIn 1864 the building was sold to the Hebrew con-\\ngregation, Shaary Zedec. A portion of the avails\\nwas invested in a lot on the southwest corner of St.\\nAntoine and Elizabeth Streets, on which, in 1883,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0642.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n591\\na church was erected, which, with the lot, cost\\nSS.ooo. The building was dedicated May 13, 18S3,\\nOriginal St. Matthew s P. E. Chibch.\\nwith a sermon by Re\\\\\\nGeorge Worthington. On\\nJanuary i. 1882, it was\\nplaced ill charge of Rev.\\nG. Mott Williams.\\nSt Joseph s Memorial\\nChapti.\\nThis chapel is located\\non the northeast corner of\\nWoodward and .Medbury\\nAvenues. It is forty by\\nfifty-five feet, is built of\\nIonia stone, and cost about\\n19,000. The lot was\\ndonated and the chapel\\nerected by Mrs. L. R.\\nMedbury. It was conse-\\ncrated July 9. 1884.\\nsittings, was erected. The society was fully organ-\\nized April 22, and incorporated on May 2, 1874.\\nMr. McGee left in 1S76, and was succeeded by Rev.\\nMr. Rudd, who remained only about si.\\\\ months.\\nRev. G. E. Peters then served for a short time,\\nand in 1877 ser\\\\ ices were conducted by a lay reader.\\nOn February 14, 1879 the society transferred the\\nproperty to Emanuel Reformed Episcopal Church\\nit was subsequently returned to the Protestant Epis-\\ncopal Church, and on May 25, 1880, was sold to a\\nsociety styled St. John s Evangelical Lutheran\\nChurch.\\nBISHOPS, DIOCESES, AND CONVENTIONS.\\nWhen the diocese of Michigan was created, a\\ncanon of the church provided that any diocese with\\nsi.\\\\ presbyters might elect a bishop. The Episco-\\npalian Church in this region had been classed as\\nmission ground, but it was decided to create the\\nDiocese of Michigan, and\\non September 10, 1832,\\nthis was done. In i833the\\nstanding committee voted\\nto put the diocese under\\nthe care of Bishop Mc-\\nIlvaine of Ohio. At the\\nconvention of 1835, held\\nat Tecumseh, Henry J.\\nWhitehouse was elected\\nbishop. He declined, and\\nas one of the clergymen in\\ncharge of a parish soon\\nafter left, there was no\\nlegal authority to elect a\\nbishop. By the passage of\\na new canon the House of\\nBishops was allowed to\\nelect a bishop for a dio-\\nSr. Matthew s Ki-iscoi al Chl-kch.\\nTrinity Church. {Ex/iiic/.)\\nThis society was incorporated June 25, 1838. It\\nworshiped in the old capitol, and in 1839 reported\\nforty-three communicants, with Rev. Richard Bury\\nas rector. It existed only a year.\\nSt. Mark s Church. (Extijtct.)\\nThis enterprise was commerKed as a mission in\\nrented rooms on Twenty-fourth Street, near Michi-\\ngan Avenue, in August, 1873, by Rev. Mr. Lightner,\\nthen in charge of Grace Church. After two months\\nlabor. Mr. Lightner transferred the work to Rev. E.\\nMcGee. L nder the supervision of Mr. McGee two\\nlots, on the southwest comer of Twenty-third and\\nAsh Streets, were purchased at a cost of S950. and\\na brick church, costing $2,500, with one hundred\\nSt. Joseph s Mkmokiai, P. E. Chai ei..", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0643.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "59^\\nANGLO-CATHOLIC AND REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\ncese on application, even if there were not the\\nrequisite number of clerg)-men with charges in the\\ndiocese. L nder this last canon, in June, i8j6. Rev.\\nS. A. McCoskry was elected bishop, and on July 7,\\nhe was consecrated at St. Peter s Church in Phila-\\ndelphia. On December 2, 1874, Michigan was\\ndivided into two dioceses, and on February 24, 1875,\\nat Grand Rapids, Rev. George B. Gillespie was con-\\nsecrated Bishop of Western Michigan.\\nBishop McCoskry resigned on March 11, 1878,\\nand was succeeded by Rt. Rev. S. S. Harris. He\\nwas elected June 6, and consecrated September 17,\\n1879, at Detroit.\\nThis city has had the honor of furnishing three\\nbishops for other dioceses the Rev. W. E. Armi-\\ntage, rector of St. John s Church, consecrated Bishop\\nof Wisconsin Rev. B. H. Paddock, rector of Christ\\nChurch, consecrated Bishop of Massachusetts and\\nRev. W. E. McLaren, formerly pastor of Westmin-\\nster Presbyterian Church, now Bishop of Illinois.\\nConventions of the diocese were held at Detroit\\nin November, 1835; October, 1836; June, 1840,\\n1845, 1847, and 1851 November, 1852; June, 1853,\\n1855, 1857, i860, 1862, 1867, 1871, 1877, 1878, 1879,\\n1880, 1881, and 1883. At the first convention,\\nApril 20 to 27, 1834, Bishop Mcllvaine of Ohio was\\npresent, and preached on the first and last day of\\nthe session.\\nThe diocese owns an episcopal residence, bought\\nin 1866, at a cost of $12,000. In 1879 it was en-\\nlarged, and partly rebuilt, at a cost of $8,000. Its\\nestimated value in 1880 was $20,000. The creation\\nof a diocesan fund, the interest to be used to pay\\nthe salary of the bishop, was begun in 1854. In\\n1883 the fund amounted to $84,000, which sum is\\ninvested, and in the care of trustees appointed from\\nyear to year by the convention.\\nOn January 30, 1880, the Church Association of\\nMichigan was organized to assist the religious,\\ncharitable, and educational interests of the Protest-\\nant Episcopal Church in Michigan, by acting as the\\ntrustees of gifts or legacies given in aid of any of\\nthe enterprises of the church. From 1S80 to 1883,\\nC. C. Trowbridge was president, and John H. Bissell\\nsecretary and treasurer.\\n.A.NGLO-CATHOLIC .4ND REFORMED EPISCOPAL\\nCHURCHES.\\nAlbans, formerly Holy Trinity, Anglo-\\nCatholic Church.\\nThis organization, established May i, 1876, met\\nfor si.x weeks in St. Andrew s Hall. It then moved\\nto the store No. 842 Fort Street West, near Twen-\\ntieth Street, which was fitted for church purposes.\\nThe room was first opened for ser\\\\-ice on July 18.\\n1876, and the pastorate of W. R. Tillinghast then\\nbegan.\\nOn July 29, 1877, the society dedicated a build-\\ning on the northeast corner of Fourteenth Avenue\\nand Howard Street. The lot cost $1,500, and the\\nchurch and furnishing about $4,500. The building\\nseats 600. It was badly damaged by fire on May\\n28, but was repaired, and again opened on July 5,\\n1879. On August 19 following, the rector was\\naccidently shot and killed by a boy, at Fo.x Island.\\nHis successor. Rev. E. B. Taylor, served from\\nAugust 30, 1879, to May 23, 1880. Rev. R. M.\\nEdwards began his pastorate m August, 1880.\\nNumber of members in 1880, 84. Average\\nattendance at Sunday morning service, 75. Pastor s\\nsalary, $820. Total yearly expenses, $1,000. The\\nsociety was incorporated April 14, 1881, and the\\nchurch debt at that time amounted to $2,300.\\nIn 1883, owing to the fact that the title to the\\nchurch property was vested in the widow of the first\\npastor, the Rev. R. M. Edwards and a portion of\\nthe congregation withdrew and began services at\\n746 Fort Street West, their opening meeting at\\nthat place being held on November 25, 1883.\\nOn June 22, 18S4, Mr. Edwards resigned, and the\\nsociety ceased soon after.\\nEpiphany Reformed Episcopal Church.\\nThis society v\\\\ as organized and incorporated\\nMarch 10, 1880, with fourteen members; during the\\nyear the number increased to forty. The first\\nEpiphany Reformed Episcop. vl Church.\\nservices were held in what had been St. Mark s\\nProtestant Episcopal Church, and the society for a\\ntime controlled that property. It was eventually\\nturned over to its original owners, and the society\\nbuilt a new church on the south side of Myrtle\\nStreet near Trumbull Avenue. The lot cost $600\\nand the church $1,400.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0644.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.\\n593\\nThe church was first used on Easter Sunday,\\niSSo. It has two hundred sittings, and the average\\nSunday morning attendance during that year was\\n60. The total annual expenses were $400.\\nUp to 1883 the society had no regular ordained\\npastor, although in 1882 it was supplied for a time\\nby Rev. Dr. W. H. Poole. The sen-ices since that\\ntime have been conducted by Rev. Frederick\\nWoolfenden.\\nEmanuel Reformed Episcopal Church. {Extinct.)\\nThis society was organized in January, 1 879, by\\nRev. P. B. Morgan. The first meetings were held in\\nthe First Congregational Church, and subsequently\\nin Young .Men s Hall, in the Tabernacle Church on\\nsouth side of Duffield Street near Woodward Ave-\\nnue, in the Y. M. C. A., and St. Andrew s Halls,\\nin the Opera House, the Industrial .School build-\\ning, and then again in the Tabernacle Church.\\nThe society was incorporated on February 13^\\n1879. Rev. Dr. Morgan left in January, 1881,\\nand after that date services were conducted by lay\\nreaders.\\nNumber of members in 1880, 110. Average\\nattendance, 35. Total yearly expenses, $350. In\\nMarch, 1882, the society disorganized.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0645.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "C H P T E R L X\\nTHE TKESBYTERIAN CHURCHES. OCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO PRESBYTERIANS.\\nPRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\nFirst Presbyterian Church.\\nThe organization known as tlie First Protestant\\nSociety inherited the title, building, and property\\nof the old society whose name it bears. By the\\nadoption of certain Articles of Faith, on January\\n23, 1825, it became a Presbyterian Church, with\\ntwelve male and thirty-seven female members,\\nand became the third Protestant denominational\\nMary Hunt, Sarah Hubbard. Theodocia C. Petit,\\nNancy Caniff, iSIary Gillett, Sophia Seymour, Lucy\\nBrown, Melicent Hunt, Mar}- Rice, Mary Owen,\\nMatilda Hurd, Asenath Lee, Emily Deming, Ann\\nHenry. At this time the society had no minister.\\nRev. Noah M. Wells, who had been previously called,\\narrived in May, 1S25, and became the first pastor.\\nOn November 5, 1825, the Governor and Judges\\nordered that a Deed issue to the trustees of the\\nProtestant Church for the ground heretofore ordered\\n1=34 5 67\\nView uf Churches on East Side of Woodward Avenue in 1849.\\nFirst Methodist Episcopal Church. 2. Congress Street. 3 Old Piui-chard F .uilding. 4. St. Paul s\\nEpiscopal Church, 5, Session Room. 6. First Presbyterian Church. 7. Larned Street.\\nchurch organized in Detroit. The names of the\\nfirst members were as foUow s Stephen C. Henry.\\nEurotas P. Hastings, John J. Deming, Ashbel\\nS. Wells, Elijah Converse, J. W. Woolsey, Seth\\nBeach, CuUen Brow^n, Justin Rice, Wm. B. Hunt,\\nPhebe Cro.sby, Mary Chapin, Catharine Jones, Fanny\\nMack, Hannah Roby, Elizabeth Noble, Temperance\\nMack, Lovicy Cooper, Rebecca Converse, Elizabeth\\nCass, Margaret Audrain, Jane Kelly, Jane Palmer.\\nMartha Ten Eyck, Mary J. Scott, Almira Willco.x,\\nLydia .Sanderson, Mary McMillan, Abigail Goodwin,\\nMary Brewster, Achsah Goodin, Lucretia Goodwin.\\nCatharine Bronson, Ann Hunt, Ruthv Edwards,\\nto be conveyed to them. This deed, which was\\nthe first one made for the property, gave them what\\nwas known as the English burying-ground, on\\nWoodward Avenue, including all of the block west\\nof the alley between Woodward Avenue and Bates\\nStreet. The deed is dated December 9, and was\\nrecorded December 21, 1825. The gift was cer-\\ntainly a munificent one, even at that day.\\nIn 1827 the city came into possession of the Mili-\\ntary Reserve and buildings of old Fort Shelby, on\\nFort Street, and in September the Assembly Room,\\nor Military Hall, was removed to a lot on Larned\\nStreet in rear of the church. It was there used as\\nL5941", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0646.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\n595\\na session-room, both by the Common Council and\\nthe church. This same year the presbytery of\\nDetroit was created, consisting of Rev. Noah M.\\nWells, of Detroit, Rev. E. Prince, of Farmington,\\nRev. Isaac W. Ruggles, of Pontiac, Rev. William\\nM. Ferry, of Mackinaw, and Rew William Page, of\\nIMonrne.\\nIn March or April, 1S32, there was a revival\\nat Detroit, and sev-\\nenty persons joined\\nthe church. In the\\nspring of 1833 the\\nchurch erected a\\nbrick session-room\\non Woodward Ave-\\nnue, and tluring the\\nyear Mr. Wells re-\\nsigned. After his\\ndeparture the pulpit\\nwas supplied by\\nRev. George Horn-\\nell and Rev. George\\nSheldon until June,\\n1834, when Rev. J.\\nP. Cleveland be-\\ncame the pastor.\\nplan for a new\\nchurch had been\\ndrawn by Alonzo\\nMerrill, as early as\\n1 83 1. In the spring\\nof 1 834 the work of\\nerection was begun.\\nAlanson Sheley was\\nthe contractor. As\\na preliminary step,\\nthe old wooden\\nchurch was sold. It\\nwas purchased by\\nRobert Hilton, who,\\nwith Mr. Caniff,\\nJohn Farrar, and\\nothers, proposed to\\nestablish a Univer-\\nsalist Church. The\\nbuilding was moved\\nto the northwest\\ncorner of Michigan\\nAvenue and Bates\\nStreet, w-here it became a Roman Catholic Church.\\nAfter the sale of the church the congregation met in\\nthe Capitol until their new church was completed. It\\nwas of brick, sixty by ninety feet, with a steeple one\\nhundred and thirty feet high. The total cost reached\\n$30,000.\\nIt had one hundred and forty-six pews, with\\ngalleries on three sides, and seated nearly one thou-\\nsand persons. It was dedicated April 28, 1835, with\\na sermon by the pastor, and the exercises were\\nmade particularly interesting by the singing of an\\noriginal hymn written by Mrs. L. H. Sigourney On\\nMay 27, 1835, Rev. Mr. Cleveland was regularly in-\\nstalled. At this time the church had two hundred\\nand twenty members. Mr. Cleveland resigned in\\n1S37, and on November 26 preached his farewell\\nsermon from Jonah\\niii., 2. On October\\nI, 1S38, Rev. Geo.\\nDuffield became\\nthe pastor. On Oc-\\ntober 16 following,\\na clock, which had\\nbeen contracted for\\nthree months\\nbefore, was com-\\npleted and began to\\nkeep town time in\\nthe tower. In Jan-\\nuary, 1840, Horace\\nHallock started, a\\nbranch Sunday\\nschool in the City\\nHall, w hich was\\ncontinued for nearly\\nthree years, with an\\naverage attendance\\nof some three hun-\\ndred scholars.\\nIn December,\\n1844, the society\\nlost a number of its\\nmembers by the or-\\nganization of the\\nFirst Congregation-\\nal Church. On Feb-\\nruary 11,1 849, other\\nmembers left the\\ncongregation and\\nfounded the Sec-\\nond Presbyterian\\nChurch. In Febru-\\nary, 1 85 1, the old\\nbrick session-room,\\nwith the ground on\\nwhich it stood, was\\nsold the building\\nwas torn down, and a brick block erected the same\\nvear.\\nIn the fall of 1852 Dr. Duffield visited Europe\\nand Palestine in search of needed health and rest.\\nHe remained abroad about a year, and during his\\nabsence the pulpit was supplied by Rev. Myron\\nBarrett.\\nOn January 10, 1854, the church, with several\\nFirst Presbyterian Church.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0647.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "50\\nTHE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES,\\nother buildings in an adjacent block, was entirely\\nburned. When the flames caught the tall steeple it\\nwas a magnificent sight. After the fire the remains\\nof the old bell which had called thousands to prayer\\nand praise were dug out of the ruins, and numerous\\nsouvenirs in the shape of tea-bells were cast. They\\nwere inscribed, Part of the old bell destroyed Jan-\\nuary lo, 1854, and readily sold at $5 each, bringing\\nmany dollars into the fund for a new church. The\\nold bell rings no more for fire, but its voice in\\nmany households gives a welcome call to tea and\\ntoast.\\nOn July 15, the first Sunday after the fire, ser-\\nvices were held in Firemen s Hall, and in the old\\nYoung Men s Hall on January 28, and continuously\\nthereafter until the completion of the new brick\\nchurch on the northwest corner of State and\\nFarmer Streets. This building was dedicated Sep-\\ntember 9, 1855. The lot, one hundred by one\\nhundred and twenty feet, cost $S,ooo; the church,\\nseventy by one hundred, cost $40,000. It has one\\nhundred and forty pews, and seats about 700. To\\naid in building their church the society received\\nabout one half the net proceeds from the sale\\nof the old property; the rest was given to the\\nJefferson Avenue and Fort Street Presbyterian\\nchurches.\\nIn March, 1862, the side galleries in the audience\\nroom were removed and other improvements made.\\nIn April, 1865. Rev. W. A. McCorkle was called as\\nassociate pastor. Three years later, in June, 1868,\\nwhile Dr. Dufficld was giving an address of wel-\\ncome to the delegates of the International Conven-\\ntion of the Y. M. C. A., a sudden illness .seized him,\\nfrom which he did not recover. He died June 26.\\nAn elegant marble tablet, with medallion portrait,\\nwas erected as a memorial at the right of the pulpit.\\nHis associate continued as pastor until May, 1871,\\nwhen he resigned. In September, 1871, Rev. Dr.\\nG. U. Baker became the pastor. He was installed\\non October 3.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $3,000. The\\ncost of the choir, $1,200. The sexton was paid\\n$300. The total annual expenses, reaching $6,000,\\nare almost entirely defrayed by the receipts from\\npew rents. The property in iSSo was estimated\\nto be worth $55,000. The average attendance at\\nthe morning services was 400. Number of mem-\\nbers in 1830, 86; in 1840 and 1850, the same num-\\nber, 448, is reported in each decade; in i860, 300;\\nin 1870,368; in 1880, 753,\\nThis society has the favored distinction of being\\nthe only one that has ever attempted to sustain a\\nschool for the Chinese. Since 1872 a number of\\nthese Celestials have been found here on every\\nSabbath, in the care of faithful and benevolent\\nteachers.\\nScotch or Central PresbyterictJi Church.\\nThe preliminary meeting which resulted in the\\norganization of this church was held in a room in\\nthe old City Hall, on November 10, 1842. Two\\nweeks after, the lot on the northwest corner of\\nFarmer and Bates Streets was purchased for $500,\\nand a plan for a wooden church, forty by seventy\\nfeet, agreed upon.\\nThe building was opened for worship in an unfin-\\nished state on September 6, 1843. Regular services\\nThe Central Presbyterian Church.\\nin the completed church began in October, 1844. It\\ncost $3,500 anil seated 600. On February 21, 1845,\\nthe society decided to unite with the United Asso-\\nciate Church of Scotland, and on April 14 following\\na church was fully organized, with sixty-five mem-\\nbers, and Rev. David Inglis as pastor. He resigned\\non May I, 1846, and was succeeded by Rev. Mr.\\nTorrance, who preached for about six weeks. Rev.\\nMr. Dalrymple. from Scotland, then served the\\nchurch for two months, but declined a call.\\nRev. John McLellan entered upon the pastorate\\nin December, 1S47, was installed in 1848, and re-\\nsigned in April, 1854. Rev. John Hogg, the next", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0648.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\n597\\npastor, served from December, 1854, to April, 1858.\\nHe was succeeded by Rev. Stephen Balmer, who\\nwas ordained in November, i860, and resigned July\\nI, 1866. During the next three years there was no\\nregular pastor. On July 29, 1869. Rev. George\\nMcBeth Milligan was installed. During his pas-\\ntorate the old church was sold, and moved to\\nWashington Avenue.\\nA brick church was begun, and the basement\\ntirst used on July, 3, 1871. On November 5 fol-\\nlowing, the main audience room was dedicated.\\nIncluding the\\ngalleries, the\\nchurch seats\\n1,200, and cost\\n$26,000. On\\nApril 12, 1879,\\nthe congregation\\ndecided to unite\\nwith the Ameri-\\ncan Presbyterian\\nChurch, and the\\nn a m e of the\\nchurch, except\\nfor corporate\\npurposes, was\\nchanged to Cen-\\ntral Presbyteri-\\nan. Mr. Milligan\\nsoon after re-\\nsigned the pas-\\ntorate.preaching\\nhis farewell ser-\\nmon on October\\n1,1876. He was\\nsucceeded by\\nRev. William\\nStephenson. who\\nwas called on\\nOctober 24, en-\\ntered upon his\\nduties Novem-\\nber 15, was reg-\\nularly installed\\non December II,\\n1876, and resigned on February 25, 1878. On\\nApril 25, 1879, Rev. J. I Dickie was installed as\\nhis successor.\\nThe average attendance at morning service, in\\n1880, was 400. The pastor s salary was $2,000.\\nThe total church expenses were $2,760. The num-\\nber of members in 1850 was 300; in 1S60 and 1870\\nthe number is given at 350 for each decade in\\n1880 there were 292 members.\\nFort Street Church.\\nThe beginnings of this society gave no indication\\nFuKT Street Presbyterian Church.\\nof its present strength and influence. The first\\nrecord states that on August 7, 1848, the First Pres-\\nbyterian Church appointed a committee to co-oper-\\nate with Rev. R. R. Kellogg in establishing the\\nsociety. On September 10 he commenced holding\\nservices in the old capitol on February 21, 1849,\\na society was fully organized with twenty-six mem-\\nbers, and on March 19, 1849, as incorporated\\nas the Second Presbyterian Church. In August\\nfollowing they began the erection of a brick church\\non the southeast corner of Lafayette Avenue and\\nWayne Street.\\nThe building,\\nforty -five by\\nseventy-five feet,\\nwas dedicated\\non April 7, 1850.\\nIt cost $4,364.\\nOn May 2 1, 1 850,\\nRev. R. R. Kel-\\nlogg was in-\\nstalled as the\\npastor, and con-\\ntinued as such\\nuntil he resigned\\non September i,\\n1853. He was\\nsucceeded by\\nRev. Henry\\nNeill, who en-\\ntered upon the\\npastorate in Jan-\\nuary, and was\\ninstalled Octo-\\nber 18, 1854.\\nDuring his pas-\\ntorate the church\\nbuilding on the\\nsoutheast corner\\nof Fort and\\nThird Streets\\nwas erected.\\nThe lot cost\\n$7,000, and the\\nbuiIding$7o,ooo.\\nIt was dedicated November 18, 1855. It was built\\nof lime-stone, the main audience room was sixty\\nby ninety feet, had 120 pews, and seated 1,000 per-\\nsons. The basement was twelve feet high and\\nwould seat 400. The height of the spire from the\\nground to the top was two hundred and thirty feet.\\nOn the completion of the new building, the old\\nchurch was sold to the United Presbyterian Society.\\nOn June 17, 1857, Mr. Neill resigned. The\\nchurch was then supplied for three months by Rev.\\nP. S. Byington. He was succeeded by Rev. James\\nMeans, who remained six months. Rev. Dr. Ervin", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0649.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "598\\nTHE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\nHall then preached two months, and was followed\\nby Rev. W. A. McCorkle. Rev. Azariah Eldridge\\nwas installed pastor on December 2, 1858. On\\nMarch 19, 1859, by .special Act of the Legislature,\\nthe name of the society was changed to Fort Street\\nPresbyterian Church. Mr. Eldridge resigned on\\nJune 4, 1865. Rev. W. H. Clark then supplied the\\npulpit for three months. In October, 1865, Rev. S.\\nT. Clarke began his ministry. He was installed\\nJuly I, 1866, and resigned in November, i858. On\\nFebruary 8, 1869, a call was extended to Rev. Ar-\\nthur T. I ierson, of Waterford, New York, who was\\ninstalled May 5, 1869. In August, 1SS2, he resigned,\\nand on January 7. 18S3, Rev. A. P. Tinker entered\\nupon the pastorate as his successor. Owing to poor\\nhealth, he was able to serve but a few months, and\\non March i i S84., he resigned. He was succeeded\\nby Rev. H.T.Miller,\\nwho commenced to\\nserve as pastor in\\nApril, 1884.\\nOn January 30,\\n1870, a young peo-\\nple s prayer meeting\\nwas established,\\nand this year the\\nentire interior of the\\nchurch, and as far\\nas necessary the\\nexterior also was\\nrepaired and im-\\nproved at a cost of\\n$30,000. and on the\\nevening of Decem-\\nber 29, 1870, the\\nchurch was re-\\nopened with a \\\\-ocal\\nand instrumental\\nconcert. About 5\\nM. on March 25,\\n1876, a fire broke\\nout in the church\\nwhich destroyed the\\nbuilding. Whitney s\\nOpera House was\\nthen engaged for\\nthe Sabbath ser-\\nvices, and the pub-\\nlic, as well as the\\nold congregation,\\nthronged the build-\\ning from Sabbath\\nto Sabbath. Meantime the work of rebuilding the\\nchurch went forward, and as the old plan was\\nclosely followed, the present building is almost a\\nfac-simile of the original.\\nIt was dedicated on June 10, 1S77. The expense\\nof reconstructing amounted to about $90,000. two\\nthirds of the amount being provided by the insur-\\nance. All the appointments of the church are\\nexceptionally complete, even to a service of table-\\nware for festival use. made expressly for the church,\\nwith a picture of the building on each\\npiece, J. D. Hayes, after the fire, dupli-\\ncating his original gift of fifteen hundred\\npieces.\\nThe pastor s .salary in 1880 w^as $4,500.\\nThe choir cost $1,300, The sexton was\\npaid $770. The total expenses were\\n500, and $9,000 was received from\\npew rents. The property was then\\nvalued at $100,000.\\nThe church has\\nsittings for 1,300.\\nThe average at-\\ntendance at Sunday\\nmorning service in\\n1880 was 850.\\nNumber of mem-\\nbers in 1850, 62;\\nin i860, 196 in\\n1870, 282; in 1880,\\n686. In addition to\\nits own Sunday\\nschool, the church\\nsheltered for many\\nyears a Sunday\\nschool which was\\nestablished in 1853\\nin a public school\\nbuilding in the\\nEighth Ward.\\nWhen school build-\\nings could no longer\\nbe used for .Sunday\\nschools, the school\\nwas removed to this\\nchurch, where it\\nwas held until 1874,\\nwhen its continu-\\nance was no longer\\ndeemed desirable.\\nIn its earlier life it\\naccomplished great\\ngood.\\nJefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church.\\nChurch.\\nThis society was\\nincoqiorated January 25, the church was organized\\nFebruary 8, 1854, and began Sunday-school ser-\\nvices in the old Detroit Institute, a school building\\non the north side of Jefferson Avenue, between\\nBeaubien and St. Antoine Streets.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0650.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\n599\\nFrom here, in October, they moved to the\\nold Cons:p-egational Church, on Jefferson Avenue.\\nThe Rev. Joshua Cook was then serving as\\nFrontenac Avenue Pkeskytekian Mission.\\npastor. In the spring of 1S55 Rev. Hugh Mc-\\nElroy took charge of the congregation, and on\\nDecember 9 of the same year the brick church\\non the north side of Jefferson Avenue, between\\nRussell and Rivard .Streets, was dedicated. The\\nchurch w ith lot cost \u00c2\u00a750,000. The audience room\\nis si.xty by ninety feet,\\nwith one hundred and\\nseventy pews, and will\\nseat 1,000. Mr. McElroy\\nwas installed as pastor\\non July 2, 1856, and died\\nDecember 24, 1S57. A\\ntablet of Italian marble,\\nin the church, bears tes-\\ntimony to his worth.\\nHe was succeeded by\\nRev. William Hogarth,\\nD. D., who was in-\\nstalled June 30, 1 858, and\\nresigned July 13, 1873.\\nThe pulpit was then sup-\\nplied by various clergy-\\nmen until May 6, 1875.\\nwhen Rev. R. J. Laid-\\nlaw was installed. He\\nresigned Februar^ S,\\n1 878, and was succeeded\\nin May by Rev. E. B.\\nMason, who was installed on May 15, 1879. In\\nDecember, i88i, he resigned, and on April 19, 1882,\\nRev. A. H. Kellogg was ordained his successor;\\nhe resigned in September following. The ne.xt\\nregular pastor, the Rev. Thomas A. Hoyt, began\\nhis labors in April, 1883, and in May, 1884, was\\nsucceeded by Rev.T. S. Hamlin.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $3,250. The\\nchoir cost $1,000. The sexton was paid $365. The\\ntotal yearly expenses were $5,250, and $4,250 were\\nraised from pew rents. Number of members in\\ni860, 189; in 1870,346; in 1880, 360. The aver-\\nage attendance at morning service in 1 8S0 was 300.\\nThis church for a time had charge of a mission\\nschool in Hamtramck, which was commenced in\\n1863, in a room at the Marine Hospital. On Feb-\\nruary 6, 1870, a new building erected for the school\\nwas dedicated. It is located on the southeast comer\\nof Frontenac Avenue and Congress .Street. The\\nlot cost S500, and the building $3,500. It seats 300.\\nIn 1882 the school was placed in charge of the\\nPresbyterian Alliance.\\nWfs//H in St I Ch iircli.\\nThis society was organized with thirty-one mem-\\nbers, on October 6, 1837, and incorporated on Octo-\\nber 26. The first services, with Rev. Henry Neill\\nas pastor, were held in the United Presbyterian\\nChurch on Lafayette Avenue, corner of Wayne\\nStreet. The society worshiped there until Janu-\\nary 13, 1861, when the brick church, oh the east\\nside of Washington Avenue, between State and\\nGrand River, was dedicated. The building was\\n\\\\Vi:.STMINSTER PkESUVTERIAN ChI/KCH.\\nsixty-six by one hundred feet, and seated five htm-\\ndred and fifty persons.\\nIn April, 1861, Mr. Neill resigned. On July", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0651.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "6oo\\nTHE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\n14 Rev. G. W. Prime entered upon the pastorate,\\nand was installed October 23, 1861. In the sum-\\nmer of 1866 his health failed, and he went abroad.\\nThe church was then temporarily supplied by vari-\\nous clergymen until July, 1867. Rev. W. E. Mc-\\nLaren then became the pastor, and soon after the\\nbuilding was extensively enlarged and repaired at a\\ncost of $17,000. It was rededicated December 8,\\n1867. Mr. McLaren was installed January 12,\\n1868, and resigned in February, 1872. He was\\nsucceeded in April by Rev. William Aikman, D. D.,\\nwho was installed June 5, 1872.\\nOn March i, 1873, th^ society sold their prop-\\nerty, and it passed into the possession of the St.\\nAloysius Catholic Church. The last service of\\nthe Presbyterian .Society was on March 2, 1873.\\nOn the first .Sunday of the previous November\\nevening services had been commenced in one of the\\nbuildings of Harper Hospital, and on and after\\nMarch 9 all the church services were held at the\\nsame place. A Sunday school had been conducted\\nin the building by R. C. Smith since 1865, and this\\nwas now transferred to the church.\\nPrior to their removal, the society had bought, for\\n$16,000. a lot on the northwest corner of Wood-\\nward Avenue and Parsons Street. A large brick\\nchapel, costing $20,000, was erected on the rear end\\nof the lot, and on May 10, 1874, it was dedicated.\\nIt seated three hundred and si.xty persons.\\nDr. Aikman resigned on May i, 1877, and was\\nsucceeded by Rev. Frank T. Bayley, who preached\\nhis first sermon January 27, and was installed March\\n7, 1878. On February 11, 1883, he resigned on\\naccount of his wife s health, and soon after removed\\nto Portland, Maine. In June, 18S3, Rev. Nathaniel\\nWest, D. D., entered upon an engagement for six\\nmonths his term expired in November, and on the\\n25th of that month a call was extended to and\\naccepted by Rev. G. H. Duffield, and on April 10,\\n1884, he was installed.\\nIn 1879 the audience room of the chapel was\\nenlarged, increasing its capacity about fifty sittings.\\nThe church cost $35,000 and seats 860. It was\\nfirst used November 1 3, and was dedicated Novem-\\nber 29, 1 88 1. The estimated value of the church\\nproperty is $65,000.\\nThe plan of the church contemplates a tower on\\nthe southeast corner, to cost $7,000.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $3,000. The\\nchoir cost $550. The number of church members\\nin i860 was 72; in 1870, 192; in 1880, 252. The\\naverage attendance in 1880 was 350.\\nCalvary Chtirck.\\nThis church is an outgrowth of a mission Sunday\\nschool. The school was started in May, 1868, in a\\nsmall building on Harrison Avenue which had been\\na grocery in October it was moved to a cottage\\non Michigan Avenue near the toll-gate. In the\\nsummer of 1S69 a lot was purchased on the south-\\neast corner of Mayberry Avenue and Butternut\\nStreet, and a frame building, thirty-six by seventy-\\nfive feet, was erected at a cost of $3,500. It was\\ndedicated December 13, 1S69.\\nOn October 3. 1872, a church was organized and\\nincorporated with sixteen members. Rev. Dr J.\\nG. Atterbury, the first pastor, served until August,\\n1874. He was succeeded by Rev. William Grandy,\\nas stated supply. On November 24, 1878, Mr.\\nGrandy resigned, and on October 29, 1879, Rev. G.\\nW. Barlow was installed.\\nThe church seats 300. The average morning\\nattendance in 1880 was 200. The number of mem-\\nbers, 1 15. The pastor s salary was $1,400, and the\\ntotal annual e.xpenses, $1,800.\\nCalvar\\\\ PRESU^ TERI.^N Church.\\nUnion Church.\\nThis society had its beginnings in a niission\\nSunday school established by Z. R. Brockway. He\\nwas efficiently aided by John S. Newberry. James\\nand Hugh McMillan, Mrs. H. A. Wight, and many\\nothers. The school was opened March 8, 1863, in\\na primar)- room of the Bishop School. It was\\nlargely attended from the first, and within a year\\nsubscriptions were obtained frotn persons of every\\ndenomination, to erect a building for the school.\\nThe last $400 of the amount received was obtained\\nat a union meeting at the Jefferson Avenue Presby-\\nterian Church, D. L. Moody, of Chicago, making an\\nappeal for the money.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0652.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\n60 1\\nOn March 20, 1864, the chapel, a neat wooden\\nbuilding^. was first occupied. It was located on the\\nnorthwest corner of Russell and Napoleon Streets,\\nand in 1866 was enlarged by an addition, twenty\\nby thirty feet in size. In the summer of 1868 it\\nUnion Presbyterian Church.\\nwas moved across Russell Street to the grounds of\\nthe old City Cemetery in order to make room for a\\nnew brick building, seventy-five by eighty feet,\\nwhich was dedicated February 17, i86g. It could\\nseat 2,150 children, and cost $16,000.\\nMr. Brockway did not favor a church organiza-\\ntion, and it was ditficult to determine the full results\\nof the efforts put forth. In 1872 he was called to\\nanother field of labor, interest in the school began\\nto wane, and for a time it was entirely closed.\\nOn May 15, 1874, the Presbyterian Alliance se-\\ncured the property, and on February 18, 1875, a\\nchurch was organized with si.xteen members. Rev.\\nA. E. Hastings was appointed pastor, and continued\\nas such until his fleath on November 28. 1880.\\nRev. Lewis R. Fo,x succeeded to the pastorate on\\nApril 10, 1881.\\nThe building can accommodate 1.200 adults.\\nThe pastor s salary in 188 1 was $1,500, and the total\\nyearly expenses, $2,000. Number of mem.bers in\\n1S80, 105. Average attendance Sunday mornings,\\n100. alue of property, $20,000.\\nMemorial Church.\\nThis church is the outgrowth of one of the oldest\\nmission Sunday schools in the city. The school\\nwas first established on February 21. 1858, in the\\nGerman Reformed Zion Church, on Russell between\\n.Sherman and Catherine Streets. On July 20, 1862,\\nthe school was mpved to a hall on Clinton Street\\nbetween Russell and Riopelle Streets, and on Octo-\\nber 19 of the same year it was moved to the Tenth\\nWard Public School building on Earned Street.\\nThe school did not flourish, and in the fall of 1854\\nit was transferred to the primary school building on\\nClinton Avenue near St. Aubin Avenue. In Sep-\\ntember, 1866, the buildings near by, which had been\\nused as barracks, were sold at auction the one\\nwhich had served as a hospital was purchased for\\nthe school at a cost of $325. Lot 70 of the Chene\\nFarm, on Clinton Avenue opposite the Duffield\\nUnion School, was leased for a term of fifteen years,\\nand on December 31, 1856, the Clinton Avenue\\nMission Chapel Society was incorporated.\\nThe building was fitted up, and first opened on\\nJanuary 27, 1867; and here the school grew and\\nprospered.\\nDuring 1880 Mr. Leonard Laurense, who had\\nbeen connected with the school for many years,\\nconceived the idea of building a Memorial Chapel\\nin memory of his deceased wife, who had been a\\nzealous worker in the school. Rev. D; M. Cooper\\nproposed to unite in the enterprise, and erect a\\nchurch with the chapel, as a memorial of his\\ndeceased father, mother, and wife. The project was\\nentered upon, and the chapel was dedicated January\\n16, 1881, and on January 27, 1S81, a church with\\nfifty-one members was organized, with Rev. D. M.\\nCooper as pastor: he was installed on Novem-\\nber 21, 1883. The church was erected at the same\\ntime as the chapel, but was not finished until\\nDecember 17, 18S2, on which day it was formally\\ndedicated. The total cost of lots, chapel, church.\\nMemorial Presbyterian Chl rch.\\nand furnishing was $35,900. of which amount\\n$2,000 was received from the sale of the old prop-\\nerty. To make up the balance, Leonard Laurense\\ngave $5,000, Rev. D. M. Cooper. $25,500, Adeline\\nS. and Irene Spragiie, each $1,000. In addition to\\nthe amount already mentioned, Mr. Cooper made", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0653.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "6o2\\nTHE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\nprovision for the erection of a parsonage adjoining\\nthe church, to cost not less than $6,000. The church\\nis provided with a chime of four bells, and several\\nstained glass windows, which reproduce the e.\\\\-\\nceedingly elaborate emblems and decorations pre-\\npared at immense cost of time and labor for the\\nter-centenary Presbyterian celebration held at Phila-\\ndelphia in 1872. They have not been produced for\\nany other edilice, and are artistically and historically\\nthe most valuable memorials to be found in any\\nchurch in the country. Following the dedication,\\nthe pastor arranged for a series of memorial dis-\\ncourses, the first on December 24. 1882, by Leonard\\nW. Bacon, D. D.. upon his grandfather, David\\nBacon, and his father, Dr. Leonard Bacon, who was\\nborn at Detroit. On the day of this address, an\\nelegant memorial tablet, placed in the church by\\nhimself and his relatives, was for the first time\\nunveiled.\\nAddresses were subsequently delivered\\nOn Rev. John Monteith, by John Monteith, of\\nMissouri.\\nOn Rev. Noah M. Wells, by George D. Baker,\\nD. D.\\nOn George Duffield, D. D\u00e2\u0080\u009e by D. Bethune Duf-\\nficid.\\nThe subjects suggested by the memorial windows\\nwere discoursed upon as follows Italy, by Rev.\\nHenry C. McCook, D. I.)., of Philadelphia Scotland,\\nby Rev. James F. Dickie, of Detroit Ireland, by Rev.\\nJames i\\\\IcLeod, of Buffalo England, by Rev. Wm.\\nM. Blackburn, D. D., of Cincinnati France, by Rev.\\nWm. P. Breed, D. D., of Philadelphia Switzerland,\\nby Rev. H. A. MacCracken, D. D., of Pittsburgh\\nBohemia, by Rev. A. T. Pierson, D. D., of Indian-\\napolis Holland, by Rev. J. Ambro.se Wight, D. D.,\\nof Bay City Germany, by Rev. Zachary Eddy, D. D.,\\nof Detroit Hungary, by Rev. David M. Cooper.\\nThe average attendance in 1880, on Sunday\\nmorning, in the chapel, was 180. Total yearly\\nexpenses in 1880, $500. The church has accommo-\\ndations for 500 persons the chapel for 300.\\nTrumbull Avenue Church.\\nThis enterprise began with a Sunday school,\\norganized March 18, 1877, in a small wooden build-\\ning at No. 484 Trumbull Avenue. The present\\nbuilding is located on the southeast corner of Trum-\\nbull Avenue and Fulton Street. The lot is one\\nhundred feet on Trumbull Avenue by one hundred\\nand twenty-four on Fulton Street. The society\\nwas organized August 28, 1881, with 72 members.\\nThe lot cost $2,500, and the building and furniture\\n$7,300. The chapel was dedicated July 3, 1881.\\nIt is of brick, forty-six by eighty-one feet, and seats\\n500. Rev. Allen M. Dulles became the first pastor\\nin November, 1881.\\nUnited Presbyterian Church.\\nThis society was organized May 8, 1853, and held\\nits first meetings in the old Wayne County Court\\nI I v:\\nM\\nriL\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^isL-^-\\nTrumbull Avenie PKEsiiVTERiAN Ch-atel.\\nRoom, corner of Griswold and Congress Streets,\\nmoving from there to the old City Hall, and then\\npurchasing, for $6,500, a church which had been\\nerected by the Second Presbyterian Society, on the\\nsoutheast corner of Lafayette Avenue and Wayne\\nStreet. The first service of the new owners was\\nUnited Presbyteiuan Church.\\nheld on December 23, 1855. In 1869 the building\\nwas extensively improved, at a cost of about gi 1,000,\\nand the seating capacity increased from 500 to 650.\\nIt was rededicated on September 12, 1869.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0654.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\n603\\nThe first pastor, Rev. Samuel Patton, was in-\\nstalled December 27, 1854. Mr. Patton died after\\nserving about two and a half years. Rev. J. P.\\nScott, D. D., began his labors July 29, was installed\\nNovember 30, 1859, and on January 20, 1878, re-\\nsigned the pastorate, preaching his last sermon\\nFebruary 24. He was succeeded by Rev. R. Turn-\\nbull.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $1,500, and the\\ntotal yearly expenses $3,000. The number of mem-\\nbers in i860 was 30; in 1870, 123; in 1880, 301;\\nThe average attendance Sunday morning in .1880\\nwas 375. The church had a debt of $5,000, in\\n1880, which has since been paid.\\nAn occasion of special interest to this society was\\nthe annual c onvention of the first synod of the West,\\nwhich commenced its sessions in the church on .Au-\\ngust 28, 1S83.\\nFrench, or French and German Presbyterian\\nChurch. (F.xtinct.)\\nA society known as the French Presbyterian\\nChurch was organized as early as March 3, 1S54,\\nand purchased on that day a lot on the south side\\nof Catharine Street near Russell Street for $700. On\\nSeptember i, 1856, a society called the French and\\nGerman Presbyterian Church was incorporated, and\\non October 18 following- the original society trans-\\nferred the lot to the new organization. A wooden\\nchurch was then erected, which was dedicated Feb-\\nruary 22, 1857. The society did not prove har-\\nmonious or successful, and on April 22, 1861, a\\nsociety in charge of Rev. H. Miller, a branch of St.\\nJohn s Lutheran Church on Monroe Avenue, ob-\\ntained the use of the building. It was subsequently\\nsold to still another Lutheran congregation.\\nReformed Church of America.\\nThis society was organized in December, 1872,\\nwith 42 members. In August, 1874, they dedicated\\ntheir church, which is on the south side of Catharine\\nStreet in the middle of the block between Dequindre\\nStreet and St. Aubin Avenue. The lot cost $650\\nand the building $1,100. The building seats 200.\\nIt is held in trust by the Board of Home Missions.\\nRev. H. R. Boer was the first pastor, serving from\\n1872 to 1874. l^ev. M. Kirkenoeld took charge in\\n1S75, and on account of failing health resigned in\\n1 877. The church remained without a pastor until\\nJune 25, 1882, when Rev. G. Xiemeyer became\\npastor and served until June, 1 8S4. The number of\\nmembers in 1880 was 38.\\nOCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO PRESBYTERIANS.\\n1833, October 12. Meeting of Synod of Western\\nReserve in Detroit.\\n1837, October 23. First meeting of Synod of\\nMichigan in Detroit.\\n1842, October 14. Synod again met in Detroit.\\nDutch Reformed Chirch.\\n1S45, June 19 to 24. Joint Convention of Con-\\ngregational and Presbyterian ministers and delegates\\nfrom churches in northwestern States. Dr. Lyman\\nBeecher and Professor Calvin E. Stowe were pres-\\nent.\\nJune 9, 1848. Meeting of State Synod.\\nMay 16 to 29, 1850. The Presbyterian General\\nAssembly convened at Detroit. Many distinguished\\npersons present.\\nOctober 27. 1864, and July 12, 1870. Meetings\\nof State Synod.\\nMay 16 to 30, 1872. Presbyterian General As-\\nsembly in session in Detroit.\\nIn November, 1872, the Presbyterian Alliance of\\nIt is a curious fact that in the second volume of Dr. Beecher s\\nAutobiography, edited by his son. Rev. Charles Heecher, this\\nmeeting is stated to have been held in Chicago. The narrative\\nsays. In June, 1845. Dr. Beecher attended a convention at\\nChicago, of Congregational and Presbyterian Churches.\\nThe convention was a great and good one, whose influence will\\nbe felt powerfully for good through all coming time. It will, I\\ntrust, avert a schism between Congregational and Presbyterian\\nChurches and consummate and perpetuate their union.\\nI preached for the Methodists on the Sabbath, on justification by\\nfaith, with great delight and multiplied Amens, and the other\\ntokens of emotion and approbation and though my theories\\noften swept across their track, the stream of feeling swept them\\nalong, and they still cried .-Vraen It was a delightful time of\\nboundless liberty and heart melting and flowing onward of the\\ncopious stream of truth.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0655.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "6o4\\nTHE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.\\nDetroit was organized, and in February. 1874. it\\nwas incorporated. It is composed of the sessions of\\ntlie Presbyterian Churches in the city, together with\\nsuch Presbyterian ministers and elders residing in\\nsaid city as shall by election be admitted. Its ob-\\nject is the founding and establishment of Presby-\\nterian churches, missions, and schools, and such\\nother work as may promote the interests of said\\ndenomination in the city of Detroit and its vicinity.\\nIt is a consulting and advisory body, securing\\nunity of opinion and harmony of action in matters\\nof common interest. It is sustained by voluntary\\ncontributions. When money is needed an assess-\\nment is made upon the churches according to their\\nseveral abilities. This call is usually presented to\\neach church under the direction of its session after\\nits own method.\\nThe presidents have been; 1873, Rev. \\\\Vm. Ho-\\ngarth; 1874, Rev. \\\\Vm. Aikman; 1S75, Rev. A. T.\\nPier.son; 1876, Rev. George D. Baker; 1877, Rev.\\nRobert J. Laidlaw 1878, Jacob S. Farrand: 1879,\\nElisha Taylor; 1880, George W. Hoffman; 1881,\\nRev. James Dickie; 1882, John Cameron 1883-\\nRev. G. W. Barlow.\\nTreasurers: 1873-1876, James H. Muir; 1876-\\nGeorge E. Hand.\\nSecretary: Rev. J. G. Atterbury.\\n1880, October II. Synod of Michigan met in\\nDetroit.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0656.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXI\\nTHE BAPTIST CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMINATION.\\nFirst Baptist C/nirch.\\nThe Rev. Henry Davis, a Baptist minister, is\\nsaid to have conducted services in the old University\\nBuilding, on Bates Street, in tlie spring of 1S26.\\nOriginal Building of First Baptist Chi Rch.\\nThis date is, probably, one year too early, as the reo\\nords of the trustees of the University do not\\nshow that the use of the building was granted\\nprior to May 28, 1827 on that date a resolu-\\ntion appears on record, that the Baptist\\nSociety may have lower room for minister for\\nsix months. On July 3 following, the Detroit\\nGazette contained a notice that the trustees\\nof the University had given the Baptists per-\\nmission to use the lower room of the academy.\\nPreaching by Rev. Henry Davis.\\nOn August 19, 1S27, Mrs. Nancy Cobell\\nwas baptized, this being presumably the first\\nbaptism by immersion in Detroit.\\nThe society was fully organized on October\\n20, 1827. Mr. Davis was compelled to resign\\non account of failing health in April, 182S, and\\non June 10 of the same year the city donated\\nto the society the lot on the northwest corner\\nof Fort and Griswold Streets. In May, 1829,\\nMr. Browning announced to the church that\\nhe had concluded to go forward and build\\na house of one story, twenty-two by thirty-five\\nfeet, as a meeting room for the church, upon\\nthe lot granted by the city council last year,\\nand in November, 1830, the old records\\nspeak of a proposition to meet in their house\\nof worship.\\nAfter Mr. Davis left, the church was without a\\npastor for several years, but was kept together\\nlargely through the faithful efforts of Francis P.\\nBrowning. In 1831 the society was admitted to\\nthe Michigan Baptist Association, and in July Rev.\\nS. Goodman became the pastor, remaining one year,\\nafter which, notwithstanding they were now left\\nwithout a shepherd, the members of the flock were\\nnot hopeless; for in September, 1833, the old frame\\nchurch was sold to James Witherell, and a new\\nchurch was begun on the original site. The old\\nbuilding was moved to the site now occupied by the\\nDetroit Opera House. In the spring of 1S34 Elder\\nLoomis, agent of the New York Baptist Conven-\\ntion, was employed three months, and in November\\nfollowing Rev. Robert TurnbuU commenced his\\nlabors.\\nOn January 11, 1835, the new church was dedi-\\ncated. It was of brick, fifty by seventy feet, with a\\nsteeple one hundred feet high.\\nOn August 31, 1836, delegates assembled in\\nnisEJlliS\\nfill ,111\\nUaptist Church, corner Fort and GRiswoLD Streets.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0657.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "6o6\\nTHE BAl TIST CHURCHES.\\nDetroit, and the Baptist State Conventiun was\\norganized. Tlie pastorate of Rev. R. TurnbuU\\nlasted two years and a half. He then went East,\\nand as an author achieved extended fame. It was\\nduring his pastorate that Mrs. Jameson visited\\nDetroit she attended service here, and thus records\\nher impression of the church and its ser\\\\ ices\\nThe church is one of the largest in the town, plain in appear-\\nance, but the interior handsome, and in good taste. The congre-\\ngation was not crowded, but composed of most respectable,\\nserious, well dressed people. On closing his sermon, he\\ncommenced a prayer, and I have seldom listened to one more\\neloquently fervent. Both the sermon and the prayer were\\ne-xteniporaneous. He prayed for all people, nations, orders, and\\nconditions of men throughout the world, including the King of\\nGreat Britain, but the prayer for the President of the United\\nStates seemed to me a little original, and admirably calculated to\\nsuit the two parties who are at present divided on the nu-rits of\\nthat gentleman. The suppliant besought the .Mmighly that if\\nMr. Van Euren were a good man, he might be made better, antl\\nif a bad man, he might be speedily regenerated.\\nSecond Hkick Baitist Chl kch, cokner Fokt and Gkiswold\\nAfter Mr. Turnbull left, the church was pastorless\\nuntil February, 1838, when Rev. O. C. Comstock\\nwas settled over it and remained until September,\\n1839. He was succeeded in February, 1841, by\\nRev. Howell Smith, and in September of the same\\nyear Rev. Andrew Ten Brook was ordained and\\nsettled as the pastor. In 1844 Mr. Ten Brook was\\ncalled to the chair of Mental and Moral Science in\\nthe Michigan University, and in September, 1844,\\nRev. James Inglis was ordained as pastor. He\\nremained until the spring of 1847. In October fol-\\nlowing Rev. Samuel Haskell accepted the pastorate.\\nIn 1849 several members organized the Tabernacle\\nBaptist Church. Rev. Mr. Haskell left_ in March,\\n1852. and Rev. Mr. Colver became pastor in April,\\n1853. He remained until March, 1S56, and was\\n.succeeded by his son. Rev. Charles K. Colver, who\\nremained until June, 1857. After he left, the church\\nwas supplied by Rev. G. W. Harris, editor of the\\nChristian Herald, and Rev. S. Cornelius. On Janu-\\nary I, 1858, Rev. J. W. Taggart was settled as\\npastor.\\nIn the .summer of 1859 the old church was torn\\ndown, and the erection of the third church on the\\nsame site was begun. The corner-stone was laid\\nSeptembers, 1859. While the church was building\\nthe congregation found temporary quarters, first in\\nthe old Congregational Church on Jefferson Avenue\\nand then in the hall in Coyl s building on Wood-\\nward Avenue, above State Street.\\nIn i860 several members of the church organized\\nthe Lafayette Street Baptist Church. Rev. Mr.\\nTaggart s labors closed in June, 1861. In July\\nRev. J. H. Griffith commenced pastoral work, and\\nin November following he was ordained.\\nAfter about two years the congregation\\nbegan to use the basement of their new\\nchurch, and on October 1 1, 1863, the main\\naudience room was dedicated. It had an\\naverage width of sixty-si.\\\\ feet and was\\nseventy feet long; the width across the\\ntransepts was eighty feet. The tower was\\nnot completed, but the cost of the church\\nand furnishing reached $25,000. It seated\\n650 persons.\\nMr. Griffith resigned on April 14, 1867.\\nRev. G. S. Chase succeeded him in De-\\ncember, 1867, and remained until Febru-\\nary, 1870. He, with other members of the\\nchurch, then withdrew and formed the\\nPark Street Baptist Church.\\nAbout this time it was decided to sell\\nthe Fort Street site, and build a new\\nchurch on the corner of Cass Avenue and\\nBagg Street. The lots were bought and\\nStreets, a brick chapel erected, which was first\\nused in May, 1S72.\\nRev. L. M. Woodruff, who succeeded Mr. Chase,\\nremained until July, 1872. In January, 1873, the\\nFirst and Park Street Churches were united,\\nRev. John Matthews, of the Park Street Church,\\nserving as pastor from Februarv to November,\\n1873-\\nIn Julv, 1874, Rev. N. C. Mallory commenced\\nhis pastorate. He resigned in 1879, and was suc-\\nceeded on July I by Rev. Z. Grenell.\\nOn April 25, 1875, the new church on Cass\\nAvenue was dedicated. The lot has a frontage of\\none hundred feet on Cass Avenue by one hundred\\nand fifty feet on Bagg Street, and cost $9,000. The\\nlength of church and chapel is one hundred and\\nthirty-eight feet, and width seventy-four feet. The\\nmain audience room is sixty-fi\\\\ e by one hundred", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0658.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "THE BAPTIST CHURCHES.\\n607\\nfeet. It has 122 pews and seats 700. The chapel\\ncost 1 0.000 and the church $50,000.\\nThe length of church and chapel is one hundred\\nand thirty-eiglit feet, and width seventy-four feet.\\nCass .Avence Baptist Chirch.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was \u00c2\u00a72,500; the choir\\ncost $250; and the total annual expenses were\\nS4.500. The pew rents amounted to S5.000. The\\nproperty was valued at $75,000. The average at-\\ntendance on Sunday morning was 400. Number of\\nmembers in 1830, 10; in 1840, 153; in 1850, 265;\\nin i860, 350; in 1870, 266; in 1880, 421.\\nSecond Baptist Chinch {Colored^.\\nThis church was organized in 1836, and held its\\nfirst services in private houses. As early as March\\n30, 1836, the society contracted for a building to\\ncost $480. The church, however, was not built, and\\nm 1839 the society held meetings in a building also\\nused for school purposes, on the south side of Kort\\nStreet, between Beaubien and St. .^ntoine Streets,\\nsubsequently known as Liberty Hall. On March\\n18, 1839, the society was incorporated.\\nFrom August 16 to 20, 1850, the church was\\noccupied by the annual meeting of the Amherstburg\\nBaptist Association, to which the society belonged.\\nIn September, 1 851, the society was received into\\nthe -Michigan Baptist Association. On June 26,\\n1854. the church was burned. Services were then\\nheld for a time in an old school-house on the south\\nside of Fort near Hastings Street. In February,\\n1857, the society bought their present property on\\nthe north side of Croghan near Beaubien Street for\\nS3, 800 of the First German Reformed Zion Church,\\nwhich society had built it in 1851. In 1881 it was\\nextensively repaired, at a cost of $3,000. In 1875\\nthe church adopted J. Newton Brown s Baptist\\nChurch Manual.\\nNumber of members in 1840, 1 5 in 1850, 80;\\nin i860, 221 in 1870, 165 in 1880, 306. Number\\nof sittings in the church, 275. The average attend-\\nance at morning senice in 1880 was 150. The\\npastor s salary was $700. The total yearly expenses\\nwere $875- The property was valued at $18,000,\\nand encumbered with a debt of $12,000.\\nRev. W. C. Monroe, the first pastor, served from\\n1836 to 1847. Rev. S. H. Davis was pastor from\\n1847 to 1 85 1, and was succeeded by Rev. D. G.\\nSecond b \\\\ptist Colored Church.\\nLett, who remained until 1856. In 1857 Rev. Wil-\\nliam Troy was pastor. He was followed by Rev.\\nG. W. Anderson, who served from 1859 to 1861.\\nRev. S. Chase served from April i, 1861, to April\\nI, 1874, and Rev. J. P. Wills from May i, 1876, to\\nDecember, 18S1. He was succeeded on October i,\\n1882, by Rev. W. R. Davis, who remained only one\\nyear.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0659.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "6o8\\nTHE BAPTIST CHURCHES.\\nLafayettf Avenue Baptist Church.\\nLafayette Avenue Church.\\nThe first steps towards organizing this church\\nwere tal en at a meeting held on June 3, i860; and\\non June i 5 following, fifty-six persons, mostly from\\nthe First Baptist Church, united together as the\\nLafayette Avenue Baptist Church.\\nThe society first met in the Tabernacle Church,\\non Howard near Second Street. In October, i860,\\nthe church was received into the Michigan Baptist\\nAssociation. On Wednesday, February 13, 1861,\\nRev. John Matthews was installed as pastor, and on\\nDecember 12, 1862. the society was incorporated.\\nIn 1863 a lot seventy-five by one-hundred and thirty\\nfeet, on the south side of Lafayette Avenue between\\nCass and First Streets, was purchased for $3,125,\\nand a chapel seating 250 was erected. It was fir.st\\nused on January 31, 1864. On October 6, 1865,\\nMr. Matthews resigned, and on December 28 fol-\\nlowing, the main church was dedicated. The total\\ncost of the church, chapel, and furnishings, was\\n$26,000.\\nOn January 29, 1866, Rev. M. Taylor was called\\nas the pastor. He resigned on September 29, and\\nwas succeeded on November 21, 1866, by Rev.\\nAlfred Owen, who was installed January 20, 1S67.\\nIn May, 1876, the society projected a mission\\nwhich developed into the Eighteenth Street Baptist\\nChurch. The pastorate of Mr. Owen closed July\\nI, 1877, and for a time Rev. F. B. Cressey supplied\\nthe pulpit. He was succeeded on October 22 of the\\nsame year by Rev. W. W. Hammond. He resigned\\nin December, 1881, and the pulpit u as temporarily\\nsupplied by various persons until July. 1882, when\\nRev. C. R. Henderson was called. He preached\\nhis first sermon as the pastor on September 3.\\nThe church has 500 sittings. The average at-\\ntendance at morning service in 1880 was 300. The\\npastor s salary was $2,000, the choir cost $1,000,\\nand the total annual church e.xpenses were $4,400.\\nThe property was valued at $35,000. Number of\\nmembers in i860, 60; in 1870, 242; in 1880, 386.\\nIn July, 1883, several members of the society\\nbought a lot on the southeast corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and Winder Street for $42,000. The lot\\nhas a frontage of seventy-five feet on Woodward\\nAvenue by one hundred and sixty-five on Winder,\\nand the congregation propose the erection of a new\\nand costly church.\\nFirst Gerinan Church.\\nThis .society was organized August iS, 1864, and\\nreorganized by a Council of Baptist Churches on\\nJanuary 18, 1869. The first meetings were held\\nin the French Baptist Church, and then in the\\nClinton Avenue Sunday School building. Their\\nchurch, on the northwest corner of St. Aubin Ave-\\nnue and Mullet Street, was dedicated May 8, 1870.\\nThe lot cost $700 and the church $2,000. In the\\nwinter of 1882 and 1883 an addition was made to\\nthe front of the building. It seats 300. The par-\\nsonage, on the same lot, was built in 1875, and cost\\n$500. The average attendance in 1880 was 200.\\nThe pastor s salary was $450, and the total yearly\\nexpenses of the church $900. Value of the prop-\\nerty, $3,000. Number of members in 1870, 51 in\\n1 880, 1 30. The following have served as pastors\\nS. Thoms, from 1864 to 1868; C.Jung, from 1868\\n-\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f^ rrl\\nFirst German Baptist Church.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0660.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "THE BAPTIST CHURCHES.\\n609\\nto 1876; H. Kellman, from 1876 to iSSo. In May,\\n18S0. F. C. Koehler became pastor.\\nZton Church (Colored).\\nThis society has no building. It was or-\\nganized in 1870. meeting at the house of\\nGeorge French, 339 Macomb Street. Rev.\\nGeorge Hurlbut was pastor from 1870 to 1872,\\nand they have had none since. Number of\\nmembers in 1S70, 45 in 1880, 25. The soci-\\nety incorporated January 25, 1871.\\nat \u00c2\u00a76,500. In March, 1882, Rev. Mr. Cressey re-\\nsigned, and on March 26 he was succeeded by Rev.\\nM. H. Worrall.\\nEighteenth Street Church.\\nThis church grew out of a mission estab-\\nlished by the Lafayette Avenue Society. A\\nmeeting was held at that church on May i,\\n1876, to consider the subject, and on May 15\\nit was decided to establish the Eighteenth\\nStreet Mission. A lot on the east side of\\nEighteenth Street near Marquette was pur-\\nchased at a cost of $1,100, and a church,\\ncosting $3,4.00 additional, was erected. Rev.\\nF. B. Cressey, the first pastor, began his labors\\nMay 15, and on May 20, 1877, a Sunday\\nschool was commenced with one hundred\\nand si.\\\\ty-two scholars. The building was\\nformally dedicated June 3, 1877, and regular\\npreaching services began June 10.\\nThe average attendance at church in the morn-\\ning, in 1880, was 125. The salary of the pastor\\nwas Si, 200, and the total yearly expenses, $1,300.\\nIn May, 1880, the church was enlarged, and the\\nseating capacity increased from 275 to 500. The\\npews are all free.\\nThe church proper was organized July I, iSSo,\\nwith one hundred and eighteen members; reorgan-\\nized on July 6, and formal recognition service held\\non July II, 18S0. The property was then valued\\nEighteenth Street Baptist Church.\\nTwelfth Street B.4ptist Church.\\nTwelfth Street Church.\\nThis is the outgrowth of a Sunday school organ-\\nized in the fall of 1S76 in the upper part of a store\\non Grand Ri\\\\er Avenue between Twelfth and Thir-\\nteenth Streets. The prosperity of the school led to\\nthe obtaining of a lot on the southeast corner of\\nTwelfth and Linden Streets, and the removal thereto\\nof the unused Park Street Baptist Church. On\\nJanuary 6, 1878, the school first met in that building.\\nOn May i Rev. S. W. Titus commenced his labors\\nas pastor. On September 19 a church was organ-\\nized, and on September 29, 1 878, the society was\\nincorporated.\\nThe society began with forty-one, and in 1880\\nhad one hundred and nineteen members. The lot\\ncost $800, and the removal and refitting the church,\\nS550. The church seats 380. The pastor s salary\\nin 1880 was $1,000, and the total yearly expenses\\n$1,300. The value of the property was $4,000.\\nThe average attendance was 200. In the fall of\\n1883 the lecture room was enlarged and other\\nimprovements made, at a cost of about $600.\\nSecond German Church.\\nThis society had its beginnings in a German\\nSunday school, commenced February 20, 1876, in the", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0661.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "6io\\nTHE BAPTIST CHURCHES.\\nCalvary Presbyterian Church. A church was then\\norganized, and with twenty-five members was duly\\nrecognized on \\\\ugust i6, 1877, and on September\\n25 it was received into the Michigan Baptist Asso-\\nciation. The church building, located on the east\\nside of Mt. Hope Avenue, between Michigan Ave-\\nnue and Ash Street, was first used June 29,\\nand formally dedicated December 16, 1879. The\\nlot cost $400 and the building $420. The church\\nseats 90. In 1S80 there were twenty-four members,\\nand an average attendance Sunday morning of 30.\\nThe property was valued at 1 1.000.\\nThe church was organized by Rev. C. Jung, who\\n.served as pastor up to 1882. On January I, 1883,\\nRev. A. Freytag became his successor.\\nsucceeded by Rev. T. C. Johnson, and he, in October.\\n18S2, by Rev. John Spears, who contmued the ser-\\nvices where they were begun, in a private house, at\\n421 Hastings Street. In November, 1883, that prop-\\nSliCONU CiEKMAN BaFTIST ChCRCH.\\nClinton ATcnue Church.\\nThe church building of this society is located on\\nthe southeast corner of Joseph Campau and Clinton\\nAvenues. The society was organized November 30,\\n1 880, with fifty-two members.\\nThe chapel was dedicated on December 12. 1880.\\nThe lot cost $2,000 and the building $5,000. It\\nseats 500. The first pastor. Rev. J. D. Pulis, began\\nhis pastorate November 30, 1S80. The average\\nattendance at the morning service in 1880 was\\n250. The pastor s salary was $1,200. and the total\\nannual expenses $1,500. The value of the property\\nwas $8,000. A church costing $1 5,000 will be com-\\npleted during 1S84.\\nSki/oh Church (Colored\\nThis .society was organized December i, 1 881, by\\nRev. John P. Wills. Twenty-five members, mostly\\nfrom the Second Baptist Church, united with the\\nsociety. Mr. Wills died on May 14, 1882, and was\\ni^ /^l^r,-.\\nClinton Avenue Baptist Chai-el.\\nClinton Avenue Uai tist Church.\\nerty was sold sei-v-ices were then held for several\\nmonths in a hall at 258 Gratiot Avenue.\\nIn the spring of 1884 a building on Columbia\\nStreet, between Hastings and Prospect Streets, was\\npurchased for $1,300, with the purpose of fitting it up\\nfor church services.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0662.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "THE BAPTIST CHURCHES.\\n6ll\\nFirst Fycnch Baptist Church.\\nThis church was organized September 20, 1S57,\\nand incorporated May 2, i860. The first services\\nwere held in the old Congregational Church on\\nJefferson Avenue, which was used until their\\nown building was completed. It is located on\\nthe north side of Sherman Street between Rivard\\nand Russell Streets. The lot was donated by Gen-\\neral Cass, and the brick church was dedicated P eb-\\nruary 11, 1862. It seats 200 persons and cost\\nS2,00O.\\n5\\n***?^^^f ~rSrs\\nThe French Baptist Church.\\nThe pews are free. The average attendance in\\n18S0 was about 125. Number of members in i860,\\n49,- in 1870, 157; in 1880, 100. Rev. R. B. Des-\\nroches is the pastor, and his salary is $700. The\\ntotal expenses in 1880 were $800. The property\\nwas estimated to be worth $3,500.\\nTabernacle Church. {Extinct.)\\nThis society was a branch of the First Baptist\\nChurch. The tir.st meeting was held July 17, 1849,\\nand on July 21 a Council of Cliurches organized\\nthe society. On October 28. 1849, Rev. J. Ingiis\\ntook charge. Services were held in the Detroit\\nInstitute, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue near\\nSt. Antoine Street, and in September, 1850, in\\nYoung Men s Hall, .-\\\\bout this time General Cass\\ndonated a lot on Howard Street, between Second\\nand Third Streets, and in the fall of 1852 a chapel\\nthirty by forty feet was erected. In August, 1852,\\nRev. A. E. Mather succeeded Mr. Ingiis, and soon\\nafter services were held in the new chapel. It seated\\n200. Mr. Mather remained a few months, and the\\nchurch was then without a pastor for a year. In\\nOctober, 1854, Mr. Ingiis again took charge, but ni\\nthe summer of 1855 he resigned. Rev. A. E.\\nMather again served for two or three years, and\\nthen for some time the church was without a pastor.\\nRev. J. Campbell came ne.xt, and remained two\\nyears.\\nOn July 20, 1859, it was decided to sell the chapel,\\nbuy a lot on Washington Avenue, corner of Clifford\\nStreet, for $6,000, and erect a church.\\nOn October i, 1859, the society laid the corner-\\nstone of a brick church, and on August 26, iS6o, it\\nwas dedicated with preaching by Dr. James in the\\nmorning, and Dr. Ingiis in the evening. It cost\\n$10,000, had sixty-nine pews, and seated about 500.\\nIn this church, from 1859 to 1S64, Rev. James Ingiis\\nserved as pastor, and in the fall of 1864 Rev. E.\\nCurtis took charge. He remained through 1865,\\nand was the last minister of the society.\\nOn \\\\pril 20, 1863, the old church on Howard\\nStreet was sold to a society calling themselves\\nthe Howard Street Church of Christ, and on\\nMarch 19, 1867, the church on Washington Avenue\\nwas sold for $17,000 to a Jewish congregation.\\nThe proceeds of the sale were used in liquidating\\ndebts, and the balance divided among those who\\nhad paid for the erection of the church.\\nIn 1850 the society had 45 members and in i860,\\nno, ,\\\\fter the sale of the church many of the\\nmembers joined other societies. A year or two after\\nthe church was sold a few of the members began\\nmeeting for worship in the chapel built about 1 869\\nby Dr. Richard Ingiis on the south side of Duffield\\nStreet, near Woodward Avenue. The frame of the\\nbuilding had formerly been a barn, but was refitted\\nand practically built anew. About twenty persons,\\nremnants of the old Tabernacle flock, with some\\nadditional members were worshiping there in 1883.\\nThe building was owned by William Cowie.\\nPark Street Church. (E.vtinct.)\\nThis church was organized by Rev. G. S. Chase\\nin February, 1870, mostly from among members of\\nthe First Baptist Church. They dedicated their\\nwooden church on the northeast corner of Park and\\nDuflield Streets, on October 2. 1S70. It cost $5,500\\nand seated 420. In 1870 they had 73 members.\\nIn 1S72 Rev. John Matthews became the pastor,\\nand in January, 1873, the society united with the\\nFirst Church. In December, 1877, their building\\nwas removed to Twelfth Street, and became the\\nproperty of the Twelfth Street Baptist Church.\\nOCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMI-\\nNATION.\\nThe semi-centennial of the organization of the\\nBaptist Church in Detroit was observed on Septem-\\nber 25. 1877.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0663.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "6l2\\nOCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMINATION.\\nSessions of the Baptist State Convention have\\nbeen held in Detroit as follows At the First\\nChurch, beginning August 31, 1836, October 11,\\n1850, and October 14, 1S64; at the Lafayette\\nChurch un October 8, 1869; and again at the First\\nChurch on October 19, 1875.\\nThe Detroit Baptist Social Union was organized\\nMay 20, 1878. It was established to propagate and\\nestabhsh the principles and practices of the Baptist\\nChurch. The membership fee is S--oo.\\nThe following have served as officers\\nI residents 1878 and 1879, A. H. Wilkinson;\\n1880-1881, C. C. Bowen; 1882, Rev. Z. Grenell\\n1883, D. A. Waterman; 1884, J. D. Standish.\\nSecretaries: 187S-1881, Rev. F. B. Cressey\\n1881, S. C. Annabel; 1882- J. T. Beadle.\\nTreasurers; 1878-1881, Solon Prentiss; iSSi,\\nD. A. Waterman; 1882- George E. King.\\nThe National Baptist Anniversaries for 1 884 were\\nheld at the Cass Avenue Church, beginning on May\\n21, 18S4.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0664.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXII.\\nTHE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NOTABLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHERINGS.\\nCONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.\\nFirst Congregational Church.\\nAfter the \\\\isit of Rev. Dand Bacon, we have no\\nrecord of the presence of a Congregational minister\\nin Detroit until 1S43. when the following notice\\nappeared in the Daily Gazette\\nThe Rev. E. McDowell, of the Eastern Congregational Asso-\\nciation of Michigan, will preach to-morrow (Sunday) in the City\\nHall, at 3 o clock P. M. The public are invited to attend.\\nPreaching may also be expected at the same time and place every\\nSabbath until further notice.\\nThese services, which were soon discontinued,\\nhad no connection with the organization of the First\\nCongregational Society, which dates its beginnings\\nfrom the autumn of i S44. when a series of Sunday\\nmeetings was held at the City Hall and also in the\\nScotch Presbyterian Church, corner of Farmer and\\nBates Streets, by Rev. Henrj L. Hammond.\\nOn November 25, 1844, at a meeting held at the\\nresidence of C. G. Hammond, preliminary steps\\nwere taken to form a church. On December 8\\nfollowing, at a meeting held in the City Hall, the\\nplans were completed, and on December 23 the\\nFirst Congregational Society of Detroit was incor-\\nporated. A Council of the Churches was held De-\\ncember 25. and the society duly organized with\\nthirteen members. On January 5, 1845. a Sunday\\nschool was established. On March 31 a lot was pur-\\nchased on the southwest comer of Jefferson Avenue\\nand Beaubien Street for $2,000, and the society com-\\nmenced the erection of a church. Ser\\\\ ices were\\nheld meantime, first in the City Hall, then in the\\nCapitol, and finally in the Circuit Court room, od\\nthe comer of Congress and Griswold Streets.\\nOn Sunday. December 14, 1845, services were\\nfirst held in the basement of the new church. On\\nAugust 30, 1846, the building was completed and\\ndedicated. It was of brick, cost about S;.ooo. as\\nforty-five by seventy-five feet in size, had 180 pews,\\nand seated about r.ooo.\\nDuring the first two years of the existence of the\\nchurch, David Hale, of New York, paid $600 a year\\nto the support of the pastor. Rev. H. L. Hammond.\\nOn Januar\\\\ 16. 1847. the noted re\\\\-ivalist. Rev. C.\\nG. Finney, visited Detroit, and preached ever^ eve-\\nning for the week following. Several were added\\nto the society. In his biography the fact of this\\nvisit is not mentionetl. Mr. Hammond resigned\\nhis pastorate on July 5, 1847, and was at once\\nsucceeded by Rev. O. C. Thompson, who preached\\nfor about two months, when failing health com-\\npelled him to give up the charge. Rev. R. R.\\nKellogg then served as pastor for a short time, and\\non November 11, 1847, it was agreed to engage\\nRev. W. W. Atterbury to till the pulpit for sLx\\nmonths. During the winter evangelistic services\\nFirst Congregational Church.\\nOriginal building\\nwere held in the church by the Rev. J. P. Avery.\\nOn July 10, 1848, Rev. H. D. Kitchell was called to\\nthe pastorate; on Sunday, October 1. 184S, he\\npreached his first sermon, and on December 6 he\\nwas in.stalled.\\nIn the fall of 1852 the subject of a new church\\nin a different location began tn be agitated. On\\nJanuan,- 10. 1853, it was decided to locate on the\\n.southwest comer of Fort and W .iyne Streets. The\\nlot cost $10,000 and the building and furnishing\\n16-3]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0665.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "6i4\\nCONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.\\n$45,908. The church was dedicated September 21,\\n1854. The old church and lot sold for $9,1 50.\\nOn November 2, 1864, Rev. H. D. Kitchell re-\\nsigned, and on December 2, Rev. S. M. Freeland\\nwas called. He commenced his labors on March\\n20, 1S65, and in less than a year a movement for a\\nSecond Congregational Church was inaugurated.\\nMr. Freeland\\nresigned as pas-\\ntor of the First\\nChurch, andover\\none hundred\\nmembers went\\nwith him into a\\nnew organiza-\\ntion. In April,\\n1866, Rev. A.\\nBallard began to\\npreach for the\\nFirst Church.\\nHe was called\\nsoon after, com-\\nmenced regular\\npastoral work in\\nJune, and on\\nOctober 18,\\n1866, he was in-\\nstalled.\\nOn December\\n9, 1 869, the quar-\\nter centennial of\\nthe organization\\nof the church\\nwas observed\\nwith appropriate\\nexercises. Dr.\\nBallard resigned\\non February 5,\\n1872, and the\\npulpit was sup-\\nplied by Rev.\\nMr. McWil-\\nliams, Rev. Pro-\\nfessor Esta-\\nbrook. and oth-\\ners, until Sep-\\ntember, 1S73.\\nRev. Dr. Z.\\nEddy then be-\\ngan his pastorate,\\nresigned just ten\\nHe was installed October 10, and\\nyears later; his successor. Rev.\\nW. 11. Davis, accepted a call to the pastorate in\\nApril, 1884.\\nIn the summer of 1S74 the church was extensively\\nrepaired and improved at a cost of $12,260. The\\nnumber of sittings in the church is 940. The aver-\\nage attendance at Sunday morning service in 1S80\\nwas 500, the pastor s salary was .13.500. the yearly\\nexpense of the choir $900, the se.xton was paid $300,\\nand the total annual expenses footed up 16, 000.\\nThe value of the property was $50,000. About\\n.15,500 is received annually from pew rents. The\\nnumber of members in 1850 was 166; in i860, 355;\\nin 1870, 279; in 1880, 516.\\nSecond Church.\\nThe first ef-\\nfort to establish\\na society called\\nthe Second\\nCon gregational\\nChurch was\\nmade by Rev.\\nJoseph Parker,\\nand a society\\nthus called was\\nincorporated on\\nJanuary 24. 1 850.\\nIt was proposed\\nto build a church\\non Woodward\\nAvenue to be\\ncalled Detroit\\nTabernacle, and\\non Februan,- 14,\\n1850, a fair was\\nheld in a vacant\\nstore on Jeffer-\\nson Avenue to\\nobtain funds in\\naid of the enter-\\nprise. The soci-\\nety held meet-\\nings for a time\\nin Mechanics\\nHall, but the en-\\nterprise was\\nsoon abandoned.\\nThe later and\\nsuccessful soci-\\nety branched oft\\nfrom the First\\nChurch in\\nMarch, i 866,\\nwas incorpora-\\nted March 1 9,\\nand organized\\nby a Council of Churches on April 3. Rev. S. M.\\nFreeland resigned as pastor of the First Church to\\nbecome pastor of the new flock, which numbered one\\nhundred and ten persons. The society first met in\\nthe church then known as the Tabernacle Baptist, on\\nthe corner of Washington Avenue and Clifford Street.\\nIn July, 1866, a lot was purchased near the corner\\nof Woodward Avenue and Sibley Street for $5,000,\\nFlKST CONGKEGATIONAL ChI KCH.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0666.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.\\n615\\nand a chapel forty by sixty feet erected on the rear\\nof the lot. It was completed at a cost of 11,500,\\nand dedicated July 23, 1867. In 1870 the society\\nhad one hundred and ninety-.seven members, and\\nSecond Congkf.gation.al Church.\\nthis year they purchased an adjoining corner lot for\\n$5,500. and in the fall of 1872 began to build a\\nchurch. The basement was completed and first\\nused Augu.st 23, 1874. The chapel was then sold\\nto the African M. E. Church for $300. The body\\nof the church was dedicated November 21, 1874.\\nIt seats nearly 1,200. The .cost, including furnish-\\ning, was about $70,000.\\nMr. Frecland resigned, and his pastorate ceased\\nMarch i. 1875. He was succeeded, on April i. by\\nRev. George Porter, as special supply to October i.\\nRev. W. T. Sprole then entered upon the duties of\\nthe pastorate. He was followed in September. 1878,\\nby Rev. R DeWitt Mallary, who remained a year,\\nand m October, 1879, Rev. Moses Smith became\\nthe pastor.\\nFrom the time the .society built its new church it\\nwas heavily in debt, and being unable to pay a\\nmortgage on the property, nn Februarv 21, 1879,\\nthe church becaine the property of the mortgagee,\\nand the society for a time worshiped m the chapel\\nof the Cass .Avenue Baptist Church. Arrangements\\nwere finally made to rent the church, and on Novem-\\nber 22, 18S0. the congregation subscribed enough to\\npurchase the church, and again became owners of\\nthe property.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $2,500, the yearly\\ncost nf choir. $550, and the total annual expenses,\\n$3,5cx Four thousand dollars a year was received\\nfrom pew rents. The value of the property was\\nS6o,ooo. The average attendance was 375. Num-\\nber of members m 1S70 was 197: in 1880, 279.\\nTriiDihull Avenue Chut eh.\\nThis society is the outgrowth of the Ninth or\\nTrumbull Avenue Mission School, which was estab-\\nlished in 1868 on the west side of Trumbull Avenue\\nnear Howard Street. The building was dedicated\\nNovember 7, 186S. The cost of the property was\\nabout $10,000. The school flourished, Sunday\\nevening services were held from time to time,\\nand on April 27, 1881, a Congregational church\\nwith seventy-three members was organized, with\\nRev. R. W. Wallace as pastor. The building seats\\n500, and the average attendance at church ser\\\\ ices\\nin 1881 was 100. The total yearly expenses were\\n$2,500.\\nIn August, 1 88 1, the building was moved to a\\nlot which cost $4,500, on the northeast corner of\\nBaker Street and Trumbull Avenue. In its new\\nlocation the building was dedicated on October 16,\\n1881. The property was then valued at $10,000.\\nand at that time there was a debt of $3,000 on\\nthe property.\\nSprtngwelh Church.\\nThe building of this organization is located on\\nthe Crane Farm, on the w-est side of Lovers Lane,\\nabout five hundred feet from the river. The lot,\\nworth $600, was donated by George Jerome and\\nother owners. The church cost $2,600, and while\\nTri mrt L!, .\\\\vnN*fF: Cnvr.RFr. \\\\TinN \\\\i. Church.\\nin an unfinished condition, was first occupied by\\nthe Sunday school in December. 1879. It was\\nseated with chairs, and could accommodate 300. It\\nwas gradually completed, and in January, i88i, was", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0667.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "6i6\\nNOTABLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHERINGS.\\nturned over by the building committee to the care\\nof the First Congregational Society. A church\\n200. The school was established on July 23, and\\nis under the care of Rew O. C. Thompson.\\nSpringweli.s Congregational Chlrch.\\n.society was organized in the spring of 1881, with\\ntwenty-five members.\\nThe enterprise is the outgrowth of a mission\\nschool established about 1S68, under the care\\nof the First Congregational Church after 1875.\\nPreaching services were begun in November, I SSo,\\nwith an average attendance of 75. In 1881 this\\nand the Trumbull Avenue Congregational Church\\nwere both under the pastoral care of Rev. R. W.\\nWallace. On February 19, 1S82, Rev. S. R. Bonnell\\nbecame the first regular pastor; he resigned on\\nOctober 15, and on March 15, 1S83. Rev. A. B.\\nAllen entered upon the pastorate.\\nHarper A ^icnuc Mission.\\nThis mission is located on the south side of\\nHarper Avenue, between Woodward Avenue and\\nJohn R. Streets. The building was dedicated on\\nAlt. Hope Mission.\\nThis mission school is located on the\\nwest side of Mt. Hope Avenue, about one\\nblock south of Michigan Avenue. The\\nbuilding cost S400 and is on leased ground.\\nIt was first occupied on October 19, 1882.\\nThe school is under the care of W. H.\\nRussell.\\nNOTABLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHER-\\nINGS.\\nIn May of the years 1845, 1854, 1859,\\n1864, and 1S80 the State meetings of the\\nGeneral Association of Michigan were held\\nin Detroit.\\nHarper Avence Mission Chapel.\\nMarch 4, 1883. The lot cost $1,600, and the build-\\ning and furniture $1,050. The building can seat\\nMt. Hope A\\\\enue Mission.\\nOn October 17, 1870, the Triennial Council of the\\nCongregational Churches began its sessions in\\nthe Second Congregational Church. Many distin-\\nguished delegates were present, including Presi-\\ndents Woolsey and Magoun and Rev. I.)r. Storrs of\\nNew York.\\nOn September 7 to 11. 1858. the forty-ninth\\nmeeting of the \\\\merican Board of Commissioners\\nfor P oreign Missions was held in Detroit. Mark\\nHopkins, LL. D., Leonard Bacon, LL. D., and many-\\nother noted clergymen, were present. Twenty-five\\nvears later, from October 2 to 6, 1 883, the sessions\\nof the Board (the seventy-fourth), were again held\\nin Detroit, at the Central Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, which was tendered for the meetings.\\nThere was a very large attendance, and much inter-\\nest was manifested in the ser\\\\ ices.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0668.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXIII,\\nTHE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\nSt. John s German Evangelical Church.\\nThis society grew out of sen-ices first held by\\nRev. F. Schmid on August i8, 1S33, in a carpenter\\nshop owned by John Hais, located on the corner of\\nWoodbridge and Bates Streets. On September 22\\nfollowing, two elders, Valentine Ruehle, Jr., and\\nDavid Striker, were elected. On January 30, 1836,\\nthe Governor and Judges sold the society Lot 54, in\\nSection 6, on the northeast corner of Monroe Avenue\\nand Farrar Street, for S40- ^Ir- Schmid preached\\nuntil July, 1836, and then the society obtained\\nthe scr\\\\ices of Rev. J. P. Schwabe as a pastor;\\nthe ser\\\\-ices were\\nheld in the Presby-\\nterian Session Room\\non Woodward Ave-\\nnue. Mr. Schwabe\\nremained until\\nJanuary, 1837, and\\nsoon afterward died.\\nDuring 1837 a wood-\\nen church, thirty-five\\nb) fifty feet, was\\nerected on the Mon-\\nroe venue Lot. and\\nin March it was near-\\nly completed.\\nOn October 22,\\n1837, Rev. M.\\nSchaad was called\\nto the pastorate. He remained until June. 1841,\\nand was succeeded in October by Rev. F. Herman,\\nwho served until August, 1852, and was followed by\\nRev. C. Haass, who arrived on August 19. Soon\\nafter this the church was sold, moved to the south-\\neast corner of Beaubien and Beacon Streets, and\\nturned into a dwelling. It was afterwards burned.\\nA new brick church, fifty-six by seventy-five feet.\\nwas then erected. It seated 850, and was dedicated\\nJanuary g. 1853. Rev. Mr. Hartman of Chicago\\npreached the sermon.\\nOn August 6, 1854, at twelve o clock at night, the\\ninside of the church was almost entirely destroyed by\\nfire. Mr. Haass left in September, and in October,\\n1854, Rev. C. F. Siildan became pastor, remaining one\\nyear. He was succeeded by Rev. Herman Miller,\\nwho continued until February-, 1S61, when he, with\\na part of the congregation, left the society, and\\norganized a German Presbyterian church, holding\\nservices in a building on the south side of Catharine\\nnear Gratiot Street, erected in iS67as a French and\\nGerman Presbyterian Church. Rev. C. Haass was\\nagain called as pastor of the original society, and\\nin April, 1862, he began a pastorate which is still\\ncontinued.\\nIn 1872 the congregation sold the property on\\nMonroe Avenue for $25,000, and in February 1877,\\nthe building was torn down. After the sale of the\\nproperty the church\\non Russell Street,\\nbetween Antietam\\nand Chestnut Streets,\\nwas erected. It was\\ndedicated on Sep-\\ntember 20, 1 874.\\nThe lots cost S 3, 100,\\nand the church and\\nschool $72,000. The\\nchurch debt, in 18S0,\\nwas $30,000. The\\nchurch scats nearly\\n1.500 persons. The\\nnumber of commu-\\nnicants in 1840 was\\n175; in 1850, 375;\\nin i860, 63S in 1872,\\n1,550; in 1874, 1.272; in 1876, 1,346; in l88o,\\n1,250. In 1880, the total yeariy e.xpenses, and\\nreceipts from pews, were about $5,000 each. The\\nsalary of the pastor was \u00c2\u00a71,200. The average\\nattendance at Sunday morning ser\\\\ ice was 750.\\nOn September 23, 1883, the .semi-centennial or-\\nganization of the church was observed with appro-\\npriate exercises, sermons were preached by several\\nclergymen from other cities, and three bells, pur-\\nchased at a cost of 1 1,600, were dedicated.\\nSt. PaiiTs German Evangelical Church.\\nThis society, a branch of the original Monroe\\nAvenue Church, was organized with twenty-four\\nmembers on October 21, and incorporated on\\nNovember i, 1S72. Its brick church, located on\\n[\u00c2\u00ab-7]\\nPakt of Monroe Avenue in 1S72, and second building of\\nSt. John s Church.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0669.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "6i8\\nTHE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\nthe corner of Seventeenth and Rose Streets, was\\ndedicated on February i6, 1873. I he church cost\\n1 1 8,000, and seats 700. The lot cost \u00c2\u00a71,850. Rev.\\nJ. G. Hildner was the first pastor, and in i 8S3 was\\nstill ser^nng. In 1S80 the number of communicants\\nwas 1 ,000, representing 200 families. The average\\nattendance at church was 250. The pastor s salary\\nwas I700. The total yearly expenses were ^3.000,\\nand the receipts from pews, .$1,700. Adjoining the\\nchurch is a\\nbnck parson-\\nage, which cost\\n$2,470, the lot\\ncost $1. 375-\\nTh e church\\ndebt, in 1881,\\nwas $11,000.\\n5/. Mar//s\\nGerman Evan-\\ngelical Church.\\nThis society\\nworship in a\\nbuilding located\\non the corner of\\nMilitar Ave-\\nnue and the I)ix\\nRoad. They\\nown a property\\ncosting $1,750,\\nand a building\\nwhich cost\\n$1,300. It is\\nused both for\\nchurch and\\nschool pur-\\nposes. It was\\ndedicated on\\nSunday, Janu-\\nary 16, 1804,\\nand seats one\\nhundred and\\ntwenty persons.\\nSt. j\\nTrinity Evangelical Lutheran Church.\\nThis church was organized in the year 1850, and\\nincorporated March 10, 1851. The first pastor. Rev.\\nJ. M. G. .Schaller. accepted a call in Novcml)er,\\n1850, and meetings were begun in a building on\\nWoodbridge Street, in rear of Christ Church.\\nIn 1 85 1, J. H. Toepel and about twenty-five\\nothers bought, for $200, the old frame warehouse\\non Woodbridge Street, between Shelby and Wayne\\n.Streets, which had been used as a Bethel Church.\\nIt was moved at an expense of $200 to a lot sixty bv\\none hundred- and fifty feet, costing $1,050, on the\\nnorth side of Earned Street, betw een Rivard and\\nRussell Streets, and fitted up at a further cost of\\n$300. Rev. J. M. G. Schaller stayed three years,\\nand in 1854 accepted a call from St. Louis. In 1S54\\nRev. H. Kick succeeded Mr. Schaller, but soon after\\nhis coming, owing to his failing health, an assistant\\nhad to perform much of his duty. In 1856 an ad-\\ndition, equal in size to the original building, was\\nerected, and the seating capacity increased to 400.\\nIn 1S58 Rev. A. Wesserman became pastor, and in\\nJanuary, 1S60,\\nhe was suc-\\nceeded by Rev.\\nJ. Huegli,\\nwho was still\\nserving in 1883.\\nIn 1 866 a lot\\nwith dwelling,\\non the north-\\neast comer of\\nGratiot Avenue\\nand Prospect\\nStreet, was pur-\\nchased for\\n|6,ooo, and a\\nbrick church,\\nfifty by one\\nhundred and\\nthree feet, cost-\\ning I 5,000\\nwas erected.\\nIt was dedi-\\ncated October\\n24, 1 866, and\\nseats seven\\nhundred per-\\nsons. The old\\nchurch was\\nturned into\\na dwelling.\\nNumber of\\ncommunicants\\nin i860, 200;\\nin 1870, 400;\\nin iSSo, 450. The average attendance at morning\\nservice in 1880 was 500. The yearly cost of main-\\ntaining the church was about $2,000, and the .same\\namount was received from pew rents. Including\\nthe parsonage, the property was valued at about\\n$30,000, and in 1S81 there was a debt of $4,000.\\nBethlehem German Evangelical Lutlieran\\nChurch.\\nThis society, located in the village of Norris. was\\nestablished in 1874. It has 60 communicants. The\\npastor is Rev. Conrad Schwankoosky. Connected\\nwith the church there is a school with one teacher\\nand forty eight scholars.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0670.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "THE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\n619\\nTrinity Evangelical Lutheran Chi rch.\\nIniinamicl Evangelical Liillii-ran Cliiirc/i.\\nThis organization is a branch of Trinity\\nChurch. It was organized in 1864 with fif-\\nteen members, and incorporated August 14,\\n1865. Their first church, a wooden building,\\ntwenty-six by fifty-six feet, was erected on\\nTrumbull .X venue, between Orchard and Plum\\nStreets. It was dedicated November 5. 1865,\\nand seated three hundred and fifty persons.\\nsequently torn down. Rev. K. L. Moll, the first\\npastor, came to the city February 6, 1S66, and is\\nstill serving in 1884. In 1870 the number of com-\\nmunicants was 460, or sixty-six heads of families,\\nand in 1880, 1,346, or one hundred and forty-five\\nheads of families. The average attendance at\\nmorning service in 1S80 was 800. The pastor s\\nsalary in 1 880 was .$600. The total yearly expenses\\nwere $2,500, and the receipts from pew rents,\\n$1,700. There was a church debt of $9,000.\\nThe parsonage was built in 1S71 and cost $1,300.\\nZzon Evangelical Lutheran Church.\\nThis society was organized August 22, 1882, by\\nRev. K. L. Moll. The building is located on Welch\\nAvenue in Springvvells. The lots cost $1,200 and\\nthe church $8,000. It was dedicated July 8, 1883.\\nThe first pastor. Rev. C. F. Schatz, commenced his\\nlabors October 15, 1882.\\nSt. Paul s Evangelical Lutheran Church.\\nThe church occupied by this society is located\\non the northeast corner of Joseph Campau Avenue\\nSt. Mark s German Evangelical Chcrch.\\nOn J;inuary 12, 1873, their brick church,\\nsize, forty-eight by one hundred and twelve\\nfeet, on the corner of Seventeenth and Pine\\nStreets, was dedicated. The lot cost $1,600,\\nandthechnrch $14,000. The building seats\\nnine hundred persons. The old building\\nwas turned into a school-house, and sub-\\nSt. Paul s German Evangelical Church,\\nCorner Seventeenth and Rose Streets.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0671.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "620\\nTHE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\nand Jay Street. The society was organized in October, 1871,\\nand incorporated September 8, 1S72. It affiliates witli Trinity\\nCliurch, from which its lirst members came. The church was\\nconsecrated September 8, 1873. The lots cost $2,300, the church\\n$8,954, and the parsonage Ss.ooo- The average attendance in\\n1880 was 500. The pastor s salary was f6oo. The yearly\\nexpenses were .12,500, and the receipts from pews $1,600. The\\nchurch debt, in 1881, was .$1,100. The church seats 700.\\nDuring 1883 a tower was added to the church, and a chime\\nof three bells procured, at a total cost of about |5,ooo. They\\nwere consecrated on .September 9, 1883.\\nof families in connection with the\\nchurch in 1850, i860, and 1870 was 35,\\nand in 1880, 40. The pews are free.\\nThe total yearly expenses are $700.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $330.\\nOriginal Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Chcrch.\\nRev. E. Dankworth, the first pastor, was suc-\\nceeded on February 15, 1878, by Rev. C. H. Rohe;\\non August 17, 1S82, he was followed by Rev. H. J.\\nSchuh. The church began witli 17 members in\\n1 87 1, and in 1880 had 500.\\n5/. Matlhciu s Rvangch cal Luthcrnn dnirch.\\nThis society was organized and incorporated No-\\nvember 10, 1845. They held their first services in\\nthe City Hall. Their brick church, on the south\\nside of Congress Street, near Rivard Street, was\\ndedicated on August 2, 1846, and seats 200, with an\\naverage attendance of 1 30. The lot cost $200. The\\nparsonage, on the same lot, cost .$400.\\nOn August 8, 1850, the church united with the\\nEvangelical Lutheran Synod, of Buffalo. Rev. J.\\nF. Winckler, their first pastor, remained until 1856,\\nand then went to Buffalo, New York, to become\\na professor in the Lutheran College. The numlier\\nImm.\\\\nl EL Evangelical Ll-thekan Church.\\nThe value of the property was $10,000,\\nand there was a debt of |8oo.\\nThe pastors have been: 1845-1857,\\nJ. F. Winckler; 1857-1859, Sigmund\\nFritschcl; 1859, William Grabau 1860-1864, Fred\\nEppling; 1 864-1 871, Charles Scliadow 1871-1875.\\nHenry Meir; 1875, Charles Schadow; 1876, none;\\n^ir -^j:r^ni\\nZioN Evangelical Lltheran Church and School.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0672.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "THE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\n621\\npenses about .$900. The value of the property was\\n$15,000; and there was a church debt of $1,300.\\nThe pastors have been: A. Berkey, November\\n20, 1848, to June 20, 1852; E. Berker, August 11,\\n1852, to September 24, 1854; E. Spies, October i.\\n1854, to January 3, 1856; H. Hoff, Januar 19, to\\nFebruan,- i. 1857; A. -Shroeter, May 11, 1857, to\\nMarch 6, i860; C. Cast, October 28, i860, to Feb-\\nruary- 26, 1 866; P. Greding, February- 26, 1S66, to\\nAugust 6, 1870; John Baumgertner, September 19,\\n1870, to May 12, 1873: John Niehoff, May 12, 1S73,\\nto March 1, 1876; William Hansen, from May 3,\\n1876.\\nS/. Peter s German Evangelual Lutheran Church.\\nThis congregation was gathered in the spring of\\n1878 bv Rev. Emil Dankworth. Their church,\\nlocated uu the northwest corner of Pierce and Chene\\nStreets, on lots costing $1,450, was consecrated in\\nJune, 1S78. The building seats 1,200, and cost\\n$7,000. In 1880 there was a debt of $6,000. In\\n1S80 there was an average attendance of 450 at\\nmorning service; number of communicants, 750.\\nThe pastor s salary was $684, and the church ex-\\npenses about ,084 yearly.\\nSt. Paul s Evangi-:u\\nILNAN ClURrn.\\n1877, John Grabau 1877-1S80, Alexander\\nLange; 1880- John Kindeman.\\nZion German Reformed Church.\\nThis congregation was organized on\\nNovember 20, 1849, and incorporated May\\n22, 1850. Their lirst meetings were held\\nin the City Hall. On .-Xpril 12, 1852, they\\ndedicated their brick church, on the north\\nside of Croghan, near Beaubien Street.\\nIn February, 1857, they sold it to the\\nSecond Baptist Colored Church for $3,800,\\nand on July 9 of the same year it was\\nresolved to buy the lots on the east side\\nof Russell, between Sherman and Catha-\\nrine Streets, on which the present church\\nis located. They cost $750. The church,\\nthirty by forty feet, was erected at a cost\\nof $1,600. In 1862 it was enlarged at a\\ncost of about $2,200. The parsonage was\\nerected in 1857 at a cost of about $1,500,\\nincluding the lot. The church seats 200,\\nand in 1880 had an average attendance\\nof 75. In 1850 there were 65 communi-\\ncants; in i860, 107; in 1870, 120; and in\\n1880, 135. The salary of the pastor in\\n1880 was $600, and the total annual e.\\\\-\\na\\nV\u00c2\u00ae\\n)iiiBi).iniJ\\njP\u00c2\u00ab3iiii!i!til;iii.illik!i!fi!iii!il\u00c2\u00a3u-.-!i;:tUaL\\n^^a^ga^6wieiBaEg^ aaasgl:gii!iaas^\u00c2\u00a3H-\\nSt. Matthew s Evangelical Lutheran Church.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0673.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "622\\nTHE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\nSalem German Evangelical Ltithe7-an Church.\\nThis society owns and occupies the building ori-\\nginally erected in 1857, on Catharine Street near\\nGratiot Street, as a French and Ciernian Presbyterian\\nChurch. On March 9, 1862, a German Lutheran\\nChurch was organized in the building, and contin-\\nued there about two years, with Rev. H. Cjundert\\nas pastor. The society then disorganized, and\\nthe property passed into the possession of the\\npresent society, which was organized in June, 1864.\\nOn November 26, 1865. the building was dedicated.\\nSt. Peter s Gek.ma.m Kvanl.elical LtiheIvan Chukch.\\nAntoine Street. The church and lot cost Ir.joo.\\nThe building was erected for a Swedish Lutheran\\nChurch, designated as St. John s. Rev. O. C.\\nAmble was the founder of the society. The\\nenterprise failed of support, and services were\\ncontinued only about a year. The church was\\nthen unoccupied until 1881, when it was rented,\\nand opened on June 5. with services by Rev. John\\nJ. Schmidt.\\nZiON Germ.an Reformed Church.\\nand on January 20, 1866, the society was incorpo-\\nrated. The property was purchased February 26,\\n1866, for 12,000. The three-story brick parsonage\\ncost 11,500, and the entire property in 1880 was\\nworth about $12,000. The number of sittings in\\nthe church is 250, and the average attendance in\\n1880 was 175. Number of members in 1864, 4;\\nin 1870,37; in 1S80, 230. Pastor s salary $400.\\nYearly expenses of the church, $700. The first\\npastor was Rev. J. J. Schmidt. In October, 1877,\\nhe was succeeded by Re\\\\-. J. Sturnier.\\nSt. Luke s German Evangelical Lutheran Church.\\nThe small wooden building of this society is\\nlocated on the south side of Leland Street near St.\\nSalem German Evangelical Lutheran Church.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0674.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "THE LUTHERAN CHURCHES.\\n62\\nSt. Luke s German Evangelical Lutheran Church.\\nSt, John s Indetendent Lutheran Church.\\nIt has two hundred sittings and an average Twenty-third and Ash Streets, on March 25, 1880\\nattendance of sixty persons at services. In 1881 The church and parsonage are valued at f 4.000. In\\ntliere were twelve members. 1880 there were about one hundred communicants.\\nr T church expenses, including the pastor s\\nSt. John s Independent Lutheran Church. salary were S;7oo\\nThis society purcTiased the old St. Mark s Episco- Rev. Emil Hardrat was pastor in 1883.\\npal Church property, on the southwest corner of", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0675.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXIV.\\nTHE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. THE NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. THE UNITARIAN\\nCHURCH. THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. THE THIRD AVENUE MISSION\\nCHURCH. JEWISH CONGREGATIONS. GENERAL CHURCH\\nSTATISTICS.\\nTHE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.\\nTJie First Christian Cliurdi.\\nA society known as Disciples, Campbellites, or\\nChristians held meetings in Detroit in a private\\nhouse as early as 1838. In 1846 meetings were\\nheld in a school-room near the corner of Congress\\nand Randolph Streets, under the leadership of Rev.\\nW. K. Nay. The same year the use of the State\\nCapitol was obtained, and services were held each\\nSabbath, and about this time Mr. Nay was suc-\\nceeded by Rev. Eli Regal. He was serving as\\npastor in October,\\n1 85 1. After worship-\\ning in the Capitol for\\na few months, the\\nsociety moved to the\\nOddFellow.s Hall,on\\nWoodward Avenue;\\nthen, on April 9, 1 848.\\nto Fowler s school\\nbuilding, on the north\\nside of Jefferson Av-\\nenue near St. Antoine\\nStreet from this\\nplace they moved tt)\\nthe old City Hall,\\nwhere they remained\\nuntil 1S63. Several\\nmembers of the soci-\\nety then purchased\\nthe old Congrega-\\ntional Church on Jefferson Avenue, and on January\\n3 of that year held their first services there, with\\nRev. Isaac Errett as pastor. He remained until\\nJanuary i, 1865, and was at once succeeded by\\nRev. W. T. Moore. Under Mr. Moore s pastorate,\\non October 15, 1865, the Howard Street congrega-\\ntion (whose history is given separately) united with\\nthe Jefferson Avenue Church, but in January. 1868,\\nthey left to re-establish their own society.\\nMr. Moore remained until February, 1866, and\\nwas succeeded on March 15 by Rev. A. J. Hobbs,\\nW SHINGTON AVEN E L\\nwho continued until April i, 1867. He was followed\\non May I, 1S67, by Rev. T. V. Berry, and in July\\nof the ne.xt year a portion of the congregation, with\\nMr. Berry, the pastor, left the Jefferson Avenue\\ncongregation, and commenced services at St. An-\\ndrew s Hall. In 1869 and 1870 Rev. M. S. Clapp\\nwas pastor of the congregation at St. Andrew s\\nHall. Meantime the Jefferson Avenue Church had\\nas its pastors B. A. Hinsdale in 1S68, O. P. Millar\\nin 1S69, and H. H. Black in 1870.\\nIn March, 1871, the two congregations united,\\nand soon after, under the pastorate of Mr. Clapp,\\nthey began worship-\\ning in the Wash-\\nington Avenue edi-\\nfice. This building\\nformerly belonged to\\nthe Scotch Presbyte-\\nrian Church, and was\\npurchased for and\\njjresented to the soci-\\nety by Colin Camp-\\nbell and Thomas\\nLinn, at a cost of\\n!f 2,600. The lot cost\\n;7,5oo, and the prop-\\nLily in 18S0 was\\n\\\\alued at $15,000.\\nRev. Gilbert J. Ellis\\nsucceeded Mr. Clapp\\non July I, 1S71, and\\nremained until No-\\nvember I, 1875. Rev. T. D. Butler served from\\nSeptember i, 1876, to March, 1878, and Rev. George\\nClendenning from September i, 187S, to .^pril, 1880.\\nThe ne.\\\\t regular pastor was Rev. W. B. Thompson,\\nwhose term began in July, 1 883.\\nThe church seats 600, and the pews are free.\\nThe pastor s salary in 1880 was $1,500, and the\\nother church expenses about $400 per year.\\nThe average attendance in iS8owas 15a. Num-\\nber of members in i860, 75; in 1870, 175; in 1880,\\n230.\\n[624]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0676.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.\\n625\\nChurch of Christ.\\nThis congregation, worshiping on the corner of\\nFourth and Plum Streets, is a part of the original\\nsociety of Disciples. After a portion of the\\ncongregation had left to organize a church on Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, the remainder, for a few months, wor-\\nDisciPLES OF Chuist Chlrch.\\nshiped in the City Hall. Finally, the society pur-\\nchased of the Tabernacle Society a little frame\\nchurch on Howard Street, for $2,000, and on May\\n29, 1863, was incorporated as the Howard Street\\nChurch of Christ, which is still its legal title. The\\nHoward Street Church seated 200. On October 15,\\n1865, the society united with that worshiping on Jef-\\nferson Avenue, and in April, 1866, the old church\\non Howard Street was sold, and soon afterwards\\nturned into a dwelling. During the first week of\\nJanuary, 186S. the two societies separated, and on\\nJuly 26, this society first used its building on the\\nnorthwest corner of Fourth and Plum Streets. The\\nlot cost $i,Sooandthe building $3,000. The church\\nseats 300. All the pews are free. The average at-\\ntendance in 1880 was 200. Number of members in\\n1850, 60; in i860, 100; in 1870, 120; in 1880, 220.\\nIn 1880 the estimated value of the property was\\n$6,000, and the yearly expenses about $500. During\\n1883 the society established a mission on the corner\\nof Fourteenth .Avenue and Ash Street. The lot\\ncost $1,250 and the building $1,350. It was first\\nused on May i. The society has no clergyman, so\\ncalled, the ser\\\\ ices being conducted by elders and\\ndeacons.\\ngan E.xchange. On July 14 following, .Sunday\\nmorning services, which had been held at the house\\nof S. Hall, were first held at this place.\\nOn January 13, 1846, Mr. Field rented a store\\nunderneath, and fitted it up for meetings, and on\\nSunday, May 3, an upper room in the Republican\\nBlock was first used. The society on December 6\\nmoved from there to the United States Court Room,\\nover the Post Office, on the corner of Jefferson Ave-\\nnue and Griswold Street, and there, on January 30,\\n1S48, was fully organized. In September, meetings\\nwere held in the County Court Room, on the corner\\nof Griswold and Congress Streets. In 1851 Rev.\\nJabez Fo.x became pastor, and on July 18, 1852, the\\nDetroit society of the New Church was incorporated.\\nThe society then moved to the old Congregational\\nChurch on Jefferson Avenue, holding their first ser-\\nvices there on July 22, 1855, and the same year the\\npastorate of Mr. Fox ceased. In 1856 Rev. G. Field\\nagain became pastor, and as early as February,\\n1858, the society moved to a room over 154 Wood-\\nward Avenue, near the Campus Martius, remaining\\nthere nearly a year, and then moving back to the old\\nCongregational Church. A lot and building on\\nMacomb .Avenue near Park Street was next bought\\nand fitted up at a cost of $4,000, and dedicated\\nAugust 26, i860. From this time until 1862 there\\nwas no pastor. In the latter year Rev. G. Field re-\\nturned, and remained until 1866.\\nNrdj Jerusalem Church.\\nThe first church of this name in Detroit was\\norganized with seven members on August 25, 1839,\\nat the house of Nathan Goodell, by Rev. H, Weeks.\\nSer\\\\-iccs were held until the summer of 1842, and\\nthen discontinued until March 14, 1844, when Rev.\\nG. Field began teaching the doctrines of this church\\nin the second story of a building opposite the Michi-\\nMissioN Chapel Disciples of Christ.\\nFrom December, 1867, to March, 1868, Rev. W.\\nG. Day was pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. E.\\nC. Mitchell, who remained from 1869 to 1872.\\nDuring his pastorate the church property was sold\\nfor $6,000 and the proceeds used in the purchase of\\na lot on the southwest corner of Cass and High", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0677.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "626\\nTHE NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH.\\nStreets, which cost $6,000. A new church costing\\n$8,000 was then erected, and dedicated November\\n3, 1872. It seats 330. In 1873 Rev. L. P. Mer-\\ncer became pastor. He remained until 1877, and\\nDetroit, and at his suggestion services were held in\\nthe United States Court Room, corner of Jefferson\\nAxenue and Griswold Street. On his return trip\\nfrom the West, another meeting was held in the old\\nseminary building on Griswold Street, and\\nas a result of these meetings, in the spring\\nof 1S50, a room was rented in the old Odd\\nFellows Hall, an Act of Incorporation ob-\\ntained from the Legislature, and on October\\n6, 1850, the church was organized and be-\\ncame a corporate body. During the summer\\nand fall of 1850 occasional meetings were\\nheld by Rush R. Shippen, Dr. Hosmer, Rev.\\nC. M. Taggart, and Rev. T. C. Adam. In\\nApril, 1 85 1. Rev. J. A. Penniman, of Savan-\\nnah, Georgia, conducted ser\\\\-ices, and on\\nJuly 4 of this year Rev. T. J. Mumford be-\\ncame the first regular pastor. He was in-\\nstalled on August 24. Under his pastorate\\nthe two lots on the northwest corner of\\nLafayette Avenue and Shelby Street were\\nsecured at a cost of $3,000, and a church\\nerected, and dedicated on September 8,\\n1853. It cost $12,000, and had sittings for\\n488 persons. In 1859 Mr. Mumford went\\nEast on account of his health, and this year\\nthe pulpit was supplied by Rev. Richard\\nMetcalf. He was followed, in the fall of\\ni860, by Rev. Mr. Silsbee, and on Decem-\\nNew Jeri salem Chl rch.\\nwas succeeded in the fall of 1879 by Rev.\\nJ. B. Parmelee, who remained only a few\\nmonths. Rev. George Field then ser\\\\ ed the\\nchurch for three months, and the pulpit was\\nafterwards supplied temporarily by various\\npersons until April i, 1 881, when Rev. H.C.\\nVetterling came. He remained but a few\\nweeks, and was followed by Rev. J. R. Hib-\\nbard, who, as the presiding minister of the\\nMichigan Association, cared for the church\\nin the absence of a pastor. On September\\n16, 1883, a regular pastor was secured. Rev.\\nA. F. Frost beginning his duties on that date.\\nThe number of members in 1 840 was 7 in\\n1850,38; in i860, 1870, and 1S80, the number\\nwas 70. The average attendance in 1 880 at\\nmorning service was 80. The pastor s sal-\\nary was Si ,000, and the total yearly expenses,\\n$1,200. Value of the property, $15,000.\\nThe Co7Jgregational Unitarian Church.\\nThe beginnings of this society date from the win-\\nter of 1849-1850. Rev. F. W. Holland, secretary of\\nthe American Unitarian Society, then paid a visit to\\nThe Congregational Unitarian Chukgh.\\nber 31, i860, Mr. Mumford s pastoral term was\\nformally closed.\\nAfter Mr. Mumford s withdrawal the pulpit\\nwas supplied temporarily until 1862. Rev. S. S.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0678.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.\\n627\\nHunting then became the pastor, beginning Janu-\\nary I. 1S62, and remaining until March 21, 1863.\\nDuring his term, on January 19, 1862, the annual\\nconference of the Western Unitarian Churches was\\nheld in Detroit. Rev. A. G. Hibbard became pastor\\nOctober 17, 1864, and remained until March 25,\\n1866. Rev. Jason F. Walker then served for nearly\\ntwo years, and was fol-\\nlowed for a few months\\nby Rev. C. Macauley.\\nRev. W. R.G. Mellen next\\nentered upon the pastor-\\nate, was installed March\\n4, 1S69, and continued for\\ntwo years from that date.\\nDuring his term, in 1871,\\nextensive improvements\\nwere made to the front\\nentrance of the church and\\nto the basement, and the\\ninterior was fitted with\\nnew pews, organ, etc., at a\\ncost of \u00c2\u00a717,500. On May\\n19, 1S72, Rev. CaK-in Steb-\\nbins became the pastor,\\nremaining until January 5,\\n1879. Rev. T. B. For-\\nbush became pastor on\\nMay 5, 1 880. The average\\nattendance on Sunday\\nmorning in 1880 was 250.\\nThe pastor s salary was\\n$2,500, the choir cost\\n$1,700, and the total an-\\nnual expenses reached\\n85,000. The amount re-\\nalized from pew rents was\\n\u00c2\u00a73,000 per year. The\\nnumber of members in\\n1850 was 140; in i860,\\n260; in 1870, 300; in 1880,\\n380. The debt in 188 1\\nwas $5,000 and the church\\nproperty was valued at\\n\u00c2\u00a746,000.\\ncomb Avenue and Park Street. Their first Sunday\\nevening service was held there on October 16, the\\nbuilding was dedicated on October 18, and will seat\\n750. The lot on which the building stands is leased\\nfor fourteen years at a nominal rental, the price of\\nthe lot to be fixed at the end of the lease. The\\nchurch and furnishings cost $50,000. IMore than\\nDuring 1883 a lot was\\nbought as a site for a new\\nchurch on the northwest corner of Woodward and\\nSelden Avenues.\\nChurch of Our Father (Uiinvrsah s/).\\nThis society was organized and incorporated in\\nMay, 1879, and in 1880 had one hundred and sev-\\nenty-five members, with Rev. E. L. Rexford, D. D.,\\nas pastor. They held their first service in Whit-\\nney s Opera House on April 20, 1879, remaining\\nthere until October, 1881. and then moving into\\ntheir stone church on the northwest corner of Ma-\\nvv.^ n la O1.R Father Universalist.\\nhalf the total cost was paid by S. J. Murphy. The\\naverage attendance in 1880 at the Opera House was\\n300. The number of members, 180. The yearly\\nexpenses were about \u00c2\u00a74,000, of which \u00c2\u00a73,000 was\\nfor the pa.stor s salary. In 1883 a State convention\\nof Universalists held its sessions in this church\\nthe opening session was on the 6th of October.\\nThird Az enue Mission Church.\\nThis society was organized June 7, 1882\\nwith", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0679.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "628\\nTHE MISSION CHURCH. JEWISH CONGREGATIONS.\\nfifteen members, with Rev. C. E. Hulbert as pastor,\\nand incorporated December 14, 1882. It is evan-\\ngelical in character, but not connected with any\\ndenomination. In 1S82 it had twenty members,\\niHiKU .-VVE.NUE MIbbIU^ SUNU.W SCHUUL LtlLDINu.\\nand on December 14 of that year was incorporated\\nunder the title of Third Avenue Mission Church.\\nThe services are held in a mission Sunday-school\\nbuilding, which is con-\\ntrolled by a society incor-\\nporated under the name\\nof the Third Street Mis-\\nsion, on March 17, and\\norganized on May 1 1 i S67.\\nThe building, forty-four\\nby si.\\\\ty-six feet, cost\\n$4,000, and was dedicated\\nMay 10, 1868. The prop-\\nerty is held by five trus-\\ntees, elected for terms of\\nthree years each by the\\nSunday-school teachers.\\nBeth El Jewish Society.\\nThis society was organ-\\nized in August, 1850, in-\\ncorporated on April 21,\\n1851, and reorganized in\\n1853. For the first two\\nyears they met in a private\\nhouse, and for the next three years over the store of\\nSilberman Hirsch, on Jefferson Avenue. The\\nrabbi, at this time, was Rev. S. Marcus. He was\\nsucceeded, after his death in 1854, by Rev. L. Adler,\\nwho remained seven years. During most\\nof his term the society met in a room over\\nDr. Scherer s drug store, at No. 39 Michi-\\ngan Grand Avenue. On March 5, i860, the\\nsociety was incorporated anew, and in 1861\\nbought the old French Methodist Church on\\nRivard Street, between Croghan and Lafay-\\nette Streets, and dedicated it on August 30.\\nRev. A. Laser now ser\\\\ ed three years, and\\nwas followed by Rev. Dr. J. Kallisch, who\\nremained the same length of time. After\\nhe left, the old place of worship was sold, and\\nthe forms of service modernized. The\\ntemple on the corner of Washington Ave-\\nnue and Clifford Street was purchased for\\n$17,000, and dedicated on August 30, 1867.\\nRev. E. Eppstein was the first rabbi of the\\nnew temple, remaining till 1870. His suc-\\ncessor. Rev. Dr. K. Kohler, served two years.\\nRev. E.Gerechter served for one year. Rev.\\nL. Wudner for three years, and in Septem-\\na ber, 1876, Rev. Dr. H. Zirndorf took charge.\\nr!Lf\u00c2\u00bb Only men are admitted as members of the\\nsociety: the number in 1850 was 12; in\\ni860, 40; in 1870, 60; in 1880, 100. The\\nchurch seats 600. The average attendance\\nat service in i SSo was 500. The salary of\\nthe rabbi was $2,500. The sexton was paid\\nThe choir cost $1,000, and the total annual\\nexpenses were $5,500. The property was worth\\n$25,000.\\nIjEth El Synagogue.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0680.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "GENERAL CHURCH STATISTICS.\\n629\\nConnected with the church is a Hebrew Relief\\nSociety, of which the first president was D. G.\\nWorkum. He was succeeded by E. S. Heineman.\\nThe congregation is l nown as Reformed Hebrews,\\nand their ser\\\\-ice differs but little in method from\\nthat observed in Protestant churches.\\nShaary Zcdcc Jt~iuish Society.\\nThis society was organized September 27, 1861,\\nwith a membership of seventeen. It met over Dr.\\nScherer s drug store, on Michigan Grand Avenue\\nnear Bates Street.\\nIn 1S64 the society bought the old St. Matthew s\\nColored Episcopal Church, on the southeast corner\\nof St. Antoine and Congress Streets, for \u00c2\u00a74,500,\\nand on September 23, 1S64, it was dedicated for\\ntheir use. In the fall of 1S76 the old church was\\nsold and torn down, and the erection of a new one,\\nto cost $15,000, begun. The congregation, becom-\\ning divided in sentiment, was unable to pay for the\\nS^TJAGOGUE OF ShaARY ZeDEC.\\nnew building, and on April I, 1879, it was turned\\nover to the contractors. After the sale of the old\\nchurch the congregation separated into three por-\\ntions, meeting in Kittelberger s Hall on Randolph\\nStreet, in Funke s Hall on Macomb Street, and at\\nthe corner of Gratiot and Hastings Streets. Late\\nin 1 88 1 a number of them united in renting the\\nbuilding they had been forced to sell, and used it as\\na synagogue. They are known as orthodox Israel-\\nites, and obser\\\\-e many of the ancient forms and\\nceremonies. The number of members in 1870 was\\n48; in 1880, 35. The officiating rabbis have been:\\n1 865-1868, Laser Kontrovitch; 1868, A. Gold-\\nschmidt; 1871-1874, B. Moscowitz; May, 1882-\\nJoseph Rapperat.\\nGENERAL CHURCH STATISTICS.\\nThe following tables, the first of the kind that\\nhave been compiled for Detroit, give a variety of\\ninteresting facts. All churches of the same general\\nfaith or practice are grouped together\\nNumber of Chl-rch Buildings.\\nRoman Catholic\\nMethodist\\nPresbyterian\\nEpiscopalian\\n1800\\nI\\n1810\\nI\\nI\\n1820\\nI\\nz\\n1830\\n1840\\n2\\nz\\nI\\nI\\n2\\nI\\n1850\\n4\\n4\\n2\\n3\\n2\\nI\\ni860\\n5\\n9\\n4\\n6\\n3\\n1870\\n9\\n8\\n7\\n7\\n7\\n6\\nI\\n2\\n2\\nI\\n2\\n1880\\n13\\n9\\n15\\nLutheran.\\nNew Jerusalem (Swe-\\ndenborgian)..\\nChristian (Disciples)...\\nCongregational\\nUnitarian\\nJewish\\nUndenominational\\nI\\n9\\nI\\n2\\n2\\nI\\n2\\nI\\nTotals\\n2\\n5\\n9\\n18\\n34\\n52\\n80\\nNumber of Members.\\nRoman Catholic\\nMethodist\\nPresbyterian\\nEpiscopalian\\nBaptist\\nLutheran-\\nNew Jerusalem\\nChristian\\nConcregational..\\nUnitarian\\nJewish\\nTotals\\n1830\\n1840\\n1850\\n)86o\\n1870\\n78\\n281\\n539\\n821\\n1. 471\\n86\\n448\\n810\\n,\u00e2\u0096\u00a037\\n1,661\\n40\\n291\\n407\\n728\\n2,016\\n10\\n.68\\nqqo\\n440\\n1,019\\n7\\n38\\n70\\n70\\n60\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a075\\n29s\\n166\\n255\\n476\\n140\\n2bO\\n300\\n12\\n40\\n108\\n214\\n1. 195\\n2,562\\n3.856\\n7,416\\n2,489\\n2,Q02\\n70\\n450\\n795\\n380\\n135\\nPercentage of Church Members to Population.\\nRoman Catholic\\nMethodist\\nPresbyterian\\nEpiscopalian\\nBaptist\\nLutheran\\nNew Jerusalem\\nChristian\\nCongregational...\\nUnitarian\\nJewish\\nTotals 09s\\n1830 1840 1850 i860 1870 1880\\n-035\\n.038\\n.018\\n.C04\\n.025\\n.038\\n.019\\n.018\\n.001\\n.002\\n.007\\n.006\\n.016\\n.OiO\\n.025\\n.012\\n.000\\n.003\\n.005\\n.003\\n.001\\n.085\\n.029\\n.014\\n.006\\n.003\\n.001\\nNumber of Sittings.\\n1820\\n1830\\n1840\\nJ850\\ni860\\n1870\\n1880\\nRoman Citholic.\\n850\\n850\\n200\\n43\u00c2\u00b0\\n35\\n200\\n1,300\\n500\\nI, coo\\n700\\n650\\n350\\n3.300\\n1,700\\ni,6co\\n1,500\\n650\\n550\\n1,000\\n4,484\\n3,600\\n3,800\\n2,650\\n1.275\\nI 600\\n1,000\\n488\\n7.384\\n4.305\\n4,550\\n4,810\\n2.445\\n2.550\\n200\\n1,300\\n1,240\\n500\\n900\\n12,013\\n6,013\\n6,950\\nPresbyterian\\n6,350\\n330\\n900\\n2,090\\n500\\n1,050\\nNew Jerusalem..\\nChristian\\nCongregational..\\nUnitarian\\nJewish\\nTotals\\n850\\n2,050\\n4.500\\n10,300\\n18,807\\n30,184\\n47.145", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0681.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "630\\nGENERAL CHURCH STATISTICS.\\nPercentage of Sittings to Population.\\n1820\\n1830\\n18^0\\n1850\\ni860\\n1870\\n1880\\nRoman Catholic.\\n-sSq\\n.38=\\n141\\n57\\n098\\n.092\\n.103\\nMethodist\\n.090\\nOS4\\n.080\\n.078\\n054\\n.051\\nPresbyterian\\n.2Q2\\n108\\n.076\\n.083\\n.057\\nEpiscopalian\\n57\\n076\\n.071\\n.058\\n.060\\n.063\\nBaptist\\n.090\\n070\\n.030\\n.027\\n.030\\n.030\\nLutheran\\n038\\n.026\\n.035\\n.032\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0054\\nNew Jerusalem\\n.002\\n.002\\nChristian\\n.016\\n.007\\nConKregalional\\n047\\n.021\\n.015\\nUnitarian\\n.010\\n.006\\n.004\\nJewish\\n,011\\n.009\\nr,J\\n.921\\n487\\n.487\\n.410\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0375\\n.411\\n1\\nRoman Catholic\\nMethodist\\nPresbyterian\\nEpiscopalian.\\nBaptist\\nLutheran\\nNew Jerusalem\\nChristian\\nCongregational\\nUnitarian\\nJewish\\nUniversalist\\nTotals\\nAverage At-\\ntendance at\\nMorning ser-\\nvice in 1880.\\n9,45\\n2.515\\n3i 55\\n2.715\\n1,780\\n3.630\\n80\\n350\\n875\\n250\\n500\\n300\\n25,600\\nTotal Church\\nExpenses ia\\n$44,400\\n24. 5\\n32, 810\\n42,325\\n15,575\\n18,384\\n1,200\\ngoo\\n9,500\\n5,000\\n5,500\\n4,000\\n$204,219\\nValue of\\nChurch Prop-\\nerty in 1880.\\n$774,000\\n303,000\\n336. 750\\n579. 875\\n154,000\\n209,000*\\n15,000\\n21, 000\\n110,000\\n46,000\\n25,000\\n$2,573t6\u00c2\u00ab5\\n1 As the Catholic churches keep no definite record of the num-\\nber of families connected with their parishes, and no record of\\nindividual names, it is not possible to compute their numbers with\\naccuracy. The total number of families reported from the several\\nCatholic parishes in 1S80 was 7,162, and their authorities estimate\\nan average of five persons to each family as adherents of the\\nchurch.\\n2 The Lutheran churches keep their records with greater\\naccuracy, but have no uniform method, some keeping lists of\\nfamilies, and others of communicants only their statistics are,\\ntherefore, not as satisfactory as one could wish. A grouping of\\nthe figures for some of these churches, and careful estimates from\\nothers, give a total of 6,111 communicants of Lutheran churches\\nin 1880.\\n8 Nut including the school property of the churches-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0682.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXV.\\nTHE FIRST SUNDAY SCHOOL. MISSION SCHOOLS. SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL UNIONS. CONVENTIONS, AND CELEBRATIONS.\\nTHE FIRST SUNDAY SCHOOL.\\nWe know not how they became entitled to the\\nname of directors, but the following card, printed\\nin the Gazette, fully identities the founders of the\\nfirst Protestant Sunday school in Michigan, and\\nshows when the school began\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL.\\nAt a meeting of the Directors of the Sunday School Association\\nof the city of Detroit, Mr. Lemuel Shattuck was unanimously\\nappointed Superintendent thereof, and it was resolved that the\\nschool shall go into operation on Sunday, the 4th inst., to com-\\nmence at half past 8 o clock A. M.\\nThe object of the Association is to instruct children and others\\nin the art of reading, free of expense, and to stimulate them to\\nexertion in acquiring the rudiments of knowledge. Rewards will\\nbe disiributrd to the deserving.\\nMuch benefit has been received from similar institutions in\\nmost of the populous towns in the United States. The citizens\\nof Detroit have contributed liberally for this establishment, and\\nit is hoped they will now exert themselves to send every one,\\nmale and female, that needs instruction.\\nH. J. Hunt, A. E. Wing, H. M. Dickey,\\nL. Shattuck^ B. Stead,\\nDirectors,\\nDrtroit, Oct. I, 1818.\\nIt will be observed that the modern idea of Bible\\ninstruction was not a prominent feature. A notice\\nand report contained in the Gazette of January 7\\nand 14, 1 820, gives details of some of the now obso-\\nlete methods then in use. and reveals a state of\\nmorals that does not recommend the past as being\\nbetter than the present. The notice reads\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL.\\nAt a meeting of the S. S. Association of the city of Detroit,\\nheld at the Academy on Saturday, the 25lh inst., the president\\nand vice-president being absent, the Rev. J. Monteith was called\\nto the chair. The report of the school was presented by the\\nSuperintendent. For reasons appearing, the business of the\\nannual meeting having been suspended since September last, the\\nAssociation proceeded to elect the following officers to serve\\nthrough the ensuing year: Hon. William Woodbridge, president;\\nHenr J. Hunt, vice-president Levi Brown, treasurer; John J.\\nDi-ming, secretary directors. Rev. J. Monteith, Maj, J. Ander-\\nson, B. Siead, A, G. WTiitney. and D. G. Jones.\\nRcsolztcd, that the report of the superintendent be read in the\\nPresbyterian Church of Detroit, on Sunday, the 29th inst.. and\\nthat he be requested to furnish such parts of it for publication as\\nhe may think ^xo ^tix.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Minutes 0/ Association.\\nJ. J. Deming,\\nDriKoiT, Dec. 25th, 1819. Secretary.\\nThe report reads:\\nThe degraded state of the learning and morals of a great por-\\ntion of our citizens has long been a subject which desers-ed the\\ncommiseration of the well-wishers to the good of society and the\\nprosperity of religion. Being till recently deprived of the means\\nof the general diffusion of knowledge, and especially that of a\\nmoral or religious character, and e-xposed to all the demoralizing\\ninfluence of war. without the sufficient means to check the force\\nof that influence, our youth have been usually left to grow up in\\nthe practice of vice without restraint, and uninfluenced by the\\nmotives a religious education inculcates. The Sabbaths have\\nbeen profaned by companies of noisy boys, and an improper and\\nunlawful course of conduct pursued by certain classes of people,\\ndisgraceful to the community which permits it. The people of\\ncolor have also attracted much attention.\\nBeing excluded from the usual privileges of society, and espe-\\ncially of our ordinary schools, the condition of most of them was\\nthat of extreme ignorance and degradation. That such evils\\nhave existed in Detroit is no reproach on the virtuous part of the\\ncommunity but so long as we suffer them to continue without\\nemotion, or desire not their removal, they will stand a monument\\nof our disgrace as men, citizens, or Christians. While facts like\\nthese were daily presented to our view, motives, powerful and\\ncommanding, urged us to concentrate our influence in mitigating\\nthe evil by promoting a knowledge of the doctrines and practice\\nof the duties of the Christian religion. In accomplishing such\\ndesirable ends, the good effects of Sunday schools in various\\nparts of the United States had been attested and under the\\nimpression that such an institution would be equally beneficial as\\nwell in bettering the condition of the poor children as those of\\nthe wealthy, the Sunday School .Association of the city of Detroit\\nwas formed in September, 1818. The object of this association,\\nas expressed in its Constitution, is to establish schools for the in-\\nstructing children and others in a knowledge of the Holy Scrip-\\ntures, and in the art of reading when necessary, of aiding and\\nstimulating them in a profitable employment of the Lord s Day,\\nand of inculcating the principles of religion and morality.\\nThough our means would not allow that systematic nnd extensive\\nexertion which is made in more populous and highly favored\\ntowns, yet the pecuniary aid and personal assistance necessary to\\nthe commencement of a school was promptly and liberally sup-\\nplied. The school was opened the first Sabbath in October, 1818,\\nand the ser^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ices of some respectable and benevolent individuals\\nwere tendered as teachers. Necessity has, however, compelled\\nus to carry on the labor of the school with fewer teachers, and a\\ngreater variety to each class, than would have been desirable, and\\ndoubtless the progress of the children has, in many instances,\\nbeen retarded by having teachers with whom they were unac-\\nquainted.\\nSome books have been procured for the benefit of the school,\\nbut it has been a subject of regret that we have been able to pro-\\ncure but few of such as we desired. The attendance of the\\nchildren has been so irregular as materially to retard their pro-\\ngress in the studies assigned them, and at times to discourage and\\nalmost overthrow the design of the teachers. There have been\\nmany, however, whose punctuality at school has shown how-\\nvaluable the instruction they receive is deemed, and how careful\\n\\\\f iA", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0683.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "632\\nSUNDAY SCHOOLS.\\nare the parents that they go so seasonably as not lo lose those\\nlessons which a punctual attendance secures to them.\\nThe time of holding the school has varied from the morning to\\nthe afternoon at several times, to conform to the public religious\\nexercises, but there has been uniformly one school each Sabbath.\\nIt has been the invariable regulation of the school that it should\\nbe opened with reading a portion of Scripture and prayer. There\\nhave been two general divisions among the scholars,^ such as\\nwere entirely illiterate, and such as could read. To the former\\nhave been taught reading, spelling, etc. To the latter have been\\nassigned portions of Scripture, hymns, catechism, and other select\\nlessons, which contain the leading truths of morality and the\\nChristian religion, to be committed to memory. To some have\\nbeen proposed questions or tasks, on which they were to exercise\\ntheir judgment and give in the result in writing. The task of\\ncommunicating religious instruction to the illiterate is extremely\\ndif cult.\\nAs soon as the scholars were capable of receiving it, either by\\nreading or conversation, it has been the usual practice to give it.\\nOf this class have been most of the people of color, who have\\nbeen found as equally destitute of a knowledge of the most\\nobvious truths of the Eible as they were of the first rudiments of\\nreading. But the greater part of the school has consisted of the\\nchildren of respectable families who enjoy the privileges of ordi-\\nnary schools. The school has been divided into ten classes, to\\neach of which, when we could be supplied, a teacher was assigned;\\nand to stimulate the pupils to exertion and improvement, printed\\ntickets have been given to the deserving. These tickets have a\\nnominal value attached to them, and have been redeemed in\\nbooks, tracts, and religious periodical works, particularly The\\nGuardian, or Youth s Religious Instructor, which is regularly\\nreceived from New Haven.\\nRegular minutes of the attendance^ behavior, and recitations of\\nthe scholars, as well as of the attendance nf the teachers or visi-\\ntors, have been kept by the Superintendent, and it has been the\\nusual practice at the close of each school to report the number of\\nverses in Scripture, hymns, questions in catechism, etc., that\\nwere recited during the time.\\nSmce the commencement of the school, about one hundred and\\nfifty scholars have been admitted, of whom twenty-two are\\npeople of color. The average attendance each Sabbath fortj^-\\neight, of whom about thirty have been able to recite lessons to\\ntheir teachers.\\nSome idea of their improvement can be formed from the follow-\\ning statement Those of the people of color who have learned to\\nread since the commencement of the school are now able to recite\\nfrom twenty to fifty verses of Scripture at each attendance.\\nAmong the other classes, a girl of seven years of age has recited\\n1,793 verses in Scripture, 570 verses in hymns, and 776 answers in\\ncatechism, in all, 3,139. Another of ten years, 2,063 verses in\\nScripture, 1,248 verses in hymns, and 1,061 answers in catechism,\\nin all, 4,369. Another, who attended twenty-four Sabbaths only,\\nrecited 3,829 verses in Scripture, comprehending the four Gospels\\nand Proverbs, besides other select portions of the Bible, 1,105\\nverses in hymns, and 250 answers in catechism, in all, 5,184.\\nThese are a few out of many similar instances which might be\\nselected from the records of the school to show the industry- and\\nemulation of the scholars. The greatest recitation in one day, by\\nthirty scholars, was 1,737 verses in Scripture, 735 in hymns, and\\n30 answers in catechism, in all, 2,492. Recited by the whole\\nschool since the commencement, 38,445 verses in Scripture, 1,140\\nverses in hymns, 10,321 answers in catechism, 462 answers to\\nCumming s questions, given in writing, and 48 prayers. Total,\\n60,686. This will make an average of 35 verses per day to each\\nscholar.\\nIt is particularly understood that no tenets peculiar to any\\nreligious denomination are taught in school. There appears to\\nbe a visible improvement in the morals and manners as well as\\nintellectual knowledge of the scholars; and instead of idle pro-\\nfaners of the Sabbath, many of them obsen e the day, and become\\ndiligent seekers of religious knowledge. The difference between\\nthose children regularly attending the Sunday School and those\\nwho do not, even while enjoying equal advantages on other days,\\nis very apparent and it is to be regretted that every class of our\\nyouth cannot be induced to spend the Sabbath in so profitable a\\nmanner. It is hoped and earnestly requested that more exertion\\nbe made by parents, guardians, and masters, to have those under\\ntheir care attend regularly and punctually at the hours of school,\\nand to co-operate with the teachers in enforcing, by precept and\\nexample, the instruction they receive from them. It is presumed\\nother similar schools might be advantageously established in\\nDetroit or vicinity. Few children consider attending the school\\na confinement.\\nWe cannot conclude this report without gratefully acknowledg-\\ning the pecuniary aid that has been bestowed and the patronage\\nwhich has been given to the school by the citizens. No other\\ninstitution recommends itself for its cheapness so well as ours,\\nand those small expenses which were necessarily incurred will\\ndoubtless be defrayed by a liberal public. But to those who have\\ndevoted their time and talents to the laborious duties of teaching,\\nmuch more is due. You have merited the approbation and grati-\\ntude of the whole community. If other reward is necessar we\\nmust refer you to that satisfaction which you now feel in your\\nown breasts in a review of the great good you have done. Your\\ndeeds are known and remembered in Heaven.\\nOut of the number of those who have been engaged in the\\ninstitution, one has been called from us to the eternal world. It\\nis but just that a tribute of respect should be paid to the memory\\nof the pious and benevolent Hugh M. Dickie, for some time one\\nof the directors and teachers of our school. He enlisted his feel-\\nings ardently in the work. He had the affections of his scholars\\nand was an able support of the institution. While we bow with\\nsubmission to the will of God, in all his righteous dispensations,\\nteachers and scholars should be impressed with the importance of\\nbeing prepared for death. Joyful indeed will be the lot of that\\nteacher who is the honored instrument of leading a child from\\nthe ways of ignorance and vice to a knowledge of the religion of\\nJesus Christ, and of saving his immortal soul. Teachers! what\\na motive to persevering diligence in the discharge of duty.\\nBy order of the Board of Directors.\\nL. Shattuck,\\nSuperintendent.\\nThe whole expense of the school, including books, stationery,\\ntickets, and fuel, for the fifteen months of its existence, has been\\nonly $31.00.\\nAbout a year after the school began, the follow-\\ning advertisement appeared in the Gazette\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL FOR PEOPLE OF COLOR.\\nMr. Rowe will teach persons of color, of both sexes, from 3 to\\n25 years of age, on Sundays, gratis. Those who wish to attend\\nare desired to call on Jlr. Rowe for a ticket previous to their\\nentrance into his school as pupils.\\nDetroit, July 22nd, 1S19.\\nIt would appear that this separate school was not\\nlong maintained, for the report shows that colored\\nchildren were in attendance at the main school.\\nThe second annual meeting was held December\\n6, 1S20, and at this time the report showed that i6o\\ndifferent scholars, from three to nineteen years of\\nage, had attended during the year, nineteen of them\\nbeing colored. The smallest attendance on any\\nSunday was 35, and the largest 83. The average\\nattendance was 57, and an average of 30 had lessons,\\nthe recitations averaging 543 verses of Scripture, 24", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0684.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "MISSION SCHOOLS.\\n633\\nhymns. 327 questions in catechism, and 2 prayers\\nfor each Sunday.\\nThe books used were the Bible, Brown s Cate-\\nchism. Emerson s Evangelical Primer, Episcopal\\nCatechism. Coleman s Catechism. Cumming s Oues-\\ntions, and W atts s Psalms and Hymns. The school\\nwas held from 1.30 to 3 o clock P. m.\\nAt the beginning of 1S20. the school owed the\\nsuperintendent Si 7.00. During the year the collec-\\ntions amounted to ^34.44 the expenses were S44-2 5.\\nleaving a net balance of \u00c2\u00a726.81 due the superin-\\ntendent.\\nAmong the teachers were Episcopalians, Presby-\\nterians, and Methodists, all uniting in the work with\\nthe utmost harmony.\\nThe second report says, Libraries are frequently\\nestablished in Sunday Schools, and did our funds\\npermit, it would be of essential service to connect\\none with this school. On Sunday, December 17.\\n1820, the school assembled at the academy and pro-\\nceeded to the church, where a sermon was preached\\nby the Rev. John Monteith. During this and the\\nfollowing year Lemuel Shattuck continued to super-\\nintend the school, which was eventually transferred\\nto the Presbyterians.\\nMISSION SCHOOLS.\\nFrom time to time, as the city has grown, mission\\nschools have been established in various localities,\\nsometimes under the fostering care of a particular\\nchurch, but often sustained by indi\\\\-idual members\\nof different churches.\\nIn the fall of 1851 Rev. W. E. Boardman, then\\nresiding in Detroit as agent of the American Sunday\\nSchool Union, arranged to establish a mission Sun-\\nday School in the Fourth Ward School House,\\na small, one-story wooden building on the south\\nside of Fort Street, between Hastings and Rivard\\nStreets. He appealed to the Congregational Church\\nfor teachers, received responses from a number of\\npersons and during the continuance of the school\\nmost of the teachers were members of that church.\\nAfter fifteen years of service the school was discon-\\ntinued because of a rule adopted by the Board of\\nEducation which forbade the use of school build-\\nings for Sunday Schools. No other convenient\\nplace in that vicinity could be found, and the school\\nnecessarily ceased. When it was first established,\\nthat part of the city was sparsely settled and there\\nwere no churches in the immediate vicinity. When\\nit closed, the neighborhood was well supplied with\\nchurches and Sunday schools. Francis Raymond\\nwas superintendent of the school during most of the\\ntime that it was in existence. It was held at nine\\no clock A. M. and had an average attendance of 100.\\nThe following persons, with others, were connected\\nwith the school Professor Moses Coit Tyler, B. F.\\nJacobs, the well-known Sunday School and Y. M.\\nC. A. worker, Mrs. E. M. Sheldon, authoress of\\nHistory of Michigan, James H. Muir, Joseph and\\nThomas Berry, Col. F. W. Swift, and Miss C.\\nCrossman.\\nDuring the summer of 1851, Mr. Boardman also\\nestablished what was known as the Elizabeth Street\\nSunday School. A meeting, held on the evening\\nof June 15, was attended by Sj lvester Earned, John\\nRobinson, A. N. Reynolds, Miss Nancy Fisher,\\nJonathan R. Axtell, David B. Reeve, Mrs. Nancy\\nReeve, Margaret and Elizabeth Beattie, Agnes\\nRobinson, Mrs. Sheldon, and many others. After\\nconsultation it was decided to organize a school,\\nand Mr. Axtell was appointed superintendent. The\\nschool was held in a small cottage on the north side\\nof Elizabeth Street between Woodward Avenue\\nand Park Street, which was occupied during the\\nweek by a day-school. This building soon became\\ntoo small, and Mr. Earned volunteered to secure\\nbetter accommodations. Not finding a suitable\\nplace, and being encouraged and aided by the\\nfriends of the school, he erected a building on Cass\\nAvenue, a little south of Elizabeth Street. It was\\nfirst occupied on September 21, 1851, with a Bible\\nclass of 30, an infant class of 28, and a goodly num-\\nber of male and female classes.\\nMrs. E. M. Sheldon had charge of the infant\\nclass for some time; she was succeeded by Mrs.\\nJohn Winder, and about the same time Francis\\nLambie became interested in the school. The\\nteachers were mostly connected with the Second\\nPresbyterian Church, and the school was consid-\\nered a mission of that society. George S. Frost\\nsucceeded Mr. Lamed as superintendent, and in\\nOctober, 1855, Hovey K. Clarke became his succes-\\nsor. A short time after, as the neighborhood was\\ncared for by other churches, the school was discon-\\ntinued and the building converted into a dwelling.\\nA school, held in the Industrial School Building,\\nwas organized in November, 1864, by Miss Elmore,\\nwho was teaching the day-school, and added\\nthis to her other duties. The school grew, and\\nMessrs. A. E. F. White, Ransom Gillis, Henry\\nWastell, and Bradford Smith, Miss L. E. V. Dol-\\nsen. Miss Helen Hudson, and others came in to as-\\nsist. On December 17, 1S65, John Har\\\\-ey was\\nelected superintendent, and has occupied that posi-\\ntion ever since. The school is undenominational.\\nIn 1880 the enrolled list of members numbered 250,\\nwith an average attendance of 140. It is held at\\n2.30 P. M. The school has accomplished an amount\\nof good second to no other effort of the kind.\\nSeveral schools established as mission enterprises\\nhave developed into churches, and are described in\\nconnection with the church that now represents\\nthem.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0685.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "634\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS.\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS.\\nThe appended Sunday ScIiqoI Statistics, compiled\\nby the writer in 1863 and 1870, and then published\\nin the daily papers, contain many facts of interest,\\nand are the only statistics of the kind ever gathered\\nin Detroit.\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1863.\\nSunday School Statistics continued.\\nDenomination Location\\nSiipKrintendents.\\nc\\nJ\\nc-\\nT3\\nCO\\nc 1:\\ni\\n13 u\\n~x\\nO.G\\n-J\\nOX\\n106\\n53\\n255\\n220\\n52\\n26\\n55\\n400\\n161\\n470\\n(18\\n70\\n376\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a09\\nIII\\n147\\niiS\\n56\\n77\\n107\\n150\\n60\\n230\\n75\\ngo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r.\\n[iATTlST.\\nFort Street, corner of Griswold, Rev. J.\\nH. Griffith Sup t\\nHoward Street, near Second, RolHn C.\\n2.00 I .M.\\n2 00\\n2. 00\\n4.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.30\\n2.30\\n1-45\\n2.00\\n9.00 A.M.\\n1.30 I M.\\n1.30\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n9.OOA. M.\\n2.00 P.M.\\n9.00 A.M.\\n2.00 l-.M.\\n430\\n9.00 A.M\\ng.oo\\ng.oo\\n9.00\\n9.00\\n2t\\n4\\nI\\nS\\n30\\n32\\n9\\n40\\n50\\n49\\nzu\\n22\\n8\\ny\\n3\\n22\\n3\\n15\\n=4\\n14\\n9\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a07\\n19\\n16\\n10\\n16\\n1 1\\n9\\n100\\ngo\\nWashington Avenue, corner of Clifford,\\nRev. J. Inglis, Sup t\\nHigh Street, near Rivard, Arthur Tread-\\n106\\n30\\n230\\n170\\n45\\nCroghan Street, near Beaubien (colored),\\nCONtlKEGATlONAL.\\nFort Street, corner of Wayne, R. W.\\nDISCIPLES.\\nJefferson Avenue, corner Beaubien, Jos.\\nCouncil Room, City Hall, George F.\\nEPISCOPAL.\\nCongress Street, corner of Shelby, A. A.\\nWoodward Avenue, corner of High\\n383\\nJefferson Avenue, near Hastings Street,\\nWoodward Ave:iue, corner Woodbridge\\nStreet, S. W. Johnson, Sup t\\nMichigan Avenue, corner of Trumbull\\nAvenue, O. A. Farwell, Sup t\\nCongress Street, near St. Antoine Street,\\n100\\n160\\n38\\n40\\n253\\n151\\nHEIJKEW.\\nRivard Street, near Croghan, Rev. A.\\nLaser, Sup t\\nMETHODIST.\\nWoodward Avenue, corner State Street,\\nH. A. (iraves, Sup t\\nCongress Street, corner of Randolph, C.\\nLafayette Avenue, corner of Fourth, R.\\nWalnut Street, corner of Seventh, T.\\n95\\n98\\n40\\n51\\n7\u00c2\u00b0\\n79\\nno\\n35\\nBeaubien Street, corner Croghan, A. T.\\nBeaubien Street, corner of Croghan, R.\\nLasalle Avenue, near Dalzelle, G. Strai-\\nLasalle Avenue, near Dalzelle, J. P.\\nLafayette Street, near Beaubien (colored)\\nMISSION SCHOOLS.\\nAbbott Street, corner of Sixth, E. C.\\nWalker, Sup t\\nCass Avenue, near Elizabeth Street, G.\\nS. Frost, Sup t\\nCatharine Street, near St. Antoine, E. D.\\nFitch Sup t\\nLarned Street, near Dubois, F. RL Stnn-\\n58\\n60\\nEasi Fort Street, near Hastings, F. Ray-\\nmond, Sup t\\nl)enomination Location\\nSuperintendents.\\nMDSSlON SCHOOLS.\\nWoodward Avenue, corner Farnsworth\\nStreet, T. L. Partrid; e, Sup t\\nBishop School House, Z. R. Brockway.\\nSup t\\nOrphan Asylum, Jefferson Avenue, F,\\nD. I aylor, Sup t\\nBethel, Woodbridge Street, corner of\\nBates, Sup t.\\nNEW JEK-US.\\\\LEM.\\nMacomb Avenue, near Park St., George\\nField, Sup t\\nPRESBYTERIAN.\\nFort Street, corner of Third, H. C,\\nKnight, Sup t\\nLafayette A\\\\enue, corner of Wayne,\\nJuliTi Cameron, Sup t\\nWashington Avenue, near Slate Street,\\nH. K. Clarke, Sup t\\nJefferson Avenue, near Rivard Street,\\nH. Hallock, Sup t\\nState Street, corner Farmer, A. Sheley,\\nSup t\\nBates Street, corner of Farmer, James\\nUre, Sup t\\nRussell Street, near Catharine, P. Vol-\\nrath, Sup t\\nREFORMED.\\nMnnroe Avenue, corner of Farrar Street,\\nRev. C. Haass Sup t\\nCatharine Street, near St. Antoine, M,\\nBuss, Sup t\\nUNITARIAN.\\nLafayette Avenue, corner of Shelby, Rev.\\nS. S. Huntmg, Sup t\\n2.00 I\\n2.30\\n3.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.00\\n2.30\\n1.30\\n2.00\\n1.30\\n2.00\\n150\\n3C\\n70\\n5C\\n155\\n130\\n130\\n36\\n64\\nMorning Schools lo\\nAfternoon 34\\nTotal number of schools 44\\nTotal number of officers and teachers 781\\nTotal number of children on school registers 6,653\\nTotal average attendance 4,626\\nProbable number of children attending two or more schools, 650\\nAccording to the census of September i, 1862, the total\\nnumber of children in the city between the ages of 4\\nand 18 was \u00c2\u00bb5i398\\nThe number attending the public schools was 6,747\\nAs an interesting fact,, in this connection, it may be mentioned\\nthat, as compared with tlie number of families in the city, the\\naverage was five children to every tliree families.\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1S70.\\nMETHODIST SALiUATil SCHOOLS.\\nName.\\nCentral\\nCentral Mission\\nSimpson\\nJefferson Avenue\\nLafayette Avenue\\nFirst German\\nFirst German Mission..\\nSecond German\\nLafayette Avenue Mission\\nLafayette Avenue Mission\\nNo. 2\\nH. Fonda....\\nH. Hitchcock\\nG. W. Hough\\nJ. Oakes\\nA. T. Barns....\\nF. Bechler\\nF. Schultz\\nC. Weimer\\nJ. S. Thompson\\nEdwin Reeder\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n\\nC u?\\nP^\\nU.C\\neu\\n55\\n600\\n27\\n275\\n25\\n275\\n30\\n400\\n18\\n5t\\n18\\n75\\n12\\n70\\n20\\n150\\n23\\n150\\n12\\n80\\n410\\n200\\n16s\\n180\\n120\\n60\\n60\\n130\\n139\\n6g", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0686.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS.\\n635\\nSunday School Statistics rp/tZ/wKc*^.\\nMETHODIST SABBATH SCHOOLS.\\nName.\\nSuperintendent.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nc\\n\u00c2\u00abs\\nsi\\n3\\na:\\nC\\nC. Pelgrim\\nG. H. Smith\\nMr. Long\\n19\\n6\\n6\\n200\\nICKl\\n40\\n42\\n30\\nEvangelical Association..\\nTotals, Schools... 13\\n271\\n2,571\\n.755\\nIncrease since 1863 schools, 4 teachers, 89 scholars, 1,258.\\nAverage attendance, 850.\\nFirst\\nFort Street\\nJefferson Avenue....\\nWestminster\\nCalvary Mission....,\\nUnited\\nScotch\\nFort Street Mission.\\nTotals, Schools.\\nPRESBYTERIAN.\\nA. Sheley\\nBradford Stnitli\\nH. Hallock\\nG. Dunlap\\nW. P. Kellogg\\nJ. Cameron.\\nKev.Mr. Milligan\\nJohn Harvey\\n37\\n40\\n38\\n15\\n438\\n300\\n350\\n120\\n29\\n26\\n250\\n225\\n28\\n210\\n15\\n200\\n228\\n2,093\\n280\\n260\\n260\\n75\\n165\\n118\\n160\\nIncrease since 1863: schools.\\nAverage attendance, 586.\\n1.505\\nteachers, 87 scholars, 830.\\nUnion Mission\\nIndustrial School...\\nHamtramck Mission.\\nClinton Avenue\\nJ tiird Street\\nNinth Avenue\\nWoodward Avenue..\\nMISSION SCHOOLS.\\nZ. R. Brockway.\\nJohn Harvey.\\nL. Lawrence\\nF. M. Sumner\\nC. W. Noble\\nD. M. Richards n\\nR. C. Smith\\n108\\n15\\n15\\n25\\n30\\n25\\n24\\nTotals, Schools 7 242\\n,250\\n150\\n350\\n400\\n500\\n200\\n938\\n75\\n100\\n200\\n210\\n270\\n162\\n5,000 1,955\\nDecrease since 1863 of schools, 2 increase of teachers, 157\\nscholars, 2,015. Average attendance, 1,342.\\nSt. John s\\nSt. Paul s\\nChrist\\nSt. Peter s\\nSt. Stephen s\\nSt. John s Mission.,\\nGrace\\nEI ISCOI AL.\\nJ. F. Conover\\nJ. F. Sterling.\\nC. C. Trowbridge\\nA. Matthew\\nRev. D. Lumsd n\\nIsaac De Graff\\nTotals, Schools 7\\n59\\n700\\n22\\n130\\n32\\n325\\n26\\n200\\n5\\n136\\n32\\n250\\nan\\n202\\n234\\n1.942\\n560\\n120\\n216\\n150\\nno\\n140\\n175\\nIncrease since 1S63: schools, i; teachers, 45; scholars, 93.\\nAverage attendance, 318.\\nFirst\\nLafayette Avenue\\nSecond (colored)\\nGerman\\nFrench\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Park Street\\nTotals, Schools.\\nA. H. Wilkinson\\nO. S. Gulley\\nC. E. Silsbee\\nRev. C. Jung\\nS. Kinney\\nRev. G. S. Chase\\n19\\n180\\n20\\n175\\n30\\n250\\n14\\n125\\n22\\n170\\n10\\n60\\ni 5\\n960\\n125\\n200\\n100\\n110\\n60\\nHeld temporarily in a private house till church is ready.\\nIncrease since 1863: schools, i teachers, 29; scholars, 276.\\nAverage attendance, 169.\\nFourth Street\\nDISC\\nI LES OF CHRIST.\\n12\\n6\\n12\\n70\\n70\\n110\\n50\\n60\\n70\\nSt. Andrew s Hall\\nJ.iM. I.. Campbell\\nRev. H. H. Black\\n3\\nTotals, Schools,\\n30\\n250\\n180\\nIncrease since 1863: schools, i teachers, 15 scholars, 172.\\nAverage attendance, 115,\\nSunday School Statistics continued.\\nCOXCHCEGATIONAL,\\nName.\\nSuperintendent.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nCO j-\\n0^\\n1\\nn\\n.6\\nII\\nH. C. Bostwick..\\nV. I). Taylor....\\nW. H. Bronson..\\n34\\n1\\n230\\n220\\n60\\ni8s\\n170\\nso\\nSecond\\nTotals, Schools 3\\nSio\\n405\\nIncrease since 1863 schools, 2 teachers, 29 scholars, 290.\\nAverage attendance, 285.\\nLUTHERAN.\\nSt. John s Reformed.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Trinity\\nSalem.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Immanuel\\nTotals, Schools.\\nRev\\nc\\nHaass.\\nKev\\n1.\\nHuev li\\nKev\\n1.\\nS.Schmidt\\nKev\\nK\\nL. Moll.\\n10\\n250\\n225\\nI\\n100\\n100\\n10\\n100\\n70\\nI\\n60\\n40\\n22\\n510\\n435\\nNot strictly a Sunday school service.\\nIncrease since 1863: schools, 2; teachers, 3; scholars, 318.\\nAverage attendance, 269.\\nNEW JERUSALEM.\\nH. Bigelow 13 80 60\\nIncrease since 1863: teachers, 3 scholars, 50. Average attend-\\nance, 35.\\nUNITAKIAN.\\nFirst A.W.Rice 23 158 140\\nIncrease since 1863 teachers, 3 scholars, 58. Average attend-\\nance, 76.\\nHEBREW.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Hebrew Rev. Dr. K. Kohler 2 40 30\\nMeets on Saturdays.\\nDecrease since 1863 teachers, 7 scholars, 30. Average attend-\\nance, 10.\\nTotal number of Sabbath schools, 54 increase\\nsince 1863, 10. Number of officers and teachers.\\n1,251 increase, 468. Number of children enrolled,\\n12,1 15; increase, 5,363. Average attendance, 8,691\\nincrease. 3,975. Forty-four of the schools were held\\nin the afternoon, and ten in the morning; the increase\\nwas wholly of afternoon schools. The morning\\nschools met at 9 a. m. of the afternoon schools\\nthree meet at 12 l m., one at 1.30. twenty-one at 2,\\nthirteen at 2.30, four at 3, one at 3.30, and one at 4\\nP. M.\\nFrom careful observation and inquiry, it is believed\\nthat the number of children attending two or more\\nschools in 1870 did not t^xceed 500, and the propor-\\ntion was much less than in 1863. The proportion\\nof children attending Sabbath schools in 1863, as\\ncompared with the enrollment made by the State\\nfor school purposes, was about 40 per cent. The\\nnumber of children attending in 1879, as compared\\nwith the similar census for 1 869, was 46 per cent.\\nThe average attendance on the public schools for\\n1 869 was 7, 1 27. the a\\\\ erage attendance on Sabbath\\nschools in 1870 was 8,601.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0687.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "636\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS.\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1S80.\\nAs there is no uniformity among the Lutheran\\nand Catholic churches as to the holding of Sunday\\nschools, and as both of these denominations make\\na specialty of giving religious instruction in their\\nday schools, the total number of children receiving\\nreligious instruction can be determined only by\\ncombining the number of week-day scholars, under\\ntheir auspices when such schools are held, with the\\nnumber of .Sunday-school scholars connected with\\nthe churches of the same denominations that have\\nno day schools.\\nThat method was adopted in the following table\\nSunday School Statistics for 1880.\\nSunday School Statistics for 18\\nROMAN catholic.\\nSt. Patrick s\\nSt. Anne s\\nSt. Joseph s\\nSt. Peter s and St. Paul s\\nSt. Alnysius\\nOur L.idy of Help\\nSacred Heart (German), catechetical.\\nSacred Heart (French), do\\nTrinity,\\nSt. Albert s,\\nSt. Vincent de Paul,\\nSt. IJoniface s,\\nSt. Mary s,\\nSt. Anthony s,\\ndo\\ndo\\ndo\\ndo\\ndo\\nTotals\\nbaptist.\\nCass Avenue\\nClinton Avenue\\nEiifhteenth Street\\nTwelfth Street\\nLafayette venue\\nSecond Baptist (colored)\\nFirst French\\nFirst German\\nSecond German\\nTotal.\\no\\nS..-3\\n(4\\nKn\\nCh\\n75\\n600\\n14\\n200\\n14\\nJIOO\\n25\\n450\\n12\\nISO\\n5\\n=75\\n3\\n350\\nI\\n80\\n14\\n750\\n5\\n450\\nlO\\n700\\n4\\n600\\n5\\n600\\nI\\n80\\n188\\nS,^8^\\nTotal 177\\nPRESBYTERIAN.\\nFirst\\nJefferson Avenue\\nCalvary\\nUnion\\nWestminster\\nFort Street\\nUnited\\nClinton Avenue\\nCentral\\nTrumbiil! Avenue\\nHaintrainck\\nDutch Reformed, Catharine Street.\\n14\\n26\\n31\\n4.8\\n337\\n360\\n20\\n175\\n24\\n133\\n22\\n125\\n10\\n100\\n25\\n120\\n5\\n35\\n177\\n1,803\\n25\\n55\\n30\\n35\\n14\\nTotal 328\\nI ROTESTANT EPISCOl AL.\\nChrist\\nMariners\\nEmanuel\\nAll Saints\\nGrace\\nSt. Mary s\\nSt. John s\\nChurch of Messiah\\nSt. Paul s\\nSt. Peter s\\nSt. James\\nSt. Stephen s\\n3\u00c2\u00b03\\n2 40\\n263\\n145\\n125\\n70\\n90\\nlos\\n30\\n350\\n224\\n175\\n150\\n250\\n100\\n120\\nigo\\n510\\n263\\n280\\n159\\n140\\n116\\n100\\n65\\n70\\nAnglo-Catholic\\nReformed Episcopal, Epiphany\\n39\\n450\\n8\\n50\\n27\\n200\\n8\\n81\\n34\\n238\\n22\\n250\\n60\\n700\\n15\\nno\\n31\\n310\\n22\\n230\\n23\\n180\\n8\\n50\\n297\\n2,840\\n8\\n100\\n12\\nSo\\n3 255 2,432\\n287\\n30\\n150\\n46\\n182\\n190\\n450\\n85\\n260\\n161\\n40\\n60\\n70\\nLUTHERAN,\\nSt. Paul s, comer Seventeenth and Rose\\nStreets\\nSt. Paul s, corner Jay Street and Joseph\\nCam pail Avenue\\nReformed Zion\\nSt. Luke s (German Evangelical)\\nSt. John s\\nSt. Peter s, catechetical\\nSt. Matthew s, do\\nSalem, do\\nImmanuel, do\\nTrinity, do\\nTotal\\nMETHODIST EPISCOPAL.\\nCentral\\nFort Street\\nTabernacle\\nSimpson\\nJefferson Avenue\\nMorning Mission\\nSi.xteenth Street\\nFirst German\\nSecond German\\nJunction\\nLafayette Avenue African\\nZion (colored)\\nEbenezer (colored)\\nBethel Evangelical Association\\nTotal\\nThird Avenue Union Mission\\nBethel\\nNew Jerusalem\\nChurch of Our Father\\nUnitarian\\nChristian, Plum Street Church\\nChristian, Washington Avenue\\nCONGREGATIONAL.\\nFort Street\\nWoodward Avenue\\nTrumbull Avenue\\nFort Wayne\\nTotal\\nGrand total\\nb:\\ne S i\\nc\\nD -H\\n17\\n200\\n300\\n20\\n180\\n60\\n31\\n400\\n150\\n3\u00c2\u00b0\\n40\\n2\\n240\\n3\\n225\\n79\\n1,825\\n150\\n120\\n40\\n300\\n140\\n25\\n30\\n200\\n200\\n63\\n650\\n475\\n31\\n225\\ni8q\\n25\\n250\\n180\\n38\\n625\\n443\\n32\\n340\\n275\\n32\\n500\\n272\\n19\\n268\\n200\\nJ9\\n15\\n90\\n18\\n137\\n110\\n12\\n120\\n50\\n19\\n128\\n8,5\\n5\\n31\\n20\\n8\\n40\\n35\\n25\\n140\\n130\\n342\\n3.569\\n2.554\\n22\\n240\\n,98\\n7\\n120\\n97\\n9\\n100\\n70\\n15\\n120\\n100\\n17\\n208\\n119\\n18\\n151\\n112\\n13\\n135\\n105\\n32\\n235\\n33\\n225\\n42\\n630\\n15\\n194\\n122\\n1,284\\n1,640\\n22, 114\\n75\\n335\\n119\\n820\\n17.257\\nSUNDAY SCHOOL UNIONS, CONVENTIONS. AND\\nCELEBRATIONS.\\nA territorial Sunday School Union, au.xiliary to\\nthe American Sunday School Union, was organized\\non March 22, 1831, to encourage and aid those\\nengaged in Sunday school work, and to promote the\\nestablishment of new schools. Jonathan Kearsley\\nwas president, E. P. Hastings, secretary, and De\\nGarmo Jones, treasurer, with directors representing\\nthe several counties then in existence. On March\\n6 of the following year, the society held an anni-\\nversary at the Presb\\\\terian Church. Its second\\nannual report, presented in March, 1833, showed\\nthat there were then in the Territory 68 schools,\\n422 teachers, and 2,672 scholars.\\nIn some form or other, similar organizations have\\nexisted ever since and occasional meetings have\\nbeen held to promote the Sunday school cause. On\\nJune 24, 1857, a State convention was held in De-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0688.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "SUNDAY SCHOOL UNIONS, CONVENTIONS, AND CELEBRATIONS.\\n^2,7\\ntroit at the F irst Presbyterian Church, and General\\nCass delivered an address. On October 23, 1866, a\\nState convention was held in the same church. D.\\nL. Moody and Ralph Wells were present. On June\\n14, 1870, a State convention was held in the First\\nCongregational Church Rev. Thomas K. Beecher,\\nD. W. Whittle, and B. F. Jacobs were the chief\\nspeakers. In connection with the convention, a\\nchildren s meeting was held at the Detroit Opera\\nHouse, at which addresses were made by Rev. T.\\nK. Beecher and Professor J. M. B. Sill.\\nThe Sunday School celebrations of the olden time\\nwere always held on the Fourth of July, and for\\nmany years constituted one of the features of that\\nnational anniversary. On July 4, 1838, the e.xer-\\ncises were held in the Presbyterian Church. The\\ncelebration of July 4, 1842, was a very notable one.\\nAbout one thousand children marched in a proces-\\nsion which was nearly a mile long. The exercises\\nconsisted of dialogues, etc., by the children. Ten\\nyears later two thousand children took part, and the\\nexercises were held at the Presbyterian Church.\\nThe ne.xt year, on September 15, 1853, the celebra-\\ntion took the form of an excursion on the steam-\\nboats Keystone State and May Queen. This is be-\\nlieved to have been the last Union Sunday School\\ncelebration held in the city.\\nOn Sunday, April 24, 1864, various Sunday\\nschools met in Young Men s Hall to hear addresses\\nfrom Chaplain C. C. McCabe, B. F. Jacobs, and J.\\nM. Strong, of the Christian Commission.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0689.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXVI.\\nUNION RKLI(;iOUS SOCIETIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 UNION MEETINGS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REVIVALS AND REVIVALISTS.\\nUNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.\\nYoung Men s C/iristian Associatioit.\\nThe first society in Detroit bearing the name of\\nYoung Men s Christian Association was organized\\non September 27, 1852, at Young Men s Hall.\\nRev. H. U. Kitchell, chairman of a committee ap-\\npointed at a previous meeting, presented a constitu-\\ntion and by-laws, which were adopted, and the\\nfollowing officers were elected president, Edward\\nC. Walker; vice-presidents, T. C. Miller of the\\nEpiscopal Church, S. M. Holmes of the Congrega-\\ntional Church, R. C. Smith of the Baptist Church,\\nL. L. F arnsvvarth of the Methodist Church, H. C.\\nKnight of the Presbyterian Church recording sec-\\nretary. B. Vernor; corresponding secretary, George\\nMosely; treasurer, C. N.Ganson; managers: First\\nBaptist Church, J. M. Gregory. H. Glover. Con-\\ngregational Church Rev. H. D. Kitchell, E. D.\\nFitch. Tabernacle Baptist: M. S. Frost, Seymour\\nFinney. First Presbyterian Church George S.\\nFrost, Wm. A. Raymond. Second Presbyterian\\nChurch Rev. R. R. Kellogg, B. F. Bush. First M.\\nE. Church: S. Phelps, James Fenton. Second M. E.\\nChurch Rev. C. C. Olds, \\\\V. C. Sabine. Lafayette\\nSt. M. E. Church: D. F. Ouinby, J. \\\\Yilletts.\\nSt. Paul s P. E. Church James V. Campbell, H. P.\\nBaldwin. Christ P. E. Church \\\\Vm. N. Carpen-\\nter, James E. Pittman. Mariners P. E. Church\\nE. Hewitt, Wm. Henderson. Wesleyan Methodist\\nChurch S. A. Baker, Amos Page. At this meeting\\nan address was delivered by Mr. Hoyt, of Boston,\\nwho spoke in glowing terms of the work of the\\nY. M. C. A. of that city.\\nRooms were procured in the Phoenix Block, on\\nsouth side of Jefferson Avenue between Woodward\\nAvenue and Griswold Street, and a very complete\\nreading room was established. On January 30,\\n1853, the president delivered a lecture on the de-\\nmand for the Association and its work, which was\\nso highly appreciated that it was published in pam-\\nphlet form by vote of the board. In May, 1S53,\\nnearly all the original officers and members were\\nre-elected, and during this year several lectures\\nwere given before the Association by the different\\npastors of the city.\\nIn February, 1S54, old records show that several\\nhundred dollars of debt was troubling the organ-\\nization.\\nAt the annual meeting, held May 22, 1854, IJ. B.\\nDuffield was elected president, and in May, 1S55,\\nhe was succeeded by Hovey K. Clarke. On August\\n20 of this year Geo. S. Frost, E. C. Wilder, H. E.\\nBaker, and E. M. Clarke were elected delegates to\\nthe International Convention held at Cincinnati.\\nThis year terminated the existence of the Associa-\\ntion.\\nA second organization of the kind was called the\\nYoung Men s Christian Union. Prior to its estab-\\nlishment, the Free Press of October 24 and Novem-\\nber 7, 1858, contained articles nearly a column long,\\nurging the revival of the Y. M. C. A., and on De-\\ncember 4, 1858, in response to notices given in the\\nchurches, a meeting was held in the basement of the\\nBaptist Church, a constitution was adopted for a\\nsociety as above named, and the following officers\\nwere elected president, G. S. Frost secretary,\\nL. S. Trowbridge treasurer, Caleb Ives. The\\nFree Press of October 30, 1859, contains this record\\nof their work\\nIt is n \u00c2\u00bbt quite a year since the Young Men s Christian Union\\nof this city was organized. It has a tract department, through\\nwhich the entire city is visited monthly, and a tract placed in the\\nhands of every one who will receive it. Ilibles are also circulated\\nthrough this means, and all the work of colportage regularly per-\\nformed. Besides these methods of labor, direct missionary work\\nhas been done by visiting the jail and imparting religious instruc-\\ntion to the prisoners, and holding prayer meetings in various\\nlocalities where, from the isolation of the neighborhood, or from\\nthe peculiar condition of the people, they are ni t within the\\ninfluence of any church. At the small chapel on Catherine\\nStreet near Hastings, they also sustain a prayer meeting and two\\nSabbath schools.\\nThe tract organization was very complete. Eighty-\\none visitors were enrolled, nearly 40,000 visits made,\\nand about the same number of tracts distributed, at\\na cost of $175.\\nAt the annual meeting, held on December 5,\\n1859, Mr. Frost was again chosen president. On\\nJanuary 22, i860, an anniversary meeting was held\\nat the First Baptist Church, at which addresses were\\nmade by Rev. Messrs. Hogarth, Blades, Neill,\\nEldridge, and others. At the request of the Y. M.\\nC. A. of Richmond, Va., the following Friday, Jan-\\nuary 27, was obser\\\\-ed by all the associations in the\\n16381", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0690.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.\\n639\\ncountry as a day of special prayer for the preserva-\\ntion of the Union.\\nDuring i860 the work of conducting Sunday\\nschools and distributing tracts was extensively car-\\nried forward. At the second annual meeting, held\\nNovember 26, the following officers were elected\\npresident. Robert W. King; secretary, Charles II.\\nBarrett; treasurer, M. H. Croft; Sunday-school\\nvisitor, D. Bethune Duffield; superintendent of\\ntract distribution, C. H. Barrett members of execu-\\ntive committee, George S. Frost, Francis Lambie,\\nR. O. Wheeler, Bradford Smith. A. T. Barns, H. H.\\nDundee, W. B. Smith, J. H. Muir, Andrew Bates,\\nand George B. Dickinson.\\nThe excitement of the war with the South, and\\nthe assumption of work so clearly belonging to the\\nchurches as the establishing of Sunday schools,\\ncaused the Association to decline in favor, and the\\norganization ceased in 1861.\\nThe third Society dates from August i, 1S64.\\nAt that time none of those most active in its or-\\nganization were aware that any such society had\\npreviously existed in Detroit.\\nIts origin was as follows: While on a visit to\\nChicago, the writer chanced to attend an Interna-\\ntional Convention of the Young Men s Christian As-\\nsociation, and was made the corresponding mem-\\nber of the. E.xecutive Committee for Michigan.\\nReturning to Detroit, correspondence was had\\nwith Mr. Pond of Boston, chairman of the Execu-\\ntive Committee, as to what was expected of a cor-\\nresponding member. The organization of an asso-\\nciation was then undertaken, and every Protestant\\npastor visited and an endeavor made to enlist them\\nin the work.\\nAfter obtaining from nearly all the ministers the\\nnames of two persons, members of their churches,\\nto represent them in a meeting, the persons them-\\nselves were visited, and a preliminary meeting was\\ncalled for July 28. At this meeting a committee\\non constitution was appointed, and .August 1 their\\nreport was adopted, and soon after James W. Far-\\nrell was elected president F. D. Taylor and A.\\nTreadway. vice-presidents; .Silas Farmer, corre-\\nsponding secretary; A. Howard, recording secre-\\ntary and T. D. Hawley. treasurer.\\nFunds were solicited, and the work of fitting\\nup rooms in the third story of Merrill IMock was\\nbegun. Over Si. 000 were expended for this pur-\\npose, the design being to command immediate re-\\nspect for the enterprise. The rooms were formally\\ndedicated on November 28, and public exercises\\nwere held in Merrill Hall on the same floor. Ad-\\ndresses were delivered by Rev. Messrs. G. W.\\nPrime, J. H. Griffith. B. H. Paddock. W. Hogarth,\\nand J. M. Buckley. The rooms were at once visited\\nby large numbers of persons, and became the head-\\nquarters for all sorts of benevolent and philanthropic\\nenterprise.\\nOn June 24, 1868, the thirteenth International\\nConvention of the Associations began its sessions in\\nthe Central M. E. Church. This gathering is noted\\nas being the largest, and up to that time the most\\nprofitable ever held also for the sad fact that, while\\ndelivering the address of welcome, the Rev. Dr.\\nDuffield fainted and fell. This fall was the precur-\\nsor of his death, which occurred a few days later.\\nIn the fall of 1 871 the Association acted as\\nalmoner for many associations, distributing over\\n$10,000 in money and hundreds of cases of goods\\nfor the relief of sufferers by fire in northern Michi-\\ngan.\\nThe growth of the work caused an increasing\\nneed for larger and more eligible rooms. From\\ntime to time v-arious plans were proposed for the\\naccomplishment of this end, but nothing definite\\nwas reached until January 15, 1875, when, on the\\nstrength of pledges of $2 50 each from ten persons\\ntowards the first payment, a lot on Farmer\\nStreet, between Monroe and (Gratiot Avenues, was\\npurchased for $14,100, payable in five annual\\ninstalments. The property fronted sixty feet on\\nFarmer Street, and ran back nearly one hundred\\nand forty feet, with an alley all along one side,\\nacross the end and half way up the other side.\\nThe building on the lot had been erected in 1S51\\nas a hotel barn. Subsequently, and at the time of\\nthe purchase, it was occupied as a factory, and was\\nnot thought to possess any permanent value. On\\nthe strength of the purchase, several thousand dol-\\nlars were subscribed, but not enough to pay for the\\nlot or erect a building. Meanwhile, it was neces-\\nsary- for the Association to move, and it was finally\\ndetermined to build a new front to the old building,\\nand fit it up for temporary occupancy. This was\\ndone at an expense of about $4,000, and very com-\\nfortable quarters were secured. The house was\\ndedicated on February 14, 1876. The free-will\\nofferings then made were noticeably given with\\nhearty good-will and manifest appreciation of the\\nresults secured with so small an outlay. The prop-\\nerty was held by the following special trustees,\\nelected on April 5, 1875: F. D. Taylor, Silas Far-\\nmer, Walter Buhl, Arthur Treadway. Leonard\\nLaurense, E. C. Hinsdale, and Horace Hitchcock.\\nThe work grew, and two additional rooms were\\nfitted up for use. In January-. 1877, an arrange-\\nment was made w-ith the Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union, by which they were given the use\\nof one half of the first story for two years on con-\\ndition that they finished off and floored the room,\\nwhich was then unfinished this was done at a\\ncost of $700. and after two years the Association\\nreceived $400 a year rent therefrom.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0691.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "640\\nUNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.\\nSoon after the opening of the building the appar-\\natus of a defunct gymnasium was procured, a room\\nwas fitted up for its reception, and the most con-\\nvenient gv mnasium in the city offered to the use of\\nthose joining tlie Association. Not long after the\\nlibrary of the Mechanics Society was placed in the\\ncare of the Association for five years from August\\nI, 1877, and members of both bodies had equal use\\nof it until June i, 1882, when it was again trans-\\nferred to the Mechanics Society. The library, added\\nto other advantages, brought in hundreds of new\\nmembers, and before the close of 1877 the Associa-\\ntion numbered over twelve hundred paying members.\\nDuring its earlier years one of the most successful\\nplans for obtaining funds was the annual strawberry\\nfestival, conducted by young ladies from the several\\nchurches; the receipts for several years averaged\\n$500 per year, and the festivals were acknowledged\\nto be the most attractive entertainments held in\\nDetroit. The Authors Carnival, given in June,\\n1875, under the joint auspices of the Home of the\\nFriendless and this organization, netted the A.ssocia-\\ntion over $1,000. In its earlier years the Association\\nwas specially indebted to its treasurer, Walter C.\\nSkiff, who not only contributed liberally but often\\npreserved the credit of the Association by advanc-\\nmg money to pay its bills. On his decease in 1870\\nhe left a bequest of $5,000 to the Association, pay-\\nable after his mother s death, on the condition that\\nthe Association possess, in addition, a property\\nworth $20,000.\\nAt the present time the Association is sustained\\nby membership fees and special donations. The\\nreligious work has included a wide range of effort.\\nA Monday evening service has been continuously\\nmaintained. Services at mission chapels, and at\\nsuitable seasons, open-air meetings have also been\\nheld. The jail is visited, and a Bible class at the\\nHouse of Correction is especially appreciated. The\\nnoon meeting has been successful from the first.\\nOne of the most important meetings was the Satur-\\nday evening Bible reading. When conducted by\\nRev. A. T. I ierson, it had an average attendance of\\nover three hundred. Literary, social, and educa-\\ntional helps in the way of classes, lectures, and re-\\nceptions have also been supplied. From 1876 to\\n18S2 a statement of its meetings and its work was\\npublished in a weekly or monthly bulletin.\\nOn the 1 2th of October, 1880, a conference of\\nladies and gentlemen was held at the residence of a\\nfriend of the work, and it was determined to raise\\nthe sum of $70,000 for the purpose of purchasing a\\nmore suitable home for the Association in order to\\nenable it fully to carry out its plans of Christian\\nwork. The work of canvassing began, and about\\n$40,000 was pledged, and then the project was\\nallowed to sleep. Meantime the trustees were unable\\nto furnish the Association with rooms free of rent,\\nand at the same time pay the interest due on the\\npurchase price of the property, and finally they were\\ndirected to sell, and on March 24, 1882, sold the\\nproperty for $15,000. The Association, in May,\\n1882, moved to 250 Woodward Avenue, occupying\\nthe store on the ground floor. From here, in April,\\n1883, they moved to the second, third, and fourth\\nstories of the Williams Block on Monroe Avenue,\\nfacing Campus Martins, where they have thirty\\nrooms, which were formally opened on April 5.\\nThe rooms were handsomely fitted up at a cost of\\nabout $2,500.\\nOne of the most hopeful features of the work is\\nthe Boys Branch, established on September 12,\\n1S82, chiefly through the efforts of Mrs. J. E. Fos-\\nter. They have an enrolled membership of over\\none hundred, conduct various meetings, and publish\\na monthly bulletin, called the Branch Record, which\\nis sprightly and healthful in character.\\nThe Association was incorporated on January 12,\\n1S74. and the annual meeting is held on the second\\nTuesday of January. The society is managed by\\ntwenty directors, all of whom must be members of\\nchurches holding the doctrine of justification by\\nfaith in Christ alone. The directors are elected by\\nthe members, and the officers, e.xcept the secretaries\\nand treasurer, are selected from and elected by the\\ndirectors.\\nThe presidents of the Association have been:\\n1864 and 1865, James W. Farrell 1866 and 1867,\\nF. D. Taylor; 1868, Silas Farmer; 1869 and 1870,\\nDavid Preston; 1871 and 1872, Bradford Smith;\\n1873 and 1874, E. C. Hinsdale; 1875-1879, F. D.\\nTaylor; 1879- 1884, E. W. Wetmore; 1884-\\nS. M. Cutcheon. The paid secretaries have been\\n1864-1866, D. D. Davis and James Westaway;\\n1866-1869, W. H. Gibbs; 1869 and 1870, John\\nSeage; 1871, C. C. Vemans; 1872-1876, E. B.\\nMoody; 1876-1881, C. E. Dyer 1883- L. F.\\nNewman.\\nThe Railroad Branch had its origin in a meeting\\nheld in the Hall of the Association on May 7, 1876,\\nat which addresses were delivered by Messrs. Lang,\\nSheaf, and H. W. Stager, of Cleveland, who had\\nbeen invited for the occasion. Several prominent\\nrailroad officials were present, and the movement\\nproved a success from the outset, A committee\\nwas appointed, a room on Woodbridge near Third\\nStreet secured, and on June 21 it was formally\\nopened, with T. C. Boughton as superintendent.\\nThe work grew rapidly, and on November 21 a\\nroom was obtained at the Grand Trunk Junction,\\nand neatly fitted up for the use of the men there\\nemployed. Religious exercises were held on the\\nSabbath, and occasionally on week days, and reading\\nmatter provided.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0692.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.\\n641\\nIn November, 1S77, John H. Fry succeeded Mr.\\nBoughton, and three months later H. D. Warren\\nbecame the superintendent of the rooms. After a\\nfew months Mr. C. E. Dyer took charge of both\\nthe main Association and the Railroad Branch. In\\nNovember. 1878, 1. G. Jenkins became the secretary\\nof the Railroad Branch. In February, 1878, a room\\nmore easy of access to the men seeming desirable,\\nquarters were fitted up under the oflice of the yard\\nmaster on the depot grounds, and the room on\\nWoodbridge Street was given up. On the 29th of\\nAugust following, a new building at the Junction\\nwas first occupied. It was erected at a cost of\\nSi.ooo. In August, 1883, the building was moved\\nto vacant ground near the original location of the\\nrooms. The secretary issues a little monthly paper\\ncalled the Headlight, which contains much informa-\\ntion of value.\\nThis outgrowth of the Y. M. C. A. has resulted\\nin the establishment of several reading rooms for\\nrailrcjad men at stations along the lines of roads\\ncentering in Detroit, and is constantly developing- in\\npower and usefulness.\\nCity, County, and Statu Bible Societies.\\nThe first Bible Society in the State was organized\\nat Detroit in November, 1816. Its first anniversary\\nwas held November 4, 1817, andthe reports showed\\nthat $146 had been received in subscriptions. The\\nfollowing persons were officers in 1817 Lewis Cass,\\npresident; William Woodbridge, first vice-presi-\\ndent; C. Larned, second vice-president; Rev. J.\\nMonteith, corresponding secretary; H. J. Hunt,\\nrecording secretary Henry Brown, treasurer. The\\norganization was in e.xistence in 1820, but ceased\\nsoon after.\\nOn November 3, 1830, a County Bible Society\\nwas organized with the following officers: president,\\nLewis Cass; vice-presidents. John Biddle and B. F.\\nH. Wilherell recording secretary, C. C.Trowbridge\\ncorresponding secretary. Rev. N. M. Wells treas-\\nurer and depository. E. P. Hastings executive com-\\nmittee, J. J. Deming. J. Owen, H. Whiting, W.\\nWard, and E. Bingham. This society remained in\\ne.xistence for several years, and distributed many\\nthousand Bibles and Testaments.\\nIn October, 183S, a State Bible Society was again\\nformed, and in 1S45 the local society received the\\nfollowing notice\\nW.4VNE CO. BIBLE SOCIETY.\\nA meeciag of the friends of the .\\\\merican Bible Society was\\nheld at the Presbyterian Session Room, October 7th, 1845, J.\\nKearsley chairman, W. Phelps secretary. The chair stated the\\nobject of the meeting to be to resuscitate or reorganize the Wayne\\nCounty Bible Society auxiliary lu the American Bible Society.\\nMessrs. Sheley, McFarren, and J. V, Watson were on mo-\\ntion appointed a nominating committee. They reported for\\npresident C. C. Trowbridge vice-president, C. G. Hammond\\ntreasurer, John Owen secretary, Samuel Hastings. Report\\nadopted and the nominees elected.\\nW. Pheli S, Secretary,\\nThis third organization seems also to have died\\nout, for on February 2, 1857, under tlie influence of\\nthe revival sentiment of that year, a new society\\nwas organized and a constitution adopted. Since\\nthen, at irregular intervals, new officers have been\\nelected, and endeavors made to secure the general\\ncirculation of the Bible by sale or donation.\\nGrants of Bibles or Testaments are made by the\\noflicers on satisfactory evidence that the recipients\\nare unable to pay for them. The depository, from\\ntime to time, was established at various bookstores,\\nbut in April, 1877, it found an appropriate home in\\nthe rooms of the Y. M. C. A., and was placed in\\nthe care of Mrs. J. E. Foster. The sales in 1883\\namounted to S305.55. The society struggled with\\ndebt for many years, but this has been entirely\\npaid, and there is hope that a much larger work\\nmay be done hereafter if the cause is properly aided\\nby the churches.\\nUnion Bethel Society.\\nThis enterprise was organized on September 20,\\n1830, under the auspices of the Western Seamen s\\nFriend Society. Fifteen years later an old ware-\\nhouse on Woodbridge Street between Shelby and\\nWayne Streets was procured, the centre of the sec-\\nond floor cut out, and an audience room with a gal-\\nlery was thus obtained. The building was dedicated\\nApril 2, 1846, with a sermon by Rev. Dr. Duffield.\\nRev. Dr. Harrison was put in charge, and large\\nnumbers of sailors and others gathered at the ser-\\nvices. The building was eventually sold to the\\nTrinity Lutheran Church. On September 8, 1850,\\na hall on the second floor of store No. 66 Jefferson\\nAvenue, on the southwest corner of Cass Street,\\nwas dedicated for the use of the Bethel Church,\\nwith a sermon by the Rev. Dr. Kitchell. At this\\ntime Rev. A. M. Fitch was chaplain. From 1S51\\nto 1 863 Rev. X. M. Wells was pastor. At the begin-\\nning of his term, a room was fitted up in the Hawley\\nBlock, on the northwest corner of Bates and Wood-\\nbridge Streets, and there the society held services\\nuntil 1862; from that year until 1865, ser\\\\-ices were\\nheld in rooms on Woodbridge Street, just west of\\nWayne Street, with Rev. Mr. King in charge from\\n1865 to 1868, a room in the Board of Trade Build-\\ning was used, and the Rev. William Day was in\\ncharge. After 186S theser\\\\ ices were discontinued.\\nCity Tract Societies.\\nThe first society of the above character was organ-\\nized on March 22, 1831, but no details of its work\\nhave been found.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0693.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "642\\nUNION MEETINGS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REVIVALS AND REVIVALISTS.\\nIn 1839 a society called the Michigan Tract So-\\nciety was in existence, with 13. F. Larned as presi-\\ndent and Charles Cleland as corresponding secretary.\\nA society, called the Detroit City Tract Association,\\nwas instituted on January 12, 1S46, with the follow-\\ning officers Rev. George Duttield, president H.\\nL. Hammond, vice-president H. Hallock, general\\nsuperintendent A. McFarren, treasurer, and F.\\nRaymond, secretary. Ward Superintendents First\\nWard, John Hulbert Second Ward, Charles M.\\nHoward Third Ward, David French Fourth Ward,\\nRoss Wilkins; Fifth Ward, Thomas Rowland Sixth\\nWard, J. D. Baldwin.\\nThe principal object of the organization was to\\ncirculate gratuitously the tracts and other publi-\\ncations of the American Tract Society. The city\\nwas divided into fifty-nine districts. Monthly re-\\nports were made by each visitor, and a great amount\\nof faithful labor expended. The society continued\\nits efforts up to 1853, and was then discontinued.\\nDetroit Evangelical Alliance.\\nThe object of this organization is to promote\\nChristian fellowship among the different church\\nsocieties. It was onjanized in Detroit, June 30,\\n1873, and the following officers elected president,\\nC. 1. Wall Cer; corresponding secretary, Rev. G. D.\\nBaker recording secretary, Silas Farmer treasurer,\\nJacob S. Farrand.\\nThe time for the annual meeting is in October,\\nbut only two sets of officers have been chosen.\\nThose in office in 1 883 were Jacob S. Farrand, presi-\\ndent H. E, Baker, secretary; W. H. Brearley, cor-\\nresponding secretary; Rev. A. T. Pierson, Rev. J.\\nM. Arnold, and F. D. Taylor, executive committee.\\nOn October 30. 1877, on the invitation of the\\nsociety, the Biennial Conference of the Evangelical\\nAlliance of the United States was held in Detroit,\\nat the First Presbyterian Church. There was a\\nlarge attendance and much interest in the exercises.\\nDetroit Ministerial Union.\\nThis organization dates from 1850, and is com-\\nposed of the pastors of the several so-called evan-\\ngelical churches of Detroit. They hold weekly\\nmeetings on Monday morning to discuss any sub-\\nject or question connected with the religious pros-\\nperity of the city or the country.\\nUNION MEETINGS.\\nMorning Prayer Meetings.\\nThe Union morning prayer meetings were an out-\\ngrowth of the deep religious feeling that pervaded\\nthe entire country immediately subsequent to the\\npanic of 1857. The first of these meetings in\\nDetroit was held at 8 a. m., March 4, in the base-\\nment of the Baptist Church, corner of Griswokl and\\nFort Streets. The attendance of active business\\nmen was a marked feature from the outset, and the\\nmeeting grew apace. On account of the large at-\\ntendance, the meetings, after March 29, 1858, were\\nheld in the body of the church. Other morning\\nmeetings were held in the Congregational Church on\\nJefferson Avenue, and a noon meeting in the Water-\\nman Block, and in several churches. The meet-\\ning in the Congregational Church continued till\\nthe last of April. On May 4 the meeting in the\\nBaptist Church w as discontinued for one week, and\\na committee appointed to consider the subject of\\nits continuance. On May 10 it was resumed, to\\nbe held from S to 8.45 a. m. On July 11, 1859,\\nas the church was to be torn down, the place of\\nmeeting was changed to the basement of the Sec-\\nond M. E. Church, on the corner of Randolph\\nand Congress Streets. After the burning of that\\nchurch, on July 18, 1863, the meetings were held\\nin the basement of the First M. E. Church, cor-\\nner of Woodward Avenue and State Street. Here\\nit was continued till March 4, 1872, when, on its\\nfourteenth anniversary, the last of the morning\\nmeetings was held, the attendance not seeming to\\nwarrant a further continuance.\\nNoon Meetings.\\nIn addition to the noon meeting of 1857, which was\\nheld in the Waterman Block, and kept up from\\nMarch to the middle of May, a noon meeting was\\nseveral times attempted in the Y. M. C. A. rooms,\\non the corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues\\nbut the attendance was always small and the meet-\\nings were soon discontinued.\\nThe only successful and continuous noon meet-\\ning was opened Tuesday, February 15. 1876, in the\\nY. M. C. A. building, on Farmer Street. It has\\nbeen continued daily ever since, with an average\\nattendance of from twenty to thirty persons. On\\nMay 30, 1882, the first service was held at the rooms\\nin the Mather Block, and on April 2, 1883, the first\\nser\\\\ icc was held in the rooms on Monroe Avenue.\\nIt is held from 12 to 12.30 M., and many evidences\\nof its value have been made manifest.\\nREVIVALS AND REVIVALISTS.\\nThe first effort of different denominations to co-\\noperate in a series of religious meetings was made\\nin 1865. The meetings, under the direction of Rev.\\nE. P. Hammond, began on Sunday afternoon, Feb-\\nruary 26, 1865, at the Fort Street Congregational\\nChurch. The house was filled with children and\\nSunday-school teachers, and the service was remark-\\nable for its solemnity and power. The morning\\nmeetings in the Woodward Avenue M. E. Church", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0694.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "REVIVALS AND REVIVALISTS.\\n643\\nwere scion crowded, and at the eveninjj meetings in\\nvarious churclies, there were always more than\\ncould be seated. The closing service was held on\\nMarch 19.\\nA series of union meetings, conducted by Messrs.\\nWhittle and Bliss, was commenced on the evening\\nof October 6, 1874, at the Second Congregational\\nChurch, and closed on the lyth of November.\\nThese meetings were inaugurated and conducted\\nby the Y. M. C. A., but were heartily supported\\nby most of the Protestant clergymen and grew in\\ninterest to the end. The ser\\\\-ices, held chietly in\\nthe Central Methodist and United Presbyterian\\nchurches, are gratefully remembered by many per-\\nsons.\\nA memorial service, in memory of P. P. liliss,\\nwho perished in the Ashtabula railroad disaster,\\nwas held on Sunday afternoon, January 7, 1877, at\\nWhitney s Opera House.\\nBy invitation of the Clerical Union, the Rev.\\nGeorge F. Pentecost came to Detroit, and led a\\nseries of religious services, commencing on January\\n4, 1880, and closing the iSth of March. Most of\\nthe meetings were held in the First Congrega-\\ntional and Fort Street Presbyterian Churches, and\\nwere highly enjoyed by the multitudes who attended.\\nDuring his stay, meetings for business men were\\nconducted a part of the time in Merrill Hall and\\nalso in a vacant store on Jefferson Avenue near\\nFirst Street.\\nIn the spring and fall of 1883 Harry F. Sayles,\\nknown as the singing evangelist, conducted a\\nseries of revival meetings in the Eighteenth Street\\nBaptist, Second Congregational, Third .Street Mis-\\nsion, Fort Street Methodist Episcopal, and Twelfth\\nStreet Baptist Churches, his successive engagements\\nin these various churches affording the best of evi-\\ndence of the public appreciation of his labors.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0695.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXVII.\\nPOVERTY, AND ITS RELIEF. THE POOR COMMISSION. CITY PHYSICIANS. THE\\nCOUNTY POOR.\\nPOVERTY, AND ITS RELIEF.\\nThe first settlers were mostly poor, but for many\\nyears pauperism was unknown. The pluck that\\ninspired the coming to a wilderness, and the vigi-\\nlance which a residence in such wilds demanded,\\nprecluded that supineness of which poverty is born.\\nTrue, there were times of trial and seasons of dis-\\ntress; crops failed, and more than once gaunt\\nfamine hovelled about the palisades of Pontchar-\\ntrain. Such times, however, were only incidental.\\nGame and grain were usually plentiful, and the few\\nfamilies who dwelt here ate their own bread and\\nasked no alms of strangers. Not until the Yankees\\ncame did beggars come to town, and then not\\nbecause the Yankees set the example of begging,\\nbut because upon their advent the population in-\\ncreased, and as towns grow, beggars multiply.\\nThe relieving of the poor enlisted the attention of\\nthe Governor and Judges soon after the Northwest\\nTerritory was organized. By act of November 6,\\n1790, the Court of Quarter Sessions appointed one\\nor more overseers of the poor for each township,\\nand old records show the appointment in 1801, for\\nthe township of Detroit, of Jacques Girardin James\\nMay, Robert Guoin, and Gabriel Godfroy were\\nappointed in 1803; Joseph Campau was appointed\\nin place of Guoin in December, 1S03, and reap-\\npointed in 1804.\\nIn 1806 the sum of twenty-five dollars v\\\\as appro-\\npriated by the Governor and Judges for the su]5port\\nof the poor in Detroit.\\nBy law of March 30, 1827, each township was\\nauthorized to elect two overseers of the poor. On\\nOctober 29, 1829, each township was authorized to\\nelect five directors of the poor, and the office of\\ntownship overseer was to terminate after April,\\n1830. By Act of February 26, 1831, the plan of one\\ndirector for each township was revived, and in\\nMarch the following was appended to the notice of\\nan election\\nImmcdi.itely after closing the polls, a tax will be voted for the\\nmaintenance and support of the poor of Detroit for the ensuing\\nyear.\\nAt this time the city marshal acted as the almoner\\nof the city, and from time to time small sums were\\nplaced in his hands for distribution.\\n[644!\\nOn ?vlarch 14, 1840, the council appointed a com-\\nmittee to contract with the superintendent of the\\ncounty poor for the support of city paupers at\\neighteen cents each per day. The Council Pro-\\nceedings for 1 847 and 1 848 show that when occasion\\ndemanded, it was customary for the aldermen to\\nvote such sums as they deemed necessary for the\\nsupport of the poor. The office of city director of\\npoor dates from Acts of April 23, 1S33, and March\\n7, 1834, which conferred upon the council the power\\nto do for the poor what under the State law the\\ncounty directors were required to do. Up to Feb-\\nruary 31, 1849, the olficer was appointed by the\\ncouncil after that date he was elected. Under the\\nordinance of January 14, 1862, the director adver-\\ntised for proposals, and bids were received from\\nvarious persons for furnishing groceries, meat,\\nflour, and wood. Under ordinance of December\\n14, 1869, the poormaster gave orders for needed\\narticles upon stores in different parts of the city.\\nOrders amounting to $17,323 were given on about\\ntwo hundred different stores in 1878; the wood\\nbill for the same year amounted to $3,760. The\\namount given at any one time to the same per-\\nson, or the total amount given to the same person\\nor family in a given length of time, was entirely\\ndiscretionary with the director of the poor; his\\norders on the stores were paid monthly by the city\\ntreasurer. That this discretionary power was not\\nalways wisely exercised is evident from the report\\nof a committee of the Common Council made in\\nApril, 1870; it shows that of 1,236 families who\\nreceived provisions in February of that year, 400\\ncould not be found, and 223 were unworthy; wood\\nwas also reported to have been delivered to 120\\ndifferent families that could not be found.\\nUnder the ordinance in force in i S79 it was the\\nduty of the director, when applied to for relief by\\nor for any person, to investigate the case, and if\\nsuch person were not in a condition to be removed\\nto the county poorhouse, temporary relief might\\nbe given. In case of the death of persons with-\\nout means, the director had povv er to give orders\\non the city sexton for their burial, and in 1S77,\\n333 paupers were thus buried. In all cases of\\nrelief granted, whether from public funds, or", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0696.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "THE POOR COMMISSION.\\n645\\nfrom funds or articles fLirnished by individuals, it\\nwas the duty of the director of the poor to enter in\\na book the name of the person receiving aid, the\\nname and number of street he hved on, also the\\nnumber of his ward, with the kind and amount of\\nrelief furnished, and names of the persons on whom\\nthe orders were drawn; all of which information\\nwas open to the inspection of the public, and re-\\nported monthly to the council. It was also the duty\\nof the director, within ten days after the monthly\\nreport was made, to furnish lists of the persons re-\\nlieved, arranged by wards, with their residences, to\\nthe city clerk, and the clerk was to cause not over\\none hundred copies to be printed, and placed at the\\ndisposal of the aldermen. In 1877 5,000 persons,\\nrepresenting 1,250 families, were relieved, and the\\ntotal expenditure by the city for the support of the\\npoor in that year was \u00c2\u00a737,284. Add to this the\\nsalaries of the city physicians, $2,400, the cost of\\nthe general vaccination of that year, $4,000, and the\\ncity s proportion of the expenditures by the county\\nin behalf of the poor, and we have a total of\\nnearly $80,000 paid by Detroit in 1S77 for the ben-\\nefit of the poor, in addition to the thousands of\\ndollars expended through private charitable organi-\\nzations.\\nThe salary of the director was $1,600, and his\\nterm of office two years. A deputy director as\\nalso appointed yearly, with a salary of $1,200.\\nThe office ceased on the creation of the Poor Com-\\nmission. Following is a list of superintendents and\\ndirectors\\nCity Superintendents of Poor: 1827, S. Conant,\\nLevi Cook; 1828, Levi Cook, D. C. McKinstry;\\n1829, D. C. McKinstry, CuUen Brown.\\nDirectors of Poor: 1830, Robert Smart, James\\nAbbott, Jerry Dean, S. Conant, J. J. Deming;\\n1831, J. J. Garrison. James T. Penny; 1832. S.\\nConant, A.S.Porter; 1833, H. M. Campbell; 1835,\\nA. C. Caniff, J. Eldred 1837, Robert Stuart; 1838,\\nS. Conant; 1839, Robert Stuart; 1840, J. J. Garri-\\nson, G. Paul; 1841, D. W. Fiske; 1842-1843, H.\\nNewberry, Francis Cicotte; 1844- 1847, Mason\\nPalmer: 1847, William Cook; 1 848- 1849, A. C.\\nPowell, G. W. Hooper; 1 850-1 862, L. 15. Willard;\\n1 862 -1 866, W. V.James; 1866- 1870, L.B. Willard;\\n1870-1872, Stephen Martin; 1872-1878, L. B. Wil-\\nlard; 1878-1880, W. V. Kies.\\nTHE POOR COAnnS. ^ION.\\nThe Poor Commission was created by Act of May\\n31, 1S79, and did away with the ofTices of director\\nof poor and city sexton. The board consists of\\nfour persons nominated by the mayor and appointed\\nby the council, who sene without compensation.\\nUnder Act of May 20, 1881, the board appoints its\\nown officers.\\nThe first commissioners were appointed for terms\\nof one, two, three, and four years. Since 1 880 one\\nhas been appointed each year for a term of four\\nyears. Under the laws and ordinances governing\\nthe Board, its members are authorized to co-operate\\nwith charitable societies and the county .superin-\\ntendents of the poor. If any person needing help\\nhas resided less than a year in the city, the relief\\nextended is paid for out of the county treasury. By\\nAct of April 10, 1883, the power to relieve all such\\ncounty poor is lodged with the Poor Commission of\\nDetroit. They have power to purchase and contract\\nfor all needful supplies for the poor, also to receive\\nand distribute voluntary donations they contract for\\nthe care of the sick poor, and have charge of the\\nburial of those that die they may procure railroad\\ntickets for such paupers as wish permanently to leave\\nthe city or county. All sick or other poor requiring\\npermanent support are. if possible, moved to the\\ncounty poorhouse. The commissioners are required\\nto keep a detailed record, alphabetically arranged,\\nshowing nationality, age, sex, condition, place and\\nlength of residence in city of each applicant for relief,\\ntogether with a statement of cause of destitution,\\nusual avocation, and the kind and amount of relief\\nafforded.\\nThe expenditures during the first seventeen months\\nof the e.xistence of the commission, ending June 30,\\n1881, were $32,608. The chief items were: orders\\non groceries, $9,966; provisions furnished, $5,650;\\nrailroad fares paid, $264; wood, $4,854; care of\\nsick poor, $5,880; burial of poor, $1,430; 1,648\\nfamilies, including 6,022 persons, were relieved.\\nThe report for the fiscal year ending June 30,\\n1884, showed that aid had been given to 779 fami-\\nlies, or 3,569 persons. The value of the provisions\\ndistributed was $12,133.25; of wood, 826X cords\\nwere supphed. The total expenditures for the year\\nwere $27,429.77.\\nIn furtherance of their work, on December 13,\\n1880, the commissioners opened a store in Firemen s\\nHall, from which they supplied various articles of food\\nto persons in need. The store was closed on March\\n26, i88i,and they returned to the old plan of giving\\norders on grocers. These orders may be presented\\nat any grocery but a printed notice on the order\\nforbids the delivering of liquors, or of any articles\\nexcept flour, potatoes, sugar, bread, tea, coffee, meal,\\nrice, lard, soap, beans, fish, candles, oil, and matches.\\nThe amount and price of each article must be noted\\non the order, and certified to by the grocer.\\nThe office of the commission was at first located\\nin the City Hall, but in November, 1881, it was\\nmoved to the New Market Building.\\nThe commissioners have been: 1880, Thomas\\nBerry. A. W. Copland, Henry Heames, and Joseph\\nB. Moore.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0697.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "646\\nCITY PHYSICIANS.\\nOn January 28, 1S81, Mr. Copland was succeeded\\nby Edward Kanter; in February, 1882, W. K. Muir\\nwas appointed in place of Thomas Berry, and in\\n1884 Mr. Kanter resigned, and was succeeded by\\nSimon Heavenrich.\\nP. H. Dwyer, secretary, and John F. Martin,\\nsuperintendent, original appointees of the commis-\\nsion, were still serving in 1884.\\nCITY PHYSICIANS.\\nThe first intimation of the existence of this office\\nis found in the Proceedings of the Council for May\\nII, 1S29; because of fear of small-pox, the follow-\\ning resolution was passed\\nResolved^ that the gratuitous services of the medical gentle-\\nmen of the city be respectfully solicited in behalf of our citizens\\nwhose pecuniary circurnstances render them objects of their\\nbenevolence.\\nIn 1837 there was another small-pox scare, and\\nDoctors Russel, Rice, Cowles, and Breckenridge\\nwere appointed to vaccinate the poor at the expense\\nof the city.\\nAn Act of February 21, 1849, provided for the\\nelection of one city physician each year. By the\\ncharter of 1857 the council was given the power of\\nappointment, and in May of that year the number\\nof city physicians was increased from one to four.\\nBy ordinance of January 31, i860, the city was\\ndivided into three districts, and one physician ap-\\npointed for each district at a salary of $300. An\\nordinance of January 9, 1874, provided for increas-\\ning the number of districts and physicians to six\\nand on an order from the mayor, the director of the\\npoor, or an alderman, it was their duty to attend\\nthe sick poor in their respective districts. An ordi-\\nnance of January 14. 1879, divided the districts as\\nfollows First District, Wards Ten and Thirteen\\nSecond District, Wards Six and Eleven; Third Dis-\\ntrict, Wards Four and Seven; Fourth District,\\nWards One, Two, and Three; Fifth District, all of\\nWards Eight, Nine, and Twelve lying south of\\nMichigan Avenue Sixth District, Ward Five, and\\nall of Wards Eight, Nine, and Twelve lying north\\nof Michigan Avenue.\\nThe physicians were required to furnish all medi-\\ncines for the poor at their own expense, and when\\nrequested by the Common Council were to examine\\ninto and report all sources of danger to health in\\ntheir several districts; and under ordinance of\\n1 863, it was their duty to vaccinate without charge\\nany person applying to them. On making affidavit\\nat the end of each quarter that all persons who\\ncalled for that purpose had been vaccinated, they\\nwere entitled to $12.50 per quarter in addition to\\ntheir regular salary, which was determined yearly\\nby the council. In 1877, under a general-plan of\\nvaccination, the six city physicians reported that\\nbetween June 29 and July 17 they had vaccinated\\n6,054 persons.\\nUnder ordinance approved May 31, 1882, the dis-\\ntrict system was abolished, and provision was made\\nfor two physicians for the entire city, to be ap-\\npointed by the Board of Aldermen on the second\\nTuesday of June in each year. The charter of\\n1883 provided that the city physicians should be\\nappointed by the Board of Councilmen on nomina-\\ntion of the Board of Health. The appointees are\\nrequired to have a regular diploma from a respect-\\nable medical collage, with five years experience as\\na physician, and to give their whole time to the city\\npatients. An office assistant is also provided, who,\\nin the year ending June 30, 1884, filled 8,070 pre-\\nscriptions and prescribed for 2,148 cases. The\\nout-door physicians made 6,551 calls.\\nThe city physicians have been: 1842 and 1843,\\nJ. H. Bagg; 1844, C. N. Ege; 1845 and 1846, H.\\nLemcke;^ 1847, Z. Pitcher; 1848-1851, L. H. Cobb;\\n1851-1853, J. B. Scovill; 1853, P. Klein; 1854,\\nE. P. Christian; 1855-1857. J. B. Scovill.\\n1857. District i, W. Cowan; District 2, C. R.\\nCase District 3, S. M. Axford; District 4, J. B. K.\\nMignault.\\n1858. District l, William Cowan; District 2,\\nC. R. Case District 3, S. M. Axford District 4,\\nRobert MuUaney.\\n1S59. District i, I. M. Allen; District 2, L.\\nDavenport District 3, E. Lauderdale District 4,\\nH. Kiefer.\\ni860. District i, Ira M. Allen; District 2, Louis\\nDavenport District 3, Edward Lauderdale Dis-\\ntrict 4, Wm. J. Cranage.\\n1 86 1. District i, Chas. H. Barrett; District 2,\\nCaspar Schulte District 3, F. W. Sparling Dis-\\ntrict 4, Dwight D. Stebbins.\\n1862. District i, I. M. Allen and J. M. Alden;\\nDistrict 2, Edward Schroeder District 3, C. R. Case;\\nDistrict 4, R. Mullaney.\\n1863. District I, L. H. Cobb; District 2, Nich-\\nolas Pfeiffer and P. Klein; District 3, C. R. Case;\\nDistrict 4, R. Mullaney.\\n1864. District I. L.H.Cobb; District 2, Edward\\nKane; District 3, J.iM. Alden; District 4, Davis\\nHenderson.\\n1865. District l, L. H. Cobb; District 2, E.\\n.Schroeder; District 3, J. M. Alden; District 4,\\nR. Mullaney.\\n1866 and 1867. District i, Henry Newland\\nDistrict 2, E. Schroeder District 3, Davis Hender-\\nson District 4, R. Mullaney.\\n1868. District I, Henry F. Lyster; District 2,\\nC. H. Barrett District 3, C. Schulte District 4,\\nWm. A. Chandler.\\n1869. District i, H. F. Lyster; District 2, F. H.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0698.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTY POOR.\\n647\\nSpranger District 3, C. Schulte District 4, W. A.\\nChandler.\\n1870. District i, John M. Bigelow; District 2,\\nAndrew Borrowman District 3, Peter P. Gihnartin\\nDistrict 4. Elisha Leach.\\n1 87 1. District i, H. F. Lyster; District 2, John\\nFlinterman District 3, Wm. H. Lathrop Dis-\\ntrict 4, \\\\V. A. Chandler,\\n1S72. District i, H. F. Lyster; District 2, J.\\nFlinterman District 3, H. E. Smith District 4,\\nWilliam G. Co.x.\\n1873. District i, Joseph C. Ferguson District 2,\\nAlonzo Harlow District 3, Henry O. Walker Dis-\\ntrict 4, R. A. Jamieson.\\n1874. District 1, Harris A. Goodwin District 2,\\nA. Harlow; District 3, J. C. Ferguson; District 4,\\nH. O. Walker; District 5, Hainilton E. Smith;\\nDistrict 6, R. A. Jamieson.\\n1875. District i, H. A. Goodwin; District 2,\\nA. Harlow; District 3, J. C. Ferguson; District 4,\\nH. E. Smith District 5, Theo. F. Kerr District 6,\\nChas. Ewers.\\n1876. District I, H. A. Goodwin; District 2,\\nJ. P. Corcoran District 3, J. J. Mulheron District\\n4. G. A. Foster District 5, T. V. Law District 6,\\nChas. Ewers.\\n1877. District I, Chas. F. Herzog District 2,\\nC. .Schulte District 3, Augustus Kaiser District 4,\\nGeo. B. Foster District 5, Geo. W. Montgomery\\nDistrict 6, Edward Lichty.\\n1878. District i, A. F. Hoke; District 2, John\\nGeorg; District 3. A. Kaiser; District 4, Wm. A.\\nMcDonald District 5, -Albert G. Bissell District 6,\\nE. Lichty.\\n1879. District i, J. W. Monaghan; District 2,\\nO. P.Eaton; District 3, G. Jacobs; District 4, H.\\nE. Smith; District 5, A. Harlow; District 6, J. J.\\nMulheron.\\n1880. District I, F. Kuhn; District 2, G. Jacobs;\\nDistrict 3, O. P. Eaton; District 4, T. Law;\\nDistrict 5, H. E. Smith District 6, R. A. Jamieson.\\n1881. District j, F. Kuhn; District 2. J. G.\\nJohnson; District 3, A. Thucncr; District 4, T.\\nLaw District 5, W. Chancy District 6, R. A.\\nJamieson.\\n1882. E. J. McPhariin, Ferdinand Kuhn; C. P.\\nFrank, assistant.\\n1883- W. Chancy, G. D. Stewart; C. P.\\nFrank, assistant.\\nIn October, 1872, thirty-four acres of land in\\nGrosse Pointe, on P. C. 641, were purchased for\\n$6,000 of C. S. Atterbury for a city hospital, but\\nthe city made no use of the grounds until 1881,\\nwhen a hospital twenty-six by seventy-six feet, one\\nstory high, was erected at a cost of $3,000. It was\\ndesigned especially to accommodate small-pox pa-\\ntients. A dwelling on the property was intended\\nas a residence for doctors and nurses. The dis-\\ntance of the hospital from the city and the objec-\\ntion made by residents of the township to the use of\\nit for small-pox patients caused the abandonment\\nof the plan, and the property was rented for indi-\\nvidual occupancy.\\nTHE COUNTY POOR.\\nUnder Michigan Territory, by law of October 8,\\n1805, on notice to three justices of the peace that a\\nperson was poor and incapable of self-support,\\nthey, as constituting the Court of Quarter Ses-\\nsions, were authorized to direct the marshal to con-\\ntract for the support of such person at a cost not\\nexceeding twenty-five cents a day. By Act of\\nFebruary i, 1809, the judges of the district courts\\nwere authorized to appoint three overseers of the\\npoor for each district. In 181 7 the poor were again\\nplaced in care of the Court of (Quarter Sessions,\\nwith provisions similar to those of the Act of 1805.\\nOn February 17, 1824, an act was passed giving\\nthe county commissioners the care of the poor, and\\nunder their direction the sheriff was to advertise\\nyearly for proposals for the care of paupers. By\\nAct of June 23, 1828, the Board of Supervisors was\\nempowered to appoint three directors of the poor\\nfor the county, and by Acts of July 22, 1830, and\\nMarch 7, 1834, the Board of Supervisors was given\\npower to appoint one or more superintendents of\\nthe poor. Under the Revised Statutes of 1838 the\\ncounty commissioners were authorized to appoint\\nthree superintendents of the poor, to hold office one\\nyear, and to have the general superintendence of\\nthe county poor and the poorhouse. The Act of\\nMarch 11, 1844, which created the Board of Audi-\\ntors, authorized the appointment of three superin-\\ntendents of the poor yearly for terms of three years\\neach. They are charged with the care of the county\\nasylum, the poorhouse and farm with the control\\nof those who are sent there and of the sick poor\\nsent to hospitals or State asylums. They are ex-\\npected to pay weekly visits to the poorhouse and\\nthe asylum, and to constantly provide for and super-\\nvise the management of both institutions. From\\nlime to time they contract with various hospitals for\\nthe care of the sick poor, the usual price being\\nabout $3.50 per week. The total expense of caring\\nfor the .sick poor, and insane in 1870 was $33,523;\\nand for the year ending September 30, 1883, $58,016,\\nof which $24,719 was expended for provisions; there\\nwere also used pro\\\\-isions raised on the farm valued\\nat $5,057. The superintendents are paid $35 each\\nper month.\\nIf a poor person has lived in the county less than\\na year he is deemed a county pauper, and the whole\\ncounty is chargeable for his support. If he has\\nlived longer than a year in any part of the county.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0699.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "648\\nTHE COUNTY POOR.\\n[he township or city where he resides is under obli-\\ngations to take care of him.\\nThe county superintendents of the poor have\\nbeen 1 838-1 841. James Hanmer, Ammon Brown,\\nW. B. Hunt; 1841-1843, W. S. Gregory, S. H.\\nAldrich, James Hanmer; 1843-1845, James Han-\\nmer, Morrison Swift, W. G. Porter, T. J. Owen\\n(part of term) 1845, Titus Dort, Peter Desnoyers,\\nAmmon Brown 1 846, Charles Peltier, Ammon\\nBrown, James Bucklin; 1847, C. Peltier, J. Bucklin,\\nWarren Tuttle 1848, C. Peltier, W. Tuttle, Elijah\\nHawley, Jr.; 1849, W. Tuttle, Ira M. Hough, C.\\nPeltier 1850, C. Pehier, Ira M. Hough, E. Hawley,\\nJr.; 1851, D. A. A. Ensworth, E. Hawley, Jr., J.\\nShearer; 1852, C. Peltier, E. Hawley, Jr., I. M.\\nHough; 1853, Hugh O Beirne, I. M. Hough, R. P,\\nClark; 1854- 1S57, F. W. Hughes, I. M. Hough, R.\\nP.Clark; 1857-1860, James Safford, M. T. Lane,\\nTitus Dort; 1S60, J. Safford, M. T. Lane. D.\\nSackett; 1861-1863, M. T. Lane, S. W. Walker. T.\\nT. Lyon; 1S63, R. D. Hill, S. W. Walker, T. T.\\nLyon 1864, T. T. Lyon, B. Hodgkinson. A. Sheley;\\n1865-1869, B. Hodgkinson, William Daly, A. Ives;\\n1869-1871, B. Hodgkinson, William Dyson, William\\nDaly; 1871-1873, William Dyson, E. Visger, B.\\nHodgkinson; 1873-1875, J. A. Patrick, W. Dyson,\\nE. Visger 1875, J. A. Patrick, A. Ives, J. R. Hosie\\n1876, J. A. Patrick, J. R. Hosie, J. W. Keith 1877,\\nM. Dunn, J. W. Keith, N. P. Thayer; 1 878-1 879,\\nN. P. Thayer, M. Dunn, Jacob Guthard 1880, M.\\nDunn, J. Guthard, J. C. McDonald 1SS1-1883, M.\\nDunn, J. C. McDonald, D. Shanahan 1883, J.J.\\nVrooman, M. Dunn, D. Shanahan; 1884, J. J.\\nVrooman, D. Shanahan, George M. Henry.\\nCoitnty Poorhouse.\\nThe fir. !t record concerning a poorhouse in Wayne\\nCounty is found in an Act of June 23, 1828, author-\\nizing the people to vote, on the first Monday of\\nJuly, on the question of erecting a building. The\\nvote was against its erection many persons, how-\\never, deemed such an institution a necessity, and by\\nActs of July 22, 1830, and March 3, 1831, the Board\\nof Supervisors was authorized to build.\\nOn September 22, 1830, a meeting of citizens of\\nDetroit was held, and a resolution passed in favor\\nof the project. Messrs. H. M. Campbell. S. Conant,\\nand D. French were appointed a committee on site\\nand plan, and in October, 1831, the Board of Super-\\nvisors appointed a committee to contract for a build-\\ning. This committee proving negligent, on March\\n8, 1832, a new resolution was passed to purchase\\nland for a poor-farm, the expenditure for land and\\nbuilding not to exceed $1,200. In accordance with\\nthis resolution, on March 27, 1S32, about seventeen\\nacres were purchased at a cost of $200. The land\\nwas on the east side of the Leib Farm, and fronted\\non the Gratiot Road.\\nOn October 4. 1832, a contract was made with\\nD. French to erect a house for S950. His contract\\nwas duly fulfilled, he was paid on December 31,\\n1832, and remarkable fact the entire cost of land\\nand building was \u00c2\u00a750 less than the amount appro-\\npriated. The building was a wooden structure,\\nlong and low. On January 5, 1833, J. P. Cooley\\nwas appointed keeper.\\nWhile these preparations were going on, that\\nfearful scourge, the Asiatic cholera, was hovering\\nover the city. In the season of 1832 it began its\\nwork, and in 1834 carried death and sorrow to\\nmany households nearly fifty children were made\\norphans, many of whom were sent to the poor-\\nhouse. Moved with pity for their condition, on\\nMarch 8, 1833, the Sisters of Charity, through Bishop\\nRese, applied to the Board of Supervisors, asking\\nto be put in charge of the county house, as most of\\nthe parents of the children had been of their faith.\\nA contract was at once entered into with them, with\\nthe privilege of revoking it at any time. Under this\\ncontract, in July, 1834. Rev. Martin Kundig, the\\nGerman Roman Catholic priest, who had won golden\\nopinions from all sects by his assiduous labors in\\nbehalf of the victims of the cholera, was installed\\nas superintendent. In March, 1836, he contracted\\nto take care of the poor for sixteen cents per day\\neach, but as provisions were very high, and as he\\nwas compelled to take his pay in county warrants,\\nhe lost much money. In 1837 he agreed to care\\nfor the poor at twenty-two cents each per day.\\nDuring the summer there were from So to 100\\ninmates in the poorhouse, with an average of sixty\\nconfined to their beds. At the close of this year he\\nwas again compelled to take his pay in warrants, as\\nthe county had nothing else to give him, and on\\nthese he lost from 40 to 60 per cent.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Appreciating the value of his services to the State,\\nthe Legislature of 1 837 voted him $3,000, but this\\ndid not make up his losses. The next year he had\\ncharge of three hiuidred persons, and was obliged\\nto feed and clothe them w-ithout the aid of a dollar\\nof current money from the county. This so embar-\\nrassed him that his personal property was seized\\nand sold at auction.\\nOn April 11, 1839, he inmates of the poorhouse\\nwere removed to the farm now occupied by the\\ncounty.\\nThat Mr. Kundig did not lose his interest in the\\npoor is evident from the following extract from the\\nrecords of the Common Council\\nTuesday^ January \\\\rtth^ 1841. A communication was received\\nfrom Martin Kundig, pastor of Trinity Church, enclosing $50,\\nand tendering the thanks of his congregation for the kindness\\nwith which their poor liavc been treated. Accepted, and on\\nmotion of Alderman Paull,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0700.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTY POOR.\\n649\\nJifS0i7 ed, that the Coininitlce on Poor be requested to tender\\nthe thanks of the Common Council to the pastor and congrega-\\ntion of Trinity Church for their donation of $50, as well as the\\nmanner in which this gratuity was communicated.\\nIn 1839 the county commissioners were author-\\nized to sell the property on the Gratiot Road, but\\nno purchaser was found until February, 1S46, when\\nit was sold for \u00c2\u00a71,124. rhe present farm of two\\nhundred and seventy-seven acres, known at time of\\npurchase as the Torbert Farm, was bought on Feb-\\nruary 22, 1839, for \u00c2\u00a71, 600. It lies in the township\\nof Nankin, about sixteen miles west of Detroit, on\\nthe line of the M. C. R. R., and two miles east of\\nthe village of Wayne. The property, with the build-\\nings and appurtenances, is valued at about \u00c2\u00a7100,000.\\nThe buildings first obtained were two large log-\\nhouses that had been used as a tavern. In 1845\\nthe first brick building was erected, at a cost of\\nabout \u00c2\u00a74,500. In 1S53 or 1854 an additional brick\\ncare of the patients, has a salary of \u00c2\u00a7800, and is\\nappointed by the superintendents of the poor.\\nPrior to the erection of the asylum, incurable\\npatients were kept at the county house, or sent to\\nKalamazoo. At the present time the county asylum\\nis used for the temporary detention of insane per-\\nsons, who are to be sent to one of the State Insane\\nAsylums, and also for the safe keeping of insane\\npoor pronounced incurable and sent back from the\\nState asylums.\\nPoor persons, deemed insane, are sent to the\\ncounty or the State asylum on a certificate of two\\n[ihysicians to the judge of probate, who on receiv-\\ning such certificate gives an order for the patient s\\nadmission.\\nCounty Physicians.\\nIn addition to the county physician at the asylum,\\ntwo others are appointed yearly by the Boartl of\\nCouNTV Insane Asvlum.\\nCOUNTV PoORHOt SK.\\nbuilding was erected, and in 1S59 still another was\\nut up for a hospital, at a cost of about \u00c2\u00a71,600.\\nThe average number of inmates in the county\\nhouse in 1S83 was 360. Detroit stands charged\\ndirectly with about three sevenths of the expense of\\ntheir maintenance, in addition to nearly five sixths\\nof the. balance chargeable to the county at large.\\nCoun/y Insane Asylum.\\nThis building, located on the county farm, was\\nfirst occupied in August, 1869, It cost \u00c2\u00a724,000.\\nIt is two hundred and fifty-two feet long and\\nfrom thirty-eight to fifty-six feet wide. In 1S76\\nwings were built on the east and west sides, and\\nduring 1883 and 1SS4 two additions, costing about\\n\u00c2\u00a74,500 each, were erected. In 1883 there was an\\naverage of nearly two hundred inmates.\\nThe total cost to the county is about twenty cents\\nper day for each inmate. The county physician for\\nthe county buildings is charged with the medical\\nAuditors, at a salary of \u00c2\u00a7450 each. Their duties\\nare confined chiefly to the city, where they attend\\ncounty patients at the hospitals. It is also their\\nduty to attend the coroner s inquests.\\nThe following persons have served as county\\nphysicians: 1843, Linus Mott; 1845, Z. Pitcher;\\n1846, E. Hurd. Linus Mott; 1847, Charles Perrez;\\n1848-1S51, Peter Klein; 1851, J. H. Scovill; 1852.\\nP.Power; 1853, C. Hastings; 1854 and 1S55, P.\\nKlein; 1856, O. P. Chubb; 1857, L. Davenport;\\n1S58-1859, S. M. Axford; i860, C. R. Case; 1861,\\nJ. M. Alden; 1 862-1 865, C. H. Barrett; 1865, L. H.\\nCobb; 1 866, J. M. Alden; 1867- 1869, H. A. Smith;\\n1869 and 1870, P. J. Chavcy 1871 and 1872, P. P.\\nGilmartin; 1873 and 1874. C. C. Yemans; 1875,\\nand 1876, E, Lichty, C. Schulte; 1877 and 1878,\\nA. Borrowman. D. L. Dakin; 1879 and 1880. H. O.\\nWalker; T. F. Kerr; 1881 and 1882. E, Lichty. J.\\nW. Monaghan; 1883. C. .Schulte. F. W. Owen;\\n1884, F. W. Owen, Aloys Thuener.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0701.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXVI II\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\nThe year 1S17 marks an era in the life of the\\ncity. The first bona fide newspaper, the first uni-\\nversity schools, the first public library, and the first\\ncharitable society were all established in that year.\\nPrior to that date individuals had not associated\\nthemselves into public societies of any sort but in\\nthis year the Yankee element began to assert itself,\\nand very soon institutions of almost ever) kind were\\norganized or projected for Detroit. Of these, one\\nof the earliest, the Moral and Humane Society, was\\nfounded December 29, 181 7. Its objects were to\\nsuppress vice and to report any poor children desti-\\ntute of education. It lived three years, and in 1S20\\nexpended $64.37 in carrying forward its work, no\\ndetails of which are to be found.\\nThe ne.xt on the list of e.xtinct societies, the Young\\nMen s Benevolent Society, an offshoot of the Young\\nMen s Society, was organized January 7, 1S48, with\\nS. Barstow as president; Z. Chandler, treasurer;\\nand J. V. Campbell, secretary. The city was divided\\ninto seven districts, and each district assigned to a\\ncommittee of three, whose duty it was to inquire\\ninto and report upon all cases of need presented to\\ntheir notice. In 1S50 E. C. Walker was president;\\nin 1852, U. T. Howe; in 1855, Bela Hubbard; in\\n1859, Morse Stewart. W. A. Raymond was secre-\\ntary in 1852. Soon afterwards this position was\\nfilled by R. R. Elliott, and he served as secretary,\\nand A. H. Adams as treasurer, up to 1S60, when\\nthe society disorganized, as its work seemed no\\nlonger required. The expenditures of the society\\nfor the first six years were 184S, \u00c2\u00a7480; 1849, $694\\n1850, $648; 1851, $1,406; 1852, $1,407; 1S53,\\n$1,165. Total, $5,803.\\nAfter a lapse of six years, on May 17, 1866, a\\nsimilar effort was inaugurated under the title of the\\nDetroit City Mission Board the first officers were\\npresident, E. Taylor; secretary, J. G. Ray; treas-\\nurer, Caleb Van Husan. The society was managed\\nby an executive board chosen from the several co-\\noperating churches and charitable societies. The\\nservices of W. A. Bacon as city missionary were\\nsecured, and under his leadership one of the most\\ncomplete plans ever de\\\\ ised for the moral uplifting\\nof the poor was brought before the society. It was\\nalmost Utopian in its completeness, embracing sys-\\ntematic inquiry and furnishing information upon\\nevery possible subject connected with the health,\\nhomes, and habits of persons needing help. The\\nsociety entered upon its work with its headquarters\\nat the rooms of the Y. M. C. A., and for some two\\nyears its members visited and systematically relieved\\nthe poor. On January 2, 1S6S, a still more practical\\nwork was undertaken, by the opening of a lodging\\nhouse in a building on the northeast corner of\\nAtwater and St. Antoine Streets. The house was\\nsoon literally thronged with newsboys and tramps,\\nsome of whom were lodged free, and others at very\\nlow rates. The receipts, however, were not equal\\nto the expenses, and the lodging house was discon-\\ntinued in June, 1868. After this date the society\\nhad only a nominal existence, and on November 2,\\n1869, its property was donated to the Woman s\\nHospital and Foundlings Home.\\nSt. Vincen/ s Female Orphan Asylum.\\nThis asylum may be called the successor of the\\noldest charitable institution in the city. Early in\\n1834 its progenitor, a society called the Catholic\\nFemale Association, was organized for the relief\\nof the sick and poor of Detroit. At this time the\\npoorhouse on the Gratiot Road vi-as almost unin-\\nhabitable, and the inmates were greatly neglected.\\nAscertaining these facts, the society, in the spring\\nof 1834. petitioned the board to remedy the evils.\\nAlmost simultaneously with this request the chol-\\nera broke out in the city, and Father Kundig, who\\nwas specially active in the care of the sick, soon\\nfound himself burdened with the guardianship of\\nabout thirty children, committed to his care by\\nthose dying of that dread disease. He was forced\\nto find homes for them at various places, and boarded\\nthem at his own expense. Some were sent to the\\ncounty house, and others were gathered in a build-\\ning on Earned Street near Randolph, and the\\nFemale Association undertook to care for them.\\nIn order to obtain funds the members, on De-\\ncember 31, 1835, held a Fair at which over $1,600\\nwere received in one evening such an amount,\\neven in these days, would be deemed extravagantly\\nlarge and in that day it was convincing proof of\\nthe sympathy and appreciation of the public. A\\nsimilar Fair was held in November of the succeed-\\ning year.\\n1^50]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0702.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n651\\nIn the spring of 1836 twenty acres of land adjoin-\\ning the county farm on the Gratiot Road were\\nleased, a building erected thereon by Father Kun-\\ndig. and the orphans removed thither. The house\\nhad never less than twenty inmates, and one hun-\\ndred and forty different children were cared for.\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\ided by the Association, a school, which was free\\nto all, was opened, and maintained until 1839.\\nThe officers of the Association for 1837 were Mrs.\\nEmily Leib, president Mrs. John Watson, vice-\\npresident Mrs. J. A. an Dyke, treasurer; Miss\\nEllen O Keefe, secretary Miss Mar\\\\- Palms, assist-\\nant secretary.\\nFather Kundig, who was appointed superintend-\\nent of the poor in 1834, continued in office until\\n1839. Such were the difficulties of the position,\\nresulting in part from the panic of 1837, that he\\nbecame bankrupt, and in the spring of 1839 certain\\nof his creditors seized and sold the clothes be-\\nlonging to the thirty orphans then in his asylum.\\nAfter the purchase of other poorhouse property by\\nlar\\nSt. Vincent s Catholic Female Or?han Asvlum.\\nthe county in 1839, the asylum was closed, and t\\norphans distributed among farmers and acquain\\nances until homes could be obtained.\\nThe present institution had its first home in an\\nold building on the south side of Earned -Street,\\njust west of Randolph. It was opened by the Sis-\\nters of Charity on June 5, 1851. The next year\\nthis building was removed, and a brick building,\\nwith a frontage of seventy-five feet and a depth of\\ntwenty-five feet, erected on the site. It was first\\nused in October, 1852. At that time there were\\nforty orphans in the establishment and a large day-\\nschool was maintained. The asylum was subse-\\nquently moved to the brick building formerly known\\nas the bishop s residence, on the west side of Ran-\\ndolph, between Congress and Earned Streets. Here\\nthe asylum remained until 1876, having an average\\nof from one hundred to one hundred and lifty\\nchildren.\\nThe Sisters finally purchased a lot two hundred\\nand fifty-two by two hundred and si.xty feet on Mc-\\nDougall Avenue, between Lamed and Congress\\nStreets, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a716,000, and erected a building\\nat a cost of nearly $70,000. The main structure is\\none hundred and thirty by sixty-eight feet, with two\\nwings, each sixty by thirty-two feet. The building\\nwas dedicated July 19, 1876. Up to 1882 the asylum\\nhad no regular revenue, but was dependent on vol-\\nuntary donations, and the proceeds of an annual\\nFair, which was usually very successful. Since\\n1882 it has been supported by an as.scssment upon\\nthe several Catholic congregations in the city. Only\\ngirls are received. During 1880 the in.stitution cared\\nfor one hundred and si.xty-five two hundred and\\nfifty can be accommodated.\\nIt was incorporated in September. 1871, and the\\nannual meeting is on the last Monday of January.\\nThe names of the Superiors who have had charge\\nare Sisters Loyola, Lucretia, Edmond, and Marj-\\nStella.\\nT/w Ladies Protestant Orphan Asylum.\\nThis institution was A ganized May 18, 1836, in-\\ncorporated March 21, 1837, and newly incorporated\\nJune 9, 1859. On the date first named, a number of\\nladies met in the Presbjlerian Church on Woodward\\nAvenue to consider the propriety and necessity of\\nestablishing an orphan asylum. At this meeting\\nMrs. J. r. Cleveland presided, and Mrs. E. P. Hast-\\nings acted as secretary. After considerable deliber-\\nation it was decided to complete an organization, and\\nMrs. Charles Stuart and Mrs. John Farmer were\\nappointed a committee to draft a constitution. At a\\nsubsequent meeting this committee reported a con-\\nstitution and by-laws, which were adopted, and the\\nfollowing ladies were elected ofiicers Mrs. C. C.\\nTrowbridge, first directress Mrs. Robert Stuart,\\nsecond directress; Mrs. Thomas Palmer, third\\ndirectress; Mrs. E. P. Hastings, treasurer; Miss E.\\nS. Trowbridge, secretary; Mrs. Charles Stuart and\\nMrs. H. J. Hunt, auditors; Mrs. Godard and Mrs.\\nJohn Farmer, Committee of Finance; Mrs. Macomb\\nand Mrs. Crocker, Committee of Maintenance; Mrs.\\nC. Stuart and Mrs. Ambrose, Committee of Educa-\\ntion; Rev. Robert Turnbull, Major Benjamin F.\\nEarned, Major Henry Whiting, Eurotas P. Hast-\\nings, Charles C. Trowbridge, and Jerry Dean,\\nCounselling Committee.\\nThe Association at once commanded sympathy\\nand support Cullen Brown gave the use of a house\\non Beaubien, just south of Fort Street, rent free,\\nfor one year. On Friday, January 13, 1837, the\\nladies took possession, and on February I follow-\\ning the asylum was opened under the superin-\\ntendence of Mrs. Charles Chambers, assisted by\\nher husband. She was paid a salary of \u00c2\u00a7200.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0703.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "652\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\nDLiring the first year eleven orphans were received,\\nall of whom were in the asylum at the close of\\nthe year. A city lot was now donated to the\\nsociety by Elon Farnsworth, and George Hunt\\ngave an acre of land on his farm, fronting on\\nJefferson Avenue near the corner of Adair Street.\\nOn June 8, 1837, the following officers were elected\\nfirst directress, Mrs. C. C. Trowbridge second di-\\nrectress, Mrs. C. Stuart third directress, Mrs. T.\\nPalmer; treasurer, Mrs. E. P. Hastings; secretary,\\nMiss E. S. Trowbridge; Committee of Finance, Mrs.\\nLois Campbell and Mrs. Mason Palmer; Com-\\nmittee of Maintenance, Mrs. John Hulbert and .Mrs.\\nCrocker; Committee of Education, Mrs. Kirkland\\nand Mrs. John Farmer; auditors, Mrs. Henry J.\\nHunt and Mrs. Henry Whiting counsellors, E. P.\\nProtestant Orphan Asylum.\\nHastings. C. C. Trowbridge, Major Henry Whiting,\\nMr. Crocker, Major Benjamin F. Earned, and John\\nOwen.\\nOn November 14 it was decided to move the\\nasylum to a house owned by Messrs. Hastings,\\nKercheval, and Newberry, and the society also de-\\ntermined to erect a building of its own as soon as\\nfunds could be obtained. The citizens responded\\nliberally to the call for this purpose. Plans were\\nprepared, and in the fall of 1837 Messrs. H. B.\\nLothrop and H. H. LeRoy volunteered to super\\\\ ise,\\nwithout charge, the erection of the building, The\\nwork began; but lack of funds, owing to the hard\\ntimes tliat soon came on, caused the work to stop,\\nand the building remained unfinished until Julius\\nEldred advanced the necessary means for com-\\npleting a portion. In the latter half of January,\\n1840, eight girls and seven boys became its first\\ninmates. The original building was forty-two feet\\nsquare, and cost $6,833. The wing on the west\\nside was added at a cost of $4,000, and was dedi-\\ncated February 13, 1872.\\nOwing to the society s plan of binding out the\\nchildren in its care, their number in 1845 had dim-\\ninished to five, and in June, 1846, the society,\\nbeing in debt to the amount of $700, decided to\\nclose the institution until such time as there should\\nbe greater need, and larger means for. carrying\\nit on. The building was rented for $100 a year,\\nthe few children left were boarded in a private\\nfamily, and for the ne.xt si.x years even the annual\\nmeetings were unattended.\\nOn June 10, 1852, the society was reorganized,\\nand the following officers elected first directress,\\nMrs. John Winder second directress, Mrs. Rev.\\nM. Allen third directress, Mrs. A. M. Bartholo-\\nmew secretary, Mr.s. Rev. R. R. Kellogg treas-\\nurer. Mrs. O. C. Thompson. Thirteen orphans that\\nhad been placed in a house on Randolph Street were\\ntransferred to the care of the new organization;\\nbut as the property on Jefferson Avenue had been\\nrented to private parties and also needed repairs,\\nthey remained where they were until May, 1853,\\nwhen the society again took possession of its prem-\\nises. The first years after their return were years\\nof small resources and great labor. Day after day,\\nas regularly as she cared for her own household,\\nthe first directress solicited or purchased the day s\\nsupply of food for the little ones, and then carried\\nit to them, paying fare at the toll-gate, then\\nlocated this side of the asylum. From time to\\ntime, as children died, she took the little coffins into\\nher own carriage, and bore them to the cemeten,\\nThe annual meeting of the society is held on the\\nsecond Thursday in January. It is controlled by a\\nBoard of Managers, consisting of two persons from\\neach of the Protestant churches of the city. The\\nboard selects directors and other officers. The\\naverage number of inmates is thirty-five, and si.xty\\ncould be accommodated. The yearly expenses are\\n$2,000. The means of revenue are annual mem-\\nbership fees of $1.00, collections in churches, pro-\\nceeds of lectures, and interest on reserve funds.\\nThe property in 1880 was estimated to be worth\\n$15,000.\\nThe principal officers since 1852 have been: first\\ndirectress, 1852-1860, Mrs. John Winder: 1860-\\n1864. Mrs. C. I.Walker; 1864-1878, Mrs. Lewis\\nAllen; 1878, Mrs. A. G. Lindsay 1879- Mr.s.\\nE. C. Bru.sh. Recording secretaries: 1853 and\\n1854. Mrs. A. L. Story; 1855-1860, Mrs. E. M.\\nClark; i860- Mrs. P. E. Curtis. Treasurers;", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0704.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n653\\n1852-1855, Mrs. O. C.Thompson; 1855-1876, Mrs.\\nS. Davis; 1876-1878, Mrs. A.G.Lindsay; 1878-\\nMrs. D. R. Shaw.\\nS/. J/ar/s llospilal.\\nThis hospital, the first in tlie city, was\\nestablished liy four .Sisters of Charity, in an\\nold log- building on the southwest corner of\\nRandolph and Larned Streets. It was opened\\nfor occupants on June 9, 1845, under the\\nname of St. Vincent s.\\nThe first superior in charge was Sister\\nLoyola, who, with Sister Rebecca, became\\nidentified with its history and success; and\\nboth sacrificed their lives in the e.\\\\ercise of\\nduties connected with the hospital. It is\\nproper to mention here, to the lasting credit\\nof their order, that their hospital is the only\\none to which persons with contagious diseases\\nwere ever admitted tliis fact made their\\nname, Sisters of Charity, not a barren\\ntitle, but a blessed and practical reality.\\nSuch patients were, of course, isolated from\\nthe others.\\n-Vfter about five years of service in the\\noriginal location, the Sisters erected a build-\\ning on Clinton Street near St. Antoine and\\nthe name was then changed to St. Mary s,\\nlot running through from Clinton to Mullet Street,\\nwith a frontage of eighty-seven feet, was donated\\nby Mrs. Antoine Beaubien. The building occupied\\nIn this building, for twenty-nine years, the minis-\\ntrations of the Sisters were freely given and thank-\\nfully received. On November 21, 1S79, their pres-\\nThe\\nt.\\nSt, IMakv s Hospital. (Original Building.)\\nent elegant structure, in the same block, but facing\\nSt. Antoine Street, was formally opened. It was\\nerected at a cost of $50,000. on land worth \u00c2\u00a71 5.000,\\nand in 1880 had accommodations for one hundred\\nand thirty inmates. A free dispensatory is\\nmaintained in connection with the hospital.\\nThe old building, which is just back of the\\nnew one, is used for clinical purposes. The\\npatients are mainly received on an order from\\nthe director of the poor, but others are fre-\\nquently accommodated applications for ad-\\nmission are made to Sister Mary Francis, who\\nhas charge of the hospital. The price of\\nboard and attendance is from $4.50 to $10.00\\nper week.\\nVi\\nSf. Aiuiri-co s Sna ctv.\\nSr, .Marv s Hospital. (New Building.)\\nthe entire width of the lot, was fifty-four feet deep,\\nand cost Si 0.000. It was first occupied on Novem-\\nber 6. 1850, and had accommodations for one\\nhundred and fifty patients.\\nA society by this name was in existence\\nin 1835, with A. D. Eraser as president. The\\npresent society, composed of .Scotchmen and\\ntheir descendants, was organized November\\n30, 1849, id incorporated July 2, 1877. Its\\nannual meeting is on November 30, with\\nregular meetings on the first Monday of each\\nmonth. Its object is to relieve natives of\\nScotland, their children, or grandchildren.\\nIt has about one hundred members, each of whom\\npay $2.00 annually as dues.\\nThe chief officers of the organization have been:\\nPresidents: 1850 and 1851, J. L. Lyell; 1852. E.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0705.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "654\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\nAnderson; 1S53, Duncan Stewart; 1854, Robert\\nLinn; 1855, William Adair; 1856, Hugli Moffat;\\n1857, William Barclay; 1S58, George McMillan;\\n1859, James S. Blair; i860. Robert Linn; 1861, V.\\nJ. Scott; 1862, James Black; 1863, V. J. Scott;\\n1864, John Stewart; 1865, John B. Wilson; i856,\\nJames Forsyth; 1867-1870, Nicol Mitchell; 1870,\\nAlexander Mac Adam; 1871, James Anderson;\\n1872, Thomas McGregor; 1S73, John B. Wilson;\\n1874- 1 87S, William Adair; 1878- 1880, John Mc-\\nGregor; 1880^1882, John B.Wilson; 18S2- J.\\nC.Cobb. Treasurers: 1S50-1852, George Kennedy;\\n1852, R. McDonald; 1S53-1868, E. Anderson;\\n1 868- 1 874, R. Hosie; 1874, Thomas Linn; 1875-\\n1S77, John McGregor; 1877- William Lock-\\nhart. Secretaries: 1850-1851, James Black; 1852,\\nJames Cameron; 1853, William Barclay; 1854,\\nJohn Wilson; 1855, George Hutton; 1856-1859,\\nAlexander Reekie; 1859-1861, Peter Young; 1861-\\n1863, A. McLean; 1863-1865, Robert Hosie; 3865,\\nWilliam Buchan 1866, Alexander MacAdam;\\n1867-1871, George T. Gray; 1871, D. T. Corrie;\\n1872, William Gillis; 1 873-1 876, George T. Gray;\\n1876, Andrew Smith; 1877, R. Laidlaw; 1878-1880,\\nJohn Pettie; 1880-1883, Thomas T. McMillan;\\n1883, Robert Lisk.\\nWorkiiigmoi s Aid Society.\\nThis society owns what is known as Arbeiter\\nHall, on the northwest corner of Russell and Cath-\\narine Streets. It was organized September 24,\\n1851, and incorporated February 17, 1867. The\\nhall was dedicated on May 17, 1868. The lots and\\nbuilding cost $32,000.\\nThe annual meeting of the society is on the first\\nTuesday in January. It numbers about five hun-\\ndred members, who pay an initiation fee of \u00c2\u00a715 and\\ndues of $5.00 per year. .\\\\ny able-bodied man of\\ngood character, between twenty-one and fifty years\\nof age, is eligible to membership. The society pays\\nits members $5.00 per week during actual sickness,\\nand $425 to the family on the decease of a member,\\n$300 of which comes from a State organization. In\\ncase the wife of a member dies, $100 is given him.\\nLafaycite Baicrokiif and Mutual Aid Socictv.\\nThe organization of this society dates from Feb-\\nruary 3, 1853. It was incorporated in September,\\n1857, re-incorporated in June, 1863, and again, by\\nspecial Act, in January, 1868. Its annual meeting\\nis held on the third Thursday in June. The Board\\nof Directors, who have general management of the\\nsociety, meet on the first and second Thursdays of\\neach month. It has about one hundred members,\\nwho pay yearly dues of $3.00 each. The mem-\\nbership is confined to persons of French descent\\nor affiliation, and others who speak the French\\nlanguage. Sick members are allowed $5.00 per\\nweek for not more than six months, on the occasion\\nof any one illness and $40 are granted towards\\nfuneral expenses in the event of decease.\\nThe society has a lot and a building on the north\\nside of Gratiot Avenue, between Beaubien and St.\\nAntoine Streets. It is worth about $S.ooo. and was\\npurchased October 4, 1 865, for $3,500. The society\\nspent $2,300 in refitting it, and took possession\\nDecember 1 1, 1865.\\nThe presidents have been: 1S53-1856, Daniel J.\\nCampau; 1856, Charles Domine and Francis X.\\nCicott; 1857, Edward N. Lacroix and Israel I.\\nBeniteau; 1858, Pierre Desnoyers; 1859, Thomas\\nCampau; 1S60, Israel I. Beniteau; 1 861, Edward\\nV. Cicott; 1S62-1865, Edward N. Lacroix; 1865-\\n1867, Francis X. Demay; 1867, Charles J. Dossin;\\n1 868 -1 87 1, Jean B. R. Gravier; 1871, August\\nPaulus; 1S71-1873, Adolphe Gaudron; 1873-1875,\\nJames Goffinet; 1S75-1877, Philip J. D. Van Dyke;\\n1S77-1879, Joseph Belanger; 1879-1SS3, Jacques\\nL. Favre; 1883, C. M. Rousseau.\\nTlsc Industrial School.\\nIn response to a notice read in the several Pro-\\ntestant churches, about sixty ladies gathered at the\\nFirst Congregational Church, on June 2, 1857, to\\nconsider the establishment of an organization for\\nthe special purpose of breaking up the begging\\nfrom house to house by children. At this meeting\\nit was resolved to form a society, and on June 16 it\\nwas fully organized. Its present scope is somewhat\\nlarger than was originally contemplated. Any girl\\nunder fourteen or boy under ten needing clothes\\nand schooling is deemed a proper subject for its\\nbenevolence.\\nIts first rooms were in the upper stories of 26\\nMonroe Avenue; they were opened October 5,\\n1857, with sixteen scholars. Mrs. M. G. Tyler\\nserved as teacher and matron. Within a month,\\nduring which time the school had increased to\\nseventy-nine scholars, the matron was compelled by\\nillness to resign. Mrs. E. M. Sheldon succeeded\\nher, and continued in charge until May i, 1858.\\nThe school was then moved to its present site on\\nthe northwest corner of Washington and Grand\\nRiver Avenues In order to obtain funds for carry-\\ning out its work, cards, with the address and object\\nof the school printed thereon, were sold, to be given\\nto children who solicited alms. This plan was dis-\\ncontinued about 1870. Funds are now obtained\\nfrom membership dues of Si. 00 per year, and from\\nvarious entertainments. Those given under the\\nauspices of gentlemen prominent in the Board\\nof Trade were particularly successful. Among the\\nearly supporters of the society, the name of John\\nHull deserves special mention. For a long period", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0706.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n655\\nof time he gave all the meat needed for the daily\\nmeals of the pupils, aniouiuiiijr to hundreds of\\npounds. Since his death, Thomas Barium has fol-\\nlowed in his footsteps and, year after year, gives\\nlarge quantities of meat.\\nIn 1866 the society purchased for $6,000\\nthe lot and building they were occupying,\\nand in January, 1868, they became a cor-\\nporate body. On June 11, 1879, the old\\nbuilding was put into the hands of work-\\nmen to be demolished, and the school was\\nkept at No. 13 Grand River Avenue until\\nthe present tasteful structure was com-\\npleted. It stands on the old site, cost\\nSi 2,000, and was dedicated on December 9,\\n1879. C.I. Walker and Rev. Z. Eddy made\\nappropriate addresses on the occasion. In\\niSSo the building and lot were estimated\\nto be worth $20,000. The building can\\naccommodate two hundred children. The\\naverage attendance is fifty in summer and\\none hundred in winter.\\nThe society is managed by representatives\\nselected from various Protestant churches.\\nIts annual meeting is on the second Monday\\nof January, and regular meetings are held on the\\nfirst Monday of each month. A teacher and a\\nmatron are constantly employed. The annual cash\\nexpenses of the institution are about $1,500. One\\npractical work as occasion offers. The girls ;ire\\ntaught to prepare vegetables, to wash, scrub, and\\nclean, to set the table and serve as waiters, and\\nfrom 3 to 6 P. M. every day they are taught to sew\\nby ladies who visit the school for that purpose.\\nThe New Industrial School.\\ndaily meal is furnished regular scholars, and good\\nlessons and attendance will procure reward tickets,\\npayable in clothing. In this way nearly two suits\\na year are provided for the children. Boys are\\ntaught to split wood, sew on buttons, and do other\\nUld Industkiai. School Building.\\nSince November, 1866, a Sunday school has been\\nheld in the building, which most of the children\\nattend.\\nThe chief officers have been first directress,\\n1857-1864, Mrs. H. H. Brown; 1864-1868,\\nMrs. \\\\V. A. Butler. Presidents: i858, Mrs.\\nW. A. Butler; 1869, Mrs. G. V. N. Lothrop\\n1870-1872, Mrs. Cleaveland Hunt; 1872-\\n1874, Mrs. Cohn Campbell; 1874- 1877, Mrs.\\nW. G. Henry 1 877-1 884, Mrs. C. Van Husan\\n1884, Mrs. E. H. Butler. Recording secretaries\\n1S57-1862, Mrs. D. B. Duffield; 1862-1866,\\nMrs. Lewis Allen; 1 866-1 S70, Mrs. Cleave-\\nland Hunt; 1870, Mrs. M. H. Webster;\\n187 1- Mrs. John Harvey. Treasurers:\\n1857-1859, Mrs. A. H. Dey; 1859-1866, Airs.\\nS. E. Noyes; 1 867-1 870, Mrs. C. Campbell;\\n1870 Mrs, G. N. Fletcher.\\nS/. Joseph s Retreat (formerly Michigan\\nRetreat for the Insane).\\nThe grounds occupied by this institution\\nwere originally used by the Sisters of Charity\\nfor farm purposes, and convalescents from St.\\nMary s Hospital were sent there to recuperate.\\nSister Mary De Sales has always had charge,\\nand under her direction, on January 25. i860,\\nthe Sisters opened the Insane Department in a large\\nframe building on Michigan Avenue just beyond\\nTwenty-fourth Street, outside the city limits. In i S70\\na brick building was erected at a cost of about\\n\u00c2\u00a720,000. It will accommodate ninety patients, and", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0707.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "656\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTTrUTIONS.\\nis usually nearly full. It receives its funds from\\nfriends of the patients, who pay for their care. The\\ntjrounds embrace twenty-one acres, and the entire\\nproperty, worth about \u00c2\u00a745,000, is owned by the Sis-\\nters in charije. It was incorporated December 27,\\n1870, and reincorporated on November 30, 1883, by\\nthe name of St. Joseph s Retreat. The property at the\\n14U^^\\nw^^W^--.\\n.\u00c2\u00bb.B UM,-\\\\-^M l\\\\J\\nSi. J .)si\u00c2\u00a3i h s RtiiKLAr i-ui; xnii Insane\\nsame time was conveyed to the followins^ trustees\\nSarah Tyler, Mary Reed, Lydia Miller, Elizabeth\\nSweeney, and Margaret C. Mullen. New trustees\\nare elected yearly on the first Tuesday of March.\\n5/. Luke s Ilospilal, Cliurch Hodic and Orphanage.\\nThis institution was incorporated March 16, 1861,\\nand again on .March 31, 1S66. The annual meeting\\nis on the first Tuesday after Easter, and regular\\nmeetings of the E.xecutive Committee are held the\\nfirst Monday in each month. The society had its\\norigin in a bequest of $1,500 made by Mrs. Caniff,\\nwhich at the death of her husband was to revert to\\nSt. Paul s Church as the nucleus for a hospital to be\\ncalled St. Luke s. The further sum of $900, the\\nuse of which she left to three nephews during their\\nlife, was eventually to revert to the hospital. These\\nbequests stimulated the organization of the institu-\\ntion, but no funds were realized therefrom until\\n1878, when the sum of $2,100 was obtained.\\nThe hospit.al was opened in a building on the\\nsouth side of Lafayette Avenue, between Griswold\\nand Shelby Streets, the use of which was donated\\nby Mrs. H. R. Andrews, by lease dated April 29,\\n1864. About $600 were spent in repairs, and on\\nJuly 18, 1864, the hospital was opened for patients.\\nIn order to aid the enterprise, a number of ladies\\nfrom the sevcr.il parishes gave a dinner in Hub-\\nbard s Grove, on July 4, 1865, which netted about\\n$600. The sale of the property on Lafayette Ave-\\nnue necessitated a removal, and on April 3, 1866,\\nthe society was reorganized, and the following\\nmonth took possession of one of the buildings of\\nthe Harper Hospital on Woodward Avenue, and\\nremained there until their ow n building was com-\\npleted. It is located on the south side of Fort\\nStreet West, just beyond Clark Ave-\\nnue. The society, on September 13,\\n1865, purchased a strip of land about\\ntwo hundred and fifty feet wide, ex-\\ntending to the river, a distance of one\\nthousand seven hundred feet, for\\n$8,400. They subsequently exchanged\\nthe river front for a strip adjoining on\\nFort Street, and in 1880 Robert P.\\nToms gave them an additional piece\\nof land which cost him $1,500. They\\nnow have five hundred and fifty feet\\non Fort Street by about nine hundred\\nfeet deep, or nearly nine acres. Their\\nbuilding was erected in 1868 at a cost\\nof $22,500; the corner-stone was laid\\non August 21 of that year. With the\\niu.i.iwi,, grounds, the property is worth $50,000.\\nIn 1880 they had other property,\\nw-orth an additional $50,000. Among\\nthe gifts that largely increased their\\nthat of Henry L. Walker was one of\\nHis will, which was probated Janu-\\nary 29, 1874, gave to the hospital $10,000 of\\nSecond National Piank stock, $7,000 in mortga-\\nges, and a house and lot worth $5,000 on Howard\\nStreet. The bequest was subject to an annuity of\\n\u00c2\u00a7300, to be paid to his invalid sister. She consented\\nto remove to the hospital, where she was hand-\\npossessions,\\nthe largest.\\nSt. Luke s Hosi IT.\\\\l, Church Home and OKriiAN.vt.E.\\nsomely cared for during the three years she lived.\\nHis housekeeper, by the terms of the will, has the\\nuse of the Howard Street house and $300 per year.\\nIn addition to the above, Frank Nevins made a be-\\nquest of $1,500.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0708.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n657\\nIn order to provide greater security for tlic trust,\\nthose who held the property conveyed it on April\\n23, 1 88 1, to the following nine trustees, who were\\nelected for life; H. P. Baldwin, T. H. Eaton, C. C.\\nTrowbridge, E. Lyon, R. P. Toms, T. Ferguson,\\nRobert McMillan, F. E. Driggs, and S. D. Miller.\\nAfter the death of Mr. Trowbridge and Mr. Toms,\\nGeorge H. Minchener and H. C. Parke were elected\\nto the vacant trusteeships. At the time the property\\nwas conveyed to trustees, the scope of the institution\\nwas enlarged to include the care of orphan children.\\nAlthough managed e.\\\\clusively by members of the\\nProtestant Episcopal Church, and intended prim-\\narily as a home and hospital for the aged, sick,\\nand poor of this denomination, persons of all\\ndenominations may be admitted. Some are ad-\\nmitted free, and the charge for other patients, in-\\ncluding medical attendance, ranges up to $7.00 per\\nweek. There is an average of thirty-five inmates,\\nand from fifty to seventy-five can be accommodated.\\nThe annual expenses are about $6,000 very many\\narticles, however, are donated. The institution is\\nmaintained by collections in the several parishes, by\\nmembership fees of \u00c2\u00a72.00 a year, by voluntary dona-\\ntions, and the sums paid by inmates.\\nThe chief officers have been as follows; presi-\\ndents: 1861-1866, Bishop S. A. McCoskry;\\n1866-1873, Henry P. Baldwin; 1873, George S.\\nSwift; 1874-1877, William E. Warriner; 1877-1882,\\nF.E. Driggs; 1882, C. C. Trowbridge 1883-\\nT. H.Eaton. Recording secretaries 1S61-1864, B.\\nVernor; 1864-1S66, A. A. Rabineau 1866-1871,\\nSidney D. Miller; 1871-1873, C. L. Atterbury; 1873-\\n1882, Preston Brady; 1882- George H. Min-\\nchener. Treasurers: 1 861- 1 864, W. Parker 1864-\\n1866, M.W. Field; 1866-1873, A. A. Rabineau;\\n1873, S. D. Miller; 1874- H. P. Baldwin, 2d.\\nThe Detroit Ladies Society for the Support of\\nHebrew Widows anil Orphans in the\\nState of Michigan.\\nThis society was organized in July. 1863, and in-\\ncorporated .March 21. 1865. The annual election is\\nheld on the second Sunday in October. Its aim is\\nto help needy Israelite widows and orphans. It has\\nabout eighty members, who pay quarterly dues of\\n$1.00 each. The society has no building, but pro-\\nvides for the care of its beneficiaries wherever it\\ndeems best.\\nThe chief officers have been: presidents: 1864,\\nMrs. E. .S. Heineman; 1865-1869. Mrs. Fannie\\nHirschman; 1869-1872, Mrs. S. Schloss; 1872-\\n1883, Mrs. E. S. Heineman 1 883- Mrs. Hyman\\nFrank. Secretaries: 1864-1866. Mrs. I. Frankel\\n1866-1868, Mrs. S. L. Knoll; 1868, Mrs. S. Cohen;\\n1869, Mrs. E. F.ppstein; 1870- 1872, Mrs. Hugo\\nHill; 1872-1874, Mrs. E. M. Gerichter; 1874-1879,\\nMrs. I. Frankel; 1879, Mrs. E. Kallman; 1880 and\\n1 88 1, Mrs. R. Karpeles; 1882, Mrs. L. Sloman;\\n1883- Mrs. H. A. Krolik. Treasurers: 1864-\\n1866, Mrs. M. Trounstine 1866-1869, Mrs. B. Prell\\n1869-1872, Mrs. E. S. Heineman; 1872-1876, Mrs.\\nS. Schloss; 1876- Mrs. A. Landsberg.\\nHarper Hospital.\\nThis institution represents one of the largest\\ndonations ever made to any object in Detroit and\\nit is not greatly to the credit of other and more\\nwealthy citizens that one who made most of his\\nriches elsewhere should have given most of the\\nmeans for the establishment of this magnificent\\ncharity.\\nWalter Harper did not hold to his wealth as long\\nas life lasted, but became his own executor, and\\nlived to see his gift of a hospital in active opera-\\ntion. He accumulated his property in Philadelphia\\ncame to Detroit about 1832, and lived here an al-\\nmost unknown citizen for more than a quarter of a\\ncentury preceding the execution of his deed of trust\\nof February 4, 1859. This deed conveyed nearly\\none thousand acres of land, most of it within a few\\nmiles of Detroit, and also three dwellings in Phila-\\ndelphia, to a Board of Trustees, for the purpose of\\nestablishing the hospital which bears his name.\\nThe property was then estimated to be worth about\\n$30,000. The only condition that he made, as to\\nhimself, was that he be paid during life an annuity\\nof $2,000, one half of which was to be devoted\\nyearly to the discharge of a mortgage of $8,500 on\\nthe property until it was paid.\\nOn March 2, 1864, he voluntarily reduced the\\namount of the annuity he was personally to receive\\nto $600 per year. The deed of trust prox ided for\\nthe establishment, in the discretion of the trustees,\\nnot only of a hospital, but of a school, to be organ-\\nized and conducted according to the system of Em-\\nanuel de Fellenberg, as exemplified by institutions\\nat Hofroyl, in .Switzerland, and also in Prussia,\\nthe special object being to afford poor but deserving\\nyouths opportunities of learning the ordinary arts\\nand trades without a long and unsatisfactory ap-\\nprenticeship.\\nAt almost the first meeting of the trustees, on\\nMarch 15. 1859, they received a further accession of\\nproperty in trust. Mrs. Ann Martin, more familiarly\\nknown as Nancy Martin, deeded for the benefit of\\nthe hospital a five-acre lot in Detroit and fifteen\\nacres of land in the Ten Thousand Acre Tract near\\nthe city, the property thus given being then valued\\nat $15,000. By the terms of the gift the hospital\\nwas to be located on the five-acre lot and was to\\nmaintain a lying-in department Mrs. Martin was\\nto have a small house built for her use and to\\nreceive an annuity of $600. On July 1, 1864, she", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0709.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "658\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\ngave an additional three acres, which was only\\npartly paid for, to the hospital, subject to a few lite\\nprivileges. In accordance with the terms of the\\ngifts, a house which cost only S450 was built on the\\nfive-acre lot for the occupancy of Mr. Harper and\\nMrs. Martin. The house was subsequently moved to\\nFremont Street, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a7214, and here both\\nlived until the-death of Mr. Harper, on August 28,\\n1867, after which Mrs. Martin made the hospital\\nher home.\\nThe gift of Mr. Harper was a surprise to the pub-\\nlic, and a greater wonder still was that from Nancy\\nMartin, whom the older citizens remembered as a\\ncoarse, rough-spoken woman, who for many years\\nhad kept a vegetable-stall in the old market, and\\nlived with Mr. Harper as his housekeeper. About\\ntwo years after her first gift, she relinquished the\\nmarket business; and her spirit and manner became\\nFarrand. David Cooper, P rederick Buhl, Buckiiiin-\\nster Wight, A. C. McClraw, and G. IS. Russel.\\nThey organized on February 7. 1859, by electing\\nRev. G. Duffield, D. D., president David Cooper,\\ntreasurer, and D. B. Dutfield, secretary. On the\\ndeath of Dr. Duffield on July 7, 1868, Buckminster\\nWight succeeded him as president and on his de-\\ncease, F. Buhl was chosen president. R. W. King\\ntook the place of Dr. Duffield as a trustee, and on\\nDecember 6, 1S68, became .secretary of the board\\nD. M. Ferry took the place of B. Wight. On the\\ndeath of David Cooper, his son, D. M. Cooper, suc-\\nceeded him as trustee, and on January 12, 1880, suc-\\nceeded Mr. King as secretary.\\nThe annual meeting is on the second Monday of\\nJanuary.\\nDuring the progress of the war with the South,\\non June 13, 1864, and I^eccmber 15, 1865, the trus-\\nHarpek Hospital. (Original Buildings.)\\nmuch more mild and womanly than before. She\\ndied on February 9, 1875. Her portrait and that\\nof Mr. Harper adorn the reception room of the hos-\\npital as the honored founders of one of the most\\nextensive charities in the city.\\nUnder Act of March 20, 1863, the hospital was\\nincorporated on May 4 following. It is managed\\nby a board of seven trustees. The first board\\nwere named in the articles of incorporation, and\\nunless incapacitated were to ser\\\\-e during life, and\\nwere authorized to receive a reasonable compensa-\\ntion for such care and attention as they gave to the\\ntrust. Vacancies in the board can be filled only on\\nnominations made by the first Protestant (Presby-\\nterian) Society, which submits, from time to time,\\nas a vacancy occurs, the names of three persons to\\nthe board, and they decide which of them may serve\\nas trustee.\\nThe first trustees were George Dultield, Jacob S.\\ntees purchased, for $10, 587.50, five acres adjoining\\nthe lot they already possessed on Woodward Ave-\\nnue and the entire tract of ten acres was offered\\nto the Government, rent free, as a site for a military\\nhospital, provided it would put up suitable build-\\nings. The offer was accepted, and eleven buildings\\nwere erected and furnished at a cost of $60,000.\\nOn October 12, 1864, the hospital was ready for\\nuse, and hundreds of sick and wounded .soldiers\\nwere brought here to be nursed. At the close of\\nthe war, on December 12, 1865, the buildings were\\nturned over to the society on the condition that they\\nwould receive and care for discharged, invalid sol-\\ndiers from Michigan. On December 28 following,\\nthe Michigan Branch of the United States Sanitary\\nCommission agreed to pay the hospital $2,000 and\\nsuch other amounts as their funds would admit on\\ncondition that the hospital receive and care for the\\nsoldiers then in the Soldiers Home in the old Ar-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0710.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": ".llARlTABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n659\\nsenal Building on corner of Jefferson Avenue and\\nWayne Street; and on tlie following day twenty\\nsoldiers were removed from the home to the hospi-\\ntal. In 1S83 about a dozen Michigan soldiers were\\ncared for at the hospital, at the expense of the State.\\nThe hospital was opened for ordinary patients in\\nJanuary, 1S66, and up to 18S3 had an average of\\nabout fifty inmates with accommodations for one\\nhundred. The price of board, including medical\\nattendance, ranges from $3.50 to $7.00 per week.\\nThe hospital admits for treatment tliose of all\\nnationalities and religions, and the physicians treat\\nall diseases not contagious. Any person, church,\\nsociety, or association contributing to the treasury\\nof the hospital one thousand dollars or less is\\nentitled to have constantly one patient free of charge\\nin care of the\\nhospital, at the\\nrate of one\\nmonth in each\\nyear for every\\none hundred dol-\\nlars contributed;\\nand contributors\\nof a sum less\\nthan one hun-\\ndred dollars are\\nentitled to pro-\\nportionate privi-\\nleges. Annual\\nsubscribers of\\none hundred dol\\nlars are entitled\\nto have a patient\\non the books,\\nand in the care\\nof the hospital, for eight months of the year for\\nwhich the subscription is made. Subscriptions of\\nseventy-five dollars a year secure a similar privilege\\nfor six months, those of fifty dollars for four\\nmonths, antl those of twenty-five dollars for two\\nmonths. .-Vnnual subscribers of any les.ser sum are\\nentitled to have a patient on the books for a time\\nequal to double the amount of the subscription at\\nthe established rates for pay patients. Any person,\\nchurch, or association paying by successive annual\\nsubscriptions a total sum of one thousand dollars\\nmay claim the privilege of the provision above\\nmentioned.\\nOn December 3, 1S67, a dispensary for the poor\\nwas opened, and on the 7th of January following\\nrules for its management were adopted. It was to\\nbe open from 10 A. M. to 12 M. On February i, 1869.\\nit was transferred to the Medical College established\\nin one of the buildings.\\nAn unexpected and liberal bequest was made to\\nthe hospital by the will of James Thompson, of\\nThe Harper Hosi-it.a\\nAlmont, who died in 1880. He lived alone, and\\nbeing v\\\\ithout relatives, asked a friend, some years\\nbefore his death, what he would recommend him to\\ndo with his means; this friend advised with hini\\nand called the attention of R. W. King to the\\nrequest. Mr. King then wrote to Mr. Thompson,\\nsetting forth the objects and opportunities of Harper\\nHospital, but received no reply to his letter, and the\\nmatter had almost passed from his mind. The\\nbread cast on the waters was, however, not\\nwasted, for in his will Mr. Thompson made the trus-\\ntees of the hospital his residuary legatee, and they\\nderived from his estate the sum of $1 1,225.\\nThe assets of the hospital in 1881 were estimated\\nat $150,000. In 1882 a portion of the property\\nfronting on Woodward Avenue was sold for the\\nsum of $71,566.\\nContracts were\\nthen let for a new\\nbrick building,\\nin the rear of the\\nold grounds\\nfronting on John\\nR. Street. It was\\nenclosed in 1882,\\nand finished dur-\\ning 1 884, the\\ntotal cost footing\\nup about $1 15.-\\n000. The pa-\\ntients were re-\\nmoved from the\\nold building to\\nthe new struc-\\nture on April 12,\\nand tlie hospital\\nt will accom-\\n(Xew Building.)\\nformally opened on June 19, 1884.\\nmodate two hundred and fifty patients.\\nHome of tJic Friendless.\\nThe origin of this institution dates from May,\\ni860, when the Ladies Christian L nion was organ-\\nized. Their first annual report was made on July 8,\\n1861. Soon after the society was organized, Mrs.\\nH. R. Andrews gave the use of a house on Lafayette\\nAvenue, between Griswold and Shelby Streets, and\\nhere, in the summer of i860, she superintended a\\nhome for women who wished to reform.\\nIn December of the same year, largely through\\nthe efforts of Mrs. S. L. Papineau, the home was fully\\nestablished. On Tuesday, February 26, 1862, it was\\nmoved to No. 72, on the east side of Brush Street,\\nbetween Congress and Lamed Streets. Here the\\nsociety continued until May 23, 1863, when they\\nremoved to the north side of High Street, be-\\ntween Woodward Avenue and John R. Street.\\nTheir present capacious and attractive home, on", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0711.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "66o\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\nthe south side of Warren Avenue near Woodward\\nAvenue, was dedicated October 21, 1874. The\\ngrounds cover eight lots, each thirty by one hundred\\nand fifty feet, and were purchased in 1868 for\\n$3,600. Tlie building was erected at a cost of\\n$30,500.\\nIn 1S82 there was a debt on the property of\\n$3,500, which was secured by a mortgage given to\\nthe Thompson Home for Old Ladies, and that\\norganization also held three of the lots originally\\npurchased by the Home of the Friendless; during\\n1 8S3 the inortgage was paid, the lots repurchased,\\nand the organization now controls all of the prop-\\nerty they originally purchased.\\ni M\u00c2\u00bb IT\\nr I -f IE\\nM i\\\\ iff! 1 1\\nlull r Tur FriE* DLE is.\\nIn 1 88 1 the Home of the Friendless received a\\nbequest of $10,000 from Mrs. Fanny Davenport\\nWaterman, and in 1883 the corporation became the\\nresiduary legatee of Mrs. Sarah Irentiss, of Romeo,\\nand received from her estate the sum of $8,430.\\nOriginally the society was somewhat broader in\\nits aim than now. undertaking the care of any\\nwoman who wished to return to a virtuous life.\\nNow the home is maintained rather as a preventive\\nof vice than as a reformatory institution, and there-\\nfore common drunkards, prostitutes, children of\\ndepraved habits, persons bearing the taint of disease\\nor insanity, or who are subject to fits; and also pro-\\nfane or hopelessly idle persons, or those guilty of\\nany flagrant vice, are not received. The change\\nin purpose and in name was made about the time\\nthe institution was moved to High Street.\\nIn order to facilitate the work and to prevent the\\napplication at the home of improper cases, all per-\\nsons seeking admission must apply to some one of\\na reference committee of seven ladies, selected from\\ndifferent parts of the city so as to be easy of access.\\nSuch persons as they recommend are admitted as\\ntransient boarders free of charge. Two members\\nof the committee are changed every two months.\\nIn the year 1866 the society commenced taking as\\nboarders the children of widows and persons in ser-\\nvice. In 1875 the boarding at low rates of single\\nwomen needing a temporary home was also made\\na part of their work.\\nThe president s statement of the work of the\\nsociety in 1881 is as follows\\nThe work of the Home of the Friendless is to care for friend-\\nless and homeless women and children. We average per day\\nthree such women, and twenty children, for whom and from\\nwhom we never receive a penny of compensation.\\nSecondly, we board at a sum that is almost nominal, children\\nwho have one or more parents out at ser\\\\ ice. Also the children\\nof parents where either the mother or father are confined in jails\\nor the House of Correction. Much has been done for such and\\ntheir unhappy parents.\\nThirdly, we board waif and stray old ladies who are dependent\\nupon relatives better able to pay for than to give the care they\\nneed.\\nFourthly, we have a standing contract with the lady managers\\nof the Thompson Home to furnish their Home with light, heat,\\nand water to suppl their table with food, and do their laundry\\nwork, for a specified sum per capita ($2.50 per week).\\nThe association was incorporated on January 6,\\n1863. Its annual meeting is on the first Tuesday\\nin May. The Board of Managers was originally\\ncomposed of twenty-five members, but in 1879 the\\nnumber was increased to thirty, representing all\\ndenominations except the Catholic. In former years\\nthe society elected as vice-presidents twenty or\\nthirty ladies, resident in different parts of the State,\\nand through them received many donations but of\\nlate the practice has fallen into disuse.\\nThe home is now supported by subscriptions of\\n$1.00 a year from all who wish to enroll themselves\\nas members by voluntary donations of money, food,\\nand clothing, and by an annual donation reception.\\nAmong its most generous contributors are many of\\nthe proprietors of the meat and vegetable stalls al\\nthe Central Market, who, since 1862, have filled the\\nHome basket every Wednesday and Saturday\\nwhen brought by boys from the home. The annual\\nexpense of maintaining the home is about $4. 500.\\nThis amount, however, does not include the value of\\narticles donated.\\nOne of the most efficient means of making the\\nhome known to the public. The Home Messenger,\\nwas first issued on December 1. 1868, as a monthly\\npaper. It was temporarily discontinued in Decem-\\nber, 1879, but was revived as a quarterly in March.\\n1882. The society derived some $2,200 revenue\\nfrom the sale of two editions of the Home Messen-\\nger Cook Book, first published in 1873. It was\\ncompiled by :\\\\Irs. Rev. George Duflield ;.nd her\\ndaughter, Mrs. Morse Stewart, and is regarded with\\ngreat favor by those who have used it.\\nThe average number of inmates in the home is\\nsixty-five, and there are accommodations for eighty.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0712.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n66 1\\nGeneral visitors are always welcome, and Thursday\\nis especially set apart for the friends of inmates.\\nSince 1875 a teacher for the children has been con-\\nstantly employed. The principal officers have been\\npresidents: i860- 1862, Mrs. M. H.Webster; 1862-\\n1865, Mrs. Seth Reed; 1865-1867, Mrs. William A.\\nHoward; 1867-1870, Mrs. David Preston: 1870-\\n1875, Mrs. Morse Stewart; 1875, Mrs. W. M. John-\\nson; 1876- Mrs. Morse Stewart. Treasurers:\\n1860-1867, Mrs. W. A. Howard 1867- .Mrs.\\nDavid Carter. Recording Secretaries i860- 1864,\\nMrs. E. M. Oilman; 1864-1866, Mrs. Morse Stew-\\nart; 1866, Mrs. John H. Oriffith; 1867-1870, Mrs.\\nWilliam Oakes; 1870-1S83. Mrs. D. W. Brooks;\\n1883- Mrs. W. C. Duncan.\\nMrs. D. Preston and Mrs. Morse Stewart were\\nelected special trustees in 1863, and continue in\\nthat ofifice.\\n5/. Anihony s Male Orphan Asylum.\\nThis institution, a Roman Catholic asylum, for\\nboys only, is located on the north side of the Gratiot\\nRoad, just outside of the city limits, and about four\\nmiles from the City Hall, on the so-called Church\\nFarm. The grounds embrace ninety-six acres.\\nThe building was opened on May 26, 1867. The\\nentire property is worth $50,000.\\nThe land was deeded by Bisliop Lefevere to a\\nboard of twelve trustees, consisting of two each\\nfrom the following churches Cathedral of St. Peter\\nand St. Paul, St. Ann s, Holy Trinity, St. Patrick s,\\nSt. Vincent de Paul, and Our Lady of Help. The\\ntrustees became a corporate body on January 23,\\n1867,\\nWhile managed by the corporation, the asylum\\nwas conducted by four Sisters of the order of the\\nImmaculate Heart of Mary, from Monroe. By\\narrangement with the Lady Superior, they received\\nSioo a year each and board. Lender the manage-\\nment of the tru.stees, annual collections were taken\\nup in the six churches represented in the board, and\\nthey alone could send orphans to the asylum. Sub-\\nscriptions were also obtained from individuals, and\\nsome moneys were received from the sale of farm\\nproduce. This arrangement did not prove a success,\\nand on January 16, 1877. the corporation was dis-\\nsolved and the property deeded to Bishop Borgess,\\nby whom the institution was placed in the care of\\nlay members of the Franciscan order, and collections\\nin the parishes then became voluntary-. The average\\nnumber of orphans in the asylum is about eighty.\\nAfter the boys reach the age of thirteen they are\\neither bound out or other homes are pro\\\\nded.\\nThe officers of the corporation were Presi-\\ndents: i868-i87i,M. B. Kean; 1871-1874, P. J. D.\\nVan Dyke; 1874-1877, Jeremiah Calnon. Secre-\\ntaries: 1867, Edward Brennan 1868-1870, P. J.D.\\nanDyke; 1870-1875, W. B. iVIoran 1875, George\\nH. Slater; 1876, P.J. D. Van Dyke; 1867-1873,\\nWilliam Buchanan; 1873, A. Chapoton 1874-1877,\\nH. F. Brownson.\\nW flinen s Hospital and Foundlings Home.\\nIt is a noteworthy fact that this institution, as\\nwell as the Home of the Friendless, grew out of\\norganizations called Ladies Christian Unions, one\\nof which was established in i860, and the other in\\n1868. These Unions were originally designed for\\nrather different work than that afterwards pursued,\\nbut both soon found their appropriate sphere in the\\nnoble charities they now carry forward.\\nThe Ladies Christian Union, auxiliary to the\\nCity Mission Board, was organized at the Congrega-\\ntional Church on January 29, 1868. The society\\nheld several meetings without agreeing definitely on\\na particular line of work, but finally, on October 19,\\na proposition was made to establish a Women s\\nHospital and Foundlings Home. The plan met\\nwith favor, and on October 28 a society was organ-\\nized.\\nThe building No. 40 Cass Avenue was rented,\\nand on November 1 1 Miss Eleanor E. Howe, M. D.,\\nwas placed in charge. The incorporation of the\\nsociety took place on June 5, 1869, and on Novem-\\nber 2 of the same year the City Mission Board\\ntransferred its property to this organization. This\\nwas sold and the proceeds used in the purchase of a\\nhouse and lot No. 499 Beaubien Street, costing\\n\u00c2\u00a72,000. A very successful fair, in the fall of 1870,\\nenabled them to complete the payment in full.\\nIn .\\\\pril, 1872, they sold the property and pur-\\nchased five lots on Putnam Avenue, removing tem-\\nporarily to one of the Harper Hospital buildings.\\nIn July following they sold the Putnam Avenue lots\\nand bought a property on the west side of Thir-\\nteenth between Linden and Mulberry Streets. The\\nlots cost $3,000. Here their home was erected at a\\ncost of $14,000, and formally opened on January 20,\\n1876.\\nThe institution is designed to accommodate\\nfoundlings and women about to become mothers.\\nMost of the patients are unmarried, and more than\\ntwo thirds are from other .States or from Canada.\\nAll applications for admission are passed upon\\nby an advisory committee, but no foundlings are\\nsent away. The admission fee for patients is $20,\\nand is reckoned as pavTnent for board at the rate of\\nfrom $3.00 to $10.00 per week, according to size\\nand location of room. While these are the terms,\\nresidents of the State are never refused admission\\nfor want of means, but received without regard to\\ncreed, color, or nationality. The price of board for\\ninfants is from $1.00 to $3.00 per week. The so-", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0713.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "662\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\nciety hope eventually to provide a home for sick\\n])oor, whethe r women or children.\\nThe hospital can accommodate forty women and\\neighty children, and a yearly average of one hundred\\nwomen and one hundred and twenty-tive chiklrcn\\nare cared for. It is supported by membership dues.\\nThe Woman .s Hu.-.iual and Fuu.ndling s Howe.\\nsubscriptions, donations, entertainments, and fees.\\nThe annual expenses, aside from the articles con-\\ntributed, are about $2,500. Since April, 1877,\\nreligious services have been held every Sabbath by\\nMrs. J. E. Foster, librarian of the Young Men s\\nChristian Association; and her ministrations, ren-\\ndered not only at the Home, but afterwards, have\\nproved a blessing to many unfortunate women.\\nOne of the most unique features of this charity\\nhas been its Baby Receptions. The first of these\\nwas held June 10, 1874, when twenty-six little ones,\\ndressed in their best and decorated with ribbons,\\nreceived their friends. Attached to the breast of\\neach child was a card bearing its name and age. It\\nwas a pretty sight, and one that appealed so strongly\\nto compassionate hearts, that at the second recep-\\ntion, in the following December, only one of the\\ntwenty-six remained.\\nThe annual meeting is on the first Tuesday in\\nJanuary. The board is composed of two ladies\\nfrom each of the Protestant churches. The prop-\\nerty is held by eleven trustees. The chief officers\\nhave been: Presidents: 1868, Mrs. R. Hawley;\\n1869-1871, Mrs. L. L. Page; 1871-1876, Mrs. R.\\nHawley; 1876-1878, Mrs^ J. F. Joy; 1878-1881.\\nMrs. J. J. Bagley; i88r- Mrs. J. F. Joy.\\nRecording secretaries: 1868-1871, Mrs. G. M.\\nLane; 1871, Mrs. M. J. E. Millar; 1872-1874, Mrs.\\nF. B. Terry; 1S74-1878, Mrs. G. M. Lane; 1878-\\niSSi. Mrs. Richard Macauley; 1881- Mrs. J.\\nS. Conklin. Treasurers: 1868, Mrs. Z. K. Brock-\\nway; 1869, Mrs. H. R. Andrews; 1870-1873. Mrs.\\nH. Glover: 1873, Mrs. W. H. Bronson 1S74-1876.\\nMrs. J. P. Gilmore; 1876, Mrs. G. N. Fletcher;\\n1877- Mrs. A. W. Rice.\\nHoiisc of Pro-ciidcnce.\\nThis home for destitute and abandoned children,\\nand lying-in hospital for unfortunate and destitute\\nfemales, is conducted by the Sisters of Charity, with\\nSister Mary Stella in charge. It was organized in\\n1869, and incorporated in 1872. It cares for chil-\\ndren until they are six years of age, after which\\ntime they are given for adojition or transferred to\\nan orphan asylum. It has in its care a yearly aver-\\nage of one hundred and ten children and seventy\\nwomen.\\nThe home, opened in August, 1869, was originally\\nsituated on Fourteenth Avenue, between Dalzelle\\nand Marantette Streets. On March 24, 1876, it\\nwas moved to the Old Beaubien homestead, on the\\nnorthwest corner of St. Antoine and Elizabeth\\nStreets. The house is maintained by sums paid\\nfor board and by voluntary donations. The cost of\\nmaintenance, including probable value of contribu-\\ntions of food, is about $4,000 per year. The prop-\\nerty is worth $20,000.\\nThe Evaiu^cUcal Lutheran Orphan ^lid Society.\\nAlthough not located in the city, this institution\\nis practically one of the charities of Detroit. Rev.\\nG. Speckhard was the founder and first teacher of\\nthe society, which was organized March 10, 1873,\\nHntKiE OF Providence.\\nand incorporated on April 5 following. It was\\noriginally located at Royal Oak, where the society\\nprocured twenty-three acres of land. Subsequently\\nit was removed to Norris, where it makes use of\\ntwenty acres of land donated by Colonel Norris.\\nThe building cost $13,500, and was dedicated July", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0714.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n663\\n25. 1S75. The annual meuting is held on the second\\nThursday in March.\\nAny member of Trinity or St. Paul s Lutheran\\nchurches niav be a member of this society. Its par-\\nticular object is to educate orphans and deaf mutes.\\nThe actually destitute are admitted free others pay\\nnot more than S -o eacli per year. Si.xty children\\ncan be accommodated, and the average attendance\\nis thirty-three. The total yearly expenses are about\\n$3,000. Contributions for its support are taken up\\nin the churches. Rev. J. A. Huegli, the first pre-\\nsident, served until March 14, 1878, when he was\\nsucceeded by Rev. C. H. Rohe. In 18S3 Rev. J. A.\\nHuegli was again ser-\\nving. C. H. Beyer,\\nthe first secretary, still\\nremains in office.\\nItalian Be ie7 olent\\nSocirty.\\nThis society was\\norganized April 30,\\n1873, and incorpor-\\nated July 21, 1875.\\nIt holds regular meet-\\nings the second Mon-\\nday of each month.\\nThe officers are elec-\\nted quarterly. It\\nnumbers about thirty\\nmembers, who pay\\nyearly dues of $6.00\\neach. Its special ob-\\njects are to assist\\nmembers in the case\\nof sickness, provide\\nfor funerals in the event of death, and also to assist\\nmembers in obtaining emplo\\\\Tnent.\\nOfficers. Presidents: 1873, P. Palniieri 1874-\\n1877. A. Dondero; 1877, V. Forni 1S78, P. Pal-\\nmicri; 1879, W. DeTomaso; 1880, P. Poh 1881,\\nE. Bartlcy; 1S82, A. Dondero; 1883, John Arcetti.\\nSecretaries: 1873, A. Pnissolino; 1874, P. Palmieri;\\n1875. G. Conti; 1876, P. Palmieri; 1877-1879, P.\\nPoll; 1 879-1 88 1, P. Palmieri; 1881, J. Dondero;\\n18S2, F. Pauli; 1883, G. Martello. Treasurers:\\n1873-1877, V. Forni; 1877, A. Dondero; 1878-\\n1880. V. Forni 1880 and 18S1, A. Dondero; 1882,\\nP. Pauli; 1 883, A. Dondero.\\nThi Little Sistirs Home for the Aged Poor.\\nThe .Sisters in charge of this home were invited\\nhere by Bishop Borgess in 1872. Their first home,\\nthe old Piquette House, on the northwest corner of\\nFort Street and Fourteenth Avenue, was opened\\nMay 20, 1874, with twenty inmates; the use of the\\nbouse was given by its owners. Their present loca-\\nLlTTLE Sisters Hume fuk i he Ageu Poor.\\ntion, embracing the entire block bounded by Scott,\\nHale, Orleans, and Dequindre Streets, was donated\\nby Bishop Borgess, and in 1881 was estimated to\\nbe worth ^5,000. The house was erected r.t a cost\\nof S22,ooo, and occupied on October i, 1876. An\\nadditional building, costing $24,000, was con-\\nstructed, and opened on October 8, 1S82. Two\\nhundred and fifty persons can now be accommo-\\ndated. The funds for these structures were ob-\\ntained from the Catholic bishop and clergy and\\nfrom other benevolent individuals.\\nThe home is maintained without any regular\\nrevenue. The Little Sisters go about, from day to\\nday soliciting the\\nmeans for its support.\\nThe poor of both\\nsexes, and of any re-\\nligious faith, if old\\nand destitute, are re-\\ncei\\\\ ed on the recom-\\nmendation of any of\\nthe Catholic clergy\\nof the State. In 1882\\nthere were one hun-\\ndred and twenty in-\\nmates, sixty-five men\\nand fifty-five women.\\nThe society was in-\\ncorporated December\\n12. 1874. The prop-\\nerty is vested in five\\ntrustees, members of\\nthe order, who are\\nelected at the annual\\nmeeting on the second\\nMonday in January.\\nThe home is conducted by a Mother Superior\\nand eleven Sisters, who do their own work, keeping\\nno servants. Sister Michael the Archangel, the\\nfirst Superior and Superintendent, was succeeded\\nby Sister Marie Claire. Visitors are admitted from\\n1 1 M. to 5 P. M. on week days, and from i to 5\\np. M. on Sundays.\\nThe Thoinpson Home for Old Ladies.\\nThis organization, up to the time of the comple-\\ntion of its own home, made use of part of the\\nbuilding owned by the Home of the Friendless\\nAssociation on Warren Avenue. The institution\\nowes its existence to the beneficence of Mrs. David\\nThompson, who in 1874 contributed the sum of\\n$10,000 in cash as a fund for its establishment.\\nThis money was transferred to the Home of the\\nFriendless for a mortgage of $3. 500 and three lots\\non Warren Avenue; the loan was repaid and the\\nlots redeemed in 1883. In December, 1882, Mrs.\\nThompson made a further donation, purchasing a", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0715.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "664\\nCHARITABLE AND BENEVOLEN T SOCIETIES AXD INSTITUTIONS.\\nlot for the home on the southeast corner of Cass\\nand Hancock Avenues; the lot is one hundred and\\ntwenty-six feet on Cass by one hundred and fifty-\\nfour on Hancock Avenue, and cost $5,900. On this\\nproperty, during 1884, .she completed the erection\\nof an elegant and substantial structure, si.\\\\ty by\\nninety feet, containing forty rooms. The building\\nhas a tower eighty feet high and the entire cost\\nreached fully $32,000, all provided by the generous\\ndonor.\\nA society for the management of the home was\\nincorporated on April 10, 1875. The annual meet-\\ning is on the second Tuesday in January.\\nThe object of the institution is to provide a home\\nforaged women.\\nIn its original\\nlocation it had\\naccommoda-\\ntions for only\\neleven persons,\\nand many appli-\\ncations were un-\\nheeded for want\\nof room. .A\\nCommittee on\\nApplication i^\\nannuallyelected.\\nand no person is\\nreceived into the\\nhome as an in-\\nmate without re-\\ncommendation\\nfrom this com-\\nmittee, nor ex-\\ncept on their\\norder. No per-\\nson is admitted\\nwho has not re-\\nsided in Michi-\\ngan during the\\nten years pre-\\nceding her application, unless by the unanimous\\nvote of not less than sixteen of the managers pres-\\nent at a regular meeting. Persons under sixty years\\nof age are not admitted either as boarders or pen-\\nsioners, unless by a vote of two thirds of the whole\\nnumber of managers. All candidates for admission\\nmust furnish satisfactory testimonials of the respec-\\ntability of their character and the propriety of their\\nconduct. Pending admission, each person is re-\\nceived on a probation of three months, after which\\ntime the Board of Managers acts definitely on the\\ncase, and if not confirmed as a permanent inmate,\\nthe admi.ssion fee, which is not less than $300, after\\ndeducting board at the rate of three dollars per week,\\nis returned.\\nThe business of the corporation is controlled and\\nThe Thompson Home.\\nmanaged by a board of thirty-two trustees, who,\\nwith the other officers, must in all cases be ladies\\nbelonging to or attending the Protestant churches\\nof the city. The trustees elect the officers from\\ntheir own number. The thirty-two trustees named\\nin the articles of incorporation were divided into\\nfour classes of eight persons each, and one of these\\nclasses goes out of office every year.\\nThe annual expenses are about $1,500, and the\\nhome is supported by donations and interest on the\\nadmission fees. The officers have been\\nPresidents: i875-i877,Mrs. David Preston; 1877-\\nMrs. David Thompson. Secretaries: 1875-\\n1882, Miss E. P. Kirby; 1882, Mrs. J. S. New-\\nberry; 1883-\\nMiss E. P.\\nKirby. Treas-\\nurers: 1875-\\n1 880, Mrs. John\\nS. Newberry\\n1880- ,Mrs.\\nR. G. Evans.\\nThe Working\\noman s\\nHome.\\nThe begin-\\nning of this or-\\nganization dates\\nfrom March 7,\\n1877, at which\\ntime the first\\nmeeting in re-\\ngard to it was\\nheld in the hall\\nof the Young\\nMen s Christian\\nAssociation. Its\\nconstitution was\\nadopted April\\n26, officers were\\nelected May 4, and the society was incorporated\\non December 3, 1877.\\nThe annual meeting is on the first Monday in\\nApril. Twenty lady trustees, who must be mem-\\nbers of Protestant churches, elect the officers and\\nalso the executive committee of five ladies, who\\nmeet weekly. The home was opened on May 28,\\n1S77, in a portion of the Haigh Block on Jefferson\\nAvenue. It was afterwards moved to No. 41 Con-\\ngress .Street West; then, on June 6, 1 881, to No.\\n/\u00e2\u0096\u00a08, north side of the same street, and on April 25,\\n1883, to No. 120 Ca.ss Street. It is designed to\\nafford a safe and respectable boarding place for\\ngirls and women who are temporarily out of em-\\nployment, and has an average of twenty-one board-\\ners paying at the rate of $2.00 per week. Girls", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0716.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\n665\\nemployed in stores and shops, whose homes are far\\nfrom their places of business, find here a pleasant\\nresting place and a good dinner for the small sum\\nof fifteen cents. In connection with this work an\\nintelligence office is maintained, which, from the\\nfirst, has been wonderfully useful. Applicants for\\nMarsh; 18S3, Mrs. J. B. IMoss; 1884-\\nA. Chaney.\\nMrs. H.\\n/^i \\\\i, iii.iii\\\\N Asylum, Springwells.\\nhelp pay fifty cents those seeking places pay fees of\\ntwenty-five cents each, and these sums do much\\ntowards sustaining the institution. No recommen-\\ndations are given or required other than such as\\nordinary good judgment would dictate. During\\nthe year 1883 eight hundred and twenty-three\\nwomen were provided with steady employment, and\\na large number with occasional work.\\nIn addition to supplying help in the city, hundreds\\nof girls have been rescued from temptation by being\\nsent to various parts of the State when thus sent\\nout of the city, both their character and that of the\\nplace to which they go are carefully investigated.\\nThe annual expenses of the home are about\\n$2,000 and it is the aim of the .society to make it\\nself-sustaining.\\nThe following ofiicers have sen-ed: Presidents:\\n1877, Mrs. J. J. Bagley; 1878, Mrs. D. M. Rich-\\nardson; I S79, Mrs. L. B. Austin; 1880, Mrs. J. B.\\nMulliken; 1881-1884, Mrs. W. F. Linn; 1884-\\nMrs. J. B. Mulliken. Corresponding Secretaries:\\n1S78, Mrs. M. J. E. Millar; 1879, Mrs. L. B. Austin;\\n1880, Mrs. W. F. Linn; 1881, Mrs. J. B. Mulliken;\\n1882-1884, Mrs. M. H. Marsh; 1884- Mrs. H.\\nGardner. Recording Secretaries 1S77, Mrs. J. N.\\nFuller; 1878, Mrs. S. Nay; 1879-18S2, Miss A. M.\\nHarrah; 1882, Mrs. H. N. P. Blodgett; 1883. Mrs.\\nH. A. Chaney; 18S4- Miss Emma Hayward.\\nTreasurers: 1877, J. B. H. Bratshaw; 1S78 and\\n1879, G. W. Hoffman; 1880, Mrs. Ira D. Bush;\\n1881, Miss Gertrude Banks; 1882, Mrs. M. H.\\n/,oar Orphan Asylum of Z/ on Gmnaii Rcfnrmcd\\nChurch.\\nThis asylum was incorporated in 1880, and\\nestablished in 1 88 1, by the church above named.\\nIts grounds consist of thirty lots in Springvvells on\\nHarvey Street, between the River Road and Fort\\nStreet. They cost $5,500; the building cost $2,336,\\nand was opened April i. 1882. In January, 1883,\\nits inmates were fifteen orphans and three widows.\\nThe Detroit Day Xiirscry and Kindergarten\\nAssociation.\\nThis society was organized and incorporated No-\\nvember 21, 1 88 1, chiefiy through the efforts of Mrs.\\nE. C. Preston. The object is to provide a place\\nwhere children from infants up to si.\\\\ years old can\\nbe cared for and taught while their parents are at\\nwork, on payment of five cents a day for each child.\\nFurther amounts necessary to sustain the institu-\\ntion are obtained by membership fees of $2.00 per\\nyear and voluntary donations from those favoring\\nthis practical charity. Luther Beecher gave the\\nsociety Lots 1 7 and 1 8 on the north side of Church\\nStreet at head of Tenth, valued at about $2,500, and\\nin 1882 a brick building costing $5,000 was erected\\nthereon. It was formally opened on January 18,\\n1883.\\nit3^4irBli\\n,F\\n.-^-vijtft^\\nDetkoit Day Nursery and Kindergarten I!uiluing.\\nThe first trustees were Mrs. Newell .A. very. Mrs.\\nZ. Eddv, Mrs. Jefferson Wiley, Mrs. D. M. Richard-\\nson, Mrs. D. V. Bell, Mrs. C H. Buhl, Mrs. W. N.\\nHaillman. Mrs. H. E. Champion, Mrs. William\\nKeavey, Mrs. M. H. Marsh, Mrs. E. C. Preston, and\\nMr. Hoyt Post.\\nThe first officers of the society were President,\\nMrs. E. C. Preston Vice-President, Mrs. George H,", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0717.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "666\\nCHARITABLE AND 15ENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.\\nHammond Secretary, Mrs. \\\\V. 11. Anthony Treas-\\nurer, Mrs. H. E. Champion. All the above were in\\noffice in 1883.\\nConvent of tlic Good SlicpJwrd.\\nThis institution was inaugurated on November\\n22, 1883. by five Sisters of the Order of the (iood\\n-Shepherd, who arrived here from St. Louis on that\\nday. In anticipation of their arriv-al the property\\nknown as the Ward residence at No. 792 Fort Street\\nWest, near Nineteenth Street, was purchased at a\\ncost of \u00c2\u00a724,000. The object of the institution is to\\nCatholic Convent of the Order of the Good Shepherd\\nreclaim fallen women and to rescue those in danger\\nof .going astray.\\nRoman Catholic Beneficial Societies.\\nThere are si.x of these organizations, with about\\none hundred members each, except the Hibernian,\\nwhich has nearly three hundred, The members\\npay monthly dues of from 25 to 50 cents. I he\\nsocieties afford relief to their members in sickness,\\nand also, to .some extent, relieve the widows and\\norphans of deceased members.\\nSt. Patrick s Society was organized in 1S36, reor-\\nganized in 1857, again on March 7, 1867, and for\\nthe third time on March 6, 1872.\\nSt. Joseph s was organized in i S47, and incorpor-\\nated June 6, I S64.\\nSt. Jean Baptiste was organized in 186R, and\\nincorporated November 20, 1871.\\nSt. Vincent De Paul was organized November 3,\\n1868, and incorporated January i, 1869.\\nThe Hibernian Society was organized August 6,\\n1 87 1, and incorporated November 9, 1873.\\nSt, Boniface Society was organized in June, 1872.\\nDetroit Association of Charities.\\nThe list of charitable institutions may well be\\nconcluded with this society, which co-operates with\\nand seeks to make more effective the work of all\\nthe others. In 1 883 fifty-two different churches and\\ncharities availed themselves of its knowledge and its\\nmethods.\\nThe special object of the association is to prevent\\nimposition, repress street begging, and to better\\nthe condition of the honest and deserving poor. It\\nseeks to assist charitable societies and the public\\ngenerally to direct their benevolence into channels\\nwhere it will do good rather than harm. To this\\nend the association investigates the cases of all\\napplicants for relief who may appeal to citizens,\\nchurch societies, charitable institutions, or city offi-\\ncers. The city is divided into convenient districts\\nfor investigation, with an office and committee for\\neach district, and a central office at 10 Merrill Block.\\nThe association undertakes to furnish suitable em-\\nployment to those in need of work, and gives orders\\nfor meals and lodgings, v\\\\hich are good only\\nwhen endorsed by the police officer in charge of\\nthe central station. Professional beggars and\\ntho.se unworthy of aid are thus detected, as all\\napplicants are brought under the eye of this one\\nofficer.\\nBy the efforts of the association, a law providing\\nfor the punishment of those who purposely neglect\\nto provide for their families, was passed, and its\\ninfluence has been salutary in many cases. The\\nexpenses for 1SS3 were $2,067, obtained chietly\\nfrom sub.scriptions.\\nThrough the influence of the society, the owners\\nof the steamer Carrie Blood, and the Detroit, Wind-\\nsor, and Belle Isle Ferrj Company during 1883\\ndonated the use of their boats to inmates of ayslums\\nand charitable institutions for several excursions on\\nthe river.\\nIn 1S83, 2,236 cases were brought to the notice of\\nthe association work was obtained for 1 ,2oy persons,\\nand the needs of nil looked after.\\nThe society was first e.stablished in 1878, largely\\nthrough the efforts of Mrs. Morse Stewart. It was\\nreorganized on April 22, 1880. The presidents have\\nbeen: 1878-18S0, C.eorge C. Langdon 1880-1881,\\nL. L. Barbour; 1S82, C. C. Trowbridge 1883-\\nG. V. N. Lothrop. The secretaries have been\\n1S78-1S80, W. H. Smith; 1880- 1883, John Stirling;\\n1S83- R. R. Elliott.\\nThe total value of the property of the various\\nprivate charitable and philanthropic institutions\\nreaches fully $650,000, and the total yearly expenses\\nfoot up about $35,000, nearly 1,000 persons being\\ncared for.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0718.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "PART IX.\\nLITERARY.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0719.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0720.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXIX.\\nEARLY METHODS OF PUBLISHING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE FIRST NEWSPAPERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE NEWSPAPER\\nGRAVEYARD.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS. \u00e2\u0080\u0094CITY\\nPRINTERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NEWSBOYS.\\nEARLY METHODS OF PUBLISHING.\\nThe publishing conveniences of early days were\\nfew indeed. Notices at first were left at the door\\nof every house, and in the time of the Pontiac War\\nwere nailed to the church door. A few years after,\\nthe town crier made his appearance an old account\\nbook shows that that position was filled by Thomas\\nWilliams, who, on January 25, 1781, is credited eight\\nshillings for publishing to bring in straw, and on\\nAugust 12 the estate of Jacques St. Martin is\\ncharged by A. W. Macomb with fourteen shil-\\nlings, paid to Thomas Williams for drum-beating\\nand publishing. The drum was evidently used to\\nattract attention to the notices.\\nIn still later days other methods were in use; and\\nTheophilus Mettez, who was a publisher of religious\\nbooks, became also the general publisher of news.\\nIt will be remembered that about 1809 the in-\\nhabitants were chiefly French, and could not have\\nread an English paper, even had one been issued,\\ntherefore some other method of making public\\nannouncements became necessary. No occasion\\ncalled more people together or afforded better\\nopportunities for notices than the weekly services at\\nSt. Anne s. Friend Mettez, the printer and book-\\nbinder of that period, was equal to the demand of\\nthe times; at the close of service in St. Anne s, he\\nwould change his acolyte dress for his regular habit,\\nstation himself at one side of the edifice, and, from\\nSunday to Sunday, announce the entertainments\\nof the coming week and other events that were to\\noccur. In this way due notice was given of the\\nraces on the Rouge, the auction sales of merchan-\\ndise, and of all the current events of that primitive\\nperiod. Tradition says that an Episcopalian lay\\nreader. William McDowell Scott, was accustomed,\\nat the close of his services, to announce the time\\nand place of the ne.xt fox-hunt. The publication of\\none kind of notices by criers is within the memory\\nof many persons. Before the present police system\\nwas established, when a child was lost a crier went\\nthrough the city ringing a bell and at inter\\\\^als rais-\\ning the cry, Child lost! Child lost! a cry that\\nalwavs startled and alarmed.\\nTHE FIRST NEWSP.APERS.\\nIn the parts of Canada governt;d by the French\\nno printing of any kind was allowed to be done.\\nThe English settlements were supplied with papers\\nat a very early date. Within three years after Hali-\\nfa.\\\\ was founded, namely on March 23, 1752, the\\nfirst number of a paper called The Halifa.x Gazette\\nwas issued. This was the first newspaper published\\nin what is now known as Canada. It was a four-\\npage sheet, of two columns to a page, and was\\nprinted by John Bushnell.\\nThe next paper issued in Canada was called The\\nQuebec Gazette. Volume i, Number i, is dated\\nJune 21, 1764. It started with a list of one hundred\\nand fifty subscribers and was printed in both French\\nand Eriglish.\\nWest of the AUeghanies the earliest paper was\\nThe Gazette, issued at Pittsburgh by John Scull\\nand Joseph Hall. The first number was dated\\nJuly 29, 1786. A little more than a year afterwards,\\non .August II, 17S7, John Bradford issued the first\\nnumber of The Kentucke Gazette at Lexington. It\\nwas published for many years. It is said that a\\npaper was also published at Knoxville in 1793. The\\nfirst paper which appeared north and west of the\\nOhio was called The Centinel of Northwest lerri-\\ntory, and was published by William Maxwell at\\nCincinnati. No. i was issued November 9, 1793.\\nIt was a half sheet, quarto form. It was piu chased\\nin 1796 by Edward Freeman, who changed its\\nname to Freeman s Journal. He is said to have\\nprinted it on paper made at or near Cincinnati. The\\npaper was finally published at Chillicothe.\\nThe Sciota Gazette was published at Chillicothe\\nin 1800 by Nathaniel Willis, the father of N. P.\\nWillis, Fanny Fern, and Richard Storrs Willis. In\\n1 799 there was published a paper called The West-\\nern Spy and Hamilton Gazette. In 1823 its name\\nwas changed to National Republican and Ohio\\nPolitical Register, and the same year it was merged\\nwith Freeman s Journal. On December 9, 1804,\\nThe Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury first\\nappeared. It was published for eleven years, and\\nthen united with The Cincinnati Gazette, which was\\n[669]", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0721.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "670\\nTHE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\nestablished in 1806. In 1808 a paper was pablislietl\\nat V^ncennes, and The St. Louis Republican and\\nThe Missouri (iazette are said to have been pub-\\nlished the same year at St. Louis. The Pittsburi^h\\nCommonwealth: a paper which paid special attention\\nto news from Detroit, was first issued on July 24,\\n1805, and was published as late as May, 1809.\\nTHE NEWSP.\\\\I EK GR.WEVAUl).\\nThe newspaper history of Detroit abundantly\\nillustrates these lines of an old hymn\\nDangers stand thick through all the ground\\nT o push lis to the tomb.\\nSince 1809 the city has witnessed the rise and fall\\nof one hundred and eighty-one different and dis-\\ntinct literary ventures in the way of papers and\\nmagazines. The first of these was\\nTlie Mit/ii\\\\;an Essiiy or Impartial Obsen L-r.\\nIt is said that history repeats itself. As to this\\npaper, that which is neither history nor fact has\\nbeen repeated over and over again, one person\\nafter another having copied the misstatements of\\nsome predecessor. As a sample of a score of other\\nstatements I quote the following:\\nThe Essai du Michigan or Ubservateiir Impartial\\nwas first issued by Father Gabriel Richard, James M.\\nMiller being the printer. It was printed mainly in French, but\\nhad an English department.\\nIn collecting materials for the history of Detroit\\nI found in Worcester, Massachusetts, Volume I,\\nNumber I, of this, the first paper ever issued in\\nMichigan I had [iliotographs taken of its four pages,\\nand they show that this identical number has a\\nhistory of its own. It was sent to Isaiah Thomas\\nof Worcester, author of the first History of Print-\\ning published in America. On the margin is the\\nfollowing\\nUtica, N. v., August 5, 1810.\\nMr. Thomas\\nSir,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I send you this paper, published by a friend of niine, to\\ninsert in your History of Printing. If he sees your advertise-\\nment he will send yuu more, perliaps, of later dale.\\nYour obedient servant,\\nC. S. McCu.NNELL.\\nThe paper was undoubtedly printed on a small\\nhand-press brought overland to Detroit from ISalti-\\nmore by the Rev. Gabriel Richard, and one or more\\nbooks were printed before the paper was issued.\\nFather Richard, however, was not the publisher,\\nand his name nowhere appears in the paper. It is\\ndistinctly stated at the head that it is printed and\\npublished by James M. Miller. It is dated .Vugust\\n31, 1S09; was to be published every Thursday, and\\nhas four columns to a page, each page being i by\\n16 inches. The title is not in French, and instead of\\nbeing printed mainly in that language, but one and\\na half columns out of the sixteen are in French, not\\none tenth of the paper.\\nThe make-up consists of articles from the London\\nMorning Chronicle, Liverpool Aurora, New York\\nSpectator, Pittsburgh Commonwealth, Boston Mir-\\nror, and items credited to Baltimore and Dutch\\npapers. There are also extracts from Young s\\nNight Thoughts and from Ossian; three short\\npoems on Evening, Happiness, and Futurity a\\ncommunication on Manufactures, and short prose\\narticles on Politeness, Early Rising, and Husbandry.\\nThe information from Europe is from four to fi\\\\ e\\nmonths old, and that from various parts of the\\nUnited States was new from four to six weeks before\\nits publication in the Essay. There are no local items\\nof any sort whatever, and of course no telegraphic\\nor market news, and but one advertisement, that\\nof St. Anne s School. In the only article at all of the\\nnature of an editorial, the public are respectfully in-\\nformed that the Essay will be conducted with the\\nutmost impartiality; that it will not espouse any\\npolitical party, but fairly and candidly communicate\\nwhatever may be deemed woithy of information,\\nwhether foreign, domestic, or local and gentlemen\\nof talents are invited to contribute to our columns\\nwhatever they suppose will be acceptable and bene-\\nficial to the public, yet always remembering that\\nnothing of a controversial nature will be admis.sible.\\nElsewhere in the paper the publisher announces\\nthat he proposes to print several works, such as\\nNine Days Devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus;\\na Manual of .Agriculture; cards of small pictures for\\nthe study of history, geography, etc. and a Cyclo-\\npedia of Anecdotes for children.\\nThe price of the paper was $5 a year to city\\nsubscribers, I4.50 by mail to residents of Upper\\nCanada and Michigan, and I4 to more distant sub-\\nscribers. Advertisements not exceeding a square\\nwere to be 50 cents for the first, and 25 cents for\\neach subsequent insertion.\\nAfter the facts concerning this paper had been\\nbrought to light three additional copies were found.\\nOne of them was obtained by H. E. Baker, of The\\nPost and Tribune, from Thomas Lee, of Leeville, in\\nwhose possession it had been for nearly fifty years;\\nthe other was found by William Mitchell, of Detroit,\\namong a lot of old papers. Both of these copies\\nare duplicates of the one already described. A\\nfourth copy of the same issue is known to have been\\nin the collection of the old Detroit Museum, and\\nstill another copy of Volume I, Number 1, is known\\nto be in existence. It thus appears that the only\\ncopies that have ever been described, or that any\\nliving person has seen, were of Volume I, Number\\nI, and no authentic statement has ever been made\\nthat more than one number was issued. Brown s", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0722.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "THE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\n671\\nCampaigns of tile Weslern Army says, Only\\nthree numbers were issued; but from the connection\\nin which this statement appears, it is evident that it\\nwas made merely to indicate that the paper was\\nshort-liv cd, and not to fix definitely the number of\\nissues. It is doubtful whether more than one num-\\nber was printed. Mr. Miller, the publisher, came\\nhere from Utica, and died at Ithaca, New York, in\\nthe spring of 1838.\\nThe second paper published in Michigan was\\nThe Diiroit Gazette,\\na weekly, i.ssued by Sheldon Reed. Its publica-\\ntion was continued without intermission for nearly\\nthirteen years, and fortunately nearly every number\\nhas been presenxd.\\nIt was a Democratic paper, and established at the\\nsuggestion and under the patronage of Governor\\nCass. The first number was issued on July 25,\\n1 817. The price was S4.00 a year to city subscrib-\\ners and Sj-jO when sent by mail. It was printed in\\nthe old Seek House, near Wayne Street. Its situa-\\ntion was then described as being on Atwater\\nStreet, a few doors above the public wharf. In\\nOctober, 1818, it was moved to a small wooden\\nbuilding on Griswold Street, just below Jefferson\\nAvenue. The print measured 9^ by 16;^ inches,\\nmade up in four columns. The type was bourgeois\\nand long primer, evidently second-hand. The press\\nused was one of Ramage s, and as the platen was\\nonly half the size of the sheet, it required two pulls\\nto make a complete impression. On the last page\\na few of the mere important articles were repro-\\nduced in French.\\nOccasionally the type-cases were overtaxed, and\\nthe number for October 18, 1822, gives the names\\nof signers to a call for a public meeting in so many\\nkinds and sizes of type that one might imagine that\\nthe compositor had just returned from a wake.\\nThat publishers had their tribulations then as\\nnow is evidenced by a notice in The Gazette for\\nSeptember 11, 1818. After warning the people\\nagainst a person who had defrauded them, the pub-\\nlishers say\\nCitizens who have been wronged by scoundrels h:ive uuly to\\nsend a notice of their wrongs and the name of the scoundrel to\\nthis office in order to put the public on guard. Such notices will\\nbe published gratis.\\nIn the last number of the paper, printed on .-\\\\pril\\n22, 1830, this notice appears:\\nSome light-fingered gentleman entered our office and took\\nfrom thence a double-cased silver watch with a steel chain and\\ntwo gold seals and a key The man who would steal from a\\nprinter ought to be compelled to drive a snail through the Black\\nSwamp to Boston in dog-days, and suck a dry sponge for nourish-\\nment.\\nAn editorial of July 14, 1820, shows that they had\\nother perplexities. It says\\nWe have in the city of Detroit Sj subscribers at River Raisin,\\n17; in other parts of the Territory, ig total, ii8 subscribers in\\nMichigan Territory 2 sub-scribers in Upper Canada, and jZ in\\ndifferent parts of the Union. Total subscribers, 152. Not one\\nof the advertisements have been paid for, and only 90 subscribers\\nhave paid for the paper.\\nPossibly in order to get their pay more readily,\\nthe price was reduced the next year to S3.\\nThe following extract from the Carrier s Address\\nof January i, 1822, is suggestive\\nDetroit, thy little capital.\\nThy little villages likewise,\\nIn miniature shall mimic all\\nThat mankind see beneath the skies.\\nAmbition still shall find the means\\nTo show capacity of sconce\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\nd Council House shall furnish scenes\\nFor those who spout for fame or pence.\\nStill shall delicious whttefish run\\nIn millions through our noble strait\\nAnd many a daughter, many a son,\\nUe born to bless our future State.\\nFoolish quarrels, friendly greetings\\nWill be numerous as ever;\\nAnd weddings, dinners, births and meetings\\nShall make, at times, all sorts feel clever.\\nIn Julv, 1828, The Gazette was leased to H. L.\\nBall for nine years John P. Sheldon became editor,\\nand January, 1829, witnessed the beginnings of\\nwhat is doubtless the most remarkable event in the\\nhistor\\\\ of the press of Michigan. A man named\\nJohn Reed had been convicted of larceny in the\\ncircuit court of Wajme County. When the jury\\nwas being drawn for trial of the case he challenged\\none of the jurors for cause, but his challenge was\\noverruled, and he had to make use of his statutory\\nright of peremptory challenge in order to have the\\nobjectionable juror dismissed. It was not claimed\\nthat any of the other jurors were objected to. The\\nobjectionable juror did not sit. The prisoner had\\nno occasion to use his remaining right of peremp-\\ntory challenge, and the trial was conceded to have\\nbeen fairly conducted. Nevertheless the Supreme\\nCourt, in January, granted Reed a new trial on the\\nground that he had been illegally compelled to\\nexhaust one of his rights of peremptory challenge.\\nOn January 8, 1S29, after the adjournment of the\\ncourt, Mr. Sheldon published an article in his paper\\nheaded, Progress of the Perfection of Reason in\\nMichigan. The first paragraph said\\nThe Supreme Court of the territory terminated its December\\nsession last week. .\\\\s usual there was but little business done,\\nand a portion of that little, we are led to believe, was but poorly\\ndone.\\nThen followed nearly a column of what would, in\\nthis day, be deemed a mild criticism of the action", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0723.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "672\\nTHE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\nof the court in granting a new trial of the case\\nnamed. This article was followed in subsequent\\nissues by others of the same import.\\nFor these articles, on March 5, Mr. Sheldon was\\narrested for contempt of court, and fined $100. E.\\nA. Brush and E. 1 Hastings offered to pay the\\nfine, but Mr. Sheldon refused to accept their offer,\\nand was committed to jail.\\nOn the evening of the same day a public meeting\\nto consider the subject was held at the Mansion\\nHouse, a noted old hotel on Jefferson Avenue near\\nCass Street. Major Kearsley was called to the\\nchair, with H. V. Disbrow as secretary. Resolu-\\ntions condemning the action of the judges were\\npassed and a committee was apjjointed to take up\\nsubscriptions to pay the fine, in sums of not more\\nthan i2 /z cents from each person.\\nMeantime arrangements were being made for a\\npublic dinner to be given in the jail in honor of Mr.\\nSheldon, and on May 7, 1829, for the first and only\\ntime in .Michigan, a prisoner in jail was tieated to a\\ncomplimentary dinner. Nearly three hundred persons\\nwere present, John Garrison was chairman, and\\nJudge, John McDonnell and Louis Davenport were\\nvice-presidents. When it is remembered that the\\nentire population of Detroit, a year later than this\\ntime, numbered only two thousand two hundred\\npersons, it will be seen that nearly every adult male\\nin the city must have been present at this dinner,\\nand the jail, which then occupied the site of the\\npresent public library, was filled to overflowing.\\nThe meeting was both serious and hilarious. Songs,\\ntoasts, and speeches were the order of the day. and\\nthe old jail rang and rang again with the cheers of\\nthe gathered throng. The first toast, for John P.\\nSheldon, was offered by Major Kearsley the sec-\\nond, The I^ress, by D. C. McKinstrv and the\\nthird, Liberty of speech and of the [jress guaran-\\nteed to every citizen by our laws and constitution\\na jury must decide on the abuse of either, was\\noffered by John P arnier. These toasts were suc-\\nceeded by a dozen others of simil.ir character.\\nMr. Sheldon remained in jail nine days, and dur-\\ning his imprisonment wrote se\\\\eral articles fur his\\npaper dated Wayne County Jail. On March 14,\\nthe tine having been raised, a committee, accom-\\npanied by a large number of citizens, waited on him\\nat the jail with a carriage, and went with him to the\\nMansion House, whence, after a luncheon, he de-\\nparted for Oakland County, where his family re-\\nsided.\\nOn April 23, Mr. Sheldon retired from the edi-\\ntorial chair and was succeeded by Ebenezer Reeil.\\nFor se\\\\-eral weeks after, the paper was filled with no-\\ntices from eastern papers concerning the affair, with\\ncomments on the action of the judges. All this\\nadvertising, however, failed to make the paper pay.\\nand on October 1, this lamemation appeared in its\\ncolumns\\nOur subscription list in Michigan bears no proportion to the\\nnumber of subscribers we have in other States. Foreign subscri-\\nbers pay in advance, while those in Michigan pay or never pay, as\\nit may chance to suit their f\u00c2\u00bbncy. Sometimes we get a pijj or a\\nload of pumpkins from them, and once in a great while there is a\\nman of mettle who pays cash for his paper.\\nThe last number of the paper was issued on April\\n22, 1830, the press and printing material being en-\\ntirely destroyed by fire four days later. The fire\\nwas set by a printer named Ulysses G. Smith, who\\nwas imprisoned for the offense.\\nOn June 17 it was announced that the paper\\nwould be re-established in about twenty days, but\\nthey must have been days of the Rip an Winkle\\norder, for it never reappearctl.\\nThe names of subsequent newspaper ventures in\\nthe order of their establishment are as follows\\nT/w Muliii^an Herald\\npublished by H. Chipman and Joseph Seymour. It\\nprofessed to be neutral, but really favored the\\nWhigs. It was a weekly at $3.00 a year. The\\nfirst number was issued May 10, 1825, and the last,\\nApril 30, 1829.\\nThe Gazette FrniK^aise.\\nThis, the first French paper published in the\\nTerritory, was issued from the Gazette office E.\\nReed, editor. It was in octavo form, issued the\\nfirst and third week of each month, at $1.50 per\\nyear. olume I, Number I, was dated October 31,\\n1825, and contained this suggestive editorial\\nThe editor requests the patrons of the Gazette to recollect that\\nthis is only a venture, and it depends a great deal upon their\\ngenerosity if he will c intinue or not. They must not borrow the\\nGazette from their neighbors. If they wish the editor to con-\\ntinue to publish, they must all subscribe.\\nAt least three numbers of the paper were issued.\\nThe Detroit Telei;raph.\\n.K paper with the above title was issued in Sep-\\ntember, 1S29; it was probably short-lived.\\nTlie Herald of Literature and Science,\\na small quarto, was issued by the Detroit Debating\\nSociety as a monthly, at si.\\\\ shillings a year. Vol-\\nume I, Number 1, was dated May 14, 1S31. Four\\nor more numbers were issued.\\nThe Michigan State Register,\\na semi-monthly, documentary anil historical in char-\\nacter, was first issued July i, 1836, price $3.00 a\\nyear. G. L.Whitney, publisher, and George Corse-\\nlius, editor. The fourth number was about to be\\nissued on August 31, and if issued was the last\\nnumber.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0724.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "THE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\n673\\nDetroit Evening Spectator and Literary Cazette.\\nThis paper was published by B. Kingsbury and\\nG. P. Burnham (both from Boston) at Republic\\nHall. 144 Jefferson Avenue. It was a semi-weekly,\\nissued on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at $4.00 a\\nyear. It was printed by G. L. Whitney. The first\\nnumber was issued October 20. 1836, and it was in\\ne.xistence as late as May 20, 1838.\\nThe Spy in Michigan\\nwas a weekly devoted to the Whig cause. It was\\nedited by E. M. McGravv, published by Morgan\\nBates, and printed by Harsha Bates. The first\\nnumber was issued June 12, 1S37, and it continued\\nas late as November 13, 1838, when it ceased for a\\ntime. During 1839 it was revived, and published\\nfor about a year.\\nThe Detroit Morning Post.\\nThis paper, the second established by Kingsbury\\nBurnham, was $6.00 per year. It would be ap-\\npropriately described as a daily issued at irregular\\nintervals. The first number W as issued in July,\\n1S37.\\nOur old fellow-citizen, ex-city marshal, and legis-\\nlator, Patrick .McGinnis, went to work on the paper\\nas devil in 1S37. One day Mr. Kingsbury, who\\nwas always ready for a practical joke, sent him over\\nto the Free Press oflice with a tin measure to bor-\\nrow a gill of editorial. As the verdant messen-\\nger entered the composing room, he met Mr. Bagg,\\nthe editor, and made known his errand. Bagg im-\\nmediately stepped to the wall, and taking down a\\npicture of a jackass, handed it to McGinnis. saying,\\nTake that to Mr. Kingsbury. Instantly taking\\nin the situation, Pat blurted out, Arrah, now, Mr.\\nBagg, give o\\\\er wid your tricks on a poor Irish boy.\\nSure it s an editorial my master wants, and not the\\neditor.\\nIn 1838 J. M. Berger was proprietor of the paper\\nand B. Kingsbury, Jr., editor. In this year a weekly\\nwas issued at $2. 50. In December, G. R. Griswold\\nbecame proprietor, and he and Kingsbury were as-\\nsociate editors. In January, 1839, the paper was\\nconsolidated with\\nThe Craftsman of Michigan.\\nThis paper was fir.st issued in May, 1838, by E.\\nJ. Roberts, as a weekly at $3 00 a year. After its\\nconsolidation with the Post, a Democratic paper,\\ncalled\\nThe Morning Post and Craftsman,\\nwas issued by Kingsburj Roberts, until June,\\nwhen it was changed to The Evening Post and\\nCraftsman. In the fall of 1S39 it suspended for\\nabout two nitjnlhs, and was afterwards revived, and\\npublished during the early part of 1840.\\nThe Michigan Observer\\nwas first issued on Saturday, June 17, 1837. Rev.\\nWarren Isham was editor. It was a weekly, de-\\n\\\\()ted to religious and moral subjects, and was dis-\\ncontinued after the issue of June 22, 1839.\\nThe World\\nwas the title of a monthly issued for a short time in\\n1 837. E. Bordman was publisher, and W. Harsha,\\nprinter.\\nThe Jeffersonian Democrat,\\na campaign paper of 1S37, was issuetl in the interest of\\nJohn D. Ellis of Monroe. Mr. Butterson was editor.\\nTIte Day lioolc,\\na daily penny paper, was published by William\\nHarsha in 1838. Eight or ten numbers were issued.\\nTlie Michigan Agriculturist,\\nH. H. Snelling, editor, was first issued in October or\\nNovember, 1S38, and continued till Januarys, 1S39.\\nThe price was $2.00 a year.\\nThe Eglantine\\nwas in existence in January, 1839.\\nThe Mirror of the Lakes,\\na literary and society paper in quarto form, was\\npublished by H. H. Snelling, at S3.00 a year. ul-\\nume I, Number 9, is dated March 2, 1839.\\nJ he Journal of Education\\nwas being published in January, 1839.\\nThe Spirit of 76, or Theller s Daily Repxtblican\\nAdvocate,\\nwas first issued on August 17, 1839. Daily and\\nweekly editions were printed. H. H. Snelling was\\npublisher, and Dr. E. A. Thaller, editor. It was in-\\ntended to aid the cause of the Patriots, and the\\neditor was imprisoned for participating in the Patriot\\nWar. The paper was issued as late as October 17,\\n1840.\\nThe Western Farmer,\\na semi-monthly agricultural paper, at $1.00 a year,\\nwas first issued by Josiah Snow on January 26,\\n1S41. On October 15. 1841, B. F. Armstrong be-\\ncame the publisher, Mr. Snow serving as editor.\\nIn 1842 Bela Hubbard served as editor, and with\\nNumber 5 of this year William Harsha became pro-\\nprietor. On January 21, 1843. he sold the paper to", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0725.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "674\\nTHE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\nD. D. T. Moore, who soon removed it to Jackson,\\nchanged it to a niontiily. at fifty cents a year, and\\nissued it in April, 1S43, as\\nThe Michigan Farmer and Western Agricul-\\nturist.\\nIn December, 1844, it was sold to W. F. Storey\\nand Cheney. In 1845 it was sold to and edited\\nby H. Hurlbut. In April, 1846, H. G. WoodhuU\\nbecame a partner. In December. 1847, Warren\\nIsham began to conduct it, and with the new volume\\nit was changed to a semi-monthly, and the price\\nraised to $1.00 per year. In 1849 it was enlarged,\\nand published both at Jackson and Detroit. In\\n1850 Warren Isham was both editor and publisher,\\nin 1853 W. S. Duncklee and R. F, Johnstone pur-\\nchased the paper of Warren Isham, and the next\\nyear Mr. Duncklee sold out to Mrs. L. B. Adams.\\nIn the fall of 1854 Mrs. Adams purchased\\nThe Fanner s Companion and Horticultural\\nGazette,\\nwhich had as editors C. Fo.x, J. C. Holmes, Linus\\nCone, and Charles Betts. C. Fo.x was publisher.\\nIt was established as a monthly on December i,\\n1852. Mr. Fo.x died, and the last number was\\ndated September. 1854, after which it was merged\\nwith the Michigan Farmer, and on January i, 1859,\\nthat paper was changed to a weekly. In Septem-\\nber, 1861, it was sold to Mr. Doty, who continued it\\nfor about a year. In the fall of 1 862 W. S. Bond\\nand George Snyder became proprietors. In Sep-\\ntember, 1864, they sold it to H. N. F. Lewis, who\\nchanged it into a paper called\\nThe Western Rural,\\nwhich, in the fall of 1 869, was moved to Chicago.\\nThe Rat Gazette.\\nA paper with this name was issued in September,\\n1S39, by the Typographical Union.\\nThe Michigan Christian Herald.\\nThis paper was published in January, 1842, as a\\nmonthly, by the Baptist State Convention. The\\nprice was fifty cents a year. R. C. Smith was pub-\\nlishing agent, and Rev. A. Ten Brook editor. At\\nsome time prior to 1845 the paper was changed to\\na weekly, and S. N. Kendrick became associate\\npublisher. In 1844 Rev. J. Inglis was editor. In\\n1845 Miles Sanford was associated with Mr. Inglis,\\nin 1848 he was succeeded by Rev. G. W. Harris.\\nThe same year the p aper was transferred to Mr.\\nAllen, and in 1850 the names of M. Allen and O. S.\\nGulley appeared as publishers. The price was $2.00\\na year. In January, 1863, the paper was sold to\\nseveral members of the Baptist Church, and re-\\nmoved to Kalamazoo, and in the fall of 1S66 Rev.\\nJ. Clark sold their interests in the paper to the\\nBaptist Standard of Chicago, and that paper sup-\\nplied the unexpired subscriptions.\\nThe AHehigan Literary Gem,\\na monthly, at \u00c2\u00a71.00 a year, was in existence in\\nMarch, 1842.\\nThe IVashingtonian.\\nThis paper, the organ of the State Temperance\\nSociety, was published originally at Jackson, then\\nat Marshall, and finally at Detroit. The first num-\\nber issued here was dated ?ilarch 12, 1842. It was\\na semi-munthly at Si. 00, and lived a year.\\nThe Detroit Daily Times,\\nan evening, anti-slavery journal, was published by\\nWarren Isham at $8.00 a year. The first number\\nappeared May 14, 1842. It ceased in November.\\nThe Constitutional Democrat\\nwas first issued on May 25, 1842. It was a semi-\\nweekly, at S3. 50 a year, issued by Currier, Briggs,\\nCo., with E. D. Ellis as editor. After October i,\\n1842, it was issued but once a week, at $2.00 a\\nyear. In 1844 it was changed to a daily, and in\\n1845 it was merged with\\nThe American Citizen,\\na weekly paper, devoted to the free-soil party,\\nwhich was in existence as late as May 14, 1847.\\nThe Jl estern Catholic Register.\\nThis paper, the first number dated July 23, 1842,\\nwas published by Eugene T. Smith. It was issued\\nevery Saturday, at $1.50 a year, and existed just a\\nvear.\\nThe Detroit Daily Gazette.\\nolume I, Number I, was issued December 19,\\n1842, by Sheldon McKnight, at $6.00 a year. A\\nweekly was also published at S2.00. The paper was\\ncontinued for some three years.\\nThe Detroit JIfagazine\\nwas first published in October, 1843, by S. N. Gantt.\\nIt was short-lived.\\nL Amie tie la feunesse {Friend of Youth),\\na French paper, was first issued on i\\\\Iay 23, 1843.\\nIt was a weekly at $3.00 a year, published by James\\nA. Girardin, with E. N. Lacroix as editor. Nine\\nnumbers were issued.\\nThe American Vineyard,\\na temperance and anti-Catholic sheet, was issued by\\nE. McDonald as early as September, 1843; twas\\ndiscontinued and then revived. The last number\\nwas dated May 19. 1S4S.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0726.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "THE NEWSPAPER GKA\\\\EYARD.\\n675\\nThe Evangelical Observer,\\nwith Rev. George Duffield as editor, and D. C. Duf-\\nfield as fiscal agent, was printed by Geiger\\nChristian, and was first issued on Monday. Novem-\\nber 18, 1844. It was a weekly, at $2.00 a year, and\\nwas in existence as late as October 5, 1S46.\\nThe Detroit Register,\\na weekly, first issued in December, 1844, was pub-\\nlished for two months by Harsha Willcox.\\nThe Detroit Daily Nl-oJS\\nwas first issued on July 7, 1845. It was a handsome\\nsheet, neutral in politics, filled almost exclusively\\nwith original matter. It was published by IM. P.\\nChristian, C. A. Hedges. E. M. Geiger, J. Campbell,\\nand D. H. Soils, all practical printers. Price, $4.00\\na year, or ten cents a week.\\nThe Western Excelsior\\nwas issued in the interest of the colored people.\\nVolume I, Number I, was dated March 29, 1848.\\nThe Michigan Journal of Hoinceopathy\\nwas published by Drs. John Ellis and E. H. Drake.\\nThe first monthly number was issued in November,\\n1848. S. B. Thayer succeeded E. H. Drake, and at\\nthe close of the year it was discontinued.\\nThe Western Literary Miscellany\\nwas published by George Brewster at Si. 00 a year.\\nVolume I. Number I, was issued in April, 1849, and\\nwas probably the only number printed.\\nWellman s Literary Miscellany\\nwas the most pretentious and popular magazine\\never printed in Detroit. It was established by J. K.\\nWellman. The first number was issued in July,\\n1849. with D. F. Quinby as editor. It was an octavo\\nof forty-eight pages, at f 2.00 a year and as the\\nEastern magazines had not attained their later\\npopularity, it soon had six thousand subscribers.\\nThe magazine numbered among its contributors N.\\nP. Willis, Rev. H. D. Kitchell. Rev. S. D. Simonds,\\nRev. D. D. Whedon, Rev. E. Thompson, Jacob M.\\nHoward, Washington Irving, Horace Mann, Rev.\\nDand Inglis, Rev. B. St. James Fry, Rev. B. F.\\nTefft, Moses Coit Tyler, T. D. Wilkins, and Rev.\\nW. H. Collins.\\nIn February. 1S51, the magazine was sold to\\nLuther Beecher and D. F. Ouinby, and its name\\nchanged to Monthly Literary Miscellany. In July,\\n1852, Mr. Beecher sold his interest to H. S. Sparks\\nand Russell, and the ne.\\\\t month A. G. Wood\\nwas admitted as a partner. In January, 1853, the\\nname was changed to Western Literary Miscellany\\nin the spring or summer. Wood. Sparks, and Rus-\\nsell sold their interest to Quinby, and on August 20,\\n1853, he sold to Mrs. E. M. Sheldon, and for the\\nfourth time a new name was given to the magazine.\\nIt was now called The Western Literary Cabinet.\\nEight pages were added to the magazine, and Mrs.\\nSheldon published in it a series of very interesting\\ntranslations of documents concerning Detroit, ob-\\ntained by Governor Cass while L^nited States Min-\\nister to France. These translations formed almost\\nthe whole of the volume she subsequently issued\\nunder the title of Early History of Michigan. The\\nlast number of the magazine w-as issued in August,\\n1854. It was discontinued on account of the death\\nof Mr. Sheldon.\\nThe Xorthwestern Advocate,\\na Whig paper, was published in October, 1849, by\\nJosiah Snow. It lived but a short time.\\nThe Detroit Daily Herald,\\na penny paper, was first published November 26,\\n1S49; its last issue was December 6, 1850. Its\\nproprietors were John N. Ingersoll and W. T. Young.\\nThe American Gleaner,\\nliterary in character, was published by Annin\\nReed, at $r.oo a year. Volume 1, Number I. was\\ndated January i, 1850. Only a few numbers were\\nissued.\\nThe Monthly Hesperian and Odd FelloTus Liter-\\nary Magazine,\\npublished by John N. Ingersoll and Henry Barns, at\\n$2.00 a year, appeared in January, 1850. In the\\nMay number for 1S52 the names of Moulton, Craw,\\nCompany are given as publishers. The magazine\\nexisted three full years the last year the words\\nOdd Fellows were dropped from the title, and\\nAmerican substituted.\\nThe Medium,\\na semi-monthly magazine, at $1.00 a year, was de-\\nvoted to the interests of the Swedenborgian or New\\nJerusalem Church. It appeared first at Jackson on\\nDecember 25, 1848 was afterwards moved to Mar-\\nshall, and on January 15, 1850, to Detroit. It was\\npublished by Jabez Fox. Soon after its removal to\\nDetroit, E. W. Barber became associated with Mr.\\nFox. About 1853 the paper was moved to Cincin-\\nnati, and then to New York. Its name was changed\\nto New Jerusalem Messenger on February i, 1863.\\nLe Citoyen\\nwas a French literary paper, in quarto form, issued\\non Saturdays, at $2.00 a year. L. J. Paulin was\\npublisher, and E. N. Lacroix editor. It was issued\\nfor six months. Voli me I, Number I, was dated\\nMay II, 1850.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0727.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "676\\nTHE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\nThe J litinsular l- ountain,\\na temperance journal, was first issued Saturday,\\nMay 17, 1S51, with Henry C. Kni.^ lit. editor. The\\nbusiness manaijemcnt was controlled by Morgan\\nBates. It lived less than a year.\\nThe North-wcstcni Musical Herald,\\npublished by A. McFarren and edited by Charles\\nHess, made its appearance in May, 1851. The\\nprice was fifty cents a year. There was little of\\neither money or music in it, and it was soon discon-\\ntinued.\\nTIw Western Evangelist,\\na weekly, at $1.00 a year, was first issued in the fall\\nof 1S50 by Jabez Fo.\\\\. He was succeeded by Rev.\\nS. A. Baker, who published the paper as late as 1852.\\nThe Detroit Commercial Bulletin,\\nedited by George W. Pattison, was an old paper\\nrevived. It began for the second time as a penny\\ndaily, about 1851. It was burned out in the Cooper\\nBuilding in the fire of April 16, 1852, and was not\\nagain issued.\\nThe Republican,\\na German weekly, was published about five months,\\nin 1852, by M. Kramer and Aloys Wuerth.\\nThe Students Offering,\\npublished by scholars of the Eighth Ward School,\\nwas first issued in 1853, and continued through three\\nor more volumes.\\nThe Atlantis,\\na German literary monthly, edited by Christian\\nEsseleine, was issued for several months in 1853.\\nThe Detroit Catholic Vindicator,\\nedited by Thomas R. Elliott and published by Dan-\\niel O Hara, was a weekly quarto, at $2.00 a year.\\nThe first number was dated April 30, 1853. Dr.\\nHasset succeeded Mr. O Hara as proprietor, and\\ncontinued the paper, at $2.50 a year, until January,\\ni860, when it was merged into\\nThe Detroit Guardian.\\nVolume I, Number I, of this paper, a Catholic\\nweekly at $1,503 year, was issued January 21, i860,\\nby T. C. Fitzgibbons, and continued for five months\\nor more.\\nThe Detroit Daily Times (No. 2).\\nThis was published by G. S. Conklin and E. T.\\nSherlock, with J. N. Ingersoll as editor, at $3.00 a\\nyear. It appeared in May. 1853, was purchased by\\nIngersoll Tenny in November, 1854, sold De-\\ncember, 1835, to an association of journeymen\\nprinters, and continued by them until the spring of\\n1856.\\nThe Peninsular Journal of Medicine,\\nan octavo monthly, was originally published at Ann\\nArbor. Its first issue was dated July, 1853. E.\\nAndrews, A. M., M. D., was editor. In July, 1854,\\nDr. A. B. Palmer became associate editor, and in\\nJuly. 1855, the office of publication was removed to\\nDetroit. Dr. Andrews now retired, and Drs. Z.\\nPitcher, A. B. Palmer, William Brodie, and E. P.\\nChristian served as editors. After the number for\\nMarch, 1858, it was united with\\nThe Medical Independent.\\nThe first number of this paper, edited by Drs. H.\\nGoadby, E. Kane, and L. G. Robinson, was issued\\n.March i, 1856. In March, 1857, Moses Gunn and\\nL. G. Robinson became editors, and the magazine\\nwas called\\nThe Peninsular and Independent.\\nIn April, 1S58, it was edited by A. B. Palmer,\\nMoses Gunn, and Frederick Stearns. The last\\nnumber was issued in March, 1S60.\\nThe Michigan Homwopathic Journal\\nwas first issued in October, 1853, by Drs. John Ellis\\nand S. B. Thayer, and was continued for a little\\nover a year.\\nThe Michigan Journal of Education and\\nTeachers Magazine\\nwas published by G. E. Pomeroy Company, at\\n34 Woodward Avenue. Number I of Volume I\\nappeared in January. 1854. It was edited by E. O.\\nHaven. D. D., who afterwards became successively\\npresident of the Michigan, Northwestern, and Syra-\\ncuse Universities, and a bishop of the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church. The second volume was pub-\\nlished by H. Barns, and edited by J. M. Gregory,\\nafterwards Superintendent of Public Instruction and\\npresident of the Industrial College of Illinois. With\\nVolume VI Professor A. Winchell of the Michigan\\nUniversity became its editor. It was printed for a\\nnumber of years at Ann Arbor, but was finally re-\\nmoved again to Detroit, where it was discontinued\\nabout i860.\\nIVaymarlcs in the Wilderness,\\na monthly magazine devoted to Scripture studies,\\nwas published by James Inglis Company. The\\nfirst number was dated May, 1854, Number 9 came\\nout in January, 1855, and soon after the magazine\\nwas discontinued at Detroit.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0728.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "THE NEWSPAI KR CR.WKVARIX\\n^n\\nThe Little IVokferine,\\npublished by Mrs. E. M. Sheldon at thirty cents per\\nyear, was first issued in May, 1854. Only four\\nnumbers were printed.\\nT/ie Ashlar,\\na monthly, devoted to Masonic interests, was pub-\\nlished by AUyn Weston, at $2.00 a year. The first\\nnumber was issued in September, 1854, and it was\\ncontinued for at least tliree years.\\nThe Daily Evening News (.\\\\tf. 2).\\nThis second daily with the title of News was\\nfirst issued on March 19, 1856, by the Franklin\\nPrinting Association, composed of William S. Bond,\\nCharles S. Stevenson, Charles Miller, O. S. Burdick,\\nF. D. Ross, and Henrj- Metz. The paper soon be-\\ncame quite popular, gaining a circulation of five\\nthousand copies. Troubles, however, arose be\\ntween the managers, and after about three months\\nit was discontinued.\\nThe Fireman s Journal,\\na weekly paper at Si-75 year, was first issued in\\nSeptember, 1856, by George W. Pattison, and was\\nin existence as late as the fall of 1S61.\\nPreston s United States Bank Xote Reporter\\nmade its first appearance December 4, 1856; D.\\nPreston, proprietor. It was published twice a\\nmonth for nearly five years, and then monthly until\\nDecember, 1865, when it was discontinued. The\\nprice was Si.oo a year.\\nBrird n s Reporter,\\npublished at first by John Brown, and then by J. H.\\nKaplc Co., was issued from 1857 to 1859.\\nThe Magazine of Tra7 el\\nwas issued from January, 1857, to 1858. It was\\nconducted by W. 1 Isham.\\nThe Young Men s Journal and Advocate of\\nTemperance\\nwas published in September, 1859, by Green\\nBrown. It was alive in 1861, but in the following\\nyear gave place to\\nThe Transcript,\\na temperance paper, published at $1.00 a year by S.\\nD. Green.\\nThe Detroit Herald,\\na weekly at $2.00 a year, was in existence in 1859.\\nC. O Flynn and Dr. Alvord, editors. It was dis-\\ncontiiuied about 1S61.\\nThe Spirit of the Week\\nwas published for a short time early in i860.\\nThe Michiga t Democrat\\nwas published by John S. Bagg, in i860, as an ultra\\nDemocratic paper. It existed only a few luonths.\\nThe True Democrat\\nwas issued from the office of G. W. Pattison in the\\nfall of 1863 as a campaign paper.\\nDer Radicale Democrat,\\na German Presidential campaign paper, was pub-\\nlished by F. A. Schober Company, and edited by\\nR. Diepenbeck and Karl Schmemann. The price\\nwas \u00c2\u00a74.00 a year. The first number was dated July\\n14, and the last October 19, 1864.\\nThe Shrapnel,\\na weekly campaign paper published in 1864 by S.\\nB. McCracken. was designed to represent the more\\nultra or radical Democratic sentiment of the period.\\nIt was commenced the last of July, and continued\\nthrough the campaign.\\nFroth,\\nan illustrated comic monthly, lithographed, was is-\\nsued on Monday, December 12, 1864, by several\\ngentlemen connected with the Detroit Milwaukee\\nRailroad. After Number 10, it was printed from\\ntype. It was discontinued in November, 1865.\\nThe Christian Unionist,\\npublished monthly by E. A. Lodge, at $1.50 a year,\\nlived a few months only. The first number was\\ndated January, 1865.\\nThe Detroit Journal of Commerce,\\na weekly at $2.00 a year, was established in 1865\\nby Thomas K. Miller. It was subsequently, in\\n1868, owned by Barry Gradwell. On August 19,\\n1 87 1, they sold it to Browse T. Prentis, who trans-\\nferred it to a stock company. It was then merged\\nwith\\nThe Daily Sun.\\na paper first issued on October 2, 1874, and con-\\ntinued until 1876.\\nThe Peninsular Herald\\nwas first issued at Romeo, in June, 1864. It was\\nsubsequentiv removed to Detroit, where it made its\\nfirst appearance on October 24, 1866. It was pub-\\nlished and edited by Rev. John Russell and C. P.\\nRussell. On December i, 1869, it was sold to a\\njoint stock company. January 12, 1871, it was\\ntransferred to F. N. Newman, and on February i,\\n1872, the name was changed to", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0729.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "67S\\nTHE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\nThe New World.\\nThe last issue was dated July 3, 1873.\\nThe Detroit Rccnew of Medicine and Pharmacy,\\na monthly, at $3.00 a year, was established in Janu-\\nary, 1866. It was edited at first by Drs. G. P.\\nAndrews. E. W. Jenks, T. A. McGraw, and S. P.\\nDuffield. They were succeeded about 1870 by Drs.\\nW. H. Lathrop, A. B. Lyons, and Leartus Connor.\\nFrom 1 87 1 to 1877 Dr. Connor was sole editor. In\\nJanuary, 1877, it was merged into The Detroit Medi-\\ncal Journal.\\nThe Peninsular Journal of Medicine,\\nthe second magazine of its name, was a monthly\\noctavo, edited by Drs. H. F. Lyster and J. J. Mul-\\nheron. It was first issued in July, 1873. In Janu-\\nary, 1875, Drs. T. F. Kerr and J. J. Mulheron were\\neditors, and in January, 1876. the last named became\\nsole editor. With the number for December, 1S76,\\nthe Journal was merged into\\nThe Detroit Medical Journal,\\nwhich was edited by Drs. L. Connor and J. J. Mul-\\nheron and published by E. B. Smith Company at\\n$3.00 a year. It was published only in 1S77.\\nThe Western Medical Advance and Progress of\\nPharmacy,\\na quarterly, edited by W. H. Lathrop, M. D., was\\npublished from June, 1871, to June, 1873.\\nThe Detroit Price Current,\\na weekly sheet, was issued from 1S5 Jefferson Ave-\\nnue during 1866 and 1867.\\nThe Detroit Monitor,\\na daily evening paper, published by Jo.seph Warren,\\nat twelve cents a week, was first issued on June 3,\\n1867, and discontinued after four months.\\nThe Mechanic and Inventor,\\nwas first issued on September 23, 1867, at fifty\\ncents a year. It was the organ of the Mechanics\\nand Inventors Association. In December, 1874,\\nit was merged with\\nThe Scientific Manufacturer\\na paper established by R. A. Sprague in September,\\n1873. After its union with the above journal, the\\npaper was called\\nThe Scientific Manufacturer and Patent\\nIntelligencer.\\nIn the fall of 1874 it was merged with a paper\\ncalled\\nThe Journal of Coiunierce (Xo. 2),\\nestablished in 1874. In April, 1S76, this last named\\npaper was merged with\\nThe Sunday Times,\\nand in February, 1 877, this was suspended.\\nThe Odd Fellows Wreath,\\noriginally published at Mason by D. li. Harrington,\\nwas first issued here on September i, 1 868, at $1.50\\na year. After August, 1869, it was moved to Chi-\\ncago and called The Western Odd Fellow.\\nThe IVcstern Catholic\\nwas first issued on Septem.ber 12, 1S68, by David\\nBarry Co. Messrs. M. J. W. Dee after-\\nwards became editors and proprietors. It was a\\nweekly at $2.00 a year. In January, 1872, it was\\nmoved to Chicago.\\nBaptist Tidings.\\nThis paper, a monthly at $2.00 a year, was moved\\nfrom Mason to Detroit by D. B. Harrington, and\\nfirst issued here on October 17, 1S68. After July\\n29, 1869, it was consolidated with the Standard, of\\nChicago.\\nL Impartial,\\na French weekly, was issued by a French .society\\nand edited by Mederic Lanctot. The first number\\nwas issued November 20, 1869. It was to have\\nbeen published every Wednesday and Saturday, at\\n$4.00 a year. Only ten numbers were issued, and\\nit was succeeded by\\nThe Anti-Roman Advocate,\\nwhich was first issued by Mr. Lanctot in March,\\n1870, and discontinued in August.\\nL Etoilc Canadienn-e,\\nwas published by Joseph A. Oulette and J. A.\\nGirardin, and issued on Thursdays at $2.50 a year.\\nVolume I, Number I, was dated January 19, 1871\\nit lived just a year.\\nThe Song Journal,\\na musical monthly, at $1.00 a year, first published\\nJanuar} i, 1871, by C. J. Whitney Company, was\\ndiscontinued in April, 1877.\\nOur Mutual Friend,\\na rather pretentious literary weekly, at $2.50 a year,\\nwas established in April, 1S71, by W. C. Amistrong\\nCompany, but lived only a few months.\\nThe Popular Appeal,\\na five-column folio weekly, at $2.00 a year, was\\ncommenced by S. B. McCracken in September,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0730.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "THE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\n679\\n187 r, and discoiitimicd in November of the same\\nyear.\\nTlic Detroit Commercial Bulhtin,\\na weekly, at $2.00 a year, was in existence during\\nten months of 1871. It was published by Hopkins,\\nHethrington, O Neil.\\nThe Leather Apron\\nwas first issued in July, 1S72; only a few numbers\\nwere printed.\\nOur Yankee Land,\\nan amateur monthly paper, was first issued by A.\\nW. Bagg in January, 1872, at fifty cents a year.\\nDuring the year the price was raised to $1.00.\\nWith the number for October, 1873, the paper was\\ndiscontinued.\\nThe Detroit Pulpit,\\na monthly at %\\\\.oo, edited by Rev. J. P. Scott, con-\\ntaining sermons by various Detroit pastors, was first\\nissued in September, 1872, and was continued three\\nyears.\\nThe Mystic Star,\\na Masonic monthly, at $1.50 a year, edited by Rev.\\nJ. M. Arnold, was published in 1872 and part of\\n1873 by F. N. Newman, and was then moved to\\nChicago.\\nThe Hoy of the Period,\\nan amateur venture of C. H. O. M. Leonard,\\nwas first issued in November, 1872, as a monthly, at\\nfifty cents a year. It ceased with the issue for\\nAugust, 1876.\\nThe Jfichig-an Journal of Homwopatliy,\\na quarterly, at fifty cents a year, published by Dr.\\nE. R. Ellis, began in July, 1872, and was discon-\\ntinued in ipril, 1873.\\nI lic Michigan Ju/ition of Xorthii est Reporter\\nwas the representative of\\nSupreme Court Decisions,\\na quarterly law-journal, first issued in October, 1873,\\nwith Hoyt Post as editor. In October, 1875, the\\nname was changed to The Michigan Lawyer. The\\nprice was $2.50 a year. In October, 187S, the name\\nof the journal was changed to Michigan Edition of\\nNorthwest Reporter, and it was published by Rich-\\nmond, Backus Company, and issued weekly at\\n$5.00 a year up to 1882.\\nOur Dioceses,\\na Protestant Episcopal paper, was cstahlislicd bv\\nRev. J. T. Webster .-is a monthly in November,\\n1S73, at $1.25 per year. On February 14, 18S0, it\\nwas merged with The Living Church, pubHshed in\\nChicago.\\nThe Sunday Guest,\\na monthly Sunday School paper, at two shillings\\nper year, was published by J. M. Arnold Com-\\npany in January, 1874. It was afterwards published\\nby John Willyoung, and discontinued in April, 1882.\\nThe Better Age,\\nwas published by J. Russell Son as a temperance\\nsheet on January i, 1874. In October following it\\nmox-ed to Chicago, and soon after was discontinued.\\nThe Wolverine Messenger,\\na monthly, the organ of the Pelouze Cadets, was\\nissued during 1875.\\nThe Anglo-Cat holic,\\na church organ, was issued semi-monthly by Holy\\nTrinity Church, from Vpril, 1875, to August, 1883,\\nunder the supervision of the rectors. The price\\nwas fifty cents a year.\\nThe Detroit Weekly Price Czirrent,\\nW. R. Millard, manager, was first issued December\\n2, 1875, at $1.00 a year. It was discontinued in\\nNovember, 1882.\\nThe Little People\\nwas published by Johnstone Gibbons, at Si. 00,\\nfor a year from January i, 1875.\\nTruth for the People,\\na weekly, at $1,00 a year, was started January i,\\n1875, by Mrs. M. J. E. Millar. On February i,\\n1878, it was sold to F. H. Burgess. On August i,\\n1879, its name was changed to\\nThe M^ichigan Truth Teller,\\nand truth compels the statement tliat it died in 18S0.\\nThe Capitol,\\npublished by students of the High School, was\\nissued in 1876 and 1877.\\nThe Evening Star.\\nThis paper, the result of a strike among the\\ncompositors of The Evening News, was first issued\\nSeptember 22, 1876, .-inil discontinued October 7\\nfollowing.\\nThe Travelers Illustrated OJ/ieial Paihcay\\nReporter,\\na very complete pamphlet octavo, was first issued in\\nOctober, 1876, by the Western Railway Advertising\\nCompany. Two numbers only were published.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0731.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "68o\\nTHE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD.\\nLc Courier,\\na literary- weekly, at \u00c2\u00a71.50, published by Boudin\\nDumont, was issued October 12, 1876. The title\\nwas soon changed to\\nfouriial dc Detroit.\\nIt was continued during part of 1S77.\\nThe Detroit Herald,\\na weekly, at $1.00 a year, was published for a few\\nmonths in 1876 by H. E. Wesson.\\nTiie Mie/u i^an I o/ls Zeitiiiii^. originally called\\nThe Detroit Soutag Zeitidig,\\na weekly at $2.00 a year, was first issued on\\nOctober 15, 1876, by C. Mar.xhausen on June i,\\n1880, it was .sold to John Becker, and in July, 1881,\\nit was sold to Weise Wiencke. On February 1 1\\n1882, L. Lochbihler Company became proprie-\\ntors, and with the issue of March 3, 1882, the name\\nwas changed to The Michigan olks Zeitung. It\\nwas discontinued May 16, 1884,\\nTlii Marijie Record.\\nA paper with this title was issued by Watson\\nJones during the season of navigation in 1877.\\nT/ie Aiiwrican orkmati and Trades Reporter,\\na weekly, published by J. W. G. C. Jenks, at\\n$1.50 a year, was issued from April 21 to July 14,\\n1877.\\nRose s Nose,\\na weekly paper of little merit or morality, was pub-\\nlished by Lester Rose for one year from August\\n16, 1877.\\nT/ie Red and ll /iite Ribbon,\\na temperance weekly, was originally published by\\nGeorge M. Chester, and in 1S77 by Chester Bar-\\ntram. It lived about eight months.\\nThe Western Em,\\na theatrical illustrated monthly paper, at $2.00 a\\nyear, was issued from September 3, 1877, to January\\nI, 1878, by E. A. .Sa.Nby.\\nT/ie Detroit National,\\nthe State organ of the so-called Greenback party,\\nwas issued for a year from February 28, 187S, by H.\\nA. Griffin. It was then merged with\\nThe ^riehigan Weekly Sun,\\npublished by H. N. Mather, which made its first\\nappearance on January 14. 1879. In October, 1879,\\nit was moved to Jackson.\\nThe Socialist,\\na weekly at $1.50, owned by the Detroit section of\\nthe Socialistic Labor party, was published from\\nOctober 13, 1877, until June 8, 1878, and then merged\\nwith The National Socialist of Cincinnati. Judson\\nGrenell. editor.\\nThe Michigan Homestead.\\na weekly, at $1.50 a year, was first published by J.\\nSaunders November 14, 1878, and in September,\\n1880, was merged with The Agricultural World of\\nGrand Rapids.\\nThe Penny Times\\nwas first issued December 8, 1878, and continued\\nonly eight days.\\nTlie Popular Era,\\na weekly, at $1.00. devoted to the interests of the\\ncolored people, was first issued by Albert Swain on\\nMay 31, 1879, and was discontinued in November.\\nThe Family Journal,\\na monthly, at two shillings a year, was moved to\\nDetroit from Toronto, by H. A. Storrs, and the first\\nnumber issued in July, 1879. It was soon discon-\\ntinued.\\nMoore s Masonic Messenger,\\na monthly, published by Charles Moore, was first\\nissued in October, 1879. Price. $1.00 a year. On\\naccount of Mr. Moore s death, it was discontinued in\\nMarch, 1881.\\nPublic Spirit,\\nan illustrated weekly, at $4.00 a year, was issued by\\nL. A. Rose and Pat Reilly, from July 12 to October\\n4, 1879, and then by W. J. H. Traynor as\\nThe Detroit Graphic.\\nIt was discontinued in February-, 1881.\\nThe Sunday Herald\\nwas first published on November 9, 1879, by J. F,\\nBurnham. It was a weekly society paper, at |2.oo\\na year. About June i, 1881, the proprietor pur-\\nchased\\nThe Detroit Times,\\nfirst issued by Grenell, Labadie, Company, April\\n10, 1881, a Trades Union paper, at $1.50 a year.\\nThe Herald was discontinued November 20, 1881.\\nThe Lever,\\na temperance weekly, at $1.50 a year, was first pub-\\nlished at Grand Rapids. .-Xpril 20. 1878, by Van\\nFleet S: Noll, and first issued at Detroit in August,\\n1880. Its last number at Detroit was dated March\\n16, 1883. after which it was published in Chicago.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0732.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "LU ING TAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\n68 1\\nDetroit Illustrated,\\na monthly quarto, was first issued by Wesson\\nWood in September, 1880, at \u00c2\u00a71.00 a year. It was\\ndiscontinued the last week in December, 1881.\\nThe Suitclay Sun,\\npublished by G. Watson Williams, had but one\\nissue, November 20, iSSi.\\nThe Daily Afail,\\na penny paper, was first printed July 24, 1879, and\\nsuspended with its thirty-fifth issue.\\nCommercial Laiu Ndvs,\\na weekly, was begun September 16, 1S79, and pub-\\nlished about three months.\\nThe Pursuivant\\nwas published by Talbot cS: Company, weekly, at\\n$3.00, beginnins; with November 9. 1879, and was\\ndiscontinued in a few weeks.\\nThe Northwestern Reru c^,\\na literary monthly, si.\\\\ columns, quarto, at Si. 10 a\\nyear, was first issued in January, 1880, by the\\nNorthwestern Publishing Company. It suspended\\nin 1882.\\nThe Labor Review,\\na monthly, at seventy-five cents a year, published\\nby J. A. Labadie. Judson Grenell, and Henry Pool,\\nwas published from January to July, 1880. It was\\nthen suspended until August, 1881, when it was re-\\nvived, and issued by Henry Pool as a semi-monthly\\nuntil March, 1882, and then discontinued.\\nThe Detroit Gazette,\\na weekly, at Si. 00 a year, was published from May\\n8, 18S0, to July 18, 1881. It was chiefiy an adver-\\ntising sheet.\\nOur Catholic Youth,\\nan illustrated monthly, published by John C. Lap-\\npan, began its career in August, 1880. at %\\\\.oo a\\nyear, and suspended in February, 1882.\\nOur Churches,\\nTwo numbers of a paper with the above title\\nwere issued in December, 1880, by M, L. Wilson.\\nMichigan Trade Re^iiew,\\nNumber I, olume of this paper, a weekly, at\\nS3.00 a year, was issued by Wilson. Stapleton,\\nHopper, April 16, 1881. It was short-lived.\\nThe Detroit Unionist,\\na semi-monthly at twenty-five cents a year, was\\nfirst issued on March 10, 1882, and ceased with the\\nnumber for March 28, 1883. It was originally\\nedited by W. Murtagh and then by Judson Grcncll.\\nThe Evening Telegram,\\na one-cent daily, was published by Rich Son.\\nThe first number was issued August 8. and the last\\nOctober 23. 1882. It was continued as\\nThe Detroit Daily Times,\\na one-cent daily, which was first issued October 24,\\n1882. and continued until January 31, 1883.\\nThe Xa/ional I eople,\\nan organ for colored people, published by W. A.\\nSweeney, was first issued in April, and was discon-\\ntinued in July, 1883.\\nLIVING P.\\\\PERS AND PERIODICALS.\\nThe Detroit Post atid Tribune.\\nThe Post and Tribune numbers several papers in\\nits ancestral line, the first of which.\\nThe Northwestern Journal.\\nwas published by George L. Whitney. Number I\\nof Volume I was dated November 20, 1829. It\\nwas a weekly paper, at $3.00 a year, edited by Wil-\\nliam Ward, and established by the political friends\\nof John Quincy Adams. At the close of the first\\nyear it took the name of\\nThe Detroit Journal and Michigan Ad dcrtiser.\\nNumber I of the new paper bore date November\\n24, 1830. It was issued on Wednesday of each\\nweek, at S2.00 a year. On March 16. 1831. the\\nclosing editorial of Mr. Ward appeared. He was\\nsucceeded by H. W. Ik-Uows, the subsequently\\nwidely known and popular Unitarian minister.\\nWith the number for June 21. 1832. Charles Cle-\\nland became editor, and on August 29 of the same\\nyear he was succeeded by Thomas Rowland. On\\nMarch i, 1833, the paper was called\\nThe Detroit Journal,\\nand issued as a five-column semi-weekly, at S4-oo\\na year. Mr. Rowland s connection with the paper\\nceased on September 3, 1S34, and he was probably\\nsucceeded by George Watson. On August 28,\\n1835, the paper was made a tri-weekly, and the\\nprice raised to SS-oo a year. At this time George\\nCorselius was editor.\\nThe first paper merged witli The Journal was\\nThe Detroit Courier.\\nThis was established by Stephen Wells on De-\\ncember 23, 1830. as a literary and religious news-\\npaper. It was edited by George Brewster, and is-\\nsued weekly, on Thursdays, at $2. 50 a year. It was\\nprinted by T. M. Ladd.\\nAt this time the anti-Masonic excitement grow-\\ning out of the Morgan affair was but little abated,\\nand as the publisher would not allow the editor to", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0733.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "682\\nLIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\nwrite against Masonry, Mr. Brewster resigned.\\nWilliam Ward then clo.sed his connection with The\\nJournal and Advertiser and became editor of The\\nCourier. He resigned on October 27. 1831, and\\nwas succeeded on November 3 by Franklin Sawyer,\\nJr.. a graduate of Harvard College.\\nOn December i, 1831, Wells Ladd became\\njoint publishers of the paper. From January 12 to\\nJune 21, 1832, Charles Cleland was associated with\\nMr. Sawyer, and after the latter date he became\\nsole editor. In this year, and prior to August 23,\\nMr. Cleland became one of the proprietors, and the\\nfirm name w as T. M. Ladd Company. This\\npartnership was dissolved on January 9, 1833, and\\nMessrs. Cleland Sawyer became editors and pro-\\nprietors. They announced themselves as thoroughly\\nanti-Masonic. Their partnership continued only\\ntill July 31, when Mr. Cleland became sole owner,\\nand the name of E. P. Gardner appeared as printer.\\nThe last number of the paper was issued on Janu-\\nary 14, 1S35, it being thereafter consolidated with\\nthe Journal under the name of\\nThe Detroit Joiirnal and Courier.\\nThis new paper was deemed the legitimate suc-\\ncessor of The Northwestern Journal, and the\\nvolumes were all numbered therefrom the first\\nissue under the new heading appearing as Volume\\nVI, Number 9, January 21, 1835. G. L. Whitney\\nwas publisher, and the price was $2.00 a year.\\nIn February a semi-weekly edition called\\nThe Journal and Advertiser\\nwas issued on August 28 a tri-vveekly edition was\\npublished on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays,\\nat $5.00 a year. The price was increased the next\\nyear to $6.00.\\nThe growth of population and the desirability of\\nkeeping pace with opposing papers, made the estab-\\nlishment ofa daily edition a necessity, and on June\\nII, 1836, the first number of\\nThe Detroit Daily Advertiser\\nwas given to the public. The price was $S.oo a year.\\nDuring all these years the office of the paper was\\nin the third story of a building on the southeast\\ncorner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. In\\n1837 it was moved to the southwest corner. In\\nJanuary, 1838, the paper was sold to F. A. Harding\\nand F. Sawyer; and after a time Augustus S.\\nPorter became one of the proprietors.\\nIn January, 1839, the paper was enlarged, and on\\nSeptember 6 was sold to George Dawson, late\\neditor of The Albany Evening Journal. Morgan\\nBates was his partner. These gentlemen discon-\\ntinued the tri-weekly Advertiser, and all editions of\\nthe paper now appeared under the title of Adver-\\ntiser, the words Journal and Courier being\\nomitted.\\nA fire on January i, 1842, destroyed the entire\\nblock in which the ofiice was located, but on Janu-\\nary 4 the paper v\\\\-as issued as usual. Mr. Dawson\\nnow sold his interest to Mr. Bates, and the paper\\nwas moved to the Sheldon Block. On November\\n10, 1843, it was sold to General A. S. Williams, and\\nin May, 1844, it was moved to its original location\\nin the third story of King s Corner.\\nThe third paper absorbed by The Advertiser was\\ncalled\\nThe Daily Express,\\nand was first issued as an evening paper on June 2,\\n1S45, by Smith GuUey, at twelve cents a week.\\nIt was published for nearly six months, the last\\nissue being dated November 29, 1845. The sub-\\nscription list was transferred to The Advertiser.\\nAlthough Mr. Williams was absent in the Mexican\\nWar, The Advertiser was published in his name\\nuntil January i, 184S. He then sold the paper to\\nX. I. Rawson, H. H. Duncklee, and George W. Wis-\\nner, who conducted it under the firm name of Raw-\\nson. Duncklee Company. Mr. Wisner was chief\\neditor, and was assisted by William S. Wood. In\\nthis year the office was moved to 226 Jeft erson\\nAvenue, two doors west of Firemen s Hall.\\nRufus Hosmer, who became editor on May 17,\\n1849, was noted for his genial character and story-\\ntelling ability. In 1850 Mr. Rawson sold his interest\\nto E. K. Vv ales, and the same year the paper was\\nfirst printed by steam.\\nIn the fall of 1852 Mr. Wales erected a building\\nat 212 Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and Ran-\\ndolph Streets, especially for the paper. He took\\npossession on January i, 1853, at which time a new\\nsteam cylinder press was introduced. In this year\\nMr. Duncklee left the firm, and Mr. Wales became\\nsole proprietor. During the year, James M. Ed-\\nmunds was a regular contributor.\\nIn the spring of 1S54 Allyn Weston was installed\\nas editor, and during the year the paper was in-\\ncreased to eight columns. About this time Morti-\\nmer S. Thompson, better known as Doesticks,\\nwas connected with the paper.\\nOn June 30, 1855, four more papers were added\\nto the list represented in the present Post and Trib-\\nune. Of these\\nThe Free Democrat\\nwas established in September or October, 1S52, as\\na weekly free soil paper, by Rev. S. A. Baker.\\nA daily edition was commenced on April 3, 1853, at\\n$5.00 a year. The paper was then published by R.\\nF. Johnstone and S. M. Holmes, under the firm\\nname of R. F. Johnstone Company. On January", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0734.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "LU INC. I Al F.RS AND PERIODICALS.\\n683\\nII, 1S54, James F. Conover became a partner, and\\nRev. Jabez Fox one of the editors.\\nAbout this time The Free Democrat became the\\nrepresentative of two other papers, namely.\\nThe Michigan Organ of Tcmpiraiuc,\\nprinted by G. W. Pattison, and published by H. .S.\\nDecker Company, a weekly, at $1.00 a year. The\\nfirst number was issued about i\\\\Iay 12, 1S52, and\\nin February, 1853, it was consolidated with\\nThe Michigan Temperance Advocate,\\npublished by F. Yates Company, the first number\\nof which had been issued in December, 1852.\\nOn November 4, 1854, Mr. Conover dissolved his\\nconection with The Free Democrat, selling out to\\nMr. Baker, and on February 5, 1855, the paper was\\nconsolidated with\\nThe Daily Enguirer.\\nThis paper was established on January iS, 1S54,\\nas an independent paper with Whig proclivities.\\nRufus Hosmer was editor, Frederick Morley asso-\\nciate editor, and up to the time of its consolidation\\nwith The Democrat, it was published by Hosmer\\nWilliams. The new paper formed by the consoli-\\ndation was called\\nThe Denioeral and Enquirer.\\nAbout four months after its first issue under this\\nname, on June 30, 1S55, it was consolidated with\\nThe Advertiser, which then became a pronounced\\nRepublican paper, edited as before by Rufus Hos-\\nmer. The Democrat and Enquirer was issued as\\nan evening paper until November 19, 1855. A\\nweekly, called The Michigan Free Democrat, was\\nissued during the same period.\\nOn November 22, 1856, Silas M. Holmes became\\nsole proprietor, and was the real publisher until\\nAugust, 1858. Frederick Morley then became pub-\\nlisher and editor, with Joseph Warren as associate\\neditor. In 1S59 A. M. Griswold, better known as\\nthe Fat Contributor, was one of the editorial\\nstaff. In October, 1861, Messrs. J. E. Scripps and\\nM. Geiger became partners with S, M. Holmes, and\\non July 8, 1862, The Advertiser was consolidated\\nwith\\nThe Detroit Daily Tribune,\\na Whig paper, established as a weekly October 23,\\n1849, at $1.00 a year. A daily morning edition was\\nbegun on November 19, 1849. In June, 1S51, it\\nbecame an evening paper, price $5.00 a year. The\\npaper was projected by Josiah Snow and Henry\\nBarns, both of whom acted as editors. It was pub-\\nlished by F. B. Way Company, T. C. Miller fur-\\nnishing the capital. The Tribune soon obtained\\nthe subscription list of\\nThe Peninsular Erecman,\\na free soil paper, which was first issued in the\\nfall of 1S48, as a weekly, by Robert McCratney and\\nJ. D. Liggitt. InDecember. 1851, the ownership\\nof The Tribune was vested in Henry Barns and 15.\\nG. Stimson, under the firm name of B. G. Stimson\\nCompany. On July i. 1852, the paper passed\\ninto the hands of George E. Pomeroy, B. Wight,\\nH. Piarns, and Joseph W arrcn, the latter serving as\\neditor. In the fall of 1854 Mr. Wight sold his\\ninterest to T. C. Miller, and in the spring of 1855\\nH. Barns was the publisher.\\nOn May 18, 1S56, the office, on the northeast\\ncorner of Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge\\nStreet, was burned. After the fire J. F. Conover\\nsucceeded Mr. Warren, assisted during a portion of\\nthe time by Charles S. May. On December 31,\\n1858, tjie office was again burned. The paper was\\nthen printed at The Advertiser office until February,\\nwhen it was removed to the east side of Shelby\\nStreet, just north of Jefferson Avenue, and here it\\nwas managed by a firm consisting of H. Barns.\\nJoseph French, and F. B. Way. After its consoli-\\ndation with The Advertiser on July 8, 1862, under\\nthe name of\\nThe Advertiser and Tribune,\\nit was issued from the old Advertiser office on\\nJefferson Avenue. The new proprietorship took\\nthe form of a corporation, with Henry Barns, of\\nThe Tribune, as editor, and James E. Scripps, of\\nThe Advertiser, as business manager; its general\\naffairs were regulated by a board of five directors,\\nelected annually. From the fall of 1863 until Janu-\\nary I, 1S67, W. S. George was business manager.\\nBy this time the proprietors were hungr) for\\nanother paper, and accordingly, \\\\n the nth day of\\nJanuar\\\\ I S64, they purchased\\nThe Detroit Free Union.\\nThis paper, a semi-monthly, at $1.50 a year, was\\nstarted by F. B. Porter; the first number was issued-\\nJuly 18, 1863. On October 15 a weekly edition was\\nbegun. After a struggle of some two years, the paper,\\nlike many of its predecessors, was discontinued.\\nWhen the consolidation with the Advertiser and\\nTribune took place E. B. W ard purchased the\\ninterest of S. M. Holmes in The Advertiser and\\nTribune.\\nIn February, 1865, J. E. Scripps bought E. B.\\nWard s interest for $24,000. Of this, stock to the\\namount of $10,000 was sold, half to Hiram Walker\\nand half to E. C. Walker. In 1868 Hiram Walker\\npurchased an additional $5,000 worth of stock, and in\\n1872 $5,000 more. On January i, 1870. the paper was\\nmoved to a building erected in the rear of the pres-\\nent elegant iron and stone building on Lamed Street", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0735.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "684\\nLI\\\\INc; PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\nWest, erected in 1873. In July, 1S72, a Hoe four-\\ncylinder type-revolving press, the first in the State,\\nwas set up. In 1873 and 1879, Hiram Walker\\nbought still more of the stock of the paper, and in\\n1880 owned most of the stock of the corporation.\\nMr. Conover, who had been editor-in-chief since\\n1863, was succeeded, on April 29. 1871. by Charles\\nK. Backus. In 1870\\nWilliam M. Carle-\\nton was one of the\\neditors of the week-\\nly. In February,\\n1873, J, E. Scripps\\nretired from the\\ngeneral manage-\\nment, and was suc-\\nceeded by H. E.\\nBaker, and in 1877\\nthe paper was con-\\nsolidated with\\nThe Detroit Daily\\nPost.\\nlowing persons were connected with the editorial\\ndepartment L. J. Bates, E. G. Holden, W. J. Gib-\\nson, H. M. Utley, Ray Haddock, and Alexander\\nMorrison.\\nOn June 10, 1866, a .Sunday edition took the place\\nof the Monday issue. An evening edition was sent out\\non Augu.st 22 and was continued until December i.\\nAfter its consol-\\nidation with The\\nTribune, the first\\nnumber of the pa-\\nper, under the title\\nof\\nT/ie Post and\\nTribune\\nwas issued October\\n14, 1877. A paper\\ncalled\\nThis paper, wliose\\npublication was be-\\ngun March 27, 1866,\\nwas the first eight-\\npage daily issued in\\nDetroit. It contin-\\nued in that form for\\nnearly four years.\\nT r i w e e k 1 y and\\nweekly editions\\nwere begun with the\\ndaily. The paper\\nwas established as a\\nradical Republican\\norgan by a joint\\nstock company. Z.\\nChandler and E. B.\\nWard were large\\nshareholders. Carl\\nSchurz was editor-\\nin-chief for a year;\\nand from March,\\n1867, to January I,\\n1876, the editorial\\nand business departments were under the control\\nof Frederick Morley.\\nDuring the first year of its existence Charles F.\\nClark and H. B. Rowlson were in charge of its\\nbusiness department; after January I, 1876, it was\\nmanaged by L. F. Harter. From the time Mr.\\nMorley left until the consolidation of the paper\\nwith The Advertiser and Tribune, William Stocking\\nwas chief editor, and during its existence the fol-\\nThe Dailv Pi\\n42 tn 4R T.ained Street\\nT/ie Evening\\nTelegraph,\\nat two cents per\\ncopy, was issued by\\nthe same corpora-\\ntion from October\\n15. 1877, until No-\\nvember 15, 1878.\\nOn May 1 1, 1879,\\nthe office of the\\nPost and Tribune\\nwas damaged by\\nfire, with a loss of\\n830,000. On March\\nI, 1 88 1, the paper\\nwas sold to a new\\ncompany, and one\\nmonth later William\\nStocking succeeded\\nMr. Backus as man-\\naging editor.\\nAfter the consol-\\nidation, L, F. Harter\\nmanaged the busi-\\nness department\\nuntil February 18,\\n1878, when he was\\nsucceeded by James\\nH. Stone, and he on June 17, 1882, by William H.\\nThompson. On September 3, 1883, Frederick\\nMorley became sole manager of both the editorial\\nand business departments of the paper. The price\\nof the daily was reduced from 1 10.00 to $7.00 on\\nNovember i, 1883. The price of the .-iemi-weekly\\nis 84.00. of the weekly, $1 .00 per year.\\nOn June 12, 1S81, the paper was first jirinted on a\\nScott Rotary Press, and changed from a four-page\\nST IJlilLDlNi,.\\nWest. I uilt in 1873.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0736.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "LIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\n685\\nto an eight-page daily. On the day of introducing\\nthe new press a seven-column paper of thirty-two\\npages was issueil, also a supplement giving a fac-\\nsimile of the lirst number of the first paper pub-\\nlished in Michigan.\\nThe press prints, cuts, folds, and pastes from ten\\nto twelve thousand papers per hour.\\nOn August I, 1884. the paper was transferred\\nto J. L. Stickney, who became chief editor and\\nmanager, and on the same date the paper tirst\\nappeared under the title of The Daily Post.\\nThe Detroit Free Press.\\nThe burning of The Gazette in April, 1S30, left\\nMr. McKnight, its proprietor, without suflicient\\nmeans to establish a new paper but the rush of\\nimmigration to Michigan was beginning, and a\\npaper was essential to the interests of the Demo-\\ncratic party. In order to meet the demand, Joseph\\nCampau and John R. Williams, under the firm\\nname of Joseph Campau Company, ptux hased\\nThe Oakland County Chronicle (which had been\\npublished by Thomas Simpson, at Pontiac, from\\nJune 25, 1830), and gave Mr. McKnight the control\\nof the material, which was to be paid for as soon as\\ncircumstances would admit.\\nThe type and presses were removed to Detroit,\\nand as far as possible the subscribers of The Chroni-\\ncle were retained for\\nThe Democratic Free Press and Michigan\\nInteltigeiicer,\\nwhich was first issued on Thursday, May 5, 1831,\\nOn June 2 John P. Sheldon assumed the editorship,\\nbut resigned on account of illness on August 25 of\\nthe same year. The price of the paper was !j;2.oo a\\nyear the office was on the corner of I5ates and\\nWoodbridge Streets.\\nOn October 27, 1831, C. \\\\V. Whipple was ap-\\npointed fiscal agent of the stockholders. With the\\nbeginning of the second volume, on January 5, 1832,\\nthe paper was enlarged, the words Michigan In-\\ntelligencer omitted from the title, and the day of\\nissue changed from Thursday to Wednesday.\\nCharles Cleland was editor. In February Messrs.\\nS. i\\\\IcKnight, T. C. Sheldon, and Andrew Mack\\nbought out the original owners, and Mr. McKnight\\nwas made sole manager. On the 3d of the month, a\\nBar dinner, given on the retirement of the judges,\\ntook place, and The Free Press of February 9 con-\\ntained an account of the speeches which were quite\\nlaudatory of the judges. The people were so glad\\nto be relieved of obno.xious judges tliat the article\\ngreatly displeased many persons, as it was thought\\nthat the judges indulged in too much self-gratu-\\nlation, and that the members of the Bar were too\\ncomplimentary in their speeches. Such a clamor\\nwas raised that on May 3 Cleland was forced from\\nthe editorial chair, and John P. Sheldon again placed\\nin charge. On November 8, 1832, the office was\\nremoved to a three-story brick building nearly op-\\nposite the Post-office, which was then on the south\\nside of Jefferson Avenue near Wayne Street. Early\\nin April, 1833, John P. Sheldon was appointed\\nassistant superintendent of lead mines west of the\\nMississippi River, and Sheldon McKnight became\\neditor and publisher. The paper continued to be\\nissued as a weekly until June ly, 1S35, when it be-\\ncame a semi-weekly.\\nThe constantly increasing number of educated\\npeople that were streaming into the State encour-\\naged a further venture and on September 28, 1835,\\nMcKnight issued the first number of The Daily\\nFree Press. It was the first attempt of the kind in\\nthe State. The sheet was a folio, with a page about\\nten by seventeen inches. The price was $8.00 a\\nyear. The office, at this time, was at 63 Jefferson\\nAvenue, on the northeast corner of Shelby Street.\\nOn February i, 1836, McKnight sold out to L. L.\\nMorse, who had been editor of The Ontario (New\\nYork) Messenger, and John S. Bagg, both of whom\\nacted as editors. On June 27, 1836, the paper\\nwas enlarged from four to si.x columns in width,\\nabout a column in length, and otherwise improved\\nin appearance. On July 22 following John S. Bagg\\nbecame sole proprietor.\\nOn January 4, 1837, at three o clock P. M., a fire\\nbroke out in the Sheldon Block, and burned the\\noffice together with several other buildings. After\\nthe fire, on February i, 1837, J. S. Bagg, S. A. Bagg.\\nand Henry Barns became publishers, under the firm\\nname of Bagg, Barns, Company. They located\\nover King s clothing store, on the corner of Jeffer-\\nson and Woodward Avenues. On February 23\\nthey, issued their first paper. They began the semi-\\nweekly edition on February 28, and resumed the\\ndaily as Volume I, Number I, on June 5, 1837. On\\nFebruary 16, 1838, J. S. and S. A. Bagg became\\nsole owners of the paper, and on April 10, 1840, A.\\nS. Bagg became proprietor. On August 26, 1841,\\nthe office was moved to the old Museum Building on\\nthe southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Gris-\\nwold Street, and here, on January i, 1842, the office\\nwas again burned. The fire destroyed the entire\\nblock, and as both the Free Press and Advertiser\\noffices were burned, neither could aid the other.\\nOn January 3, 1842, A. S. Bagg and J. H. Harmon\\nformed a new firm. In order to obtain type, they in-\\nduced The Macomb Republican and The Port Huron\\nObserver to suspend for the winter, and on January\\nII, on the corner of Shelby Street and Jefferson\\nvenue, they issued a five column paper the second\\nnumber was si.x columns wide and a column longer;", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0737.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "686\\nLIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\nand then several numbers were issued of about half\\nsize. On January 28. 1S42, the paper resumed its\\nold form, but although issued daily, the word daily\\nwas dropped from the heading. During April the\\nproprietors of The Observer took away their press,\\nand consequently the sheets printed from April 14\\nto 18 were reduced in size. On March 3, 1843, the\\noffice was moved half way towards Griswold Street,\\nopposite the Cooper Block, and here, beginning with\\nMarch 15, 1844, it was published solely as an even-\\ning paper until January 7, 1845, when it resumed its\\nmorning issue. Soon after, C. B. Flood became\\neditor, and on September 30 the paper was enlarged\\none column in width.\\nBetween May and December, 1845, the office\\nwas moved to Woodward Avenue, opposite old St.\\nPaul s Church, and here, in 1846, the first power\\npress in Michigan, and the first west of Buffalo,\\nwas set up. The first work printed was the\\nRevised Statutes of that year. In May, 1847,\\nJohn S. Bagg again became editor, and the paper\\nwas enlarged one column in length. During\\nthese years but little attention was paid to local\\nitems, or else there was a remarkable dearth of\\nevents worth noting. On May 9, 1849, A. S. Bagg\\nsold out his interest to John S. Bagg; and early in\\n1850 the paper was issued by Bagg, Harmon,\\nCompany. On June 22 the firm name was changed\\nto Harmon, Brodhead, Company, with R. O.\\nHarmon, T. F. Brodhead, and Jacob Barns as pro-\\nprietors, T. F. Brodhead serving as editor. On\\nSeptember 23, 1S50, the paper was moved to 50\\nGriswold Street, just north of Jefferson Avenue.\\nDuring this year it absorbed the subscription list\\nof\\nThe Detroit Commercial Bulletin,\\na paper established on May 28, 1848, by Daniel\\nMunger and (jeorge W. Pattison, with daily, tri-\\nweekly, and weekly editions. On April i, 1851,\\nThe Free Press again changed owners, Jacob Barns,\\nS. M. Johnson, and T. F. Brodhead becoming pub-\\nlishers under the firm name of Barns, Brodhead,\\nCompany. Messrs. Brodhead and Johnson served\\nas editors. This year the office was provided with\\nnew type, and on October 7 the paper was enlarged\\nto seven columns, and the word daily again ap-\\npeared in the title. The paper was now for the\\nfirst time printed by steam. An effort had been\\nmade to use steam in 1847, but as the boiler and\\nengine were defective, and the floor not strong\\nenough, the press was operated by man-power un-\\ntil the fall of 1851. The occasion which led to the\\nuse of steam was as follows The work of printing\\nin book form the report of the g^eat Michigan Cen-\\ntral Railroad conspiracy case had been under-\\ntaken by E. A. Wales of The .Advertiser. His press\\nfacilities were inadequate, and the Free Press office\\nwas called upon to aid in the work. During the\\nprinting the man-power proved so unreliable that\\nsteam was substituted. A careful e.xamination of\\nthe files of the paper fails to disclose the date on\\nwhich the paper was first printed by steam. It\\nseems singular indeed that so important an event,\\nan event marking an era in the West, should have\\ngone unnoticed, and it seems doubly strange in view\\nof the fact that the papers of the present day, at\\nleast, are not over-modest in the recital of their\\nachievements. One of the proprietors of the paper\\nat that time, in a letter on this subject, says, We\\ndid not then publish our own enterprise as is now\\nso universal with the press.\\nOn April 7, 1852, another change of proprietors\\ntook place, the paper being issued by Jacob Barns\\nand S. M. Johnson under the firm name of Jacob\\nBarns Company. Mr. Johnson served as editor\\nuntil February 3, 1853, when W. F. Storey became\\nboth editor and proprietor. The paper was enlarged\\none column in width and one in length on the 17th\\nof the same month, and on October 2, 1853, a Sun-\\nday paper was issued for the first time. It took\\nthe place of the Monday issue.\\nIn the fall of 1859, or early in 1S60, the oflice was\\nmoved to the northwest corner of Griswold and\\nWoodbridge Streets. On June 5, 1861, Henry N.\\nWalker became editor and proprietor, and on Au-\\ngust 28, F. L. Seitz became a partner. The firm\\nname was Walker Seitz. On December 24 of\\nthe same year the paper was sold to a new firm,\\ncomposed of H. N. Walker, C. H. Taylor, and\\nJacob Barns. In 1861 William E. Ouinby became\\none of the editors, and two years later purchased a\\nquarter interest in the establishment.\\nOn January 2, 1865, the paper was reduced one\\ncolumn in width and one in length on May 29 it\\nwas enlarged to eight columns, and on August 7,\\n1866, it was issued in quarto form.\\nOn August 18, 1866. a stock company was or-\\nganized under the name of The Detroit Free Press\\nCompany. The quarto form of the paper was dis-\\ncontinued on April 3, 1867, and the folio form rein-\\nstated, with an enlargement, on August 22, 1869,\\nof one column. In 1872 W. E. Quinby became\\nhalf owner of the paper, and in January, 1875, he\\npurchased a large share of the remainder of the\\nstock. The paper has always ranked as the leading\\nDemocratic paper of Michigan, and during most of\\nthe time since it was founded, it has been the only\\nEnglish Democratic paper in the city. It has\\nachieved much popularity through the Lime Kiln\\nClub articles of C. B. Lewis, whose 710m de plume\\nis M. Quad.\\nThe weekly supplement known as The House-\\nhold was first issued on January 12. 1878. It is\\ndesigned especially for the ladies. On April 29,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0738.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "LIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\n687\\n1878, the office was burned out, but it was soon re-\\nestablished, and on June 2 followinij the Free Press\\nCompany, for the first time in Michigan, made use\\nof tlie papier-mache stereotype process, and with a\\nnew Bullock perfecting press with Scott folder was\\nable to print, fold, and paste twelve thousand papers\\nper hour. The event was signalized by printing\\na thirty-two-page\\npaper with a sup-\\nplement of four\\npages, and at this\\ntime the paper was\\nchanged from folio\\nto quarto form. On\\nJuly 16, 1881, the\\ncompany inaugu-\\nrated a new depar-\\nture by sending\\nthe papier-mache\\nmatrices of their\\nweekly paper to\\nLondon, and print-\\ning there a regular\\nweekly edition, to\\nwhich a few special\\ncolumns were ad-\\nded. The first issue\\nof the paper was\\nsixteen thousand\\nthe second, eigh-\\nteen thousand bv\\nDecember i it had\\nreached a bona fide\\nsale of thirty-fi\\\\ e\\nthousand copies\\nweekly and on\\nChristmas a specia!\\nholiday edition nt\\none hundred thou-\\nsand copies was\\nprinted. It is sold\\nfor a penny, and\\nup to 1883 was the\\nonly American pa-\\nper republished in\\nthe Old World.\\nThe first number was made particularly attractive\\nto Londoners by the salutatory of our fellow-towns-\\nman Bronson Howard. His long tarry in London\\nand the success of his plays had made him so well\\nknown that his send off was of great value. In\\nJune, 1884, the Detroit office was moved to the\\nnortheast corner of Earned and Shelby Streets. The\\nfirst paper in the new location was issued on June\\n8th, the event being signalized by the issue of a\\nthirty-si.\\\\-page paper. The facilities afforded in its\\nnew quarters are second to those of no other paper.\\nThe present stockholders\\nG. Boynton, N. Eisenlord,\\nBell, John O Connors, and\\neditorial staff consists of\\nBoynton, Joseph Greusel,\\nBell, Geo. P. Goodale, C.\\nJohn Barr, B. K. Wright,\\nThe Fkee Press Bl ildinlj. N. L. Cuk. Lak.ned and SutLLY Streets,\\nare Wm. E. Ouinby.\\nJoseph Gruesel. John A.\\nGeo. P. Goodale. The\\nWm. E. Ouinby, A. G.\\nE. G. HoFden, John\\nB. Lewis, Robert Barr,\\nJ. E. Robison. George\\nF. Hellwig, C. L.\\nDean, Geo. H.\\nTaylor, F. H. Hos-\\nford. Theo. Quinby,\\nFrank Bennett,\\nMrs. M. L. Rayne,\\nand Miss Jennie O.\\nStarkey. The daily\\nis \u00c2\u00a77 .00 a year, and\\nthe weekly $1.00,\\nissued on Tues-\\ndays.\\nThe AHgcmeinc\\nZcitiiiig,\\na German Demo-\\ncratic weekly, at\\n$2.00, was first is-\\nsued by Dr. An-\\nthony Kaminsky\\non September 21.\\n1 844 with the\\nbeginning of the\\nsecond volume the\\nname was changed\\nto Staats Zeitung\\nof Michigan, and\\nthe price reduced\\nto $1.50. In the\\nspring of 184S M.\\nH. .Allardt became\\na partner with Ka-\\nminsky. remaining\\none year. In 1850\\nKaminsky died,\\nand Messrs. Butz\\nSchimniel bought\\nthe paper and\\nchangecf the name\\nto Michigan Tribune, or German Organ of the\\nDemocracy. Of this new paper Casper Butz was\\neditor, and as early as July, 1850, he became pro-\\nprietor. The paper continued until 1854, when it\\nwas merged with\\nThe Michigan Democrat,\\nwhich was established the same year by a joint\\nstock company composed of Dr. P. Klein, F. Ruehle,\\nJ. B. Schmittdiel, G. M. Rich, B. and C. Fischer.\\nand others. The paper did not prove a success, and", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0739.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "688\\nLIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\non May i, 1856, it was sold to P. Klein, who trans-\\nferred it, on Jantiary 10, 1857, lo Doniedion\\nKramer, who, the same year, bought out\\nThe Michigan Volksblatt,\\na semi-weekly, at $2.00 a year, which was first issued\\non May i, 1853, by F. W. Schimniel, with Ru-\\ndolph Diepenbeck as editor. The paper was called\\nThe Michigan Democrat and Volksblatt. In De-\\ncember, 1858, Philip Kramer bought out the interest\\nof Domedion, and became a partner. Two years\\nlater, in November, i860, a daily issue was begun,\\nand about this time the name was changed to\\nMichigan olksblatt. Under this title, in May,\\n1862, it purchased\\nThe Michigan S/aa/s Zcituiig,\\na daily morning paper, first published in 1858 by\\nCharles D. Unas Constantine Beyerle was his part-\\nner in 1859. The price of the daily is \u00c2\u00a76.00, and of\\nthe weekly, $2.50 a year.\\nThe Michigan Journal ami Herald\\ndates its beginning from The Michigan Journal, the\\nfirst German daily published in Michigan it was\\nestablished on June 13, 1855, with daily and weekly\\neditions, by A. C. Mar.xhausen. In June, 1870,\\nit was sold to F. Cornehl and F. Pope, who discon-\\ntinued the daily after March, 1S76, and at the same\\ntime merged the paper with The Herald of Mil-\\nwaukee. The paper, under the title of Michigan\\nJournal and Herald, has since been issued weekly,\\nboth from Milwaukee and Detroit, by Pope Cole-\\nman, at $2.50 a year.\\nThe Comntcrcial Advertiser and Michigan\\nHome Journal\\nwas established in 1861 by Charles F. Clark, under\\nthe name of The Commercial Advertiser, a weekly\\nat $1.00 a year. On January i, 1S63. it was sold to\\nWilliam H. Hurk, and in the fall of 1866 the name\\nMichigan Home Journal was added. Originally\\nestablished chiefly as a commercial paper, it has for\\nseveral y\u00c2\u00abars circulated as a literary and family paper.\\nThe price is $2.50 a year.\\nTill American Honuropathic Obser^ier,\\na monthly homoeopathic journal, was established by\\nDr. E. A. Lodge in January, 1S64. The price is\\n$2.50 a year.\\nTlie Familien Blaetter,\\na German Rcpublic;m weekly, was established by\\nAug. Marxhausen, July i, 1S66, at 82.50 a year. A\\ndaily issue, called The Abend Post has been pub-\\nlished since September I, 186S. Price. $7.00 per\\nyear.\\nThe Agricultural and Horlicullural Journal,\\na semi-monthly, was established by Pope iS: Cole-\\nman on January I, 1869. Price, $1.25 a year.\\nTIic Michigan Farmer and Slate Journal oj\\nAgriculture\\nwas commenced, as an entirely new weekly paper,\\non May 15, 1869, by Johnstone Gibbons. Price,\\n$2.00 a year.\\nThe Progress oJ the Age,\\na semi-weekly, published by Pope Coleman, was\\nestablished in January, 1872. Price, $1.25 a year.\\nThe Western Home Journal,\\nan eight-page Catholic weekly, at $2.00 a year, was\\nestablished by the Home Journal Company, Septem-\\nber 28, 1S72. On January 15, 1878, William E.\\nSavage became the proprietor, and on January 5,\\n1883, he was succeeded by W. H. Hughes, who\\ncontinued its publication under the name of The\\nMichigan Catholic.\\nThe Evening News.\\nThis, the first successful cheap daily in .Michigan,\\nwas established on August 23, 1873, by J. E. Scripps.\\nFor the first two months it was printed at The Free\\nPress office then, on October 23, it was moved to\\nThe Evening News Building. 65 Sheluv Stkeet.\\n(Built in 1S77.)\\nShelby Street where four years later a commodious\\nbrick building was erected for it. It was printed on\\na four-cylinder Hoe press from 1873 to 1880. when\\na Scott web press, with a capacity of 28,000 sheets\\nper hour was substituted and in 1883 the printing\\nfacilities were further increased by a second press", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0740.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "LIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\n689\\nof like capacity. From the first the paper was ex-\\nceptionally prosperous and it closed its tenth year\\nwith a circulation of 40,000 copies daily. For\\nseveral years it boasted a larger daily circulation\\nthan all other daily papers in Michigan combined,\\nand is claimed to be the most valuable newspaper\\nproperty in the state. Among those who largely\\naided Mr. Scripps in the development of the paper\\nhave been M. J. Dee, R. B. Ross, G. R. Osmun,\\nJohn McVicar, Charles F. May, and others in the\\neditorial department \\\\V. H. Brearley, A. H. Herron,\\nand G. H. Scripps, in the business department; and\\nR. W. Wyckoff. in the mechanical. The paper has\\nbeen the defendant in a great number of prosecu-\\ntions for libel and is perhaps the only newspaper in\\nthe country which has ever had to pay a judgment\\nof $20,000 and costs, that amount being paid in\\n1884 in the famous Maclean case. Towards this\\namount a considerable sum was contributed by\\nthose who believed the paper to have been harshly\\ntreated. In July 27, 1876, the paper absorbed the\\nsubscription lists of\\nT/ie Detroit Daily Union,\\nwhich had been started as a workingmen s organ\\non July 4, 1S65, by a company of striking printers,\\nwhich later became a democratic paper, and ulti-\\nmately fell into the hands of John Atkinson and T.\\nD. Hawley. W. H. Thompson was its business\\nmanager, during the greater part of its history, and\\nwas succeeded by M. H. Godfrey. Thomas M.\\nCook was its last editor. On October 15, 1S78, a\\nweekly edition of The Evening News was estab-\\nlished under the name of The Echo.\\nThe Michigan Christian Herald,\\nthe State organ of the Baptist Church, was first pub-\\nlished at Kalamazoo on February i, 1870, by L. H.\\nTrowbridge as a bi-monthly, under the name of\\nThe Torchlight. In January, 187 1, it was changed\\nto a monthly, and on January i, 1873, was issued\\nbi-weekly at $2.00 a year, under the title of The\\nHerald and Torchlight. In October, 1873, it was\\nmoved to Detroit, and on January i, 1874, it was\\ni-ssued as a weekly, at S2.00 a year. On January i,\\n1875, it took its present title, The Michigan Chris-\\ntian Herald, and on January i, 1880, was enlarged\\nfrom four to eight pages.\\nThe Public Leader,\\na paper devoted to the interests of wine, beer, and\\nliquor dealers, was established May 19, 1874, by the\\nLeader Publishing Company. In 1874, the com-\\npany bought the Trades Journal of Ottawa. Illinois.\\nThe Leader was sold on May I, 1875, to H. S. Pot-\\nter, and sixteen days later was transferred to W. J.\\nH. Traynor. The price is $2.00 a year.\\nThe Michigan Christian Advocate\\nis the successor of The Adrian District Methodist,\\na monthly paper first issued October i, 1873, by\\nRev. O. Whitmore, at Adrian it was published on\\nthe recommendation of the preachers of the Adrian\\nDistrict, two of whom. Rev. I.N. Elwood and Rev.\\nA. F. Bourns, were especially helpful in starting the\\nkSilrta\u00c2\u00a3flti^\\\\Vl\\nMlCHIGA.N- ChRI^TI,^ ]iK^v,L; Lni.-ijiNu. liliLT iifio.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0741.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "690\\nLIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\npaper. On the recommendation of the district con-\\nferences of several districts, it was enlarged on\\nDecember i, and the name changed to Michigan\\nChristian Advocate. In September, 1874, the De-\\ntroit Conference adopted it as its local organ, and\\nin December the Methodist Publishing Company\\norganized, bought the paper, and removed it to\\nDetroit, where on January i. 1875, it was first issued\\nas a weekly. Rev. O. Whitmore and Rev. L. R.\\nFiske, D. D.. were engaged as editors, and con-\\ntinued in charge until September, when Rev. J. M.\\nArnold succeeded to the editorship, and is still in\\ncharge, with Rev. J. H. Potts as associate editor.\\nWith the issue for November 12, 18S1, the paper\\nwas changed from folio to quarto form. Price,\\n$1.50 a year.\\nNew Preparations,\\na medical quarterly, was first issued in January,\\n1877, by George S. Davis. It was edited by Dr.\\nC. H. Leonard. In January, 1879, it was changed\\nto a monthly, and Dr. William Brodie became the\\neditor. In Januar\\\\-, 1880, the name was changed to\\nThe rapeittic Gazette.\\nThis is a royal octavo of four hundred and eighty\\npages yearly. The price is $1.00 a year.\\nThe Detroit Daily Hotel Reporter and Kaihvay\\nGuide.\\nwas fust issued March 17, 1877, by W. J. H.\\nTraynor.\\nThe AinpJn on,\\na musical monthly, established by Whittemore iS:\\nStephens in August, 1S74, is published by Roe\\nStephens, at Si. 10 per year.\\nDie Stimnie der Waltrheit,\\na German weekly, at $2.50 a year, was commenced\\nin 1875, with J. B. Mueller and E. Andries as\\neditors and proprietors.\\nTlie W ayne County Courier\\nwas established at Wyandotte in May, 1870, under\\nthe title of The Wyandotte Enterprise by D. E.\\nThomas, and sold in 1871 to H. A. Grilhn. Soon\\nafter, Griffin Bates, and on January i, 1872,\\nGriffin Nellis, were publishers. In 1879 the paper\\nwas sold to E. O Brien. Its politics were Republi-\\ncan until its removal to Detroit in 1876, when it\\nbecame the first Greenback paper in Michigan.\\nAfter its sale to Mr. O Brien, it again became a\\nRepublican paper. In 18S1 it was published by\\nO Brien li Robertson, and on October 27, 1881. it\\nwas sold to W. J. H. Traynor. The price is $1.25\\na year.\\nThe Medical Advance,\\na quarterly, which was first published in January,\\n1877, by Dr. C. H. Leonard, at fifty cents a year, was\\ncontinued for three years, and then succeeded by\\nLeonard s Illustrated Medical Journal,\\nfirst issued in 1880. The price is 50 cents a year.\\nThe Index,\\nan advertising octavo, was first issued November 15,\\n1877, by T. J. Crowe.\\nTIte Michigan Railroad Guide,\\na monthly, has been issued since May, 1S77, by E.\\nSchober. Price, S .oo a vear.\\nThe Family Circle,\\npublished by Pope Coleman, a weekly at $1.25 a\\nyear, was first issued in January, 1878.\\nTJie Detroit Lancet,\\na monthly, edited by Drs. L. Connor and H. A.\\nCleland, was first published in 1878 by E. B. Smith\\nCompany, at Ss-oo a year. In May, 1879,\\nGeorge S. Davis became the publisher, and L.\\nConnor, M. D., sole editor.\\nThe Medical Age,\\nalso published by George S. Davis, is the successor\\nof\\nThe Michigan Medical News.\\na semi-monthly, edited and published by Dr. J.J.\\nMulheron, and first issued in January-, 1878, at \u00c2\u00a71.00\\na year. In Januarys 18S3, it was purchased by\\nGeorge S. Davis.\\nThe Detroit Clinic,\\na weekly, at $1.00 a year, was established January\\n4, 18S2, with H. O. Walker. M. D., and O. W.\\nOwen. .M. D\u00e2\u0080\u009e as editors, and Drs. Theodore A.\\nMcGraw, E. L. Shurly, N. W. Webber, and T. N.\\nReynolds as associate editors. It was owned by\\nGeorge S. Davis, who, after the purchase of The\\nMichigan Medical News, combined the two periodi-\\ncals under the name of The Medical Age. It is a\\nsemi-monthly, at $1.00 a year. Dr. John Mulheron,\\nmanaging editor; Drs. Henry F. Lyster, T. A. Mc-\\nGraw, Daniel La Ferte, and H. O. Walker, asso-\\nciate editors.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0742.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "LIVING PAPERS AND PERIODICALS.\\n691\\nAVif Idea.\\nThis monthly paper, devoted to pharmaceutical\\ninterests, is published by F. Stearns Company,\\nand was established in January, 1878. Price, fifty\\ncents a year.\\nMichigan A. O. U. IV. Herald.\\nThis organ of the American Order of United\\nWorkmen was first issued in May. 1878. The price\\nis fifty cents a year, and it is published monthly.\\nEvery Saturday\\nmay be called the successor of\\nDetroit Society News,\\nedited by E. D. Daniels, the first paper of the\\nkind in Detroit. It was a weekly, published by the\\nMichigan Ready Print Company, at $1.00 per year,\\nfrom December 14, 1878, to March, 1880, when it\\nwas sold, and transformed into Every Saturday,\\nestablished by Moore Parker on March 6, 1880.\\nIn February, 1S84, it was sold to W. H. Brearley,\\nand H. A. Ford then became editor, and was suc-\\nceeded in June by Miss Alice Cary. It is a literary\\nand society paper. Price, $1.50 a year.\\nChaff,\\na society paper, was first issued March 26, 1S81, by\\nD. J. McDonald and Lloyd Brezee. In July, 1881,\\nMr. McDonald retired, and in July, 18S3, the paper\\nwas sold to George M. Chester. The price is $2.00\\na year.\\nThe Detroit Marine Neivs,\\na weekly, at S2.00 a year, first issued April 29, 1881,\\nis edited and published by Watson Jones.\\nThe Fainity Herald,\\na weekly story paper, at $2.00 a year, published by\\nW. J. H. Traynor, was first issued on May 7, 1881.\\nThe Home Messenger,\\na monthly, was first issued by the Board of Man-\\nagers of the Home of the Friendless on December\\nI, 1868, at seventy-five cents a year. It was discon-\\ntinued in December, 1879, and resumed in March,\\n1882, as a quarterly at %i.oo a year, with Mrs. C. F.\\nLivermore as editor.\\nThe Indicator,\\na monthly paper, devoted to insurance and real\\nestate matters, was first issued in May, 1S82. Price,\\n$1.00 a year. It is published by W. H. Burr.\\nThe IVestern Newspaper Union\\nis the successor of The Michigan Ready Print,\\nestablished in 1877 by Joseph Saunders. The first\\nnumber of the Union was issued on January i,\\n1883. It is a weekly, at $1.00 a year. M. H. Red-\\nfield, manager.\\nThe Manufacturer and Inventor,\\na si.xteen-page monthly, price $1.00 a year, was first\\nissued in March, 1883, J. B. McDowd, editor.\\nThe Western Land Guide,\\na monthly, devoted to all matters concerning lands,\\nwas first issued in May, 1883. The price is $1.00\\na year. It is published by Willco.x Howell.\\nThe Detroit Plaindealer\\nis a weekly devoted to the interests of the colored\\nrace. It was first issued on May 16, 1883. It is\\npublished by Jacob Coleman, R. and B. Pelham, R.\\nRedman, and W. Stone. Price. $1.50.\\nThe Spectator,\\nthe organ of several labor organizations, was first\\nissued June 16, 1883. It is a weekly, at $1.50 a\\nyear.\\nThe Michigan Mirador and Good Templar.\\nThe history of the two papers represented in the\\nabove title is as follows A paper called The Michi-\\ngan Good Templar, a monthly, at thirty-five cents\\na year, with C. P. Russell and C. S. Pitkin as edi-\\ntors, was first issued in December, 1882, and after\\none year was sold to W. W. Secord. He was then\\npublishing The Michigan Mirador at Belleville,\\nWayne County, having begun its publication in\\nApril, 1 88 1. .A.fter purchasing The Good Templar,\\nhe continued both papers for a year. In May, 1883,\\nhe removed to Detroit, and in December both\\npapers were consolidated under the above title. It\\nis a weekly prohibition paper, at S -00 a year.\\nThe Detroit Commercial,\\na weekly, at $1.00 a year, published by R. C. Wilby,\\nwas first issued on August 17, 1883.\\nThe Detroit Evening Journal.\\nThis paper, published by the Evening Journal\\nCompany, was founded by Lloyd Breeze and first\\nissued September i, 1883. with Lloyd Brezee as\\neditor-in-chief and C. C. Packard as business mana-\\nger. It is a tw o-cent daily, and commenced with\\na capital of only $3,200. Originally an individual\\nenterprise, on December 6, 1883, a stock company\\nwith $37,500 cash capital was formed for its publi-\\ncation. The amount was increased on May 27,\\n1884, to $50,000. On September 18 a controlling\\ninterest in the paper was sold to S. J. Tomlinson.\\nwho became its chief editor. It was at first located\\nat 50 Lamed Street West. On May 24, 1884. it was\\nestablished in a building at No. 40 Congress Street\\nWest, issuing then and since an eight-page paper\\non Saturdays. In its new quarters it commenced\\nusing one of the latest styles of the Scott press, the\\npress doing all that any other presses in the city will", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0743.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "692\\nCITY PRINTERS.\\nperform, besides pasting, folding and counting its\\npapers in packages.\\nTlie Detroit Times,\\nTfiis two-cent morning daily was first issued De-\\ncember 4, 1S83. The office is at 47 Larned Street\\nWest. It is conducted by a stock company, with a\\ncapital of $30,000; Charles Moore, Charles M.\\nParker, D. J. McDonald, and Frank E. Robinson\\nbeing the chief managers. They print a paper every\\nday in the year, a four-page paper being issued on\\nweek days and eight pages on Sundays. On the\\nmorning of April 11, 1S84, their office was entirely\\ndestroyed by fire, but through the courtesy of other\\npapers their morning paper was promptly issued.\\nThe American Meteorological Journal\\na monthly, at $3.00 a year, was first issued in May,\\n1S84. It is published by W. H. Burr Company,\\nand edited by Prof. M. \\\\V. Harrington, of Ann Ar-\\nbor.\\nCITY PRINTERS.\\nAppointments to the office of city printer were\\nmade as early as 1824, but the duties of the office\\nwere not prescribed until 1842. After that year\\nproposals for printing were invited, and yearly con-\\ntracts made, for printing the proceedings of the\\ncouncil. Proposals are invited by the Comptroller,\\nand the contract is awarded by the council at the\\nbeginning of each fiscal year.\\nThe contractor for the Public Printing prints in\\nsome daily paper full proceedings of all meetings\\nof the council, and furnishes about twenty-five\\ncopies for the use of city officers and aldermen.\\nHe also prints annually the notices of tax sales, the\\nproceedings of the council and the reports of all the\\nofficers and of some of the boards. Since 1 870 the\\nseveral official reports have been collected annually\\nand boinid in one volume.\\nBy Act of April 13, 1871, provision was made for\\nprinting the proceedings of the council in a German\\nnewspaper. By Act of 1879, not more than $2,500\\nmay be paid for printing official proceedings in all\\nlanguages and the publishing of the tax-list is\\nrestricted to one official paper. The bills for city\\nprinting for various decades have been 1830, %6},\\n1S40, $297; 1S50, $685; i860, $2,393; 1S70, $13,-\\n633; 1880, $13,908.\\nWe give below a list of the city printers who have\\nprinted the official proceedings of the council\\n1824, Sheldon Wells; 1825, Sheldon Reed\\n1826-1829, Chipman Seymour; 1829, H. S. Ball\\n1830, Sheldon Wells; 1831, Sheldon McKnight\\n1832, G. L. Whitney; 1833- 1834, Cleland Saw-\\nyer; I S34-1 837, G. L. Whitney; 1837, Bagg, Barns,\\nCompany; 1838, G. L. Whitney; 1839, Daw-\\nson Bates; 1840, J. S. Bagg; 1841, Dawson\\nBates; 1842, Bagg Harmon; 1843, Sheldon\\nMcKnight 1844-1847, A. S. Williams 1847, Bagg\\nHarmon 1848-1850, H. H. Duncklee Com-\\npany 1 850, F. B. Way Company 1 85 1 Duncklee\\nWales; 1S52-1862, W. F. Storey; 1862-1864,\\nAdvertiser and Tribune 1 864- 1 866, Walker, Barns,\\nCo.; 1866, Daily Union Company; 1867, Free\\nPress Company 1868, Advertiser S: Tribune; 1869-\\n1871, Free Press Company; 1871-1874, Daily Post\\nCompany; 1874, J. E. Scripps 1875, Free Press\\n1876, Daily Post 1877, Evening News 1878, Free\\nPress Company; 1879, Post and Tribune; 1880,\\nF ree Press; 1881- Post and Tribune.\\nNEWSBOYS.\\nThese are one of the modern institutions, the out-\\ngrowth of war influences and of the larger popula-\\ntion of the city. Newsboj s and bootblacks were\\ncomparatively unknown prior to the summer of\\n1861 since that time there has been a constant in-\\ncrease in their number. In April, 1862, an attempt\\nwas made to have them licensed, but the effort\\nA NEUbDuV.\\nfailed. Four years later they had become very\\nnumerous, and many of them, having no home,\\nslept in the streets. Mrs. Beulah Brinton made an\\nearnest effort to promote their welfare by providing\\nlodgings for them in the Hawley Block but after a\\nfew months trial, the attempt was abandoned. In\\n1 874 and 1875 a similar and more persistent effort\\nwas made, chiefly supported by Luther Beecher.\\nA school for two evenings in a week was established,\\nand a Sabbath school, and food and clothing were\\nprovided, but after several months effort the difficul-\\nties of the undertaking caused it to be discontinued.\\nAn amusing indication of the independent spirit\\nof the newsboys was shown on July 20, 1877, when\\nthey attempted to prevent the sale of The Evening\\nNews, the price charged them being in their opinion\\ntoo high. They would not sell the papor and tried\\nto prevent others from doing so. Their generally\\nunruly character finally compelled the passage, on No-\\nvember 26 following, of an ordinance requiring each", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0744.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "NEWSBOYS. 693\\nnewsboy to obtain a yearly license, and wear a badge good conduct, and were to be the city s property,\\nfor which they are required to pay ten cents. By and to be returned to the city unless renewed at\\namended ordinance of Tebruary 6, 1878, the badges expiration of the license. The number of boys thus\\nwere tube issued only on satisfactory assurance of licensed in 18S1 was 700; in 1*883, 1,4.24.", "height": "2731", "width": "1942", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0745.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X\\nEARLY BOOK I KINTING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BOOKS AND BOOKSELLERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ALMANACS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GAZETTEERS.\\nDIRECTORIES. MAPS OF MICHIGAN.\\nEARLY BOOK PRINTING.\\nIt is almost certain that there was a printing-\\npress here as early as 1777, for Lieutenant-Governor\\nHamilton distributed to the Rebel Colonists large\\nnumbers of proclamations dated from, and in all\\nprobability printed at Detroit. The earliest account\\nof a printing press in this region is contained in a\\nmanuscript letter-book of Alexander William\\nMacomb. A letter therein, written in 1785 to one\\nof their correspondents at London, refers to a\\nprinting press they had received, and their corres-\\npondent is reminded that no directions have been\\nsent for putting it in working order. No evidence\\nof the use of the press has been found, but there is\\nabundant evidence of the use of the press and type\\nbrought here from Boston or Baltimore in 1 809 by\\nRev. Gabriel Richard, and immediately rented or\\nsold to James M. Miller.\\nThe first book printed on this press was probably\\nThe Child s Spelling Book, or Michigan Instructor,\\nbeing compiled from the most approved authors by\\na teacher of Detroit. It is a book of twelve pages,\\nwith the date of August i. 1809, and printed by\\nJames M. Miller. In 1883 there was a copy in pos-\\nsession of C. N. Flattery. The Michigan Essay, a\\nnewspaper issued in 1 809, also bears Miller s imprint.\\nThe .same year he issued a prayer book with the\\ntitle, L ame penitente, ou la nouveau considera-\\ntion sur les verities eternelles, etc., etc. Jacques\\nMiller, Imprimeur, Detroit, 1S09. i6mo., pp. 300.\\nIn 1811 A. Co.xshawe was in possession of the\\nprinting material, as is proved by two books bearing\\nhis imprint La Journe du Chretien Sanctifie par\\nla priere et meditation. A. Coxshawe Imprimeur,\\nDetroit, 181 1, (i6mo. thick), and Les Ornemens\\nde la Memoire extraits des. poets Fran^ais pour\\nservir a 1 education de la Jeunesse. A. Coxshawe\\nImprimeur, Detroit, 1812. (i2mo. pp. 130.)\\nIn 1 81 2 Theophilus Mettez had charge of the\\npress, and in that year he issued the following works,\\nall of them printed in both French and English\\nEpitres et evangiles pour tout les dimanches et\\nfetes de Fame. D apres I edition du Monseigneur\\nI eveque de Quebec. (i2mo. pp. 396.) Petite\\nCatechisme Historique, abrege de I histoire sainte\\net de la doctrine Chretien. Par M. Fleury, Pretre.\\n(i2mo. pp. 300.) Journal des Enfans Children s\\nJournal. Moral and entertaining stories in dialogue\\nfrom the French of M. Berquin.\\nDuring the War of 1812 the proclamations of\\nGenerals Hull and Brock were printed from the\\nsame type. Copies of the proclamations are pre-\\nserved by various persons, and the libraries of\\nJames A. Girardin and R. R. Elliott contain several\\nof the books.\\nIn June, 1S43, Bishop Lefevere presented about\\nseven hundred pounds of the old type to James A.\\nGirardin and E. N. Lacroix to be used in printing a\\npaper soon afterward it was sold for old metal, and\\nsent to Lyman s Type Foundry at Buffalo.\\nBOOKS AND BOOKSELLERS.\\nThe people of to-day cannot realize the poverty\\nof the earlier inhabitants in the matter of books.\\nNow, there is scarcely a home in the city where\\nbooks may not be found. In early days, up to about\\n1810, there were hardly three hundred volumes in\\nthe whole city. Book-stores were unknown, and\\nnew books of any kind as compared with present\\nissues were as one to a thousand. New publications\\nwere occasionally forwarded to some officer of the\\ngarrison, or imported with packages of merchandize,\\nand a new book by a new author would set society\\non tiptoe to see, or hear, or read it. Occasionally a\\nleading merchant would bring out a few standard\\nvolumes on an order, but these orders were rarely\\ngiven. The books that were obtained represented\\nthe best of the English classics, and, if you found\\nany, you would find Shakespeare, The Rambler,\\nThe Spectator, Hannah More s works, Rollin s An-\\ncient History, the works of Josephus, Walter Scott s\\nnovels. Fox s Book of Martyrs, the poems of Milton,\\nMoore, Pope, and Burns, Young s Night Thoughts.\\nEdgeworth s Tales, and very likely the works of\\nSterne, Smollet, and Fielding.\\nWhen the Gazette appeared in 1S17 the proprie-\\ntors sought to encourage literary taste and increase\\ntheir profits by selling books as well as papers, and\\nby their efforts the book trade was begun. The\\nbusiness was continued by John P. Sheldon, and in\\nt6g4l", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0746.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "BOOKS AND BOOKSELLERS.\\n695\\n1826 Stephen Wells became a partner with him.\\nIn 1832 .Mr. Wells was the sole owner of the store.\\nHe died in 1834, and the stock was sold to L. L.\\nMorse, and he and S. W. Johnson bought out\\nthe store of A. H. Stowell. established in 1832.\\nThe two stocks were combined and large additions\\nmade. Morse Johnson were succeeded by Bcrger\\nStevens. The firm of Snow Fiske, established\\nin 1834, had probably the most complete stock of\\nany firm up to that date. On the death of Mr. Fiske\\nSidney L. Rood became proprietor he went out of\\nbusiness in 1841. In 1836 John S. A. S. Bagg,\\nof the F ree Press, were proprietors of a book-store.\\nJ. S. Bagg retired, and it was continued until about\\n1852 by A. S. Bagg. The firm was then changed\\nto Bagg, Patten, McDonald; in 1855 the firm\\nname was McDonald Finley after a year or two\\nR. H. Finley became sole proprietor and gradually\\nsold out the stock. In 1837 P. R. L. Pierce was\\nkeeping a book-store, as was also Horace Galpin.\\nAs early as 1S37 or 1838 Messrs. Aymar Shaw\\nand Alexander McFarren began. John I. Herrick\\nwent into the trade about 1840; he soon admitted\\nGeorge McKenzie into partnership, and in 1846\\nMcKenzie was sole proprietor. In 1843 M. M. Wil-\\nliams was advertised as a bookseller at the Post-\\noffice. About this time Chauncey Morse began\\nbusiness. Mr. Seileck became his partner about\\n1854, and the firm of Morse Seileck continued\\nuntil 1856. Mr. Seileck then retired, and Mr. Morse\\nwent to Grand Rapids. Kerr, Doughty. Lapham\\nbegan about 1852. The firm afterwards changed\\nto Kerr Doughty; in 1855 it was Kerr, Morley,\\nCompany, then J. A. Kerr Company, and from\\n1857 to i860 Doughty, Straw, Company. In\\ni860 or 1 86 1 they sold out to Raymond Lapham.\\nThe beginnings of this last establishment date from\\n1853, when T. M. Cook was engaged in the trade.\\nIn 1855 Francis Raymond was associated with him,\\nand the firm of Raymond Cook succeeded to the\\nbusiness of Alexander McFarren. In 1856, and up\\nto i860, the firm name was Raymond Seileck;\\nthen Raymond Lapham; in i860 or 1861 they\\nbought out Doughty, Straw, Company, and in\\n1862 the firm name was Raymond Adams. In\\n1863 Mr. Raymond sold his interest to T. K. Adams,\\nand soon after the business was closed up. G. F.\\nRood commenced a stationery and blank book-store\\nabout 1844, and in 1S51 sold out to Friend Palmer.\\nIn 1853 Mr. Whipple became a partner, remaining\\ntwo years. The business was next conducted by\\nFriend Palmer, and in 1859 by Palmer Fisher.\\nIn 1 86 1 Friend Palmer was sole proprietor, continu-\\ning until 1S63, when he was succeeded by F. Ray-\\nmond, who went out of business in 1872.\\nJ. A. Roys began in 1845, and in 18S4 is the\\nNestor of the trade. In 1847 Messrs. Bates\\nBurns opened an extensive book-!;tore. About 1848\\nJ. G. Krug commenced keeping a small stock of Ger-\\nman Catholic books. The business is still continued.\\nJohn Pickering was keeping a book-store as early as\\n1852, as was also F. P. Markham Brother. The\\nsame year the latter firm changed to M;irkham\\nEhvood; in 1853 and 1855 the firm name was S. D.\\nElwood Company, and in 1857 the firm was suc-\\nceeded by W. B. Howe. In 1869 he .sold out to J.\\nH. Caine Company, and they- to Mr. Clark of\\nPittsburgh, v\\\\ ho sold the stock at auction. After\\nselling out to Mr. Howe, Mr. Elwood went into\\nthe law-book trade on Griswold Street, and in 1865\\nformed a partnership under the firm name of W: A.\\nThroop Company. On the retirement of Mr.\\nElwood, Gove Porter became a partner with Mr.\\nThroop. After a few years the firm went out of\\nbusiness.\\nIn 1853 Mr. Allen was a well-known book-dealer.\\nIn 1S60 Putnam, Smith, Company had succeeded\\nto his business. In 1S60 E. B. Smith was sole pro-\\nprietor. From time to time other persons became\\nassociate partners, and the firm name was changed\\nto E. B. Smith Company. In 1880 T. Nourse be-\\ncame sole proprietor. In 1882 the firm name was\\nchanged to W. L. Berry Company. Early in\\n1883 Gorton, Blewett, Company succeeded to the\\nbusiness, and on October 4 of the same year the\\nfirm name was changed to Gorton, Berry, Com-\\npany. During 1884 Mr. Nourse again became sole\\nowner, and discontinued the business. G. M.\\nBoehnlein began about 1857, and still continue. J.\\nM. Arnold began in 1863. In 1864 the firm was\\nArnold cS: Littlefield afterward Arnold an\\nAikin. In 1867 and 1868 the firm was composed\\nof J. M. Arnold and Silas Fanner. After 1868 C.\\nH. Gaston became a member of the firm, and was\\nsucceeded by John Willyoung, who, in 1880. became\\nsole owner. He died in 1884, and the business was\\nsold to Phillips Hunt, as managers of the Metho-\\ndist Book Concern.\\nW. E. Tunis began the book trade at Detroit in\\n1863. In 1872 the firm was Tunis Parker. After\\nthe death of Mr. Tunis, in 1876, D. P. Work suc-\\nceeded to the retail business. Boothroyd Young-\\nblood were in business in 1864, Boothroyd Gibbs\\nfrom 1872 to 1876, and Boothroyd, Woodward,\\nCompany from 1876 to 1884. In 1863, and for a\\nfew years after, Everett Company and W. L. Fos-\\nter cS: Company, were known as booksellers. L. S.\\nFreeman began about the same time, and in 1872\\nwas succeeded by Macauley Brothers. J. D. An-\\ndrews began in 1 873. As early as 1 869 Herman Reiff\\nwas engaged in the sale of (k-rman books. Herman\\nSucker began in 1875. The Detroit News Com-\\npany, J. A. Marsh manager, was established in 1 876.\\nIn 1874, and for a year or two after, C. H. Borgman", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0747.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "696\\nALMANACS. STATE GAZETTEERS.\\nwas keeping a German book-store. L. F. Kilroy\\nbeg-an in 1878. John \\\\V. Macfarlane opened his\\nstore in i88i. Messrs. Lapham Throop com-\\nmenced in July, 1884.\\nOf the dealers in second-hand books, G. W. Pat-\\ntison is the pioneer, and has been in the trade for\\nabout twenty years. Andrew Wanless and W. M.\\nLomasney are also engaged in the same line of trade.\\ni^ir Si^jfx w. SS iS-^- i\\nDetroit News Co. Store 7 Fort Stkeet West. Built in 1864.\\nALM.\\\\N.\\\\CS.\\nAlmanacs with titles as follows were published in\\nthe years named The Western Almanac and\\nMichigan Register for 1829. Astronomical Calcu-\\nlations by Hiram W ilmarth. Printed and published\\nby J. W. Seymour. Farmer s Calendar or Mich-\\nigan Almanac for 1834. Astronomical Calculations\\nby H. Wilmarth. Published by G. L. Whitney.\\nDetroit Almanac and Michigan Register for the\\nyear 1839. Astronomical Calculations by William\\nW. McLouth. Printed and sold by Berger\\nStevens. Michigan Almanac 1840. Published\\nby S. L. Rood. Michigan Almanac 1843. Pub-\\nlished by W. Harsha. Calculations by A. E.\\nHathon. Michigan Almanac for 1S44. Calcu-\\nlations by A. E. Hathon, Detroit. John L Her-\\nrick. publisher. 98 Jefferson Avenue, Detroit.\\nEditions of the Christian Almanac, with a few\\npages of items especially prepared for residents of\\nMichigan, were issued in 1836, 1838. 1839, 1840,\\nand probably in other years.\\nIn 1869, and yearly since then, the publishers of\\nthe Post and Tribune have issued The Michigan\\nAlmanac. It contains a variety of general and\\nstatistical information, and is sold at fifteen cents\\nper copy.\\nSTATE GAZETTEERS.\\nThe first Gazetteer of the Territory was entitled\\nThe Emigrants Guide, or Pocket Gazetteer of the\\nSurveyed Part of Michigan, and was published by\\nJohn Farmer at Albany, New York, in 1830. It\\nwas a small pamphlet of thirty-two pages in fine\\ntype. It gave a very comprehensive view of the\\ncountry, and for that time was relatively as com-\\nplete as those of later days. It was sold both\\nseparately and in connection with a map of the\\nTerritory, and reached a circulation of many thous-\\nands. A second and revised edition was issued in\\n1 83 1. In 1836 Mr. Farmer issued a new work,\\nentitled The Emigrants Guide, or Pocket Gazet-\\nteer of the Surveyed Part of Michigan. It con-\\ntained information gathered from every post-office,\\nand was .sold separately and in connection with a\\nmap of the State.\\nIn 1838 John T. Blois compiled and G. L. Rood\\nprinted the first bound Gazetteer, a remarkably thor-\\nough and valuable work of 418 pages. After 1S38\\nnothing worthy of the title of Gazetteer was issued\\nuntil 1863, when Charles F. Clark issued a Gazet-\\nteer of Michigan. It contained 662 pages, and was\\nin every way a model. In i860 and 1865 Gazetteers,\\nof 400 and 500 pages respectively, were issued by\\nG. W. Hawes.\\nIn 1867 H. H. Chapin published a Gazetteer of\\n540 pages, and in 1871 M. T. Piatt one of 350\\npages. In 1873 Messrs. J. E. Scripps and R. L.\\nPolk issued a Gazetteer which was the most complete\\nof any issued; it contained 746 pages. In 1875, and\\nevery other year since, R. L. Polk Company have\\nissued complete Gazetteers of the State. The firm\\nalso publish Gazetteers of all the territories and of\\nIllinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky; Minnesota. Da-\\nkota, and Montana, in one volume; Missouri, Penn-\\nsylvania, Arkansas, Indiana, New Jersey, Texas.\\nWisconsin, Delaware; Maryland, and West Virginia,\\nin one volume and City Directories of Detroit,\\nOanti Rapids, East Saginaw. Saginaw, Bay City,\\nJackson, Indianapolis, Fort Wayne. Toledo, St. Paul,\\nLondon, Ont., and several other cities.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0748.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "CITY DIRECTORIES. MAPS OF MICHIGAN.\\n697\\nCITY DIRECTORIES.\\nA Directory with a map was proposed to be\\nissued as early as 1832, but none was published\\nuntil March. 1837. when Julius P. Bolivar McCabe\\nbrought out his complete and useful work. In May,\\n1842, he announced a Directory to appear in June;\\nbut not receiving sufticient encouragement, he was\\nunable to publish. The following table gives the\\nmore important features of the several Directories\\nof the city. The losses by enlistment for the war\\nwith the South are clearly indicated by the reduced\\nnumber of names in 1863, 1864, and 1865\\nPublishers.\\nJ. P. B, McCabe\\nJames H. Wellings\\nJames H. Wellings\\nDaily Advertiser\\nJ. Shove\\nJames D. Johnson\\nJames D. Johnson\\nJames D. Johnson\\nJames D. Johnson\\nJames D. Johnson\\n*D. W. Umberhine\\nJ. D. Johnson Co.\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nCharles F. Clark\\nC. F. Clark Co.\\nC. F. Clark Co.\\nBurch Polk\\nHubbell Weeks\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nJ. W. Weeks Co.\\nMAPS OF MICHIGAN ISSUED AT DETROIT.\\nA Map of the Territory was first suggested in\\nthe fall of 1823. Philo E. Judd then issued pro-\\nposals for a Map of Michigan, price $2.00, to be\\nA Business Directory only.\\nDate.\\nPages.\\nNo. of\\nNames.\\n1837\\n115\\n1,330\\n1845\\n169\\n2,S00\\n1846\\n214\\n3,238\\n1850\\n290\\n4.322\\n1852\\n238\\n6,279\\n1853\\n320\\n7.736\\n1855\\n304\\n8,096\\n1856\\n352\\n1 1, 100\\n1857\\n352\\n11,282\\n1859\\n292\\n10,512\\ni860\\n156\\n1.485\\n1861\\n344\\n14.850\\n1862\\n390\\n14,620\\n1863\\n312\\n12,436\\n1864\\n322\\n13,222\\n1865\\n334\\n14.440\\n1 866\\n352\\n18,225\\n1867\\n39S\\n19.843\\n1868\\n406\\n22,640\\n1869\\n448\\n23.750\\n1870\\n48S\\n24,840\\n1871\\n484\\n25,336\\n1872\\n348\\n14.050\\n1872\\n550\\n28,728\\n1873\\n628\\n32,408\\n1874\\n650\\n36,996\\n1875\\n692\\n38,038\\n1876\\n740\\n39,500\\n1877\\n790\\n42,500\\n1878\\n850\\n43,212\\n1879\\n886\\n44,240\\n1880\\n966\\n45.800\\n1881\\n1,099\\n53,688\\n1882\\n1. 155\\n56,540\\n1883\\n1,232\\n61,480\\n1884\\n1.438\\n67,002\\ntwenty-two by twenty-six inches in size, on a scale\\nof twenty inches to one mile, and to be accompa-\\nnied by a Gazetteer. The title of this map was\\ncopyrighted on May 5, 1824. Mr. Judd died at\\nFlat Rock on September 19, and his manuscript\\nwas bought by John P. Sheldon, who in December,\\n1824, announced the probable completion of the\\nwork in June, 1825.\\nThis plan was not consummated, for the task of\\npreparing an accurate map and gazetteer was found\\nto be more formidable than had been anticipated,\\nand in the meantime other publications entered the\\nfield. During September, 1824, and before the\\ndeath of Mr. Judd, Orange Risdon published pro-\\nposals for a map of Michigan, to include all south\\nof Saginaw Bay and east of the pnncipal meridian,\\nto be on a scale of four miles to an inch, the price\\nto be three dollars, in book form. The engraved\\ncopies of this map contain no mention of the fact,\\nbut the draft was made by John Farmer. The title\\nwas copyrighted on January 29, 1825, but the map,\\nwhich was engraved at Albany, New York, was not\\nissued until a year or more afterwards.\\nWhile this map was being engraved. Mr. Farmer\\nhimself concluded to become a map publisher. He\\nwas undoubtedly well qualified, being a thoroughly\\neducated sur\\\\ eyor and remarkably skilful in pen-\\nmanship and draughting. In the year 1821, before\\ncoming to Detroit, he had taught map drawing in\\nthe best schools of Albany. In 1822, and during\\nthe following year, he made by hand scores of\\nmaps of Michigan from the surveyor s plats, which\\nfor some months found ready sale at S5.00 per copy.\\nHe subsequently taught map drawing in Ohio.\\nReturning to Detroit in the spring of 1825, he\\nmade for the Treasurer of the United States a\\nmap of the road from the Ohio State line to\\nDetroit. These various enterprises suggested the\\nidea of preparing and publishing a map in his own\\nname; and early in June, 1825, his manuscript map\\nwas put into the hands of engravers at Utica, New\\nYork. The title was copyrighted on August 29,\\nand the map was completed and published in Sep-\\ntember, more than six months before the Risdon\\nmap appeared. His map thus became the first\\npublished map of Michigan. It was warmly com-\\nmended by Governor Cass, by the Secretary of the\\nTerritory, William Woodbridge, and by other terri-\\ntorial officials and was so favorably received that\\nthe map of Mr. Risdon, when issued, found com-\\nparatively few purchasers.\\nThe cop^Tight of Mr. Farmer s work was sold,\\nsoon after its publication, to Edward Brooks. In\\n1826 Mr. Farmer laid out the xnllage of Ypsilanti\\nand several other embryo cities. In the same year\\nhe issued a second Map of Michigan, the finished\\ncopy being deposited at Washington on December I,", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0749.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "698\\nMAPS OF MICHIGAN.\\n1826 (the certificate of deposit bears the signa-\\nture of Henry Clay as Secretary of State) he also\\nprepared for the Legislative Council a very large\\nmanuscript map of the Territory. In 1829 he\\ndrafted a similar map for the same body, besides\\nlaying out and surveying roads in various directions\\nfor the territorial officers. In that year he also\\ncopyrighted two different maps of Michigan, and\\none of Michigan and Oui.sconsin Territories.\\nThese maps were placed on the market in 1830 and\\nmany thousands were sold in Boston, Providence,\\nHartford, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Wash-\\nington, Albany, Rochester, Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie,\\nand other places as well as at Detroit. .So great\\nwas the demand for these maps that, in that day, it\\nwas almost iinpossible to supply them. Emigrants on\\ntheir arrival at Detroit, before going into the woods,\\nwould often go from house to house, seeking to\\npurchase a second-hand copy, and many maps\\nchanged owners at an advance of several hundred\\nper cent on their first cost. In 1S33, 1834. and 1835\\nMr. Farmer collected material from all parts of the\\nTerritory, and planned a much more elaborate map\\nindeed, the draft was so minute that the eastern\\nengravers would engrave it only at a price that\\nutterly precluded any idea of profit from its publi-\\ncation. Mr. Farmer then determined to do his own\\nengraving, and though he had literally no knowledge\\nof the business beyond that obtained by observation,\\nhe procured a set of engraver s tools and undertook\\nthe work, which was a pronounced success in excel-\\nlence of execution, in detail, and in amount of sales.\\nSingle book-stores in Detroit bought over one\\nthousand copies at a time. The map was sold sep-\\narately and in connection with a pocket Gazetteer,\\nissued the saine year.\\nThese maps and gazetteers of 1830 and 1836 cir-\\nculated extensively at the East, and had a more\\nmarked effect in stimulating the unprecedented\\nemigration of those days than any and all other\\nprivate enterprises. It will be remembered that\\nMichigan has a larger proportion of York State and\\nNew England settlers than any other western State.\\nNo other Territory or State, in its infancy, was so\\naccurately represented or so thoroughly advertised\\nby means of reliable maps as Michigan. The maps\\nand gazetteers of Mr. Farmer contributed largely to\\nthis work, and his publications, though issued by\\nprivate enterprise, were none the less a great public\\nadvantage. To this day there are scores of witnesses\\nto the fact that his maps were deemed as essential\\nfor travelers as pocket-book or compass, and with\\ntheir aid new-comers by hundreds, on horseback\\nand on foot, traversed the wilds of the Lower\\nPeninsula of Michigan and personally selected their\\nfuture homes. So accurate were his maps that it\\nwas a common thing to decide from the map alone\\nthe number of acres of marsh land on a tract of\\neighty acres, or the number of rods that a stream\\nran on a given tract. The camping-grounds of\\ntravellers, for days ahead, were determined from the\\nmap alone. The map of 1836 was sold to J. H.\\nColton Company, of New York, and was pub-\\nlished by that firm for many years.\\nIn 1S37 .Mr. Farmer was extensively employed in\\nmaking maps of the innumerable paper cities of\\nthat period, to some of which he gave place on his\\nmaps. As time proved them failures, they were\\nerased. Other publishers who made use of his\\nlabors copied these new cities, and many of their\\nmaps show, even to this day, paper cities whose\\nsites have been owned and cultivated as farm lands\\nfor a score of years. It is unquestionably true that\\nthere is no map of Michigan, large or small, that\\ndoes not contain valuable information originally\\ngiven on the maps compiled by Mr. Farmer and his\\nsuccessors, and appropriated therefrom. In 1S44\\nMr. Farmer personally engraved a map of Michigan\\non a scale of twelve miles to an inch. It embraced\\nsuch an amount of detail, was so clearly and beau-\\ntifully e.xecuted, and was withal so thoroughly\\naccurate, that it gave him a national reputation.\\nNo State other than Michigan has had a map com-\\nparable with it for completeness. Millions of acres\\nof land have been located by reference to it, and\\nfor this purpose alone thousands of copies have\\nbeen sold. As a topographical map it has never\\nbeen, and probably never will be, superseded\\nalthough it first appeared nearly forty years ago,\\nit still has a regular sale to appreciative customers.\\nDuring 1 847 Mr. Farmer issued his first Map of\\nLake Superior and the Mineral Regions. Revisions\\nof this map are still accounted the best maps of\\nthat region. In 1S48 he published a sectional Map\\nof Wisconsin, and in 1849 his combined Map of\\nMichigan and Wisconsin, made up of the three\\nmaps la,st noted. In 1853 he issued his large Wall-\\nmap of Michigan, on a scale of seven and one half\\nmiles to an inch. This map was extensively used\\nby the St. Mary s Falls Ship Canal Company in\\nlocating their lands. In 1855 he issued a map of\\nWayne County, showing all the private claims,\\nwith the names of the original owners.\\nHis first Township Map of Michigan and Wis-\\nconsin appeared in 1857. Two years later he issued\\na revision of his large map of 1853, with the addi-\\ntion of two sheets, forming a map nearly six feet\\nsquare. It included all of Michigan and Wisconsin.\\nOn this map he located all the swamp lands then\\nowned by the State. This information afforded\\nfacilities which enabled land buyers to make hun-\\ndreds of thousands of dollars with but a tithe of the\\nexpense they would otherwise have had to incur.\\nIn i860 John F. Geil published his very complete", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0750.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "MAPS OF MICHIGAN.\\n699\\nMap of Wayne County. This was subsequently\\npurchased by the firm of Silas Farmer Company,\\nwho succeeded to the business of John Farmer.\\nThe last named firm, from time to time, have pub-\\nlished revisions of the maps already named, and since\\n1862 have sold about forty thousand copies of the\\nRailroad and Township Map of Michigan, and many\\nthousands of a Township Map of Wisconsin, first\\nissued in 1867. They issued a Map of W^isconsin\\nin 1865, about fifty by fifty inches in size, which sold\\nat $7.00 per copy. The same year they issued a\\nMap of F.lmwood Cemetery. In 1871 Messrs. Cal-\\nvert Companv published a Map of Michigan and\\nWisconsin, which had been compiled ahiiost entirely\\nfrom the maps of .Silas Farmer Company, and\\nupon a showing of this fact in court the map was\\ntransferred to the latter firm, who. in 1873, revised\\nand republished the Michigan portion. In 1874 they\\npublished a Sectional Map of Iowa, which was\\nwarmly commended by the county officers in every\\none of the ninety-nine counties of that State.\\nTheir small but very complete map of Wayne\\nCounty (price fifty centsj was first issued in\\n1883.\\nThe various city maps published by John Farmer\\nand his successors are named el.sewhere. The total\\n.sales of their various publications have amounted to\\nfully one hundred thousand copies.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0751.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXI\\nCITIZEN AND VISITING AUTHORS.\\nIt is an honor to the city that its list of authors\\nbegins with its existence. The founder of the settle-\\nment was not only a soldier but a scholar as well,\\nand the torch of knowledge that he first waved on\\n*the shores of the Detroit has never been e.xtin-\\nguished. If our literary heavens do not show as\\nmany stars as are visible in other localities, not a\\nfew of the first order are included, and together\\nthey form a brilliant and beautiful constellation.\\nCadillac wrote memoirs on Acadia describing the\\ncoast and islands from Nova Scotia to New York.\\nHis memoir on Michilimackinac includes detailed\\ndescriptions of the appearance, traditions, and usages\\nof the savage tribes of that post and beyond. He\\nwas equally successful in describing the manners\\nand customs of the Indians, in suggesting means\\nfor outwitting the English, and in exposing the\\nmalice and intrigues of those who opposed him.\\nHis writings sparkle with hoii mots and epigrammatic\\nsentences, some of them remarkable for their con-\\ncentrated thought. His reasoning powers were of\\na high order, and his arguments clear, logical,\\nforcible. His opinions were definite, and e.\\\\pressed\\nwith clearness and precision. He had marked\\npowers of analysis, and described with a minuteness\\nof detail equally interesting and satisfactory. His\\nwritings abound in trojies, and proverbs dropped\\neasily from his pen. His literary successors are\\nnamed in the following list, which, if not complete,\\nis nevertheless so nearly perfect that not many\\nnames from past records can be added the future,\\nit is hoped, will add many noteworthy names.\\nJohn Anthon, son of Dr. G. C. Anthon, of Detroit,\\nwas born in the old Cass House in 1784. He wrote\\nan Essay on the Study of Law. and numerous\\nother works. The names of his brother. Charles\\nAnthon, and his nephew, Charles E. Anthon, are\\nwell-known in literary and educational circles.\\nMiss L. B. Adams in 1862 published a book\\nentitled Sybelle and other Poems.\\nRev. W. Aikman, D. X)., for several years pastor\\nof Westminster Presbyterian Church, is the author\\nof books entitled The Future of the Colored Race\\nin America, Life at Home, or, The Family and\\nits Members, The Moral Power of the Sea, and\\nseveral other works.\\nRev. J. B. Atchinson, at one time assistant pastor\\nof the Central M. E. Church, was a successful com-\\nposer of religious songs, and many of his composi-\\ntions are highly prized.\\nH. C. Allen is the author of The Homoeopathic\\nTherapeutics of Intermittent Fever, published by\\nthe Drake Homoeopathic Pharmacv Company in\\n1879.\\nRev. Nathan Bangs, D. D., author of History of\\nMethodism, and founder of the Missionary Society\\nof the M. E. Church, was here as a Methodist pastor\\nin 1804.\\nDr. Leonard Bacon, of New Haven, was born in\\nDetroit in 1S02, and his abilities reflected honor on\\nhis birthplace.\\nDr. Orestes A. Brownson, editor and publisher of\\nBrown.son s Quarterly Review, author of Essays\\nand Reviews, and of other works of special inter-\\nest to Roman Catholic circles, was a resident of\\nDetroit for several years, and died here on April 17,\\n1876. In 18S2 his son, Henry F. Brownson. com-\\nmenced the publication of a proposed complete series\\nof the works of his father, in seventeen volumes.\\nRev. William E. Boardman, author of the Higher\\nChristian Life, and of other works, lived here in\\n1 85 1 and 1852 as agent of the American S. S.\\nUnion.\\nMargaret F. Buchanan, afterwards Mrs. Alexander\\nSullivan, was educated in and for many years a\\nresident of Detroit. She has been a frequent con-\\ntributor to various magazines, and in 1881 J. M.\\nStoddard Company, of Philadelphia, published\\nher Ireland of To-day.\\nRev. F. Baraga, the Indian missionary, after\\nwhom a county in Upper Michigan is named, was\\nthe author of a Dictionary of Otchipwe, published\\nat Cincinnati in 1853, and of other Indian diction-\\naries, grammars, and prayer-books. He lived here\\nin 1854 and 1855.\\nDr. J. H. Bagg published in 1845 a volume of 310\\npages on Magnetism or. The Doctrine of Equi-\\nlibrium.\\nW. A. Burt and Bela Hubbard s Report on the\\nGeography of the South Shore of Lake Superior.\\n106 pages, was published in 1843. In 1878 John\\nBurt published a pamphlet, History of the Solar\\nCompass.\\nHenry Bibb, the ex-slave, whose narrative, pub-\\n[700]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0752.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "CITIZEN AND VISITING AUTHORS.\\n701\\nlished in 1850, had an extensive sale, lived here for\\nseveral years.\\nLevi Bishop wrote Teuchsa Grondie, a poem\\ncommemorating one of the early Indian names of\\nDetroit. It has passed through several editions.\\nMr. Bishop also translated several French plays.\\nMrs. B. Brinton, who was here about 1863, was\\nthe author of Man is Love.\\nVV. H. Brearley is the author of Recollections of\\nan East Tennessee Campaign, 40 pages, published\\nin 1866.\\nMrs. Julia P. Ballard, wife of a fonner pastor of\\nthe First Congregational Church, is the author of a\\nnumerous list of books especially designed for Sun-\\nday schools.\\nL. J. Bates, one of the editors of The Post and\\nTribune, has produced many poems a number of\\nthem have been set to music, and obtained a large\\nsale.\\nClara Doty Bates, one of the editors of The Detroit\\nTribune from 1867 to 1870. is the author of Black\\nJakey, Classics of Baby Land, Songs for Gold\\nLocks, Child Lore, Heart s Content, and sev-\\neral other books. Some of her works were elabor-\\nately illustrated with original drawings by her sister,\\nMrs. H. P. Finley, a resident of Detroit.\\nO. T. Beard has written many stories for the daily\\npapers. One of them, Bristling with Thorns, has\\nbeen issued in book form. He has also published a\\nnovel entitled Trade and Trouble.\\nA. C. Blodgett has a work in preparation entitled\\nThe Law of the Fire Insurance Contract.\\nRev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, soldier of the War of\\n18 1 2, and early Methodist pastor in Detroit, was the\\nauthor of the Western Pioneer, in two volumes,\\na Key to the Apocalypse, and several other\\nworks.\\nRev. James M. Buckley, D. D., formerly pastor of\\nthe Central Methodist Episcopal Church, is author of\\nworks entitled An Appeal to Persons of Sense and\\nReflection, .Supposed Miracles, Two Weeks at\\nthe Yosemite, and Christians and the Theatre.\\nDr. H. J. Brown, at one time pastor of St. Peter s\\nChurch, wrote Pious Dead of the Medical Profes-\\nsion, 320 pages. Several other smaller works also\\nbear his name one of the most recent is entitled\\nNew Treatment of Consumption.\\nRev. D. D. Buck, D. D., for a brief period in\\n1869 pastor of the Central Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, was the author of several religious works\\none, The Christian X irtues Personified. 300 pages,\\nwas published by Miller, Orton. Company, Auburn,\\n1856.\\nThe Life of Z. Chandler, published by the Post\\nand Tribune Company in 1880. was compiled by C.\\nK. Backus, O. T. Beard, James H. Stone, William\\nStocking, and G. W. Partridge.\\nC. K. Backus is also author of a pamphlet on the\\nContraction of the Currency, and for several\\nyears compiled the Michigan Almanac.\\nGovernor Lewis Cass was a frequent contributor\\nto the North American Review and wrote France\\nits King, Court, and Government, New York, 1S41,\\nand a fifty-five-page work on the Right of Search,\\nBaltimore, 1842.\\nJohn Logan Chipman wrote a novel called\\nGeorge Pemberton or Love and Hate, which\\nwas published by F. Glea.son, Boston, about 1850.\\nElisha Chase was author of The Science of\\nDevelopment of the Human Family, published in\\n1850.\\nGeneral P. St. George Cooke, formerly stationed\\nhere, and now a resident, is the author of Cavalry\\nTactics for Army of U. S., published by the Gov-\\nernment in 1861 he also wrote Scenes and Adven-\\ntures in the U. S. Army, and Conquests of New\\nMexico and Calfornia, 307 pages, 1878.\\nRev. Thomas Carter, for several years pastor of\\nth^ French Methodist Episcopal Church, wrote a\\nhistory of the Great Reformation in England,\\nScotland, etc., 372 pages, besides several smaller\\nworks.\\nRev. E. E. Caster wrote the Life of Allen, pub-\\nlished in 1866. He was formerly pastor of the\\nJefferson Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nWilliam M. Carleton, the farm poet and balladist,\\nwas employed on the staff of The Tribune, and a\\nresident of Detroit during 1871 and 1872.\\nJudge James V. Campbell is the author of several\\nworks, the most important of which is his Outlines\\nof the Political History of Michigan, 600 pages.\\nMany of his addresses have been published, also\\nseveral brochures entitled Polity of the P. E.\\nChurch of the United States, Materials for Juris-\\nprudence, Trial by Jury, and Taking of Private\\nProperty for Purposes of Public Utility.\\nH. A. Chaney is the author of a Digest of\\nMichigan Reports, a Notary s Guide and of\\nGraduates of Law Department of Michigan.\\nW. H. Coyle had an edition of Poems just from\\nthe press destroyed in the fire that burned the book-\\nstore of Markham EKvood on May 2, 1857.\\nAn edition of his Poems was again published in\\n1883, and several are reproduced in this work.\\nAugust Codde is the author of a small volume\\nentitled The Existence of God Attested. pub-\\nlished at Detroit in 1S83.\\nAdam Couse wrote a volume entitled The New\\nPhilosophy, which was published in 1S83.\\nColonel Arent Schuyler De Peyster, who w-as sta-\\ntioned here as commander of the post from 1779\\nto 1784, was a cultivated gentleman; he and his\\nwife were rare acquisitions to the society of that\\nperiod. During his stay he wrote numerous poems", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0753.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "702\\nCITIZEN AND VISITING AUTHORS.\\nand sonnets full of allusions to local scenes, appear-\\nances and events. After his return to .Scotland\\nmany of these were gathered together under the\\ntitle of Miscellanies by an Officer. Volume I,\\nDumfries, 1S13. Only one volume, a quarto of\\n277 pages, was published, and it is now very rare.\\nAmong other poems it contains one on Red\\nRiver, a Song descriptive of the Diversion of\\nCarioling or .Sleighing upon the Ice of the Post of\\nDetroit in North America another is entitled\\nThe Ghost of old Cocosh (a Pig), shot by the\\nGuard in the King s Naval Yard at Detroit. The\\ngem of the book is the following\\nLiNts SENT TO Mrs. P. E d, June, 1783:\\nAcctpt, fair Ann, 1 do beseech.\\nThis tempting ijift, a clingstone peach.\\nThe finest fruit I culled from three,\\nWhich you may safely Lake from rae.\\nShould Pool request to share the favor.\\nEat you the peach, yive him the flavor\\nWhich surely he can t take amiss.\\nWhen t is so heightened by your kiss.\\nThe full name of the lady to whom the lines were\\nsent was Mrs. Pool England, and her husband was\\nthen a lieutenant at Detroit. If excuse were needed\\nfor writing poetry. Colonel De Peyster had an excep-\\ntionally good excuse to offer, for he was a personal\\nfriend of Robert Burns. De Peyster, after his\\nreturn to Scotland, and during the time of the\\nFrench Revolution, commanded the First Regi-\\nment of Dumfries Volunteers, of which corps the\\nauthor of Tarn O Shanter was an original mem-\\nber. The last of Burns s poems, that on Life,\\nwritten in 1796, in his sick-chamber, just before\\nhis death, was addressed to Colonel De Peyster,\\nand began:\\nMy honored Colonel, deep I feel\\nYour interest in the poet s weal.\\nAh 1 how sma heart ha e I to speel\\nThe steep Parnassus\\nSurrounded thus by bolus pill\\nAnd potion glasses.\\nThese facts, had they then been known, would\\nhave added zest to our celebration, on January 25,\\n1859, of the centenary of Burns birthday.\\nRev George Duffield was one of the most prolific\\nof writers. His first work, published at Carlisle,\\nPennsylvania, in 1832, was a large octavo of 615\\npages, entitled Spiritual Life or Regeneration.\\nIt was not considered by the Synod of which he was\\na member sufficiently Calvinistic in tone, and this\\ngave rise to difficulties which resulted in his coming\\nto Detroit. In 1842 his Dissertations on the Pro-\\nphecies was issued in New York, and the same\\nyear The Claims of Episcopal Bishops, 316 pages.\\nIn 1S43 Millenarianism Defended; a Reply to Pro-\\nfessor Stewart. 1S3 pages, was issued. In 1845,\\nAngelique, a poetic story of Lake Superior, in\\npamphlet form. In 1848 The Divine Organic\\nLaw ordained for the Human Race or Capital\\nPunishment for Murder ordained by God and sus-\\ntained by Reason, 28 pages. In 1849, The\\nTheology of Professor Unney Reviewed and Put to\\nthe Test; or, The Sacred Scriptures, 129 pages.\\nHe was also a joint author with Albert Barnes of\\nDiscourses on the Sabbath.\\nD. Bethune Duffield is the author of nutnerous\\noccasional poems, several of which, with those of\\nother authors, were republished in 1 860 in a volume\\nentitled Poets and Poetry of the West.\\nEdward Dolan wrote The Tree of Liberty and\\nPalladium of the Press The Advocate and Repre-\\nsentative of the People s Rights. It contained 56\\npages, and vi-as published in 1847.\\nMorgan E. Dowling issued in 1870 Southern\\nPrisons; or, Josie, the Heroine of Florence. 506\\npages; he also published in 1S82 a volume entitled\\nReason and Ingersollism.\\nF. O. Davenport wrote a series of sketches en-\\ntitled On a Man of War, which were published in\\nThe Free Press in 1 879, and subsequently gathered\\ninto book form.\\nJ. W. Donovan is the author of Modern Jury\\nTrials and Advocates, published in i88i,and of\\nTrial Practice and Trial Lawyers, published in\\n1S83.\\nRev. Zachariah Eddy, D.D., late pastor of First\\nCongregational Church, wrote Immanuel, or the\\nLife of Christ, 756 pages, published by W. J. Hol-\\nland X: Company, Springfield. He compiled Hymns\\nof the Church, published by Board of Publication\\nof Reformed Dutch Church, in 1869. He was asso-\\nciated with R. Hitchcock and P. Schaff in the com-\\npilation of Hymns and Songs of Praise, 600 pages,\\npublished by A. D. F. Randolph in 1874.\\nDr. E. R. Ellis issued his Homoeopathic Family\\nGuide, in 1S82.\\nJohn Ellis, M. D., formerly of Detroit, is author of\\nFamily Homoeopathy, New York, 404- pages, and\\nSkepticism and Divine Revelation, 260 pages.\\nNew York, 1882.\\nProfessor Jacques Edouard has published a scien-\\ntific novel of several hundred pages, entitled John\\nBull, Uncle Sam, and Johnny Crapaud.\\nProfessor Louis Fasquelle, author of several well-\\nknown French text-books, was a resident of Detroit\\nin 1837.\\nC. Fox wrote a text-book on Agriculture, 360\\npages, which was published in 1S53 by Messrs. El-\\nwood Company.\\nChaplain C. W. Fitch published a work entitled\\nJames, the Lord s Brother.\\nOsgood E. Fuller issued in 1876 The Year of\\nChrist in Song. 132 pages.\\nRev. George Field wrote Two Great Books", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0754.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "CITIZEN AUTHORS.\\n703\\nof Nature, and Revelation, or the Cosmos and\\nLogos, 500 pages, 1870; Memoirs, Incidents, and\\nRomances of the Early History of the New Church,\\netc., 370 pages, 1879; also in 1S79, The Differ-\\nence between Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna, and the\\nMeaning of Infernus or Infernum.\\nHenry A. Ford is the author of a History of\\nPutnam and Marshall Counties, Illinois, i860. And\\nhe and his wife, Kate Brearley Ford, are joint auth-\\nors of a History of Cincinnati, and of Hamilton\\nCounty, Ohio, and also of a History of Louis-\\nville. During 1883 he compiled a volume entitled\\nPoems of History, and also A Popular Diction-\\nary of Fine Art. During 1884 he prepared a book\\nentitled How to Make Money, and How to Keep It\\nor. Capital and Labor the basis of the work being\\na similar volume by James A. Davies. It was pub-\\nlished by the Chamberlain Publishing Company.\\nRev. T. B. Forbush is author of a pamphlet on\\nTraditional and Legendary Life of Jesus of Naza-\\nreth, published in 1881.\\nH. W. Fairbanks is author of a book of school\\nsongs published in 1883.\\nHenry Cillman wrote Mound Builders of Michi-\\ngan, published in 1877 by the Smithsonian Insti-\\ntute. Many of his articles on scientific subjects have\\nbeen printed in various journals. In 1863 a volume\\nof his poems was anonymously published by Carl-\\nton of New York, with the title, For Life, and\\nOther Poems.\\nA. A. Griffith, author of Lessons in Elocution,\\nlived in Detroit about 1870.\\nHenry Goadby. M. D., wrote Vegetable and\\nAnimal Physiology 310 pages, published by D.\\nAppleton Company, 1858.\\nJ. G. Gilchrist, M. D., is author uf Rules fur\\nFinding and Tying Principal Arteries, pamphlet,\\n13 pages, 1867; Surgical Diseases, octavo, 421\\npages, 1873; Etiology of Tumors, pamphlet,\\n48 pages, 1876; Syllabus of Surgical Lectures,\\noctavo, 88 pp., 1877. (This was published by the\\nclass in Homoeopathic iMedical College, University\\nof Michigan). Surgical Therapeutics, octavo,\\n595 pages, 1880. This has been translated and\\npublished in Madrid, Paris, Leipsic, and ienna\\nSurgical Principles, and Minor Surgery, octavo,\\n205 pages, 1881 Surgical Emergencies and Ac-\\ncidents, octavo, 700 pages, 1884. besides many\\npamphlets and minor publications relating to Odd-\\nFellowship, music, and general literature.\\nJames A. Girardin has written several articles on\\nhistoric subjects, which have been printed by the\\nPioneer Society.\\nJ. C. Holmes has edited the collections of the\\nState Pioneer Society and furnished several special\\narticles.\\nBela Hubbard s published works, mostly in the\\nform of Reports in connection with geological sub-\\njects, have been printed by the Slate. His article\\non the Early Colonization of Detroit, was pub-\\nlished by the State Pioneer Society. His Climate\\nof Detroit was issued in pamphlet form by the\\nAmerican Medical Observer. Various other articles\\nwith his signature have appeared in historical and\\nscientific journals.\\nMrs. Bela Hubbard wrote a .story entitled The\\nHidden Sin, which was published by Harper\\nBrothers in 1866. It was stipulated that the author-\\nship should not be known, and it was not until after\\nher decease. The story was reprinted in England,\\nin three volumes, and had a very large sale.\\nAlexander Henry, author of Henry s Narrative,\\ncame with Colonel Bradstreet in 1 764, and remained\\nseveral years.\\nDr. Douglass Houghton, whose name and fame\\nare connected with Lake Superior through the County\\nof Houghton, was a resident of Detroit, and was\\nburied here on May 15, 1846. He was author of\\nseveral L^nited States and State Geological Reports.\\nJacob Houghton, his brother, and T. \\\\V. Bristol,\\nwrote a Report on Geography, Topography, and\\nGeology of Lake Superior, 109 pages, published in\\n1846.\\nBronson Howard is the successful author of vari-\\nous plays which are noticed in connection with\\nchapter on Music and the Drama.\\nD. Farrand Henry is author of Flow of Water\\nin Rivers and Canals, 86 pages, published in\\n1873-\\nU. Tracy Howe composed an oratorio, the Pil-\\ngrims of 1620, which was set to music by Charles\\nHess.\\nRichard Hawley wrote an Essay on P ree\\nTrade, 63 pages, which was published in 1878 by\\nG. P. Putnam s Sons.\\nJohn G. Hawley is author of American Criminal\\nReports. Three volumes have been issued.\\n\\\\V. X. Hailmann wrote Kindergarten Culture in\\nthe Family and Twelve Lectures on the History\\nof Pedagogy-.\\nMrs. M. C. W. Hamlin, during 1880 and 1881.\\nwrote a series of interesting articles for the Detroit\\nFree Press, entitled Legends of Detroit, wltich\\nwere subsequently published in book form.\\nCharles B. Howell has published a volume enti-\\ntled Michigan Nisi Prius Decisions.\\nH. A. Haigh has in preparation A Manual of\\nLaw for the Use of Farmers and Mechanics.\\nCaptain J. W. Hall is author of Marine Disas-\\nters on Western Lakes, 1872, and Record of\\nLake Marine, 1878.\\nBishop Samuel S. Harris, D. D., is author of\\nThe Relation of Christianity to Civil Government,\\nissued in 1883.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0755.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "704\\nCITIZEN AUTHORS.\\nWarren Lsliam, who edited a paper here in 1842,\\nwrote The Mud Cabin; or. Character and Tend-\\nency of British Institutions, published by D. Apple-\\nton Company in 1853. A series of magazine\\narticles by Dr. Duffield and Messrs. Isham and\\nHathaway were afterwards included in a volume\\nentitled Travels in Two Hemispheres.\\nRev. J. Inglis, a former well-known pastor in De-\\ntroit, was the author of Spiritual Songs, published\\nin i860.\\nA. P. Jacobs compiled The Greek Letter Socie-\\nties, Detroit, 1879, a Reference Digest, or Index\\nof the Michigan Reports, published in 18S1, and\\nthe Psi Upsilon Epitome, 1833-1883.\\nJudge William Jennison and Judge J. V. Camp-\\nbell appear as authors of Annotations of Michigan\\nReports, and in 1S82 a work on Chancery Prac-\\ntice was compiled by Mr. Jennison.\\nElisha Jones, M. A., a resident of Detroit about\\n1868, is author of Exercises in Greek Prose Com-\\nposition, First Lessons in Latin, and Exercises\\nin Latin Prose Composition.\\nMrs. C. M. Kirkland, who lived here from 1 840 to\\n1843, and taught in the Female Seminary, was an\\nauthoress of considerable note. Her Western\\nClearings, published in London in 1S46, was\\ndescriptive of this region. She afterwards wrote\\nthe Evening Book, Sketches of Western Life,\\nGarden Walks with the Poets, Holidays\\nAbroad, New Home, Who 11 Follow. Patri-\\notic Eloquence, Memoirs of Washington, and\\nAutumn Hours.\\nIsador Kali.sch.a former rabbi of Beth El Temple,\\npublished in 1865 his Tone des Morganlands.\\nHe was also the author of other works.\\nS. J. Kelso issued his Interest and Discount\\nTables in 1872.\\nRev. H. D. Kitchell, D. D., for many years a\\nresident of Detroit, published a Genealogical His-\\ntory of Robert Kitchell and his Descendants.\\nDr. E. A. Lodge is author of New Remedies.\\nan extensive work; also of a pamphlet on Asiatic\\nCholera, and a series of Domestic Guides for the\\nuse of Homoeopathic Remedies.\\nH. W. Lord wrote Highway of the Seas in\\nTime of War. 58 pages, published in London in\\n1862. He is also the author of Pamphlets on Idle-\\nness more Demoralizing than Ignorance, and\\nHospitals and Asylums for the Insane.\\nDr. C. J. Lundy has published Optic Neuritis\\nwith Notes of Three Cases, Diabetic Cataract,\\nIritis, etc., and Sympathetic Affections of the\\nEye.\\nFrank Lambie has written many lyrics which\\nhave appeared in the daily papers. His Galilean\\nHymn was printed in pamphlet form in 1869.\\nDr. C. Henri Leonard is author of a Reference\\nand Dose Book, a Vest-pocket Anatomist,\\nManual of Bandaging, The Hair; its Growth,\\nCare, Diseases, and Treatment, and of Auscul-\\ntation, Percussion, and Urinalysis.\\nRev. R. J. Laidlaw. former pastor of Jefferson\\nAvenue Presbyterian Church, is author of Religion\\nas it Was and Is.\\nRev. John Levington, former pastor of Simpson\\nMethodist Episcopal Church, wrote Scripture\\nBaptism, Power with God and with Man, Wat-\\nson s Theological Institutes Defended, and other\\nworks.\\nC. B. Lewis is author of Quads Odds, 500\\npages, issued in 1875.\\nAlexander Mackenzie, author of Voyages from\\nMontreal through Continent of North America,\\nwas a clerk here in 1 784.\\nMajor-General Alexander Macomb was the author\\nof Concise System of Instructions and Regula-\\ntions for Militia and Volunteers, and also of a\\nwork on Court Martials. He was born in Detroit,\\nand was stationed here for many years.\\nCaptain Thomas Morris came with General Brad-\\nstreet in 1764, and was here during part of 1765.\\nBetween 1786 and 1796 he published in London\\nseveral volumes of Essays and Miscellanies.\\nIra Mayhew published his Means and Ends of\\nUniversal Education in 1857. His Manual of\\nBusiness Practice and works on Book-keeping\\nare of later date.\\nRev. S. A. McCoskry, D. D., issued his Episco-\\npalian Bishops the Successors of the Apostles, in\\n1842.\\nDaniel Munger wrote Political Landmarks, a\\nHistory of Parties. It was issued in 1851.\\nRev. J. H. McCarty, former pastor of Central M.\\nE. Church, is author of the Black Horse and Carry-\\nall, and Inside the Gates.\\nEdward Mason wrote The Potato Restored and\\nthe Rot Remedied, a 16 page pamphlet, which was\\nissued in 1854.\\nS. B. McCracken is author of pamphlets on The\\nState School System, and Religion in the Uni-\\nversity. He also edited and published Michigan\\nand the Centennial in 1876.\\nRev. C. P. Maes wrote the Life of Rev. Charles\\nNerinckx, with a chapter on Early Catholic Mis-\\nsions of Kentucky, etc. It is a large octavo, and\\nwas published by Robert Clarke Company, of\\nCincinnati, in 1880.\\nRev. L. P. Mercer, former pastor of the New\\nJerusalem or Swedenborgian Church, published a\\nvolume in 1883 entitled The Bible, Its True Char-\\nacter and Spiritual Meaning.\\nDr. W. R. Merwin is the author of Merwin s\\nUniversal Instructor.\\nJohn S. Newberry compiled Reports of Admir-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0756.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "CITIZEN AUTHORS.\\n705\\nalty Cases in Several District Courts of the United\\nStates from 1842 to 1857. It was issued at New\\nYork in 1857.\\nRev. James Nail was the author of Practical\\nAtheism Detected and Exposed, and of several\\nother religious works.\\nC. J. Nail, M. D., son of Rev. Jas. Nail, a former\\nresident of Detroit, has published Jesus the Great\\nPhilosopher, and a brochure on Diseases of the\\nThroat and Chest.\\nNoble Crumb compiled and issued in 1877 a\\nHistory and Directory of the Churches.\\nF. B. Owen issued a book of poems in 1S74.\\nJames O lJrien has in preparation a work to be\\nissued in 1884, entitled Dictionary of Biography,\\nIrish Celts.\\nPaul B. Perkins issued in 1871 a pamphlet en-\\ntitled The Homestead Instructor.\\nRev. E. H. Pilcher, D. D., wrote Protestantism\\nin Michigan, a Special History of the M. E. Church.\\nIt was published in 1 878.\\nRev. J. 11. Potts, one of the editors of the Michi-\\ngan Christian Advocate, is the author of Golden\\nDawn, or Light on the Great Future, and Pastor\\nand People, or .Methodism in the Field.\\nRev. W. H. Poole, D. D.. is the author of Per-\\nnicious Effects of Tobacco, and of Anglo-Israel,\\nor The Saxon Race the Lost Tribes of Israel, and\\nHistory, the True Key to Prophecy.\\nHoyt Post compiled a Notary s Public Guide.\\nIt was first published in i S76.\\nRev. A. T. Pierson wrote se\\\\-eral hymns which\\nare published in Gospel Songs.\\nG. \\\\V. Pattison published in 1863 a Key to the\\nMasonic Work as taught by Barney and approved\\nby the Grand Lodge of Michigan.\\nFrank Peavey issued a Manual of Instruction in\\nGeography in 1S82.\\nRev. Gabriel Richard was the author of works\\nwhich are named in connection with the history of\\nprinting.\\nRobert E. Roberts wrote Sketches of the City\\nof Detroit, which were originally published in a\\ndaily paper and afterward gathered into a pam-\\nphlet of 64 pages. In 1884 he published a small\\nvolume entitled Sketches of the City of the\\nStraits.\\nJohn Robertson is author of Flags of Michigan.\\n120 pages, and Michigan in the War, a large\\nquarto.\\nMrs. M. L. Rayne is the author of Jenny and\\nher Mother, Chicago, 1867; Fallen Among\\nThieves, New York G. W. Carlton Company,\\n1876; Against Fate, Chicago; Cook, Kean,\\nCompany, 1S76; Gems of Deportment, Detroit.\\n18S1 and What can Woman do. F. B. Dickcr-\\nson, Company, Detroit. 1S84.\\nEugene Robinson is author of Tactics and\\nTemplar Manual.\\nFrank G. Russell issued a Supervisor s Manual\\nin 1876.\\nW. W. Ryan, the weather prophet, published his\\nTheory of Wind and Weather, 24 pages, in 1859.\\nW. H. Rouse, M. D., has edited a new edition of\\nFothergill s Treatise on Therapeutics, with nume-\\nrous notes and corrections.\\nLemuel Shattuck, who taught in the old Univer-\\nsity in 1822, wrote a History of the Town of Con-\\ncord, Massachusetts, published in 1835, and Vital\\nStatistics of Boston, issued in 1841.\\nH. R. Schoolcraft was a resident of Detroit in\\n1820, and from 1836 to 1840. He was the author\\nof Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, in si.\\\\ im-\\nmense volumes, and of nearly a dozen other works,\\nchiefly on Indian tribes.\\nMrs. E. M. Sheldon is best known by her Early\\nHistory of Michigan. She also published The\\nClevelands, and Albert Loveland or. The Maine\\nLaw is the Inebriate s Hope.\\nH. H. Snelling, a resident of Detroit in 1837,\\nwrote a History of Photography and Directory\\nof the Photographic Art.\\nRev. J. Hyatt Smith, who was a school-boy here\\nin 1838, is the author of Gilead or. The Vision of\\nAll Saints Hospital, and Haran the Hermit or.\\nThe Wonderful Lamp.\\nJudge Abiel Sih er, a former resident of Detroit,\\nwrote Lectures on the .Symbolic Character of the\\nScripturee, and The Holy Word in its own De-\\nfence.\\nEzra C. Seamaii is best known by his Progress\\nof Nations, published at Detroit in 1846. He also\\nwrote Views of Nature, and Commentaries on\\nthe Constitution and Laws of the United States.\\nRev. G. B. Stebbins, a former pastor of the Uni-\\ntarian Church, wrote Chapters from the Bible of\\nthe .-Vges, 400 pages, a pamphlet on Scientific\\nand Industrial Education, and The American\\nProtectionist s Manual.\\nJames E. Scripps wrote a pamphlet Outline His-\\ntory of Michigan, published in 1873. His series of\\nletters from abroad, which appeared in the Evening\\nNews in 1 881, were collected and published in 18S2\\nunder the title of Five Months Abroad or. An\\nEditor s Observations and Experience in Europe.\\nJ. Annie Scripps is author of Our Daily Bread\\nand How to Prepare It, a common-sense book\\npublished in 1879.\\nRev. J. S. Smart wrote The Funeral Sermon of the\\nMaine Law, published by Carlton Porter in 1858.\\nE. L. Shurley, M. D., and C. C. Yemans, M. D.,\\nwrote the introduction to Diseases of the Nasal\\nCavity, a translation from the (German of Dr. Carl\\nMichel, 112 pages, issued in 1877.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0757.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "7o6\\nCITIZEN AUTHORS.\\nMrs. I. C. D. Stewart prepared The Home\\nMessenger Cook Hook.\\nMorse Stewart, Jr., M. D.. wrote A I ocket\\nTherapeutics and Uose Book, 264 pages.\\nI rofessor J. M. B. Sill is the author of Syn-\\nthesis of the English Sentence, Ivison, Finney,\\nCompany, 1856, and Practical Lessons in English\\nmade Brief by Omission of Non-EssentiaJs. A.\\nS. Barnes Company, 1880.\\nW. B. Silber, at one time connected with our\\npublic schools, is author of An Elementary Gram-\\nmar of the Latin Language, published by A. S.\\nBarnes Company. 1869.\\nF. H. Seymour published his Canoe Trip in I S80.\\nF. A. Stokes is author of College Tramps,\\nissued in 1S80.\\nLyman E. Stowe published during 18S4 a vol-\\nume entitled Drifts of Thought or. Problems of\\nProgress.\\nJohn Trumbull, author of McFingal, came to\\nDetroit on the steamboat Superior on October 17,\\n1825, and died at the residence of his son-in-law.\\nGovernor Woodbridge. It is especially gratifying\\nto connect his name with the literary history of\\nDetroit, because to him, as a personal friend, Noah\\nWebster submitted all the manuscript of his first\\nquarto dictionary for criticism and approval before\\nbeing put in print. Dudley B. Woodbridge. of\\nGrosse Pointe, has the edition of 1828, in two\\nvolumes, given to his grandfather, Mr. Trumbull,\\ncontaining the presentation autograph of the author.\\nBishop Edward Thomson, of the Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church, author of Educational Essays,\\nEvidences of Christianity, Letters from Europe,\\nBiographical Sketches, Moral and Religious\\nEssays, and Oriental Missions, was pastor of\\nthe First Methodist Episcopal Church of Detroit\\nin 1 836-1 837.\\nMoses Coit Tyler is a former resident of De-\\ntroit. His best know-n books are Bravvnville\\nPapers, 1869, and History of American Litera-\\nture, two volumes, 1S78.\\nRev. Robert TurnbuU, the pastor of the I- irst\\nBaptist Church from 1835 to 1837. wrote Genius\\nof Scotland, Pulpit Orators of France and Swit-\\nzerland, Genius of Italy, Theophany, and\\nChri.st in History.\\nDr. E. A. Theller, of Patriot War notoriety, de-\\ntailed his e.Kperiences in a work entitled Canada\\nin 1837 and 1S38.\\nProfessor Andrew Ten Brook, an early Ba|nist\\npastor, wrote American State Universities, their\\nOrigin and Progress.\\nC. C. Trowbridge was the author of a valuable\\npamphlet entitled Detroit, Past and Present.\\nMortimer N. Thompson, a former member of tli\u00c2\u00ab\\nAdvertiser and Tribune staff, wrote Doesticks,\\nWhat He Says, New York, 1855, and E Pluri\\nBusta, published by LivermoreiS: 1-t.udd, New York,\\nin 1856.\\nF. J. Thomas is the author of several operatic\\ncomedies, named in the article on Music and the\\nDrama.\\nA. R. Terry, M. D., wrote Travels in the Equa-\\ntorial Regions of South America, published in 1832.\\nT. S. Thompson is author of The Coast Pilot\\nfor the Upper Lakes, 175 pages, published in 1869.\\nMontgomery II. Throop wrote The Future,\\nand Statute of Frauds.\\nC. S. Tripler. M. D., and G. C. Blackman, M. D..\\nwere authors of a Handbook for the Military Sur-\\ngeon, published at Cincinnati in 1861.\\nRev. George Taylor, once pastor of Congress\\nStreet and Trinity M. E. Churches, wrote The\\nRumseller s Indignation Meeting, a satirical essay,\\nalso Narrative of Life and Experiences of Frangois\\nPepin. and A Poem on the Satanic Agency in\\nDrunkard-making.\\nJ. S. Tibbets compiled the Fee Guide.\\nC. S. Tuttle appears as author of a History of\\nMichigan, published in 1873.\\nRev. J. A. Van Fleet wrote Old and New M.ick-\\ninaw.\\nA. C. Varney is one of the authors of Our Homes\\nand their Adornments, published in 1882.\\nA. B. Woodward, the erratic, eccentric, and eru-\\ndite judge, was the author of several works. His\\nEpaminondas on the Government of the Territory\\nof the Columbia, was published at Ale.xandria in\\n1802 a work On the Substance of the Sun, in\\n1S09 The System of Universal Science, at Phila-\\ndelphia, in i8i6; and The Presidency of the\\nUnited States, at New York, in 1825.\\nColonel Henry Whiting, of the U. S. A., wrote\\nThe Emigrant. a poem of 27 pages, descriptive of\\nMichigan, published by Sheldon Reed in 1819;\\nSanilac, another poem, 154 pages, was published\\nat Boston in 1S31, and Ontwa, the Son of the\\nForest, in 1822 Revolutionary Orders of General\\nWashington in 1778, 1780, 1781, and 1782, was\\npublished in 1844.\\nJoseph Whiting wrote Pri[uiples of English\\nGrammar, published in 1845.\\nGeneral James Watson Webb was at one time sta-\\ntioned here. His book. Altowan, or Incidents of\\nLife and Observations in the Rocky Mountains, two\\nvolumes, was published by Harper Brothers in 1846.\\nTen years later he published a work entitled Sla-\\nverv and its Tendencies.\\nF. II. Witherell contributed many valuable\\narticles on matters connected with the early hi.story\\nof Detroit to the daily papers, some of which are\\npublished in the collections of the Wisconsin State\\nHistorical Society.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0758.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "VISITING AUTHORS.\\n707\\nR. S. Willis, brother of X. 1 Willis and Fanny\\nFern, is author of Our Church Music, Waifs of\\nSong, Church Chorals, and other musical works.\\nA volume of his poems, entitled Pen and Lute,\\nwas published in 1S82.\\nC. I. Walker s most widely known work is a\\npamphlet history of The Northwest during the\\nRevolution.\\nWilliam Ward published a work at Detroit in\\n1829, entitled The Rise of the West and the Ages\\nof Michigan.\\nRev. James V. Watson, pastor of the First M. E.\\nChurch in 1S44, wrote Tales and Takings and\\nHelps to Revivals.\\nColonel O. B. Willcox is the author of a story of\\nDetroit known both by the names of Walter\\nMarch and Shoepac. He also wrote Foca,\\nan Army Memoir, and Instructions for Field Ar-\\ntillery.\\nJoshua W. Waterman is author of a Michigan\\nJustices Guide.\\nWilliam Warner wrote a pamphlet, entitled\\nRestoration, the Two Methods. It was pub-\\nlished in 1866.\\nAlvan Wilkins compiled the United States Dic-\\ntionary for Bankers and Underwriters, 334 pages,\\npublished at New York in 1856.\\nAndrew Wanless is author of Poems and\\nSongs, 192 pages, issued in 1S73.\\nO. W. Wight, M. D., has edited or translated the\\nfollowing published works\\nCousin s Course of Modern Philosophy and\\nLectures on the True, the Beautiful, and the\\nGood, The Philosophy of Sir William Hamilton.\\nthe Romance of Abelard and Heloise, the vv-orks\\nof Chateaubriand, De Stael, Fenelon, La Fontaine,\\nMontaigne, Pascal, and Voltaire, also livas of\\nCa;sar, ittoria Colonna, Columbus, Joan of Arc,\\nMilton, Mohammed, Pitt, Socrates, Tasso, and\\nothers. Also a number of novels and Martin s His-\\ntory of France.\\nD. K. W inder published in 187 1 a work entitled\\nThe Fungi of Canada, and is also author of a\\nwork on The .-Vurora Borealis.\\nRev. W. W. Washburn, D. D., is author of a\\nvolume issued in 1883, entitled Import of Jewish\\nSacrifices.\\nS. R. Wooley prepared and iTublished Wooley s\\nPractical Bookkeeping.\\nW. T. Young wrote a Life of Lewis Cass, 420\\npages, published by Markham Elwood.\\nJohn H. Young compiled Our Deportment, a\\nwork which has reached a sale of two hundred\\nthousand copies. It is published by F. B. Dicker-\\nson Company.\\nJohn Zundel, who was here as organist of the\\nCentral M. E. Churcli, is author of The Church\\nFriend, Christian Heart Songs, and The New\\nIntroit.\\nVtsi/i iig Authors.\\nThe romantic history and delightful situation and\\nsurroundings of Detroit, and its location on the\\nnatural highway of travel, have brought many visit-\\nors to enjoy its hospitality, and not a few persons of\\nnote in the literary world have left on record their\\nimpressions of this, the most historic city of the\\nWest.\\nWe have accounts of the visits of Lasalle and\\nGalinee as early as 1670. Hennepin and Lasalle\\nwere here in 1679. and in September, 1687, La\\nHontan and Tonty came. In the ne.xt century we\\nhave a full account of the visit of Charlevoi.x in June,\\n1 72 1, and of E. Crespel, another French priest, in\\n1729. Major Robert Rogers published an account\\nof his arrival here in 1 760. Jonathan Carver came\\nin June, 1768, and Heckenwaelder and Zeisberger\\nwere brought here in November, 1781.\\nLord Edward Fitzgerald visited Detroit in June,\\n1789. in company with Joseph Brant. He wrote to\\nhis mother on June 20 that he had been adopted by\\nthe Bear Tribe, and made a chief. C. F. Volney, the\\nnoted infidel author of Volney s Ruins, was here\\nin September, 1796, and Isaac Weld, an Irish author\\nof note, was here in October of the same year.\\nJacob Burnet, author of Notes on the Northwest\\nTerritory, came here frequently as an attorney from\\n1796 to 1802.\\nIn the present century we have been still more\\nhighly favored every decade has brought scholars\\namong us. George Heriot, author of a volume on\\nCanadian Life, came about 1806. From July 2 to\\n21, 1818, Elkanah Watson, author of several valu-\\nable works, was here on a visit. On September 6,\\nI Si 8, Thomas Douglass, fifth Earl of Selkirk, and\\nauthor of several works of note, while on a visit\\nhere was arrested on account of trouble in connec-\\ntion with his Red River settlement. In 1819 W.\\nDarby made a tour from New York to Detroit.\\nRev. J. Morse, the noted geographer, and author of\\nMorse s Geographies, with his son. Rev. R. S.\\nMorse, United States Commissioner arrived on June\\n2, 1820, to inquire into the condition of the Indians.\\nDuring the next year. Rev. J. B. Finley, a widely\\nknown Methodist author, was frequently in Detroit\\nas a presiding elder of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch. On June 16, 1826. Thomas L. McKinney,\\nauthor of Tour of the Lakes. arrived in\\nDetroit he left on June 23. C. Colton, author of\\nTour of American Lakes, was here for about two\\nweeks in July and August, 1830. Mrs. J. H. Kin-\\nzie, author of Waubun or. Early Days in the\\nNorthwest, was here in .September, 1830.\\n.Alexis deTocqueville with M. M. Beaumont, com-\\nmissioned by Louis Philippe, King of France, to", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0759.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "7o8\\nVISITING AUTHORS.\\nvisit the prisons of America, made a three days\\nvisit to Detroit from July 20 to 23, 1831. Charles\\nFenno Hoffman spent a week with us in November,\\n1833. Harriet Martineau arrived on June 13, 1S36,\\nand left the next day. Captain Frederick Marr -att,\\nthe prolific novelist, spent nearly a month in Detroit,\\nin May and June, 1837. O. H. Marshall, of Buffalo,\\nauthor of several important monographs connected\\nwith the early history of New York and the West,\\narrived here May 27, 1836, spending several days,\\nand in iSSi he was again here on a brief visit. In\\nJuly, 1S37, Daniel Webster came to visit his son,\\nDaniel F. Webster, who was then practicing law in\\nDetroit. Two days before he left, on July 8, Mrs.\\nAnna Jameson came. She was detained ten days\\nby sickness. In August, 1837, George P. Marsh,\\non his way to Lake Superior, made a brief tarry at\\nDetroit.\\nGeneral R. B. Marcy, author of Border Remi-\\nniscences, was here with his regiment in 1838. J.\\nStanley Grimes was here on July 16, 1839. The\\npreface of James H. Lanman s History of Michi-\\ngan is dated at Detroit, and he spent some\\nweeks here in 1839. J. S. Buckingham, author\\nof a valuable work on Eastern and Western\\nStates of America, arrived July 6, and left\\nJuly II, 1S40. He said many pleasant things of\\nDetroit. Hon. Henry Barnard, the educational\\nwriter, delivered an address here on Monday even-\\ning, December 5, 1842. Margaret Fuller was de-\\ntained here half a day on her trip to Lake Superior\\nin September, 1843. In 1845 Francis Parkman\\nspent two weeks in Detroit collecting material for\\nhis Conspiracy of Pontiac. He was here again\\nin 1867. Dr. Lyman Beecher and Professor C. E.\\nStowe were here at a Church Convention in June,\\n1845. In July or August, 1 847, the now well-known\\nDr. Geikie paid our city a brief visit. His father s\\nfamily then lived near Moreton, Ontario, opposite\\nwhat is now the Somerville School at St. Clair. J.\\nFenimore Cooper visited us in June, 1848, and in\\nhis Oak Openings there are various references to\\nthe city.\\nOn March i 1 84S, Horace Greeley was here, and\\nalso at other times. Professor Louis Agassiz, with\\nsi.xteen graduates and professors from Harvard Col-\\nlege, the Lawrence Scientific and the Dane Law\\nschools, among them our own townsman, Jefferson\\nWiley, arrived June 21, 1848, on their way to Lake\\nSuperior, and stayed about four hours. On their\\nreturn they reached Detroit August 20. Mr. Wiley\\nkept a daily journal of the trip, and this was largely\\nused by Professor J. Elliott Cabot in the account of\\nthe journey which accompanies Agassiz s descrip-\\ntion of Lake Superior. Caleb Atwater, author of\\nHistory of Ohio and several educational works,\\nwas here for some days in August, 1848.\\nGeorge Bancroft was here on his way west on\\nOctober 6, 1 849.\\nFrederika Bremer, in her Homes in the New\\nWorld, speaks of the city, and of her arrival here\\non the steamer Ocean from Buffalo on September\\nII, 1850.\\n\\\\Villiam H. Seward was here for some time in\\n1850, at the Great Railroad Conspiracy Trial. Mrs.\\nE. F. Ellet, author of Pioneer W^omen of the\\nWest, came early in July, 1850, and left on the\\n20th. Two years later she again visited the city.\\nRev. D. P. Kidder, author of Brazil and the\\nBrazilians and various other works, was here\\non November 6, 1850, and also in 1852 and 1853.\\nWilliam Chambers, of the noted Edinburgh pub-\\nlishing firm of W. R. Chambers, himself an\\nauthor, was here in the fall of 1853. J. J. Ampere,\\nof the French Academy, was here October 12, 1854.\\nIn 1856 James R. Albach spent several days in our\\ncity collecting information for his Western An-\\nnals. In September, 1858, President Mark Hop-\\nkins, of Williams College, and Dr. Leonard Bacon\\nwere here, and the first named was here again in\\nOctober, 1883.\\nRev. J. H. Vincent, D. D., author of the S. S. Les-\\nson Leaf system, and of scores of helpful works for\\nBible students, and originator of the Chautauqua\\nLiterary Circles, has been here a dozen times or\\nmore since i860.\\nR. G. Pardee, another noted Sunday School author,\\nwas here several times between i860 and 1870. Ben-\\nson J. Lossing was with us October 7 and 8, i860,\\ngathering notes for his History of the War of 1812.\\nA Methodist anni\\\\ ersary in October, i860, brought\\ntogether Rev. Dr. Daniel Wise (Francis Forrester),\\nRev. Dr. T. M. Eddy, Dr. J. H. Vincent, and Rev.\\nD. W. Clark, all of them widely known authors,\\nAnthony Trollope and his wife were here in the fall\\nof 1861. Sir Samuel Morton Peto, the railroad\\nmagnate and also an author, visited Detroit in 1865.\\nBishops Gilbert Haven and E.O. Haven, both well-\\nknown li/Wrafeitrs, hav.e been here several times.\\nGeneral George A. Custer, whose Life on the\\nPlains, entitles him to an author s place, visited\\nDetroit repeatedly.\\nEdward Eggleston was in attendance on the In-\\nternational Convention of the Y. M. C. A. in 1868,\\nas was also Rev. J. P. Newman. Rev. Dr. Luther\\nLee, author of Elements of Theology, Universal-\\nisni Examined and Refuted, and Immortality of\\nthe Soul. has been an occasional visitor.\\nA. Bronson Alcott held several Conversaziones\\nin Detroit in January, February, and November,\\n1870. Fanny Fern and her husband, James Parton,\\nwere here in 1870. Rev. William Taylor, the\\nmissionary bishop, known all over the world, and\\nauthor of numerous works, has visited Detroit several", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0760.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "VISITING AUTHORS.\\n709\\ntimes. J. Disturncll, authcir of various works of\\nreference, was here in 1873, and also in other\\nyears. On November 16, 1873. Rev. Newman\\nHall, of London, preached in several of our\\nchurches.\\nIn 1879 we had a lengthy visit from Rev. Richard\\nNewton, of Philadelphia, a, noted writer of sermons\\nto children, and from Rev. George Mueller, author\\nof Mueller s Life of Trust.\\nOn September 25, 1879. he city was honored\\nby a visit from Rev. W. M. Thompson, author of\\nThe Land and the Book. In November, 1879,\\nD. R. Locke, better known as Petroleum V. Nasby,\\nmade a lengthy visit.\\nOn March 4, 1882, Professor A. D. White was\\nin the city on bis way east. Mary J. Holmes was\\nhere on February 23, 1880, Dr. James McCosh on\\nApril 10 and 11. and the Abbe H. R. Casgrain, a\\nCanadian author, in the fall. On May 20, 1881, W.\\nH. Russell, the well-known correspondent of the\\nLondon Times, with the Duke of Sutherland, arrived\\nin Detroit, and stopped at the Russell House.\\nIn -May, 1882, at the semi-annual meeting of the\\nbishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Bishops\\nHurst, Simpson, Merrill, Peck, Foster, Warren, and\\nWiley were present, all of them known as authors.\\nBenjamin Suite and Abbe Cyprian Tanguay, of\\nOttawa, both widely known Canadian authors,\\narrived on June 25, 1883, and spent several\\ndays. Lieut. D. H. Kelton, U. S. A., author of the\\nAnnals of Fort Mackinac, has been here several\\ntimes.\\nHenri Ferdinand Ouarre d Aligny, Bishop .Samuel\\nFallows, J. Russell Webb, Rev. J. Atkinson, and\\nRev. S. W. Duffield. all of them authors, have vis-\\nited Detroit at various times.\\nThe University of Michigan at .\\\\nn Arbor may\\nalmost be claimed as a part of Detroit, and many\\nof the faculty have frequently visited the city. .Some\\nof them resided here.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^mong the University authors are James B.\\nAngell, Charles K. .^dams, Frances Brunow, James\\nR. Boise, T. M. Cooley, B. F. Cocker. M. L.\\nD Ooge, Edward S. Dunster, S. H. Douglas, E. P.\\nEvans, E. C. Franklin, Corydon L. Ford, Henry S.\\nFrieze, George E. Frothingham. Asa Gray, Mark\\nW. Herrington, O. C. Johnson. Donald McLean,\\nGeorge S. Morris, Edward Olney, William H.\\nHayne, Alonzo B. Palmer, A. B. Prescott.W. G.\\nPeck, P. B. Rose, C. H. Stowell. H. P. Tappan, V.\\nC. aughn, Alexander Winchell. J. C. Watson.\\nD. D. Whedon, A. D. White, and De Volsen\\nWood.\\nThe list of literary visitors who have appeared on\\nthe rostrum of the Young Men s Society embraces\\nthe names of many noted authors. The names of\\nsome of the lecturers and the dates of their visits\\nare: Wendell Phillip.s, December 16, 1856; B. P.\\nShillaber (Mrs. Partington), November 25, 1857; I.\\nI. Hayes, December 15 and 16, 1857; E. L. Vou-\\nmans, January 20 and 21, 1858; T. Starr King,\\nFebruary 3, 1858; G. D. Prentice, February i,\\n185S; M. F. Maury, December 16, 1858; Bayard\\nTaylor, February i, 1859; Professor A. D. White,\\nFebruarys. 1S59; John P. Hale, November 9, 1859;\\nAnson Burlingame, November 10, 1859; Bishop\\nSimpson, January 6, i860; H. J. Raymond, January\\n26, i860; Ralph Waldo Emerson, February 18,\\ni860; G. W. Curtis, November 22, i860; Dr. J. G.\\nHolland, January 14, 1861 Edward Everett, May\\n28, 1862; W. G. Brownlow, September 27, 1862;\\nC. F. Brown (Artemus Ward), December 3, 1862;\\nJ. S. C. Abbott, November 26, 1864; Horace\\nGreeley, December 22, 1866; Paul DuChaillu. De-\\ncember II, 1867 Mark Twain. December 22, 1868;\\nJustin McCarthy, December 16, 1869; Kate Field,\\nFebruary 10, 1870; Fred Douglass, July 26, 1870;\\nJoseph Cook, May 27, 1878; Frances E. Willard,\\n1879; Thomas John Capel, November 4, 1883;\\nMatthew Arnold, January 17, 1884.\\nIn addition to the above, we have had lectures\\nfrom Park Benjamin, O. S. Fowler, Elihu Burritt,\\nH. W. Shaw (Josh Billings), J. G. Sa.xe. Rev. J.\\nMilburn (the blind preacher), George W. Bungay,\\nRev. William Morley Punshon, Dr. Thomas Guard,\\nHenry Ward Beecher, Anna E. Dickinson, B.\\nWaterhouse Hawkins, Richard A. Proctor, Robert\\n.Morris, George Francis Train, Rev. T. DeWitt Tal-\\nmadge, Theodore Tilton, George Vandenhoff, Rob-\\nert G. Ingersoll, and John B. Gough.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0761.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X I I\\nLITERARY, HISTORICAL, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.\\nThere is no apparent natural connection between\\nlotteries and literature, but one of the earliest Acts\\nof the Governor and Judges provided for four lot-\\nteries for the purpose of raising $20,000 for the\\npromotion of literature and the improvement of De-\\ntroit. The only literature, however, that resulted\\ntherefrom is a copy of the Act itself. The earliest\\npractical endeavor for the founding of a public\\nlibrary secured the establishment of the\\nCity Library of Detroit.\\nThe society was organized in March, and incor-\\nporated on August 26, 1 81 7. It is remarkably cred-\\nitable to the citizens of that time that, the next day\\nafter the organization of the society, ninety shares\\nof the stock were sold at five dollars each. The\\nlibrary was located in the old University building,\\nand the teachers of the University acted as librarians.\\nOn July 15, 1 83 1, the Detroit Athen;fum, a club\\nreading room, was organized with the following\\nofficers Lewis Cass, president John Biddle, vice-\\npresident R. S. Rice, treasurer and H. S. Cole,\\nsecretary. The rooms were on Griswold Street, in\\nthe rear of Newberry Kercheval s store, where\\nthe First National Bank is now located. The effects\\nof the City Library were transferred to this new\\norganization. It is probable that Mrs. Jameson\\nrefers to the rooms of this society in her Winter\\nTours and Summer Rambles, where, speaking of\\nDetroit, she says\\nThere is also a great numher of booksellers shops, and I read\\nin the papers long lists of books, newly arrived and unpacked,\\nwhich the public are invited to inspect. Wishing to borrow some\\nbooks to while away the long, solitary hours in which I am\\nobliged to rest, I asked for a circulating library, and was directed\\nto the only one in the place. I had to ascend a steep staircase,\\nso disgustingly dirty that it was necessary to draw my drapery\\ncarefully around me to escape pollution. On entering a large\\nroom, unfurnished except with book-shelves, I found several\\nmen sitting, or rather sprawling, upon chairs and reading the\\nnewspapers. The collection of books was small, but they were\\nnot of a common or vulgar description. I found some of the\\nbest modern publications in French and English. The man\\ngentleman I should say, for all are gentlemen here who stood\\nbehind the counter neither moved his hat from his head, nor bowed\\non my entrance, nor showed any officious an.xiety to serve or\\noblige but wilh this want of what we English consider due cour-\\ntesy, there was no deficiency of real civility, far from it. When\\nI enquired on what terms 1 might have some books to read, this\\ngentleman desired I would take any book I pleased, and not\\nthink about payment or deposit. I remonstrated, and repre-\\nsented that I was a stranger at an inn that my stay was imcertain;\\nand the reply was that from a lady and a stranger he could not\\nthink of receiving any remuneration, and then gave himself some\\ntrouble to look out the book I wished for, which I took away\\nwilh me. He did not even ask the name of the hotel at which I\\nwas staying; and when 1 returned the hooks persisted in declin-\\ning all payment from a lady and a stranger.\\nSoon after her visit, this society was merged into\\nthe\\nDetroit YouHi; Men s Society.\\nThe history of this organization is as follows\\nNear the close of 1832 a few young men met in the\\nstore of Messrs. John Clark Company, on Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, between Woodward and Griswold, to\\ndevise means for greater intellectual improvement.\\nA second meetirtg was held at the office of Charles\\nEarned, on the corner of Woodward Avenue and\\nEarned Street. These preliminary meetings resulted\\nin the holding of a more formal meeting at the ses-\\nsion room of the First Presbyterian Church, where,\\non Januarv 18. 1S33, a constitution and by-l,aws\\nwere adopted, and the Detroit Young Men s Society\\norganized by the election of the following officers\\npresident, Franklin Sawyer vice-president, Douglas\\nHoughton corresponding secretary, George E.\\nHand recording secretary, J. R. Scott (soon suc-\\nceeded by Jacob M. Howard) treasurer, S. S. Haw-\\nkins auditor, W. A. Wells managers, Charles W.\\nPenny, John M. Hunter, Aaron B. Rawles. Silas\\nTitus, Silas P. Griswold, H. M. Roby, and Ira Van\\nNortwich. After the organization, meetings for\\nliterary exercises and debates were held every Fri-\\nday evening during the winter months. Either at\\nthe session room or the council room. Dr. Douglas\\nHoughton delivered their first lecture, and from\\ntime to time other citizens engaged in debates and\\nliterary exercises in fact, most of our older and\\nleading lawyers and politicians, living and dead,\\nmade their first speeches before this society. Anson\\nBurlingatne, afterwards United States minister to\\nChina and Chine.se ambassador extraordinar\\\\-, then\\na law student here, made his maiden speech in the\\nold session room. The library was kept at the store\\nof Mr. Hallock. and subsequently, until the erection\\n[7 ol", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0762.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "LITERARY. HISTORICAL, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.\\n711\\nof the Hall, at such places and under the charge of\\nsuch persons as could be secured with little or no\\nexpense. On March 26. 1836, the society was in-\\ncorporated by the Legislature, and authorized to\\nhold property to the amount of S2 5,000. and the\\nsame year the Governor and Judges presented the\\nsociety, for a nominal consideration, with Lot 56,\\nSection r, on Woodward Avenue. In 1848 it was\\ndetermined to erect a hall, and in 1850 the lot on\\nWoodward Avenue was sold, and another procured\\non Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and Ran-\\ndolph Streets. On this lot a hall forty-five by\\nninety-five feet was erected. It was completed\\non November 27, 1850. at a total cost of about\\n$8,500. The erection of the building brought the\\nsociety heavily in debt, but still, as they had\\nthe rentals of two stores under the hall, the out-\\nlook was hopeful. Seven years passed away, and\\nthen, in 1857, was begun the evil practice of rush-\\ning members into the society upon election day\\nwithout regard to their moral or mental fitness.\\nThe initiation fees were paid by candidates for office,\\nand the names of the new members soon disap-\\npeared from the roll. In 1859 the Act of Incor-\\nporation was so amended that the society could hold\\nproperty to the amount of $200,000. It was now-\\nproposed to erect a new hall, and a contract was\\nentered into for a lot held by the University on the\\ncorner of Larned and Bates Streets. The city also\\nclaimed the lot. but a suit which followed terminated\\nin favor of the University. On account of business\\ndepression, the society was unable to fulfil its con-\\ntract for the lot, and the plan w-as abandoned. A\\nvacant lot, eighty by one hundred and fifty feet, in\\nthe rear of the Biddle House and fronting on Wood-\\nbridge Street, together with a corridor sixteen feet\\nwide, running through the Biddle House to Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, was then leased for a term of twenty-\\nfive years, with the privilege of renewing for further\\nperiods of twenty-five and fifty years, the owners of\\nthe land agreeing to take the building at an ap-\\npraisal at the expiration of the term. On this lot a\\nhall was completed, and first opened to the public\\non November 21, 1861, with an address by Hon.\\nJacob M. Howard and a poem by D. B. Duffield.\\nThe total cost of the building was $24,106. The\\nold lot and hall were turned over to Messrs. Shearer\\nChapoton in part payment, and they sold the\\nproperty to Walter Ingersoll. in January, 1861, for\\n$11,000. The balance of the funds required to\\nerect and furnish the new hall was raised by selling\\nstock to the amount of about $17,000, in shares of\\nfifteen dollars each. The hall seated about fifteen\\nhundred, and nearly two thousand were at times\\naccommodated. It was at first very popular and\\nwas in great demand for various purposes. Other\\nand newer halls and opera houses soon caused a\\nserious loss of revenue from rentals, and the society\\nwas unable to meet its obligations.\\nIn 1875 the property was sold to Luther Beecher\\nfor $16,000. The library was moved to the second\\nstory of the Merrill Block, and new rooms opened\\non August 2. At this time they had about sixteen\\nthousand volumes, five hundred annual and one\\nhundred and fifty life members. The dues of two\\ndollars per year were payable semi-annually. The\\nannual meeting was held on the first Tuesday in\\nApril. The society was governed by the officers and\\na board of eight directors, four of whom were elected\\nyearly for terms of two years each. .Soon after\\nmoving to their new location it became evident that\\nthe society could not compete with the Public Lib-\\nrarj and after a struggle of a few years it was\\ndecided to sell the property, pay the debts, and dis-\\nband. Accordingly, during the months of August\\nand September, 1882, the books were sold singly to\\nwhoever would purchase, and on September 30, the\\norganization ceased. Many of their books, and\\nsome other property, including a marble bust of\\nGeneral Cass and oil portraits of several of the\\npresidents of the society, were obtained by the\\nPublic Library.\\nThe following persons ser\\\\-ed as presidents 1833,\\nFranklin Sawyer, Jr., Douglass Houghton; 1834,\\nJacob M. Howard, Charles W. Penny 1835. George\\nC. Bates, Marshall J. Bacon; 1836. John L. Talbot,\\n.Alexander W. Buel 1837, D. E. Harbaugh 1838,\\nFranklin Sawyer. Jr.; 1839. James A. Van Dyke;\\n1840. J. G. .Atterburj-; 1841. S. Barstow; 1842, J. S.\\nAbbott; 1843. S. f. Douglas; 1844, W. A. How-\\nard 1845, Bela Hubbard; 1846, Witter J. Baxter;\\n1847. T. W. Lockwood; 1848, J. V. Campbell;\\n1849. E. C.Walker; 1850, D. B. Duffield; 1851.\\nH. H. Emmons; 1852, U. T. Howe; 1853. G. V.\\nN. Lothrop 1854, C. I.Walker; 1855, Levi Bishop;\\n1856. H. P. Baldwin; 1857. John B. Palmer; 1858,\\nJ. E. Pittman 1859, S. Dow Elwood i860, W. A.\\nMoore 1861. Sidney D. Miller 1862, R. W. King\\n1863, J. E. Pittman 1864, John G. Erwin 1865, E.\\nLeFavour; 1866, O. B. Willco.x, H. A. Newland;\\n1867. Peter Young; 1868, C. H. Wetmore 1869,\\nX. G. Williams 1870, A. G. Boynton 1871, L. T.\\nGriffin; 1872. L. S. Trowbridge; 1873, R. R.\\nElliott; 1874- 1875. H. M. Duffield; 1876. J. H.\\nWendell 1877-1878. T. P. Hall 1879, Henry Rus-\\nsel 1880, C. J. Jleilly; 1881, J. B. Stoutenburgh\\n1882, Philo Parsons.\\nLyceum of the City of Detroit..\\nThis society was organized on January 14, i8!8,\\nwith the following officers A. B. Woodward,\\npresident William Woodbridge. first vice-presi-\\ndent Charles Larned. second vice-president\\nGeorge B. Larned, secretary Dr. J. L. Whiting,", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0763.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "7i:\\nLITERARY, HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.\\ntreasurer. The constitution was adopted April 29,\\nand printed in the Detroit Gazette, occupying several\\ncolumns. Like most of the documents of that\\nperiod, it was drawn up in the verbose and magni-\\nficently .stilted style of Judge Woodward. The\\nfollowing extracts from the original constitution\\namply verify its authorship\\nArticle l\\\\l, Svctioit 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This institution will affiliate with\\nany other scientific, literary, benevolent, or patriotic association,\\nin relation to which it shall prove reciprocally agreeable.\\nSection 2. The members of associations in affiliation with this\\nshall be considered, when present, members of this institution\\nwithout any ceremony, or expense of admission or initiation.\\nSection 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This institution will interchange from time to\\ntime, with affiliated institutions, lists of its members and e.\\\\empli-\\nfications of its constitution and regulations, and will co-operate\\nin measures deemed serviceable to religion, to philanthropy, to\\nscience, and to literature.\\nSection h. Non-resident or distant members may constitute\\nsimilar associations, which shall be in affiliation with this institu-\\ntion and with one another.\\nSection 5.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A n association affiliated with one in affiliation\\nwith this, shall I C in affiliation with this institution.\\nSection 6.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Affiliated associations in vicinity may constitute\\nby representation one more general.\\nSection 7.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Associations by representation may constitute\\nothers more general.\\nArticle V.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 There shall be kept in this institution lists of all\\nthe productions of .\\\\merican literature about to emanate from the\\nAmerican press and subscriptions or orders for any of the same,\\nor for any other productions of American literature, or for any\\nproductions of foreign literature, shall be received in the bosom\\nof the association, or at the residence of any of the officers.\\nArticle X, Section i.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A library, a museum, a mineralogical\\ncabinet, and an Athena:um shall be established as soon as shall\\nbe found convenient.\\nSection 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 philosophical apparatus, an observatory, and\\nlaboratory erected, a botanic and an agricultural garden instituted,\\nconducted and maintained and any other enterprise undertaken\\nwhich may be fur the benefit of science, to learning, to humanity,\\nor to public interest, whenever the same .shall be judged expedient.\\nThe organization lived only about three years.\\nDied of constitutional disorder would probably\\nbe an appropriate epitaph.\\nThe Lvcciim of Michigan\\nwas organized December 6, 1830, with the following\\nofficers: L. Cass, president; H. R. Schoolcraft and\\nH. Whiting, vice-presidents; William Ward, secre-\\ntary; A. S. Porter, treasurer; J. L. Whiting, W. L.\\nNewberry, and L. Lyon, executive committee. Like\\nits predecessor, it was short-lived, and nothing was\\nheard of it after 1831.\\nTill- Historical Society of Jilichigan\\nwas incorporated June 23. and fully organized July\\n3, 1828, at the Mansion House by the election of\\nthe following officers President, L. Cass; secretary.\\nH. S. Cole first vice-president. John Biddle second\\nvice-president, Thomas Rowland corresponding\\nsecretary, H. Whiting; treasurer. C. C. Trowbridge;\\nlibrarian, J. L. Whiting. These same officers con-\\ntinued till 1830, and probably till 1837. Any person\\nvoted in, and paying one dollar a year, could become\\na member.\\nThe first lecture before the society was delivered\\nby Governor Cass in September, 1828. Subsequent\\nlectures were delivered by H. R. Schoolcraft, on\\nJune 4, 1830, by Major Henry Whiting, on June 5,\\n1831, and by Major John Biddle, on September 15,\\n1832. These lectures were printed separately, and\\nthen gathered into one volume, and published under\\nthe title of Historical and Scientific Sketches of\\nMichigan. In 1837 the officers were John Biddle,\\npresident; Thomas Rowland, vice-president; H.\\nWhiting, corresponding secretary; A. L. Porter,\\nrecording secretary C. C. Trowbridge, treasurer\\nZ. Pitcher, librarian.\\nIn its earlier days the society collected many\\nmanuscripts and articles illustrating and explaining\\nthe early history of Michigan, and some very valu-\\nable papers and objects were entrusted to it for safe\\nkeeping. The members, however, grew apathetic,\\nand for nearly twenty years little or no effort\\nwas made to maintain or revive the organization.\\nFinally, on August 4, 1857, a meeting was held,\\nand B. F. H. Witherell was elected president and\\nC. I. Walker corresponding secretary. Renewed\\ninterest was manifested for a time, but no perma-\\nnent results were reached, and the collections of the\\nsociety were transferred from place to place. Even-\\ntually C. I. Walker became the sole custodian, and\\nthe .society sleeps on, allowing other States and\\nsocieties to garner the precious relics of our earlier\\nhistory.\\nDetroit Mechanics Society.\\nOn June 13. 1818, a number of mechanics\\nand citizens met at the hotel of Colonel Richard\\nSmyth to consult on the expediency of forming an\\nassociation for their mutual protection and benefit.\\nColonel Smyth was called to the chair, and Chauncey\\nS. Pavne chosen secretary. After consultation, a\\ncommittee, consisting of Judge Woodward and\\nMajor Robert Irwin, was appointed to draft a con-\\nstitution. A subsequent meeting was held on June\\n19, and a constitution read, re-committed to a new\\ncommittee of five, and finally adopted on June 29.\\nThe first regular election of officers took place on\\nJuly 20, 1 81 8, when the following officers were\\nchosen president, Robert Irwin vice-president.\\nBenjamin Stead secretary, John P. Sheldon treas-\\nurer, John S. Roby stewards. Chauncey S. Payne,\\nPaul Clapp, Charles Howard. Ebenezer Reed, and\\nJeremiah Moors.\\nOn May 15, 1820. the society was incorporated\\nfor a term of twenty years, and in 1828 the city\\ndonated to the society the property on the south-\\nwest corner of Griswold Street and Lafayette Ave-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0764.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "LITERARY. HISTORICAL. AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.\\n713\\nnue, consisting of two lots, witli a frontage of one\\nhundred and thirty feet on Griswold Street and\\nseventy-five feet on Lafayette Avenue. The lots\\nwere then worth S500. On November 7, 1833, a\\ncommittee was appointed to submit a plan for a\\nhall. On No\\\\-ember i 5 a plan was adopted, and nn\\nJune 16, 1S34, the hall, a two-story wooden build-\\ning, was first used. In 1839 the Legislature re-\\nnewed the charter, continuing it in force until May\\nI, i860.\\nOn February 17. 1857. the Legislature passed an\\nAct to incorporate Mechanics Associations and\\nunder this Act the society reorganized in February.\\n1S60. It numbered nearly all the old citizens\\namong its members, pursued a careful and conser\\\\--\\native course, and in 1S70 had a membership of\\nnearly two hundred, with an income of about Si.ooo\\na year from rents, of which it expended some $300\\nor $400 a year for books. The library included\\nabout four thousand volumes. It was kept open\\nfrom 2 to 4.30 P. M.. and from 7 to 9 P. ^r. on Wed-\\nnesdays and Saturdays. The property was free\\nfrom all incumbrance, and was estimated to be\\nworth S50.000. The annual meeting was held on\\nthe first Monday in March. Feeling confident of\\nits ability, on April 28. 1S73, the society resolved to\\nerect a block to cover their entire property, and pre-\\nparatory to building, the library was removed to\\nvacant rooms over Chauncey Hurlbut s store on\\nWoodward Avenue. $60,000 were borrowed on\\nthe property, and the erection of the building was\\nbegun. The contractors failed to have it ready in\\ntime to secure tenants, and being unable to meet\\ntheir engagements, on May 22, 1876, the president\\nand secretary made an assignment to Horace M.\\nDean, J. H. Van Schoick. and James Burns, for the\\nbenefit of the creditors. The debts were S 17.000.\\nand the assets were estimated at $173,000. The\\ndepreciation in real estate caused the entire prop-\\nerty to be sold on November 2. 1876. to Thomas Mc-\\nCraw, for \u00c2\u00a7112.500. The library and furniture\\nwere released by the creditors, and temporarily\\nstored in the fourth story of the Moffat Building.\\nOn August I. 1877. the Detroit Young Men s Chris-\\ntian Association made a proposition to the trustees\\nto provide a room and librarian and proper care for\\nthe books, and also to furnish the society with a\\nroom for their meetings for the term of five years.\\non condition that the members of their society be\\nallowed to use the books. The proposition was\\naccepted, the books removed, and the librarj form-\\nally opened for use in the rooms of the Y. M. C. A.\\non September 19. 1877. In April. 1881, the Y. M.\\nC. A. sold its property to the Detroit Medical Col-\\nlege, and the library- was returned to the Mechan-\\nics Society. Arrangements were then made for its\\ncare by the College, and it remained in the building.\\nThe presidents and secretaries of the society,\\nup to i860, when the property was placed in the\\nhands of trustees, were: Presidents: 1818-1820.\\nRobert Iruin; 1820-1827. John P. Sheldon; 1827-\\n1829. Charles Jackson; 1829-1831. J. E. Schwartz:\\n1831-1835, JohnMuUett; 1835. John Farrar; 1836-\\n1840, Levi Brown; 1840-1844. J. Moors; 1844. A.\\nEwers; 1845. John Roberts; 1846-1851, Solomon\\nDav^s; 1851-1853. William Barclay; 1853-1856.\\nH. H. LeRoy; 1856-1858. W\\\\ W. Wilcox; 1858-\\n1860. John Gibson. Secretaries: 1818-1820. J. P.\\nSheldon; 1820. B. Stead; 1821. L. Brown; 1822-\\n1S27. Obed Wait; 1827-1829. J. E. Schwartz:\\n1S29. J. McKinney 1830. L. Bain; 1831-1835,\\n(iarry Spencer; 1835, C. Hurlbut 1836. W. Wat-\\nkins 1837-1841. A. C. McOraw; 1841-1853. John\\nFarrar; 1853, William Harsha; 1854-1860, John\\nFarrar.\\nJVaync County Pioiucr Society.\\nA preliminary meeting in the interest of this so-\\nciety, held on April 21, 1871, resulted in the adoption\\nof a constitution and the completion of an organiza-\\ntion on May 4. It was at first called the Pioneer\\nSociety of Detroit, but on March 23, 1874, the name\\nwas changed as above. The first officers were Levi\\nBishop, president; Luther Beecher and Thomas\\nLewis, vice-presidents; S. G. Wight, secretary; W.\\nA. Bacon, treasurer. After Mr. Bacon s death, in\\nApril, 1873, Seymour Finney was elected treasurer.\\nThe object of the society is to collect and pre-\\nserve historical and biographical data pertaining to\\nthe county. The annual meeting is held on April\\n21, and a semi-annual meeting on October 21, with\\nother meetings at the call of the Executive Com-\\nmittee, which is composed of the president, secre-\\ntar\\\\-. and treasurer. The membership is limited to\\npersons of forty-five years of age and upward, who\\nhave lived in Detroit or vicinity continuously or at\\nvarious periods for not less tlian thirty years. An\\ninitiation fee of two dollars, and annual dues of one\\ndollar thereafter, are required of members. Assess-\\nments of not more than five dollars a year may also\\nbe made. The society has obtained a large number\\nof interesting biographical and historical sketches\\nfro:n its members, and these, with other articles,\\nare preserved at Lansing. In 1876 S. Zug was\\nelected secretary, ser\\\\-ing until 1882, when he was\\nsucceeded by James A. Girardin. and in the same\\nyear J. C. Holmes was elected president.\\nThe State Pioneer Society, organized April 22,\\n1874. and many county societies, are outgrowths of\\nthe Wayne County Association. The State organi-\\nzation has issued four volumes, containing a series\\nof miscellaneous papers by various persons on mat-\\nters connected with the history of the State. Some\\nof them possess much interest.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0765.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "714\\nLITERARY, HISTORICAL, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.\\nDetroit Scientific Association.\\nOn March 27, 1874, a number of gentlemen met\\nin the museum of Professor J. M. B. Sill, on the\\nnortheast corner of First and Wayne Streets, for the\\npurpose of organizing this society. Professor Sill was\\ncalled to the chair, and F, Woolfenden elected secre-\\ntary, Mr. E. C. Skinner stated that the object of the\\nmeeting was the organization of a scientific associa-\\ntion, with the purpose of establishing a permaijent\\nmuseum, and cultii-ating a love for the study of\\nnatural history and general science. A committee,\\nconsisting of J. C. Holmes, E. C. Skinner, Dr. G. P.\\nAndrews, and F. Woolfenden, was appointed to\\ndraft a constitution and by-laws. On April 16 the\\nassociation was fully organized by the adoption of\\na constitution and the election of the following\\nofficers: President, G. P. Andrews; first vice-presi-\\ndent, E. C. .Skinner; second vice-president, J. M. H.\\nSill; treasurer, C. C. Cadman recorder, F. Wool-\\nfenden; secretary and cabinet-keeper, A. B. Lyons;\\nlibrarian. J. C. Holmes; curators. D. F. Henry, F.\\nStearns, and H. Gillman.\\nOn May 6. 1874, Room 9, on the third floor of the\\nMoffat Building, was leased for the use of the asso-\\nci.aion, and here the Museum began. The room\\nbeing too small for a lecture-room, the weekly\\nmeetings for business and lectures were held in Pro-\\nfessor Sill s school building. In July, 1874, the\\nMuseum was moved to a larger room on the same\\nfloor, and in August of this year the association ob-\\ntained subscriptions for, and purchased of Henry A.\\nWard his college series of casts of fossils, at a cost of\\nS-.ooo. A larger and more suitable room was now\\na necessity, and in September, 1874, the upper story\\nof the old Odd Fellows Hall, on the west side of\\nWoodward \\\\venue, was obtained. The Museum\\nwas formally opened in its new quarters by a series\\nof receptions given on October 26. 27, 28, 29, and\\n31 first, to the subscribers to the fund for the pur-\\npose of purchasing the Ward fossils second, to the\\nAudubon and the St. Clair Fishing Clubs; third, to\\nthe city and county officers fourth, to the clergy.\\nlegal and medical professions and fifth, to the\\nteachers of the public schools. In December, 1876,\\nthe officers of the association were notified that the\\nrooms occupied by the Museum must be vacated by\\nthe first of April, 1877, as the old building was to\\ngive place to a new block. The association then\\nrented the building in the rear of the old Capitol\\nwhich had been vacated by the Public Library, and\\nin February, 1877, the Museum was moved thither.\\nThe Board of Education requiring the use of the\\nroom, the Museum, in June, 1879, was again moved,\\nfinding temporary quarters in the Mather Block, on\\nthe east side of Woodward Avenue, near the Grand\\nCircus. By arrangement with the Y. M. C. A., the\\nlectures for the sea.son of 1 879-1 880 were given in\\ntheir hall and under the joint auspices of the two\\nassociations.\\nIn June, 1S80. the Museum was moved to one of\\nthe vacant buildmgs of Harper Hospital, and in May,\\n1883. it was placed in the second story of the Detroit\\nMedical College building on Farmer Street.\\nFrom the beginning, the intention has been to\\nhave the Museum open and free on Tuesday, Thurs-\\ndav, and Saturday evenings, and Saturday after-\\nnoons. During the winter months of several years\\nfree lectures were given on Wednesday evenings,\\nmostly by members of the association, and the lec-\\ntures, generally upon scientific subjects, were at-\\ntended by large and appreciative audiences.\\nThe Museum contains a large collection of the\\nbirds of North America and a fair number of foreign\\nbirds, with a few specimens of wild animals, and a\\nvery full collection of North American insects, more\\nparticularly of colcoptera. In the insect department\\nthe exchange list is very large, and exchanges are\\nmade with nearly all the leading entomologists in\\nthe United .States. In the conchology department\\nthere are many specimens, with a good variety of\\ngeological and botanical illustrations. There is also\\nan archa?logical department, and contributions are\\noccasionally received. The collection is valued at\\n$10,000.\\nThe society was incorporated on April 27. 1875.\\nAny person acceptable to the Board of Directors\\nmay become a member at any time by the payment\\nof five dollars. The annual dues are five dollars.\\nThe total yearly expenses of the society are from\\n$1,500 to 12,000.\\nThe presidents and secretaries have been Presi-\\ndents: 1874. George P. Andrews 1875-1877, J.M.\\nB. Sill; 1877- J. C. Holmes. Secretaries;\\n1874. C. B. Hubbard 1875-1877. F. Woolfenden;\\n1S77- Br\\\\-ant Walker.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0766.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L XX III,\\nPRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CHURCH SCHOOLS.\\nPR1V.\\\\TE SCHOOLS.\\nEducation.\\\\l advantacfes were slim indeed in\\nthe earlier years of Detroit. Under French rule\\nchildren were sometimes .sent to Montreal and\\nQuebec to be educated, and after the English came,\\nto various schools in the far East. On one occa-\\nsion Mr. McDougall sent two of his boys, in care of\\nsome Dutch traders, from the Mohawk down to\\nSchenectady, to be educated possibly by Ichabod\\nCrane of Sleepy Hollow, The trip in an open boat\\noccupied a long time, and it was nearly a year\\nbefore he heard from them, and then he learned\\nthat they had played truant persistently, and mingled\\nso freely with the children of the Dutch settlers that\\nthey had almost lost the use of their mother tongue.\\nPater McDougall was indignant, and proposed to\\nvent his anger on the Dutch, vowing that thereafter\\nhe would kill every Dutchman on sight.\\nIn 1775 mention is made of a school-house just\\noutside the fort on the west.\\nIn an old ledger. Captain .A.ndrew Park, of the\\nKing s Regiment, is charged on June 5, 17S0,\\ntwelve shillings sixpence cash paid for schooling\\nthe children of the regiment. In the .same book,\\non May 15, 1781, Peter Grant is charged one pound\\ntwelve shillings for cash paid Garrit for school-\\ning his son.\\nAbout 1790, and for several years after, schools\\nwere taught by Messrs. Recours and Balpour. AVith\\nthe coming of the Americans in 1796, and the im-\\nmigration that immediately followed, other teachers\\ncame. In 1797, Miss Pattison appears as a teacher.\\nThe same year we first learn of John Burrell. An\\nold school-bill of his against James May, rendered\\nin 1797, shows that his price for tuition was three\\npounds per quarter, in addition to a charge of one\\npound four shillings for your proportion of fire-\\nwood. He taught till 1803, or later. One of\\nhis contemporary teachers was Matthew Donovan,\\nwho taught from 1799 unt his school was broken\\nup by the fire of 1805. Old records show that on\\nJune 4, 1S04.. the police complained of him for not\\nsweeping the street before his school-house. On\\nJuly 2 of the same year they made a similar charge\\nagainst Monsieur Serrier. the French schoolmaster;\\nhe was .still teaching in 1813. He had been a sol-\\ndier in the French Revolution, and had a sabre-cut\\nI\\non his head, and this, or the liquor which he drank,\\ncaused him at times to act like one insane.\\nRev. David Bacon, while temporarily sojourning in\\nDetroit, opened a school on .St. James Street in the\\nrear of the later Masonic Hall, on May 25, 1801,\\nand four weeks after his wife opened a girls school.\\nAt first their services were greatly appreciated, but\\nthe fact that they were Yankees soon e.xcited\\nprejudice against them, and caused the discontinu-\\nance of his school, and sickness compelled his wife\\nto close her school in October, iSoi.\\nThe next pedagogue was John Goff. On October\\n24, r8o6, he petitioned the Governor and Judges for\\na lot for a public school. His school was located\\nnear the bank of the river, just west of the mouth of\\nthe Savoyard. He afterwards taught on what is\\nnow Woodbridge -Street, between Bates and Ran-\\ndolph Streets. He was aided by his wife, an excel-\\nlent lady and a good teacher. He was drunken and\\nill-tempered, and had much trouble with his schol-\\nars, but a school was kept in his name up to 181 6.\\nIn 1810 we first hear of Daniel Curtis. He taught\\nschool to May 6, 181 2, or later. From 181 2 prob-\\nably to I Si 8, a school was maintained by a Mr.\\nPayne, or Peyn. This gentleman had an excellent\\nclassical education, and his ser\\\\-ices were much\\nprized. In 181 3 a Mr. Rowe is mentioned as a\\nteacher. His school was in an old wooden building\\non Griswold Street, near the corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue.\\nOn June 10, 1S16, Mr. Danforth commenced what\\nwas called a common school, and on July i he had\\nforty scholars. He had a violent temper and was\\nbrutal in the extreme, throwing rulers at the schol-\\nars and on one occasion an open knife. His brutal-\\nities finally so aroused the members of one familv\\nthat he was compelled to seek a refuge across the\\nriver, and this ended his school. Soon after his\\ndeparture Levi Cook opened a school in a building\\nowned by Mr. Campau on the northwest corner of\\nJefferson Avenue and Griswold Street he continued\\nit only about a year.\\nIn 1 81 7 there was much discussion concerning the\\nsubject of education, and on August 8 the Detroit\\nGazette contained the following editorial\\nFrenchmen of the territory of Michigan Vou ought to begin\\nimmediately to give an education to your children. In a little", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0767.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "7i6\\nPRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES.\\ntime there will be in this territory as many Yankees as French,\\nand if you do not have your children educated the situations will\\nall be given to the Yankees. No man is capable of serving as a\\nCivil and Military officer unless he can, at least, read and write.\\nThere are many young people, of from eighteen to twenty years,\\nwho have not yet learned to read, but they are not yet too old to\\nlearn. I have known those who have learned to read at the age\\nof forty years.\\nJust how much this editorial accomplished is, of\\ncourse, uncertain, but in a subsequent issue of the\\nGazette notice was given that Mr. Banvard s school\\nwould open at the Council House on November 3,\\n1817. The same year William Brookfield and wife\\nwere conducting a .school on the southeast corner of\\nWoodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street. They\\nwere e.Ncellent people and good instructors. In iSi 8\\nJohn J. Deming taught for a few months in the old\\nCouncil House.\\nIn May, 1 82 1, E. W. Goodwin taught a private\\nschool, and Mr. T. Young taught an English school\\nat Mr. J. B. Laduceur s large house near May s\\nCreek. In November of the same year, and for\\nseveral years after, Mr. Brookfield and his wife\\ntaught what was known as the Seminary in the same\\nplace. In 1822 Eliza S. Trowbridge was engaged\\nin teaching; and for a few months in 1821 and\\n1822 Orestes A. Brownson taught a school in Spring-\\nwells. An attack of fever and ague caused him\\nto return to New York. From 1823 to 1825 a\\nlarge and at first a promising school was taught by\\nMr. and Mrs. John M. Kinney, but the intemperate\\nhabits of Mr. Kinney broke up the school. In\\n1826 Mrs, Kinney was teaching in the rear of\\nNewberry s store, on the corner of Griswold and\\nLamed Streets.\\nOn October 27, 1823, the University trustees\\nvoted to allow Mr. Carpenter to occupy a room in\\nthe University building for a school. A year later a\\nMr. Shepard was teaching a primary school in a\\nsmall building on the grounds of the University, and\\nin May, 1825, his wife had a female school in the\\nsame place. On November 14, 1828, leave was\\ngranted to P. \\\\V. Healy to keep a school in the Uni-\\nversity building. In 1829 he was teaching else-\\nwhere, and Delos Kinnicutt was keeping school in\\nthe University. During most of the period from\\n1828 to 1832, private schools were conducted by A.\\nE. Hathon and E. Jerome, each of them alternately\\nsurveying town lots and the progress of their pupils.\\nIn 1829 the want of a good common school was\\nseverely felt, and a public meeting was called to\\nsecure the establishment of an English common\\nschool. As a result of the meeting, a school was\\nestablished by Joel Tucker, and on May 12, r830,\\nthe Common Council gave him permission to occupy\\na building on the military grounds adjoining the\\nCass Farm.\\nSoine of these earlier schools were called semi-\\nnaries, but they had no corporate existence. On\\nMarch iS, 1830, a society was incorporated for the\\npromotion of female education. The first meeting\\nwas held on March 24, and the following ofiicers\\nwere elected president, Lewis Cass treasurer, C.\\nC.Trowbridge; secretary, John J. Deming: direc-\\ntors, Jonathan Kearsley, Henry M. Campbell, De\\nGarmo Jones, William Ward, Eurotas P. Hastings,\\nJames Abbott, Charles Lamed, E. A. Brush.\\nOn March 29 the Governor and Judges granted\\nthe society nearly all of the site now occupied by\\nthe City Hall, on condition that by the year 1835 a\\nsuitable building should be erected. Nearly four\\nyears pa ssed before the building was completed, and\\nthen the following notice appeared\\nFEMALE SEMINARY.\\nThe stockholders of the Association for promoting female edu-\\ncation in the city of Detroit are requested to meet at the building\\nrecently erected for the Seminary, on Thursday, December 4th\\ninst., at two o clock p. m., for the purpose of considering the\\nconstitution to be proposed for the government of the Associa-\\ntion, and for the transaction of other important business to all\\nconcerned in this object. The importance of the subject to be\\nsubmitted induces the undersigned to hope for a very general\\nand punctual attendance of those whose munificence has enabled\\nthem to progress thus far, and of all who may be willing to con-\\ntribute further aid to the undertaking.\\nJohn Biddle, E. P. Hastings, B. F. H. Witherell,\\nThom.\\\\s Palmer, De G. Jones, H. M. Campijell,\\nE. Brooks, W. L. Newberry, J. Dean, C. C. Tkow-\\nBRIDGE.\\nDetroit, December 2, 1834.\\nmniMmiiiini m 1 iii i iiiiiii i i i iN iii ii iiiiiii N i i iiiii m ii m iii i ii i iiiiiii ii ii ll i\\nIk\\nTmn\\nFemale Seminary IUilding, as it ai i F-AREd in 1863.\\nThe building cost $7,325 it was built of yellow\\nbrick, with a frontage of fifty-six feet and a depth of\\nforty feet, each of its three stories contained eighteen\\nrooms and a large hallway. It was occupied as a.\\nschool in 1836, and in 1837 had sixty pupils and a\\nvaluable set of philosophical apparatus. Its fir.st\\nprincipal was William Kirkland. In November,\\n1836, he was succeeded by Mr. George Wilson,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0768.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES.\\n717\\nwho remained till 1839. Mrs. Hester Scott and her\\ndaughters, Annie, Isabella, and Eleanor, who had\\nconducted a young ladies school for two years pre-\\nvious, then took charge, and remained until 1S42;\\nthe school was then discontinued. The ladies last\\nnamed continued to teach in other localities for sev-\\neral years afterwards.\\nWhen the property ceased to be used as a school\\nit was transferred to the State in trust for the Uni-\\nversity, and was used as a State Armory, for sessions\\nof the Supreme Court, and for other State olhces.\\nAfter it came into possession of the city, the offices\\nof the Mayor, the Board of Sewer Commissioners,\\nand the City Surveyor were located therein. It was\\neventually demolished to make room for the present\\nCity Hall.\\nReturning to the year 1830. we find that on July\\n26 Miss Williams opened an infant school in one of\\nthe old military buildings on Fort Street West, com-\\nmencing with thirty pupils. At the same time the\\nMisses Farrand were conducting a Young Ladies\\nSeminary, and Mr. George Wilson was teaching an\\nEnglish Classical School. He was succeeded in a\\nyear qr two by Rev. D. S. Coe. In May, 1832, J. B.\\nHowe was teaching a Classical Academy. During\\n1833 D. B. Crane was in charge of a Classical School\\nin the old Council House, on the corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Randolph Street. In the fall of 1S33\\nMessrs. Tappan and Nichols were advertised as\\nteachers of the Detroit Female Seminary in the old\\nUniversity building, and on November 21 the fol-\\nlowing announcement appeared\\nMICHIGAN HIGH SCHOOL.\\nThis institution will be open on Monday, the zd of December\\nnext, in the south basement room of the old Council House, for\\nthe reception of pupils.\\nJ. N. Bellows.\\nOn March 12, 1S34., the lower part of the building\\nwas rented to Mr. D. B. Crane, and the upper part\\nto Mr. Bellows. On or before April 7, 1834, Mr.\\nBellows had removed his school to its new quarters,\\nand on October 24 he transferred his lease to Mr.\\nCrane, who continued until 1835 or later.\\nA report contained in Niles Register for April 19,\\n1834, shows that there were four hundred and\\nforty-eight pupils then in attendance on various\\nschools in Detroit.\\nOn June 16, 1834, the Mechanics Society resolved\\nto establish a school in their building on Criswold\\nStreet, and the trustees were authorized to employ\\na teacher and maintain a school. As a result of\\nthis action, in October following, Mr. O. Marsh\\nopened the Mechanics Academy, under their aus-\\npices. In 1835 Mr. Fay was teaching in their\\nbuilding, and John S. Abbott was wielding the\\nbirch over a classical school in the Atheiiitum.\\nIn 1S36 Washington A. Bacon, a native of Ver-\\nmont, who had taught for three years at Sault Ste.\\nMarie, came to Detroit, and in July of that year\\ncommenced teaching a select school for boys, in a\\ncottage on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and St.\\nAntoine Street. He subsequently removed to his\\nresidence on the corner of Jefferson Av-enue and\\nRussell Street, and taught in a building on the rear\\nof the lot. For nearly forty years he taught four\\nterms a year, and though called strict by the\\nboys, the length of time he continued in his profes-\\nsion, the reputation of his school, and the acquire-\\nments of his pupils afford the best of evidences of\\nrare qualifications as a teacher.\\nIn 1836 Rev. R. Elms was at the head of the\\nDetroit Classical Academy. In the same year three\\ndifferent persons, L. J. Himes, J. S. Weed, and Miss\\nClancy, conducted schools in Mechanics Hall, and\\nthe next year, G. B. Eastman taught in the same\\nplace. This building, from the time of its erection,\\nafforded favorite teaching ground, and its walls and\\nhalls became almost classic through the forensic\\neloquence displayed on declamation days.\\nIn 1836 John T. Blois and Mr. Mitchell had\\nschools, with about forty pupils each. In 1839 and\\n1840 E. J. Meany conducted a school for boys over\\nthe Bank of St. Clair on Jefferson Avenue. On May\\n25. 1841, Miss E. J. Vail opened a school for young\\nladies, on Wayne between Fort and Congress Streets.\\nIn the fall and also in the spring of 1842, Rev. C.\\nW. Fitch was teaching a girls seminary.\\nOn February 23, 1842, the following notice ap-\\npeared\\nSelect School. Miss A. S. Bagg will commence the second\\nterm of her school for the instruction of young ladies in the vari-\\nous branches of education usually taught in Female .Academies.\\nIn 1S43 P. C. Millette, P. Higgins, and Dennis\\nO Brien taught in the old academy, and Miss San-\\nford had a young ladies school on Jefferson Avenue\\nopposite the E.xchange. In the spring of 1844\\nStephen Fowler, who is favorably remembered by\\nmany old pupils, and a Mr. Cochrane, commenced\\na classical school in the basement of the Baptist\\nChurch on the corner of Fort and Griswold Streets.\\nIn 1845 G. C. Curtis was associated with him, and\\nthe school was moved to the northeast corner of\\nMichigan Avenue and Griswold Street. About\\n1849 his school was located on the north side of\\nJefferson Avenue near St. Antoine Street, in a large\\nwooden building called the Detroit Institute. A\\nschool had been taught in the same building the\\ntwo previous years by George Brewster.\\nMr. Fowler s school was probably discontinued in\\n1852. About this time Mrs. Clements taught a\\nselect school which was largely patronized.\\nIn 1844 Mrs. Elizabeth D. Bryant, a cousin of", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0769.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "7i8\\nPRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES.\\nWilliam Cullen Bryant, commenced a select school,\\nwhich she continued in arious locations for more\\nthan a third of a century.\\nIn 1845 and 1846 Mechanics Hall was occupied\\nby the school of D. T. Grinold. In 1846 and 1847\\nMessrs. William Brannigan and N. West taught\\nboys schools. In 1847 we find allusions to the\\nschools of Melville Moir, Abner Hurd, and Miss\\nHurlbut. In 1847 and 1848 Franz Zinger taught\\na select German school on Croghan Street between\\nHastings and Rivard, and on July 22, 1849, Joseph\\nKuhn began a school on the corner of Hastings and\\nCroghan Streets. He continued it till 1852.\\nA successful ladies seminary was opened by Miss\\nSarah Hunt, on September 23, 1851, on Fort Street\\nWest, in the Strong House; the school was re-\\nmoved, the year following, across the street between\\nGriswold and Shelby Streets. In order to aid her in\\nestablishing her school, Messrs. John Owen, David\\nFrench, E. B. Ward, J. J. Garrison, John Stephens,\\nC. Van Husan, James Burns, J. D. Morton, H. De\\nGraff, W. K. Coyl, George Kirby, M. F. Dickinson,\\nand others, advanced three thousand dollars, which\\namount was repaid in tuition. Her school was\\nmoved to Madison Avenue in 1856, and was discon-\\ntinued in i860.\\nFor most of the time between 1850 and 1855\\nJoseph Funke kept a school on the east side of\\nMacomb near St. Antoine Street, and A. Stutte on\\nthe southwest corner of Croghan and St. Antoine\\nStreets.\\nFrom 1S51 to 1854 W. D. Cochrane maintained\\nan English and Classical School on Miami Avenue\\nnear Grand River Street.\\nIn the fall of 1S54 Miss C. E. Chapin opened a\\nschool in Room 10, Sheldon Block; and the same\\nyear S. L. Campbell was teaching a Classical and\\nHigh School in the old Seminary Building on Gris-\\nwold Street. After 1856, and up to i860 or later,\\nthis last school was conducted by Dr. C. F. Soldan.\\nIn April, 1856, Misses Hosmer and Emerson\\nopened a school on the corner of State Street and\\nWoodward Avenue. The school of Miss Ellinwood\\nwas in progress in 1857, and the same year Miss\\nMaria Rockwell, who for many years had taught\\nsuccessfully in the old Capitol School, opened a\\nYoung Ladies Institute, which was continued two\\nor three years. In 1858 and 1859 Dr. and Mrs.\\nReighley were conducting an instititute located on\\nthe northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Rivard\\nStreet. The Detroit Female Seminary on the north-\\neast corner of Fort and Wayne Streets, was founded\\nin September. 1859. Originally a corporation, about\\n1874 Professor J. M. B. Sill became its sole propri-\\netor. The first principal was Professor J. V. Bean.\\nHe was succeeded in 1S61 by Professor J. F. Pearl,\\nfollowed by Professor J. M. B. Sill, whose successor\\nwas Mrs. S. Towle. In 1879, just twenty years after\\nit was founded. Professor H. M. Martin became its\\nmanager. In 1883, including those giving special\\nlessons, it had a corps of a dozen teachers.\\nP. M. Patterson s boys school was organized at\\n109 Griswold Street on September i, i860. In 1S73\\nit was moved to the corner of Gratiot and Farmer\\nStreets and subsequently to the Chamber of Com-\\nmerce Building, where it was continued until Mr.\\nPatterson s death in 1882.\\nIn 1 86 1 Professor Leo Romer was conducting a\\nschool called the Michigan Female Seminary at 215\\nWoodward Avenue in 1 862 it was moved to Park\\nPlace, corner of Grand River Avenue, where it\\ncontinued several years.\\nThe German American Seminary, although a pri-\\nvate institution, was liberally endowed by the State.\\nIts history is as follows During the convention in\\nChicago which nominated \\\\braham Lincoln for\\nPresident, a number of the (German delegates came\\ntogether for consultation on the interests of their\\nnationality, and one of them proposed that a Ger-\\nman seminary be started for the training of teachers;\\nthis was agreed to, and it was also resolved to locate\\nit in w hatever State would make the largest dona-\\ntion. Some of the prominent German residents of\\nDetroit interested themselves in the project, and\\ninduced the Legislature, on May 15, 1861, to pass a\\nlaw granting to them, under the name of the Ger-\\nman American Seminary, twenty-five thousand acres\\nof swamp land, to be selected in parcels of not less\\nthan three hundred and twenty acres, to aid them\\nin erecting buildings on lands granted or leased by\\nthe city of Detroit the lands to be selected within\\none year. By a subsequent Act, on May 10 of the\\nsame year, two years were allowed for selecting the\\nlands. If there was ever any expectation that the\\ncity would lease or grant lands for a building, the\\nexpectation was unfulfilled, and on March 6, 1863,\\nthe Legislature amended the Act, and gave the\\nlands for a seminary to be erected on land provided\\nby the association. The trustees were required to\\ngive bonds in the sum of $25,000 that the net pro-\\nceeds of the sales of the lands should be faithfully\\nand forever applied to the purpose named in the\\nAct.\\nSome of those connected with the proposed sem-\\ninary were interested also in a German and English\\nschool established on December 23, 1856, in a small\\nframe building on Lafayette Street between Rivard\\nand Russell Streets, with F. Krecke as principal.\\nIn 1858 a new building was erected. The union\\nof the two institutions was suggested and consum-\\nmated, and early in 1866 a large brick building\\nwas erected, and has since been occupied by the sem-\\ninary. The original object was to establish a sort\\nof normal school, but apparently this idea has been", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0770.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES.\\n719\\ndiscarded, and for many years it has been simply a\\nGerman school for children of various ages and of\\nboth sexes.\\nIn 1862, and for several years after, a Ladies Day\\nSchool was conducted by Mrs. t. James at\\n267 Jefferson Avenue, and a Classical and\\nHigh School by L. Leonard at 239 Wood-\\nward Avenue. In 1863 Professor H. G.\\nJones began his boys school at 58 Grand\\nRiver Avenue removing from there, in 1 868,\\nfirst to Farmer Street near Monroe Avenue,\\nthen to Lafavette, near Brush Street, and\\ncorner of Cass Avenue and Stimson Place especially\\nfor the school. The lot and building cost $40,000.\\nThe school was opened on January 7, 1S84. It can\\naccommodate two hundred and fifty scholars.\\n1 88 3, to No.\\n457 Second\\non October 1\\nAvenue.\\nIn addition to church and public schools\\nthere were in 1870 fifteen private schools\\nand seminaries, with a total attendance of\\nnearly sixteen hundred pupils; in 1880 the\\nnumber was nearly the same.\\nIn 1876 N. Schantz established a German\\nand English .Academy, with a Kindergarten,\\non Farrar .Street near Monroe \\\\venue, and\\ncontinued it in the same location until 1882.\\nA Home and Day School was opened on Septem-\\nber 18, 1878, at 62 Miami Avenue, corner of Grand\\nRiver by Rev. J. D. Liggett. In 18S2 it had ten\\nteachers, including those teaching special branches.\\nIn 1S83 a btiilding was erected on the southeast\\nThb Liggett Home and Dav School. Built i.n i8\\nThe German-Americ.\\\\n Seminary.\\nIn 1876 Rev. A. B. Brown opened a boys school\\non the northeast corner of Monroe Avenue and\\nFarmer Street, remaining there until 1882; he then\\nremoved to Farrar Street near Gratiot Avenue, and\\nthere the school was discontinued. During 1882 a\\nboys school was estab-\\nlished in the basement of\\nSt. Paul s Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church. It\\nwas taught by Rev. Paul\\nZiegler and had about\\nthirty scholars. The\\nschool prospered and in\\n^S 1883 was moved into St.\\nPaul s Building.\\nHoly Trinity Anglo-\\nCatholic School was\\nopened at 86 Fourteenth\\nAvenue on September\\n5, 1S81, with eighteen\\nscholars. It was con-\\nducted by Rev. R. M.\\nEdwards, tlie pastor of\\nthe church of same\\nname. In 1883 it was\\ndiscontinued.\\nCIllRCH SCHOOLS.\\nIn considering nearly\\nevery subject pertain-\\ning to Detroit we are\\nreminded that this\\nwas originally a Catholic\\ncolony.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0771.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "720\\nCHURCH SCHOOLS.\\nCadillac, speakiuij of the several orders of mis-\\nsionaries, and of his plans for Detroit, on October\\n1 8, 1700, said\\nThese are ihe eulLivaturs of the vineyard, who ouglit to be\\nreceived without distinction to work in the vineyard of the Lord,\\nwith special directions to teach the Httle Savages the French\\nlanguage, that being the only means of civilizing and humanizing\\nthem and infusing into their minds religious and monarchial\\nprinciples. One talces wild beasts at their birth, birds in their nests\\nto tame and free them.\\nOn August 31,1 703. almost as soon as the colony\\nwas settled, he wrote to Count I ontchartrain\\nPermit me to insist upon the great necessity there is for the\\nestablishment of a Seminary at this place for the instruction of\\nthe children of the savages with those of the French, instructing\\nthem in piety and, at the same time, teaching them our language.\\nWhether any school was established is unknown;\\nwe find no indications of schools or teachers until\\nMay 15, 1755, when, in connection with the mar-\\nriage of Jean Baptiste Rocou.x, it is stated in St,\\nAnne s records that he was Director of the Chris-\\ntian Schools.\\nHalf a century later, in 1804, Father Richard\\nestablished a Ladies Academy, with Miss Elizabeth\\nLyons, Miss Angelique Campau, Miss Monique\\nLabadie, and Miss Elizabeth Williams as teachers.\\nIn the fall of the same year he started a school for\\nyoung men, teaching them Latin, History, Geog-\\nraphy, Mtisic, etc. It was broken up by the fire of\\n1805\\nThe condition of the Catholic schools in 1808 is\\nfully set forth in the following memorial, presented\\nto the Governor and Judges, through Judge Wood-\\nward, on October 22, 1808:\\nCesideithe Knglish Schools in the Town of Detroit there are\\nfour primary schools for boys, and two for our young ladies,\\neither in Town or at Spring Hill, at Grand Marais, even at River\\nIlurons; three of these schools are kept by the natives of the\\ncountry who had received their first education by the Reverend\\nMr. Dilhet. M Spring Hill, under the direction of Angelique\\nCampau and Klizabeth Lyons, as early as the gth of September\\nlast, the number of the scholars has been augmented by four\\nyoung Indians, headed by an old matron, their grandmother, uf\\nthe Pottowatamie tribe. In Detroit, in the house lately the prop-\\nerty of Captain Elliott, purchased b) tne subscriber for the very\\npurpose of establishing an Academy for young ladies under the\\ndirection of Miss Klizabeth Williams, there are better than thirty\\nyoung girls wlio are taught, as at Spring Hill, reading, writing,\\narithmetic, knitting, sewing, spinning, etc. In these two schools\\nthere are already three dozen of spinning wheels and one loom,\\non which four pieces of linen or woolen cloth have been made\\nthis last spring or summer. To encourage the young students\\nby the allowment of pleasure and amusements the undersigned\\nhave these three months past sent orders to New York for a\\nspinning macliine of about one hundred spindles, an air pump,\\nan electrical apparatus, etc. .^s they could not be found he is to\\nreceive them this fall, also an electrical machine, a number of\\ncards, and few colors for dyeing the stuff already made, or to be\\nmade, in his Academy.\\nIt would be very necessary to have in Detroit a public building\\nfor a similar .Academy in which the high branches of mathemat-\\nics, most important languages, geography, history, natural and\\nmoral philosophy should be taught to young gentlemen of our\\ncountry, and in which should be kept the machines the most\\nnecessary for the improvement of useful arts, for making the\\nmost necessary physical experiments, and framing a beginning of\\na Public Library,\\nThe undersigned, acting as administrator for the said -Acade-\\nmies, further prays that one of the four Lotteries authorized by\\nthe Hon. Leg. on the yth day of yber (Sept) iSq6 may be left to\\nthe management of the subscriber.\\nGabriel Richard.\\nDetroit, Sber (Oci.) 18. N. S. 1808.\\nFather Richard placed the date of the Lottery\\nAct one year too late. It was passed on September\\n9, 1805. None of the lotteries went into operation.\\nThe plans Father Richard had inaugurated, and the\\nfurther plans proposed, do great credit to his judg-\\nment, and show that he was fully alive to the advan-\\ntages of an industrial education.\\nAbout 1811 he procured a teacher from France,\\nnamed Le Salliere, who taught for two or three\\nyears. In 1820 Miss Elizabeth Williams was teach-\\ning a school which she designated as the Com-\\nmunautti de Ste. Marie. Although full records are\\nnot found, a school was probably maintained in con-\\nnection with St. Anne s during the entire period of\\nFather Richard s stay in Detroit.\\nIn February, 1836, we find that it was taught by\\nWilliam McDonnough. In 1838, under the same\\nteacher, it is spoken of as a High School, and in\\nNovember, 1841, a report to the Common Council\\nshowed that it embraced nearly all the Catholic\\nchildren in the city.\\nOne of the most successful schools of this period\\nwas located in Hamtramck on what was called the\\nChurch Farm. This farm was transferred April 5,\\n1808 (see Liber II, page 178, of Deeds) to Louis\\nBeaufait, Joseph Cerre dit St. Jean, Benoit Chapo-\\nton, and Charles and Francis Rivard, Agents of\\nthe inhabitants of the Northwest Coast, on condi-\\ntion of their paying about two hundred dollars yearly\\nas rent, and giving the sons of Hypolite St. Bernard\\ntwo hundred and twenty-si.x dollars each on their\\nattaining majority.\\n.Apparently the inhabitants subscribed or paid the\\namounts named on condition that the farm be used\\nfor both church and educational purposes. They\\nevidently had some rights of the kind in the prop-\\nerty. The chapel erected on the farm is elsewhere\\ndescribed. A school was established in the. old\\nfarmhouse within a year after the grant was made.\\nThe building was subsequently enlarged and fitted\\nup as St. Philip s College. It fronted on the river\\nand had a piazza one hundred and ten feet long.\\nThe price of tuition was three dollars per quarter.\\nThe following copy of an advertisement gives fur-\\nther particulars", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0772.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "CHURCH SCHOOLS.\\n721\\nSt. Philip s College (Cote du Nordest), near Detroit, Michigan,\\nunder the auspices of the Right Reverend Dr. Kese, Bishoi) of\\nDetroit.\\nRev. Mr. Vanderpool, Superior of the Institution. Reverend\\n^Ir. De Bruyn, President of studies, September 14, 1836,\\nIn 1838 Rev. Father CuUen was one of the pro-\\nfessors and Rev. John De Bruyn president. On\\nApril 16, 1839, the college was incorporated by\\nspecial Act, and this year it had three professors\\nand thirty pupils. Among its graduates were Chris-\\ntopher Moross, Ale.xander M. Campau, Columbus\\nGodfroy, John and Daniel McDonald, John and\\nGeorge Schwartz, Alexander M. Thomas, Barnabas\\nCampau. J. C. D. Williams, J. B. Cicotte. M. B.\\nKean, George Cooper, and David Stuart. A good\\ndinner on Sundays was one of the special insti-\\ntutions of the institution. The usual pranks of\\nboys at school were not forgotten on one occasion,\\nas one of the boys blew out the light and jumped\\ninto bed, he landed on a sheet of ice that had been\\ncarefully .spread for him. He immediately named\\na place where ice is not supposed to e.xist. and the\\nne.xt morning e.xtra prayers were offered. The\\nbuilding burned in October, 1846, and the school\\nwas not resumed.\\nIn Mayor June, 1833, several Sisters of St. Claire,\\noriginally from Bruges, under the leadership of\\nSuperioress Sister Vindevogel, came here from Pitts-\\nburgh, and established a seminary for girls. In\\n1837 they were conducting a German and English\\nfree school, with forty- five scholars. The same\\nyear it was succeeded by a French Female Charity\\nSchool, which was supported by Mrs. Antoine Beau-\\nbien, and taught by Miss Elizabeth Williams. It\\nhad an average attendance of forty children. Miss\\nWilliams died in 1843, ^fd was succeeded by Miss\\nMatilda Couchois, who taught about a year, and\\nwas succeeded by the Sisters of Charity. Four Sis-\\nters arrived on May 30, 1844, and under their charge\\na free school for boys and girls was opened on June\\n10, 1844, in an old yellow building on the southwest\\ncorner of Randolph and Larned Streets, and to aid\\nin its support they also opened a pay school. On\\nMay I, 1845, the boys were transferred to the base-\\nment of St. .Anne s Church, and the girls remained,\\nthe school taking the name of St. Vincent s Semi-\\nn;u-y. In 1846 it had one hundred pupils, only\\ntwenty or thirty of whom paid for tuition. The\\nbrick school building on Larned Street was erected\\nin 1852 it was opened in October with one hun-\\ndred and fifty scholars. In 1853 the school had two\\nhundred scholars, and in 1 870 two teachers and one\\nhundred and twenty scholars, with an average at-\\ntendance of one hundred. The Sisters ceased to\\nconduct it in 1871, but it was continued by lay\\nteachers for four years.\\nThe boys school, which had been transferred to\\nthe basement of St. Anne s, was cared for by the\\nSisters until September, 1851, when the school, with\\ntwo hundred and eighty pupils, was placed in the\\ncare of five brothers of the Christian Schools. The\\nbrick addition in the rear of St. Anne s was erected\\nin 1851 to accommodate the school, and in 1852\\nthere were four hundred scholars. In 1855 there\\nwere three hundred and fifty scholars, and in 1857,\\nfour hundred. In July, 1864, the school was dis-\\ncontinued. In 1882 the scholars of this parish were\\ntaught by the Ladies of the Sacred Heart.\\nTrinity Schools.\\nA parish school \\\\vas taught in the basement of\\nTrinity Church by Daniel O Connor, as early as\\n1850. In 1851 two separate schools for boys and\\ngirls were maintained in the same location. In 1852\\nthe Brothers of the Christian School began to teach\\nthe boys, and this year they had two hundred and\\nfifty scholars. In 1853 a brick school building was\\nerected just east of the priest s house at a cost of\\n$1,500. This property, in 1880, was valued at\\n$8,000. A school for girls was continued in the\\nbasement of the church until 1858, when a large\\nbrick school building was erected on Porter Street,\\nbetween Sixth and Seventh Streets, at a cost of\\n15,000. It was enlarged in 1844 at a cost of $3,500.\\nand again enlarged in 1875. Including the lots, the\\nTrinity Catholic School.\\nproperty has cost fully $30,000. From 1859 until\\n1872, the girls school was taught by the Sisters of\\nCharity, and since the latter date by the Sisters of\\nthe Immaculate Heart of Mary. In 1870 there were\\nfour teachers at the boys school at the corner of\\nPorter and Fifth Streets, with an average attend-\\nance of one hundred and seventy-five scholars at", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0773.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "722\\nCHURCH SCHOOLS.\\nthe girls school there were six teachers, with an\\naverage attendance of two hundred and twenty-five.\\nIn 1880 there were fourteen teachers and seven\\nhundred and fifty scholars, with an average attend-\\nance of seven hundred. The schools were sup-\\nported at a cost of about $4,000 yearly, which was\\nobtained from the funds of a school society and\\nfrom collections at the first two masses on each\\nSunday.\\nSt. Mary s Catholic School.\\nSL Mary s German Schools.\\nA school for girls was established in this parish\\nin 1850; the first year it had eighty scholars, and\\nseven years later one hundred and\\neighty. At first it was taught by\\nlay teachers. In 1866 it was placed\\nin charge of the Sisters of Notre\\nDame from Milwaukee. In 1882\\nthere were five of these teachers.\\nThe Brothers of the Christian\\nSchools opened their schools for\\nboys on September 24, 1852. Be-\\nfore the year closed they had three\\nhundred scholars. In 1857 they\\nhad three hundred and fifty. The\\nbrick school-house, on the south-\\nwest corner of Croghan and St.\\nAntoine Streets, was completed in\\nAugust, 1 868. The size is fifty\\nby one hundred and twenty-five\\nfeet, and it cost $40,000 the lot\\ncost $6,000. In 1870 it had nine\\nhundred pupils of both sexes. In\\nI S80 it had si.\\\\ hundred pupils, with\\nan average attendance of five hun-\\ndred, the pupils being about equally\\ndivided as to sex. The yearly cost\\nof maintaining is about ^2,600. In August, 1877,\\nthe boys school was transferred to the care of\\nseven members of the Franciscan CTrder. Most of\\nthe scholars pay fees of one dollar or two dollars\\nper month; some are taught free of charge. In\\n1855 the church erected an Orphan Asylum for\\ngirls, on the west side of St. Antoine Street near\\nLafayette, at a cost of $4,000. Since 1866 it has\\nbeen occupied by the Sisters, who teach school.\\nThe property in 1882 was worth about $10,000. In\\n1873 a large brick residence, on the south side of\\nMacomb Street between St. Antoine and Hastings\\nStreets, costing $12,000, was erected for the Brothers.\\nThe lot was donated by Judge Moran. From 1877\\nthe building has been occupied by the Francis-\\ncans.\\nSc/wo/s of SS. Peter and Paul.\\nThe first school in connection with this parish was\\nestablished in the rear of the cathedral in 1858,\\nunder the charge of the Brothers of the Chri.stian\\nSchools. It was continued by them for three years,\\nand was then taught by lay teachers. In 1870 it\\nhad four hundred scholars, with an average attend-\\nance of three hundred and fifty. On September 9,\\n1864, it was placed in charge of the Sisters of the\\nImmaculate Heart of Mary. They left in Septem-\\nber, 1881, and the boys school was put in charge\\nof one of the Jesuit Fathers, who was aided by lay\\nteachers. In 1880 the parish had two schools, one\\nfor girls and one for boys, with a total of two hun-\\ndred and fifty-four scholars, and an average attend-\\nance of two hundred and twenty-eight. Si.K teach-\\nSt. Josei h s Catholic School.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0774.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "CHURCH SCHOOLS.\\n723\\ners were in charge, the girls being taught by Sisters\\nof the Sacred Heart.\\n5/. Joseph s School.\\nA school for this parish was in existence in 1S50,\\nwith nearly one hundred scholars. In 1856 a school\\nwas established by the Brothers of the Christian\\nSchools, on the grounds now in part occupied by\\nthe priest s residence. The school continued there\\nuntil 1S67. when the school building on the north-\\neast corner of Orleans and Jay Streets was erected.\\nIts size is sLxty-eight by seventy-two feet, it cost\\nabout \u00c2\u00a7iS,ooo, and it accommodates eight hundred\\nchildren. In 1870 the average attendance was seven\\nhundred. In 1874 the old church was moved from\\nGratiot Avenue to Jay Street, and fitted up for a\\nschool. In iSSo the two buildings accommodated\\neleven hundred scholars, with an average attendance\\nof one thousand. The cost of maintaining the\\nschools in 1882 was about \u00c2\u00a74,000. Scholars pay\\nfrom ten shillings to two dollars per quarter. The\\nboys school was in charge of the Christian Broth-\\ners, the girls in charge of the Sisters of the Immac-\\nulate Heart of Mary, from Monroe. A new residence\\nfor the Brothers was erected in 1S82 on Jay .Street,\\nbetween Orleans and Dequindre, at a cost of $5,000.\\nSt Boniface School\\nis located on the west side of Thirteenth Street just\\nnorth of Michigan Avenue. The property, including\\nthe lot, cost Si 0,000.\\nThe building was erected and the school estab-\\nlished in 1869, and in 1870 there were two teachers\\nand one hundred scholars, with an average attend-\\nance of about ninety. In 1880 there were four teach-\\ners and three hundred and twenty-five scholars,\\nwith an average attendance of three hundred.\\nThe girls are taught by three Sisters, members\\nof the Order of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and\\nthere is a lay teacher for the boys. The yearly ex-\\npense of maintaining the school is $2,000. Scholars\\npay from forty to eighty cents per month. The\\nproperty in 1880 was valued at \u00c2\u00a712,000.\\nSi. Vincent de Paitl School.\\nThis school, on the east side of Fourteenth Avenue,\\nbetween Marantette and Dalzelle Streets, was estab-\\nlished in August, 1872. At first conducted by lay\\nteachers, in September, 1874, the female department\\nwas placed in charge of the Sisters of the Immacu-\\nlate Heart of Mary. The average attendance in\\n1880 was five hundred and twenty-five, with seven\\nhundred on the roll. In 1881 it had ten teachers,\\nsLx of them Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of\\nMary, with two male and two female lay teachers.\\nThe expenses were about \u00c2\u00a73,000 per year, and were\\npaid by a school society connected with the church.\\nThe school building and convent cost about \u00c2\u00a76,000.\\nMembers of the school society, whose children\\nattend the school, pay one dollar per month during\\nthe school year.\\nSt. VlNCE.N T DE P.\\\\UL C.-\\\\THOLIC School.\\nSchool of our Lady of Help.\\nThis school, on the west side of Elmwood Avenue,\\nbetween Congress and Larned Streets, was estab-\\nlished in 1872. The building and lot cost \u00c2\u00a76,000.\\nIn 1880 the school had two hundred and seventy-\\nfive scholars, with an average attendance of two\\nhundred and twenty-five. Originally lay teachers\\nwere employed.\\nIn 1872 the school was placed in charge of four\\nSisters of the Immaculate Heart of .Marv. In 1881\\nSchool of Ouk Ladv of Hell\\none lay male teacher was also employed. Families\\nsending one child pay fifty cents per month, or any\\nnumber may be sent for one dollar per month. The\\nyearly cost of the school is \u00c2\u00a71,000.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0775.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "724\\nCHURCH SCHOOLS.\\nSt. Albert s School.\\nThis school is situated on the southwest corner of\\nSt. Aubin Avenue and Fremont Street. It was\\nestablished in 1872, in a new building which cost\\n$2,500; the lot cost $1,500. In iSSothe school had\\nSt. Albert s Catholic School.\\nfour hundred and fifty scholars, with an average at-\\ntendance of four hundred and twenty-five. Prior\\nto 1877 it was managed by lay teachers; since then\\nit has been conducted by five Polish Franciscan\\nSisters. The cost of maintaining the school is about\\n$r,ooo. Families sending children pay forty-five\\ncents per month for one child, and half this price\\nfor any others they may send. The property in\\n1 88 1 was valued at $4,500. A large brick mother-\\nhouse for the Franciscan .Sisters of the United States\\nis located opposite the school it cost $25,000, and\\nwas dedicated October 4, 1S82.\\nSt. Joachim, formerly Sacred Heart French\\nSchool.\\nThis school was established in June, 1S75, in a\\nbuilding erected for the purpose on the north side\\nof Fort Street East, between Chene Street and\\nJoseph Campau Avenue. It is conducted by a lay\\nteacher under the supervision of Father Laporte,\\nand in 1880 had eighty scholars, who paid fifty cents\\nper month each. The cost of maintaining the\\nschool in iSSo was $325.\\nSacred Heart German School.\\nThis school is located on the south side of Grove\\nnear Prospect Street. The building was erected at a\\ncost of $3,500, and the school established in April\\n1875. In 1880 it was conducted by three Sisters of\\nNotre Dame from Milwaukee and two Franciscan\\nBrothers.\\nThe yearly expense of maintaining the school is\\n$2,300. In 1S80 it had three hundred and fifty\\nscholars, with an average attendance of three hun-\\ndred. Families sending children pay sixty cents per\\nmonth for the first child, fifty cents for the second,\\nforty cents for the third, thirty cents for the fourth\\nall over this number are instructed free.\\nHoly Redeemer School.\\nThis church dedicated their sc hool building, near\\nthe corner of Dix Road and Grand Junction Avenue,\\non September 3, 1862. It cost about $5,000.\\nSt. Cassimer s School.\\nThis Polish school is located on the west side of\\nTwenty-third Street at the corner of Myrtle Street.\\nThe first floor is used for church purposes, and the\\nsecond story for a school. The building cost $8,000.\\nSt. Anthony s School.\\nThis school is located on the north side of Gratiot\\nRoad about one-half mile beyond Mt. Elliott Ave-\\nnue. It is in charge of the Sisters of the Immacu-\\nlate Heart of Mary, assisted by a lay teacher. It\\nwas established about 1854, in a frame building\\nbuilt for the purpose. In 1864 a brick building was\\nerected. In 1880 the school numbered seventy-eight,\\nwith an average attendance of seventy-four. The\\ncost of maintaining in 1880 was $412.\\nflfiH J say\\nPoLibH Franciscan Convent and Mother House.\\nAcademy of the Sacred Heart.\\nThis establishment is under the management of\\nthe Ladies of the Sacred Heart. The society was\\nincorporated February 28, 1861, under the name of\\nThe Sacred Heart of the State of Michigan. The\\nacademy began in a frame dwelling on the north\\nside of Jefferson Avenue, just east of the railroad\\nbridge. From there it was moved to its present", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0776.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "CHURCH SCHOOLS.\\nsite, occupying the brick building on the southwest\\ncorner of JelTerson Avenue and St. Antoine Street.\\nAgain moving, it was located on the north side of\\nJeiTerson Avenue near Elmwood Avenue. While\\nthere a free school for girls was also maintained in\\na frame building nearly opposite the present\\nacademy.\\n^i L.-^%f-;;\\nAcademy of the Sacred Heart.\\nThe extensive grounds of the school, of about\\nthree acres, are located on the southwest corner of\\nJefferson Avenue and St. Antoine Street, and\\ntogether with other lots near by were donated in\\n1 85 1 by Mr. and Mrs. Antoine Beaubien. In 1881\\nthe property was estimated to be worth Sioo.ooo.\\nIt was one of the conditions of the gift that the\\nSisters should constantly care for and educate\\ntwelve orphan children. This obligation has been\\nmore than fulfilled. The main school building,\\nsi.xty by eighty-four feet, cost $30,000. It was first\\noccupied on September i, 1862, and is one of the\\nmost imposing structures in the city. In 1S70 there\\nwere twelve teachers and ninety scholars, with an\\naverage attendance of seventy. In 1880 there were\\ntwenty-two teachers and one hundred and thirty\\npupils, with an average attendance of one hundred\\nand twenty.\\nIn addition to the academy, a parish school not\\nconnected with any regular church parish, was con-\\nducted in 1S70. with seven teachers and six hundred\\nscholars, with an average attendance of four hun-\\ndred and fifty.\\nIn 1880 the Sisters taught a French parish school\\nfor St. Anne s Church, which had five teachers and\\none hundred children with an average attendance of\\nninety; and an English parish school for SS. Peter\\nand Paul s Church, with five teachers and one hun-\\ndred and eighty scholars with an average attend-\\nance of one hundred and seventy. A boarding\\nschool will soon be established in their elegant build-\\ning on Lake St. Clair in tlie township of Crosse\\nPointe, and their school in Detroit will thereafter be\\nconducted as a day school.\\nThe mother foundress, Sister Trincano, was suc-\\nceeded by Sister Superiors Verhulst, Dekersaint,\\nHamilton, Desmarquet, Cormelis, Brennan, Duffy,\\nand O Kourkc.\\nDetroit College.\\nThis institution is located on the south side of\\nJefferson Avenue, ju.st above St. Antoine Street, and\\nis in charge of the P athers of the Society of Jesus.\\nIt was established in September, 1877. The lot\\nand building cost $24,000, and in September, 1881,\\n920,000 was still due on the property. The number\\nof scholars in 1880 was one hundred and thirty,\\nwith an average attendance of one hundred and\\ntwenty-six, under the care of eight teachers. The\\ncollege was incorporated April 27, 1881. The\\ncourse of study is divided into four departments.\\nCollegiate, Academic, Commercial, and Scientific.\\nThe yearly cost of maintenance is estimated at\\n\u00c2\u00a74,000.\\nStatlst/es of Catltolie Seliools for 18S3-1884.\\nNumber of schools 14\\nteachers 87\\n.scholars on roll 5.903\\nAverage attendance 5-527\\nOrdinary expenses $23,184\\nrevenues S 1^.028\\nCost per capita of average attendants $4. 1 9\\nDetroit College,\\nSt. John s German Evangelical School.\\nThis school was established at the church on Mon-\\nroe Avenue, corner of Farrar Street, in 1843; a\\nschool-house was built in the rear, in 1845, and a\\nschool was maintained for a portion of each year\\nmost of the time for nearly twenty years. In 1862\\nCharles H. Borgman was in charge of the school,\\ncommencing with thirty pupils; in four years the\\nnumber grew to four hundred and twenty. Mr.\\nBorgman taught until the fall of 1 866, and was sue-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0777.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "726\\nCHURCH SCHOOLS.\\nceeded by G. Hermon. In May, 1866, the church\\npurchased of \\\\V. \\\\V. Wilcox his carpenter shop,\\nwith the lot on Farrar Street near Monroe Avenue,\\nfor $5,200. The greater part of the building was\\ntorn down, and a two-story school-house erected\\ncontaining four large rooms, each fifty by twenty-\\nfive feet. In 1872 the property was sold for $10,000,\\nand in November, 1873, the school was moved to\\nthe new school building on Chestnut Street, in rear\\nof the church. In 1S80 the school had five teachers\\nand three hundred and fifty-two scholars, with an\\naverage attendance of three hundred and thirty-five.\\nThe yearly cost is $2,500. Scholars pay from $6.25\\nto $12.25 per year. In 1881 the school property\\nwas valued at $15,000.\\nS/. A/ar//s Gt rman Evangelical School.\\nThis school, under the care of a church of the\\nsame name, was established on January 2, 1884, and\\nbegan with twenty-two scholars, It is located on\\nthe corner of Military Avenue and the Dix Road.\\nSt. Ulattlicw s Lutheran School.\\nThis .school was organized in 1846, on Congress\\nnear Russell Street, and still remains in the same\\nlocation. The school building was erected in 1850,\\nand co.st $200. In 1870 the school had an average\\nattendance of thirty scholars, and in 1 880 an average\\nof twenty-five. The scholars pay ten cents per\\nweek. The school is taught by the pastor, and the\\ncost of maintaining it is about f 120 per year.\\nTrinity Luther.\\\\n School.\\nTrinity Evangelical Lutheran School.\\nThis .school was organized in 1850, in the old\\nwooden church on Lamed Street between Rivard\\nand Russell Streets. In 1S55 and 1856 an addition\\nwas built, which accommodated one hundred schol-\\nars. In i860 the school required two teachers, and\\nin 1 864 a lot was purchased on the north side of\\nHigh (now Sherman) Street,* for \u00c2\u00a7600. A brick\\nschool-house, forty by fifty feet, two stories high,\\nand costing $250, was then erected. An addition\\nwas built in 1863, increasing the seating capacity to\\nfive hundred. The total cost of the building was\\n$2,900.\\nIn 1870 the school had three teachers and three\\nhundred scholars, with an average attendance of\\ntwo hundred and ten. In 1877 the average attend-\\nance was two hundred. The price for tuition ranges\\nfrom fifty to seventy cents per month. In 1880 the\\nschool had three teachers, two hundred and tvs enty-\\nfive scholars, and an average attendance of two\\nhundred. The yearly cost of maintaining the school\\nwas $2,225. The property in 18S1 was valued at\\n$5,000.\\nZion German Reformed Lutheran School.\\nThis school, now located on Russell Street, near\\nCatharine, was originally organized about 1852, and\\nup to 1857 met in what is now the Second Baptist\\nChurch on Croghan Street, near Beaubien. After\\n1S57 the school was discontinued until 1861, when\\na school-house was built on Russell Street. It cost\\n$823. In its new location the school began on Jan-\\nuary 2, 1862. In 1876 it had an average of seventy-\\nfive scholars. After 1876 it was conducted as an\\nevening school, and in 1880 had thirty-five scholars,\\nwith an average attendance of thirty. The scholars\\npay one dollar per term of ten weeks. There is but\\none teacher, the pastor. The value of the school\\nproperty in 1881 was $1,500. The total yearly cost\\nof maintaining the school is $50.\\nSalem Lutheran School.\\nThis school is located on the south side of Cath-\\nerine Street, between St. Antoine and Hastings\\nStreets, in a brick building, twenty by thirty feet, in\\nthe rear of the church. It was organized in 1864.\\nThe building cost $500, and with the lot was valued,\\nin 1 88 1, at $2,000.\\nIn 1870 the school had two teachers and one\\nhundred and five scholars, with an average attend-\\nance of one hundred. In 1880 it had forty scholars,\\nwith an average attendance of thirty, and was\\ntaught by the pastor at a yearly cost to the church\\nof $50. The charge for tuition was forty cents per\\nquarter to members of the congregation, and fifty\\ncents to others.\\nLinmanucl Evangelical Lutheran School.\\nThis school was organized in 1S66, and was\\noriginally located on Ninth Avenue near Orchard\\nStreet. In 1870 it had one hundred and fifty schol-\\nars, with an average attendance of one hundred.\\nIt met originally in the church. In 1872 the church", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0778.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "CHURCH SCHOOLS.\\n727\\nbiiikling was moved to the corner of Seventeenth\\nand Pine Streets and altered and enlarged for\\nschool purposes. In November. 18S1, it was torn\\ndown, and early in 18S2 a brick school-building was\\nerected which cost $3,000. In 1880 the school had\\ntwo hundred and forty scholars, with an average\\nattendance of two hundred, and was managed by\\ntwo teachers. Scholars pay si.xty cents per month.\\nThe yearly expenses of the .school are $1,200.\\nZion Evangelical Lutheran School.\\nThis school was established in the fall of 1S7S, in\\nSpringwells, on Welch Avenue. The lot and build-\\ning cost $1,300. In 1880 it had one teacher, eighty\\nscholars, and an average attendance of seventy, and\\nin 1883 two teachers and two hundred and twenty-\\nfive scholars, who paid a tuition fee of si.\\\\ty cents\\nper month.\\nSt. Paul s Lutheran School.\\nThis school is located on the corner of Jay Street\\nand Joseph Campau Avenue. The building, erected\\nin 1873, cost $3,700, and the school was opened the\\nsame year. In 1881 the property was valued at\\n$5,500. In 1880 the school had three teachers and\\nthree hundred scholars, with an average attendance\\nof two hundred and seventy-live. Parents who are\\nmembers of the congregation pay tifty cents a month\\neach for one or two children, and a third child is\\ntaught free. The yearly cost of maintaining the\\nschool is $2,000. A dwelling which cost $1,000 is\\nprovided for the teacher.\\nSt. Paul s Scconit German Evangelical School.\\nThis school, on the corner of Seventeenth and\\nRose Streets, was e.stablished, and its building\\nerected, in 1873. The building cost $7,000. The\\nestimated value of the property in 1881 was $9,000.\\nIn 1880 the school had one teacher and seventy\\nscholars, with an average attendance of sixty. The\\nyearly cost of the school is $500, and .scholars pay\\nfrom si.xty to eighty cents per month.\\nSt. Peter s German Evangelical School.\\nThis school is located on Pierce Street near\\nChene, and was established in 1S79. The building\\ncost $1,500. In 1880 there were two teachers and\\none hundred and fifty scholars, with an average\\nattendance of one hundred and forty. Scholars\\npay from fifty to sixty-five cents per month for\\ntuition. The yearly cost of maintaining the school\\nis $1,000.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0779.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X I V\\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. MEDICAL COLLEGES.\\nUNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.\\nAs the birthplace of Michigan University, Detroit\\nis entitled to more recognition in the history of that\\ninstitution than has heretofore been accorded. The\\npresent university at Ann Arbor is the legitimate\\nsuccessor of the university schools established in\\nthis city in 1817. This is abundantly proven by the\\nrecords of the old and new institutions, and by a\\ndecision of the Supreme Court in January, 1856.\\nThe university germinated here, and its removal\\nwas an irreparable loss to Detroit. It has achieved\\na world-wide fame in its present location, and had\\nit remained in Detroit its influence and possessions\\nwould have conferred upon the city more honor\\nthan all the other institutions it possesses. In its\\npresent location, it has been claimed as one of the\\nattractions of Chicago. No assumption could have\\nbeen more thoroughly characteristic than that con-\\ntained in an article on Chicago in Scribner s Monthly\\nfor September, 1S75. After speaking of the schools\\nof that city, the writer of the article said, There\\nare in addition many colleges in the neighborhood\\nof this city, including the University of Michigan at\\nAnn Arbor. This university is two hundred and\\nforty-six miles east of Chicago, in another State.\\nThe Falls of Niagara are only two hundred and\\ntwenty-nine miles east of Detroit, and might with\\ngreater propriety be described as in the neighbor-\\nhood of Detroit, and included in its attractions.\\nThe university is but an hour s ride from our city,\\nand as it was founded here, and is the crowning\\nglory of the schools of Michigan, we may rightfully\\ninclude it in our educational system and number it\\namong our advantages.\\nAugust 26, 1817, is a memorable date, for on\\nthat day the Catholepistemiad or University of\\nMichigania was born. Under the creative Act\\nthirteen professorships were established, namely of\\nUniversal Science, the professor to be also the presi-\\ndent of the university of Literature, embracing all\\nsciences relative to language; of Mathematics,\\nNatural History, Natural Philosophy. Astronomy,\\nand Chemistry, and of the Medical, Economical,\\nEthical, Military, Historical, and Intellectual Sci-\\nences, the last to embrace all sciences relative to\\nthe minds of animals, to the human mind, spiritual\\nexistence, to the Deity, and to religion. The pro-\\nfessor of these last-named sciences was to be vice-\\npresident of the university.\\nThe Act certainly had the merit of breadth, com-\\nprehending as it did the teaching of all the sciences\\nthe world had heard of, besides some never heard\\nof before or since. It was drafted by Judge\\nWoodward, who probably coined more words than\\nany other American of his time in fact, he had a\\npassion for word-coining, and this Act, as well as\\nhis private memorandum book in possession of the\\nHistorical Society, affords abundant evidence of^\\nendeavor to invent new and high-sounding words\\nand titles. Professors were provided for on anthro-\\npoglossica, physiognostica, and polemitica,\\nand the Board of Professors was given power to\\nestablish Colleges, Academies. Schools. Libraries,\\nMuseums, Athenffiums. Botanic Gardens, Labora-\\ntories, and other useful literary and Scientific insti-\\ntutions.\\nOn September 8, 1S17, all the professorships were\\nconferred upon two men, and the proceeding was\\nmade still more strange by the fact that both of\\nthese men were clergymen, namely, the Rev. John\\nMonteith, a graduate of Princeton College and pas-\\ntor of the Protestant Church, and the Rev. Gabriel\\nRichard, the Roman Catholic priest of St. Anne s.\\nThe first named held the presidency and seven pro-\\nfessorships, and the other served as vice-president\\nand held six professorships. As the president and\\nprofessors controlled the university, the management\\nwas in the hands of these two men, who were amen-\\nable only to the governor, by whom they were ap-\\npointed.\\nAll of the business affairs of the university were\\nconducted in strict accordance with its grandiloquent\\ntitle. One of the published Statutes of the\\nuniversity reads as follows\\nSTATUTES\\nOF\\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGANIA.\\nSTATLfTE THE FIRST.\\nAn Act concerning the seal of the University of Michigania.\\nlie it enacted by the University of Michigania that on the seal\\nof the University there shall be a device representing si.x pillars\\nsupporting a dome, with the motto, Epistemia, at their base,\\nand the legend, seal of the University of Michigania, around the\\nmargin, and light shining on the dome from above and until\\nsuch seal be provided the President may use any temporary seal\\n[728]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0780.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.\\n729\\nwhich may be convenient. Passed at the City of Detroit, on Fri-\\nday, the twelfth day of September, one thousand eight hundred\\nand seventeen.\\nJOHM MO.STEITH,\\nPresident 0/ the University 0/ Michigania,\\nStatute the Second provided that no subscriber\\nto the institution should be required to pay more\\nthan fifty dollars in any one year. Statute the Third,\\nthat instruction in the primary schools should con-\\nsist of writing, arithmetic, English grammar, and\\nelocution. Statute the Fourth, that a primary school\\nshould be established. Statute the Fifth, that in-\\nstruction in the classical academy should consist of\\nFrench, Latin, and Greek Antiquities, English\\ngrammar, composition, mathematics, elocution,\\ngeography, morals, and ornamental accomplish-\\nments. The following books were to be used\\nMurray s Grammar and Spelling Book, the English\\nReader and E.xercises, also Walker s Elocution and\\nDictionary. It was further provided that the\\nSacred Scriptures shall constitute part of the read-\\ning from the beginning to the end of the course.\\nStatute the Sixth established the classical academy.\\nStatute the Seventh provided that thirteen visitors\\nshould be appointed for each classical academy.\\nIt should be noted that this institution was entirily\\ncontrolled by two men, a Protestant and a Catholic\\nand that all this high-sounding legislation was\\nenacted by these two persons. In case of a tie\\nvote, what trouble there might have been\\nStatute the Thirteenth was entitled An Act to\\nassume the Responsibility of Certain Donations from\\nMontreal and Michilimackinac, and read as follows:\\nWhereas^ for the relief of the sufferers by the conflagration of\\nthe ancient town of Detroit in the year 1805, there were trans-\\nmitted from Montreal and Michilimackinac certain sums of\\nmoney which are now in the city of Detroit unpaid to such suf-\\nferers owing to the want of some principles on which payment\\ncan be made, so as to discharge the holders thereof, ami whtrreas,\\nthe said sufferers have generally manifested a desire that the said\\nfunds should now be appropriated in aid of the University of\\nMichigania Therefore\\nBe it enacted by the University of Alichigania that the holders\\nof the same funds paying over the same to the trustees of the\\nUniversity, the said University shall be responsible for all future\\nclaims on the same, on the part of the sufferers by the conflagra-\\ntion aforesaid.\\nPassed at the City of Detroit, on Saturday, the 20th day of\\nSeptember, 1817.\\nJ. MONTEITH,\\nPresident 0/ the University 0/ Michigania.\\nIn response to this demand the sum of $94\u00c2\u00b0 ^^as\\npaid over, but one cannot help wondering why the\\namotmt was not disbursed at the time of the fire, or\\nbestowed upon the inhabitants after they had been\\nimpoverished by the War of 1812. In this connec-\\ntion the following copy of an original subscription\\nlist is of interest\\nSUBSCRIPTION LIST.\\nIn aid of the University of Michigan. No. i. We the subscri-\\nbers do agree to pay on demand the sums respectively annexed to\\nour names, in aid of the University of Michigan.\\n1817. September 18. James May, 25.00\\nfive dollars for five years.\\n1S17. October 20. James Abbott, paid, 315.32\\nSolomon Sibley, 625.67\\nI acknowledge in my hands $625.67, being a part of the dona-\\ntion money donated at Michilimackinac to relieve the sufferers by\\nfire of the late Detroit, which I assume to pay over to the Uni-\\nversity of Michigan at the expiration of six months, on being\\nindemnified.\\nSol. Siuley.\\nOctober 20, 1S17.\\nThe total amount of subscriptions to the Univer-\\nsity was about $5,100, of which \u00c2\u00a71,100 was payable\\non demand, \u00c2\u00a71,000 the second year, $955 the third\\nyear, $825 the fourth year, $571 the fifth year, 11631\\nthe sixth year, and $92 each in the seventh, eighth,\\nand ninth years.\\nOn August 26. 1817, the Governor and Judges\\nappropriated S300 towards the erection of a building\\nand S80 for the lot. On November 10 a further\\nappropriation of $200 was made.\\nThe Act which established the university pro-\\nvided that the public taxes should be increased fif-\\nteen per cent for its support, and also authorized the\\nfaculty to prepare four successive lotteries, and to\\ndeduct fifteen per cent from the prizes for its benefit.\\nNeither of these provisions was carried out pos-\\nsibly a tie vote prevented. In these days it would\\ncertainly be deemed a marvel of legislation if the\\npresident and faculty of the university, including the\\nresident clerg)% were authorized to arrange for a\\nseries of lotteries for the benefit of the institution.\\nThe corner-stone of the university building was\\nlaid on September 24, 1817. The building, twenty-\\nfour by fifty feet, was located on the west side of\\nBates near Congress Street. Owing to the delin-\\nquency of subscribers, its erection proceeded slowly.\\nCol. E. S. Sibley says that in 181 7 he went to a\\nschool taught by Mr. Monteith in the old Meldrum\\nHouse on Woodbridge Street, just east of what is\\nnow Shelby Street. His statement is the only evi-\\ndence found that either Rev. Mr. Monteith or Father\\nRichard acted as teacher, but an act of August 26,\\n1817, appropriated $181.25 for their annual salary,\\nand on February 8, 1 821, $215 was appropriated for\\nthe salary of the president for 1818, 1819, and 1820.\\nOn February 2, 1818, H. M. Dickie. A. H., was\\ncommissioned by the university to open a classical\\nAcademy where Latin and Greek languages and\\nother branches of science w-ere to be taught at the\\ncustomary prices. Just where he taught is un-\\nknown, but on May 12, 1818, the university appro-\\npriated thirty dollars for rent of rooms for the\\nClassical Academy up to the nth day of June.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0781.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "730\\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.\\nHe began about February 1 1 and tlie school was in\\noperation as late as November, and probably longer.\\nThe university now commissioned Renjamin\\nStead, James Connor, and Oliver Williams as direc-\\ntors of a Lancasterian school, and on August lo.\\niSiS, a school under that name was opened in the\\nUniversity building. It began with eleven scholars,\\nbut by April following this number had increased to\\none hundred and thirty. It was taught by Lemuel\\nShattuck, of Concord, Mass., who was greatly\\nesteemed by both parents and pupils. A sketch\\nof his life, accompanied with a steel engraving, is\\ngiven in Volume XIV, page g6, of the New Eng-\\nland Historical and Genealogical Register. His first\\nreport of the school, dated April 24, 1819, shows\\nthat there were then one hundred and eighty-three\\npupils, and that the\\naverage price per\\nquarter for each\\nscholar was $2.60; he\\nfurther showed that\\nunder the old system\\nthe instruction would\\nhave cost $3. 1 20 in-\\nstead of only $800.\\nOf the one hundred\\nand eighty-three chil-\\ndren admitted, twen-\\nty-three were to pay\\nSi. 00 per quarter,\\ntwo $2.00, one hun-\\ndred and three $2.50.\\nand fifty-five $3.50,\\nmaking a total of\\n$738.50. Only I3 10.-\\n46 was collected. The\\nreport intimated that\\nmost of the trustees\\nand directors paid\\nbut little attention to\\nthe school.\\nOn May 5, 1820, the Board of Trustees of the\\nPrimary School and Classical Academy fi-\\\\ed the\\nprice of tuition at $2.50 per quarter for ordinary\\nstudies, or $3.50 if Geography and Mathematics are\\nstudied; non-residents to pay $1.00 more than\\nabove rates.\\nOn April 30, 1 82 1, the original University Act\\nwas repealed, and under the title of the University\\nof Michigan all rights of the old corporation were\\ncommitted to the governor and the following twenty\\ntrustees: John Biddle, N. Bolvin, D. I.eRoy, C.\\nClemens, W, H. Puthuff, John Anderson, John\\nHunt, John Monteith, C. Earned, G. Richard, John\\nR. Williams, Solomon Sibley, H. J. Hunt, J. L.\\nLeib, P. J. Desnoyers, A. E. Wing, W. Woodbridge,\\nB. Stead, P. Lecuyer, and William Brown. These\\nBlKTHl LACE OF MlCHlG/\\\\N UNIVERSITY, WEST\\nNEAR CONGKESS.\\ntrustees were authorized to .establish schools and\\ncolleges at their discretion, but they devoted their\\nattention solely to Detroit. In 1821, a large lot\\nadjoining the one already in use was conveyed to\\nthem by the Governor and Judges. On January 7,\\n1822, A. Edwards and A. W. Welton were ap-\\npointed as trustees in place of Messrs. Monteith\\nand Stead, who declined to serve, and by Act of\\nApril 13, 1827, J. Kearsley and N. M. Wells were\\nappointed trustees to fill vacancies, and provision\\nwas made that seven members of the Board of\\nTrustees should form a quorum.\\nUnder the Act of 1821, .Abraham Edwards, who\\nhad been previously acting as treasurer, was again\\nappointed, but on June 16, 1S21, he resigned, and\\nJames Abbott was appointed. Lemuel Shattuck\\nwas secretary up to\\nDecember 3, 1821,\\nwhen C. C. Trow-\\nbridge was appoint-\\ned, and continued in\\noffice until succeeded\\nby G. Mott Williams\\non February 13, 1835.\\nMr. Shattuck re-\\nsigned as teacher on\\nOctober 8, 1821, and\\nwas succeeded by\\nE. Clapp, whose first\\nterm closed on De-\\ncember 20, and on\\nApril I, 1822, he was\\nsucceeded by Rev.\\nA. W. Welton he\\nbegan teaching April\\n9, the price of tuition\\nwas S5.00 per scholar.\\nHe was followed in\\nOctober, 1824, by A.\\nS. Wells, a graduate\\nof Hamilton College\\n1826, when he was suc-\\nhe was paid $500 per\\n7. The Board\\nor Bates Street,\\nhe taught until November 4,\\nceeded by Charles Sears\\nyear and remained until October, 1 8\\nof Trustees then resolved that as the funds were in-\\nsufficient for the support of a classical school, the\\nteacher was thereafter to continue the school at his\\nown risk.\\nIn 1821 and 1822 there was much discussion as\\nto the merits of the Lancasterian methods, and whole\\ncolumns of the Gazette were devoted to the subject.\\nThe discussions seemed to favor-the system, and on\\nOctober 8, 1821, the trustees of the university\\nResolved, that Mr. Shattuck be authorized to communicate\\nwith Mr. William A. Tweed Dale, of Albany, New York, in\\norder to procure some suitable person for a teacher of the Lan-\\ncasterian school upon the presumptive allowance of five hundred\\ndollars per annum for his services.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0782.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.\\n7\\nAs a result of this correspondence. Major Edwards\\nwent to Albany expressly for the purpose, and\\nsecured the ser\\\\ ices of John Farmer, who was then\\nengaged in teaching in that city. The following\\nofficial notification gives details of his engagement\\nAt a session of the Board nf Trustees of the University of\\nMichigan, Ijeld pursuant to notice at Detroit on the third day of\\nDecember, 1821, were present His Excellency Governor Cass,\\nHenry J. Hunt, John Hunt, Charles Larned, William Wood-\\nbridge, William Brown, Peter J. Desnoycrs, and John R. Wil-\\nliams, Esquires.\\nIVhereaSy Mr. John Farmer has arrived here under the author-\\nity given to Mr. William A. Tweed Dale at the last meeting of\\nthe Trustees, by the resolution, a copy of which was transmitted\\nto Mr. Dale.\\nI\\\\\u00c2\u00a3sohtcii^ that Mr. John Farmer be authorized and requested\\nto take immediate charge of the Lancasterian school until a\\nquorum can be had authorized to fix his compensation and that\\na copy of this resolution be furnishe l to Mr. Fanner, by the sec-\\nretary.\\nI certify that the foregoing resolution is truly copied from the\\nrecords of the University of Michigan.\\nGiven under my hand at Detroit, on the third day of December,\\nA.D. 1821.\\nBy order. Charles C. Trowbridge,\\nSecretary.\\nOn January 7, 1822, the Board of Trustees ap-\\npointed a committee of three, consisting of John R.\\nWilliams, William Woodbridge, and Charles Larned,\\nto superintend the classical and Lancasterian schools\\nand to prescribe and enforce rules for their govern-\\nment.\\nOn January 14. 1822, on motion of Mr. John\\nHunfc it was\\nResolved^ that Mr. John Farmer be allowed the sum of five\\nhundred dollars per year for his ser\\\\ ices as teacher of the Lan-\\ncasterian school, to commence with the loth day of December,\\n1821,\\nand on the same day he was authorized and re-\\nquested to collect all sums due for tuition in the\\nschool.\\nIn 1822 there were two hundred students, Lucius\\nLyon acting as assistant teacher. As paper was\\nscarce and dear at this time, the scholars were\\ntaught to write by tracing the letters in a bo.x of\\ndamp sand. Medals were awarded for good schol-\\narship, and this last practice was continued as late\\nas 1825.\\nOn January 26, 1824, Mr. Farmer resigned, in\\norder to engage in other employment, and it was\\nResolved^ that in consequence of his resignation a committee\\nbe appointed to take into consideration the situation of the\\nAcademy and to report thereon and also what steps ought to be\\ntaken in order to supply the vacancy.\\nMajor Rowland and Peter J. Desnoyers were\\nappointed a committee, and in October, 1824, Mr.\\nE. .Shcpard. prcsumablv engaged by them, was\\nteaching the primary department. He continued\\nuntil December, 1825, or later, and was probably\\nthe last primary teacher appointed and paid by the\\ntrustees.\\nThe building after 1827 was granted for school\\nuse free of rent, or for a nominal sum to such per-\\nsons as were deemed competent teachers. At the\\nlast meeting of the trustees, held on May 18, 1837,\\nthey passed a resolution asking the Regents of the\\nnew university, located at Ann Arbor, to establish a\\nbranch at Detroit, and tendered the building for\\nthat purpose.\\nThe beginnings of the university at Ann Arbor,\\nand of the Detroit branch, were as follows\\nAt the first session of the State Legislature, in\\nthe summer of 1836, Rev. John D. Pierce was ap-\\npointed Superintendent of Public Instruction, and\\nan Act was passed July 26, 1836, instructing him\\nto prepare a plan for a system of common schools,\\nand for a university with its branches. In the pre-\\nliminary work of organization Rev. Samuel New-\\nberr) of White Pigeon, father of Mrs. John J.\\nBagley, rendered valuable service, and on March 1 8,\\n1837. a law was approved organizing and establish-\\ning the State LIniversity. Its government was vested\\nin a Board of Regents, to be appointed by the gov-\\nernor and senate. It was made their duty to estab-\\nlish not only the university, but also such branches\\nthereof in the different parts of the State as the\\nLegislature might authorize. A further Act, ap-\\nproved March 20, 1837, located the university at\\nAnn Arbor, on a site of forty acres to be donated\\nto the State for this purpose.\\nAt a meeting of the regents on November 14,\\n1837, Dr. R. C. Gibson, of Monroe, as agent of the\\nuniversity, reported in favor of a branch at Detroit,\\nand on November 1 8 the proposition of the trustees\\nof the old university was received. On the same\\nday Mr. Wilkins offered the following resolution\\nResolved, that Chancellor Farnsworth and Dr. Pitcher be, and\\nthey are hereby authorized to confer with and receive from the\\nPresident pro tern, of the Board of Trustees of the University\\nof Michigan in behalf of the Regents of the University of\\nMichigan the lease of the Academy lot in the city of Detroit,\\nand that the committee on Branches immediately thereafter pro-\\nceed to organize a branch of the University in the city of Detroit.\\nAt a subsequent meeting of the regents $8,000\\nwas appropriated to the support of the branches,\\nand each branch was to receive $500 towards the\\nsupport of a teacher also a proportionate amount\\nof the \u00c2\u00a78,000 according to the number of their\\npupils.\\nOn January 10, 1838, the following Board of Visi-\\ntors for Detroit branch was appointed J. Kearsley,\\nC. C. Trowbridge, B. F. H. Witherell, Peter Morey,\\nand Charles Moran, with John Owen as treasurer.\\nThe building for the Detroit Branch required many\\nrepairs, and was not ready for use until June 20,\\n1838. It was then opened for boys only, with one", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0783.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "COMMERCIAL COLLEGES.\\nprincipal and one assistant. Four terms a year\\nwere provided for. The price of tuition was $19.50\\na year, or .$5.00 a term.\\nThe first public e.xamination was held on Tuesday\\nand Wednesday, August 14 and 15, 1S38.\\nOn January 9, 1S39, the Committee on Branches\\nwas authorized to employ an additional assistant for\\nthe principal at Detroit at a salary not exceeding\\n$600. Rev. C. \\\\V. Fitch was the first principal,\\ncommencing in 1838 and continuing until August,\\n1 84 1. He received $1,500 a year, and the first assis-\\ntant $800. Mr. Fitch was succeeded by Rev. M.\\nmittee of the regents presented a report recommend-\\ning that, on account of their inability to provide the\\nmeans, no further appropriations should be made\\nfor branch schools. The report was adopted, but\\nas one of the teachers claimed to have been ap-\\npointed for an unexpired term running till 1 )ctobcr\\n7, 1842, the Detroit Branch was maintained until\\nthat time.\\nIn 1844 the Board of Education began using the\\nbuilding for school purposes, and continued its use\\nuntil the fall of 1858.\\nIn 1858 the Young Men s Society claimed the lot.\\nGoldsmith, Bryant, Stkatton Business Univrrsitv, southwest corner of\\nGrisuold Sticeet ant Lafayette Avenue.\\nMeigs. The assistant teachers were\\nBissell 1839, Andrew Harvie iS4oand 1841, W.\\nA. Howard; 1842, E. C. Walker, W. Gray, W. J.\\nBaxter, and E. Loundsberry. In January, 1839,\\nthere were forty pupils, and a report of the Com-\\nmittee on Branches, made December 18, 1839,\\nshows that there were two teachers, and that the\\nattendance had been, for the\\nFirst term, 59 second, 36 third, 28.\\nIn 1S40 the attendance was First term, 25 sec-\\nond, 21 third and fourth, 25 each.\\nOn January 8, 1841, the regents decided to grant\\nonly S500 per year to Detroit Branch in addition to\\nthe tuition fees. In August of this year there were\\nonly twenty-four pupils, and on August 19 a com-\\nand on November 9 began to tear down the build-\\ning, and in its fortieth year the building was\\nremoved.\\nCOMMERCIAL COLLEGES.\\nThese institutions in Detroit date from 1S48,\\nwhen Uriah Gregory opened his school in the old\\nOdd Fellows Hall on Woodward Avenue. It con-\\ntinued for ten years.\\nIn the fall of 1854 W. D. Cochrane opened a\\nsimilar institution in the Waterman Block, on the\\ncorner of Woodward Avenue and Earned Street,\\nand it was largely patronized. On November 28,\\n1857, it was sold to Bryant Stratton, and merged\\nwith their school. J. H. Goldsmith was manager.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0784.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL COLLEGES.\\n733\\nand after March i, 1867, sole proprietor. In 1882\\nthe school had four teachers, and an average of\\nfrom two to three hundred students. In i860 it\\nwas moved from Waterman Block to the fourth\\nstory of Merrill Block in January, 1S65, to the Seitz\\nBuilding on Griswold Street, and from there to\\nMechanic s Block, in May, 1875. On April i, 18S2,\\nW. F. Jewell, who had been connected with the\\ncollege for over eighteen years, became the principal.\\nThe college is now known as the Goldsmith, Bryant,\\nStratton Business University.\\nIn i860 Ira Mayhew established a commercial\\ncollege at Albion, and in September, 1866, trans-\\nferred it to Detroit, corner of Randolph and Con-\\ngress Streets. On the completion of the new Board\\nof Trade Building in January, 1S79, the college oc-\\ncupied rooms in the upper story. In the summer of\\n18S3 he sold the college to Messrs. Spencer, Feiton,\\nLoomis, Company, and in December of that year\\nthey had seven teachers and 125 scholars.\\nMEDICAL COLLEGES.\\nDetroit Medical College.\\nThe exceptional facilities possessed by the city for\\nclinical instruction by reason of the several hospitals\\nhere located, and the number of cases that a large\\ncity naturally affords, suggested the desirability of\\nlocating a medical college in Detroit.\\nAccordingly, on May 18, 1868, the Detroit Medi-\\ncal College was organized. It was opened for the\\nreception of students on February 2, 1869, in one of\\nthe Harper Hospital buildings, which had been\\nfitted up for the purpose. In 1882 the trustees pur-\\nchased the property of the Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation, on Farmer Street, between Monroe and\\nGratiot Avenues, and on September 12, 1883, the\\ncollege was opened in its new location.\\nA free dispensary is maintained, where from\\ntwenty to one hundred persons are treated daily.\\nThe number of students graduated for each year\\nsince the opening of the college is as follows 1869,\\n33; 1870, 34; 1871, 29; 1872, 22; 1873, 14; 1874,\\n21; 1875,25; 1876,29; 1877,30; 1878,20; 1879,\\n30; 1880, 27; 1881, 27 1882, II 1883, 13.\\nThe trustees and faculty in 1883 were as follows\\nTrustees; H. P. Baldwin, president A. C. McGraw,\\nvice-president; Philo Parsons, secretary; William\\nA. Butler, treasurer; Allan Shelden, C. H. Buhl,\\nC. Van Husan, John Owen, Hiram Walker, Wm. B.\\nWesson, Theodore A. McGraw, George S. Frost,\\nM. S. Smith, Wm. A. Moore, E. L. Shurly, Ale.x.\\nChapoton, H. O. Walker, and E. T. Barnum.\\nFaculty: Theodore A. McGraw, M. D., president.\\nProfessor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and\\nClinical Surgery N. W. Webber, M. D.. Professor\\nof Gynecology and Obstetrics; H. O. Walker, yv. D.,\\nProfessor of Orthopedic Surgery, Genito-Urinary\\nDiseases, and Clinical Surgery E. L. Shurly, M. D.,\\nProfessor of Laryngology and Clinical Medicine;\\nJ. H. Carstens, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and\\nClinical Gynecology; J. G. Johnson, M. D., Pro-\\nfessor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System;\\nA. E. Carrier, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and\\nDermatology; Eugene Smith, M. D., Professor\\nof Ophthalmology and Otology E. A. Chapoton,\\nM. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of\\nMedicine; David Inglis, M. D., Professor of Prin-\\nciples and Practice of Medicine Thomas N.\\nReynolds, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and\\nTherapeutics and of Clinical Medicine; J. W.\\nRobertson, M. D., Lecturer on Laryngology and\\nPhysical Diagnosis; Charles G. Jennings, M. D.,\\nLecturer on Chemistry and Diseases of Children;\\nO. W. Owen, M. D., Lecturer on Physiology and\\nCurator of Museum F. W. Brown, M. D., Lec-\\nturer on Histology- and Microscopy; A. F. Hoke,\\nM. D., Instructor in Obstetrics; John Boice, M. 1)..\\nInstructor of Minor Surgery R. A. Jamieson, M. D.,\\nInstructor of Clinical Medicine A. S. Parker, Ph. C,\\nInstructor in Pharmacy; Albert Campau, M. D.,\\nDirector of Clinical at St. Mary s Hospital Dis-\\npensary; M. K. Ross, M. D., Instructor in Chem-\\nistry; L. E. Maire, M. D., Instructor in Materia\\nMedica.\\nMichigan College of Medicine.\\nThis college was organized in June, 1879, incor-\\nporated October 24, and first opened November 1 7\\nof the same year. It is located on the southeast\\ncorner of St. Antoine Street and Gratiot Avenue.\\nTwenty-eight students graduated in 1881, twenty in\\n1882, and twenty-eight in 1883.\\nA work of real philanthropy was inaugurated by\\nthis college in the equipment of a very complete\\nambulance, free to the public for all emergencies,\\nwhich has been a boon to many a person sud-\\ndenly wounded or taken sick. The ambulance was\\nput in commission on .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\ugust 29, 188 1. There is\\nalso a free dispensary connected with the institution\\nat which ten thousand patients were treated during\\nthe year ending May i, 1882. A hospital depart-\\nment connected with the college has accommoda-\\ntions for thirty patients, and is generally full.\\nThe faculty of this college, as well as of the De-\\ntroit Medical College, .serve without pay, and it is\\nconceded by those best qualified to judge that in\\ntheir corps of instructors, course of study, and gen-\\neral management, these colleges have e.\\\\ceptional\\nadvantages.\\nThe trustees and faculty in 1883 were as follows:\\nTrustees: Sidney D. Miller, president; Wm. B.\\nMoran, secretary Luther S. Trowbridge, treasurer\\nHenry F. Lyster, Charles J. Lundy, Wm. C. May-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0785.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "734\\nMEDICAL COLLEGES.\\nbury, Wm. C. Gustin, Wm. C. Williams, Thomas\\nBerry, William Foxen, George Heiidrie. Digby V.\\nBell, James Burgess Book, Richard H. Fyfe, and\\nJames M. Welch.\\nFaculty: Henry F. Lyster, M. D., president. Pro-\\nfessor of Principles and Practice of Medicine, and\\nClinical Diseases of the Chest; Wm. Brodie, M. D.,\\nProfessor of Clinical Medicine; James Burgess\\nBook, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice\\nof Surgery and Clinical Surgery; Wm. C. Gustin,\\nfessor of Diseases of the Eye, Ear, and Throat;\\nWm. C. Maybury, M. A., Professor of Medical\\nJurisprudence C. A. Devendorf, M. D., Pro-\\nfessor of Clinical Obstetrics and the Puerperal\\nDiseases Hal C. Wyman, M. D., Professor of\\nPhysiology and Histology; Duncan McLeod, M.D.,\\nProfessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics\\nJames D. Munson, M. D., Lecturer on Diseases\\nof the Nervous System; F. W. Owen, M. D.,\\nand W. N. Meredith, I\\\\L D., Demonstrators of\\nMiCHiG.^N College of Medicine, southeast cor.ner of St. Antui.ne and\\nCatharine Streets.\\nM. D., Professor of Obstetrics, Clinical Midwifery,\\nand Clinical Diseases of Children Daniel La Ferte,\\nM. D., secretary. Professor of Anatomy. Orthopedic\\nSurgery, and Clinical Surgery C. Henri Leonard,\\nM. D., Professor of Medical and Surgical Diseases\\nof Women and Clinical Gynecology Charles Doug-\\nlas, M. D., Professor of Diseases of Children and\\nClinical Medicine; J. E. Clark, M. D., Professor of\\nGeneral Chemistry and Physics Charles C. Yemans,\\nM. D., Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases and\\nDiseases of the Skin Charles J. Lundy, M. D., Pro-\\nAnatomy; Thomas N. Reynolds. Instructor of\\nMicroscopy.\\nDetroit HotiHvopathic College.\\nAn institution designated by the above name was\\nopened in March, 1872, with F. X. Spranger, M. D.,\\nas president, and E. R. Ellis, M. D., as secretary.\\nIts sessions were held in the Coyl Building, facing\\nthe Campus Martins. It was discontinued in Feb-\\nruary, 1875. During its e-xistence it graduated\\neighty students.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0786.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXV.\\nTHE FfRST COMMON SCHOOLS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, ITS SCHOOLS AND\\nITS MANAGEMENT.\\nFIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.\\nThe precursor of all common schools in this\\nregion was a provision of the ordinance of 1787,\\nwhich declared that religion, morality, and knowl-\\nedge being necessary to good government and the\\nhappiness of mankind, schools and the means of\\neducation shall be forever encouraged.\\nIn March, 1802, the inhabitants of the County of\\nWayne sought encouragement from Congress, and\\nin petitioning that body asked among other things\\nfor one or more townships of land for the purpose\\nof erecting or endowing an academy, and on\\nMarch 26, 1804, the Government directed that Sec-\\ntion 16 of the public lands in every township be\\nreserved for and appropriated to educational pur-\\nposes. This law laid the foundation for the primary\\nschool fund of the State, the fund at interest being\\nderived from the sales of land thus reserved.\\nPossibly with the belief that the better the day,\\nthe better the deed. on Sunday, February 26. 1809,\\nJudge Witherell presented, and the Governor and\\nJudges, sitting as a Legislature, passed An Act\\nconcerning Schools. It provided that the over-\\nseers of the poor should divide their districts into\\nschool districts and act as trustees of the same.\\nJudges of District Courts were to appropriate not\\nexceeding four dollars or less than two dollars for\\neach child between four and eighteen, the amounts\\nto be collected the same as other ta.xes, and depos-\\nited in the district treasury. Reports as to the\\nnumber of children and the number of weeks school\\nwas kept were to be made yearly, and no money\\nwas to be paid except to districts that erected\\nschool-houses or maintained schools. There is no\\nevidence that any schools were established under\\nthis Act.\\nBy Act of .April 12, 1827, each township was\\nauthorized to determine by a two-thirds vote whether\\nit would maintain township schools, and if so a\\ngrammar schoolmaster of good morals was to\\nbe obtained, and a township with fifty families was\\nto have a .school for an amount of time equal to si.x\\nmonths in a year; in one of a hundred families,\\ntuition equal to twelve months was required. Town-\\nships of one hundred and fifty families were to have\\ntwo teachers, and those of two hundred families\\ntwo teachers and two schools the schools in each\\ntownship to be in charge of not more than five com-\\nmissioners.\\nUnder this Act a teacher was secured for Detroit,\\nand on May 28, 1827. the trustees of the old uni-\\nversity directed that Mr. Cook, the teacher of the\\ncommon school be put in possession of a room in\\nthe academy. Mr. Cook died soon after, and on\\nJuly 26 the trustees resolved that the School Com-\\nmissioners be authorized to take immediate mea-\\nsures for the procurement of a teacher of the com-\\nmon school.\\nOn November 5, 1829, the Legislative Council\\nmade further provision for common schools in the\\nTerritory, but expressly exempted Detroit from the\\noperations of the Act.\\nOn April 28, 1830, Mr. Conant, Chairman of a\\ncommittee appointed at a meeting of the citizens,\\napplied to the University Trustees for leave to\\noccupy a room in the Academy for a common\\nschool. On April 4, 1831, Shubael Conant, Julius\\nEldred, Jeremiah Moors, Jerry Dean, and Shadrach\\nGillett were elected Commissioners of Common\\nSchools, and at a meeting of the trustees of the\\nuniversity, held on May 10, 1831, on motion of\\nMajor Biddle, it was\\nRcsoh ed, that the use of the Acadetny be granted to the Direc-\\ntors of Common Schools of the City uf Detroit until the building\\nbe required for other purposes by the Trustees of the University\\nof Michigan, of which one year s notice shall be given to the\\nsaid Directors, on condition that the said Directors do repair said\\nbuilding and at all times during their occupancy sustain and\\nkeep the same in good repair at their expense.\\nIn 1832 the city was divided into two districts,\\nand a school taught by Charles Wells was opened\\nMay 21 in the academy. Charles Earned, S.\\nConant, John Farrar, and P. Desnoyers were com-\\nmissioners.\\nIn this same year a number of ladies formed a\\nFree School Society. The following notice, pub-\\nlished in December, 1833, gives interesting particu-\\nlars concerning their schools. The notice says\\nIt cannot have escaped the observation of any citizen that in\\nour midst are many children who are growing up not, only in\\npoverty, but in ignorance. The object of our society is to take\\nthese children and bring them under the culture and moral\\nrestraint of a school. We have employed for the year past a\\n[7??1", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0787.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "1l(^\\nTHE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.\\ncompetent Instructress, and have collected together under her\\nnot far from a daily average of fifty scholars There have been\\nno less than one hundred and fifty names upon the roll of the\\nschool since its commencement. In addition to $232 which the\\nSociety have paid to their Instructress, expended for wood and\\nother incidental expenses, we have erected a plain but substantial\\nschool-house at a cost of $475, towards the discharge of which\\ndebt they have paid $350, leaving a balance of $i:. 5.\\nJane M. Palmer,\\nMary S. Wendell,\\nDirectresses,\\nThe schools were kept for half a day. The pupils,\\nchildren between four and ten years of age, were\\nprovided with books and taught gratuitously. On\\nTuesdays and Thursdays the girls were taught\\nsewing. The way in which funds were obtained to\\ncarry on the work is indicated in the following\\nadvertisement\\nXn.M.VTO CATSUP\\nPrepared by the Ladies of the IJetroit Tree School Society, and\\nfor sale by their appointment by dozen or single bottle at the\\nstore of\\nE. Bingham.\\nSeptonber z6, 1832.\\nAnother advertisement was as follows\\nA CARD.\\nThe Ladies of the Detroit Free .School Society would announce\\nto the public that their annual sale or Fair will take place on\\nWednesday evening of next week (17th inst.,) at Woodwurth s\\nLong Room, Steamboat Hotel. Sale to commence at six o clock.\\nDetroit, December 11, 1834.\\nIn 1836 the society maintained two schools, one\\nhaving in attendance one hundred and thirteen\\nchildren, two thirds of them boys. In 1837 they\\nhad three schools, with an attendance of two hun-\\ndred.\\nThe officers for 1837 were Mrs. J. M. Howard,\\npresident Mrs. S. Gillett, vice-president Miss S.\\nE. Dvvight, secretary, E. P. Hastings, treasurer.\\nWhile these schools were in operation, on April i,\\n1833, J. J. Deming, J. Kearsley, A. S. Porter, F. P.\\nBrowning, and E. P. Hastings were elected Com-\\nmissioners of District Schools, but no evidence of\\nservice has been found.\\nOn April 23, 1833, an Act was approved which\\nmade special provision for common schools in De-\\ntroit. The Act provided for the election, on a day\\nin May to be appointed by the Common Council, of\\nsi.K commissioners, si.x directors, and six inspectors\\nof common schools. They were to be divided into\\nthree classes, the first class to be vacant on the first\\nMonday in April, 1834, and two officers of each\\nkind were to be chosen every year thereafter. The\\ncommissioners were to divide the city into school\\ndistricts.\\nThe directors were to collect rates, call meetings\\nof voters, and present estimates for schools. If the\\nmajority consented, they were authorized to pur-\\nchase sites, build houses, and raise taxes to pay for\\nthe same. At the annuaf meeting in April the\\nvoters were to decide on the amount to be raised for\\nthe schooling of indigent children. The directors\\nwere to employ teachers, who were to be paid so\\nmuch per month or quarter for each scholar, and\\nteachers were to keep a record of the number of\\ndays each scholar attended, the statement to be\\nverified by oath if required. In the case of indi-\\ngent scholars, the teacher was to be paid only for\\nthe actual time of their attendance, all others were\\nto be charged for one quarter at least. At the\\nexpiration of each quarter the directors were to\\nmake an assessment roll of those who had sent\\nscholars, the number of days to be paid for, and\\nthe sum to be paid, and were to determine which of\\nthe scholars should be classed as indigent.\\nUnder this law the council .set apart May 31 as\\nthe day when the oflncers should be elected. No\\nrecord can be found of such an election, or of any\\nincrease in educational facilities.\\nIn December, 1833, at a public meeting of citi-\\nzens, Mr. Kearsley stated that there was not a single\\ncommon school in which boys could acquire the\\nordinary branches of education.\\nFour years later, in January, 1837, the State was\\nadmitted to the Union, and at the same time\\n1,067,397 acres of land were granted to the State\\nfor public schools. On March 20 a General School\\nLaw was passed, and in April, 1837, Charles Wells,\\nC. W. Whipple, and G. Mott Williams were elected\\nschool inspectors. During this year more activity\\nwas manifested in educational matters. A meeting\\nof gentlemen interested was held at the Mechanics\\nInstitute, on October 11, 1837. John D. Pierce was\\nchosen chairman, and George Wilson, secretary,\\nand the following was adopted\\nResolved, that a convention of professional teachers, and of\\nindividuals friendly to the interests of primary schools in the\\nState of IMichigan, should be held in Detroit on Wednesday,\\nJanuary 3. 183S.\\nA committee, consisting of Messrs. W. Hale,\\nJohn Owen, and Rev. E. Thompson, was appointed\\nto investigate the state of primary education in\\nDetroit, to ascertain the number of children actually\\nattending school, and the number, of suitable age,\\nnot attending school, and to report to the conven-\\ntion.\\nThe convention met at the City Hall. E. P.\\nHastings was made president and John D. Pierce\\ndelivered an address.\\nThe proposed convention and the inquiries insti-\\ntuted called public attention to the facts, and on\\nDecember 2, 1S37, the Common Council requested\\nthe city attorney to report what steps were necessary\\nto organize schools under the Act of 1837. On", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0788.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.\\nIll\\nDecember 9 the city attorney reported that these\\nsteps had been taken.\\nIn .April, 1837, inspectors were elected, who, after\\nbeing nearly nine months in office, re.solved upon\\naction but the winter passed away and nothing was\\naccomplished.\\nIn April, 1838, John Farmer, James F. Joy, and\\nHenry Chipman were elected school inspectors, Mr.\\nFarmer was made chairman of the Board, and the\\nprovisions of the State Law were, for the first time,\\nput in operation. On May 12. 1838, the following\\ncensus of children under fifteen years of age was\\npresented to and filed by the board\\nW.\\\\RD I.\\n-0\\nSJ\\n-3\\n-a\\nc\\n.c\\nD\\nc\\nFree white males\\n57\\n87\\n144\\n6\\nfemales\\n62\\n81\\n143\\nTotal\\n119\\n168\\n287\\n6\\n\\\\V.\\\\RD 2.\\nFree white males\\n53\\n72\\n125\\nfemales\\n36\\n82\\niiS\\nI\\nTotal\\n89\\n154\\n243\\nI\\nW.\\\\KI) 3.\\nFree white males\\n119\\n124\\n243\\n14\\nfemales\\n100\\n174\\n274\\n6\\nTotal\\n219\\n298\\n517\\n20\\n\\\\V.\\\\Rn 4.\\nFree white males\\n179\\n229\\n408\\nfemales\\ni5\\n230\\n38.\\n3\\nTotal\\n330\\n459\\n789\\n3\\nWaku 5.\\nFree white males\\n270\\n385\\n655\\n20\\nfemales\\n2S7\\n378\\n665\\n16\\nTotal\\n557\\n763\\n1,320\\n36\\nOn May 12, 1838, the city was divided into seven\\nschocjl districts as follows\\nFirst District, all south of Jefferson .Avenue, be-\\ntween Brush and Wayne Streets.\\nSecond District, all south of Lafayette Street, east\\nof Woodward Avenue.\\nThird District, all north of Lafayette Street, west\\nof Woodward Avenue.\\nFourth Di.strict, all north of Jefferson Avenue,\\nbetween Brush Street and Woodward Avenue.\\nFifth District, all south of Lamed Street, between\\nBrush Street and Moran Farm.\\nSi.xth District, all north of Larned Street, between\\nBrush Street and Moran Farm.\\nSeventh District, all east of w est line of Moran\\nFarm.\\nIn June the inspectors issued teachers certificates\\nto Charlotte S. Rang, for District No. 2 to .Marian\\nTitus, for No. 3; to Alice Rumney, for No. 4; to\\nJames Stewart, for No. 5 and in July to Melvina\\nA. Hurlbut. for No. 6. Certificates were also issued\\nto Miss Van Ingen, James S. Baker, J. E. Witcher,\\nGeorge Field, and E. F. Locke.\\nThat the question of securing uniformity in\\nschool-books was, at that time, a proper subject for\\nconsideration is evidenced by the fact that in Dis-\\ntrict No. 4 Olney s, Parley s, and Smith s Geogra-\\nphies were in use of Arithmetics there was a still\\ngreater variety, Adams s, Smith s, Colburn s, Par-\\nley s, and Emerson s all being used in the same\\nschool. Other books used were the Elementary\\nSpelling Book, Child s Third Book, Wilson s Class\\nReader, Child s First Book in History, and the New\\nTestament.\\nIn 1838 schools were maintained for three months\\neach in five of the districts, the teachers receiving\\nfrom twenty dollars to thirty dollars per month and\\nboarding themselves.\\nFollowing are the names of directors, with statis-\\ntics for 1838\\nDist. Director.\\n1. A. Hartshorn,\\n2. James Fairbairn,\\nG. F. Porter,\\nJ. Beaubien,\\nF. .X. Cicotte.\\nB. F. M. Witherell,\\nTotal,\\nChildren bc-\\n.Attending\\nween 5 and 17.\\nschool.\\n225\\n127\\n373\\n125\\n193\\n57\\n346\\n65\\n299\\n60\\n245\\n30\\n4 7\\n43\\n2.097\\n507\\nThe locations of the schools were as follows\\nThe school for District No. i was in an old two-\\nstory wooden building, forty by eighty fiS-t. built on\\npiles, on the shore of the river, on West Wood-\\nbridge Street, just east of the old Board of Trade\\nBuilding. The lower part was used as a grocery,\\nthe upper part was fitted up for the school, and\\nreached by an outside stairway. The building was\\nleased for five years at one hundred dollars a year,\\nand was occupied until 1842. In 1838, the first\\nyear that the building wa.s occupied, W. K. Coyl\\nwas assessor and collector for the district.\\nThe school for District No. 4 was taught by Rev.\\nGeorge Field in the basement of the First Metho-\\ndist Episcopal Church, on the northeast corner of\\nWoodward .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\\\\\-enue and Congress Street.\\nThe school for District No. 5 was taught by James\\nStewart.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0789.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "/J\\nTHE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.\\nThe teacher for District No. 6, Miss Hurlbut,\\ntaught school at her residence on the northeast cor-\\nner of Jefferson Avenue and Beaubien Street.\\nIn District No. 7, $500 was raised in 1838. to\\nbuild a school-house. The first money received by\\nthe city from the Primary School Fund was obtained\\nin 1839. The amount received was $1,342.08,\\nwhich, on February 21, 1S39, the inspectors appor-\\ntioned as follows\\nDist.\\nScholars.\\nAmount.\\nDist.\\nScholars.\\nAmount.\\nI.\\n225\\n$144.00\\n5-\\n299\\n$191.36\\n2.\\n372\\n238.08\\n6.\\n245\\nI 56. So\\n3-\\n193\\n123.52\\n7-\\n417\\n266.88\\n4-\\n346\\n221.44\\nThe average was\\nsixty-four cents for\\neach of the 2,097 chil-\\ndren reported by the\\nschool census.\\nIn February, teach-\\ners certificates were\\nissued to J. T. Blois,\\nCharles Chambers,\\nand Rowley Morris,\\nand during the year\\nto John Winchell,\\nLorenzo Wood, C. C.\\nRood, and Harriet M.\\nan Ingen. On April\\n1 5 John Farmer, A.\\n\\\\V. Buel, and Thomas\\nChristian were elect-\\ned school inspectors,\\nMr. Farmer again be-\\ncoming chairman of\\nthe board.\\nIn 1839 schools were taught for six months in all\\nof the districts except the fourth, and there the\\nschool was maintained for eight months and nine days.\\nFollowing are the names of the directors and\\nmoderators! and the statistics for 1839:\\nChildren be- Attending\\nMAlL-rati.li, tween sand 17. school.\\nFirst\\nThe year 1S39 marked a gi;eat increase of interest,\\nas is evident from the reports of the amounts voted\\nand raised in the several districts. District No. i\\nvoted $820, and received from the inspectors $90.\\nDistrict No. 2 was assessed $750 for school pur-\\nposes, $500 of this amount to build a school-house,\\nand received $175 from the inspectors. District No.\\n3 raised $800, and received $123.52 from the inspec-\\ntors. District No. 4 raised $744.69, appropriated\\n$500 of it for a school-house, and received from the\\ninspectors .I193. District No. 5 voted $250, and\\nreceived from the inspectors $191.36. No report\\ncan be found from No. 6 it probably had no school.\\nDistrict No. 7 voted S600, of which $500 was to build\\na house, and received $266.88 from the inspectors.\\nThe report of the\\nSuperintendent of\\nPublic Instruction for\\n1839 shows a total\\nof $3,426 raised in\\nthe city to build four\\nhouses and support\\nschools, and that the\\ndirectors received\\n$1,039.76 as primary\\nschool money from\\nthe inspectors.\\nThe report of the\\ntreasurer of the in-\\nspectors for 1839,\\nmade March 12, 1840,\\nshows that the entire\\namount of $1,342.06,\\nPrimary School Fund,\\nappropriated by the\\nboard in February,\\n1839, to the several\\ndistricts, had passed through his hands, and also\\nthat $854 was received from the same fund for\\n1S40. This amount was apportioned by the inspec-\\ntors, February 22, 1840, as follows:\\nBUILIJIN(; OCCITPIEU IJY A Kk1-K PuKLlC ScHUOJ,\\nWOODHRIDCE StREKT, NEAR SlIKLUV.\\nLJist. Director.\\n1. A. Hartshorn,\\n2. J. Owen,\\nT. Christian,\\nJ. Farmer,\\nE. Bancroft,\\nD. French,\\nH. Hallock,\\nJ. Eldred,\\nJ. Palmer,\\nJ. H. Titus,\\nA. Dequindre,\\nRobert Stuart,\\n220\\n363\\n185\\n412\\n234\\n214\\n350\\n85\\n137\\n80\\n155\\n85\\n85\\n60\\nDist.\\nI.\\n2,\\n3-\\n4-\\nTotal\\nScholars,\\n220\\n363\\n1S5\\n412\\nAmount.\\nI 92.32\\n152.33\\n77.64\\n172.90\\nDist, Scholars.\\n5-\\n6.\\n7-\\nS.\\n234\\n214\\n350\\n57\\nAmouiil.\\n98.20\\n89.81\\n146.8S\\n23.92\\n2035 $854.00\\nA total of 687 white children attended these\\nschools, and the school census showed 2,138 chil-\\ndren between the ages of five and seventeen.\\nA colored school, known as District No. 8, was\\nestablished in 1839, but received no appropriation\\nuntil 1840.\\nIn April, 1840, at the regular city election, John\\nFarmer, S. Barstow, and T. Christian were elected\\nas inspectors, Mr. Farmer was continued as chair-\\nman, and also acted this year as treasurer of the\\nboard, director of a dfetrict, and teacher of one of\\nthe schools, receiving as teacher a salary of $40 per\\nmonth. The school was located in the rear of his\\nresidence on Farmer Street, and among his pupils", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0790.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "THE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS.\\n739\\nwas Anson I5iirlin),rame, afterwards United States\\nMinister to China.\\nOn January 6, 1840. a teacher s certificate was\\nissued to William Phelps, and during the year cer-\\ntificates were issued to E. Doty, James H. Welling,\\nEliza Toser, and John M. Davis.\\nThe total number of scholars attending the dis-\\ntrict schools this year was 895, a gain of 208. The\\nlength of the school terms was determined in each\\ndistrict by the amount of money in its treasury,\\nand as a consequence the several districts reported\\nschools as kept open four, five, si.\\\\, seven, seven\\nand one half, and nine months respectively.\\nIn addition to the Primary School Fund, the sum\\nof S825 was e.xpended in the several districts, $425\\nof which was paid on a house and lot for District\\nNo. 2 $100 for finishing a building for a school in\\nDistrict No. 7 the balance of I300 was expended\\nfor rent and repairs.\\nThe names of the district officers, and the statis-\\ntics for I S40, are as follows\\nChildren\\nbetweL-n Attt^ndiny\\nDist. Director. Moderator. sand 17. School.\\n1. 220 90\\n2. J.Owen. John Palmer. 331 57\\n3. T. Christian. 209 124\\n4. J. Farmer. C.Jackson. 406 156\\n5. J. Watson. F. II. Stearns. 198 70\\n6. D. French. J. Stewart. 217 163\\n7. j.WinchcU. J.Winchell. 455 235\\nTotal 2036 895\\nThe amount of money accruing from the State\\nPrimary School Fund continued to decrease. Only\\n$473.93 was received in 1S41, but little more than\\nhalf as much as was received the year previous, and\\nthe schools suffered accordingly. The amount was\\napportioned as follows\\nexcept numbers i and 6. from three to nine months.\\nThe entire number of scholars and the average at-\\ntendance was as follow s\\nDist.\\nScholars.\\nAmount.\\nDist.\\nScholars.\\nAmuiint.\\nI.\\n220\\nI49.82\\n5-\\n198\\n$44.83\\n1\\n331\\n74-95\\n6.\\n217\\n49- 3\\n3-\\n209\\n47-33\\n7-\\n455\\n103.03\\n406\\nTotal\\nyi-93\\n8.\\n57\\n2,093\\n12.91\\n$473-93\\nOn March 20, 1 841, John Farmer, Samuel Bar-\\nstow, and Charles W. iiliams were elected school\\ninspectors. Mr. Farmer, for the fourth time, was\\nchosen chairman.\\nTeachers certificates were granted to William\\nMerrill and William Huntington. This year, by\\nlaw of April 6, provision was made authorizing the\\nelectors of a township to raise a school ta.\\\\ of one\\ndollar for each child between five and seventeen\\nyears of age. Schools were kept in all the districts.\\nDist.\\nChildren.\\nScholars.\\nDist.\\nChildren.\\nScholars.\\nI.\\n5-\\n237\\n30\\n2.\\n320\\n197\\n6.\\n3-\\n196\\n54\\n7-\\n417\\n13\\n4-\\n401\\n205\\n8.\\n88\\n70\\nThe school in District No. 7 was taught by Wil-\\nliam Huntington, who began teaching about No-\\nvember I, on a salary of $100 a quarter. This dis-\\ntrict was the only one that owned a school-house\\nthe money raised in 183910 build four houses had\\nnot been used, and most of it was in possession of\\nthe district officers as late as April, 1842. Mr. Hun-\\ntington taught about two months, his school num-\\nbering one hundred and fifty-Jive scholars the\\nlargest number present at any one time was eighty.\\ni\\\\Iost of them were small children, twenty being in\\nthe alphabet class. With the termination of Mr.\\nHuntington s ser\\\\ ices, district schools ceased in De-\\ntroit.\\nDuring these years the establishment of a more\\nthorough system of education was felt as an increas-\\ning necessity, and on September 14, 1841, the Com-\\nmon Council, on motion of Alderman Fiske, ap-\\npointed a committee, consisting of Z. Pitcher, mayor,\\nand Aldermen Fiske and Moran, to take the school\\nsystem under consideration and report upon the\\npossibility of devising a more perfect system. This\\ncommittee reported to the council on November 18\\nthat there were 1,850 children who ought to be in\\nschool at least half the year that there were in the\\ncity twenty-seven schools of all kinds, with 714\\npupils, who were educated at a cost of $12,600 per\\nannum, an average of $18 each. The committee\\nrecommended that the Common Council petition\\nthe Legislature for power to raise money for the\\nsupport of the schools by direct taxation, and to\\nprovide for a Board of Education. The report was\\nordered printed, and on November 23, 1841, was\\ntaken up and re-committed, the city attorney being\\nadded to the committee.\\nAt a meeting of the council on January 4. 1842,\\nthe committee reported, and the mayor was then, on\\nmotion of Alderman Chittenden, requested to call a\\nmeeting of citizens to consider the propriety of peti-\\ntioning for authority to establish free schools. The\\nmeeting was held on January 12, 1842, and on\\nmotion of S. Barstow, it was resolved to seek\\nauthority to raise a tax, not exceeding one fourth of\\none per cent on the assessed valuation of property,\\nfor the support of free schools also for power to\\nelect two persons from each ward as a school com-\\nmittee, or Board of Education, with power to", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0791.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "740\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nappoint teachers and provide for the management\\nof schools.\\nThe resokitions were discussed by J. I-i. Williams,\\nZ. Pitcher, E. P. Hastings, John Farmer, and A. T.\\nMcRevnolds, and then adopted. On January i8,\\n1842, the council appointed a committee of three,\\nconsisting of Aldermen Bagg, Gooding, and Cicotte,\\nto present the subject to the Legislature.\\nThe proposed ta.xation and the new methods\\nrecommended did not meet the approval of all the\\ncitizens, and in order to remove their objections and\\nto intluence the Legislature, a public meeting was\\nheld at the City Hall on February 7, 1842. The\\nfollowing notice was posted about the city previous\\nto the meeting\\nFuRE Education.\\nIntclligL-ncf for Ihe poor equally with the rich. The friends of\\nfree education and all others arc invili-d to meet at the City Hall.\\nLet every man who is in favor of free education turn out Intel-\\nligence and Liberty must go hand in hand.\\nMany Citizens.\\nThis meeting was productive of good, and many\\ndoubtful ones were persuaded to favor the proposed\\nschools.\\nTHE BIJ. VRI) OF EDUCATION, IT.S SCHOOLS AND\\nITS MAXAC.KMENT.\\nThis board was provided for by Act of February\\n18, 1S42. Twelve inspectors were to be elected,\\ntwo from each ward, and were to have control of\\nthe public schools of the city. They were duly\\nelected, and the board organized, and the following\\nadvertisement soon appeared\\nNotice is hereby given that Free Schools, under the IJoard of\\nEducation, will be opened on Monday, May i6, 1842, in the First\\nand Si.xth Wards. Miss Sarah M. Slandish in charge of Si-xth\\nWard School, Miss Diantha Howland of First Ward. The\\nschools will be free to all children within the respective wards.\\nApplications for admission may be made to the undersigned.\\nJl sTUS Ingersoi.l,\\nWilliam Patterson,\\nW. E. Stearns.\\nThe following additional notice appeared soon\\nafterwards\\nNotice is hereby given that Primary Schools under the Board\\nof Education of the City of Detroit will be opened .Monday. May\\n23, 1842, in the Second, Third, and Fourth Wards. A school in\\nthe Fifth Ward will be opened as soon as a suitable room can be\\nobtained.\\nJohn S. Abbotp, Sit\\\\v.\\nThe members of the board were energetic, and\\non November i middle schools were opened with\\nfive hundred scholars, and provided with male\\nteachers, who were paid $30 per month; the lady\\nteachers for primaries were paid $18 per month.\\nThe results of the first year s efforts are indicated\\nin the following extract from an editorial in The\\nDetroit Gazette\\nBoard of Education and Detroit Schools.\\nThis boaid was established by a law of the last session of the\\nLegislature, and, as usual with most features of Legislation for\\nthe public good, met with opposition. The excellent choice made\\nby our citizens, however, of Inspectors, and the bold and decisive\\nmeasures adopted by them, on their first organization, had the\\neffect to make the opposition to the proposed system falter and\\nhesitate in their movements. The Primary schools were open for\\nsi.x months in the si.x several wards for the younger class of scholars,\\nand the immediate consequence was the clearing of our avenues,\\nstreets and lanes of ragged, filthy children, engaged in e\\\\ ery\\nspecies of mischief, and growing up the pupils of depravity and\\ncrime. The second view presented the same children cleanly\\nclad, inmates of school rooms, and the third exhibited them in\\nconnection with children of what is termed the better classes of\\nsociety, contending for superiority, and finally the schools for the\\nsummer closed with universal satisfaction. The middle orwinter\\nschools are now in successful operation.\\nThere are si.x of these establishments one in each ward pro-\\nvided with excellent teachers, comfortable rooms, and every thing\\na parent can desire, and all free.\\nOn May 12, 1842, the board adopted the follow-\\ning list of books to be used in the primary schools\\nWebster s .Spelling Book, Sander s Series of I-^ead-\\ners, Parley s First Book of History, Davies Arith-\\nmetic, and Smith s Geography and Grammar.\\nIn the middle schools the following were used\\nHazen s Definer, Daboll s and Adams Arithmetics,\\nParley s Common School History,- Colburn s Alge-\\nbra, The English Reader, Olmstead s Philosophy,\\nHale s United States History, and Hoskins Astron-\\nomy. Instruction was also given in French and\\nLatin to those desiring to pursue these studies. In\\n1843 Brown s Grammar was substituted for Smith s.\\nOn May 6, 1844, the text-book war was inau-\\ngurated by Mr. Hulbert, who offered a resolution\\nproviding that either the Douay or Protestant Bible,\\nwithout note or comment, might be introduced into\\nthe schools, and classed as a book authorized for\\nuse in said schools, provided that no coercion should\\nbe used on the part of teachers to secure the .study\\nor reading by scholars whose parents objected. Up\\nto this time the Bible had been excluded from the\\nschools, and the proposition of Mr. Hulbert e.xcited\\na storm of opposition from both parties, as neither\\nCatholics nor Protestants were vi illing to have the\\ntwo versions placed on an equal footing.\\nOn June 13, 1844, a numerously signed petition,\\nasking for the introduction of the English version\\ninto the schools, was referred to the Committee on\\nSchool ISooks and Teachers, which then consisted of\\nMessrs. S. Barstow, Elisha Taylor, and John Farmer.\\nOn December 2, the committee submitted two very\\nlengthy reports, the majority report, signed by\\nMessrs. Barstow and Taylor, accompanied with the\\nfollowing resolutions\\nKesflivfd^ that it is not expedient to grant the prayer of the\\npetitioners, by which they demand the adoption of the Protes-\\ntant version of the Bible only, to the exclusion of the Catholic,\\nto be used in the schools under the direction of this board.\\nResolved^ that it is not expedient to introduce any alteration in", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0792.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF F.nUCATION.\\n741\\nour school system during tht- present school year, and that whatever\\naction may be had should have reference to, and lake elTect only\\non the commencement of a new school year.\\nThe minority report of Mr. Farmer was supple-\\nmented with the followinsi^ resolution\\n/xi srh f-tf, that the Bible, without note or comment, shall here-\\nafter constitute one of the books which may be used in our pub-\\nlic schools, as occasion requires, by children whose parents require\\nit, without explanation verbal or written, but shall not l)ere([uired\\nto be used by children of such parents or guardians as object\\nthereto.\\nBoth of the reports were ordered printed, pro-\\nvided it could be done without cost to the board,\\nand several thousand copies were soon issued in\\npamphlet form, and greatly increased the interest in\\nthe question. Neither of the reports, however, was\\nadopted. Meantime several teachers commenced\\nreading the Bible at the opening and closing of their\\nschools, and a majority of the board sanctioned\\ntheir action. Matters remained in this unsettled\\nstate until February 3. 1845. when the board adopted\\nthe following resolutions, and ordered them pub-\\nlished in the daily papers\\nResflt- ed, that there is nothing in the rules or by-l.tws at all\\nconflicting with the right of any teacher in the employment of\\nthis Board opening his or her school by reading, without note or\\ncomment, from any version of the Bible they may choose, either\\nCatholic or Protestant.\\nResolved^ that the teacher who shall in any way note, comment,\\nor remark, in his or her school, upon a passage of Scripture read\\ntherein, or other passage of Scripture, shall be removed from his\\nor her school upon the pioof being made to the committe of his\\nor her school; the decision of said committee, however, being\\nsubject to the action of the Board.\\nThese resolutions have governed the action of the\\nteachers since that date, and at the discretion of the\\nteachers both reading the Scripture and prayer may\\nform part of the opening e.xercises, but in a majority\\nof cases these exercises are omitted.\\nOn May i, 1845, Root s Series of Writing Books\\nwas adopted, and on July 1 5 Mitchell s Outline Maps\\nwere ordered for the schools. On November 25 of\\nthe same year McGuffey s Eclectic Series of Readers\\nwas introduced in place of Sanders The Second\\nSeries of Ray s Arithmetics were adopted on the\\nsame date.\\nOn March 12, 1S46, it was voted to grant leave\\nto Mr. Batcher, who is interested in the publication\\nof school books, to present to the board such re-\\nmarks as he should deem expedient touching his\\nown publications. His address was presumably\\nconvincing, for on March 30 the board voted to use\\nBlois Ancient History and Town s Intellectual Al-\\ngebra.\\nThe next year another book agent must have ap-\\npeared, for on July 9, 1847, Town s Speller was\\nadopted in place of all others. On December 9 the\\nChild s First Book of Drawing was approved and\\nadopted, and one week later the board resolved to\\nco-operate with any citizens who wished to intro-\\nduce music into the school without cost. At\\nthe same meeting Winchester s Bookkeeping was\\nadopted, and it was resolved that Wilson s United\\nStates History should supersede Hale s. On April\\n7, 1848, it was voted to use Thompson s ,\\\\rithmetic\\nin place of all others.\\nColburn s Mental Arithmetic, Davies Algebra\\nand Geometry, Porter s Rhetorical Reader. Willard s\\n.School History. Robbins Outlines of History, Mc-\\nIntyre s Astronomy, Watts on the Mind, and Par-\\nker s Philosophy were all in use in 1S50.\\nWells Grammar was in use for a short time prior\\nto 1851, and in that year was superseded by Green s\\nFirst Lessons. O Brien s Geometrical Analysis was\\nadopted on November 8, 1S51. Mayhew s Book-\\nkeeping was adopted on January 9, 1852, and on\\nSeptember 16 it was agreed to supersede Thomp-\\nson s Arithmetic by Robinson s. Smith s Geo-\\ngraphies were adopted in place of Mitchell s on\\nJanuary 24, 1S54.\\nWelch s English Sentences was adopted April 26,\\n1855, and on May 30, 1855, it was voted that Shurt-\\nleff s Governmental Instructor should be introduced\\ninto the Union School by the principal teachers.\\nCornell s Geographies and Warren s Physical\\nGeography were introduced by vote of September\\n18, 1856. Cutler s Physiology was in u.se this same\\nyear. On December 31, 1859, Greenleaf s Arithme-\\ntic was substituted for Robinson s. In 1861 Loomis\\nAlgebra was substituted for Davies Bourdon, and\\nFrieze s Virgil and Fasquelle s First Lessons in\\nFrench were introduced. On May 27, 1862, Robin-\\nson s Practical Arithmetic was reinstated in place of\\nGreenleaf s, and Robinson s Algebra also intro-\\nduced.\\nOn April 3, 1863, Sanders Speller was adopted\\nto supersede Hazen s, and on April 9, 1865, Mc-\\nGuffey j Readers took the place of the Progressive\\nReaders. Ouackenbos s History was adopted at\\nthe same time. On April 6, 1866, it was agreed to\\nuse Ray s Algebra. On November 9, 1868, the\\nentire series of Stoddard s Arithmetics were adopted,\\nand on December 6, 1869, it was agreed to intro-\\nduce the Bartholomew Drawing Cards, Webb s\\nWord Method, and Townsend s Civil Government.\\nOn September 2, 1872, the Primary and Second\\nand Third Music Readers were adopted in place of\\nthe Song Garden. Payson, Dunton Company s\\nCopy Books were adopted November 11, 1872, and\\nLossing s Primary United States History and the\\nfirst four books of the Independent Series of Read-\\ners in place of McGuffey s on September i, 1873.\\nThe Walter Smith Drawing Cards were substituted\\nfor the Bartholomew Series on October 6, 1873.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0793.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "742\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nSwinton s Word Primer and Language Lessons,\\nHooker s Book of Nature, and Our World Geog-\\nraphy were adopted August 20, 1875.\\nIn March, 1875, a lengthy and persistent effort\\nwas made to secure the teaching of German and\\nFrench in the schools, but the effort was unsuc-\\ncessful.\\nAlden s Citizen s Manual and Barnes s Brief His-\\ntory were introduced by vote of April 14, 1876.\\nPatterson s Speller took the place of Sanders on\\nMay 12, 1879. The Fish-Robinson Arithmetic was\\nadopted May 10, 1880, and the Bartholomew Draw-\\ning Series reinstated on July 22, 18S0. On March\\n9, 1882, the Bartholomew Series was again dis-\\nplaced, and the Walter Smith Books substituted.\\nSill s Practical Lessons in English was adopted\\nAugust II, 1881. Swinton s Composition for the\\nHigh School, on May 23, 1882. On August 11,\\n1882, Avery s Natural Philosophy was substituted\\nfor Norton s, and at the same time Hutchinson s\\nPhysiology was introduced in the High .School\\ncourse. On August 10, 1882, Kellogg s Rhetoric\\nwas substituted for Hart s, and Ander.son s History\\nfor Swinton s in the High School course, and on\\nAugust 24 Thalheimer s History of the United\\nStates and Macallister s Zoology were adopted for\\nthe High School course. On November 9, 1882,\\nAppleton s Standard and Higher Geographies were\\nadopted in place of Cornell s. On January 25, 1883,\\nMcNab s Botany was adopted as a text-book for the\\nHigh School. On June 28, 1883, Ellsworth s Writ-\\ning Books were adopted in place of Payson, IJunton,\\nScribner s, and on August 23 following the last-\\nnamed series was again adopted. On this date also\\nthe use of Our World Geography was discontinued.\\nThe First and Second Readers of Barnes New\\nNational Series were adopted in place of the First\\nand Second Independent Series on October 25,\\n1883.\\nThe following books were adopted for the High\\nSchool on January 24, 1 884 Fairbank s Commer-\\ncial Arithmetic, Clark s Commercial Law, Town-\\nsend s Civil Government, Houston s Elementary Phi-\\nlosophy, and Gage s Elements of Physics. Barnes\\nThird Reader was adopted in place of the Inde-\\npendent Reader on March 13, 1884.\\nIn addition to the above books, various Spelling\\nBlanks, Tablets, and other school requisites are\\nused, but their use is sanctioned by consent rather\\nthan by rule of the board. On an order from an\\ninspector to the secretary, books are loaned to poor\\nchildren who are unable to procure them. The\\nbooks used in the latter part of 1S83 were: In Pri-\\nmary and Grammar .Schools. New National First\\nand Second Readers. Independent Third and Fourth\\nReaders Fish s First Book, and Complete .Arith-\\nmetic; Payson. Dunton, Scribner s Copy Books;\\nPatterson s Common School Speller; Walter Smith s\\nDrawing Books; Appleton s Geographies Hooker s\\nBook of Nature, three parts; Sill s Practical Les-\\n.sons in English; Barnes Brief History McGuffey s\\n.Si.\\\\th Reader; Alden s Citizens Manual and Inter-\\nmediate Music Reader. In the High School, Fish s\\nRobinson s Complete Arithmetic Alden s Citizens\\nManual; .Avery s Natural Philosophy; Wood s Ob-\\nject Lessons in Botany; Hutchinson s Physiology;\\nWayland s Intellectual Philosophy; Shaw s Hi.storj\\nof English Literature; Kellogg s Rhetoric; Smith s\\nHistory of Greece (smaller edition); Leighton s\\nHistory of Rome Anderson s School History of\\nEngland; Avery s Chemistry; OIney s Complete\\nSchool Algebra; OIney s Elements of Geometry;\\nJones First Lessons in Latin Jones Latin Prose\\nComposition Harkness Latin Grammar Hark-\\nness Caisar Harkness Cicero; Frieze s yEneid;\\nBoise s First Lessons in Greek; Jones Greek\\nProse Composition; Hadley s Greek Grammar;\\nBoise s Anabasis; Ahn s Henn s German Series;\\nWilliam Tell; Lessing s Minnavon; Barnihelm\\n(Whitney) Otto s French Grammar; Otto s French\\nReader; Chardenal s French Exercises, and Sou-\\nvestre s Philosophie sous les Toits.\\nAs at first established, no boy over eight or girl\\nover twelve was admitted to the Primary Schools,\\nand no boy under eight or girl under twelve was\\nadmitted to the Middle Schools. In 1850 the board\\ndecided to admit either boys or girls between the\\nages of ten and seventeen to the Middle Schools.\\nIn the Primary Departments children four and five\\nyears old were admitted until September 3, 1866,\\nwhen the board decided not to admit any child\\nunder six years of age. A kindergarten department\\nfor younger children was opened in the Everett\\nSchool in 1873, but after a few months it was dis-\\ncontinued.\\nDuring 1 883. in addition to the children of resi-\\ndents, there were one hundred and fifty-two non-\\nresident pupils. These are admitted on payment of\\ntwelve dollars a year in the Grammar Schools and\\ntwenty-four in the High School.\\nCertain limits are fi.xed for each school district,\\nwithin which all scholars of that school are supposed\\nto reside. The boundaries of school districts change\\nas new schools are opened, or as the population in\\nany locality increases.\\nSince 1875 one or more evening schools have\\nbeen maintained each winter for the accommoda-\\ntion of children or youth who are unable to attend\\nschool during the day.\\nThe statistics show that the percentage of schol-\\nars enrolled, and also of the average attendance as\\ncompared with the total number of children in the\\ncity, was six per cent less in 1870 and 1880 than in\\n1850 or i860. A comparison for the same periods", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0794.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "TIIF. BOARD OF EDUCATION\\n743\\nas to the seating capacity, in iumparison witli tlie\\ntotal number of children in the city, shows an aver-\\nage decrease of eight per cent in number of sittings\\nfor each decade of 1870 and 1880, as compared with\\nlS5oand i860. The attendance of scholars is there-\\nfore proportionately better the last two decades than\\nin the two former.\\nIn 1850 the average attendance showed one hun-\\ndred and fifteen pupils to each teacher; in i860\\nthere were but sixty to each teacher; in 1870 the\\nnumber averaged fifty-two, and in 1880 there were\\nbut forty-six scholars for each teacher.\\nThe growth in yearly expense per capita for en-\\nrolled scholars is as follows: in 1850 the cost was\\n$1.88 per scholar in i860, $6.91 in 1870. $15.42;\\nand in 1880, 1 14.00.\\nThe comfort and health of the scholars is pro-\\nvided for by having the seats so arranged that the\\nlight falls on the desks from the rear. In order to\\nprevent the .spread of contagious diseases, pupils,\\nbefore admission, are required to exhibit a physi-\\ncian s certificate of vaccination, and all pupils from\\nhouses infected by small-pox are excluded until\\nthirty days after removal from the house, by the\\nBoard of Health, of the small-pox signal. Pupils\\ncoming from houses where the scarlet fever exists\\nare excluded until twenty days after the removal of\\nthe placard, and for ten days from houses where the\\ndiphtheria exists and in the case of mumps,\\nwhooping-cough, and chicken-pox, scholars are ex-\\ncluded until the patient has completely recovered\\nin the case of measles until the recovery of the\\npatient, and the patient until ten days after recovery.\\nThe school census, or enumeration of school-\\nchildren in the city between the ages of five and\\ntwenty, and also those not attending any school, is\\ntaken during the month of September by persons\\nappointed by the president of the board. Under a\\nlaw approved May 31, 1883, all children between\\neight and fourteen are required to attend school at\\nleast four months in a year, and all persons are for-\\nbidden to employ any child under fourteen years of\\nage, who has not attended school at least four\\nmonths during the year next preceding the month\\nof their proposed employment. The same law also\\nprovided that special ungraded schools might be es-\\ntablished for children whose habits or morals make\\nthem undesirable pupils in the public schools. Under\\nthis law a school of this class was opened by the\\nboard in a building on State Street, near Washing-\\nton Avenue, on October 8, 1883, with M. J. Whitney\\nas the teacher.\\nAt first there was but two grades of public\\nschools, namely. Primary and Middle, six of each.\\nOn Ajiril 23. 1844, after an elaborate report from a\\n.special committee of which Samuel Barstow was\\nchairman, it was decided to have six Primary and\\nonly three Mitldle Schools. On April 16. 1845,11\\nwas decided to increase the number of Primaries\\nto eight. In 1848 there were thirteen Primar\\\\- and\\nfour Middle Schools. In 1849 t- ie Union System,\\nor the gathering of both Primary and Middle\\nSchools under one roof, was adopted. The Capitol\\nSchool was the first of this kind. But little uni-\\nformity existed in the course of study until August\\n13, 1858; a system then presented by D. Bethune\\nDufficld provided for the regular progression of\\npupils of like grades in all the .schools. The plan\\nmet with favor, and all the pupils were classified\\ninto primary, secondary, junior, and senior grades.\\nAfter the establishment of the High School, that\\nbecame the fifth grade. To complete the course of\\nstudy required two years in each of the first three\\ngrades, and three years each in the senior and high-\\nschool grades.\\nIn 1873 a system of classification was established\\ndividing the schools into three departments, viz.,\\nPrimary, Grammar, and High Schools. The studies\\nin each of these departments extend over four years,\\nand twelve years are required to complete the entire\\ncourse, the studies for each year constituting a\\ngrade.\\nIn 1848 the schools opened at 7:30 a. m. About\\n1850 the time of opening was changed to 8 A. M.\\nIn 1S60 they began at 8:45, ^fd since 1872 at 8:50\\nA. M., closing at 12:15. Afternoon sessions begin\\nat 1:50, and close at 4 P. m. School sessions were\\nformerly held on Saturday mornings, the time being\\ndevoted to exercises in declamation and composition,\\nbut since May 5, 1852, this morning session has been\\nleft at the option of the teachers.\\nThe schools first opened were in session but six\\nmonths, divided into two terms of three months\\neach with one week of vacation intervening. On\\nApril 22, 1844, the board decided to continue the\\nschools through the year, dividing the year into four\\nterms of twelve weeks each. Five years later, on\\nMarch 21, 1849, it was resolved to have but two\\nterms a year, one to begin the first Monday in May,\\nand to continue twenty-three weeks, with a vacation\\nof three weeks, beginning the first Monday in\\nAugust. After the second term of twenty-three\\nweeks there was a vacation of eight days, commenc-\\ning at Christmas. On September 14 of the same\\nyear it was decided to have three terms, the first to\\ncommence the second Monday after the third Satur-\\nday in April, and to close the fourth Saturday in\\nJuly the second to begin on the fifth Monday after\\nthe fourth Saturday in July, and close the last Satur-\\nday before Christmas and the third to bei, in on\\nthe fir.st Monday after the first day of January, and\\nto close the third Saturday in Ajiril.\\nOn March 27, 1862, the board resolved that the\\nspring term should begin April 14, and continue", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0795.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "744\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\neleven weeks. On December 30. 1S64. the terms\\nwere arranged as follows Winter term to begin\\nJ.inuary 9, and close March 31. Spring term to\\nbegin April 10, and close June 30. Fall term to\\nbegin August 28 and end December 15. In 1S83\\nthe terms began the first weeks of February and\\nSeptember, each term continuing for a period of\\ntwenty weeks.\\nDuring the time that the public schools have been\\nin operation a great number of different persons\\nhave acted as teachers, and many of them live in\\nthe hearts and memories of their pupils as true\\nfriends and helpers. The one longest in the employ\\nof the board, and, by reason of his valuable ser-\\nvices, the most worthy of honorable mention, was\\nJohn F. Nichols. From May i, 1848, to 1883, with\\nthe exception of a single year, he taught continu-\\nously in the public schools of Detroit. He died on\\nJanuary 7, 18S3. His former pupils honored his\\nmemory by organizing a Nichols Alumni Associa-\\ntion.\\nThe following resolution, adopted by the board\\non April 26, 1S49, will be a reminder to some of\\nhis old pupils\\nResolved, that Mr. Nichols be empowered to exercise supen-i-\\nsion oi both the middle and primary schools in the building on\\nMiami Avenue, in all matters of classification and external dis-\\ncipline.\\nThere can be no doubt that the authority con-\\nferred was made use of, and not a few now living\\nhave reason to remember the long finger pointing to\\nthat boy there. and the subsequent interview in\\nthe side room. Tender memories are connected\\nwith these interviews, but the discipline was usually\\ntempered with mercy.\\nOn December 12, 1S59, the board provided that\\nthe teachers should meet in an upper room of the\\nCapitol at 2 i m. on the first Saturday of each\\nmonth for improvement and instruction. These\\nmeetings were continued until about 1868.\\nOn .-Xugust 20, i860, on motion of Mr. Walker,\\nit was\\nResolved, tliat it he in future a part of the policy of this Board\\nthat marriage on the part of any female teacher be equivalent to\\niier resignation.\\nA more patriotic resolution was passed on No-\\nvember 13, 1S62. It read as follows;\\nResolved, that the Board of Education for the City of Detroit\\nwill not employ any person as teacher, officer, or laborer who has\\nasked exemption from the Draft on account of any allegiance to\\nany foreign power, and all such if any now in the employ of this\\nBoard shall be dismissed from ser\\\\ ice, the same to take effect\\nfrom the close of the present term.\\nPrincipals of schools are paid from $850 to ^1,500,\\naccording to position and years of service. Under\\nteachers are paid from $300 to $700, according to\\nthe number of years they have been einployed in\\ncity schools. A training and practice class for teach-\\ners was established in 1882, and has been productive\\nof much benefit. A teachers association was also\\norganized in 1882.\\nThe first special teacher employed was H. H.\\nPhilbrick. For his ser\\\\-ices as teacher of music an\\nappropriation of fifteen dollars was made on Sep-\\ntember 14, 1849. On December 28, 1850, the sum\\nof twenty-five dollars was appropriated to Charles\\nHess, payable in June ne.xt, in full for his services\\nas musical instructor in Seventh Ward Union and\\nCapitol .Schools. In the following Februar) fifty\\ndollars was voted to be used for the same purpose\\nat the di.scretion of the committee. Four years\\nlater, on March 19, 1855, the board, more apprecia-\\ntive or more generous, voted to employ a teacher\\nin music, provided that not more than tliree hundred\\ndollars be expended for any one year. Under this\\nresolution a Mr. Thompson served for a time, and\\nwas succeeded by Professor T. M. Towne, who\\nfilled the office from the spring of 1859 to 1861.\\nOn October 2, 1871, the salary was raised from\\n\u00c2\u00a7600 to $1,200, and Professor S. S. Jackson wasap-\\npointed teacher. On August 9, 1875, the salary\\nwas fixed at $1,000, and Professor E. C. Gore was\\nappointed teacher, and served until his death in 1884.\\nA fecial teacher of writing was provided in\\n1846, and on August 10 Mr. Dixon was voted thirty\\ndollars for his services in the Middle Schools. No\\nrecord has been found of other writing teachers\\nuntil April 4, 1870, when A. J. Newby was ap-\\npointed teacher of penmanship at a salary of $1,200\\nper year; he continued until December i, 1877,\\nsince which time no other has been appointed.\\nOn November 25, 1879, Professor John Natus\\nwas appointed teacher of drawing at a salary of\\n$1,000. His term ceased in June, 1881. and Miss\\nMinnie O Connor succeeded him. On September i,\\n18S2, she was succeeded by Miss Myra M. Jones.\\nA teacher of reading was jjrovided for, and E.B.\\nWarman appointed on June 24, 1880; he taught\\nuntil the summer of 1881, since which time no\\nspecial teacher of elocution has been employed.\\nWhen the board commenced its work it was\\ncompelled to use rented buildings, and for long\\nperiods of time the basements of churches and\\nother hired buildings served as school-rooms. In\\n1842 four buildings were rented at a cost of $160 a\\nyear one of these was on the corner of Clinton\\nand Brush Streets, and another on the northwest\\ncorner of Jefferson Avenue and First Street. On\\nNovember 9, 1842, the Council authorized the board\\nto fit up the old Washington Market, corner of Larned\\nand Wayne Streets, for school purposes. .Se\\\\ enty-\\nfive dollars were expended, and a school was held in\\nthe building until the middle of May, 1847. From", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0796.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "THE ROARD OF EDUCATION.\\n745\\n1S44 to the fall of 1S5S the old University building\\nwas also usetl.\\nThe onlv building owned by the board in 1842\\nwas located on Fort Street East, on the lot occupied\\nOld Second W\\ni.ic School.\\nin 1882 by the Everett School. The old building\\ncontinued in use until 1869, when it was sold for\\nS39. The first school-house built by the board was\\nerected in 1843, on West Park near Grand River\\nAvenue, at a cost of $54\u00c2\u00b0. It was removed in\\nAugust, 1855. Up to 1847 the board owned but\\nthree houses in that year the old State Capitol was\\nvacated, and on May 10 the board appointed a com-\\nmittee to memorialize the Common Council and\\nobtain it for school purposes. Accordingly on July\\n9 Mr. Bishop presented a memorial, which was\\nreferred to a committee. The committee could not\\nagree that the city had any rights in the building,\\nand it seemed difficult to determine in whom the\\ntitle was vested. On November i. 1847. a com-\\nmittee of two was appointed by the board to confer\\nwith the governor, and if possible obtain possession.\\nVarious consultations were held, but no definite\\nconclusion was reached. Finally on January 28,\\n1848. the board appointed a committee to obtain\\npossession of the building, and on March 15 follow-\\ning D. B. Duffield reported that the committee had\\ntaken possession, and that he, as secretary of the\\nboard, held the key. There being some doubts as\\nto whether the board had legal possession, on April\\n24 the president was directed to get a lease from\\nthe governor, and to have the lease drawn in such\\nmanner as to avoid the recognition by the board of\\nany title in the State to said building.\\nAfter duly considering the subject it was decided\\nthat, inasmuch as the board was in peaceable pos-\\nsession, a lease was unnecessary. On May i the\\norder to obtain a lease was rescinded, and to this\\nday the building has remained in pQssession of the\\nboard.\\nW hile the board were engaged in this Capitol\\nsteal, they granted tlie use of other buildings for\\nSabbath-school purposes. The city fathers con-\\ncluded that the schools would make good polling-\\nplaces for some of the wards, and sought to pro-\\ncure them for the purpose. The board, reasoning\\nthat such use would conflict with their use as\\nschools, and connect them more intimately with\\npolitical matters than was desirable, on December\\n18, 184S, resolved not to allow use of school-\\nhouses or grounds for any other purposes than that\\nof Sabbath schools, and the teachers of the board\\nwere instructed to withhold the keys of their several\\nschools from the olficers of the corporation desiring\\nto use the buildings for election purposes. The\\ngranting of the buildings for Sunday-school use\\nceased about 1865.\\nIn 1857, by the addition of the Ninth and Tenth\\nWards, the board came into possession of a house\\nin the Tenth Ward, and of school-houses and lots\\non Trowbridge. Thompson, and Lafontaine .Streets.\\nThe first Union School building erected by the\\nboard was the Barstow it was opened in May,\\n1850, and was the first building supplied with patent\\nseats, which were added five years after the school\\nwas opened. The Barstow was also the first school\\nbuilding designated by the name of an individual\\nit was named in honor of Samuel Barstow, in ac-\\nThe Barstow School.\\ncordance with a formal resolution offered by Le\\\\n\\nBishop on August 22. 1855.\\nThe Houghton .School, erected at a cost of $7. 500,\\nwas the second Union School edifice built by the", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0797.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "746\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nboard, and was opened in the fall of 1S53, and re-\\nbuilt in 1872. It was originally called the Eighth\\nWard School, but on March 5. 1866, the name was\\nchanged to Hougliton in honor of Douglass Hough-\\nton, the first president of the board.\\nThe Houghton School.\\nOther schools have been named as follows the\\nBishop, after Levi Bishop, one of the presidents of\\nthe board Cass, after Lewis Cass, who gave the\\nground Franklin, after Benjamin Franklin Duf-\\nfield, after D. B. Duffield, an e.x-president of the\\nboard; Irving, after Washington Irving; Tappan,\\nafter Henry P. Tappan, e.x-president of the Llni-\\nversity Everett, after Hon. Edward Everett Wil-\\nkins, after William D. Wilkins, ex-president of the\\nboard Washington, after the hero of the cherry-\\nThe Tappan School.\\ntree Pitcher, after Dr. Zina Pitcher, an active\\nworker in the organization of the board Lincoln,\\nafter Abraham Lincoln Jefferson, after Thomas\\nJefferson Clay, after Henry Clay Campbell, after\\nJudge J. V. Campbell Jackson, after Andrew Jack-\\nson Webster, after Daniel Webster John Owen,\\nafter John Owen, ex-State Treasurer; John Norvell,\\nafter John Norvell, ex-United States senator; Fir-\\nnane, after Michael Firnane, cx-prcsident of the\\nboard Trowbridge, after Charles C. Trowbridge, it\\nbeing located on a street formerly called by his name\\nFarrand, after D. O. Farrand, a prominent physician\\nNichols, after John F. Nichols, the teacher; John-\\nston, after James Johnston, former .school inspector;\\nBagley, after ex-Governor John J. Bagley.\\nThe buildings are cared for by janitors appointed\\nfor each. Formerly the janitor lived in the building,\\nbut on Augu.st 15, 1877, the board decided that\\nthereafter no janitor should be allowed to live in the\\nschool buildings. The pay ranges from %io to$loo\\nper month, and the amount paid out for their ser-\\nvices is about $13,000 per year.\\n-^J-\\nLW -E,^,^\u00c2\u00ab.ta.\\nThe Jackson School.\\nIn 1S63, owing to lack of school accommodations,\\nit was resolved to try the half-day plan. It was put\\ninto successful operation in eight Primary Schools,\\nand on September 3, 1866, the superintendent was\\nauthorized to organize every Primary School on this\\nplan, which was put into operation the same year\\nin fourteen Primaries, and some schools have been\\nconducted in this way nearly every year.\\nFollowing is a list of buildings owned by the\\nboard\\nBarstow Earned, between Riopelle and Russell\\nStreets, three-storj brick, with basement built\\n1871.\\nBishop Marion, between Hastings and Prospect\\nStreets, three-stor)- brick, with basement built\\n1858-1881.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0798.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\n747\\nCass Grand River Avenue, between Seconti and\\nHigh Streets, tiiree-story brick, witli basement\\nbm it 1 861-1882.\\nClay Pitcher, between Cass and Second Streets,\\ntwo-story, frame; built 1873.\\nCampbell St. Aubin Avenue, opposite Witherell,\\ntwo-story frame built 1874.\\nClinton Clinton, between Russell and Kivard\\nStreets, two-story brick, with basement built 1876.\\nDuffield Clinton .Avenue, near Chene, three-\\nstory brick, with basement built 1 866.\\nEverett: Fort, between Hastinjjs and Kivard\\nStreets, tliree-stor\\\\- brick, with basement built\\n1869.\\nFranklin Seventh, between Locust and fine\\nStreets, two-story brick, with basement built 1S65.\\nFirnane Fort Street, between McDougall and\\nElmwood .A\\\\-enues, two-story wood built 1 882.\\nFarrand 1 larper Avenue, on southwest corner of\\nJohn R. Street, two-story brick; built 1883-18S4.\\nThe John Owen School.\\nHigh Corner State and Oris wold Streets, new\\nthree-story hou.se, with basement, built 1875, Old\\ntwo-story house, built 1828.\\nHoughton Corner of Sixth and \\\\bbott Streets,\\nthree-story brick, with basement under half built\\n1852.\\nIr\\\\-ing Willis venue, between Woodward and\\nCa.ss, two-story brick built 1S82.\\nJefferson Corner Maria and Crawford Streets,\\nthree-story brick, with basement, built 1871.\\nJackson Lamed, between Dubois and Chene\\nStreets, two-story frame used since 1S59.\\nJohn Owen Corner of Thirteenth and Myrtle\\nStrect.s, two-story brick, with basement built 1879.\\nJohnston: German Street, between Dubois and\\nChene Streets, two-story brick built 1 884.\\nLincoln Corner St. .-\\\\ntoine and Kentucky Streets,\\ntwo-story frame; built 1872.\\nMiami .Avenue: Miami Avenue, between Grand\\nRiver and Gratiot, one-story brick built 1859.\\nThe N1CH01.S School.\\nNor% ell: On Berlin and Arndt, near McDougall\\nAvenue, two-story brick, with basement built 1879.\\nNichols On Elm, between Seventh Street and\\nTrumbull Avenue, two-story frame built 1 868-1 883.\\nPitcher: Sulliv,^n Avenue, near Michigan, three-\\nstory brick, with basement built 1871.\\nTappan Corner Thirteenth and Marantette\\nStreets, three-story brick built 1867.\\nTrowbridge Seventeenth Street, near Howard,\\ntwo-story brick built 1857.\\nThe Campbell School.\\nWashington: Beaubien .Street, between Adams\\nAvenue and Harriet Street, three-storv brick, with\\nbasement; built 1871.\\nWilkins: Porter, between Second and Third\\nStreets, three-story lirick with basement iniilt I S69.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0799.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "748\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION\\nWebster: Twenty-first, between Howard and\\nMarquette .Streets, two-story brick, with basement\\nbuilt 1874.\\nTlllv WlLKINS SCUOOI,,\\nCaglcy: Corner Fourteenth Avenue .-uid Pine\\nStreet, two-story brick built 1SS4.\\nCorner of Fourteenth and Il. uieock\\nAvenues, one-story frame built 1 884.\\nA site for a building has also been purchased c n\\nthe northwest corner of Twelfth and ririg;ham\\nStreets.\\nThe outside appearauce is the same of the Ever-\\nett and Wilkins Scliools, Pitcher and Barstow, Clay\\nThe I.iNCi)!.:: S^Hi n il.\\nand Campbell. Washington and Jefferson. The\\nJohn Owen. John Xorvell, and Clinton-street schools\\nare also alike.\\nAfter the completion of the new lr\\\\-ing School\\nthe old building was moved to the south side of Elm\\nStreet, between Seventh Street and Trumbull Ave-\\nnue, and enlarged from a four to a si.\\\\-room building.\\nWhen purchasing the lot for the school the board\\nobtained a small triangular piece of ground on the\\nopposite side of Elm Street, on which a work-shop\\nand store-house for their use has been erected.\\nThe first mention of a High School is found in\\nthe proceedings of the Board of Education for April\\n22. 1S44, when a committee was appointed to sub-\\nmit a plan for a High School, and the Regents of\\nthe University placed the old academy building, on\\nBates Street, at the disposal of the board for a\\nClassical School, they to have the privilege of ap-\\npointing the teachers, and the books u.sed to be the\\nsame as those used in the branch schools. The\\nboard accepted the offer, and on May 2, 1844, ap-\\nThe Franklin School.\\npropriated $150 and fuel to the support of a High\\nSchool to be kept in the second and third stories of\\nthe building. Not ayer twenty-five scholars were to\\nbe admitted, and these were to be boys of eleven\\nyears old and upward who had attended public\\nschool three months and passed an examination\\nbefore the Committee on Teachers. They were re-\\nquired to enter within the first two weeks of the\\nsession.\\nDoubts being expressed as to the power of the\\nboard to establish such a school, on May 13, 1S44, a\\ncommittee reported that it had full power, and a\\nschool was inaugurated. It continued only a short\\ntime.\\nOn January 20, 1855, an Act of the Legislature\\nS;ave increased facilities for maintaining a High\\nSchool, but no action was taken under the law until\\nFebruary 20, 1856, when, on motion of Mr. Duffield,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0800.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\n749\\na committee was appointetl to consider and report\\nupon the expediency of establishing such a school\\nno definite conchisions were reached, and on April\\n2, 1S56, the question was postponed for a year; in\\n1858 the goal was reached, and on August\\n30 the High School held its first session in\\nthe upper story of the Miami Avenue school\\nbuilding. It began with twenty-three pupils,\\nall boys.\\nIn 1859 a building was erected for the\\nHigh School on the rear part of the Miami\\nvenue lot, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a72,000. Eighty-five\\npupils attended at the opening in the new\\nbuilding on January 16, i860, and girls for\\nthe first time were then admitted.\\nIn .September, 1863, the school was trans-\\nferred to the second story of the Capitol\\nbuilding, and in February of this year the\\ncitizens contributed $1,000 for the purchase\\nof philosophical and chemical apparatus.\\nIn 1 866 French and German were intro-\\nduced as studies. In 1875 a new building\\nwas erected for the school in front of the\\nold Capitol, and for the first time the four\\ngrades were accommodated under one\\nroof.\\nIn June, 1S71, the board agreed that a\\ndiploma from the High School should be\\naccepted as a certificate of qualification to\\nteach, but four years later this practice was discon-\\ntinued. A greater honor was conferred upon the\\nschool, on June 27, 1878, when the Regents of the\\nUniversity decided that students graduating from\\nthe High School should be admitted to the Univer-\\nsity on their diploma, without examination.\\nFebruary 25, 1875. aCommittee on Military Instruc-\\ntion was appointed, and for two years the boys were\\ndaily drilled. E\\\\er) boy in the school was expected\\nto belong to the company, unless his parents ob-\\nlilt Cass\\nAs E.NLAKOIii\\nHelieving that the military drill would be bene-\\nficial to the boys, several gentlemen, in the fall of\\n1S74. petitioned the Government, and arms and in-\\nstructors were furnished from Fort W avne. On\\nThe Cass School. (Original appearance.)\\njected, and nearly all in each grade became mem-\\nbers of the High School Cadets. The first year all\\nwere required to dress in a uniform which cost\\neighteen dollars but after the first year this was\\nnot insisted on. Two years later drills were had\\ndaily for part of the time, and then twice a week.\\nThere was always considerable discussion as\\nto the desirability of the practice, and at the\\nclose of the term in 1 876 the organization was\\ndiscontinued. In October, 1882, a company\\nwas established by the students themselves.\\nProfessor H. Chaney, the first principal of\\nthe school, remained until September, 1871,\\nwhen he resigned to give his time to the Pub-\\nlic Library. His successor. Professor I. M.\\nWellington, ser\\\\-ed until 1881, and was fol-\\nlowed by Professor L. C. Hall. All the prin-\\ncipals have been aided by a large corps of\\nable assistants. Candidates for admission to\\nthe High .School must be twelve years of age\\nor over, and must pass a satisfactory examina-\\ntion in spelling, grammar, arithmetic, geo-\\ngraphy, reading. United States history and\\ngovernment. Their answers to examination\\nquestions are written, each student being designated\\nby a number attached to his answers. All answers\\narc examined by a miiform key to the questions, and\\neach part of all questions submitted has its definite", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0801.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "750\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\ncredit mark. The rate per cent entitling to promo-\\ntion from one grade to anotlier ranges from sixty-five\\nto seventy-five. Tlie school hours are from S.30\\nfifty-seveft colored children, but no director was\\nappointed or_ funds appropriated for teaching the\\nchildren, as the inspectors had no authority for thus\\norganizing a separate dis-\\nTiilLliiil\\nThe High Schuol.\\nA. M. to 1.05 P. M., including an intermission of\\nten minutes.\\nThe number of pupils in the several years since\\nthe school opened has bee n\\nW-ar. No. Pupil5. Year. Nu. Piijiils.\\ntrict. The Legislature,\\non March 27, 1841, re-\\nmedied this lack of au-\\nthority, and the same\\nyear a school of seventy\\npupils was sustained for\\nfour and a half months.\\nOn March 23, 1842,\\nthe Board of Education\\nopened a similar school\\nin the African .M. E.\\nChurch on Fort Street,\\njust west of Beaubien.\\nIt continued here nearly\\nten years, and in 1846\\nand 1847 was taught by\\nJ. M. Brown, who in 1S82\\nwas a bishop in the Af-\\nrican M. E. Church. In\\n1 85 1 it was moved to the\\nColored Episcopal\\nChurch on the corner of\\nCongress and St. Antoine Streets, where for several\\nyears it was taught by Rev. W. C. Monroe.\\nIn i860 a colored school, with a white teacher,\\nwas established on Fort Street just west of St. An-\\n1858\\n1859\\n1860\\n1861\\n1862\\n1863\\n1864\\n1865\\n1866\\n1S67\\n1868\\n1869\\n1S70\\n63\\n7\\n114\\n1 1 1\\n122\\n125\\n133\\n1 44\\n172\\n202\\n234\\n293\\n1S71\\n1872\\n1S73\\n1874\\n1875\\n1S76\\n1877\\n1878\\n1879\\n1880\\n18S1\\n1SS2\\n1S83\\n281\\n329\\n280\\n474\\n583\\n932\\n785\\n864\\n706\\n801\\n773\\n759\\n743\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\n Alumni Association was or-\\nganized June 21, 1866, and holds\\nannual exercises on the evening of\\nthe day that school closes for the\\nsummer vacation. All graduates\\nmay become members. Tlie an-\\nnual dues are one dollar for gentle-\\nmen, and fifty cents for ladies.\\nColored Sclwflh.\\nThe school inspectors of the city, in 1839, organ-\\nized School District No. 8, in which there were\\nThi; DliMIcLU bLlIOOL.\\ntoine much improvement was made in classifying\\nthe scholars here, and a larger attendance was\\nsecured.\\nSeparate schools were maintained for the colored", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0802.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\n751\\nchildren anil ihcy were excluded from the other\\npublic schools until the passage of the (ieneral\\nSchools Law in 1867, providing that all residents of\\na school district were entitled to admission to the\\nschool. The board claimed that this law did not\\nv-iifiT Kiii-trmTf\\nThe Fiknane Schooi-.\\napply to Detroit, but the colored people claimed\\nthe right of admission to the schools, and from time\\nto time petitioned for their rights, but the board con-\\ntinued to refuse them. On April 15, 1867, City\\nCounsellor William Gray decided that the board\\nhad no right to refuse admission, nevertheless the\\nboard persisted, and on September 2, 1867, the col-\\nol ed people again petitioned for their rights, and\\ncalled attention to the Act, and on December 16. a\\ncommittee of the board reported in favor of rescind-\\ning the resolution of exclusion. Their report was\\n^^m^-^\\nNew iRVfNG School.\\nreferred back to the committee, and this shuttle-\\ncock sort of proceeding was continued for nearly\\ntwo years. The assistance of the courts was then\\nsought to compel obedience to the law, and in 1869\\nthe Supreme Court decided that, under the Ceneral\\nSchool Law of 1S67, the colored children had a\\nright to admissiop.\\nThis settled the question. The Board of Educa-\\ntion yielded to the pressure of circumstances, and\\non October 11, 1 869, rescinded the resolution of\\nexclusion. Since that date colored children have\\nbeen admitted to all the schools, but at the request\\nof many colored citizens separate schools have been\\noccasionally provided.\\nThe following table gives a variety of valuable\\nfacts relative to the schools:\\n1\\nv\\nA\\n1\\nc\\nW\\na.\\na\\nc\\nc\\n9\\nI\\n2 J,\\n0.\\nH\\ni\\n2\\nV\\n0\\nS\\na\\nc\\nV\\nre\\no\\nZ\\nz\\nA\\nH\\nss\\n1842\\n$1,090\\n2,239\\n1.245\\n946\\n$1,993\\n12\\n1843\\n1. 193\\n2,985\\n1,412\\n701\\n2,840\\n13\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n1844\\n2,490\\n3.8zi\\n1,132\\n959\\n4,356\\n10\\n10\\n1845\\n3.832\\n4.039\\n2.492\\n810\\n4,455\\n12\\n12\\n1846\\n5,027\\n3.822\\n2,470\\n874\\n4,556\\n12\\n12\\n1847\\n6,377\\n5.846\\n2,960\\ni,o6g\\n4.512\\n14\\n4\\n1848\\n3.377\\n6,546\\n3,821\\nI.S32\\n6,637\\n20\\n18\\n1849\\n15,827\\n6,306\\nBetween\\n4 and 18.\\n4,000\\n..743\\n9,413\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a09\\n1850\\n17.174\\n6,965\\n4,250\\n2,465\\n8,203\\n21\\n20\\nI85I\\n18,000\\n7.253\\n4,729\\n2,739\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01,983\\n30\\n23\\n1852\\n19,500\\n7,883\\n4,850\\n2,783\\n12,129\\n31\\n25\\n1853\\n2i,6go\\n8,520\\n5,000\\n3,0-^6\\n14,399\\n38\\n27\\n1854\\n22,040\\n9.983\\n5,000\\n3,087\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05,623\\n37\\n25\\nI8S5\\nz8,2o8\\n9,912\\n5,500\\n3,328\\n27,449\\n41\\n29\\n1856\\n*50,ooo\\n10,502\\n5,800\\n3,823\\n25.354\\n42\\n29\\n1857\\n70,000\\n12,688\\n6,000\\n4,146\\n34.638\\n50\\n37\\n1858\\n80,349\\n13.138\\n4.586\\n2,728\\n33.142\\n57\\n42\\n1S59\\n100,230\\n13,208\\n6,502\\n4,490\\n4,385\\n34,050\\n61\\n44\\ni860\\n132.73\u00c2\u00b0\\n14,159\\n7.045\\n4,849\\n4,971\\n48,726\\n63\\n49\\n1861\\n14,136\\n7.489\\n41.545\\n69\\n50\\n1862\\n131,869\\n15,398\\n7.554\\n4,697\\n5,040\\n45.620\\n73\\n55\\n1863\\n146,194\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a06,473\\n7,986\\n4, 75\\n5. 72\\n53.780\\n80\\n63\\n1864\\n148,455\\n17.399\\n8,111\\n4.978\\n5.300\\n57.083\\n83\\n65\\n1865\\n185,510\\n18,710\\n8,445\\n4.990\\n5.424\\n70,987\\n86\\n68\\n1866\\n228,623\\n2o,353\\n9, 37\\n6,157\\n5.896\\n99,284\\n100\\n78\\n1867\\n245.784\\n21.742\\n9,221\\n6,155\\n6.059\\n88,502\\nIC,2\\n81\\nl868\\n280,477\\n22,810\\nRetween\\n5 and 20.\\n9,703\\n6,480\\n6,954\\n103,185\\n116\\n94\\nl86q\\n324,703\\n27.039\\n10,717\\n7, 27\\n7,118\\n121,617\\n127\\n100\\n1870\\n432,972\\n26,641\\n11,252\\n7,505\\n7,594\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a093,550\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a043\\n112\\n1871\\n505,810\\n28,779\\n11,866\\n7.968\\n8.S 7\\n177,906\\n170\\n131\\n1872\\n545,4 o\\n30,230\\n11,764\\n7,885\\n9.071\\n168,591\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a077\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a038\\n187 i\\n576,442\\n31,926\\n12,185\\n8,285\\n9,477\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a045,537\\niSs\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a049\\n1874\\n664,635\\n33.772\\n12,983\\n8,956\\n10,694\\n154.070\\n204\\n167\\n1875\\n735.192\\n34.593\\n3,739\\n9,294\\n11,131\\n239,697\\n221\\n178\\n1876\\n772,042\\n35.172\\n14,119\\n9,6ot\\n11,951\\n209,670\\n226\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a077\\n1877\\n720,823\\n35.739\\n13,291\\n10,209\\n12,549\\n213.214\\n233\\n182\\n1878\\n634.275\\n35.962\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23.231\\n11,460\\n12,119\\n189,770\\n240\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a085\\n1870\\n747,691\\n37.684\\n14.837\\n10,665\\n12,461\\n213,277\\n247\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a087\\n.880\\n770,284\\n39.467\\n15,802\\n.5 3\\n13.208\\n221,429\\n249\\n208\\n1S81\\n774.641\\n+37.926\\n7.303\\n12,062\\n14.091\\n222,434\\n268\\n218\\niSS.--\\n931,050\\n40,210\\n7.39-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-\u00e2\u0080\u00a2,835\\n14.205\\n256,013\\n273\\n228\\n18S3\\n936,950\\n43.840\\n9.546\\n3.337\\n14,502! 290,914\\n288\\n234\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6The large increase in valuation oviT the prt^viims year was\\nchit-fly from a jjrealer value put on the property of the lioard.\\nThis census or the former ones must have been carelessly\\ntaken.\\nThe school census nf 1SS3 showed a total of 7,671\\nchildren attendins^ other than the public schools,\\n10,051 at work, and 20,397 not in any school.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0803.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "752\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nSiliool Officers and Sn/ar/cs.\\nThe cliief salaried ollicer is the Superintendent\\nof Schools. This officer was first provided for by\\nAct of January 20, 1855. and on April 4, J. F.\\nNichols was elected to the position with a salary of\\nThe Webster School.\\nbusiness agent for the board. The salary was $600.\\nThe office of Supervisor of Repairs and Buildini,\\nsucceeded that of messenger. Cieorge Morhous\\nwas appointed to the position in April, 1876, with a\\nsalary of $1,200, and continued in office until May\\n10, 1880, when he was succeeded\\nby Luke Crossley.\\nBy Act of March 27, 1S73, the\\nboard was authorized to appoint a\\nsecretary and general business\\nagent, and on February i, 1875, a\\nsecretary was appointed with a sal-\\nary of $2,000.\\nThe presidents of the board have\\nbeen: 1842, Douglass Houghtim.\\nMayor; 1843, Zina Pitcher, Mayor\\n1844-1847, John R. Williams.\\nMayor; 1847-1S52, Samuel Bars-\\ntow; 1852-1859, Levi Bishop;\\n1859-1861. D. B. Duffield; 1861.\\nW. D. Wilkins; 1862-1865. \\\\V. A.\\nMoore; 1865, C. I. Walker 1866,\\nT. H. Hartwell 1867, W. D. Wil-\\nkins 1868-1870, R. W. King;\\n1870-1872, Oliver Bourke 1872-\\n1S74, C. K. Backus; 1874, Mark\\nFlanigan; 1 875-1 877, G.W. Balch\\n1877-1879, FreemanNorvell; 1879-\\n1 88 1. Michael Firnane; 1881-18S3,\\nGeorge R. Angell 1883- C.\\nL Walker. Secretaries: 1842-\\n1844, John S. Abbott; 1844. John\\n$900 a year. He served but one year, and the\\noffice was then unfilled until August 1, 1863, when\\nProfessor J. M. B. Sill was appointed. He served\\ntwo years, receiving at first $1,600 and then \u00c2\u00a71,800\\nper year. In June, 1S65, he was succeeded by\\nDuane Doty. In 1866 the salary was made $2,000;\\nin 1869 it was ral.sed to $2,500, and in 1S71, to\\n$3,000. Mr. Doty continued in office until April i.\\n1875, when Professor Sill was again appointed, and\\nin 18S4 is still in office at a salary of $3,300.\\nThere was at one time doubts as to the authority\\nof the board to create this office, but on February\\n24, 1869, the Legislature settled the question by\\nexpressly conferring authority to appoint a superin-\\ntendent, and under Act of March 27, 1873, he is\\nelected for terms of three years.\\nIn 1871 .Miss B. Riley was appointed clerk to the\\nsuperintendent at a salary of $500, afterwards in-\\ncreased to $750. In 1883, she was still ser\\\\ ing.\\nThe office of messenger existed in 1859, but was\\nnot officially created until February 6, i860. John\\nB. Cousins held the position from i860 until April,\\n1876, when the office was abolished. He was the\\ngeneral Superintendent of Repairs, and acted as", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0804.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\n75;\\nHulbert; 1845-1S48, George Robb, 184S-1852, D.\\nB. Duffield: 1852-1S54, F.W.Hughes; 1854, James\\nFenton; 1855-1S59, E. C. Walker; 1859-1861, W.\\nA.Moore; 1861, E.Hall; 1S62. H. C. Knight 1S63,\\nW.P.Wells; 1864, J. M.B. Sill; 1865-1875,\\nDuane Doty; 1875-1S79, S. E. Pittman;\\n1879-1881, Freeman Nor\\\\-ell; i88i- H.\\nM. Utley.\\nFinancial Resonixes of the Board.\\nWhen the district school system ceased,\\nthere was turned over to the board, by John\\nFarmer, the treasurer of the old board, assets\\nto the nominal value of $2,156.79; of this\\namount, $1,295.79. obtained from persons\\nsending children to the old district schools,\\nthe board was required to return. The $861\\nremaining had been received from the State,\\nand with one building valued at S500 and\\nseventy-five dollars worth of benches, stove\\nand pipe, constituted the assets of the board.\\nAgainst this there were liabilities amounting\\nto S383.36.\\nThe Act creating the board authorized the coun-\\ncil to levy a tax of not over one dollar a year for\\neach child between five and seventeen. Much op-\\nposition was made to this law, and many persons\\ntried to pay the school tax in corporation shin-\\nplasters, which were then greatly depreciated. In\\nconsequence of these efforts, an Act was passed on\\nand on March 1 2, 1S47, an Act was procured author-\\nizing the council, with consent of the citizens meet-\\ning, to le\\\\7 a special tax of S ooo year, to be used\\nin providing additional school lots and buildings;\\nThe Bishop School, as enlarged.\\nFebruary 13, 1843, requiring the school ta.xes to be\\nkept separate from all others, and prohibiting the\\npayment of these ta.xes in shin-plasters or other obli-\\ngations of the city.\\nThe amount received from this tax was too small\\nto enable the board to erect the necessary buildings,\\nThe Bishop School. (Oriiiinal building.)\\nthe Act also authorized the board to borrow $5,000\\nfor the same purpose. Prior to this Act, and even\\nas late as 1855, members of the board borrowed\\nmoney for its use on their individual credit.\\nBy Act of March 5, 1850, the school census was\\nordered to include all children between four and\\neighteen years of age, and by Act of January 20,\\n1855, the city was directed to raise a tax of\\ntwo dollars, instead of one dollar, for each\\nchild reported. Act of February 7, 1857,\\nfurther increased the opportunities of the\\nboard by giving the council power to raise, in\\naddition to the per capita tax. the sum of\\n\u00c2\u00a720,000, to be expended for lots and buildings.\\nOn March 7, 1861, the school law was so\\namended that, at the option of the board, the\\n$20,000 of special taxes might be used for\\ngeneral school purposes instead of only for\\nlots and buildings. The constant growth of\\nthe city demanded still larger amounts of\\nmoney, and on March 16, 1865, the council\\nwas directed to levy a school tax of three\\ndollars for each child, and any additional sum\\nup to $25,000 that the board should deem\\nnecessary; and a larger sum might be granted\\nwith consent of the citizen s meeting. By Act\\nof February 24, 1 869, the board was author-\\nized to borrow $1 5,000, to be used for school\\npurposes. It was also provided that the school\\ncensus should include all children between the ages\\nof five and twenty, and that a school tax of four\\ndollars for each child should be levied, and also that\\na tax of five mills on the dollar might be levied, for\\nthe procuring of school lots and buildings.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0805.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "754\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nOn March 27, 1873, the Legislature provided that\\nany schuol tax of over five dollars per child should\\nbe subject to approval of the council, and implied\\nthat at least five dollars per child might be raised.\\nIn addition to the amounts appropriated by the city,\\nthe board obtains, according to the number of chil-\\ndren in the city, a portion of the State Primary\\nSchool Fund, a fund derived from interest on\\namounts received from sale of lands set apart for\\nthe support of common schools.\\nFor the year ending June, 1883. the amount re-\\nceived reached the sum of \u00c2\u00a757,500. This large\\nincrease was ow-\\ning to the fact\\nthat the State\\ndebt was practi-\\ncally cancelled,\\nand under the\\nConstitution the\\nmoneys received\\nbythe State from\\nspecific taxes\\nwere credited to\\nthe Primary\\nSchool Fund.\\nThese primary\\nschool revenues\\ndo not pass\\nthrough the city\\ntreasun, but are\\npaid direct to\\nthe treasurer\\nof the board by\\nthe county treas-\\nurer, on the or-\\nder of the presi-\\ndent and secre-\\ntary. The treas-\\nurer is elected\\nyearly, and pays\\nsuch percentage\\non the monthly\\nbalances remaining in his hands as may be agreed\\nupon.\\nOne of the most noted events in connection with\\nthe finances of the schools was a proposition made\\nin 1853 to divide the school funds in order to give\\nthe Catholics a portion for the support of their\\nschools. The question became the main issue in\\nthe city election of March 8, 1853, when the people,\\nby a large majority, indicated that they were opposed\\nto any such division.\\nMembers, Meetings and Management.\\nUnder the Act of 1842 the Board of Education\\nconsisted of the mayor and recorder and two in-\\nspectors from each ward, who were to serve without\\nThe Jefferson- School.\\npay. The mayor had a right to vote, and in his\\nabsence the recorder had the .same privilege, but\\nafter 1846 the right ceased. The first inspectors\\nchosen in 1842 were to serve, half for one year, the\\nothers for two years after that date, and up to\\n1881, one was elected annually in each ward. The\\nnumber of inspectors in different years has been\\n1 842-1 848, eight 1 848- 1 849, fourteen 1849-1857,\\nsixteen; 1857- 1873, twenty; 1873- 1874, twenty-\\ntwo; 1S73-1877, twenty-four; 1877-1881, twenty-\\nsix.\\nUnder the system of representation by wards, a\\nvariety of evils\\nwere engen-\\ndered. As the\\ncity grew, the\\npeople moved\\ntheir homes\\nfrom the lower\\nand central por-\\ntion of the city,\\nbut, though their\\nhomes were re-\\nmoved, the rep-\\nresentation of\\nthe wards on the\\nboard continued,\\nand in i 88 i\\nwards with less\\nthan two hun-\\ndred children\\nhad an equal\\nvoice in school\\nmatters with\\nthose that had\\nsix thousand\\nchildren.\\nIn the interest\\nof good schools\\nand reform, an\\nAct of March\\nII, 1 88 1, pro-\\nvided that after July i the schools should be man-\\naged by a Board of Inspectors, twelve in number,\\nelected from the city at large, the first twelve to be\\nchosen at the spring election of 188 1, six to hold\\noffice for two years, and six for four years each\\nthe terms of each to be decided by lot and after\\nthe first election, six were to be elected biennially for\\nterms of four years each. Under the Act the old\\nBoard of Inspectors continued to serve until July i,\\n1 88 1, at which time the new board went into office.\\nOriginally, and up to 1S59, the board held regular\\nmeetings once in three months special meetings\\nwere, however, held whenever it was deemed ad-\\nvisable. On April 11, 1S59, the board resolved to\\nmeet regularly on the first Monday of each month.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0806.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\n755\\nand monthly meetings were held until 1869. after\\nwhich time regular meetings were held twice a\\nmonth, on the second and fourth Thursdays. Under\\nthe Act of 1842 eight members were necessary to a\\nquorum; by law of April 28, 1846, the number was\\nreduced to six, and at the same time the board was\\nauthorized to elect its own presiding officer. Act of\\nMarch i, 1867, made a quorum to consist of eleven\\nmembers, and since Act of February 24, 1869, a\\nmajority of the members have been necessary to\\nform a quorum.\\nSessions of the board were held in various private\\noffices, at the old City Hall, and just prior to the\\nbuilding of the High School they met in Mechanics\\nHall, on the comer of Griswold Street and Lafayette\\nAvenue. A room in the High School building was\\nthen fitted up, and has since been the regular place\\nof meeting.\\nSeal of the Boaud of Education.\\nThe sea! of the board was adopted on June 7,\\n185S, the design and its meaning being thus re-\\nported by D. B. Duffield and Edward Batwell .A.\\nfemale figure representing Education is pointing a\\nyouth with a book in his hand the way of ascent\\nalong the rugged hill of knowledge, over whose\\nsummit beams a star, the motto being the words,\\nSic itur ad astra, or, Thus man finds his way to\\nthe stars. The corporate name of the board, with\\nthe date of its incorporation, is traced around the\\nseal.\\nOn the organization of the board the following\\nstanding committees were appointed On Accounts.\\nQualifications of Teachers, School-houses, Primary\\nand Middle Schools. As now organized, there are\\nseven standing committees, namely On Teachers\\nand Schools, Te.xt Books and Course of Study,\\nFinance, Real Estate and School Buildings, Supplies\\nand Janitors, Health and entilation, and on Rules.\\nBy Act of 1842 the board was required to pub-\\nlish in some city paper, in February or March of\\neach year, a statement of the number of schools,\\nnumber of pupils, studies pursued, and e.xpenditures\\nfor the schools during the preceding year. These\\nreports were not only published in the papers, but\\nwith the exception of 1862, a pamphlet report has\\nbeen issued each year. Since 1871 the proceedings\\nof each meeting have also been printed and pub-\\nlished yearly.\\nThe School Inspectors have been\\n1842, First Ward: S. Barstow, J. S. Abbott.\\nSecond Ward Daniel J. Campau, Elijah J. Roberts.\\nThird Ward Justus Ingersoll, Charles Peltier.\\nFourth Ward John Winchell, John Watson. Fifth\\nWard Ebenezer A. Byram, Willard E. Stearns.\\nSixth Ward George Robb, Wm. Patterson.\\n1843, First Ward J. S. Abbott, S. Barstow.\\nSecond Ward J. Farmer, E. J. Roberts. Third\\nWard E. Taylor, Charles Peltier. Fourth Ward\\nS. T. Douglas, J.Watson. Fifth Ward C. W. Wil-\\nliams, J. H. Bagg. Sixth Ward George Robb,\\nWilliam Patterson.\\n1844, First Ward John Hulbert, S. Barstow.\\nSecond Ward M. L. Gage, John Farmer. Third\\nWard Wm. O Callaghan, E. Taylor. Fourth\\nWard John Watson, S. T. Douglas. Fifth Ward\\nCyrus Garrett, J. Roberts, C. W. Williams. Sixth\\nWard: S. W. Higgins, George Robb.\\n1845, First Ward S. Barstow, J. Hulbert. Sec-\\nond Ward W. Duncan, M. L. Gage. Third\\nWard G. F. Rood, D. French, Wm. O Callaghan.\\nFourth Ward A. T. McReynolds, J. B. alle.\\nFifth Ward John Roberts, Thos. Hall. Sixth\\nWard George Robb, S. W. Higgins, G. Gibson.\\n1846, First Ward: J. Hulbert, S. Barstow. Sec-\\nond Ward T. Gallagher, Wm. Duncan. Third\\nWard E. V. Cicotte, G. B. Throop. Fourth\\nWard: H. Ledyard, A.T.McReynolds. Fifth Ward:\\nA. Godard, A. A. Dwight, John Roberts. Sixth\\nWard Levi Bishop, George Robb.\\n1847, First Ward S. Barstow, J. Hulbert. Sec-\\nond Ward: D. Mullane, T. Gallagher. Third\\nWard E. N. Willcox, E. V. Cicotte. Fourth Ward\\nA. O. Madden, H. Ledyard. Fifth Ward: G.\\nWood, T. Rowland, D. B. Duflneld. SLxth Ward:\\nL. Bishop, J. S. Farrand, George Robb.\\n1848, First Ward: Mason Palmer, S. Barstow.\\nSecond Ward: J. C. Holmes, W. A. Howard.\\nThird Ward D. E. Harbaugh, J. V. Campbell, E.\\nN. Willcox. Fourth Ward: J. B. Schick, A. O.\\nMadden. Fifth Ward G. T. Sheldon, D. B. Duf-\\nfield. Si.xth Ward: J. S. Farrand, George Robb.\\nSeventh Ward G. W. Wisner, J. Bour, Jr.\\n1849, First Ward: L. B. Willard, S. Barstow.\\nWTiere three or more names appear for the same year in any\\nward, it is owing to the filling of vacancies caused by death or\\nresignation.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0807.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "756\\nTHE BOARD UF EDUCATION.\\nSecond Ward: H. Glover, J. C. Holmes. Third\\nWard George Brewster, J. H. Fahy. Fourth\\nWard: J. Cornfield, J. B. Schick. Fifth Ward: D.\\nB. Duffield, G. T. Sheldon. Si.Kth Ward L. Bishop,\\nJ. S. Farrand. Seventh Ward: J. Greusel, E. W.\\nTaylor. Eighth Ward: S. N. Kendrick, Thos.\\nTrahy.\\n1850, First Ward: S. Barstow, L. B. Willard.\\nSecond Ward J. A. Slaymaker, G. E. Hand. Third\\nWard E. N. Willco.K, George Brewster. Fourth\\nWard J. Cornfield. E. N. Lacroi,x. Fifth Ward\\nD. B. Duffield, E. Shepard. Si.xth Ward L. Bishop,\\nJ. S. Farrand. Seventh Ward J. W. Moore, J.\\nGreusel. Eighth Ward Thos. Trahy, Richard\\nHart.\\n1 85 1, First Ward: G. Mott Williams, S. Barstow.\\nSecond Ward G. E. Hand, P. E. De Mill. Third\\nWard: J. J. Fay, E. N. Willcox. Fourth Ward:\\nThos. Sullivan, E. N. Lacroix. Fifth Ward U. T.\\nHowe, D. B. Duffield. Sixth Ward: L. Bishop, J.\\nS. Farrand. Seventh Ward: J. Reno, J. W. Moore.\\nEighth Ward L. Mahon, R. Hart.\\n1852, First Ward: S. Barstow, G. M. Williams.\\nSecond Ward: C. 1. Walker, C. G. Hammond, G.\\nE. Hand. Third Ward F. W. Hughes, J. J. Fay.\\nFourth Ward Hugh Flinn, Thos. Sullivan. Fifth\\nWard W. W. Defield, U. T. Howe. Sixth Ward\\nE. Prentis, L. Bishop. Seventh Ward J. W.\\nMoore, J. Reno. Eighth Ward S. Martin, L.\\nMahon.\\n1853, First Ward: C. Byram, S. Barstow. Sec-\\nond Ward J. P. C. Emmons, C. I. Walker. Third\\nWard: L. Bishop, F. W. Hughes. Fourth Ward:\\nJ. M. Davis, Hugh Flinn. Fifth Ward P. M. Mc-\\nNoah, W. W. Defield. Si.xth Ward James Fenton,\\nE. Prentis. Seventh Ward: F. Ruehle, J. W.\\nMoore. Eighth Ward J. Clancy, S. Martin.\\n1854, First Ward S. Barstow, C. Byram. Second\\nWard: C. I. Walker, J. P. C. Emmons. Third\\nWard: J. V. Campbell, L. Bishop. Fourth Ward:\\nHugh Flinn, J. M. Davis. Fifth Ward: D. B.\\nDuffield, P. M. McNoah. Si.xth Ward: J. S.\\nFarrand, James Fenton. Seventh Ward: R. D.\\nHill, F. Ruehle. Eighth Ward Wm. Buchanan,\\nJ. Clancy.\\n1855, First Ward: Charles Byram, E. C.Walker.\\nSecond Ward: James A. Brown, C. I. Walker.\\nThird Ward: Levi Bishop, James V. Campbell.\\nFourth Ward John M. Davis, Hugh Flinn. Fifth\\nWard: D. B. Duffield, Lewis Allen. Sixth Ward:\\nJ. J. Bagley, J. S. Farrand. Seventh Ward D. C.\\nFrazer, Rodney D. Hill. Eighth Ward: Chas.\\nDupont, Wm. Buchanan.\\n1856, First Ward: E. C. Walker. C. Byram.\\nSecond Ward J. C. Warner, J. A. Brown. Third\\nWard J. V. Campbell, L. Bishop. Fourth Ward\\nC. C. Jackson, J. M. Davis. Fifth Ward: D. B.\\nDuffield, E. Shepard. Si.xth Ward: M.P.Chris-\\ntian, J. J. Bagley. Seventh Ward: W. D. Wilkins,\\nD. C. Frazer. Eighth Ward: William Ryan, C.\\nDupont.\\n1857, First Ward Charles Byram, Edward C.\\nWalker. Second Ward James A. Brown, Jared C.\\nWarner. Third Ward Levi Bishop. James V.\\nCampbell. Fourth Ward John M. Davis, C. C.\\nJackson, A. T. Campau. Fifth Ward D. B. Duf-\\nfield, E. Shepard. Sixth Ward J. J. Bagley, M. P.\\nChristian. Seventh Ward David C. F razer, W.D.\\nWilkins. Eighth Ward Charles Dupont, William\\nRyan. Ninth Ward: Chris. Reeve, M. F. Dickin-\\nson. Tenth Ward Thos. McCook, Henry Zender.\\n1858, First Ward: Edward Batwell, E. C.Walker.\\nSecond Ward H. C. Kibbee, Jared C. Warner.\\nThird Ward L. Bishop, A. S. Williams. Fourth\\nWard John B. Palmer, A T. Camj^au. Fifth\\nWard D. B. Duffield, E. Shepard. Sixth Ward\\nS. T. Douglas, ^I. P. Christian. Seventh Ward\\nL. H. Cobb, W. D. Wilkins. Eighth Ward: J.\\nO Connell, William Ryan. Ninth Ward Levi E.\\nDolsen, Thos. Leadbeater. Tenth Ward: J. N.\\nElbert, James Dubois.\\n1859, First Ward D. B. Duffield, E. Batwell.\\nSecond Ward J. C. Warner, H. C. Kibbee. Third\\nWard: William A. Moore, William Paton. Fourth\\nWard E. Hall, J. B. Palmer. Fifth Ward H. M.\\nCheever, E. Shepard. Sixth Ward H. E. Baker,\\nS. T. Douglas. Seventh Ward W. D. Wilkins,\\nL. H. Cobb. Eighth Ward James Leddy, J.\\nO Connell. Ninth Ward L.E. Dolsen, Thos. Lead-\\nbeater, S. E. Case. Tenth Ward James Dubois,\\nJ. N. Elbert.\\ni860. First Ward: D. B. Duffield, John Hosmer.\\nSecond Ward H. C. Kibbee, J. C. Warner. Third\\nWard W. A. Moore, William Warner. Fourth\\nWard: E. Hall, A. Wuerth. Fifth Ward: E.\\nShepard, H. M. Cheever. Sixth Ward: H. E.\\nBaker, W. W. Wilcox. William Bond. Seventh\\nWard W. D. Wilkins, Lucretius H. Cobb. Eighth\\nWard John O Connell, James Leddy. Ninth\\nWard Levi E. Dolsen, Sidney C. Case. Tenth\\nWard J. N. Elbert, Leverett B. Walker.\\n1 86 1, First Ward William A. Moore, John Hos-\\nmer. Second Ward Watson B. Smith, Henry C.\\nKibbee. Third Ward Francis Raymond, William\\nWarner. Fourth Ward F. Pramstaller, Aloys\\nWuerth. Fifth Ward H. S. Roberts, A. P. Moor-\\nman, Edward Shepard. Si.xth Ward Edmund\\nHall, William Bond. Seventh Ward William D.\\nWilkins. L. H. Cobb. Eighth Ward James Leddy,\\nJohn O Connell. Ninth Ward Herbert Adams,\\nLe\\\\n E. Dolsen. Tenth Ward R. S. Dillon. L. B.\\nWalker.\\n1862, First Ward: W. A. Moore. John Hosmer.\\nSecond Ward Watson B. Smith, N. B. Carpenter,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0808.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\n757\\nG. A. Wilcox. Third Waril W. Warner, John\\nT. Meldrum. Fourth Ward John C. Gorton, Wil-\\nliam Gray. Fifth Ward A. P. Moorman, R. W.\\nKing, H. c. Knight. Sixth Ward: E. Hall, Wil-\\nliam Bond. Seventh Ward J. S. Newberry, T.\\nMcCarthy. Eighth Ward James Leddy, James\\nF. Foxen. Ninth Ward H. Adams, D. Fox, John\\nMulry. Tenth Ward R. S. Dillon, James A. Bailey.\\n1863, First Ward: W. A. Moore, John Hosmer.\\nSecond Ward George A. Wilco.x, T. H. Hartwell,\\nThird Ward John T. Meldrum, John Ward.\\nFourth Ward Joseph Kuhn, James D. Weir. Fifth\\nWard Henry C. Knight, R. W. King. Si.xth\\nWard William Bond, E. W. Meddaugh. Seventh\\nWard: T. McCarthy, Wm. P. Wells. Eighth\\nWard James B. Foxen, Wm. Buchanan. Ninth\\nWard Levi E. Dolsen, D. M. Richardson. Tenth\\nWard Jas. A. Bailey, A. C. Woodcock.\\n1S64, First Ward: W. A. Moore, W. A. Butler.\\nSecond Ward T. H. Hartwell, C. I. Walker.\\nThird Ward John Ward, Enos R. Matthews,\\nFourth Ward J. D. Weir, Sidney D. Miller. Fifth\\nWard R. W. King, Ervin Palmer. Sixth Ward\\nE. W. Meddaugh, Browse T. Prentis. .Seventh\\nWard William P. Wells, W. D. Wilkins. Eighth\\nWard: James B. Foxen, Wm. Buchanan. Ninth\\nWard D. M. Richardson, Thos. Sanford. Tenth\\nWard J. A. Bailey, A. C. Woodcock.\\n1865, First Ward: W. A. Butler, T. D. Hawley.\\nSecond Ward: T. H. Hartwell, C. I. Walker.\\nThird Ward E. R. Matthews, Herman Kiefer.\\nFourth Ward S. D. Miller, Wm. N. Ladue. Fifth\\nWard R. W. King, E. Palmer. Sixth Ward B.\\nT. Prentis, Charles B. James. Seventh Ward W.\\nD. Wilkins, John Caspary. Eighth Ward James\\nB. Foxen, Wm. Buchanan. Ninth Ward T. San-\\nford, James Gaynor. Tenth Ward J. A. Bailey,\\nJohn Kendall.\\n1866, First Ward: T. D. Hawley, J. M. B. .Sill.\\nSecond Ward T. H. Hartwell, G. W. Osborn.\\nThird Ward: H. Kiefer, G. M. Rich. Fourth\\nWard W. N. Ladue. A. Stutte. Fifth Ward R.\\nW. King, E. Palmer. Si.xth Ward C. B. James,\\nG. O. Robinson. Seventh Ward J. Caspary, W.\\nD. Wilkins. Eighth Ward: W. Buchanan, R. Mul-\\nlaney. Ninth Ward J. Gaynor, J. N. Moore.\\nTenth Ward J. Kendall, J. A. Bailey.\\n1867, First Ward: J. M. B. Sill, Jas. A. Brown.\\nSecond Ward S. B. McCracken, D. O. Farrand.\\nThird Ward: G. M. Rich, Henry Langley. Fourth\\nWard: A. Stutte, James A. Venn. Fifth Ward\\nR. W. King, Ervin Palmer. .Si.xth Ward G. O.\\nRobinson, Mark Flanigan. Seventh Ward W. D.\\nWilkins, John Caspary. Eighth Ward: R. Mul-\\nlaney, W. Buchanan. Ninth Ward: John Love,\\nJ. N. Moore. Tenth Ward J. A. Bailey, J. Ken-\\ndall.\\n1868, First Ward J. A. Brown, Jas. M. Welch.\\nSecond Ward: D. O. Farrand, Charles K. Backus.\\nThird Ward H. Langley, George M. Rich. Fourth\\nWard J. A. Venn, J. W. Romeyn. Fifth Ward:\\nR. W. King, D. W. Brooks. Sixth Ward Mark\\nFlanigan, O. Bourke. Seventh Ward J. Caspary,\\nW. D. Wilkins. Eighth Ward W. Buchanan,\\nCharles E. Schumm, F. W. Hughes. Ninth Ward\\nJohn Love, James Daly. Tenth Ward: J. Kendall,\\nJ. A. Bailey.\\n1869, First Ward: J. M. Welch, J. A. Brown,\\nSecond Ward: D. O. Farrand, C. K. Backus.\\nThird Ward G. M. Rich, W. Y. Rumney. Fourth\\nWard J. W. Romeyn, J. A. Venn. Fifth Ward\\nD. W. Brooks, R. W. King. Sixth Ward: M.\\nFlanigan, O. Bourke. Seventh Ward W. D. Wil-\\nkins, S. D. Miller. Eighth Ward C. E. Schumm,\\nJ. Finnegan. Ninth Ward: J. Daly, J. W. Bart-\\nlett. Tenth Ward J. A. Bailey, F. J. Watson.\\n1870, First Ward: J. A. Brown, J. M. Welch.\\nSecond Ward: D. O. Farrand, C. K. Backus. Third\\nWard: W. Y. Rumney, J. R. McGrath. Fourth\\nWard J. A. Venn, J. W. Romeyn. Fifth Ward\\nR. W. King, D. W. Brooks. Sixth Ward: M.\\nFlanigan, O. Bourke. Seventh Ward S. D. Miller,\\nW. D. Wilkins. Eighth Ward: J. Finnegan, J.\\nMonaghan. Ninth Ward J. W. Bartlett, A. Bauer.\\nTenth Ward F. J. Watson, P. Van Damme.\\n1 87 1, First Ward J. M. Welch. C. Hunt. Second\\nWard C. K. Backus, D. O. Farrand. Third Ward\\nJ. R. McGrath, W. Y. Rumney. Fourth Ward\\nJ. W. Romeyn, C. J. Reilly. Fifth Ward D. W.\\nBrooks, R. W. King. Sixth Ward O. Bourke, M.\\nFlanigan. Seventh Ward W. D. Wilkins, R. E.\\nRoberts. Eighth Ward J. Monaghan, J. Finnegan.\\nNinth Ward: A. Bauer, W. C. Colburn. Tenth\\nWard P. an Damme, J. A. Berry.\\n1872, First Ward C. Hunt, W. Jennison. Second\\nWard D. O. Farrand, C. K. Backus. Third Ward\\nW. Y. Rumney, G. S. Goodale. Fourth Ward C.\\nJ. Reilly, G. B. Hall. Fifth Ward; R. W. King,\\nA. H. Wilkinson. Sixth Ward M. Flanigan, J.\\nFlinterman. Seventh Ward R. E. Roberts, W. D.\\nWilkins. Eighth Ward J. Finnegan, T. McGrath.\\nNinth Ward: W. C. Colburn, J. Ford. Tenth\\nWard J. A. Berry, J. D. Weir.\\n1S73, First Ward: W. Jennison, A. G. Lind.say.\\nSecond Ward C. K. Backus, G. S. Da\\\\ is. Third\\nWard: G. S. Goodale, W. Y. Rumney. Fourth\\nWard G. B. Hall, C. Raseman. Fifth Ward A.\\nH. Wilkinson, J. W. McGrath. Si.xth Ward J.\\nFlinterman, M. Flanigan. Seventh Ward W. D.\\nWilkins, H. Z. Potter. Eighth Ward T. McGrath.\\nJ. Martin. Ninth Ward J. Ford, W. C. Colburn.\\nTenth Ward J. D. Weir. J. Berry.\\n1874, First Ward: A. G. Lindsay. W. M. Lilli-\\nbridge. Second Ward G. S. Davis, G. W. Balch.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0809.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "758\\nTHE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nThird Ward: W. Y. Rumney, R. R. Lansing.\\nFourth Ward C. Raseman, J. W. Romeyn. Fifth\\nWard J. W. McGrath, J. T. Liggett. Sixth Ward\\nM. F lanigan, J. W. Strong. Seventh Ward H. Z.\\nPotter, W. D. Willcins. Eighth Ward J. Martin,\\nT. McGrath. Ninth Ward: W. C. Colburn, J. W.\\nBatchelder. Tenth Ward J. CoUum, H. Plass, Jr.\\nTwelfth Ward A. E. Hamlin, F. Peavey.\\n1S75. First Ward: A. G. Lindsay, W. M. Lilli-\\nbridge. Second Ward George W. Balch, Thos. L.\\nGrant. Third Ward R. R. Lansing, W. Y. Rum-\\nney. Fourth Ward J. W. Romeyn, Chas. Funke.\\nFifth Ward J. T. Liggett, J. W. McGrath. Sixth\\nWard J. W. Strong, D. J. Workum. Seventh\\nWard: W. D. Wilkins, H. Z. Potter. Eighth\\nWard T. McGrath, J. J. Martin. Ninth Ward\\nJ. W. Batchelder, John Dick. Tenth Ward H.\\nPlass, Jr., B. Altenbrandt. Twelfth Ward: F.\\nPeavey, J. T. Maloney.\\n1876, First Ward A. G. Lindsay, Alvin C. Burt.\\nSecond Ward G. W. Balch, T. L. Grant. Third\\nWard W. Y. Rumney, J. H. Carstens. Fourth\\nWard Joseph Funke, Henry F. Lyster. Fifth\\nWard J. T. Liggett, J. W. McGrath. Sixth Ward\\nD. J. Workum, W. Bond. Seventh Ward W. D.\\nWilkins, R. E. Roberts, H. Z. Potter. Eighth\\nWard: T. McGrath. J. J. Martin. Ninth Ward:\\nJohn Dick, J. Nicholson. Tenth Ward B. Alten-\\nbrandt, F. S. Girardin. Twelfth Ward F Peavey,\\nS. Earned, J. T. Maloney.\\n1877, First Ward A. C. Burt, A. Chesebrough.\\nSecond Ward: G. W. Balch, A. Borrowman. Third\\nWard J. H. Carstens, W. Y. Rumney, P. J. D.\\nVan Dyke. Fourth Ward H. F. Lyster, J. Funke.\\nFifth Ward: J. T. Liggett, A. J. Brow. Si.xth Ward\\nW. Bond, C. A. Kent. Seventh Ward R. E. Rob-\\nerts, Freeman Norvell. Eighth Ward T. McGrath,\\nJohn Considine. Ninth Ward J. Nicholson, J.\\nDick. Tenth Ward F. S. Girardin, W. N. Ladue.\\nEleventh Ward Adam Simpson, H. Reif. Twelfth\\nWard Sylvester Lamed, F. Folsom. Thirteenth\\nWard A. Valentine, C. K. Trombly.\\n1878, First Ward: A. Chesebrough, A. C. Burt.\\nSecond Ward A. Borrowman, Richard DoRan.\\nThird Ward Horatio G. Jones, P. J. D. Van Dyke.\\nFourth Ward J. Funke, J. S. Schmittdiel. Fifth\\nWard A. J. Brow, John J. Speed. Sixth Ward\\nC. A. Kent, Adam E. Bloom. Seventh Ward F.\\nNorvell, R. E. Roberts. Eighth Ward J. Consi-\\ndine, Michael Firnane. Ninth Ward J. Dick, J.\\nNicholson. Tenth Ward W. N. Ladue, James\\nO Neil Eleventh Ward A. Simpson, H. Reif.\\nTwelfth Ward F. Folsom, S. Earned. Thirteenth\\nWard A. Valentine, C. K. Trombly.\\n1879, First Ward: A. C. Burt, A. Chesebrough.\\nSecond Ward: R. DoRan, George Baradale. Third\\nWard: P. J. D. Van Dyke, H. G. Jones. Fourth\\nWard: J. S. Schmittdiel, J. Funke. Fifth Ward:\\nJ. J. Speed, A. J. Brow. Sixth Ward A. E. Bloom,\\nC. A. Kent. Seventh Ward R. E. Roberts, John\\nB. Todenbier. Eighth Ward M. Firnane, David\\nGorman. Ninth Ward: J. Nicholson, P. Mother-\\nsill. Tenth Ward J. O Neil, Joseph D. Sutton.\\nEleventh Ward H. Reif, A. Simpson. Twelfth\\nWard S. Earned, W. R. Montgomery. Thirteenth\\nWard C. K. Trombly, A. Valentine.\\n1880, First Ward A. Chesebrough, O. L.Kin-\\nney. Second Ward George Baradale, T. F. Kerr.\\nThird Ward H. G. Jones, J. H. Carstens. Fourth\\nWard J. S. Schmittdiel, J. Funke. Fifth Ward\\nA. J. Brow, G. R. Angell. Sixth Ward: C. A.\\nKent, C. S. Jack. Seventh Ward C. Schulte, W.\\nA. Owen, L. S. Trowbridge. Eighth Ward M.\\nFirnane, D. Gorman. Ninth Ward P. Mothersill,\\nT. J. Craft. Tenth Ward: J. D. Sutton, W. R.\\nDunn. Eleventh W^ard H. Reif, A. Simpson.\\nTwelfth Ward W. R. Montgomery, F. Folsom.\\nThirteenth Ward A. Valentine, T. C. Metz.\\nF/rs/ Half of 1881.\\nFirst Ward O. L. Kinney, H. A. Harmon. Sec-\\nond Ward T. F. Kerr, A. Grant. Third Ward\\nJ. H. Carstens, H. G. Jones. Fourth Ward J. S.\\nSchmittdiel, C. Rischert. Fifth Ward: G. R.\\nAngell, J. P. Gilmore. Sixth Ward C. S. Jack,\\nC. A. Kent. Seventh Ward L. S. Trowbridge,\\nC. Schulte. Eighth Ward M. Firnane, D. Gor-\\nman. Ninth Ward: T. J. Craft, P. Mothersill.\\nTenth Ward W. R. Dunn, J. Johnston. Eleventh\\nWard H. Reif, A. Simpson. Twelfth Ward F.\\nFolsom, A. J. Brow. Thirteenth Ward T. C.\\nMetz, C. R. Trombly.\\nAt large, July, 1881, to July, 1883 G. R. Angell.\\nMagnus Butzel, T. J. Craft, N. Gallagher, L, T.\\nGriffin, W. N. Hailmann, James Johnston, S. C.\\nKarrer, J. W. Romeyn, L. S. Trowbridge, C. I.\\nWalker, C. E. Warner.\\nEarly in 1882 Mr. Johnston died and Mr. Hail-\\nmann resigned, and the council appointed as their\\nsuccessors Augustus Rohns and G. R. Thomas.\\nAt the spring election in 1 883 the following in-\\nspectors were chosen for terms of four years each\\nGeorge Gartner, J. A. Hickey, H. W. Candler, C. H.\\nMills, H, A. Harmon, and A. Grostield and in July,\\nI S83, the board was composed of the persons just\\nnamed and G. R. Angell, T. J. Craft, C. L Walker,\\nN. Gallagher, S. C. Karrer, and G. R. Thomas, the\\nlast named person having been appointed by the\\ncouncil in the place of L. S. Trowbridge who re-\\nsigned.\\nIn August, 1883, Mr. Karrer resigned, and was\\nsucceeded by C. E. Warner.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0810.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X I\\nTHE PUBLIC LIBRARY.\\nThis valuable and increasingly popular institu-\\ntion was wholly supported up to 1 88 1 by the fines\\nand penalties collected in criminal cases in the sev-\\neral courts. The clause in the State constitution of\\n1835 directing the appropriation of such moneys for\\ndistrict libraries was introduced in the Constitu-\\ntional Convention by E. D. Ellis. No effort, how-\\never, was made to obtain any of these fines for\\nlibraries until January 8, 1842, when, at the last\\nsession of the old Board of School Inspectors, on\\nmotion of John Farmer, it was\\nmoved for a committee of three to ascertain the\\namount of funds belonging to the board, heretofore\\npaid to the treasurer of the county; and on August\\n7, 1842, $63.14 was received from the county treas-\\nurer as the city s proportion of the fines. The\\nwhole subject of fines, including the question of\\nwhat was meant by clear proceeds from fines and\\nrecognizances, was gone over by a committee in\\nAugust and September, 1842. How the city s share\\nof the fines should be ascertained and obtained was\\nevidently a knotty question; but the board perse-\\nThe Public Liuuakv.\\nResolved^ that an order be drawn on the County Treasurer for\\nthe proportion due the township of Detroit of the moneys paid\\ninto the County Treasury as equivalents for exemptions from\\nmilitary fines, and for the clear proceeds of all fines for breaches\\nof the penal laws and in case the Treasurer refuses to pay, that\\nthe City Attorney, or some other proper person, be requested to\\napply to the present Supreme Court for a mandamus to compel\\nthe Treasurer to pay the same.\\nOn June 16 following, at a meeting of the newly\\nconstituted Board of Education, John S. Abbott\\nvered, and on March 18, 1844, Messrs. Farmer,\\nTaylor, and Robb were appointed a committee to\\nascertain amount of fines and forfeitures under the\\npenal laws accruing to this board. The committee\\nworked energetically, and from this time small\\namounts were obtained quite regularly.\\nIn 1859, under the pressure of the daily increasing\\nneessities of the public schools for books of refer-\\nence, maps, etc., the attention of the Board of\\n[759]", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0811.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "760\\nTHE PUBLIC LIBRARY.\\nEducation was especially directed to the subject,\\nand on April 2 1 a resolution was offered by H. E.\\nBaker for a committee of three to inquire into the\\nfacts relative to the payment into the County Treas-\\nury of fines from the different Justices Courts of\\nthe county and whether this board receives its\\nproper share of such fines. Messrs. Baker, Hall,\\nand Cheever were appointed as such committee.\\nOn July 9 Mr. Baker presented a report showing\\nthat a large sum of money had been diverted from\\nits proper channel, and recommending that a com-\\nmittee be appointed to collect it. Accordingly\\nEdmund Hall and H. E. Baker were appointed to\\ntake means to secure the fines accruing in the\\nPolice Court.\\nA suit was instituted, and on July 2, i860, Mr.\\nHall reported that the Supreme Court had decided\\nthat the amounts in question collected during the\\nprevious five years belonged to the library fund of\\nthe county, and that about three fifths of the total\\namount of $17,000 belonged to the city. Under\\nthe stimulus of the decision, on motion of Mr.\\nWilkins, on November 12, i860, it was directed that\\nRecitation Room No. 3 be fitted up with a lamp,\\ncentre table, chairs, and book shelves for the use of\\nthe Board and Teachers, as a library and commit-\\ntee room. This room was in the second story of\\nthe old Capitol.\\nThe committee continued their investigation and\\nefforts, and on March 4, 1861, reported that they\\nhad made settlement with the county by which the\\nlibrary would receive about $7,000. On May 6 fol-\\nlowing an account was ordered to be kept of receipts\\nfor the fund, and on May 18, 1863, it was resolved\\nto provide accommodations for a district library.\\nOn November 5 the library committee presented a\\ndetailed plan of the scope and purpose of the pro-\\nposed library. Preparations went forward, and on\\nMarch 25, 1865, it was formally opened in the first\\nstory of the old Capitol, and addresses delivered by\\nC. I. Walker and W. P. Wells. At this time the\\nlibrary was used only for consultation, but on May\\n2, 1865, it was opened for circulation as well.\\nIn 1867 an additional room in the second story\\nwas fitted up, and the same year the library com-\\nmittee concluded that the board was entitled to the\\nfines inflicted at the Central Station Court. On\\nOctober 26, they made a formal demand for amounts\\ndue, but was refused. Suit was brought, and the\\nSupreme Court, on October 20, 1S6S, decided that\\nthese fines also belonged to the county library fund.\\nAnother large addition was thus made to the re-\\nsources of the library.\\nIn 1870 a brick addition for library purposes was\\nerected in the rear of the old Capitol and on\\nMarch 20, 1871, it was opened for use. It became\\nevident almost immediately that the new quarters\\ncould accommodate the library for only a short\\ntime, and on June 9, 1871, the board petitioned the\\nCommon Council to grant them the old City Hall\\nto be fitted up as a Public Library, and on July 18\\nthe council granted the request.\\nPlans for remodelling were prepared, but the ex-\\npense, it was found, would be so great that the erec-\\ntion of an entirely new building was deemed a\\nbetter policy. Public opinion seemed to favor some\\nother site, and finally, on March 13, 1872, the coun-\\ncil gave the board a fifty-year lease of Centre Park.\\nThe lease was confirmed by the council sitting as a\\nLand Board on May 21, 1872, and the Board of\\nEducation then gave up its right to the old City\\nHall. Doubts were entertained as to the authority\\nof the council to make the lease, and a suit was\\ninstituted to prevent the use of the park as a site\\nfor the library building; but in April, 1873, the\\nSupreme Court decided in favor of the council.\\nOn March 27, 1873, the Legislature authorized\\nthe raising of $150,000 to erect a building on ap-\\nproval of the Board of Estimates. In April that\\nboard was asked to include in its estimates the sum\\nof $125,000, in installments covering three years;\\nbut declined. In the following year a request for\\n$125,000 to be raised, as provided by the Act, was\\nacceded to. On August 24, 1874. the plans of Brush\\nSmith for a building were adopted. Bids for\\nconstruction were invited, but the lowest bid was\\nnearly $30,000 more than the amount appropriated\\nfor both building and furniture. The plan was there-\\nfore modified by omitting a large and ornamental\\ntower, and two rooms connected with it, also the\\nstone steps, and floors in the upper galleries.\\nThe comer-stone was laid on May 29, 1875.\\nAddresses were delivered by James W. Romeyn\\nand Duane Doty, and there was also a procession of\\nKnights Templars, Masons, Knights of Pythias,\\nPelouze and High School Cadets, and city officers.\\nOn January 22, 1877, the building was formally\\ndedicated, addresses being delivered by J. T. Lig-\\ngett and several others.\\nThe total cost of the structure was $124,000. Its\\nsize is si.Kty-four by eighty feet. In addition to its\\nfloor room, each of the four galleries is calculated to\\ncontain twenty alcoves, with space for one hundred\\nand twenty thousand volumes. Originally but one\\ngallery was completed of the others, one was fin-\\nished in 1878, another in 1882, and there is still\\nroom for one more.\\nAn addition to the building, fifty by si.\\\\ty feet\\nand three stories high, will be completed during\\n1885 at a cost of about $32,000. The rooms in the\\nfirst story will be fire and damp proof and will be\\nused for a bindery, and for the storage of valuable\\nmanuscripts and documents; the second story will\\nbe used for reading and study rooms and offices;", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0812.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "THE PUBLIC LIBRARY.\\n761\\nthe third story will be devoted to a museum or such\\nother uses as seem desirable.\\nThe receipts from fines for the several years have\\nbeen\\nYear.\\nAmount.\\nYear.\\nAmount.\\nYear.\\nAmount.\\n1S42\\nS63\\ni860\\nSi5\\n1872\\nS7.039\\n1844\\n26\\n1861\\n601\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0873\\n10,151\\n1846\\n93\\n1862\\n331\\n1874\\n8,508\\nI 848\\n17S\\n1863\\n3.187\\n1875\\n6.434\\n1850\\n269\\n1864\\n4.210\\n1876\\n8,815\\n1851\\n.84\\n1S65\\n4.561\\n1877\\n6,163\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S53\\n206\\n1866\\n5-3I4\\n1S78\\n6,129\\n1S55\\n354\\n1S67\\n2,163\\n1879\\n2.908\\n1S56\\n863\\n1868\\n2,6.5\\n1 880\\n3.405\\n1857\\n240\\n1869\\n12,962\\n18S1\\n6,370\\n185S\\n170\\n1870\\n12,220\\n1882\\n5,826\\n1S59\\n345\\n187I\\n5.839\\n1883\\n5,115\\nUnder the Act of 1881, providing for a special ta.\\\\\\nfor iibrar)- purposes, there was received the first\\nyear the sum of $15,170, and as the tax is made\\nobligatorj-, a successful financial future is well\\nassured.\\nThe librar\\\\- is primarily under the control of the\\nBoard of Education, and was originally managed by\\na committee of the board, and all books were\\nselected subject to their approval. By Act of March\\n31, 1 87 1, the board was authorized to appoint a\\nBoard of Commissioners, and transfer the library to\\ntheir care the board to consist of six persons, the\\nfirst members to be chosen for one, two, three, four,\\nfive, and six years one member to be elected yearly\\nthereafter for the term of six years, the president of\\nthe Board of Education to be a member e.x-officio.\\nNo action was taken under this Act, and mean-\\ntime ten years passed away, and the funds received\\nfrom fines so diminished in amount that the man-\\nagement of the library became a burden to the\\nboard. They then became willing to share their\\nresponsibility, and with their approval, on March 1 1,\\n1 88 1, an Act embodvnng substantially the same pro-\\nvisions as that of 1 87 1 was passed, with the addi-\\ntional provision that a city tax of one fifth of one\\nmill on each hundred dollars should be yearly levied\\nfor the support of the library. Under this Act, on\\nDecember 27, 1880, the Board of Education ap-\\npointed the following librarj commissioners J. V.\\nCampbell, for six years G. V. N. Lothrop, for five\\nyears A. Chesebrough, for four years W. D. Wil-\\nkins, for three years H. Kiefer. for two years and\\nAlexander Lewis, for one year. Their duties began\\non January 28, 1881. Mr. Wilkins died the last of\\nMarch, 1S81, and was succeeded by L. L. Barbour.\\nMr. Kiefer resigned in August, 1883, and was suc-\\nceeded by Magnus Butzel.\\nThe librarian is elected yearly; the salary in 1883\\nwas $1,500, Professor Henry Chaney, while prin-\\ncipal of the High School, served also as librarian.\\nAfter March 20, 1871, he gave his whole time to\\nthe library, and continued to serve until April 9,\\n1878. He possessed rare qualifications for the posi-\\ntion, and the institution will always retain evidences\\nof his ability and zeal. On April 9, 1878, Rev. M.\\nHickey became librarian, and was succeeded April\\n12, 1880, by Henry Gillman.\\nBeginning with a librarian and one assistant, the\\nforce has gradually increased, until in 1883 there\\nwere employed one male assistant, L. B. Gilmore,\\nat $900 a year, and six lady assistants, with salaries\\nranging from S400 to $45\u00c2\u00b0 each.\\nWhen first opened, no person under eighteen\\nmight draw books from the library. On September\\n4, 1 87 1, the rules were amended to permit persons\\nover fifteen to use the library. Under these rules\\nany resident of the city, for whom some approved\\nperson becomes security, may draw books upon an\\nagreement being signed by both principal and\\nsurety to abide by the rules. Only one book may\\nbe drawn at a time. Prior to March 20, 1871, a\\nledger account was kept with each person drawing\\nbooks since that date persons wishing to draw-\\nbooks fill out a blank slip, furnished by the board,\\nwith the name of the book wanted, their own name\\nand residence, and from their library card the page\\nand line of the Record Book where their name will\\nbe found. Each person drawing books is furnished\\nwith a card with double columns for date of draw-\\ning and returning, on which, as a book is drawn or\\nreturned, the date of the transaction is stamped.\\nFourteen days is the ordinary limit for which a book\\nis loaned, but on giving notice when it is drawn, or\\nat any time prior to the lapse of the fourteen days,\\nit may be retained for four weeks. If no notice for\\nrenewal is given, a fine of two cents per day is col-\\nlected for each day that a book is detained without\\nsuch renewal.\\nWorks of reference, elaborately illustrated books,\\nand other volumes of special value cannot be taken\\nfrom the building. If the library card is lost or\\ndestroyed, a new one can be obtained by the pay-\\nment of five cents.\\nOn the evening of June 3, 1877, the library was\\nentered by some petty thief and the Registry of\\nPatrons and slips of books drawn were stolen. No\\nserious loss resulted, but a new Registry of Patrons\\nwas required.\\nThe library at first was open only between the\\nhours of 7 and 9 p. m. on Wednesdays and Satur-\\ndays. On February- 10, 1866, it was decided to\\nopen it daily from 4 to 8 P. M. After it was moved\\nto the rear of the Capitol, it was kept open from 10\\nA. M. to 8 P. M., and on Saturdays till 9 i M. Since\\nNovember, 1883, it has been open from 9 a. m. to 9\\nP. M.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0813.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "76;\\nTHE PUBLIC LIBRARY.\\nIn November, 1866, eleven hundred and fifty-four\\nvolumes from the library of General Cass were\\ndonated to this institution; and in October, 1871,\\nthe old Fire Department Society gave one hundred\\nand twenty-six volumes, the remnant of their library.\\nAfter the demise of the Young Men s Society in\\n1S82, the public library received from that organi-\\nzation four thousand and fifty volumes, also a marble\\nbust of Lewis Cass and six oil paintings of ex-\\npresidents of the society.\\nDuring the summer of 1881 the library was\\nclosed for several weeks, and the books numbered\\nthey were also newly arranged, and an entirely new\\nclassification adopted and in August of the same\\nyear, a free reading-room, supplied with the leading\\nperiodicals, was opened.\\nThe books are grouped under general heads,\\nembracing almost every department of bibliography,\\nincluding almost all historical, theological, scientific,\\nand philosophical subjects and general literature.\\nThe library contains many rare, curious, and ele-\\ngantly illustrated works, with a creditable collection\\nof French and German authors.\\nThe books under each classification are arranged\\non the shelves in alphabetical order according to\\nname of the author. Many of the books once\\nbelonged to individual libraries, and not a few of\\nthem bear the private marks of distinguished own-\\ners. The autographs of Horace Walpole. William\\nWilberforce, and Lord Brougham are contained in\\nbooks which evidently belonged to their private\\nlibraries.\\nAmong the rare volumes is a manuscript of vellum\\nwith eight full-page and fifteen small illuminated\\nminiatures. The library also possesses the writings\\nof St. Augustine in the form of a veritable chained\\nbook of the fourteenth century, with the iron fast-\\nenings still attached various emblems are stamped\\non the binding. Lord Kingsborough s Mexican\\nAntiquities is one of its treasures. The work\\nbankrupted its learned and distinguished author,\\nand in nine immense volumes reproduces in colors,\\nwith wonderful minuteness, the relics of an ancient\\nand almost forgotten race.\\nThree catalogues have been issued those of 1865\\nand 1 868, with the supplement of 1871, are arranged\\nalphabetically by authors names, that of 1877 by\\nsubjects only.\\nThe growth in number of volumes, and the use\\nmade of them, is indicated in the follow ing table\\nYear. No. of Volumes. No. of Patrons. Books Drawn.\\n1865\\n8,864\\n475\\n4,700\\n1866\\n10,959\\n1,114\\n15,000\\n1867\\n15.020\\n1,650\\n30,000\\n1868\\n15,620\\n2,466\\n35,000\\n1869\\n17,586\\n3,326\\n40,000\\n1870\\n18,717\\n4.710\\n40.000\\nI87I\\n21. 161\\n5.557\\n45.600\\n1872\\n22,115\\n6,759\\n98.000\\n1873\\n22,882\\n8,215\\n115,000\\n1874\\n24,176\\n9-355\\n145.000\\n1875\\n24.903\\n10,422\\n148,000\\nIS76\\n33.604\\n11,464\\n148.000\\n1877\\n37.703\\n4,286\\n1 50.000\\n1878\\n39.045\\n7.791\\n184,200\\n1879\\n40.358\\n9.947\\n185.447\\n1880\\n40,496\\n11.399\\n113.585\\nI88I\\n42.413\\n12.757\\n116,932\\n1882\\n50,605\\n13.839\\n102.610\\nIS83\\n53,621\\n15,074\\n1 14,960", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0814.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "PART X.\\nCOMMERCIAL.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0815.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0816.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXVII.\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CUSTOM-HOUSE AND COLLECTORS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE BOARD\\nOF TRADE.\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nDetroit was founded as a commercial colony,\\nand her merchants would belie all the facts and tra-\\nditions of the past if they neglected to foster a com-\\nmercial spirit and stretch out their hands for trade.\\nThose who organized the colony in the wilderness\\nof the lakes, came not because of religious perse-\\ncution, nor in order to live under a government of\\ntheir choice money and adventure were the objects\\nthey sought. When Cadillac founded the post, he\\nexpected to have full control of the trade but no\\nsooner had the post been established than merchants\\nand trading companies began their intrigues to\\npossess or destroy it. Before the stockade of Fort\\nPontchartrain was fairly completed, Louis XIV. and\\nhis ministers broke faith with Cadillac by granting\\nto the Company of the Colony of Canada the ex-\\nclusive right to trade at Detroit. That company\\nhad sought this right even before the colonists were\\nsent, and on October 31, 1701, under orders from\\nFrance, a contract was made with them at Quebec\\nwhich gave them the control they sought.\\nCadillac first heard of this contract on July iS,\\n1702. Thus, within a year, he was deprived of the\\nchief advantage of the post he had himself planned\\nand established. The trade of the country, and\\nespecially the furs of this region, were undoubtedly\\nthe chief objects of his desire yet at one blow he\\nwas dispossessed of these emoluments, as the terms\\nof the company s charter prevented his trading\\nupon his own account. The company, however,\\nwere to comjjlete the fort and keep it in repair, to\\npay annually, on October i, six thousand livres\\ntowards the support of poor settlers, and to bear\\nthe chief expenses of the transportation of articles\\nfor use of the garrison. In return for his serx ices\\nand efforts, Cadillac was to be maintained by the\\ncompany, as was aLso one officer the rest of the\\ngarrison were to be paid by the king.\\nDoubtless because of his protests and the evident\\ninjustice of the arrangement, an agreement was\\nsoon made by which he was to have one third of\\nthe commerce of the post but this was almost im-\\nmediately succeeded by an agreement, lasting from\\n1702 to 1704, under which he was to have two\\nthousand francs a year and subsistence for himself\\nand family, with no privilege of trade. truly, a\\nbeggarly pittance for services that he had rendered\\nand could still perform.\\nIt is doubtful, indeed, if the trading company\\ndesigned to promote the settlement of Detroit on\\nthe contrary, there seems to have been at least a\\nhalf-formed purpose to so manage as that the settle-\\nment should die through the mismanagement of its\\ntrade.\\nThe Montreal merchants were jealous of the post,\\nand sought in every way to destroy it and disperse\\ntlie colony. They were aided in their endeavors by\\nthe Jesuits. In addition to these embarrassments,\\nthe resources of the company were so meagre and\\ntheir plans so chimerical, that the infatlt colony was\\nnearly strangled by the one that should have been\\nits nurse and protector.\\nThe directors of the company sent out commis-\\nsioners, who charged so exorbitantly for their goods,\\nand paid so little for furs, that the Indians were\\nfrequently estranged. At the same time the com-\\npany was defrauded by these agents, who obtained\\ntheir appointment through nepotism of the most\\nmanifest kind. The company made profits of from\\nfour hundred to six hundred per cent on ammuni-\\ntion, and two hundred per cent on beads, vermilion,\\nand other goods, and, having e.xclusive rights, there\\nwas no room for competition or redress.\\nCadillac refused to be a party to the frauds, and\\nsought to obtain again the control of the colony.\\nIn 1703 he offered ten thousand livres per year for\\nthe e.xclusive right of trade. In a letter dated July\\n14, 1704, Count Pontchartrain acknowledges the\\nreceipt of Cadillac s letter of Atigust 30 and 31,\\n1703, and says that at the same time he also re-\\nceived a series of complaints against him made by\\nthe directors of the trading company that he had\\npresented Cadillac s proposition to the king, and\\nthat it had been accepted without any requirement\\nas to the yearly payment and that the king directed\\nhim to wTite to the directors to deliver up the post\\nto Cadillac on his paying them for the goods which\\nthey had at Detroit, and also for the improvements\\nmade by them. Pontchartrain directed Cadillac to\\ngo to Quebec to arrange for the transfer of the post\\nand to receive further instructions from Vaudreuil\\nI765]", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0817.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "766\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nand Beauharnois, the governor and intendant.\\nPontchartrain also said, The intention of the king\\nis that you should have full command, and conduct\\nthe commerce for your own profit as really as the\\ncompany did for its profit, the only restriction being\\nthat not over fifteen or twenty thousand pounds of\\nbeaver sldns be shipped yearly, and that no trading\\ncanoes are to be sent to Michilimackinac or else-\\nwhere on the Lakes.\\nAll the business was to be conducted at Detroit,\\nand Cadillac was to have the privilege of attracting\\nas many savages as he could to the post, but was to\\ntake care that the privileges of the company outside\\nof Detroit were not interfered with. An inspector\\nof the company was to be allowed to remain at\\nDetroit to see that this last regulation was observed.\\nVaudreuil was directed to give Cadillac as many\\nsoldiers as he asked for, and to pay for their\\ntransportation. In accordance with Pontchartrain s\\ndirections, Cadillac went to Quebec, and on his\\narrival there, early in the autumn of 1704, he was\\narrested at the instance of the directors of the\\ncompany, who sought in this way to prevent the\\ncarrying out of the king s orders. His trial dragged\\nalong, and it was nearly two years before he could\\nreturn to Detroit. The suit was decided in his favor\\non June 15, 1705, but arrangements were not com-\\npleted for giving him full control of the colony until\\nJune, 1706, and late in August he returned.\\nIt should be noted that the exclusive trading\\nprivileges of the company pertained only to the\\nexchanging of imported goods for the furs of the\\nIndians. Whatever the settlers could make or raise\\nthemselves, they were at liberty to exchange if per-\\nmits were first obtained from the commandant. For\\nthese permits Cadillac charged ten livres per annum,\\nand he also required the citizens to pay for the\\nprivilege of carrying on their several avocations.\\nM. Parent complained that he was required to pay\\nsix hundred francs, two hogsheads of ale, and agree\\nto shoe all of Cadillac s horses for the privilege of\\nengaging in the business of blacksmithing. After\\nCadillac relinquished the post, commerce and the\\nculture of the soil decreased for several years. M.\\nTonty, his successor, refused to renew or to ac-\\nknowledge Cadillac s permits, ill-treated those who\\nhad received concessions, and obliged them to pay\\nlarge additional taxes. He charged five hundred\\nlivres in furs or three hundred in specie for a\\ntrading permit to go to Montreal. He seemed to\\ncare only to secure as much as possible for himself,\\nand his exactions almost ruined the settlement. In\\nconsequence of his extortions and the increased\\nprices of the traders, many of the Indians sought\\nto exchange their furs with the English at Albany,\\nthen called Orange. This displeased the traders,\\nand they had frequent quarrels with Tonty. There\\nwere then trading here, Messrs. Chesne, Campau,\\nDe Marsac, Jean Bineau, Pierre Reaume, Picard,\\nRoubidon, Oliver La Devoute, and De Gaudefroy.\\nWhile De Boishebert was commandant he refused\\nto engage in trade himself, but sold permits or com-\\nmissions allowing others to trade from this source\\nalone he obtained funds enough to meet the ex-\\npenses and keep the Indians good-natured by his\\ngifts.\\nAs the years went on, the traders found that not\\nthe commandant alone had to be paid, but every\\nofficial at the post, from chaplain to sergeant and\\nin 1756 and 1757 the total amount was so exorbi-\\ntant as to almost preclude any profit. The com-\\nmandants were also in the habit of demanding extra\\nsupplies of goods for the Indians, and of making\\nout false certificates for the amounts disbursed, and,\\nas a result, the colony became greatly involved.\\nThe last French commandant, Bellestre, was par-\\nticularly distinguished for official misconduct of the\\nkind indicated. A desire to regulate the trade, settle\\nthe price of provisions, and put the colony on a\\nbetter footing, was one of the chief objects of the\\nvisit of Sir William Johnson, who came in the fall\\nof 1 76 1. After his visit all traders were required\\nto procure a license from him or his deputy. Colonel\\nCroghan. With all these precautions, frauds still\\ncontinued to be practiced, and in the spring of 1766\\nColonel Johnson was compelled to appoint a resi-\\ndent Commissioner of Trade to supervise the deal-\\nings of the merchants and redress grievances\\nbetween whites and Indians. In matters connected\\nwith trade the commissioner possessed almost plen-\\nary powers. He outranked even the commandant\\nin these matters, and had power to stop all trading,\\nand even to close the stores of traders, if he deemed\\nit necessary. Jehu Hay, the first Commissioner of\\nTrade, continued in office for several years, and\\nfinally became Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit. It\\nis not known that he had any successor as commis-\\nsioner. After the appointment of Mr. Hay, there\\nwas much more uniformity in the prices and quality\\nof goods offered in exchange for furs; but the\\ncharacter of the traders was not much improved, as\\nis evidenced by the following extract from a letter\\nof Captain Stevenson to Sir William Johnson, dated\\nJune 8, 1772, he says:\\nTwo-thirds of the traders will acknowledge that I have been\\nthe most indulgent commanding officer they ever had. They are\\na sad set, for they would cut each others throats for a raccoon\\nskin.\\nSoon after the English took possession, the town\\nbecame the great centre of Indian commerce, and\\nthe Dutch merchants of the Mohawk frequently\\ncame to Detroit for purposes of trade. With one or\\ntwo portages they reached the lake, and then, in\\ntheir large open boats, they coasted along the shores", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0818.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "MERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\n767\\nof Ontario and Erie until they reached this, the\\nmost famous trading post in the West. They\\nbrought goods of every kind, wrapped in tarpaulins\\nand oiled skins. So e.xtensive was the traffic and so\\nsharp the competition that only the most wide-awake\\nof men had any chance of success. The Indians\\nwere alternately pampered and cajoled, but in the\\nend they were almost always worsted in their bar-\\ngains. The traders not only bought skins, but,\\nsometimes persons as well. Henry Van Schaack, a\\nDutch merchant, of Albany, and a frequent visitor\\nat Detroit, both before and after the Pontiac War,\\nwas attracted by a bright boy that the Indians had\\ntaken captive. The Indian owner was equally at-\\ntracted by a silver tankard that he possessed, and\\nthe exchange of the tankard for the boy was duly\\nmade. As the boy was without a name, he was\\ncalled Tankard, and his descendants are still known\\nby the curious name that his ransom originated.\\nDuring the Revolutionary War the traders from the\\nMohawk could not send goods with safety or regu-\\nlarity, and consequently many articles were some-\\ntimes scarce and dear. With all these drawbacks,\\nthe quantity of goods in store in those days was\\nenormous. Several million dollars worth was\\noften gathered here.\\nWithin the store of a leading trader, the glitter\\nand bright colors were equal to any display made in\\nour own day; and for variety no country store of\\nthe present time could equal it. In one corner\\nmight be seen bales of mink, raccoon, bear, beaver,\\nmuskrat, and deer skins, sufficient in value to con-\\nstitute a fortune at the prices of to-day, the floor\\nwas usually cumbered with goods of various kinds\\nin their original packages, the bo.xes and barrels\\nbeing lined with sheet-lead to keep out the water,\\nand heavily bound with iron. Strings of wampum,\\ndressed deerskins, and immense snow-shoes were\\nsuspended from the low ceiling and, in the season,\\ncarcasses of venison and bear, with wild turkeys,\\nadded a savor) odor to the room. The shelves were\\ncrammed with a larger variety of goods than any\\njunk-shop displays. Large brass locks with keys\\nthat would weigh a pound, iron and brass candle-\\nsticks, pewter plates, tinder-bo.xes, inkstands and\\nbasins, steelyards, Japan mugs, and Queen s ware,\\nlay side by side. Implements of peace and war\\njostled each other fig-blue, ink-powder, wafers, and\\nquills were shelved with red -handled scalping\\nknives, tomahawks, horse-pistols and holsters guns,\\nheavy with sil\\\\-er ornaments, hung overhead, and\\npowder, lead, flints, and fire-steels lay beneath them.\\nThe lower shelves were brilliant with gay calicoes,\\ncrimson satins, straw-colored silks, and scarlet\\ncloths while red night-caps, black silk breeches, and\\nsilk and satin petticoats were in bewildering pro.x-\\nitnity these were flanked by boxes of stiff stocks,\\nbeaver and cocked hats, gold and silver sword-knots,\\nand green silk umbrellas, while bales of blankets\\nand strouds (a coarse blue cloth), packages of ver-\\nmilion, yellow ochre, hair powder, red and gold lace,\\nknee-buckles, burning glasses, wa.x-lights, lanterns,\\nbellows, decanters, shoe-packs, moccasins, carrying\\ncollars, large and small traps, cordage, oakum, irons,\\nand saddlebags helped to make up the assortment.\\nNor was this all. Household implements were not\\nforgotten Dutch ovens, Indian baskets, frying pans,\\ncopper kettles, and caddies of bohea tea greeted the\\neyes of thrifty housewives in days gone by. For\\nthe children, there were mococks of maple sugar of\\nmany sizes, suited to the purse of man or boy. and\\nbrilliant with the gayly stained quills with which\\nthey had been decorated. The particular delights\\nof the Indians were by no means forgotten colored\\nbeads of many sizes, silver and tin brooches and\\nbuckles, ear-bobs, moons, crosses, gorgets for\\nmedals and breast-plates and silver bands for the\\nwrists, woolen belts and blankets, rolls of tobacco,\\nand numerous casks of the ine\\\\ itable fire-water,\\nwith hundreds of other articles, were gathered in a\\nsingle store.\\nAs early as 1767 mention is made of the following\\nmerchants at Detroit Charles Cortoise, Peter\\nBaron, Benjamin James, Edmund Pollard, Obediah\\nRobbins, William Bruce, John Robinson, H. Van\\nSchaack, Thomas Williams, William Edgar, Richard\\nMcNeall, Samuel Lyons, D. Baby, B. Chapoton,\\nIsaac Todd, and James Cassity. In 1773 James\\nStirling, John Porteous, Macomb Company, and\\nAbbott cS: Edgar were the principal merchants and\\nwithin five years after Meldrum Park, a noted\\nfirm, began. In 1783 Graverat Visger were\\nlargely engaged in the fur trade. In 1787, or pos-\\nsibly earlier, Joseph Campau began business. In\\n1799 Angus Mcintosh, Forsyth Company, and\\nMack Conant were prominent merchants, and in\\n1809 A. C. Truax.\\nFor more than a century, under French, English,\\nand .\\\\merican rule, the fur trade was the most im-\\nportant interest. Immense quantities of furs were\\nreceived and forwarded. Over one hundred thou-\\nsand beaver-skins were shipped in a single year.\\nWhen Captain Rogers came to take possession of\\nthe post in 1760, he found $500,000 worth of furs\\nin store. In 1781 A. W. Macomb bought at one\\ntime, of the Widow Berthelet, 12.132 deerskins.\\n9,483 raccoon, 413 bear, 682 cat and fox, 16 elk, and\\nthree wolf skins. In August, 1784, after great\\nquantities had been sent away, there were still one\\nthousand packs of furs at Detroit.\\nDuring all these years the business of buying and\\nshipping furs was the most important factor in the\\ntrade of Detroit. A single shipment on August 6,\\n1 82 1, of four hundred and ten packs, was valued", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0819.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "768\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nat $62,000 and during the year over \u00c2\u00a7300,000\\nworth were shipped from the city. In 1829 furs to\\nthe amount of S325.000 were exported, and the\\nshipments of raw furs to Europe, even now, reaches\\na value of half a million yearly.\\nS\\n5i S i\\nVI\\na\\nA\\n-5\\ns s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S O 5 ir fe I\\n1. iJ .5 -o S\\n4\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05 V a\\nC)\\n^5^ S\\nCO\\nH\\n5 s\\n5 N\u00c2\u00a7 S\\nS 7; (s S\\nR Vi\\na Ni\\n5 c5 S\\ns?\\nf^ -fi s\\na\\ng\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2I v-^, 1 .1 -I\\nThe methods of trade were much the same\\namong all who trafficked with the Indians, the slow-\\nness of the returns in some measure counterbalanc-\\ning the otherwise large profits. Goods ordered in\\nthe fall would not arrive till the following summer.\\nIn the winter they would be exchanged for furs,\\nwhich generally did not reach London or Paris until\\nnearly a year later. In this way, three years, and\\noften forty-two months, were required to complete\\ni^\\nI\\nthe circuit of trade. Indeed, the fur merchants were\\ngenerally poor and disheartened every three years,\\nowing to the enormous expense of the traffic, and\\nthe instability of prices in the\\n^^H^ London market. In addition\\n^^^Hb to other drawbacks, the goods\\n^^0r sold to the farmers were pay-\\nable only in produce, and not\\nuntil the winter following their\\npurchase. Many of the farm-\\ners were more fond of gayety\\nand dissipation than of indus-\\ntry, and generally evaded pay-\\ning for two or three years or\\nuntil forced by law then,\\nhowever, instead of paying\\ntwenty shillings to the pound,\\nthey paid from thirty to forty,\\nthe costs of suit being very\\nhigh. This practice of non-\\npayment was so general that\\nno one thought it a disgrace\\nr. to be sued for debt on the\\n3 contrary, it seems to have\\nI been considered an honor, as\\nit gave them the air of men of\\nr business.\\na Detroit was so noted a trad-\\ning post that bands of Indians\\n5 were coming and going all\\nthe time. Their canoes, by\\nthe score, were frequently seen\\ncoming down the river, or\\nwere hauled up on the shore.\\nAs late as 1825 they gathered\\nI along the river road from the\\nV Brush Farm eastward towards\\nrs Grosse Pointe their canoes,\\nS i turned bottom-side up on the\\nbeach, with one edge slightly\\nS elevated, afforded shelter, and\\nJ; kX^ on the north side of the road\\nO their goods were exposed for\\nsale. Bundles of odorous furs,\\nbales of smoke-dressed deer-\\nskins, naked little Indians,\\nblanketed squaws, some with\\nmococks of sugar and other\\nwith papooses strapped upon their backs, numerous\\ndogs, immense piles of Indian baskets, bundles of\\npaddles, Indian brooms, axe-handles, mats, bows\\nand arrows, knot-bowls, and packs of moccasins,\\nstraight black-haired and copper-colored braves,\\nwere all on exhibition, forming together a motley\\nspectacle.\\nUnder French rule accounts were kept in French\\ncurrency, but soon after 1760 the English system of", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0820.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "MERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\n769\\npounds, shillings, and pence displaced franc\\nand livre. The American merchants dis-\\nliked the English mode of reckoning, and in\\n1 810, or earlier, accounts were kept in York\\nor New York currency, $2.50 being equiva-\\nlent to the pound. The old ledgers of the\\nMacombs, of Thomas Smith, and of Joseph\\nCampau, would do no discredit to the best\\npenman or bookkeeper of the present day.\\nThe debtor and creditor sides of an account\\neach occupied a page, and tile two pages\\nwere numbered alike, so that ledgers of three\\nhundred pages would be numbered as having\\nonly one hundred and fifty. Under Ameri-\\ncan rule the governor issued special licenses\\nto those who traded with the Indians. A\\nfac-simile of one, half size, is here repro-\\nduced.\\nUnder law of August 29, 1805, no person\\nwas allowed to retail any merchandise not\\nproduced in the United States without paying\\na license of twenty dollars to the treasurer of\\nthe Territory. The law does not seem to\\nhave acted as a hindrance to trade, for in\\n1 80S, only three years after the town had been\\nentirely destroyed, there were three hundred\\nand thirty-fiv-e stores of various kinds.\\nA territorial law of October 7, 1814, re-\\nquired each merchant or trader in Detroit to\\nWholesale Grocery Stores of Beattv, Fjtzsimons, Co.,\\nNorthwest corner of Woodward Ave. and Woodbridge St.\\nMarineus Protestant Episcopal Church. Euilt in 1849.\\nWholesale Shoe Stores of H. P. Baldwin, id, i\\nSouthwest corner of Woodward Avenue and W oodbridge Street.\\nCo.,\\nPuilt\\nin 185X.\\npay a territorial license of\\ntwenty dollars, and all in\\nthe Territory outside of\\nthe town ten dollars.\\nThere is no apparent rea-\\nson for this discrimination\\nother than the fact that\\nthe traders in Detroit did\\nso much more business\\nthat they were able to pay\\nmore.\\nA business list, compiled\\nin June, 181 9, showed that\\nthere were then in De-\\ntroit seven watchmakers,\\ntwelve blacksmiths, ten\\ngunsmiths, sixty carpen-\\nters and joiners, si.x coop-\\ners, three cabinetmakers,\\none coach and chaise mak-\\ner, five wheelwrights, three\\ntanners, five harness-mak-\\ners, twelve shoemakers,\\ntwenty-three masons,\\neighteen tailors, six hat-\\nters, one tinner, three\\npainters, three printers.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0821.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "770\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\neight innkeepers, twenty-four dry goods and grocery\\nmerchants, one wholesale grocer, sixteen grocery and\\nprovision stores and ale-houses, and five bakeries.\\nAmong the prominent merchants at this time were\\nHenry J. Hunt, John L. Whiting, Mack Conant,\\nJ. A. Wendel, Tunis S. Wendel Company, De\\nGarmo Jones, Benjamin B. Kercheval, and Abraham\\nEdwards.\\nAs illustrative of the ways of the times, we note\\nthat on November 22, 1820, the last-named mer-\\n61 Woodward Avenue. Built iu 1845-77.\\nchant announced that he had sold out, and urged\\nall parties indebted to him to make immediate\\npayment in cash, beans, or flour.\\nAt this time, and for at least ten years later, cur-\\nrency was so scarce that dickering was the rule,\\nand the trading of one article for another was a\\ncommon occurrence. Thomas Palmer used to say\\nto customers that he would take anything for pay\\nexcept money. Levi Cook began business in 1820,\\nand, after a few years, was succeeded by his brother\\nOlney Cook. In 1838 James Burns became a part-\\nner. In 1821 the advertisements of the following\\nmerchants appeared in the Gazette A. C. Caniff,\\nF. J. J. Palmer, J. G. J. E. Schwartz, O. New-\\nberry, John Hale, William Brewster, and John R.\\nWilliams.\\nThe rush of emigration in 1836 caused such a\\ndemand for goods of all kinds that every house that\\ncould be obtained on Jefferson Avenue from Shelby\\nto Randolph Street was fitted up for a store and\\nfilled with goods some householders sold out their\\nleases at an advance of a hundred per cent. The\\nregular merchants grew jealous of the auctioneers,\\nwho gathered crowds to their sales by sending out\\na crier with a large bell and, undoubtedly at their\\nrequest, an ordinance was passed forbidding auc-\\ntioneers to sell anything except liquors in casks of\\nthirty gallons or over, ship furniture and tackle, car-\\nriages, farming utensils, furniture, and animals.\\nGoods of any kind could not be sold at auction un-\\nless of the bulk of one barrel or weighing one hun-\\ndred pounds or over and the ordinance provided\\nthat no bellman, crier, or other means of attract-\\ning attention of passengers shall be used or em-\\nployed by any auctioneer or other person for the\\npurpose of collecting bidders at the sale or auc-\\ntion of any property. The business of an auc-\\ntioneer was originally a public one, and appoint-\\nments were made by the governor. A law of De-\\ncember 31, iSir, provided that auctions shall not\\nbe held except betw een sunrising and sunsetting,\\nthe evident intent being to prevent any deception\\nthrough sales made by candlelight. The following\\npersons were appointed auctioneers in the years\\nnamed: 18 16, George McDougall, Henry Brown\\n1817, John Meldrum, John McDonnell l8i8,James\\nAbbott, Abraham Edwards, John R. Williams, and\\nDuncan Reid 1 819, Robert Garrat 1820, John S.\\nRoby 1821, D. B. Cole 1S23, Melvin Dorr, Rufus\\nHatch 1826, Elijah Converse, Charles C. P. Hunt\\n1S29, J. E. Schwartz; 1830, B. Holbrook, I. T.\\nUllman, E. Brooks; 1834, S. S. Hawkins, D. C.\\nMcKinstry 1835, Henry Doty; 1836, James Filson.\\nAs the city grew, the general store, in which were\\ngathered articles of every kind, gave place to stores\\nmaking a specialty of some one kind or class of\\ngoods but for a long time the oldest and leading\\ndry goods stores kept a supply of tea, coffee, sugar,\\nand other staple groceries, and sold large quantities,\\nespecially to their country customers.\\nThe general stores of the olden time, where\\neverything was kept, find their best exponent to-day\\nin the establishment of C. R. Mabley Company,\\nin which clothing, boots and shoes, hats and caps,\\nladies and gentlemen s furnishing goods, millinery\\nand woolens of many kinds are all on sale in great\\nquantities. The first store for clothing was opened\\nFebruary 22, 1870. From time to time others have", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0822.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0823.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "772\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nbeen added, and now fifteen stores, of four and five\\nstories each, are occupied with the goods of this firm.\\nOne of the noticeable features in the mercantile\\nhfe of the city, at the present time, is the number\\nof firms who represent stores established nearly\\nor quite half a century ago. Among these are the\\nestablishments of F. Buhl Company, Farrand,\\nWilliams Company, George Kirby, H. P. Bald-\\nR. H. i viK A- Cn.^ Hour AND Shoe Stoke,\\nloi Woodward Avenue. Built in 1875.\\nwin 2d, Company, T. H. Hinchman Company,\\nL. A. Smith Company, A. C. McGraw Com-\\npany, antl Phelps Brace.\\nFrom small beginnings the drug business, repre-\\nsented by the wholesale drug-houses of Farrand,\\nWilliams, Company, T. H. Hinchman Sons,\\nJohn J. Dodds Company, and James E. Davis\\nCompany, has become one of the largest of mercan-\\ntile enterprises. Since i S6o direct importations have\\nbeen made at Detroit of almost all foreign com-\\nmodities, castile soap from Marseilles, several tons\\nat a time Venetian red and ammonia from Glas-\\ngow; hemp and mustard seed in quantities from\\nMessina; bergamot, origanum, lemon, and other\\nessential oils, with gums and drugs, from London\\nand Grasse, thousands of gallons at a time chamois-\\nskins arrive in lots of ten thousand Trieste supplies\\njjjuigiiaH iiiM g* anih\\nFUKNllLKE Ahl-KMU.Mb Ul- N. A: J. FLAlTIiRY,\\n98 Woodward Avenue. Built in 1S51.\\ngum-arabic and cuttle-fish bone; Dresden, senna-\\nleaves, anise-seed, and chemicals of various kinds,\\nand Liverpool, indigo and sal soda.\\nThe increase in amount of direct importations of\\nvarious goods is shown by the following statement\\nof the amount of duties paid at Detroit: iSio,\\n$2,052; 1S50, $11,433; i860, $61,650; 1870,8234.-\\n842; 1880, $284,464.\\nThe total capital invested in jobbing and retail", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0824.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "houses is about S30.000,-\\n000, and the sales for 18S3\\nwere estimated at S125,-\\nOOO.CXXJ.\\nAs I lie city has grown,\\none locality after another\\nhas become specially de-\\nsirable for business pur-\\nposes. In 1S12 At water\\nwas the principal business\\nstreet; about 1S20 stores\\nbegan to appear on Wood-\\nward Avenue below Jef-\\nferson, and also on Jeffer-\\nson Avenue; from iS3oto\\n1850 Jefferson Avenue was\\nthe chief business street of\\nthe city. In 1S60 Wood-\\nward Avenue above Jeffer-\\nson began to be the better\\nretail street. Since 1870\\nthe tide of business has\\nswept past the Campus\\nMartins, and up Wood-\\nwardand Monroe Avenues,\\nand Michigan, Gratiot,\\nand Grand River Avenues\\nhave for years been lined\\nwith stores and shops.\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING\\nWholesale Dkug Stores of Farraxd, Williams, Co.\\nn to 17 Lamed Street East. Built in 1872.\\nDetkcmt Tool De.or, Stovh, a.o General Hardware Stores or T. B. R.v. Co\\n^o^th\u00c2\u00abst comer of Woodward Avenue and Congress Street. Built in ^S,.-\u00e2\u0080\u009e.\\nSome persons engaged in\\nbusiness have no locaf habita-\\ntion; they are here, there, and\\neverj^vhere, their own cries giv-\\ning notice of their presence.\\nEspecially of late years the\\nstreet-cries of Detroit have be-\\ncome noticeable among the many\\nsounds of its broad and busy\\nthoroughfares. Ting a ling-\\nting-ting-ting sounds the bell\\nof the scissors-grinder, who pres-\\nently appears with wheels and\\ntreadle on his back. Hardly\\nhas the sound of his bell died\\naway when the toot of the rag-\\nman s horn is heard, and his\\nhand-cart comes in sight, drawn\\nsometimes by himself, sometimes\\nby a dog or possibly he has a\\nrheumatic horse and a dilapi-\\ndated wagon. After him comes\\none with box of broken glass\\nand a rule, and the cry of Glass\\nput in is heard, or the words\\nUmbrellas to mend to mend\\nto mend! sound along the\\nway. In the early morning and", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0825.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "u", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0826.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0827.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "776\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nin the afternoon the news-\\nboy s cry is heard, omni-\\npresent, vigorous, and\\nclear and all the livelong\\nday, in spring and sum-\\nmer time, the streets are\\nmade to ring vi^ith the\\ncries of Tatoes\\nFresh fish and\\nStrawberries Fruits\\nof every kind are thus\\noffered for sale.\\nIn marked contrast\\nwith these literally one-\\nhorse establishments, is\\nthe business conducted\\nby the firm of D. M.\\nFerry Company, one\\nof the most widely known\\nfirms on the continent.\\nIn connection with a few\\nfacts as to their estab-\\nlishment, a description\\nof the seed business of\\nthe olden time will be\\nsuggestive. About the\\nyear 1820, while James\\nDrv Goods Stores of L. A. Smith Co. {Successors to James Burns Co.),\\n107 and 109 Woodward Avenue, corner of Congress Street. Built in 1S71.\\nGrocery Stores of G. R. McMillv\\\\.\\\\\\nWoodward Avenue, corner of Fort Street, Built in 18\\nAbbott was postmaster, he culti-\\nvated the main portion of the\\nblock now bounded by Woodward\\nAvenue, Griswold, Woodbridge,\\nand Atwater Streets. In this gar-\\nden he raised seeds for sale.\\nThe wrappers enclosing the few\\nletters that were then received at\\nDetroit, with the aid of a little\\npaste, were transformed into bags\\nfor the seeds, and in the spring,\\nwhen the first vessel went up the\\nlakes to Saginaw, Mackinaw, and\\nGreen Bay, these seeds only a\\nfew dozen papers in number\\nwere sent tip for sale to the post-\\ngardeners, and to scattered farm-\\ners who had settled in the wilder-\\nness. As compared with such\\nmethods, the business operations\\nof D. M. Ferry Company afford\\ninteresting evidences of progress.\\nThey occupy a four-story ware-\\nhouse with basement, erected\\nspecially for the purpose, and\\ncovering half of a large square\\nand this building, with a large\\nportion of. an adjoining block,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0828.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "MERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nhardly suffices for their needs. In addition\\nto immense tracts of land cultivated for\\nthem, they have a seed-farm of their own.\\ncovering nearly half a mile square of ground,\\nand on this farm they lia\\\\ e grown, in a\\nsingle year, 35,000 pounds of onion and\\n93,000 ponnds of beet seed.\\nAt the warehouse proper they employ\\nabout four hundred persons, and the aggre-\\ngate number of their workmen, including\\nthose employed at the farm, reaches nearly\\neight hundred. They deal directly, from\\nyear to year, with over eighty thousand mer-\\nchants, located in almost every town and\\nhamlet in the United .States and Canada\\nantl they have yearly correspondence besides\\nwith as many more individual farmers and\\ngardeners. Upwards of 50,000,000 pack-\\nages of seeds were sent out in 1883. They\\nissue over 325.000 catalogues yearly, and\\nconsume, in connection with their business,\\nnearly a ton and a half of paper per day,\\nand ship yearly five hundred car-loads of\\nseeds.\\nIn the olden time wholesale merchants\\nwaited for customers to come to them,\\nbut within the last twenty years the practice\\nof sending out drummers, or travelling\\nPaintingan\\n1 PAri:K HangiNi-} Establishment of Dean. Godekev, Co.\\n167 and 169 Griswold Street. Built in 1879.\\n2T|vT\u00c2\u00bb BLA^ItE .-1271-\\nStore and\\n33 and\\nResidence\\n27 Lafayett\\nOF P. Blake, Undertaker,\\ne Avenue. Built in 1875.\\nagents, has become increas-\\ningly common, until now\\nthere is hardly a wholesale\\nhouse in Detroit that does\\nnot employ from one to fifty\\nof these salesmen, who, dur-\\ning a great part of the year,\\ntravel throughout the coun-\\ntry soliciting orders for goods\\nof every kind. There are\\nprobably not less than four\\nhundred thus sent out from\\nDetroit.\\nWithin the last twenty\\nyears, and especially since\\n1870, the practice of deliv-\\nering goods to every part\\nof the city has become gen-\\neral among retail dealers.\\nOne firm employs nearly a\\ndozen wagons in this kind\\nof ser\\\\-ice.\\nNot much was attempted\\nin the way of display in\\nshow-windows until about\\n1850. George Doty s jew-\\nelry window and J. TKcd-\\nzler s exhibit of fruits and", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0829.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "n^\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nfancy groceries were among the earliest specially\\nattractive displays. Ten years later French plate-\\nglass windows were more common, and since\\nthen the show-windows on the principal business\\nMantel and Tile Store of P. A. Billings,\\n176 Woodward Ave. Built in 1868.\\nStreets have been increasingly attractive in appear-\\nance. Opening days, when spring or fall goods\\nare first shown, were inaugurated by Newcomb,\\nEndicott, Company, in 1869. The sale of both\\ngroceries and meats in one establishment was origi-\\nnated in 1 87 1 by the Messrs. Hull.\\nIn the way of signs, one of the most noticeable\\nforty years ago was that of Self cS: Sole, shoemakers.\\nAsk S: Seek were tailors. Over a dyer s establish-\\nment, on Jefferson Avenue near Bates Street, was\\nthe legend, dye to live. A sign on Mullett\\nStreet announced Washing and Ironing and going\\nout to day s works done here. In recent days the\\nlu\\nMl .MFUkD, K0STf :R. lV C m. s LhAIHhk StuKIC\\nB, P, Muraford. E. D. Foster. Douglas Payne.\\n16 Gratiot Avenue. Built in 1876.\\nseveral notices of Bankrupt Stock and Sheriffs,\\nClosing out, Semi-annual, Reduction,\\nRemnant, and Removal Sales, are familiar.\\nAttention is claimed by representations of almost\\never\\\\-thing that is used or bought or sold, and huge\\nkeys, padlocks, pitchers, books, boots, and watches\\nline the walks, or are displayed on outer walls.\\nEmblems of colored glass, representing mortars,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0830.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "MERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\n79\\nThorndike Nourse Co., Publishers, Printers, and Book-\\nbinders, corner Larned and Shelby Streets.\\nBuilding erected 1S82.\\n.shirts, and horse-shoes, add\\nbrilliancy to the scene,\\nwooden Indians and stuffed\\nskins of bear and deer\\nstand beside the path, and\\ncolored tiles with owners\\nnames are inserted in the\\nwalk. These efforts are\\nsupplemented with adver-\\ntisements on car tickets,\\ngas bills, hotel registers,\\nblotting pads, and pro-\\ngrammes. Cheap fans,\\nrules, tape-measures, match-\\nsafes, paper-weights, and\\nplacques with advertise-\\nments thereon, are given\\naway by thousands, and\\nelegant steel engraved and\\ncolored cards, with myriads\\nof devices, are distributed\\nto serve the donor s ends.\\nChildren and persons of\\nlarger growth vie with each\\nother in the variety and\\nbeauty of their collections\\nof these free gifts. Sample\\npackages of medicines, soap, and various other articles\\nare left at every door addciidiiin and almost ad infini-\\ntum, and hats and vests, by the score, ha\\\\ c been dis-\\ntributed to promiscuous crowds. At some openings,\\ncostly suppers are served to all who come. Many\\nfirms spend thousands every year to attract the\\npublic eye. Bill-poster boards, fences, and many\\nvacant walls are covered with show-bills, placards,\\nand dodgers. Last, but not least, the newspapers\\nshould be named. Some single newspaper adver-\\ntising firms contract for and control space in a thou-\\nsand papers, secure orders from all over the United\\nStates for the insertion of advertisements, and are in\\nconstant receipt of copies of all papers and periodi-\\ncals. One agency receives five thousand different\\npapers every week, has had contracts with a single\\nfirm for over $65,000 worth of advertising, and has\\nplaced a portion of the advertisements of one house\\nwhich, under a single contract, expended $500,000\\nfor advertising.\\nAmong the modern adjuncts of trade the com-\\nmercial agencies are prominent. These are designed\\nto afford ready and reliable information as to the\\nresponsibility of persons seeking credit. The sys-\\ntem comprehends the obtaining, by means of resi-\\ndent correspondents or traveling employees, of\\ninformation of every kind which affects in any way\\nthe reliability of persons doing business in any village\\nWholesale Drug Stores ok James E. Davis Co.,\\n29f 31. 33) 35 Lamed Street West. Built in 1882.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0831.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "78o\\nMERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\nor neighborhood. This information is published\\nquarterly or semi-annually, in various sized volumes,\\nand is furnished to subscribers only. From time to\\ntime, lists of important changes in the business\\nDrug House of John J. Dodds Co.,\\n(Successors to Swift Dotids)\\n51 and 53 Shelby Street. Built in 1879.\\nStanding of persons engaged in trade are supplied.\\nThese agencies also furnish such of their patrons\\nas subscribe for the same, witlt information re-\\ngarding any person inquired about; and at\\nregular intervals, circular notices of changes are\\nsent out.\\nThe agency of R. G. Dun Company was\\nestablished in Detroit on August i, 1856. J. M.\\nReilly, the first manager, remained until 1859. He\\nwas succeeded by James Moore, and he on August\\nI, 1863, by George H. Minchener.\\nWholesale Glass ami Paint Stoke of W.m. Reio.\\n73 and 75 Larned Street West. ISuilt in 18S2.\\nRetail Stores, 12 and 14 Congress Street East.\\nThe Bradstreet Agency was managed from 1S58\\nto 1868 by C. F.Clark; from 1S68 to 1878 by N.\\nJ. Hubbe ll; from 1878 to April, 1879, by E. .S.\\nLowe; and since April, 1879, by C. F. Beck.\\nAn institution of similar character is the Mer-\\nchants and Manufacturers Exchange, organized\\nFebruary 26, and incorporated in April, 1878. In\\naddition to its usual business, endeavors are made\\nto regulate or prevent any practices injurious to", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0832.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "MERCHANTS AND TRADING.\\n781\\ntrade and commerce, and to promote the business\\ninterests of the city. To this end it appoints not\\nonly an executive committee, but also committees on\\ntransportation, arbitration, insurance, manufactures,\\nand real estate. The organization is supported by\\nthe fees of members, who pay $50 per year. Its\\nrooms are at loi Oris wold Street, corner of Congress\\nStreet. T. H. Hinchman has been president and C.\\nB. Hull, treasurer, from the date of organization.\\nJoseph Colt served as actuary until April, 1879, he\\nwas succeeded by H. P. Sanger, who resigned in\\nMarch, iSSo, and was followed by S. S. Seefred.\\ntember 28, 1850, all of the district north of the\\nforty-fourth parallel was attached to the District of\\nMackinaw.\\nThe District of Detroit now extends along the\\nfrontier from the mouth of the St. Clair River to the\\nsouthern boundary of the State, and covers the\\ncounties of Genessee, Shiawassee, Livingston, Oak-\\nland, Macomb, Wayne, Washtenaw, Lenawee, Mon-\\nroe, and the eastern portion of Ingham and Jackson.\\nDetroit is the principal port of entry and deliver)\\nwith subordinate ports at Trenton, Wyandotte,\\nMonroe, Newport, Gibralter, Ecorce, Springwells,\\nWholesale Dry Goods House of Edson, Moore Co.,\\n194 to 204 Jefferson Avenue. Built in iSSi.\\nCUSTOM HOUSE AND COLLECTORS.\\nBy Act of March 2, 1799, Detroit was made a\\nport of entry. Custom-house regulations were then\\nprovided for a district embracing all the waters,\\nshores, and inlets* of Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and\\nHuron, west of the Miami River to Mackinaw.\\nThe salary of the collector was fi.xed at $2 50\\nyearly, with three per cent on the amount collected.\\nBy law of June 30, 1834, the coasts of Lake\\nMichigan, for fifty miles north of Grand River and\\nMilwaukee, were attached to the district. On Sep-\\nRockwood, New Baltimore, Mt. Clemens, and\\nGrosse Isle, at each of which one deputy collector\\nand inspector of customs is located.\\nWhen a vessel arrives from a foreign coimtry the\\ngoods must be entered and the duties paid before\\nbeing landed, unless they are to be placed in a\\nbonded warehouse. The entry consists of a written\\nstatement containing the name of the vessel and\\nher master, the name of the port from wiiich the\\narticles were shipped, their particular marks, num-\\nbers, quality, and quantity, denomination, and prime", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0833.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "CUSTOM HOUSE AND COLLECTORS.\\ncost, and the advance charges on them. The im-\\nporter must also produce the original invoice, or\\nother documents in lieu thereof, with the bills of\\nlading. Vessels sailing from the United States\\nobtain from the collector written permits to leave,\\ncalled clearances, and sailors obtain certificates of\\ntheir nationality, usually denominated protections,\\nwhich serve to secure them the privileges of Ameri-\\nCanadian or other foreign ports. He issues yearly\\nlicenses to vessels engaged in lake or river trade\\nkeeps account of all vessels built within the di.strict,\\nalso of those arriving and departing from Detroit,\\ngiving their character and description, and reports\\nthe same to the register of the treasury; he makes\\nreturns of all imports and exports at this port he is\\nalso the disbursing agent of the Government for the\\nWholesale Dry Goods Stores of Allan Shelden Co.,\\n162, 164, 166, and 168 Jefferson Avenue. Erected in 1879.\\ncan seamen. The collector certifies to the correct-\\nness of the manifests or bills of lading of goods on\\nboard of vessels sailing from this to any foreign\\nport he also issues registers to .ships, specifying the\\ndescription and nationality of such as are going to\\nforeign countries, and collects a tonnage tax of\\nthirty cents per ton from all vessels trading with\\nRevenue Marine ser\\\\ ice, and acts as custodian of\\nthe marine hospital, custom-house, and post-oflice,\\nincluding the court-rooms and ofilices therein con-\\ntained, and is charged with the repair and preserva-\\ntion of the buildings and furniture.\\nAll imported merchandise is examined and ap-\\npraised, whether imported direct or through a", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0834.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "CUSTOM HOUSE AND COLLECTORS.\\n83\\nbonded warehouse, which is under Government\\nsupervision. The appraiser is appointed by the\\nSecretary of the Treasury, and receives $3,000 a\\nyear. F. A. Blades, serving as appraiser in 1884,\\nwas appointed on June 16, 1874.\\nBonded warehouses are for the benefit of im-\\nporters who do not wish to pay the entire duties\\non any lot of goods at the time they are ini-\\nI trail\\nMjJkd i\\nI ElJlaaj\u00c2\u00ab*l\u00c2\u00bbl \u00c2\u00bbT Ui*.JUg.1u^JjiajJTi-l^\\n.ll^rrr.-\\nI vn Establishment and Hat Store of F. Buhl Co.,\\nJ46 and 148 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1852-82.\\nported. In all such cases the goods are stored\\nin the warehouse, and the duties paid from time\\nto time as portions are withdrawn. These ware-\\nhouses were first used in Detroit, in June, 1872.\\nIn addition to the regular bonded warehouse,\\nbonded rooms are allowed in the stores of in-\\ndividuals for storage of merchandise imported,\\nowned by or consigned to them, and such rooms\\nare also under the control of the ofiicers of the\\ncustoms.\\nTo aid in the enforcement of the revenue laws\\nthe Government has a revenue steamer in the dis-\\ntrict, the Fessenden, which patrols the river and\\nlakes at a yearly cost of about $20,000. The steamer\\nMichigan, of the United States Navy, also makes\\noccasional visits to this port.\\nThe collector s force in 1883 included si.xty-one\\npersons, whose salaries, ranging from ,$100 to$2,25o,\\naggregated about $55,000 annually. Some of the\\nofficers are paid solely by their fees. All the sub-\\nordinates are appointed by the collector, who is\\nappointed by the President, with the consent of the\\nsenate.\\nWholesale Clothing Stores of Heineman, Butzel, Co.,\\n142 and 144 Jefferson .\\\\vcnue. Built in 1S52.\\nThe receipts from all sources during the year\\nending December 31, 1883, were $373,906. The\\nimportations made in the district the same year\\nwere valued at over $8,000,000.\\nThe principal imports in 1883 were\\nBarley\\nMalt\\n11,565\\n7,178", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0835.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "784\\nCUSTOM HOUSE AND COLLECTORS.\\nFirewood\\nPeas and beans\\nScrap iron\\nTin plates\\nValue.\\n^2 16,7 1 5\\n18.931\\n16,807\\n28,940\\nK T5r*=rR-^jr_n -Si gS5y?s\\nWholesale Clothing Stores ofHeavenrich Bros.,\\nJ38 and 140 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1S80.\\nSpirituous liquors\\nHorses, cattle, sheep, and hogs\\nHides and skins\\nAgricultural seeds\\nPotatoes and other vegetables\\nFruits of all kinds\\n$3 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0643\\n237,622\\n67,686\\n62,741\\n15,060\\n11,498\\nPutter and lard\\nTobacco\\nDry Goods\\nThe principal exports in\\nWheat, bushels\\nCorn\\nOats\\nWheat-flour, bbls\\nValue.\\n$2,584\\n93,648\\n23.159\\n8S3 were\\nQuantity.\\nValue.\\n571. 118\\n$601,789\\n423,809\\n228,555\\n41,853\\n13,001\\n21,309\\n124,266\\nPHoroesn.co. N\\nWholesale Dkv Goods Stores of Chas. Root Co.,\\n134 and 136 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1871.\\nCoal, tons\\n116,915\\n$407,437\\nCotton, lbs.\\n3,010.080\\n331.101\\nTobacco\\n294,009\\n80,500\\nPork\\n743.811\\n64,151\\nLard\\n46,561\\n4,667\\nBeef\\n56.965\\n4,126\\nHam\\n109,071\\n12.997\\nHardware\\nI25-343\\nHousehold furniture\\n150,834\\nAgricultural\\nimplements\\n4.978\\nAgricultural seeds\\n42.096\\nTotal value of domestic exports\\n3,211,673", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0836.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF TRADE.\\n785\\nThe collectors have been as follows\\n1799-1S05, Matthew Ernest during at least part\\nof 1S02, John Dodemead was post inspector; June,\\n1805, to June, 1S06, Joseph Wilkinson 1 806-1 SoS.\\nStanley Griswold 1808-1814, Reuben Atwater\\n1814-1828, William Woodbridge 1828, Truman\\nBeecher; 1829-1839, Andrew Mack; 1839-1841,\\nJohn McDonnell; 1841-1845, Edward Brooks;\\n1845-1849, Charles G. Hammond; 1S49-1853, Oliver\\ne gg-cgg eg Eg gg gC Ee gge ia jggi\\nsecretary. At a subsequent meeting, held October\\n20, the following permanent officers were elected\\nilliam Brewster, president Charles Howard, vice-\\npresident A. Dudgeon, treasurer John Chester,\\nb!ik!lk!!iiEg\\n:im jm I^A.NE:WLANDiC. H\u00c2\u00a3KIRrAiJ^EWLA2JD\\nWholesale Boot and Shoe Stores of A. C. McGraw Co.,\\n128, 130 and 132 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1836-70.\\nM. Hyde; 1S53-1857, John H. Harmon; 1S57-1860,\\nMichael Shoemaker; 1860-1861, R. W. Davis;\\n1861-1866, X. G. Isbell 1S66-1867, H. A. Morrow\\n1 867- 1 869, N. G. Isbell 1869- 187 5, George Jerome;\\n1875-1884, Digby V. Bell; 1884 William\\nLivingstone, Jr.\\nTHE BOARD OF TRADE.\\nThe first organization of this character was called\\nthe Merchants E.xchange and Board of Trade,\\nand was the result of a meeting held October 19,\\n1847, at the office of B. L. Webb, C. C. Trow-\\nbridge acting as president and John Chester as directors.\\nWuiiLESALi\u00c2\u00a3 Hat, Cap and Plk Stokes ui- H. A. Ni-.ul.\\\\nu\\nCo., 124 and 126 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1879.\\nsecretary James Abbott, k. S. Kellogg, S. Lewis,\\nF. Moore, F. Buhl, Z. Chandler, H. P. Bridge,\\nreferees J. Owen, B. L. Webb, C. Hurlbut,", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0837.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "786\\nTHE BOARD OF TRADE.\\nDaily meetings of tlie board began on October 27,\\n1847, in a vacant store, owned by John R. illiams,\\nlocated on the southwest corner of Woodward Ave-\\nnue and Atwater Street. The new organization met\\nwith favor, and very soon became desirous of occu-\\npying a building of its own. A committee was ap-\\npointed to consider the project, and on March 21,\\n1848, the following notice appeared:\\nA public meeting of the citizens of Detroit will be held at the\\nroom occupied by the Board of Trade on the corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and Atwater Street, on Thursday the 23rd day of March.\\nPf ^f^F^C^.f/\\nWholesale Grocery and Spice Store of A. R. W. F. Linn,\\n116 Jefferson Avenue, cor. Shelby Street. Built in 1842.\\nat three o clock p. m., to hear the report of the committee in re-\\nlation to the erection of a Merchants Exchange Building in this\\ncity. As this is a subject in which all have an interest, it is hoped\\nthere will be a full attendance.\\nZ. Chandler, S.Lewis, George E, Hand,\\nT. W. LoCKWooD, U. Tracy Howe, Com.\\nThe subject was discussed, the Legislature ap-\\npealed to, and on March 14, 1848, the Detroit Mer-\\nchants Exchange Company was incorporated. The\\nAct authorized them to erect a building, and gave\\nto the Young Men s and Fire Department Societies\\npower to take stock to the amount of $10,000 each\\nin the proposed building. The funds, however,\\nwere not forthcoming, and the board continued in\\nthe old location until September 17, 1849, then\\nmoved to the Backus Building, on Third Street near\\nthe Central Depot and soon after the following\\nnotice appeared\\nRemoval :\u00e2\u0080\u0094Thfi Board of Trade will hold their meetings on\\nand after Wednesday, October 11, 1849, in the new Exchange,\\nFarmers and Mechanics Bank Building. Hours, 11 to 12 a. m.\\nBy order of the Directors.\\nJohn Chester, Sec^y.\\n2 JW \u00e2\u0096\u00a0i-.^nm^aB^\\nWholesale Hat and Cap Store of A. C. Bacon Co.,\\n86 Jefferson Avenue, corner Wayne Street.\\nBuilt in 1S82.\\nOnly a few meetings were held in the bank build-\\ning. The demands of trade did not call for its con-\\ntinuance, and the rivalry of business firms termin-\\nated the existence of the board. Comparatively\\nlittle business was actually transacted at its daily\\nsessions. Dealers wishing to buy produce gener-\\nally went direct to the business firms who were sup-\\nposed to have the desired articles in store. From\\nthe first the society was chiefly promoted by for-\\nwarding and commission merchants eventually a", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0838.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF TRADE.\\n787\\nnumber of persons in ordinary mercantile trade\\njoined the society, paid fees of S2.00 per year, and\\nthe society lor a time numbered about one hun-\\ndred numbers. During this period, and from 1835\\nto 1855, the business of receiving, forwarding, stor-\\ning, and selling grain and produce was extensive\\nand profitable. At the time of the Crimean War,\\nin 1S54., the firms of Bridge Lewis and J. L.\\nHurd Company supplied as many as 7,000 bar-\\nrels per day. Forwarding and commission houses\\nwere then established in large warehouses along\\ning II. P. Bridge acted as chairman, and John G.\\nErwin as secretary. A committee, consisting of R.\\nMcChesney and Samuel Lewis, was appointed to\\ndraft a constitution and by-laws, and on July 15 the\\nboard was organized. Twenty-five persons signed\\nthe constitution, and the following officers were\\nelected president, H. P. Bridge vice-presidents,\\nDuncan Stewart, Robert McChesney; directors,\\nJoseph Aspinall, William H. Craig, George W. Bis-\\nsell, John W. Strong, A. E. Bissell, James E. Pitt-\\nman, W. Truesdale, John B. Palmer treasurer, H.\\nWholesale Drug Stores of T. H. Hinchman Sons,\\n78 and 80 Jefferson Avenue. 98 and 100 Woodbridge Street.\\nBuilt in 1868.\\nWholesale Fruit Store of Dwver Vhav,\\n66 Jefferson Avenue, corner of Cass Street.\\nBuilt in 1878.\\nthe river, but the increase in number of railroads,\\nand the readiness with which shipments may be\\nmade direct, without delay or extra charge, have\\nlargely done away with the special business carried\\non by such firms.\\nThe present Board of Trade grew out of a meet-\\ning held June 5, 1856, at the office of E. G. Merrick,\\nthen located at the foot of Wayne Street, in what\\nwas known as Ward s Warehouse. At this meet-\\nK. Sanger; secretary, Milo D. Hamilton. The\\nmembership dues were fixed at $10.00 per year.\\nOn August 6, at 10 A. M., daily sessions began to\\nbe held in a store on Woodbridge Street under the\\nMichigan E.xchange. On December 2 the daily\\nmeetings were suspended until the first Monday in\\nMarch. On August 4, 1857, sessions began to be\\nheld from 9 to 10 a. m.; they are now held from\\n10 A. M. to I P. M. standard time.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0839.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "788\\nTHE BOARD OF TRADE.\\nIn i860 the board published in\\npamphlet form a statement of the\\nbusiness of the city for 1859. Sev-\\neral similar compilations have since\\nbeen issued, but not usually by direct\\nauthority of the organization.\\nOn March 5, 1 861, it was voted to\\nconsolidate the offices of secretary\\nand treasurer, and on March 4 of\\nthe year following, for the first\\ntime, a salary of $250 was voted to\\nthe secretary. On January 20, 1863,\\nJames Aspinall, E. R. Matthews,\\nand Bernard O Grady were ap-\\npointed a committee to procure a\\nnew charter, and on March 19,\\n1S63, an Act of Incorporation, em-\\nbracing liberal provisions applicable\\nto Boards of Trade and Chambers\\nof Commerce, was passed by\\nthe Legislature. On June 23 the\\nBoard adopted a new constitution.\\nOn July I of this year the dues of\\npersons not in the grain, produce,\\nor milling business were reduced to\\n$5.00 a year.\\nThe erection of an appropriate\\nE\\niiPiliio\\nOld Board of Tr.\\\\ue Biiluing.\\nWholesale Gkoceky Stokes of W. J. Gould Co.,\\n61 and 63 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1882.\\nbuilding now began to be increas-\\ningly agitated, and on October 20\\nthe lot on the southeast corner of\\nW oodbridge and Shelby Streets was\\npurchased at a cost of $4,500. On\\nNovember 23 following, a joint stock\\nbuilding company was formed and\\nbooks were opened for subscrip-\\ntions. On December 8 the stock-\\nholders met, and elected the follow-\\ning directors: Joseph Aspinall, Al-\\nexander Lewis, Duncan Stewart,\\nGeorge W. Bissell, B. O Grady, A.\\nE. Bissell, James Aspinall, H. J.\\nBuckley, and George F. Bagley.\\nJoseph Aspinall was elected presi-\\ndent of the company, and James\\nAspinall secretar) and treasurer.\\nThe corner-stone of the building\\nwas laid on June 8, 1864, and the\\nstructure was completed at a cost\\nof about $35,000. It was dedicated\\non February 22 1S65. The exer-\\ncises consisted of an opening ad-\\ndress by Joseph Aspinall, an ode by\\nF. Lambie, and an address by G.\\nV. N. Lothrop, followed by a dinner\\nat the Biddle House and a ball in", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0840.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF TRADE.\\n789\\nthe evening. The Board of Trade Hall was rented\\nby the corporation to the society for twenty-nine\\nyears, at $500 for the first year, $750 per year for\\nthe next four years, and Si. 000 per year for the suc-\\nceeding years. On March 6 H. P. Bridge offered a\\nresolution calling for a convention of the Boards of\\nTrade of the United States and British Provinces.\\nThe resolution bore fruit in one of the largest and\\nmost important commercial conventions ever held.\\nIt convened July ri, 1865, and continued in session\\nfour days, during which the ablest business men of\\nthe United States and British Provinces gave their\\n63 to 69 Woodbridge Street West. Built in 1867.\\nviews on the important questions of reciprocity,\\ntransit and transportation, improvement of rivers\\nand harbors, commerce, finance, agriculture, manu-\\nfactures, and subjects of cognate interest. Among\\nthe notables present were Hannibal Hamlin, John\\nv. Farwell. and X. K. Fairbanks. The feeling of\\nthe meeting was unmistakably against the renewal\\nof the reciprocity treaty with Canada, but on the\\nlast day Hon. Joseph Howe, of Nova Scotia, spoke\\nin favor of renewing the treaty. In some respects\\nit was the most remarkable speech ever delivered in\\nNew BoARi op Trade Duilding.\\nWholesale Grocery, Coffee and Spice Mili.s of\\nB. F. Farrington Co.,\\n54 and 56 Jefferson Avenue, and 128 and 130 Woodbridge Street.\\nBuilt in 1883.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0841.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "790\\nTHE BOARD OF TRADE.\\nthe United States, combining a wealth of illustra-\\ntion, a profound knowledge of the subject, and a\\npower of moving the human heart which has rarely\\nbeen equalled in the annals of oratory. At one\\ntime, in describing the return of his son from three\\nyears honorable sen-ice in the Union army, the\\npathetic eloquence of the speaker moved many of\\nthe six hundred delegates to tears. At the close of\\nhis speech a resolution was adopted requesting Con-\\ngress to renew the reciprocity treaty on equitable\\nterms, which was carried unanimously. As a result\\nWholesale Hardware Stores of Standart Brothers,\\n92 to 96 Woodbridge Street West. Built in 1872.\\nof this convention the National Board of Trade was\\norganized. It held its first meeting in Philadelphia\\non June 5, 1868. Detroit sent delegates to these\\nmeetings up to August 24, 1877, when it withdrew\\nfrom membership, under the belief that the central\\norganization was of no special benefit to trade and\\ncommerce.\\nIn 1865 the dues for grain dealers were increased\\nto $15. In July, 1866, daily telegraphic reports\\nfrom New York were first received. The following\\nyear the board took steps to have Detroit markets\\ntelegraphed to the associated press. The reading\\naloud of the telegraphic reports of foreign markets\\nbegan on March 4, 1869, and on December 4 a con-\\ntract was made for daily telegraphic reports from\\nLiverpool.\\nThe daily receipts and shipments at Detroit of all\\nsorts of provisions, grain, live-stock, produce, lum-\\nber, and staples of various kinds, by rail and lake,\\nare collected daily and posted in the rooms.\\nIn March, 1870, the membership dues were raised\\nto $25 for those regularly transacting business at\\nthe board, and $15 for other members.\\nOn May 9, 1871, the offices of secretary and trea-\\nsurer were again united. On December 13, 1871, a\\nNational Commercial Convention was held in the hall\\nto promote the building of an American canal about\\nWholesale Grocekv Stokes of Phelps Brace,\\n81 and 83 Jefferson Avenue. Built in 1868.\\nthe Falls of Niagara, and Congress was asked to\\nundertake the work. On July 22, 1874, the city was\\nvisited by the Chamber of Commerce of Peoria.\\nThe guests were met at the depot by a committee,\\ngiven a reception at the Council Chamber in the\\nthe evening, and the next morning welcomed\\nand lunched at the rooms of the board.\\nIn 1873 the board paid S 5. 000 to the owners of\\nthe hall to secure a cancellation of tlieir lease, and\\narranged for the preparation of a hall and rooms in\\na new building on the southeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street, at a rent of 1 1,600 per", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0842.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "THE BOARD OF TRADE.\\n791\\nyear. These were first\\noccupied on Februar)-\\n19, 1879. Among the\\nprivileges granted by the\\nAct under which the\\nboard is incorporated is\\nthe right to settle dis-\\nputes and differences of\\na business character be-\\ntween members or others\\nby arbitration. After\\nthe hearing and deter-\\nmining of cases by ap-\\npropriate committees,\\nthe final award is made\\nby law to have the same\\neffect as a judgment in\\nthe Circuit Court. For\\nthe carrying out of the\\npurpose of this provision,\\nan Arbitration Commit-\\ntee of ten persons is elec-\\nted yearly, half only of\\nthern ser\\\\-ing at a time.\\nThe fees for arbitrating,\\ndetermined by a regular\\nscale, according to the\\namount involved, go into\\nDetroit Bran CH Stove Stoke of Rathbonk. Sard, a; Co.,\\n97 to loi Woodbridge St. West. W. P. Kellogg, Manager, Built 1880. Foundries at Albany, N.Y.\\nWholesale Hardware Stores of Buhl, Sons, Co.,\\n103 to 111 Woodbridge Street West. Built in 1871.\\nthe treasury of the board.\\nA Committee on Appeals,\\nconsisting of nine members,\\nis appointed yearly to review,\\nwhen called upon, the deci-\\nsions of the Arbitration\\nCommittee. If referred to\\nthe Committee on Appeals,\\nthe arbitration fees are re-\\nquired to be paid again.\\nThe first definite rules for\\nthe inspection and grading\\nof grain were adopted on\\nSeptember 8, 1S63. The\\ngrading has since been fre-\\nquently changed. On Oc-\\ntober 13. 1863, Joseph Hatch\\nwas elected inspector of\\nflour, and soon after of grain\\nas well. At the same time\\nBenjamin Clark was elected\\ninspector of provisions.\\nBoth inspectors were paid\\nby the fees collected, and\\nthe board required ten per\\ncent of the total amount re-\\nceived to be paid to the\\ntreasurer. In March, 1870,", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0843.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "792\\nTHE BOARD OF TRADE.\\nJ. C. Hatch was made assistant inspector of grain.\\nIn April, 1872, the grain inspector was voted a salary\\nof $2,500, and all fees thereafter were to be turned\\ninto the treasury of the board. In August, 1872,\\nN. B. Rowley was appointed grain weigher. On\\nMarch 4, 1873, Joseph Hatch resigned, and his son,\\nthe assistant inspector, was appointed to his place.\\nOn March 20, 1S77, Duncan Thompson was ap-\\npointed chief inspector, and on February 1, 1883,\\nPayson Hutchins became assistant inspector. H. C.\\nBates was appointed inspector of seeds and weigh-\\nmaster at the M. C. R. R. on March 1 1 1 870.\\nThe members of the board protect each other by\\nagreeing upon a uniform scale of fees or commis-\\nsions for buying or selling grain and produce. In\\nthe delivering of grain, the transfer of a receipt\\nfrom one of the railroad elevators, specifying that\\nthe grain is in store and giving the number of bushels,\\nis accepted as an actual delivery. From February\\n25, 1879, i initiation fee of $250 was required\\nfrom all new members, and on March 4, 1882, it\\nwas voted to raise the fee to S500 as soon as one\\nhundred members were obtained.\\nThere are now about one hundred members. Per-\\nsons seeking admission as members must be of legal\\nage, residents of the city or having a permanent busi-\\nness therein, or be members of a similar commercial\\norganization in some other city. Their application\\nmust be indorsed by two members of the board,\\nand after five days notice, seven affirmative votes\\nby the directors will elect them to membership.\\nThe business acts of every member are subject to\\ninvestigation by the Board of Directors, if called in\\nquestion by any other member.\\nThe annual meeting is held on the first Tuesday\\nin March, and the term of office begins on the\\nTuesday following. Besides the two committees\\nalready named, a president, first and second vice-\\npresident, and eight directors are elected yearly, who\\ncontrol the affairs of the organization, appoint the\\nsecretary, treasurer, and inspectors, and hold regu-\\nlar meetings on the second Tuesday of each month.\\nAt each annual meeting they report the amount\\nto be assessed upon each member the succeed-\\ning year. The revenue of the board is derived\\nprincipally from the inspection of grain, at twenty-\\nfive cents per car load, and from dues of members.\\nOn January 31,1 880, the board subscribed .f 1 0,000\\nin aid of the Butler Railroad, and on June 1 1, $3,000\\nadditional, and Detroit is largely indebted to the\\nefforts of Secretary Erwin for the extension of this\\nroad to Detroit. The salary of the secretary has\\nbeen gradually raised until now it is $1,800 per year.\\nThe following have served as officers of the board\\nPresidents: 1856-1859, H. P. Bridge; 1859, Dun-\\ncan Stewart; i860, W. H. Craig; 1861, G. W.\\nBissell 1862, Ale.xander Lewis; 1863, A. E. Bis-\\nsell; 1 864-1 866, Joseph Aspinall 1866, G. F. Bag-\\nley 1867, J. G. Erwin; 1868. H. J. Buckley 1869,\\nC. A. Sheldon; 1870. R. \\\\V. Gillett; 1871-1873, C.\\nM. Garrison; 1873, Alfred Chesebrough 1874-\\n1876, Philo Parsons; 1876, Jacob Beeson 1877,\\nMorgan Johnson 1878, Walter Bourke; 1879-1881.\\nJohn H.Wendell; 1881, E, K. Norton 1882, Wm.\\nLivingston, Jr. 18S3- R. W. Gillett. Trea-\\nsurers: 1856-1860, H.K.Sanger i860. R. W.King\\n1 86 1 1 864, secretary and treasurer one office 1 864-\\n1867, Joseph Aspinall; 1S67-1871, Peter Young.\\nSecretaries: 1 856-1 860, M. D. Hamilton; 1860-\\n1873, Ray Haddock; 1873, Joseph Colt, W. Y.\\nRumney 1874-1878, W. Y. Rumney 1878-1882,\\nJohn G. Erwin; 1882- J. K. Mclvor.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0844.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X 1 I 1\\nMARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\nThe glory of the ancient market-days has de-\\nparted. The black-eyed, olive-skinned maidens, in\\nshort petticoats, from the Canada shore, no longer\\nbring garden-sauce and greens, the French\\nponies amble not over our paved streets, and little\\nbrown-bodied carts no longer throng the market-\\nplace. In the brave days of old, every one went to\\nmarket, and most persons to the City Hall Market.\\nMarketing and visiting were combined. In the\\nmarket the rich and poor met together it was com-\\nmon ground, and the poorest were sure of a good\\nmorning from the richest in town. Stately min-\\nisters and noted politicians with baskets on arm,\\nmerchants and laborers, all alike examined, ques-\\ntioned and bantered side by side. Thrifty ladies,\\nmaking selections with fastidious care, swelled the\\nthrong, and younger\\nladies, in their morn-\\ning walks, here found\\nzest and perchance a\\nbeau.\\nOriginally only\\nvegetables and\\nmeats were exhibit-\\ned for sale in later\\ndays almost any-\\nthing except a lodg-\\ning might be bar-\\ngained for. Confec-\\ntionery, fruits, shoes, poultr} stockings, vegetables,\\nlaces, meats, and fish were all set out for customers.\\nEven now, on Saturday nights especially, the crowd-\\ning, jostling, busy crowd forms a unique and motley\\nspectacle. Not only goods but labor is here for\\nsale, and just as in Bible days men are standing\\nidle in the market-place. For the last forty years,\\na woodsawyer, whea wanted, might be found at the\\nwest end at the east end, on Bates Street, white-\\nwashers and day-laborers are wont to congregate.\\nThe Woodward Avenue Markcl.\\nThe locating of a market, and regulations con-\\ncerning it. engaged the attention of the trustees in\\n1802. The third ordinance passed provided that\\nthe market should be without the pickets and next\\nto the river, between the old bake-house and the\\nupper line of pickets. After the fire of 1S05 there\\nseem to have been no markets or market regula-\\ntions until June 15, 1816. The records of the Board\\nof Trustees show that a committee of three was\\nthen appointed to estimate on kind and quality of\\ntimber for a market-house. On September 21,\\n$1,500 was voted for the erection of a building,\\nto be in part raised by a poll tax of one dollar, and\\nthe balance by a tax on real and personal property.\\nThe building was erected by B. oodworth, and\\ncompleted in 181 7 it was located in the centre of\\nWoodward Avenue just below Jefferson Avenue.\\nOn April 26 a committee was appointed to consider\\na bill of extras. The building was thirty by se\\\\ enty\\nfeet, and one story high, with a hip-roof supported\\nby fourteen brick pillars. In 1827 it was enclosed\\nby placing slats three\\ninches wide between\\nthe pillars. The\\ncouncil, on August\\n14 of that year, or-\\ndered a bill of $68\\npaid B. W. Merrill\\nfor doing the work.\\nThe yearly price for\\nstalls was $1 5, one\\nhalf cash and one\\nhalf in a note on six\\nmonths time. In\\n1830 a stone pavement was laid about the building\\nat a cost of S527.85. On June 3, 1835, the building\\nwas ordered sold, and soon after it was torn down.\\nThe Berihc M Market.\\nOn August 5. 1824, Peter Berthelet was author-\\nized to build and maintain a wharf, for ninty-nine\\nyears, at the foot of Randolph Street, -on condition\\nthat he should give the city a lot fifty by ninety feet,\\non which to erect a market. The lot given in\\naccordance with this arrangement was on the north-\\nwest corner of Atwater and Randolph Streets. On\\nFebruary 15, 1825, a committee was appointed by\\nthe council to consult with Peter Berthelet, and\\nreceive his proposals for building a market-house.\\nNo agreement was made at this time, but on August\\n27, 1827, the council\\n[793I\\nFormer Woodward Avence ^^ARK\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ET.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0845.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "794\\nMARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\nResolved^ that Peter Berthelet or his legal representatives be\\nauthorized to build a Marlcct House upon a plan to be hereafter\\nagreed upon. Said Berthelet to be entitled to receive all rents of\\nsaid Market House until such time as the council shall think\\nproper to take possession of the same, upon the payment of such\\nsums as it may be estimated to be worth by si.v persons, three of\\nwhom shall be chosen by said Berthelet and three by said Com-\\nmon Council the said Market House to be completed in two\\nyears from this date.\\nUnder this proposition a building, similar in ap-\\npearance to the old Washington Market, was begun\\nin 1828. Stalls were first .sold on June 3, 1830.\\nfront stalls for $10.00 each, and others for $8.00.\\nThe building was purchased by the city on August\\n31, 1S34, and it was then discovered that the lot\\nhad not been deeded. On November 28 following,\\na committee of the council reported in favor of\\npaying $3,000 for a deed. This was done, making\\nthe total cost of the\\nmarket $8,361. The\\ncity now became,\\nfor the second time,\\nthe owner of the lot,\\nbut still no deed was\\nput on record, and\\nin June, 1841, the city\\nwas obliged to obtain\\na new deed from the\\ne.xecutor of the Ber-\\nthelet estate. The\\nbuilding was burned\\nin the fire of May 9,\\n1848, and about si.x\\nyears after, the prop-\\nerty was subdivided\\ninto lots and sold.\\noughly discussed in the council and by the press of\\nthe city, and in May the council approved of a plan\\nfor the erection of a building by private parties.\\nThe project did not meet the appro\\\\ al of Mayor\\nMoffat, and his veto defeated it. Two years later\\nthe council petitioned the Legislature, and on April\\n22, 1875, a law was passed authorizing the council\\nto borrow $100,000 to build a market.\\nThe question of issuing these bonds was sub-\\nmitted to the Board of Estimates, and. as the\\nexpenditure was disapproved, this scheme also failed.\\nAfter the lapse of four years, on April 22, 1S79,\\nthe council requested the Board of Estimates to\\nconsider the question of appropriating $50,000 for\\nthe erection of a central market building. On June\\n30 the board approved of the expenditure, and on\\nJuly 8 a committee was appointed to obtain plans\\nfor the building and\\nThe Vegetable Market.\\nThe City Hall or Central Market,\\nThe first vegetable market-shed in the rear of the\\nbuilding was built by Hugh Moffat. It was little\\nmore than a roof supported by posts, and was com-\\npleted on November 21, 1843. In 1S45 it was\\nenclosed with slats, which were removed in the fall\\nof 1853. In the spring of 1849 a one-story brick\\nbuilding was erected between the vegetable market\\nand the City Hall. Both it and the vegetable market\\nwere burned on June 13, 1876. The second brick\\naddition, facing Bates Street, was built at a cost of\\nabout $3,000, and the work was accepted on July\\n12, 1855. Twenty-five years later, in August, 1S80,\\nit was torn down. The larger vegetable market,\\nextending from Bates to Randolph Street, was con-\\ntracted for on June 26, i860, and cost $5,312. Its\\nstands were first rented on .\\\\pril 22, 1861. In 1873\\nthe question of a new market building was thor-\\n1 For a full history of the ori:\\nCity Hall.\\ninal building, see article on Old\\nbids for its erection.\\nThe committee de-\\ncided on a building\\nthree hundred feet\\nlong by fifty feet wide,\\nthe front to be three\\nstories high and the\\nrear portion two sto-\\nries.\\nThe plans of Mason\\nRice was accepted,\\nbut the bids, opened\\non September 26,\\nwere so largely in\\nexcess of the pro-\\nposed outlay that on\\nSeptember 30 it was\\ndecided to erect only\\nthe front, or three-story portion. The contract was\\nawarded at $46,880, and on August 23, 1880, the\\nnew market building was formally turned over to\\nthe city by the contractors. It was opened for\\nbusiness on September 11. The second stoiy was fit-\\nted up with offices for the Board of Health, the Poor\\nand the Park Commission in the fall of 1 881, and the\\nthird story, for the Superior Court, in March, 1883.\\nThe property owners on Michigan Grand Avenue\\nhave frequently objected to the continued use of what\\nwas originally a public highway, and, at different\\ntimes, have sought through the courts to prevent the\\nerection of new market buildings, but their efforts\\nhave always been unavailing. The council, on Au-\\ngust 15, 1848, especially set apart a portion of the\\nstreet for market buildings and the Supreme Court,\\non January 23, 1880, decided that the city had the\\nright to occupy the street.\\nThe Washington Market.\\nThis market was located on the northeast comer\\nof Earned and Wayne Streets, on the line of the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0846.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "MARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\n795\\nold lane leading to Fort Shelby. Its erection was\\nordered by vote of the council on March 19, 1835,\\nand the building was fully completed in January.\\n1836, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a73,000. On February 22 a com-\\nJ_\\nOld Washingtu.n MAKKtr, :..j..;.iL,..-j\\nWayne Streets.\\nLarn ED and\\nmittee e.xamined the building account and reported\\nit correct. It was never a popular market, and was\\nfrequently closed. The building was used for school\\npurposes by the Board of Education from January,\\n1843. to May, 1847, and then again became a public\\nmarket. In 1852 it was leased to private parties for\\nmarket purposes at \u00c2\u00a7200 a year, and in 1856 was\\nturned over to the Fire Department for the use of\\nthe Hook and Ladder Company. In 1870 it was\\ntorn down to make room for the present offices of\\nthe Fire Commission and two engine-houses.\\nT/w Cass Market.\\nThis building, a one-story brick, thirty by forty\\nfeet, costing \u00c2\u00a72,000, was first opened as a market\\non August 17, 1 866. It is on the south side of\\nAdams Avenue at its intersection with Grand River\\nAvenue. The site was given to the city by General\\nCass on condition that the city erect and maintain a\\nmarket thereon.\\nMarket Clerks.\\nThese officers were provided for in the Act of\\n1802, and the records show that in 1805 the trustees\\nappointed John Connor to the office. From 1805\\nto 181 5, during the administration of the Governor\\nand Judges, there are no records concerning mar-\\nkets. In 1816 the office of market clerk was\\nrevived, and has since been continuous. The origi-\\nnal duties of this officer were to see that no unsound\\nprovisions were exposed for sale, and that cleanli-\\nness and good order were observed. From 1832 to\\n1836 the salary was S90 yearly; in 1856 it was\\n$400; in 1883 the sal.iry of the Central Market\\nclerk was $1,320. Under the amended charter of\\nFebruary 21, 1849, the office was made elective, and\\nso continued until the charter of 1S57 took effect,\\nsince which time the clerks have been appointed by\\nthe council. Prior to 1880 they were appointed in\\nJanuary of each year. Since amendment to cliartcr\\nof 1879 they are appointed yearly on the second\\nTuesday of June. It is the duty of the clerk to\\ncollect fees from wagons bringing articles for sale,\\nand also the rents of the stalls.\\nThe clerks of Woodward Avenue Market were\\n1816, John Meldrum; 1817, Duncan Reid; 1818,\\nAsa Partridge; 1819, S. Blackmar; 1821, Samuel\\nSherwood; 1822-1824, Smith Knapp; 1824-1827,\\nThomas Knoulton; 1827, A. C. Caniff, S. Sher-\\nwood; 1828, J. M. Wilson; 1829, N. B. Car-\\npenter; 1830, John Roberts, L. T. Janney; 1831,\\nStephen Bain, Adna Merritt; 1S32, Owen Aldrich\\n1833, L. Goodell; 1834, Israel Noble.\\nThe clerks of Berthelet Market were: 1831,\\nEben Beach; 1832, Alexander Campbell; 1833 and\\n1834, Israel Noble; 1835 and 1836, D. Hayward\\n1837, William Moon, Stephen Bain, John Weesc;\\n1838, F. Borchardt, Stephen Bain, William Moon;\\n1S39 and 1840, Hugh O Beirne; 1841-1S44, T.\\nMettez; 1S44 and 1845, John McGuire.\\nThe clerks of the Washington Market were\\n1836, Israel Noble; 1837 and 1838, JohnCunis;\\n1S39 and 1840, I. Noble; 1849, P. McDonald; 1850,\\nDaniel Coghlan 1851 and 1852, William Barthello.\\nThe Central Market Kltluing.\\nThe clerks of the City Hall or Central Market\\nhave been: 1 840, Hugh O Beirne 1841 and 1842,\\nG.Paul; 1843 and 1844, T. Mettez 1845. David\\nWeeks; 1846, H. Carroll; 1847, Edwin Wilcox;\\n184S-1852, Francis McDonald; 1852, Dennis Lani-\\ngan; 1S53 and 1854, J. C.Sabine; 1S54, F. Mc-\\nDonald 1855 and 1856, John Robson 1857, David\\nMcLane; 185S and 1859, D. Lanigan; 1S60, R. C.\\nWright; 1S61, S. C.Webster; 1863 and 1683,6.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0847.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "796\\nMARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\nEggerman 1864 and 1865, M. Blay; 1866 and\\n1S67, J. Regerny 1868, Robert Hodgkin 1869 and\\n1870. Peter Uunn; 1871, O. M. Bagley 1872, A.\\nLichtenberg; 1873 and 1874, O. M. Bagley 1875\\nand 1876. D. W. Gray 1877, N. Johannes; 1878\\nand 1879, Robert Mason; 1880- 1884, R. Poole;\\n1884- Hiram Jackson.\\nMarket Regulations.\\nThe third ordinance passed by the trustees in 1802\\nconcerned the market and provided that no sales\\nof meats, vegetables, grain, or flour be made else-\\nwhere on Tuesdays or Fridays, from daybreak until\\n12 M., under penalty of three dollars.\\nAt that time, and for many years after, it was not\\na strange or infrequent sight on Sunday to see\\nFrenchwomen with vegetables, poultry, and eggs,\\nand French carts with fish and flesh for sale.\\nIndeed, the practice of .Sunday markets and market-\\ning so grew in favor that, in 1822, the Rev. Alfred\\nBrunson. of the M. E. Church, and the Rev. Joshua\\nMoore, of the Protestant Church, felt called upon to\\nprotest against it. They made so effectual an appeal\\nthat on November 29, 1823, the council ordered the\\nmarkets closed on Sunday; and on December i,\\nthey were closed for the first time, and never after\\nopened on the .Sabbath. After the establishment of\\nthe City Hall Market, in 1836, there were periodical\\nquarrels in the Common Council concerning the\\nopening and closing of both the Berthelet and\\nWashington Markets, and at an election held March\\n7, 1842, the question of whether one market, or all,\\nshould be kept open, was voted on. So frequently\\nwere these markets closed and opened that it would\\nrequire a Philadelphia lawyer to compute the periods\\nduring which they were open or closed. The fol-\\nlowing item from a current number of the Free\\nPress indicates the feeling then e.xisting among a\\nportion of the citizens.\\nPursuant to a call, by the Mayor, of the freemen of this city, a\\nlarge and respectable meeting assembled at the City Hall, June 8,\\n1840. The Mayor presided, James li. Watson acted as secretary.\\nMajor Kearsley addressed the meeting in favor of re-opening the\\nmarkets, and the following resolutions were unanimously carried.\\nResolved^ that the Mayor and Aldermen are hereby requested\\nand instructed to repeal their resolution closing the Berthelet and\\nWashington Markets.\\nResolved^ that from henceforward all the markets in the city\\nare directed to be kept open every day in the week, Sundays\\nexcepted, and that our servants, the Aldermen, reduce this our\\nwill to an ordinance at their next meeting.\\nThese resolutions, however, had no effect on the\\nser\\\\ ants, and the Berthelet remained closed for\\nsome months, and the Washington for many years.\\nBy ordinance of 1836 the market hours, from\\nOctober i to .A.pril, were between daylight and 10\\nA. M., and from 3 p. M. till dark, and on Saturday\\nall day. From April i to October the hours were\\nfrom daylight to 9 a. m., and on Saturdays from 4\\np. m., till sunset, and no person could sell meat ex-\\ncept in the market stalls.\\nBy ordinance of 1841 the market hours, for all\\ndays except Saturdays, were the same as in 1 836.\\nOn Saturdays, from March i to November, the\\nmarket was to be opened from 4 to 9 p. m., and be-\\ntween November i and March i. from 3 to 7:30\\np. M.\\nThe first ordinance in regard to forestalling by\\nsales to the market-men was passed on December\\n23, 1841. It prohibited any person, by himself or\\nhis agent, from purchasing to .sell again any fresh\\nfish, poultry, eggs, butter, fruit, or vegetables, and\\nalso the selling of said articles by any person for\\nthe purpose of being re-sold during the market\\nhours within the limits of Campus Martins or\\nMichigan Grand Avenue, between Campus Martins\\nand Bates Street in Randolph Street between\\nWoodbridge Street and Detroit River in Atwater\\nStreet between Bates and Brush Streets, and the\\npublic grounds and alleys in the vicinity of the\\nBerthelet Market. This ordinance was repealed\\nand re-enacted at several different times and was\\nfinally repealed in 187 1. Up to 1853 no person was\\nallowed to cut up and sell meat except at the\\nmarket. Private meat markets were entirely un-\\nknown.\\nBy ordinance of March 29, 1853, licenses to sell\\nin any part of the city could be obtained for $50 a\\nyear. On January 29, 1863. the price of licenses for\\nmeat markets was reduced to $5.00 per year. The\\ncomptroller and the committee on markets fix the\\nminimum rent of the stalls and stands of all kinds\\non or before April I each year. In 1883 the stands\\nin the vegetable market rented at from S6.00 to $15\\nper month, and stalls in the new Central Market at\\nfrom $25 to ^35 per month. The rents are payable\\nmonthly in advance. No person may rent more\\nthan two of the meat-stalls, and since 1863 no per-\\nson whose stock in trade exceeds in value three\\nhundred dollars is allowed to sell in the market dry\\ngoods, clothing, glass, earthenware, books, or sta-\\ntionery. Under ordinance dating from January 2,\\n1862. all persons bringing calves, sheep, or lambs in\\nwagons for sale are required to pay the clerk of the\\nmarket ten cents for each calf, and five cents for\\neach sheep or lamb and since ordinance of April 2,\\n1872, all persons offering produce for sale from\\nwagons are required to pay ten cents daily. Since\\n1878 the fees from the market-wagons have been\\ncollected in the following manner. The market clerk,\\nsupplied by the city comptroller with white tickets\\nsuitably inscribed, collects the fees from the wagons\\nand gives the owner a white ticket. The clerk is\\nfollowed by a policeman, who takes up the white\\ntickets and gives yellow tickets in return. The", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0848.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "MARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\n797\\nclerk and policaman both report daily to the comp-\\ntroller, who compares their statements with the\\ntickets issued. The total receipts from stalls and\\nbenches for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1884.\\nwere ^6,590.90, and from wagons $3,078.\\nIn order to prevent the sale of unsound meat, the\\npolice commissioners, by Act of April 19, 1879,\\nwere authorized to appoint an inspector to visit\\nslaughter-houses, and inspect carcasses, fruits, and\\nvegetables exposed for food. Under this .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\ct a\\npoliceman has been detailed as inspector, and the\\nlaw has proved advantageous by preventing the sale\\nfor food of unsound and unhealthy articles.\\nRegulations as to Bread.\\nThe baker was an important personage in the\\nearly history of the town. Few people made their\\nown bread, and as the baker had a monopoly of the\\nbusiness, he was necessarily under surveillance. The\\nsecond ordinance passed by the trustees under the\\nincorporation of 1802 prescribed the weight and cost\\nof a loaf as three pounds English weight, for six-\\npence New York currency. On account of the\\nscarcity of flour the ordinance was repealed on\\nAugust 28, 1802.\\nOn April 5, 18 16, the trustees made the following\\nregulations When flour was $7.00 per 100 pounds,\\nthe loaf was to weigh 3 pounds 13 ounces, and to\\nbe sold for 25 cents.\\nAt $6.00 per 100 pounds, a loaf of 4 pounds 4\\nounces was to be sold for 25 cents.\\nAt SS-oo per 100 pounds, a loaf of 5 pounds 4\\nounces was to be sold for 25 cents.\\nAt $4.00 per 100 pounds, a loaf of 3 pounds was\\nto be sold for 12^ cents.\\nAt $3.00 per 100 pounds, a loaf of 3 pounds 10\\nounces was to be sold for 12^ cents.\\nAt $3.00 per 100 pounds, a loaf of i pound 13\\nounces was to be sold for 6J4 cents.\\nThe market price of flour was fixed by the trus-\\ntees on the first Monday of each month, and oftener\\nif necessary. On May 24, 1821, theyfi.xed the price\\nof a five-pound loaf of bread at 12^ cents, and of a\\nloaf weighing 2 pounds 8 ounces at i cents. By\\nordinance of 1824, the weight of bread was to be in\\naccordance with the price of flour. A barrel of\\nflour was estimated to produce 3,920 ounces of bread\\nthe baker was to be allowed twenty shillings per\\nbarrel for baking; this, added to the cost of the flour\\nand divided by the number of ounces, was to deter-\\nmine the weight of a shilling loaf. The council,\\nfrom time to time, established the assize or regu-\\nlation amount that a loaf must weigh. All loaf\\nbread was required to be marked with the initial\\nletters or the christian and surname of the baker\\nand if not so marked was liable to forfeiture anil one\\nor more inspectors were appointed to see that the\\nregulations were observed. On January 15, 1842,\\nthe ordinance prescribing the price of a loaf of bread\\nwas displaced by an ordinance prescribing the\\nweight only of loaves. With this ordinance the last\\nrelic of the ancient regime passed away, and no\\nfurther attempt has been made by the council to\\ndetermine the price of bread or of any other article.\\nUnder ordinance of 1871, bakers are required to\\nobtain a permit, and are allowed to make only loaves\\nof one, two, or four pounds weight.\\nScaler of Weights and Measures.\\nThis office was created in 1839, but no definite\\nprovision was made for it in the charter until 1857.\\nOn April 18, 1861, provision was made for city\\ninspection and gauging of oils and licjuids, and N.\\nB. Rowley, who was then city sealer, was appointed\\ninspector and ganger, but none were afterwards ap-\\npointed. In 1S67 the inspection of weights and\\nmeasures was transferred to the police, and since\\nthen the work has been performed by a policeman.\\nIjuring 1883 he approved 2,544 wine measures,\\nand condemned 406 he also approved 2,289 dry\\nmeasures and condemned 670; during the .same\\nyear he tested 2,517 scales and condemned 468.\\nThe following persons served as sealers of weights\\nand measures: 1839-1842, John Farmer; 1842-\\n1844, A. H. Dodge; 1844-1846, A. A. Wilder;\\n1846, J. N. McFarlane, Russell Robinson; 1847,\\nIsaac Warren; 1848-1850, Abijah Joy; 1 851, John\\nKoehler; 1852, David Esdell. Jr.; 1853-1857, City\\nClerk ex-offieio; 1857, William -Sales; 1858, B.\\nMcDonald; 1859, J. M. Holbrook; 1860-1S62, N.\\nB.Rowley; 1862-1864, William A. Henry; 1864-\\n1866, A. Holdereid; 1866, M. McLaughlin.\\nWood Markets.\\nThe first ordinance concerning the inspection of\\nwood was passed on January 11, 1826. Under this\\nordinance, and a subsequent one of July 2, 1834,\\none or more inspectors were appointed by the coun-\\ncil each year. They measured all wood brought to\\nthe city for sale, and were paid six and one fourth\\ncents for each certificate of measurement. After\\nthe Act of February 21, 1849, the inspectors were\\nelected by the people, but in 1857 the council was\\nagain given the power of appointment. By ordi-\\nnance of March 4, 1858. and amended ordinances\\nof March 7, 1859, and November 29. 1869, the city\\nwas divided into four districts, and four inspectors\\nwere appointed, whose fees were for measuring a\\none-horse load, five cents; a two-horse load, ten\\ncents for wood arriving in boats, ten cords or less,\\nten cents a cord and for all over ten cords, five\\ncents a cord.\\n.A.n amended ordinance of Februar\\\\ 23, 1872,\\nprovided that only two inspectors should be ap-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0849.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "798\\nMARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\npointed. By an ordinance of 1836 all wagons with\\nwood for sale were to stand on the Campus Martins\\nbut since 1 849 the wood and hay markets have been\\nunited, and located elsewhere the wood for the\\npoor is stored at the market-grounds, and formerly\\nthe wood inspectors were paid $40 a year for filling\\norders given on them, reporting weekly in detail all\\norders thus filled. They received all the fees, but\\nwere required to report on oath, quarterly, on the\\nfirst of January, April, July, and October, the\\namount of fees received the previous quarter. In\\n1881 the salary was fixed at $528 a year, and since\\nthen all fees have been paid into the city treasur)\\nThese fees for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1S83,\\namounted to only $631.70. By ordinance of Feb-\\nruary 20, 1884, this office and its duties were merged\\nwith those of the poundmaster s, and all appoint-\\nments of wood inspectors as such ceased with\\n883.\\nThe following persons served as inspectors\\n1 834-1 836, James H. Cook; 1836, J. H. Cook,\\nIsrael Noble; 1S37, R. Chamberlain, Versal Rice,\\nJohn Brunson 1 838, J. W. Hinchman, F. Borchardt\\n1839, J. H. Cook, F. Borchardt; 1840 and 1S41.\\nJ. J. Cicotte, F. Borchardt; 1S42, N. Greusel, Jr.\\nF. L E.sperance 1S43, N. Greusel, Jr.. H.\\nDodge, M. Gooding; 1844, N. Greusel, Jr., Henry\\nCarrol 1845, J. A. Stephens, H. Carrol, N. Greusel,\\nJr., S. C. Webster; 1846, S. C. Webster, J. A.\\nStephens; 1847, N. Greusel, Jr., J. A. Stephens, J.\\nP. Hopkins; 1848-1850, T. S. Sprague, David\\nWeeks; 1850, John Phillips, F. L Esperance, O.\\nMcDermott; 1851, J. W. Daly, J. Phillips, F.\\nL Esperance, E. S. Morse 1852, F. L Esperance,\\nO. Donnell, M. Schrick 1S53, F. L Esperance, M.\\nSchrick, J. Northrup 1854, F. L Esperance, D.\\nLanigan, Charles Lappen 1855, F. L Esperance,\\nH. Decker, A. Wing; 1858, F. L Esperance, Wil-\\nliam Barry 1859, James Henry, C. A. Minard,\\nC. F. KuU.\\nE.\\\\sr District, ON Dock.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1860-1862, J. H.\\nSmith; 1862-1S63, Charles Jepkins 1S64, Robert\\nReaume 1865-1866, John Pratt 1867- 1868, Louis\\nLebot 1869-1870, J. Caspary 1871, Louis Lebot.\\nEast District, on M.\\\\rket. 1860, W. Pen-\\nfield, G. Bolio 1 86 1, Charles Kamminski; 1862-\\n1863, Michael Schrick; 1864-1865, N. Christa\\n1866-1867, Caspar Geist 1868, John Huber; 1S69,\\nChas. H. Damm 1870, Andrew Huber; 1S71, Geo.\\nO. Walker.\\nWest District, on Dock.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i860, J.Henry;\\n1861, F. Funke; 1862, Geo. Weber; 1863-1864,\\nJas. Shields; 1 865-1 866, Thos. Halloran; 1867, M.\\nLentz; 1868, J. Neuschafer; 1869, Michael Hays;\\n1870, D. Donovan; 1871, Luke Crossly.\\nWest District, on M.\\\\rket. 1860, C. Min-\\nard; 1 86 1, Wm. Ball; 1862, Mathias Lentz; 1863-\\n1866, John O Connell 1867, Charles Dougherty;\\n1868, Alexander Paton 1869-1870, Michael Nolan\\n1871, F. C. Niepoth.\\nEast District. 1872, Geo. O. Walker 1873,\\nF. Vermeulen 1874-1875, Harris Jacobs; 1876,\\nF. Vermeulen; 1877, J. Lemkie 1878, J. Muer;\\n1879, C. Hatie; 1880, E. Fiertz 18S1, J. Eipper\\n1882-1883, H. Strubel,\\nWest District. 1872, F. C. Niepoth; 1873-\\n1875, Robert Hamilton 1876, J. Zimmerman; 1877-\\n1878, Peter Zens 1879-1883, J. Zimmerman.\\nHay Markets.\\nThe office of weighmaster dates from April i,\\n1S18. The first scales were located on the north\\nside of Jefferson Avenue near the corner of Ran-\\ndolph Street. The old blockhouse, with second\\nstory projecting over the first, afforded a shelter for\\nthe scales, which consisted of an immense pair of\\nsteelyards, the wagon and hay being lifted bodily\\nby means of an iron chain passed around them.\\nThree shillings a load were allowed for weighing.\\nThe scales remained at the old blockhouse until\\nApril, 1827, when they were moved to the northeast\\ncorner of Earned and Wayne Streets, in front of the\\nlot afterwards occupied by the Washington Market.\\nIn 1833 they were sold, and in November of the\\nsame year scales were located on the corner of Bates\\nand Earned Streets. In November, 1835, their use\\nwas discontinued, and the council contracted with\\nWiUiam Grist to erect hay-scales on the corner of\\nJefferson Avenue and Randolph Street, and at the\\ncorner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street.\\nMr. Grist erected the scales, and owned them until\\nMarch 27, 1849, when they were bought by the\\ncouncil. The upper ones were then rented for $140,\\nand the lower, on the corner Wayne Street, for $60 a\\nyear. In April, 1850, the hay-scales were removed\\nfrom the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph\\nStreet to Michigan Grand Avenue, at its junction\\nwith Randolph Street. In June, 1855, they were\\nremoved from the corner of Jefferson Avenue and\\nWayne Street, and located on the north side of\\nGrand River Avenue on the Cass Farm. The same\\nyear the scales were moved from Michigan Avenue\\nto Hastings Street, south of and near the Gratiot\\nRoad. In May, i860, the Western District scales\\nwere removed from the Grand River Road to the\\nnorth side of Michigan Avenue between Third and\\nFourth Streets; and in November, 1868, the city\\nrented about three hundred feet square of Mr.\\nBeecher, on the south side of Michigan Avenue,\\nbetween Tenth and Twelfth Streets, for a hay and\\nwood market. In 1875 these markets were moved\\nto their present location, on the northwest comer of\\nMichigan and Trumbull Avenues, the city paying\\nan annual rent of $500 for use of the grounds.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0850.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "MARKETS. MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\n799\\nIn the spring of 1870 the Eastern District hay\\nand wood market was moved from Hastings Street\\nto its present location on Russell Street, near the\\nHouse of Correction, where it occupies part of the\\nold City Cemetery.\\nDuring a portion of the years prior to 1850, while\\nthe scales were owned by the weighmaster. he was\\ncontinued in office either by an implied agreement\\nor a definite contract. By the charter of 1849,\\nweighmasters were elected directly by the ])eople.\\nIn 1857 the power of appointment was again lodged\\nwith the council. In t88i the fees were one and a\\nhalf cents a hundred for weighing hay, straw, and\\ncoal ten cents per head for cattle, and five cents\\nfor sheep.\\nPrior to i S79 the weighmasters paid a rental of\\nfrom S75 to $150 a year for the scales, and were\\nentitled to all the fees collected. Since the year\\nnamed, the weighmasters have been paid a salary.\\nAll the fees now go to the city, and for the fiscal\\nyear ending June 30, 1884, they amounted to\\n$4,991.20.\\nThe weighmasters have been: 1S18, D. C. Mc-\\nKinstry; 1819, S. Blackmar; 1820, Asa Partridge;\\n1821, Robert Garrett; 1829-1835, Francis Rugard\\n1835, James H. Hawley; 1836-1842, C. M. Bull;\\n1 842- 1 849, William Grist.\\nUpper. 1S49, A. W. Sprague; 1S50, Louis Du-\\npont 1851-1S52, C. H. Damm 1853, A. A. Bur-\\nhans; 1S54, L. Dupont; 1855-1857, E. Lebot.\\nLower. 1849, C. G. Blindbury; 1850, P. Mc-\\nGinnis 1851, J. Northrup O. B. Wilmarth 1852,\\nO. B. Wilmarth 1S54-1855, C. H. Damm 1856-\\nJohn Lane.\\nEast Dkstrict. 1858, Peter Campau 1859-\\n1860, E. Benoit; l86j, J. McGrath 1862-1864, C.\\nDubois; 1864-1865, John Andre; 1866-1867, J.\\nDederichs 1868, C. H. Damm; 1869, N.Schwartz;\\n1870, A. Kremer; 1871-1872, D. Sheehan 1873-\\n1S74. G. O. Walker; 1875, A. O Keefe 1876, P.\\nA. Rowland 1877, J. Erhard 1878-1879, P. Dunn\\n1880, J. Clemens; 1881, J. Clements; 1882-1884,\\nJ, Clements; 1884- Henry Lemmer.\\nWest Di.strict. 1858, John Lane; 1839, R.\\nGibbings; i860, T. .\\\\Iaybury 1861, Russell Gage;\\n1862-1864, D. Donovan 1865-1869, J. L. Matthews;\\n1867-1868, John Walsh; 1869-1870. P. Shanahan\\ni87i,J. Love; 1872-1873, D. Dickson 1873-1875,\\nGeorge Baker 1876, H. Smith 1877, D. Shanahan\\n1878, T. .Mahoney; 1879, D. E. Noonan 1S80,\\nRobert Kno.x; 1881, C. Lynch; 1882-1884, Robert\\nKnox; 1884- Peter Ohlert,\\nPrices of Different Articles at Various Times,\\nThe prices of articles at different times afford a\\nfair inde.x of the growth of population and produc-\\ntion, and of the increase in facilities for transporta-\\ntion. Under the practically mercantile rule of the\\nfirst colony of 1701, the price of almost everything\\nwas determined by the few traders licensed by the\\ncompany, and the measure of the ability of the\\npeople to pay was the principal factor in the fixing\\nof prices. The prices of products of the soil were,\\nof course, determined solely by the amount raised\\nand needed for home consumption. In 1726 wheat\\nwas from ten shillings to twelve shillings per bushel\\nIndian corn, seven shillings to nine shillings per\\nbushel eggs, twenty to twenty-five cents per dozen\\nonions, one dollar a hundred cows, $18 to $20, and\\ncalves \u00c2\u00a75.00 to .|6.oo. There was but little varia-\\ntion in these prices up to the time of the coming of\\nthe English in 1760. Sailing vessels were then\\nintroduced, and there was more competition among\\nthe merchants. The account-book of Thomas\\nSmith, of 1778, shows that coffee was thirty-eight\\ncents and tea two dollars per pound calico, si.\\\\\\nshillings a yard; flour, \u00c2\u00a3\\\\o, and pork /15 per\\nbarrel apples, sixty shillings per bushel, and tobacco\\nsixteen shillings per pound. Slaves were worth\\nfrom ^180 to /260 New York currency. In an old\\nMacomb ledger of 1780 to 1783, charges are made\\nat the following rates brown sheeting and bed-\\nticking, each five shillings a yard molasses, twenty\\nshillings to thirty-two shillings vinegar, sixteen\\nshillings, and rum forty shillings per gallon salt, ^4\\nto ^10 per barrel; almonds, .six shillings; cheese,\\nwhiting, soap, and butter, four shillings per pound\\neach starch, six shillings shot, two shillings\\ncoffee, twelve shillings nails, two shillings and six-\\npence candles, five shillings pig-tail tobacco, .six-\\nteen shillings and sugar, three shillings per pound\\ncinnamon, four shillings an ounce eggs, four shil-\\nlings, and nutmegs, six shillings per dozen flour,\\n^5 per hundredweight; corn, twenty shillings to\\ntwenty-four shillings, and oats sixteen shillings per\\nbushel smoothing irons were six shillings each\\nslate-pencils one shilling each, and slates twelve\\nshillings; bread was three shillings a loaf. In 1784\\nthe winter \\\\vas so severe that bakers charged a\\nSpanish dollar per pound for bread. Board was\\ncharged at \u00c2\u00a3t, per month.\\nMr. Weld, who traveled through this region in\\n1796, said\\nThe stores and shops of the town are well furnished, and you\\nmay buy fine cloth, linen, c., and every article of wearing ap-\\nparel, as good of their kind, and on nearly as reasonable terras, as\\nyou can purchase in New York or Philadelphia.\\nAt this time salt was very scarce, and the inhabi-\\ntants were frequently distressed for want of it.\\nCoffee was five sliillings and starch four shillings\\nper pound, and cotton cloth six shillings a yard.\\nTwo years later, in 1798, alum, chalk, putty, and\\nloaf-sugar were each four shillings a pound bricks,", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0851.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "8oo\\nMARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\nsix dollars a thousand, and wood six shillings a cord.\\nIn 1803 and 1805 prices were as follows fine-tooth\\ncombs, five shillings each calico, six shillings a yard\\nshot and lead, two shillings a pound powder, eight\\nshillings, coffee six shillings, white sugar five shil-\\nlings, cheese two shillings and sixpence, pepper six\\nshillings, and soap four shillings to eight shillings\\nper pound candles were one shilling each com,\\neight shillings, and salt four dollars to six dollars a\\nbushel; labor, two shillings a day. In 1807 nails\\nwere two shillings a pound, and iron pots were sold\\nat eighteen and three fourths cents per pound.\\nOrdinary laborers were paid three shillings per\\nday for twelve hours work the ten-hour system\\nbegan in 1833. In 180S the following prices ob-\\ntained tallow candles were four shillings and butter\\nand cheese each two shillings a pound whiskey,\\neight shillings a gallon oats, four shillings, and\\ncorn six shillings per bushel bearskins sold at\\ntwenty-four shillings, mink at three shillings, otter\\nat twenty shillings, and raccoon and inuskrat at two\\nshillings and sixpence each. In 1809 Hour wasS5.5o\\nand in 1 8 10, $12 per barrel.\\nThe War of 181 2 made all articles scarce and\\ndear. Nails were thirty-one and one fourth cents a\\npound; corn, $1.00 and $2.00, and potatoes $2.00 a\\nbushel; hay, Si.ooa hundredweight; flour. \u00c2\u00a712.00\\na barrel butter, seventy-five cents, cheese sixty\\ncents, and beef twenty-four cents a pound eggs,\\nfour shillings per dozen whiskey, $4.00 per gallon\\nturkeys were Ss-oo apiece pork, S35.00 a barrel\\nwood, on account of the scarcity of labor. S5.50 a\\ncord. In 1814 flour was $8.00, and in 1816 and\\n1817, $14.00 per barrel. In the years last named,\\npotatoes were $2.00 a bushel, or two shillings a\\ndozen,; beef and pork, $18.00 per barrel; and corn,\\n$1.62 per bushel. In January. 1819, butter was\\nforty-four cents per pound hyson tea, $3.00 per\\npound; milk, twelve cents a quart; eggs, fifty cents\\na dozen wood, $4.00 per cord. For one turkey,\\ntwo pigs, or two bushels of potatoes, an acre of land\\ncould be bought. Mutton at this time was one\\nshilling, and beef eight cents to ten cents a pound\\npork, $20.00 to $25.00 per barrel. In 1820 flour\\nwas down to $5.00 beef and pork, to $7.00 per\\nbarrel. In 1821 wood was $2.50 a cord, and wool\\nthree shillings per pound. In February, 1823, beef\\nand pork were each $4.00 per himdred venison,\\ntwo cents a pound turkeys, six shillings, geese four\\nshillings, ducks three shillings, and chickens nine-\\nteen cents a pair apples five shillings, wheat four\\nshillings and sixpence, corn three shillings, oats two\\nshillings, beans $1.00, and potatoes three shillings\\nper bushel maple-sugar five cents, cheese ten cents,\\nand beeswax twenty-six cents per pound whiskey,\\ntwo shillings a gallon pine boards, $3.00 to $12.00,\\nshingles $1.75, and laths $10.00 per thousand lime,\\nseventy-five cents a barrel and cotton stockings\\nten shillings per pair. In 1825 flour sold as low as\\n$3.00 per barrel quails for one shilling, and eggs\\nfor six cents a dozen. In 1830 flour was $4.50 per\\nbarrel, and pure cider $2.00. 1837 was the year of\\nhigh prices. Flour was from $11.00 to $16.00 per\\nbarrel, potatoes $2.00, and cornmeal twelve shillings\\nper bushel, but these prices were not of long con-\\ntinuance. The panic and scarcity of money soon\\ncaused a reduction, and in 1838 flour was down to\\n$8.00 per barrel, and sugar was fourteen cents per\\npound. In 1839 corn was so scarce that it com-\\nmanded S4.00 per bushel, but in 1840 it sold for\\neighty-five cents. In 1842 flour was very low, the\\nbest selling for $2.25 per barrel. In 1844 quota-\\ntions were as follows wheat seventy cents, corn\\nthirty-one cents, oats two shillings, and potatoes\\ntwenty cents per bushel; flour, $3.82; mess pork,\\n$10.00, and salt $1.38 per barrel; hickory wood.\\n$1.75 a cord hay, $5.00 per ton; fresh butter, two\\nshillings, lard and cheese six cents, and tallow seven\\ncents a pound dressed chickens, two shillings a\\npair green hides, three and one half cents, and dry\\nseven cents a pound beef and pork, $2- 50 to $3.00\\nper hundred nails, $5.00 a keg buckwheat llour,\\n$1.00 a hundred.\\nA Detroit daily of August 5, 1 847, thus complains\\nHigh Market Prices. Why is ir that the citizens of this city\\nsliould be ta.xed so high for every delicacy of the season, when it\\nis surrounded, as it is, by hardy and industrious fanners? Think\\nof it, ye men with families to support, ye Hotel and Tavern\\nkeepers all,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one dollar a bushel for potatoes .\\\\nd in the city\\nof New York they are selling for seventy-five cents Ten to\\ntwelve cents a dozen for green corn three shillings a dozen for\\ntomatoes; fourteen cents a pounds for butter; twelve cents and\\na half per dozen for eggs eighteen and three fourths to twenty-\\nfive cents a pair for young spring chickens seven cents a pound\\nfor beef; five cents for veal and mutton, and thirty-one and a\\nfourth or thirty-seven and a half cents for a quarter of a lamb.\\nIn 1S54 railroad connections were made with the\\nEast, and prices have been more equal since that time.\\nThe prices, in 1854, were: butter, twenty-four\\ncents, brown sugar six cents, coffee sugar nme cents,\\ntallow candles sixteen cents, Rio coffee eighteen\\ncents, and lard tvvelve cents per pound oats were\\nforty cents, onions fifty cents, potatoes seventy-five\\ncents, and apples seven shillings per bushel bread\\nwas nine cents a loaf, and flour $9.00 a barrel.\\nIn 1861, on account of the war, brown sugar ad-\\nvanced from six and seven cents to eleven cents and\\ntwelve cents, and all kinds of spices from fifty to\\none hundred per cent. In November, 1862, prices\\nwere beech and maple wood, #3.25 per cord flour\\ntwo and a half cents to three cents, cornmeal one\\nand a half cents, mess pork six to seven cents, butter\\ntwelve to fourteen cents, coffee twenty-five cents,\\nand brown sugar ten cents per pound potatoes,\\nfive shillings per bushel.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0852.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "MARKETS, MARKETING, AND PRICES.\\n80 1\\nBetween March and December, 1864, the same With the close of the war, prices began to decline,\\nquality of brown sugar advanced from sixteen to in most cases reaching ante -war prices about\\ntwenty-six cents per pound. 1876.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0853.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXIX.\\nMANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ARTICLES PRODUCED\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LEADING\\nESTABLISHMENTS.\\nThe advantages of Detroit as a manufacturing\\ncenter have never receiv ed the attention that their\\nnumber and importance demand. No city in\\nAmerica is more favorably situated, and few cities\\npossess so many necessary and desirable conditions\\nfor successful manufacturing. In considering its\\nresources and facilities, there is no occasion for far-\\nfetched reasoning or exaggerated representation\\nthe mere recital of the facts will amply prove the\\nclaim of superior advantages. It is well known\\nthat iron, copper, lead, and wood enter largely into\\nthe composition of all articles manufactured, and the\\nlocation of Detroit in the midst of the chief sources\\nof supply of these materials gives it unequalled\\nmanufacturing facilities. Lake Superior iron, a pro-\\nduct of our own State, is proved by actual test to\\nbe equal to any. The State produces mor\u00c2\u00a3 iron ore\\nthan any other, and of pig-iron our furnaces treble\\nthe product of any other State. The largest iron\\nmine in the world is in Michigan and during 1883\\nthe several furnaces of Detroit turned out 29,454\\ntons of pig-iron. Our copper yield is famed for its\\npurity, and supplies almost the entire world.\\nThe largest copper smelting works in the United\\nStates are located at Detroit and Hancock. The\\nlead mines of the adjacent States are celebrated,\\nand their products are easily obtained. The grind-\\nstone quarries, just above Detroit, are famous the\\nworld over, and within forty miles of the city\\nsuperior sand for glass is found and successfully\\nemployed.\\nMichigan produces more lumber than any other\\nState. Pine, walnut, oak, maple, hickory, butter-\\nnut, and ash are relatively cheap and abundant, and\\nother kinds of wood are so plentiful that charcoal is\\ncheaply made. Boxes and barrels for packing pur-\\nposes can be made at a price that admits of no\\ncompetition. The soil and climate are especially\\nfavorable for the growth of willows, and the finest\\nqualities, tougher than those of Europe, are grown\\nin this vicinity.\\nPlaster for manufacturing use is obtained in quan-\\ntities from native beds in Michigan, and a large\\nsupply of the best brick-clay is found near Detroit.\\nImmense supplies of limestone and sand e.xist in the\\ncounty, and these, with home-made Imnber, give\\nunusual building facilities.\\nManufacturing sites can be purchased at lower\\nrates than near other cities of the same size. At\\nanytime during the five years preceding 18S3, in\\neither large or small quantities, and both inside and\\noutside of the city, lands could be bought for from\\n$300 to $600 per acre, with every facility in the way\\nof side tracks or pro.ximity to railroad lines.\\nThe city fronts on a river with which few streams\\nin the world compare either in volume or rapidity,\\nand it is especially noteworthy that the river never\\ndries up, or injures by overflow the property on its\\nmargin. Either by direct individual connection or\\nthrough the immense pumping works of the city, it\\naffords at low cost a supply of water in unlimited\\nquantity that is always pure and the supply certain.\\nMichigan coal is mined almost at our doors, and\\nthe coal regions of the Buckeye and Keystone\\nStates are within easy reach.\\nCord-wood is obtained in any quantity at reason-\\nable rates from Northern Michigan and Canada.\\nThe average prices of various articles during the\\nfive years from 1S75 to 1880 were: flat-bar, round,\\nand square iron, $2.25 per one hundred pounds\\ncopper, 20 cents per pound lead, 6 cents plaster,\\nper barrel, .$1.75 lime, 75 cents per barrel; stone,\\n$13.00 per toise brick, common, S5.00. and stock,\\nS6.50 per thousand; good common lumber, \u00c2\u00a715.00\\nper thousand lump-coal for stationary engines,\\nS3.65 nut-coal, $2.65 hard cord-wood, S5.00, soft,\\n$3.50 per cord charcoal, 8 cents per bushel of\\ntwenty pounds hard-wood lumber: black walnut,\\n$60; cherry, $35 white-ash, $22 oak, $18; maple,\\n$16, and butternut, $50. These figures give a fair\\nindication of later and present prices.\\nLocated on the lakes, and yet far east on the line\\nof water communication, Detroit has a more favored\\nposition than any other western city it is below the\\nline of the excessive cold of INIackinaw and Lake\\nSuperior, therefore vessels can antl do run to and\\nfrom this port several weeks earlier and later than\\nfrom points farther west. The railroad connections\\nand facilities are abundant and growing. That we\\npossess favorable opportunities for shipping is evi-\\ndenced by the fact that large quantities of goods are\\ne.xported to every country on the globe.\\nThe State debt is practically extinguished and\\nthe sinking fund of the city is greater than its\\n[802]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0854.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "o\\n5=", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0855.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "8o4\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\ndebt. The city taxation averai^ es but little over one\\nper cent, and state and county taxation combined\\nis only about one third as much. These rates are\\nfar below those of other cities as large and well\\nimproved.\\nThe advantajjes afforded to employees are scarce\\nequalled. Not five cities in the country have so\\nlarge a proportion of homes owned by their occu-\\npants. This is because lots and building material are\\nso moderate in price. All kinds of food are abun-\\ndant and reasonably cheap. Wheat, corn, cattle,\\nsheep, hogs, poultry, and vegetables are leading\\narticles of production in Michigan, and we ha\\\\ e the\\nlargest fresh-water fisheries in the United States.\\nThe climate is generally equable and mild, and in\\nthe city the death-rate averages only about twenty\\nin a thousand per year.\\nThe amount of capital invested in manufacturing\\nenterprises in 1880 was estimated at $20,000,000,\\nand the annual product at $35,000,000.\\nThe following is an alphabetical summary of the\\nprincipal articles actually manufactured in Detroit\\nAwnings, ale, alcohol, artificial limbs, boilers, brooms,\\nbaskets, bolts and nuts, blank-books, blinds,\\nbrackets, beds, bedding, bridges, bluing, bricks,\\nbarrels, bread, bungs, boats, belting, boxes, boots,\\nbags, billiard tables, baking powder, castings, cars,\\ncar wheels and springs, candles, cigars, carbon, cof-\\nfins, combs, chemicals, confectionery, cornices, cut-\\nlery, caps, corsets, clothing, copperware, crocks,\\ncasks, capsules, clothes-pins, crackers, carriages,\\nchildren s cabs, chairs, carpets, chewing gum, doors,\\ndoor-knobs, electrotypes, engines, emery wheels,\\nextracts, edge tools, earthenware, electrical instru-\\nments, furniture, furs, frames, flour, files, faucets,\\nfences, fertilizers, fanning mills, gold pens, guns,\\nglue, gloves, glass, horse collars, hats, harness, hoop\\nskirts, iron, iron pipe, ink, jewelry, journal metal and\\nboxes, knit goods, lead pipe, lime, lounges, linseed\\noil, lasts, leather, lumber, maps, machinery, monu-\\nments, mittens, matches, mattresses, malleable iron-\\nware, mantel-pieces, medicines, mouldings, organs,\\npails, photographs, picture-frames, plaster figures,\\nperfumery, pulleys, paint, putty, pianos, pipes, pins,\\npills, paper, rope, roofing, stoves, shoes, soap, sash,\\nspectacles, saw-gummers, sleds, show-cases, statu-\\nary, safes, saws, sawing machines, sleighs, steel,\\nstoneware, ship-blocks, sewer-pipe, stained glass,\\nsigns, sails, shafting, stamped ware, screws,\\nshirts, stencil-plates, tea-caddies, tinware, twine,\\ntobacco, tiles, trunks, tubs, tombstones, umbrellas,\\nvinegar, varnish, wagons, wine, wood-cuts, wood-\\nworking machinery, window shades and screens,\\nwatches, whips, windmills, white lead, washboards,\\nwigs, wire goods, wooden and willow ware, yeast.\\nIllustrations are given of several of the more im-\\nportant and enterprising manufacturing establish-\\nments, with a few items as to the character and ex-\\ntent of their business. Some of them have been in\\noperation only a short time, and for this reason the\\namount of their products is relatively small.\\nThe Michigan Car Company and the Detroit Car\\nWheel Company.\\nBoth of the above corporations are under one\\nmanagement, and together form the largest estab-\\nlishment of the kind in the United States.\\nThe officers are as follows James McMillan,\\npresident Hugh McMillan, vice-president and gen-\\neral manager; James McGregor, general superin-\\ntendent; W. K. Anderson, treasurer; Joseph Taylor,\\nsecretary; Hugh W. Dyar, assistant manager; J.\\nHill Whiting, superintendent of foundries. In\\nthese establishments and accessory works, such as\\nfurnaces and steam-forges, all managed by these\\ncorporations, a capital of one and a quarter million\\ndollars is represented. They make box, stock, plat-\\nform, coal, ore, and refrigerator cars. The works\\nwere established 1865, and moved to their present\\nlocation at the Grand Trunk Junction in 1S73.\\nThey occupy thirty acres, and when fully employed\\nrequire 2,500 men, and can turn out thirty cars,three\\nhundred and fifty car-wheels, one hundred axles,\\nand sixty tons of iron per day. During 1883 there\\nwere used at these works 47,000 tons of iron, and\\nprobably 30,000,000 feet of lumber, and a total of\\n4,500 cars and 46.000 wheels were made. Since the\\nworks began, they have made 48,731 cars. Placed\\nclose together in one long train, they would reach\\ntwo hundred and eighty-four miles, or across the\\nState of Michigan and beyond Chicago. As many\\nas two thousand cars have been made for one com-\\npany, and so many different companies have patron-\\nized the works that it is literally true that cars built\\nin Detroit run constantly in every State and Terri-\\ntory, and in all the Canadian Provinces.\\nThe Detroit Steet and Spring JVorks.\\nThis company is officered with .Alexander De\\nLano as president, C. P. C lioate as vice-president\\nand general manager, and H. R. Newberry as sec-\\nretary and treasurer. The company was incor-\\nporated in May, 1S79, and began operations the\\nsame year. The works are located at Detroit\\nJunction. Their chief .specialty is spring-steel, loco-\\nmotive and car-springs. They also make large\\nquantities of steel for use in the manufacture of\\nagricultural instruments and for the trade. During\\n1883 the works produced 6,200 tons of steel and\\nmade 5,000 tons of steel car-springs. Their ship-\\nments reach not only all parts of our own land, but\\nalso South America and Australia.\\nBesides the car-works named, there are also\\nlocated at Detroit", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0856.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n805\\nThe Peninsular Car Works.\\nThe officers of this corporation are Frank J.\\nHecker, jjresident, manat(er. and treasurer, and\\nC. L. Freer, vice-president and secretary. The\\nworks established in\\n1880 were located\\non the river, be-\\ntween Walker and\\nAdair Streets dur-\\ning 1S84 they were\\nmoved to a large\\ntract of land near\\nthe Detroit Mil-\\nwaukee Railroad\\nJunction. During\\n1S83 they buiU\\n4,136 cars. In con-\\nnection with their\\nworks the company\\noperate the Detroit\\nsteam- forge, and\\ncontrol large car-\\nworks at Adrian.\\nWith the addition\\nof their product, the city ranks as the most extensive\\ncar manufacturing center in the world.\\nThe Russel Wheel and Foundry Company.\\nThis establishment is located at the foot of Walker\\nStreet. The officers are George H. Russel, presi-\\ndent; Walter S. Russel, vice-president and super-\\nlUMm.-^^\\ncar wheels, and during 1SS3 2.600 tons of castings\\nwere produced. Logging, lumber, and mill-yard\\ncars are a specialty in this establishment, and their\\ncars are in use in all the southern and western\\nr\\n,^rtteyk\\nOfpicf.\\nintendcnt\\ntreasurer.\\nand John R. Russel. secretary and\\nThe works were established in 1876 and\\nthe company incorporated in January, 1S83. Up to\\nthe beginning of 18S4 the company had made 36,000\\nDeTKUII bTEtL AND Sl KlNG W uKKS.\\nNear R. R. Junction in Springwells, Built in 1879-82.\\nStates. The company make all kinds of car-sheaves\\nand architectural iron-work, and do general jobbing\\nand machine work, melting as high as twelve tons\\nof iron per day.\\nThe Dciroit Bridge and Iron Worlcs.\\nThis company is officered with W. S. Pope as\\npresident and engineer;\\nW. C. Colburn, secretary\\nand treasurer; and W.\\nL. Baker, superintendent.\\nThey have built some of\\nthe longest bridges in the\\nland. Their works, occu-\\npying si.x acres on Foun-\\ndry Street, a few blocks\\nsouth of Michigan Ave-\\nnue, were established in\\n1863. In 1S83 they used\\na capital of $300,000.\\nThey build steel, iron,\\nand combination bridges,\\nviaducts, railroad turn\\nand transfer tables, and\\nother structural iron\\nwork. During 1882 sev-en\\nthousand tons of iron\\nwere used, and bridges\\nerected in all parts of the\\ncountry. Some of the more notable bridges they\\nh.tve erected, and their cost, are as follows:\\nOver the Mississippi River at lUirlington, 2,250\\nfeet long; cost, $1,200,000. Over the Mississippi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^-2m:c:^\\n,ND WouKs OF Russel Wheel and Foundry Co.,\\nFoot of Walker Street, Buili in 1880.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0857.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "8o6\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nRiver at Quincy, 3,700 feet long; cost, \u00c2\u00a71.700,000.\\nOver the Mississippi River at Hannibal, 1,600 feet\\nlong; cost, \u00c2\u00a7750,000. Over the Missouri River at\\nBismarck, 1,440 feet long; cost, $470,000. Over\\nthe Missouri River at St. Joseph, 1,350 feet long;\\ncost, $1,000,000.\\nDetroit Bridge and Iron Works, between Foundry Street and M. C. R. R.\\nbearings. Clamor s Ajax journal metal, and the\\nFulton bronze journal bo.xes are worthy of special\\nnotice. Of the Hopkins journals, five hundred tons\\nare made yearly. The Champion tire bender and\\nStoddard s lightning tire upsetter are made at these\\nworks. Orders for these various products come\\nfrom all parts of\\nthe country-.\\nThe Buhl Iron\\nWorks\\nwas incorpor-\\nated June 5\\n1880, and i.s the\\nsuccessor of the\\nDetroit Loco-\\nmotive Works,\\nestablished in\\n1854. The ori-\\nginal company,\\nbetween 1855\\nand 1859, built\\nforty-two loco-\\nmotives and re-\\npaired a large\\nnumber. The\\nofficers of the\\ncompany are C.\\nThe Fit //on Iron and En-\\ni^lnc orks\\nwere established in 1851\\nby Johnston, Wayne,\\nC o m p a n y. The works\\nare now conducted by a\\ncorporation, with James\\nMcMillan as president.\\nHugh McMillan as secre-\\ntary, and J. B. Wayne as\\nmanager and treasurer.\\nNearly one hundred and\\nfifty steam engines, of from\\neight to two hundred horse-\\npower, are here manufac-\\ntured every year, including\\nblast, threshing, rolling,\\nmining, and mill engines,\\nalso boilers of all kinds\\niron work for saw-mills,\\narchitectural iron-work,\\nmining and blast-furnace\\nand elevator machinery,\\nand iron and brass cast-\\nings of all kinds. Among\\ntheir specialties, Hopkins s\\npatent lead-lined journal\\nr Siiii i! j [ii\\nFulton Ikon and Engine Works,\\nSoutheast comer of Woodbridge and Brush Streets. Built in 1856-69.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0858.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n807\\nH. Buhl, president D.\\nR. Peirce, secretary and\\ntreasurer; and J. W.\\nBartlctt, mechanical su-\\nperintendent. The works\\nare on the northwest cor-\\nner of Lamed and Third\\nStreets, reaching through\\nto Congress Street. They\\nmanufacture engines and\\nboilers of all kinds and\\nsizes also iron and brass\\ncastings of every sort,\\nand particular attention\\nis given to repair work.\\nOf their largest engines,\\none was a compound\\nbeam-engine built in 1 876\\nfor the Detroit Water\\nWorks, and another, a\\ndouble compound revers-\\ning engine with two high\\nand two low pressure\\ncylinders, each of forty-\\ntwo inch stroke. With\\nthis last engine a steel\\nrail one hundred and\\nthirty feet long can be\\nBuhl Iron Works,\\nComer of Third and Lamed Streets.\\nBuilt\\nEagle Iron anu Engine Wukks,\\nas4 to 264 Woodbridge Street, northwest corner of Fifth Street.\\nBuilt in 1853-S2.\\nmade in one minute and\\na half, and half of this\\ntime is consumed in stop-\\nping and reversing the\\nengine. With the engine\\nwas furnished the entire\\nsteel plant of the North\\nChicago Rolling Mill, and\\nover seventy cars were\\nemployed in its trans-\\nportation. Another piece\\nof work was the manu-\\nfacture for the Detroit\\nater Works of four\\nmiles of iron pipe, forty-\\ntwo inches in diameter.\\nIt is a fact reflecting\\ngreat credit on this cor-\\nporation and its predeces-\\nsor, that from 1854, when\\nthe works began, the\\nwages of employees have\\nbeen paid in cash on\\never) pay-day, and in\\nevery instance during the\\nlong period of nearly\\nthirty years, by the pres-\\nent secretary- and treas-\\nurer of the company.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0859.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "8o8\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nThe Eagle Iron orks.\\nThis is one of the new-\\nest of our industries. It\\nwas established in 1SS2\\nin the buildings on Fifth\\nStreet, extending from\\nWoodbridge to Congress\\nStreet (_the premises for-\\nmerly ocrtipied by Jack-\\nson Wiley). The offi-\\ncers of the company are\\nG. S. Wormer, president\\nand general manager\\nH. C. Albee, secretary\\nand assistant manager\\nand C. C. Wormer, vice-\\npresident and treasurer.\\nAll kinds of engines and\\nboilers, pulleys, shafting,\\nhangers, arc made and\\nsold about one thousand\\ntons of iron arc consumed\\nyearly. They carry an\\nexceptionally large as-\\nsortment of patterns and\\nattend to all kinds of\\ngeneral repair work.\\nft\\nf;r:\\nSfe^rg^^S^\\nOffice and Works of Michigan Malleable Iron Co.,\\nWoodbridge Street, near Twentieth Street. Built in 1882,\\nWOOD-WOKKING MacIIINERV ESTABLISHMENT OF J. MiCHFLS,\\nNortheast comer of Fort and Beaubien Streets. Built in 1872.\\nThe Michig-an MallcaMe\\nIron Compatiy.\\nThis company melted\\ntheir first iron on March i,\\n1882. The officers are:\\nAllan Bourn, president\\nT. 1). Buhl, vice-president\\nJ. M. Emerson, secretai-y\\nand treasurer and T. H.\\nSimpson, superintendent.\\nThe office and works are\\non Woodbridge Street,\\nnear Twentieth. They use\\nthe air-furnace process,\\nthe hot blast melting iron\\nof various kinds in one\\nflux, thus securing a union\\nof the desirable qualities\\nof several sorts. All kinds\\nof malleable and fine gray\\niron castings are made to\\norder. Agricultural and\\nrailroad work is a specialty.\\nOrders have been filled\\nfrom points as far east\\nas Bridgeport, Conn., and\\nas far west as Eureka,\\nCal.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0860.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURIXG ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n809\\nJ. Michels Wood- Working Machinery\\nEstablishiiwnt\\nis located on the northeast corner of Fort\\nand Beaubien Streets, and was established in\\n1869. The list of articles manufactured in-\\ncludes planing, boring, moulding, paneling,\\njointing, sawing, matching, shaping, tenon-\\ning, friezing and shaping machines, with the\\naccessories necessary to put them in opera-\\ntion. These machines find a market all over\\nthe West and the South, and have been ship-\\nped to Japan.\\nThe Xational Wire and Iron Company.\\nThis company was incorporated May 3,\\n1SS2, with a capital of \u00c2\u00a7200,000.\\nThe officers of the company are W. P. .Sum-\\nner, president F. R. Minckler, secretary-; and\\nW. H. Gordon, superintendent.\\nTheir buildings, located on the corner of\\nFourth and Congress Streets, were erected es-\\npecially for the company, and are supplied with\\nall possible conveniences for practical work.\\nThe first floor of the establishment is de-\\nvoted to the manufacture of wire railing, iron\\nfences, iron stairs, fire escapes, etc.; the sec-\\nond story to the manufacture of the patent na-\\nNational Wire and Iro Company s Works,\\nComer of Fourth and Congress Streets. Built in i8i\\nDetroit Safe Compas-\\\\- s Works,\\nFort Street East, between Beaubien and Si. Anloinc Streets.\\nBuilt in 1874-80-81.\\ntional cheese-safes.window\\nand door screens, riddles,\\nsand and coal screens, and\\nother goods in the wooden\\nware line the third floor\\nis set apart to the manu-\\nfacture of wire cloth,\\nsieves, rat-traps,and goods\\nof similar nature and the\\nfourth or top floor to paint-\\ning and finishing. Awing\\nof one hundred feet on\\nCongress Street accommo-\\ndates the warehouse.stock-\\nrooms, and general offices\\nof the company. They\\nmanufacture brass and\\niron wire cloth of every\\ndescription, including spe-\\ncial kinds for threshing\\nmachines, bolting cloths,\\nand fanning mills.\\nMuch of the wire used\\nis as fine as ordinary sew-\\ning silk, and during 18S3,\\n4.000,000 pounds of wire\\nwere used. The product\\nfor 1884 will be largely in\\nexcess of these figures.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0861.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "8io\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nThey also make wire and iron fencing, wire lath-\\ning, window-guards, wire signs, counter-railings,\\nstable fixtures, counter-supports, roof-crestings,\\ntower ornaments, weather-vanes, and a large variety\\nof specialties. Of cheese-safes alone, they manu-\\nfacture about 20,000 yearly.\\nThey have a large and increasing trade, extend-\\ning from Maine to California, and from Alaska to\\nMexico.\\nand forty-two safes were manufactured in 1882,\\n3,100. The prices of safes range from $60 to\\n$40,000. The regular makes weigh from 935 to\\n21,850 pounds, and vary in size from one foot four\\ninches high by one foot six inches wide, to six feet\\nsix inches high by four feet eleven inches wide.\\nNearly one hundred regular varieties are made, and\\nany size or kind is made to order, besides vault and\\niron shutters, and iron work. Fire or burglar proof\\nProposed Office and Works of the Detroit Bronze Company,\\nFort Street, between Nineteenth and Twentieth Streets.\\nThe Detroit Safe Oviipanv.\\nThis enormous factory was established in 1865,\\nand is located at Nos. 67 to 85 Fort Street East.\\nAmong the original officers were J. J. Bagley,\\nZ. R. Brockway, and D. O. Paige. The officers\\nare: W. B. Wesson, president; A. S. Wiley, vice-\\npresident D. O. Paige, treasurer and general man-\\nager; A. W. Baxter, secretary; and George E.\\nMorton, superintendent. Tlie first year two hundred\\nor combined fire and burglar proof safes, for both\\nhome and oflfice use, are made with either single or\\ndouble square or round doors. All the safes have\\nround corners and particularly close-fitting doors\\nall are highly finished, and some of the interior\\ndecoration is really artistic. During 1883 they used\\nabout one hundred tons of steel and iron per month.\\nFor door frames and jambs they use a highly car-\\nbonized, and a soft, homogeneous steel fused", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0862.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n8n\\ntogether in ingots in sucli a manner, tliat wlien\\nrolled into plates, the softer steel, of great tensile\\nstrength, is covered on both sides with the highly\\ncarbonized steel, which is so tempered that it is\\ndrill proof. It is rolled into shapes for some parts\\nof the work under patents exclusively controlled by\\nthis company. Agencies are established and stocks\\nof safes carried at Boston, New York, Baltimore,\\nAugusta, Ga., Lyons, N. Y., Louisville, Ky., Chicago,\\nSt. Paul, Denver, and San Francisco, and their safes\\nare sold to customers all over the United States and\\nin Greece, China, Japan, France, South America,\\nAustralia, New Zealand, and the West Indies.\\nThe Detroit Ihonze Company.\\nThis company was incorporated on February 5,\\n1881, largely through the efforts of J. H. Eakins.\\nThe ofTicers are Peter E. De Mill, president\\nGeorge W. Moore, vice-president and James Stew-\\nart, secretary and treasurer. The material used\\nby them, known as white bronze, is a pure zinc,\\nrefined expressly for their work. They make only\\nto order, and during 1883 turned out over $100,000\\nworth of work in the .shape of monuments, statues,\\nmedallions, etc. Their goods are sold and used\\nall over the United States, Canada, and South\\nAmerica.\\nThe E. T. Barnuin Wire and Iron Works.\\nThis extensive manufactory began in 1863 and\\nwas incorporated February i, 1882. The oRicers\\nare: E. T. Barnum, president and general manager;\\nPhilo Parsons, vice-president F. H. Leavenworth,\\nsecretary; C. F. Purdie, superintendent. The Board\\nof Directors consists of D. M. Ferry, D. \\\\Yhitney,\\nJr., Philo Parsons, H. K. White, E. T. Barnum,\\nChas. Bewick, and F. H. Leavenworth. The general\\noffices and works are located at the corner of How-\\nard Street and Wabash Avenue, being the largest\\nof the kind in the world. The main building is 250\\nby 400 feet, with two wings, one of 300 and the\\nother of 400 feet in length, with a railroad track\\nbetween them. The track connects with the M. C.\\nR. R. and gives shipping facilities that are unri-\\nvalled.\\nIn addition to this general establishment the com-\\npany ha\\\\-e a branch at no Lake Street, Chicago,\\n111. The Detroit works employ about 600 skilled\\nworkmen, and there are over 100 at the branch\\nconcern. Their catalogue embraces nearly 1,500\\narticles of their own production, and they are\\nextensive manufacturers of wrought-iron fencing\\nfor public and private buildings, iron balcony and\\nsteps, fire escapes, roof cresting, bank counter\\nand office railing, jail work, builders iron-work,\\nwire cloth of all kinds and for all puqwses, wire\\ngoods of everj variety, wire fencing, screens\\nsieves, florists goods, brushes, traps, muzzles, bas-\\nkets, cages, chairs, show stands, cheese safes, and\\nwire signs, brass work of every description, iron and\\nbrass bedsteads, roller skates, wcathc r vanes, foun-\\ntains, vases, lawn furniture, etc., etc. Some idea of\\nthe extent of their business will be gained from the\\nfact that they made 1 2,000,000 square feet of wire\\ncloth in 1883 and used in the manufacture of various\\narticles 375 tons of wire and 225 tons of iron.\\nThey ship goods from Portland to San Fran-\\ncisco and from iVIinneapolis to Galveston, covering\\nall the States and Territories. They also have a\\nlarge export trade and sell and ship to points in\\nAustralia, Africa, England, Mexico, Canada, and\\nBrazil.\\nDetroit Stovk Cdmians s Oit-ut; ani Sale-skoum,\\n32 and 34 Woodward Avenue. Built iri 1879.\\nThe Detroit Stor^ c Company,\\norganized in iS6.;, occupy about ten acres of ground\\nin Ilamtramck. The office and .salesrooms are at", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0863.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0864.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "i|fiii!fB\u00c2\u00abri\u00c2\u00bb iiji\\n1 1 1 ni II ij II) HI i ^|ij|i[\\n5 E", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0865.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "8i4\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n33 and 34 Woodward\\nAvenue. \\\\V. H. Ttfft is\\npresident, and E. S. Bar-\\nbour, secretary. The com-\\npany employ 1,300 men,\\nand pay for labor alone\\nover $500,000 per year.\\nThey make seven hundred\\ndifferent varieties of stoves,\\nand in 1S76 introduced\\nthe use of nickel-plated\\nstoves. In 1S70 they made\\nabout 16,500; in 1880,\\n30,000; and in 1883,\\n49,000 using in this last\\nyear 12,500 tons of iron.\\nRegular agencies are es-\\ntablished at Stockholm,\\nFrankfort, and London,\\nand hundreds of car-loads\\nare yearly sent to these\\ncities to be distributed to\\nvarious other parts of\\nEurope. The company\\nhave branch houses at\\nBuffalo and Chicago, from\\nwhence shipments are\\nmade all over the Lhiited\\nStates and to New Bruns-\\nwick and Australia.\\nPeninsular Stove Company s Office and Works,\\nSouthwest corner of Fort and Kighth Streets. Riiilt in il\\nM^\\n-t^\\nKlkeka Ikon a.nl* bitEL W uKKb, W^anuotie. Uuilt in 1S53-57.\\nDetroit Office, No. 21 Newberry and McMillan B .iilding.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0866.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "s", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0867.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "8i6\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nThe Mhkigait Stinii\\nCompany\\ncommenced to manufai\\nturc on September 12, 1872.\\nTheir works are on Jeffer-\\nson Avenue just east of\\nAdair Street. The officers\\nare: Francis Palms, presi-\\ndent George H. Barbour,\\nsecretary; M. B. Mills,\\ntreasurer; Jeremiah Dwycr,\\nmanager; and C. A. Du-\\ncharme, purchasing agent.\\nDuring 1S73 8,825 stovis\\nwere manufactured; and\\nin 1883 52,338, using i;,-\\n434,600 pounds of irtjn.\\nThe company employ 1,000\\nmen, and under the gener.il\\nname of Garland make\\nnearly two hundred varie-\\nties of stoves. There arc\\nbranch houses in Chicago.\\nBuffalo, Boston, and Sacra-\\nmento, from which ship-\\nments are made to various\\ncountries in Europe and to\\nevery State and Territory.\\nNaTImNAL I l:. CiiMlAN^ r ALlUKV.\\nGrand River Avenue, between Si.\\\\teenth and Seventeenth Streets. Built in 1S75.\\n1\\n1\\n1 T\u00c2\u00ab^\\n%4\\nROWE HAVtS, DhTKUIT FiLE WoRKS,\\nNortheast corner of Sullivan Avenue and Magnolia Street.\\nThe Pciiinsitlar Stove\\nCompany\\nwas incorporated March\\n23, 1 88 1, and commenced\\nmanufacturing at Detroit\\nin February, 1882. Their\\nworks are on the corner\\nof Fort and Eighth\\nStreets. The officers are\\nW. B. ;\\\\Ioran, president;\\nW. N. Carpenter, vice-\\npresident James Dwyer,\\nmanager James A\\nV enn, assistant manager;\\nRobert McD. Campau,\\nsecretary and Clarence\\nCarpenter, treasurer.\\nThey make two hundred\\nand seventy varieties, and\\nin 1 883 produced 20,000\\nstoves. Theyhavebranch\\nhouses in Chicago, and\\nat Troy, New York, and\\ntheir trade has largely in-\\ncreased every year. The\\nfirst year of their estab-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0868.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "ffig W^MWip Jl l-\\n6.. .tS^ 1\\ni.\\n.U^", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0869.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "8i8\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nlishment shipments were\\nmade to sixteen different\\nStates, to various Canadian\\nProvinces, and to Latakia\\nin Asia.\\nEureka Iron and Steel\\nWorks.\\nThe works of this cor-\\nporation are located at\\nWyandotte, twelve miles\\nfrom the city. Thev were\\nbuilt in 1S54, and in that\\nyear the first Lake Supe-\\nrior iron was there smelted.\\nThe present corporation\\nwas formed on December\\n19,1883. The offices are\\nat Detroit. The officers\\nare: W. K. Muir, presi-\\ndent and general manager; S. D. Miller, \\\\-ice-presi-\\ndent W. S. Armitage, secretary and treasurer and\\nJ. S. an Alstyne, agent. During 1 883 the company\\nproduced 23.000 tons of manufactured iron. They\\nmake charcoal pig iron, from Lake Superior ores, for\\nfoundry, car-wheel, and malleable use, also boiler-\\nplate, tank-iron, and the usual variety of common\\nand refined bar- iron. They sell as far east as Bos-\\nFactoky and Office of Detroit Stamping Works,\\nSoutheast cornel- Lafayette and brush Streets. Built in i\u00c2\u00a3\\nThe Middlebkuok ti; Post ilA.NL iACTL;ii:;G Cu.\\\\UA.\\\\\\\\ i Works,\\nio8 to no Lamed Street, corner of Cass Street.\\nton, Mass., and Nashua, N. H., in the West at\\nDenver, Salt Lake, and San Francisco, and generally\\nthrough the Eastern, Middle, and Western States.\\nThe Detroit and Lake Superior Copper\\nCompany\\nw-as established in 1850. The smelting works at\\nDetroit are located on the river road, about a mile\\nfrom the city. Extensive\\nworks are also carried on\\nby the same corporation\\nat Hancock, Lake Supe-\\nrior. The officers are\\nC. H. Carter, president;\\nF. Kingsbury, secre-\\ntar) Horatio Bigelow,\\ntreasurer; J. R. Cooper,\\nagent and Edwin Rced-\\ner, superintendent. The\\ncompany s product of\\ncopper at Detroit in i S60\\nwas 2,940 tons, in 1870\\n4.S92 tons, and in 1880\\n7,097 tons, and more than\\ntwice as much was pro-\\nduced at Hancock. Ship-\\nments are made as in-\\nstructed by the mining\\ncompanies, usually to\\nNew York, Philadelphia,\\nand Boston, but from\\nthese points quantities of\\ncopper smelted at Detroit\\nhave been sent to Ger-\\nmany, France, England,\\nRussia, and China.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0870.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "i!XM\\niiiiiifeiiil.^^\\niilllllili^iii^illlil;\\nkr.\\n|iI;^i;i ?i ;;iwr p; i i l l iilv|i iN!\\nt,^;ri ;!l;l :V; ??!?^r]i li i i x\\nliiiiilip\\nU\\n\u00c2\u00abjii\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab*a^M4#jij#iitfci^ i 4jiii\\nmMg^^m\\n.1:5\\ngm mmBmm ,m", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0871.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "820\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nThe Middlcbrook Post Mantifacluring\\nCompany.\\nThis establishment, with Hiram Middlebrook and\\nEdward C. Post as general partners, and Edward E.\\nMiddlebrook and Edward Forster as special part-\\nners, began business in 1877, and is located at Nos.\\n108 and 1 10 Earned Street West. Among its lead-\\ning specialties are direct, compound and changeable\\npower, hydraulic, steam and hand-power elevators,\\nshafting, pulleys, hangers, emery grinders, rod-\\nturning machines, light and heavy castings, and\\nsheaves of all sizes. It also builds elevators of\\nfrom 1 ,000 to 3,000 pounds capacity, to be operated\\nwith the Otto Silent Gas Engine. Its shipments\\ne.\\\\tend to Minnesota, Arkansas, New York, Ohio,\\nover America, but also to Constantinople and\\nLisbon.\\nThe Detroit File Works.\\nThe building of this corporation is located on the\\nnortheast corner of Sullivan Avenue and Magnolia\\nStreet. The works were established in 1S70 and\\nthe company incorporated in March, 1884. Solomon\\nHayes is president, and Jonas Rowe, vice-president.\\nThey make files of all sizes and styles, using over\\none hundred tons of steel per annum and producing\\nover two hundred dozen files per day. They use\\nthe best grades of steel, and their goods find ready\\nsale all over the United States, and shipments have\\nbeen made to Europe.\\nOkiginal Labor.\\\\tokv of Parke, D.\\\\\\\\is, A; Co., Manufacturing Chemists,\\nSoutheast corner of Cass Avenue and Henry Street. Erected in 1866.\\nIndiana, Kentucky, Texas, California, Michigan,\\nManitoba, Ontario, Illinois, and Louisiana.\\nThe A ational Pin Company.\\nThis is one of the largest establishments in the\\ncountry. It was organized December 28, 1875,\\nand is officered with D. M. Ferry as president\\nand treasurer, and A. Waring as secretary. They\\nmake a large variety of brass and adamantine pins\\nequal to the best English goods, and are sole manu-\\nfacturers of the Eureka Toilet Pin Rolls. During\\n1883 they made ninety tons of pins, or about\\n2,400,000 per day. They ship goods, not only all\\nThe Detroit Emery Wheel Company\\nwas established by Gilbert Hart in 1S75. The\\nworks are located on Lincoln near Jefferson Avenue\\nin Hamtramck. The company make both emery-\\nwheels and machinery for using them, they manu-\\nfacture wheels from one fourth of an inch in\\ndiameter and one quarter of an inch thick, up to\\nthirty-six inches in diameter and six inches thick,\\nthese last weighing nearly 800 pounds. The wheels\\nare sold and in use in nearly all manufacturing\\ntowns in the L nited States, the extent of their\\nuse being indicated by the fact that in 1S83 this\\nestablishment used 300 tons of emery.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0872.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0873.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nLabokatory of F. Stearns Companv, corner of Twenty-first and Marquette Streets. Built in iSSi.\\nThe Union Door Knob Company\\nmanufacture door-knobs in mineral, jet, porcelain,\\nmetal, and selected wood in a great variety of styles\\nand their knobs are conceded to possess superior ad-\\nCapsule Factory of F. A. Hubel,\\nCorner ot Fourth and Abbott Streets. Built in 1881.\\nvantages in method of adjustment and durability.\\nThe officers of the company, incorporated on March\\nI, 1882, are: E. M. Fowler, president; J. J. Rust,\\nvice-president E. M. Lyon, secretary and treasurer\\nand O. M. Hidden, sup-\\nerintendent. The fac-\\ntory is on the corner of\\nBrush and Lafayette\\nStreets.\\nThe Detroit Stamping\\nCompany.\\nThis company was\\nestablished in April,\\n1880, and their factory\\nis located on the south-\\neast comer of Lafayette\\nand Brush Streets. The\\nofficers are J. G. .Stan-\\ndart, president L. M.\\nMiller, secretary and\\ntreasurer and Charles\\nPuddefoot, superinten-\\ndent. They manufacture\\ninnumerable varieties of\\ntinware, including ja-\\npanned goods, pieced\\nand stamped ware, drug-\\ngists goods, street lan-\\nterns, etc., also bronze,\\nbrass, and electro plated\\ngoods to order. During\\n1 883 they used about", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0874.jp2"}, "875": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n823\\nWHITE LEAD COLORJKQ\\nim\\nWhite Lead and Color Works of Boydell Eros.\\n39, 41. and 43 Fort Street East. Built in i83o.\\n20.000 pounds of iron, 280.000 pounds of tin. and\\n40.000 pounds of brass, and sell goods all over the\\nUnited States and in Hong Kong, China.\\nParke, Davis, Company, lifanit/acfitring\\nChemists.\\nThis corporation, in their widely known establish-\\nment, manufactures four hundred and fifty varieties\\nof fluid extracts and one hundred of solid extracts,\\nabout six hundred varieties of sugar and gelatine\\ncoated pills, and a large variety of pharmaceutical\\npreparations known as concentrations, elixirs, wines,\\nsyrups, cerates, etc. The crude material for these\\nproducts, in the form of barks, leaves, flowers,\\nroots, etc., from medicinal plants, is obtained from\\nall quarters of the globe to the extent of thousands\\nof tons annually. After passing through their ex-\\ntensive milling department, the drugs are issued in\\nvarious forms, and marketed throughout America\\nand in foreign countries. Among the many new\\nremedies they have introduced to the knowledge of\\nthe medical profession, and which, previous to\\n1877, were unknown scientifically, are: Eucalyptus\\nGlobulus, Grindelia Robusta, Cascara Sagrada,\\nYerba Santa, Coca, Guarana, Jamaica Dogwood,\\nManaca, Jaborandi, Boldo, and Cheken. Their\\noperations in a single drug in one year, six years\\nafter its introduction, reached 30,000 pounds.\\nThe company s business is conducted upon a\\nstrictly scientific and ethical code, and their pro-\\nducts are prepared with a view of supplying drug-\\ngists with goods to be dispensed only upon the\\nprescriptions of physicians.\\nTheir laboratory occupies a large square, on the\\nriver at the foot of McDougall Avenue. The river\\nfront is two hundred and sixty-two feet long, and\\nthe entire frontage six hundred and forty-four feet.\\nThey employ upwards of two hundred and fifty per-\\nsons, and have a capital of about \u00c2\u00a7500,000. The\\nbusiness is conducted by a corporation, under the\\nsupervision of H. C. Parke, president, and George\\nS. Davis, secretary and treasurer. In addition to\\nthe main establishment at Detroit, a distributing\\nbranch, with a large stock and ample force of clerks,\\nis maintained at 60 Maiden Lane and 21 Liberty\\nStreet, New York.\\nThe Fi ederick Stearns Pharmaceutical Manu-\\nfacturing Company.\\nThis company ranks as a pioneer in the manu-\\nfacture of many specialties. The senior member\\nand president of the company has been in the busi-\\nness over thirty years. The works of the company\\nare on the corner of Twenty-first and Marquette\\nStreets. Their products embrace all classes of offici-\\nnal preparations of the United States, the British,\\nthe French, and the German Pharmacopoeia, as well\\nas all novelties in pharmacy and medicine described\\nin recent books and periodicals. They are importers\\nof rare and new drugs, and exporters of medical\\nproducts. Their trade e.xtends into every State and\\nTerritor}- and they carry credits to over 1 5,000 of the\\nretail druggists of the L nited States. The distinct\\nclasses of pharmaceutical goods number over one\\nhundred, and as the varieties in each often go up into\\nthe hundreds, the details of their manufacture are\\nalmost endless. This firm have on their list 1,307 sorts\\nof pills, nearly six hundred kinds of fluid extracts, and\\nover eight hundred kinds of powdered drugs.\\nA special feature of this house is the furnishing the\\nretail druggists of the United States with popular,\\nnon-secret medicines, the idea being to displace\\nquack and secret nostrums, and supply good pre-\\nscriptions, handsomely put up and reasonable in\\nprice, to meet the demand for simple remedies for\\nslight ailments. In this special line, introduced in\\n1876, the establishment has met with deserx ed suc-\\ncess and filled a great public want.\\nF. A. Huhcl s Capsule Laboratory\\nis worthy of particular mention, as its products are", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0875.jp2"}, "876": {"fulltext": "824\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nentirely unique and the\\nmethod of their manu-\\nfacture peculiar to De-\\ntroit.\\nEach capsule consists\\nof two shells of cylin-\\ndrical form rounded at\\none end and open at\\nthe other, one of them\\nbeing shorter and form-\\ning the cover over the\\nmouth of the other.\\nThey are transparent\\nand readily soluble and\\nser\\\\ e a most admirable\\npurpose, being used to\\ninclose medicines of\\ndisagreeable taste and\\nsmell. They are made\\nof various sizes, of a\\ncapacity of from one\\ngrain to one ounce. The\\nlarger sizes are used for\\nhorses and other ani-\\nmals.\\nMr. Hubel began to\\nmake them by hand in\\n1S74, and in that year\\nCorner of Leib and\\nDetroit White Lead Works,\\nloi to 109 Jones Street. Built in 187S. Office, 97 Jefferson Avenue.\\nwith the aid of one person\\nproduced 1 50,000. The\\nnext year he invented ma-\\nchinery and improved his\\nmethod of manipulation,\\nand in 1SS3 turned out\\nforty-five millions, and in\\n1S83 fifty-five millions.\\nHe employs a large num-\\nber of persons, and sells\\nonly to Parke, Davis,\\nCompany, with whom he is\\nunder contract and who\\nsupply the trade.\\nThe Michigan ]\\\\^hife\\nLead and Color ll orhs.\\nThis manufactory,\\nowned by Boydell Broth-\\ners, is located at Nos. 39 to\\n43 Fort Street East, with\\noffice and warerooms at\\n18 Congress Street East.\\nThey manufacture all the\\nusual varieties of paints\\nand some special brands,\\ndesignated as Boydell\\n_ij Oil CiiMi WuKKs, Brothers Strictly Pure,\\nWight Streets. Built in 1880. Crown Jewel, Garland,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0876.jp2"}, "877": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n825\\nWayne County.and Queen\\nCity wliite leads, with par-\\nlor, green seal, red seal,\\nand Lehigh zincs. They\\nalso produce from 500,000\\nto 800,000 pounds of put-\\nty, about 600 tons of white\\nlead and many thousands\\nof gallons of mixed paints\\neach year.\\nThe Detroit White Lead\\nWorks,\\nlocated at loi to 109 Jones\\nStreet, with office at 97\\nJefferson Avenue, was in-\\ncorporated on December\\n22, 1S80. The officers of\\nthe company are Ford D.\\nC. Hinchman, president\\nH AL Dean, vice-presi-\\ndent; Ford H. Rogers,\\ntreasurer and manager\\nand C. B. Shotwell, secre-\\ntary. The works produce\\nan unusual number of va-\\nrieties of paints, including\\nstrictly pure and graded\\ni.?Hl r^\\n(iFFicE AND Factory of Berry Brothers,\\nVarnish Manufacturers, Corner of Leib and Wight Streets. Built in iS6i.\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2M\\n.SOAI AND CAiNDLE M AN U I- At.ToK^ Ut St.Hbl-11- Lkuj.\\nS. W. Comer of Rivard and Franklin Streets. Built in 1858-70.\\nwhite lead and zinc paints,\\nboth dry and ground in oil\\nalso twenty-four shades\\nof liquid paints, distemper\\ncolors, graining grounds,\\nwood fillers, walnut stains,\\ncoach paints, putty, etc.\\nThey are also large man-\\nufacturers of various\\ngrades of varnish. The\\nextent of their business is\\nindicated in the fact that\\nin 1S83 they purchased a\\nmillion pounds of dry\\nwhite lead.\\nThe Detroit Linseed\\nOil Compatiy\\nwas established in 1880.\\nThe officers of the com-\\npany are J. H. Berry,\\npresident James McMil-\\nlan, vice-jiresident Hugh\\nMcMillan, secretary; and\\nS. E. Pittnian, manager\\nand treasurer. In 1883\\nthe company produced\\n6,000 barrels of raw and\\nboiled oil, and the linseed", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0877.jp2"}, "878": {"fulltext": "826\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nmeal or oil cake resulting from their manufacture\\namounted to 2,400 tons. This last product is mar-\\nketed to some extent in the United States, but is\\nchiefly shipped to England, Scotland, France, and\\nBelgium.\\nThe Berry Brothers Varnish Manufactory\\nwas established by Joseph H. and Thomas Berry in\\n1858. and originally produced only about two hun-\\ndred barrels per year. Their works now have a\\ncapacity of over 30,000 barrels yearly. They make\\ngrades of varnish to suit the wants of every trade,\\nincluding car, carriage, wagon, cabinet, and imple-\\nment makers; from one to twenty grades being made\\nfor each class of business. They also make lacquers\\nfor tin, iron, and other metals. Eight branch houses\\nare located at New York, Boston, Philadelphia,\\nBaltimore, Rochester, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and\\nChicago, and shipments are made all over the\\nL nited .States, to Europe. Africa, the Sandwich\\nIslands, and to various parts of South America.\\nThe Schulte Brothers Soap Factory,\\nnow carried on by Joseph Schulte, is one of the\\noldest business establishments in Detroit. Varieties\\nThi^ First Tobacco Factory in Detroit.^\\n1 The beginnings of the tobacco business in Detroit gave no\\nindications of its present extent. The first manufacturer, George\\nMiller, began about 1840. He sold out to his father. Isaac S.\\nMiller, as early as 1845, and in. 1840 he sold to his son, T. C.\\nMiller. His store was located on the east side of Woodward\\nAvenue, just below Jefferson Avenue, and the tobacco was cut in\\nthe cellar. The power was supplied by an old blind horse, who\\nwas lowered into the cellar, and remained there until he was dead.\\nknown as German\\nand German Laun-\\ndry, Indian Chief,\\nBee-hive, Family,\\nand Household soaps\\nare produced, and\\nstearine and tallow\\ncandles are manufac-\\ntured. During 1883\\nthey made 40,000 to\\n50,000 pounds of\\nsoap and 2,000\\npounds of candles per\\nweek. The office and\\nworks are located on\\nthe corner of Frank-\\nlin and Rivard\\nStreets.\\nThe Laitner Brush\\nFactory.\\nThis establishment,\\nlocated at 220 Ran-\\ndolph Street, is con-\\nducted by Aloys Lait-\\nner, successor to\\nLaitner Brothers, and\\nis the oldest and the\\nlargest brush factory\\nin the city. Over\\nthree hundred kinds-\\nof brushes are made\\nin this concern, and\\nother varieties kept in stock. The trade is mostly\\nin the West and extends to California and Mexico.\\nThe American Eagle Tobacco Company.\\nThis company, in 1883, succeeded the firm of K.\\nC. Barker Company, established in 1848, and on\\nApril I, 1883, the new building, Nos. 45 to 53\\nWoodbridge Street West, was first occupied. It\\nhas a frontage of one hundred and six feet, and\\na depth of two hundred feet. The officers of\\nthe company are M. S. Smith, president James\\nClark, vice-president; C. B. Hull, treasurer and\\nmanager; and G. B. Hutchins, secretary. Some\\nof the best known brands of their fine-cut are desig-\\nnated by the names of American Eagle, Bijah s Joy,\\nClipper, and Crown of Delight. In smoking tobacco\\nthe Universal Favorite, Mackinaw, and Canada Mix-\\nture are well-known grades. During 1883 they\\nThe tobacco, fifteen or twenty pounds at a time, was dried in the\\nloft of the building.\\nMore chewing tobacco is made here than in any other American\\ncity, with possibly two exceptions. About 6,000.000 pounds of\\nchewing and smoking tobacco, and not far from 40,000,000 cigars\\nare made in the city yearly, and the manufacturers pay an aver-\\nage of $1,000,000 a year as government taxes.\\nBrush Factory and Stoke of Aloys\\nLaitner,\\nSuccessor to Laitner Bros., 220 Ran-\\ndolph Street. Built in 1874.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0878.jp2"}, "879": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n827\\nmanufactured 1,468.926 pounds. They ship\\nto nearly every city and town in the United\\nStates and have shipped to China and Brazil.\\nThe Banner Tobacco Factory,\\nincorporated in June, 1S78, is the successor\\nof the firm of Ncvin Mills, composed of\\nFrank Nevin and Merrill I. Mills, established\\nin 1 85 1. The present officers of the com-\\npany are W. H. Tefft, president M. B.\\nMills, vice-president and B. F. Ha.\\\\ton,\\nsecretary, treasurer, and general manager.\\nThe factory was located for many years at\\nNos. 193 and 195 Jefferson Avenue, corner\\nof -Bates Street, and in 1SS4 moved into\\ntheir new establishment at Nos. 53, 55, 57.\\nand 59 Earned Street, corner of Randolph.\\nTheir best known brands are Banner, Oriole.\\nFarmer, Prairie Rose, and Antelope, chew-\\ning, and Chic, Royal, Snowflake, Belle, De-\\ntroit, and Uncle Ben, smoking tobacco. In\\n1 883, they manufactured 960,000 pounds.\\nTheir sales extend nil over the I nited States\\nand Territories.\\nThe Hiawatha Tobacco Factory of Daniel\\nScot ten Company,\\nestablished in 1856, under the name of Scot-\\nAMERICAN EAGLE TOBACCO C pjVlfANY\\n\u00c2\u00bbtivi,^\\nAmf.ijican Eagle Tobacco Factory (successors to K. C. Barker Co.),\\n45i 47 4g\u00c2\u00bb 51 and 53 Atwater Street. Built in 1883,\\nUannek 1\\\\)uacco Company s Works,\\n53t 55i 57t 3nd 59 Larned Street, corner of Randolph.\\nten. Granger, Lovett, is now located on the\\ncorner of Fort and Campau Streets, in Spring-\\nwells. The firm is composed\\nof Daniel and Oren Scotten.\\nThey manufacture plug, chewing,\\nand smoking tobacco. Their lead-\\ning brand of plug and fine cut\\ntobacco is Hiawatha other brands\\nof fine-cut are Harmony, Pro-\\ngress. Tulip, Federal, and Herald.\\nAmong their brands of smoking\\ntobacco are Calumet, Maud S.,\\nTelephone, Enoch Arden. Leg-\\nhorn, National Pride, Silk Plush,\\nand Honey Dew. In 18S3 the firm\\nmanufactured 2,011,280 pounds.\\nShipments are made to London,\\nEngland, to Honolulu, and to\\npoints as far east as Boston,\\nas far west as Portland, and\\nsouth to Richmond, Va., and\\nWinston, N. C.\\nThe Globe Tobacco Factory,\\nincorporated in 1S80, is the suc-\\nBuilt in 1884. cessor of a business established in\\n1 870, by Walker, McGraw, Com-\\npany. The officers are Thomas McGraw, presi-\\ndent; W. K. Parcher, vice-president; and A. A.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0879.jp2"}, "880": {"fulltext": "828\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nBoutell, secretary and treasurer. The factory is\\nlocated at 31 to 35 Atwater Street East. In\\n1883 they manufactured 10,000,000 cigarettes\\nand over 1,300,000 pounds of smoking and chew-\\ning tobacco. The Globe is their leading brand of\\nchewing tobacco Nerve and Fearless are their\\nbest smoking brands. They also make the Gold\\nFlake Cut Plug, and several brands of long-cut\\nsmoking tobacco. They ship to all parts of the\\nUnited States and the Dominion of Canada, also\\nto points in England, Scotland, Belgium, France,\\nSpain, South Africa, New Zealand, Chili, Brazil,\\nand the Argentine Republic.\\nliurk, Ricli, Company.\\na cigar manufacturing firm, composed of Edward\\nBurk, Charles A. Rich, and J. O. Van Anden,\\noccupy a leading position. They are located at\\nNos. 48 to 54 Congress Street East, and manu-\\nfacture 3,000,000 cigars yearly, using 75,000\\npounds of leaf. They ship goods as far west as\\nNew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming Territories, and\\nhave a large trade at points nearer home.\\nThe Hari^rcavci M^aitii/ac/nri/i^ Company.\\nThis company was incorporated on January\\nI, 1872. The officers are W. B. Wesson, presi-\\ndent; Lyman H. Baldwin, secretary and treas-\\nThe Olofe Toi .acco F\\\\i:ti U-,\\n31 to 35 Atwater Street East. Built in 1863.\\nillAWAIllA TuiiACLO iALTUKY OF D.U.IJ:.!. bcoiil^.. A. Cu.,\\nSoutheast corner of Fort and Campau Streets. Springwells. Built\\nin 1875.\\nurer. and Frank F. Wright,\\nmanager. They employ 250\\nhands and make hundreds\\nof varieties of frames and\\nmouldings for pictures, mir-\\nrors, and cornices, of va-\\nrious woods and imitations,\\nwith gilt mouldings of all\\nclasses. It is the largest\\nestablishment of the kind\\nin the United States, and\\nprobably the largest in the\\nworld, and finds sale for\\nits products all over this\\ncountry and in Brazil, Ger-\\nmany, and the Sandwich\\nIslands.\\nT/w Richardson Match\\nFactory,\\nestablished by D. M. Rich-\\nardson in 1856. was trans-\\nferred to the Diamond\\nMatch Company on Jan-\\nuary I, 1 88 1. The works\\nhave a frontage of 250 feet\\non Eighth, between Wood-\\nbridge and Fort Streets.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0880.jp2"}, "881": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nHargreaves Manufacti rinc Company s Office and Works,\\nHoward, from Seventeenth to Eighteenth Street. Built in 1863, 1870, and 1873.\\nThey employ three hundred persons, and\\nin 18S3 1,920,000 feet of kimber were used\\nin the works. When working at their full\\ncapacity, double that amount of lumber is\\nused. Fi\\\\ e hundred persons are employed,\\nand 500,000 gross of bo.\\\\es of matches\\nmade yearly, or 50,000,000 single matches\\neach day. Up to July i, 1883, the factory\\npaid the Government for stamps used\\non their matches the enormous sum of\\n$4,691,081. Both parlor and sulphur\\nmatches are manufactured, and goods are\\nmarketed as far east as Pittsburgh, as far\\nwest as Salt Lake, and south to New\\nOrleans.\\nThe Cloiii^h Il^arriyi Or\u00c2\u00a3-a i Company.\\nThe beginning of this establishment\\ndates from 1850. The firm is now com-\\nposed of James E. Clough, George P. War-\\nren, and Jos. A. Warren. Their factory on\\nCongress Street extends from Fifth to Sixth\\nStreet and has a capacity of 7,000 organs\\nper year. Fifty different varieties are made,\\nranging in price from $18 to $1,500. In\\n1859 OueenA ictoria purchased one of their\\norgans to be sent as a present to her sub-\\njects, the celebrated Pitcairn Islanders;\\ntheir organs are sold in numbers in all\\nparts of the British Dominions and in\\nChina, Japan, South America, the Y. est\\nIndies, Australia, Russia, Italy, France,\\nGermany, Portugal, and Austria.\\nCigar Factorv of Burk, Rich, Hl Co.,\\n48 to 54 Congress Street East. Built in 1872.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0881.jp2"}, "882": {"fulltext": "^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^.j^iiiigTp^l fc", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0882.jp2"}, "883": {"fulltext": "F", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0883.jp2"}, "884": {"fulltext": "832\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n.1/. _/. Murp/iy iS~\u00c2\u00bb Co. s Spring Bed and\\nChair Factory.\\nThis extensive establishment is located on\\nthe corner of Fourth and Porter Streets, and\\nduring 18S3 manufactured 150,000 chairs and\\nrockers, 22,000 woven-wire mattresses, and\\niS,ooo spring-beds, working up 250,000 feet of\\nlumber, many tons of wire, and large quantities\\nof other material. Their goods are sold through-\\nout the United States and the Canadian Do-\\nminion, find a ready market, and are shipped\\nfrom Winnipeg to New Orleans and El Paso,\\neast to Philadelphia, and west to Salt Lake City.\\nGray Baffy, Manufacturing Upholsterers.\\nThis firm, composed of Alfred A. Gray and\\nEugene Baffy, located at Nos. 98, 100, and 102\\nCongress Street West, near Cass Street, are\\nextensive manufacturers of upholstered furniture\\nand of frames for upholstered wares. They alsr\\nmake cabinets, mantels, and all kinds of odd\\npieces for odd places. Besides a large Michi-\\ngan trade their goods find sale in Ohio, Indiana,\\nPennsylvania, New York, Maryland, and Dela-\\nware. They use about 300,000 feet of lumber\\nyearly, besides several hundred tons of hair,\\ntow, and other kinds of filling used in uphols-\\ntered work.\\n^^i^i.^\\n100, and 102 Congress Street West,\\nI\\n1\\nSpring Bed and Chair Factory of M. J. Murphv .s Co.,\\nComer of Fourth and Porter Streets. Built in 1865-83.\\nThe Sutton Manufac-\\nturing Company.\\nThis company is the\\nsuccessor of J. W. Sutton,\\nfounder of one of the\\noldest pail factories in\\nthe countr) Their works\\nare located at Nos. 478\\nto 4S4 Fort Street West.\\nThe officers are J. S.\\nHopper, president B. F.\\nSutton, superintendent\\nand H. S. Hopper, man-\\nager. They make to-\\nbacco, candy, lard, spice,\\nand jelly pails, also the\\nuniversal pine water-\\npails. They use nearly a\\nthousand cords of wood\\nyearly, and in 1SS3 pro-\\nduced 1 20,000 pails.\\nMumford, Foster,\\nCo. s Last Factory.\\nThis factory was estab-\\nlished in April, 1864.\\nTheir store is at No. 16", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0884.jp2"}, "885": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n833\\nGratiot Avenue, their fac-\\ntor) at 401 Atwater Street,\\nbetween Riopelle and Or-\\nleans Streets. They use\\nabout three hundred cords\\nof maple bolts per year,\\nmake fifty varieties of lasts,\\nand produce nearly 100,000\\npairs yearly. They ship all\\nover the United States\\nand to the W est Indies.\\nThe Detroit Willow-Ware\\nFactory.\\nThis factor) owned by\\nA. Dondero, is located at\\n57 and 59 Monroe Avenue.\\nOver two hundred varieties\\nof baskets are manufac-\\ntured in this establishment,\\nbesides willow cabs, cradles,\\nsofas, chairs, stands, etc.\\nK large variety of foreign\\nbasket wares are also kept\\nin stock, and shipments\\nmade throughout the coun-\\ntr)\\n_ MiiSJAfi^yf\\nT..:; Til; ami Pah. Faliokv, and Rkmdknck ok the i.atk J. W. Sl-tton,\\n478 to 484 Fort Street West. House built in 1849 factory in 1855.\\nWlLUOW-WAUii F.VCTOKV AND STORE OF A. Do.NDEKO,\\n57 and 59 Monroe Avenue. Built in 1877-79.\\nPingree Sntitli s Shoe\\nFactory.\\nThis is the largest fac-\\ntory of the kind west of\\nNew York, and there are\\nbut very few as large in\\nthe United States. The\\nbusiness was established\\nin December, iS66, by H.\\nS. Pingree and Chas. H.\\nSmith. On May I, 1883,\\nMr. Smith retired, and the\\nbusiness was transferred\\nto H. S. Pingree, F. C.\\nPingree, C. G. M. ]3ond,\\nand J. B. Howarth, who\\ncontinue the business un-\\nder the old firm name.\\nThe e.xtent of their trade\\nis indicated by the fact\\nthat in 1SS2, besides using\\ngreat quantities of other\\nmaterials, they cut up\\n3i,489sides of sole leather,\\n56,340 kid-skins, 30,504\\ngoat-skins, 35,436 sheep-\\nskins (for linings) and\\n40,356 calf and kip skins.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0885.jp2"}, "886": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0886.jp2"}, "887": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\n(Imagine, if you can, the\\nenormous droves of ani-\\nmals that these figures\\nrepresent.) The product\\nwas sold in the form of\\n490.877 pairs of boots,\\nshoes, and slippers of\\nvarious styles for men,\\nwomen, and children.\\nThe firm employ from\\nsi.x to seven hundred\\nhands. The sales, which\\nwere only $25,000 in\\n1S67, in 1SS2 reached\\n$978,365. The firm sell\\nas far south as Chatta-\\nnooga, Tenn.. as far west\\nas San Francisco, as far\\nnorth as St. Paul, and east-\\nward in Massachusetts\\nand New Hampshire.\\nVail Crane s Cracker\\nFactory.\\nThis extensive concern\\nis located at Nos. 48 to\\n56 Woodbridge Street\\nEast. The building has\\na frontage of ninety-five\\nCkackek and EiscLir Manufachirv of Vaiu 4: Crane,\\n48 to 56 Woodbridge Street East. Built in 1881.\\nHl gh Johnson s Carriage Factory anu Stores,\\nI02 to 106 Lamed Street West. Built in 1871.\\nand a depth of eighty\\nfeet. It was erected by\\nthe firm especially for a\\ncracker manufactory, and\\nis all utilized for the needs\\nof the business. In the\\nkneading department\\nmasses of dough, large\\nas feather-beds, give in-\\ndications of the e.xtent\\nof their manufactures.\\nDuring 1SS3 they baked\\n16.441 barrels of flour\\nand used 997 tierces of\\nlard. The bakery is the\\nlargest in the State, and\\nhas a capacity of one\\nhundred barrels of flour\\nevery ten hours. About\\na dozen varieties of crack-\\ners, biscuits, and snaps\\nare made, and shipped to\\nPortland, Boston. New\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ork, ashington, Da-\\nkota Territor)-, Jackson-\\nville, Fla., and intervening\\npoints.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0887.jp2"}, "888": {"fulltext": "836\\nMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.\\nHugh Johnson s Carriage Establishment.\\nThis factory is located at 102 Larned Street West,\\nand is one of the largest in the city. In addition to\\na large line of carriages of his own make, new\\nstyles of other makers are obtained every spring\\nand fall. Particular attention is paid to repair work.\\nThe Johnston Optical Company\\noccupy a leading position in the manufacture of\\nspectacles, especially gold-mounted goods. They\\nsell over two hundred styles, and besides supplying\\nplaces near home, they ship to Winnipeg, Montreal,\\nNova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Sandwich Islands,\\nCalifornia, and the Southern States. They are\\ninventors and manufacturers of a patent dioptric\\neye-meter, which is pronounced by the leading pro-\\nfessors of ophthalmology to be the best instrument\\nof the kind yet produced.\\nIt is not claimed that the foregoing list of factories\\nincludes all of the larger establishments, but it is in-\\ntended to be, and is, a representative list. Among\\nthe large factories not already named is the Clark\\nHardware Company, who make builders hardware\\nand other specialties the Detroit City and the Leon-\\nard Glass Works the Gale Sulky Harrow Manufac-\\nturing Company the Michigan Carbon Works,\\nmanufacturers of fertilizers and other products the\\nPullman Car Works Bagley s Mayflower Tobacco\\nFactory; the Detroit Electrical Works; Frost s\\nWooden Ware Works the Detroit Brush Company\\nthe Dry Dock Engine Works the Fulton Iron\\nWorks the Michigan Bolt and Nut Company the\\nDetroit Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead Works the Dia-\\nmond Fanning Mill Company the Griffin Car Wheel\\nCompany and the Detroit Copper and Brass Roll-\\ning Mill.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0888.jp2"}, "889": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X X.\\nTHE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\nThe sale and use of brandy at Detroit date from\\nthe settlement of the city, and nearly all the diffi-\\nculties between Jesuits, commandants, and traders\\nhad their origin in efforts to restrict or monopolize\\nthe traffic in this beverage. So serious were these\\nquarrels that the settlement was almost torn to\\npieces by the plots and counter-plots of the dispu-\\ntants to foster or put an end to the business of\\nliquor-selling. In 1705, during Cadillac s trial before\\nCount Pontchartrain, at Quebec, for interfering with\\nand injuring the trade of the colony of Canada, he\\nsaid, Mr. Vincennes is now actually at Detroit,\\nwith four hundred quarts of brandy, and is keeping\\na public house. In corrupting the savages,\\nbrandy has not been spared. In the course of his\\ndefense he also showed that brandy was a common\\narticle of traffic. Indeed, at the older settlement of\\nMackinaw, brandy had always been sold to the In-\\ndians, and M. Vaudreuil himself sent an Ottawa\\nIndian, formerly an officer under his command, to\\nMichilimackinac, with his canoes loaded with seven\\nor eight thousand francs worth of goods and\\nbrandy.\\nAmong the complaints made against Cadillac, it\\nwas also set forth that, for a permission to work at\\nhis trade, he required a blacksmith to give him the\\nsum of six huntlred francs, and two hogsheads of\\nale.\\nIn 1 70S M. d Aigremont reported that it was\\ncertain that if IVI. la Mothe Cadillac had not introduced the trade\\nin brandy at Detroit, but very few of the traders would remain,\\nand no more would go there. Brandy and ammunition are the\\nonly profitable articles of commerce to the French, the English\\nfurnishing all others. In order to prevent the distur-\\nbances which would arise from the excessive use of brandy, M. la\\nMothe cause:, it all to be put into the storehouse, and to be sold\\nto each in his turn at the rate of twenty francs per quart. Those\\nwho will have it, French as well as Indians, are obliged to go to\\nthe storehouse to drink, and each can obtain, at one time, only\\nthe twenty-fourth part of a pot. It is certain that the savages\\ncannot become intoxicated on that quantity. The price is high,\\nand as they can only get the brandy each in his turn, it some-\\ntimes happens that the savages are obliged to return home with-\\nout a taste of this beverage, and they seem ready to kill them-\\nselves in their disappointment. M. la Mothe has bought of four\\nindividuals, one hundred and four pots, at four francs a pot, and\\nsold it at twenty francs, thus making a profit of four fifths.\\nM. Aigremont recommended that the govern-\\nment at Montreal should prevent the savages from\\ncarrying away such large quantities of brandy, as it\\nis the cause of most of the troubles arising among\\nthem, and added that they squander the greater\\npart of their beaver in presents and in brandy,\\nhave not enough remaining to purchase half the\\narticles that are indispen.sable to their comfort.\\nThe Jesuits seconded every effort to prevent the\\nsale of brandy to the savages. They protested and\\nprayed against it, but all in vain. The traders en-\\ncouraged the traffic, because they not only made\\nlarge profits from the sale of the beverage, but\\nwhile the Indians were under its influence their furs\\ncould be obtained for less than their real worth it\\nwas true that the genuine French brandy then sup-\\nplied rendered the Indians quarrelsome and often\\ndangerous, but this was deemed of small account in\\ncomparison with the profits made. Even the com-\\nmandants of the posts engaged in the business of\\nliquor-selling; one of Cadillac s earliest acts was\\nthe establishment of a brewery, and while Tonty\\nwas in command he not only monopolized the busi-\\nness of selling brandy, but would allow no one to\\nkeep liquor in the house even for private use. He\\nclaimed the sole right to furnish eau de vie to both\\nsettlers and savages.\\nUnder the English, the disturbances occasioned\\nby Indians made quarrelsome by the use of liquors\\nso greatly increased that on April 14, 1774, the mer-\\nchants of Detroit were compelled to put their liquor\\ninto a general Rum store, and to agree that no\\nIndian should have more than one glass at a time.\\nThe following firms signed the agreement Wundert\\nVisger, McWilliams Co., Collin Andrews, Jos.\\nThompson, Geo. McBeath, Jos. Cochran, Norman\\nMcLeod, D. Van Aim, John Porteous, Gregor Mc-\\nGregor, Jas. Sterling, Simon McTavish, A. Macomb,\\nAbbott Finchley, Robinson Martin, Wm. Edgar,\\nJames Rankin, Garret Graverat, and J. Visger.\\nIn June, 1775, James Abbott, James Sterling,\\nAlexander Macomb, and John Porteous, merchants,\\nwere constituted a committee to prevent the sale of\\nrum to Indians under a penalty of $300 York cur-\\nrency. No attempt was made to enforce any such\\nrule in the case of officers or white citizens, and a\\nledger of 1 780-1 781 shows that a great variety of\\nliquors were kept and sold. Hundreds of entries of\\nPort, Red Wine, Sperrits, Muscatellc and\\nr.837]", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0889.jp2"}, "890": {"fulltext": "838\\nTHE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\nMadeira Wines, Shrub, Bitters, Jamaica\\nRum, and Mardi Gras Beer, are suspiciously\\ngrouped with charges for loaf sugar, nutmegs, lime-\\njuice, wine-glasses, rummers, and decanters.\\nThe same customs in regard to liquor drinking\\nprevailed under American rule. By law of August\\n15, 1795, Courts of Quarter Sessions were author-\\nized to license the sale of wine and beer, the price\\nof a license being fixed at four dollars. It was\\nstated by a traveller that in 1796 many of the lead-\\ning merchants were in the habit of drinking\\nheavily.\\nThe Indians also always found those who were\\nwilling to exchange fire-water for furs, and scores\\nof drunken Indians were frequently seen in and\\nnear the town.\\nIn 1805 the price of a territorial license for the sale\\nof liquors was fi.xed at not less than $10 or more\\nthan $25, the amount to be determined by the\\njustice of the district. Under this law, during the\\nWar of 181 2, bars existed in every possible location.\\nOn October/, 1814, the price of a license for dealers\\nin the district of Detroit was tixed at \u00c2\u00a710, while\\nout of Detroit district it was only $5. Certainly\\nthis discrimination would not be pleasing to De-\\ntroit dealers now. The same law provided that\\nno one should be licensed to sell liquor in less quan-\\ntities than one quart, except on the recommenda-\\ntion of twelve respectable freeholders. Under law\\nof February I, 181 5, dealers Vi ere not to sell to any\\nsoldier without consent of his officer, or to any\\nIndian without permission of the Superintendent of\\nIndian Affairs, or to any person on Sunday except\\ntravellers and lodgers, under penalty of $10.\\nA city ordinance, passed October 8, 1824, pro-\\nvided that No person shall retail, sell, or deliver,\\nfor money or any other article of value, any spiritu-\\nous liquors by less quantity than one quart, or any\\ncider, beer, or ale by less quantity than one gallon,\\nunless licensed and it was also unlawful to sell or\\ngive liquor to any servant, apprentice, or minor,\\nknowing him to be such, without the consent of\\nthe master, parent, guardian, or mistress. The\\nprice of a hcense was fixed at $25. Proof of good\\nmoral character was required, and bonds were to\\nbe given that good order would be maintained. The\\ngood order, at least .so far as the Indians were con-\\ncerned, was imaginary in the extreme. The records\\nof the Common Council for August 9, 1825, contain\\nthe following\\nOn account of m.iny disorders, riots, and indecencies, com-\\nmitted in the streets of the city by Indians from different parts\\nof the country, when visiting the city, the Superintendent of\\nIndian Affairs was requested to aid the corporation by instructing\\nthe interpreter to explain the laws of the city from time to time\\nto the Indians, and the consequences of their conduct also to\\ndirect the agent to ascertain from whom the Indians buy liquor,\\nand report such breach of law.\\nTavern licenses, at this time, were issued by the\\ncity, the price varying from $10 to $18 each. On\\nMay 9, 1826, the price of a city license was raised\\nto S50, the ordinance to take effect June 10. On\\nApril 12, 1827, the Legislative Council passed an\\nAct w-arning tavern-keepers against giving or selling\\nliquors to habitual drunkards, and prescribing pun-\\nishment if they should disobey. It also provided\\nthat no spirituous liquors, wine, cider, or beer should\\nbe sold within one and one half miles of the place\\nof gathering of any religious society. Under the\\nsame law, licenses were issued by the County Court,\\nand tavern-keepers who were licensed were required\\nto have, at least two beds. Debts for liquor were\\nmade uncollectable, and notes given in payment for\\nit were declared void.\\nOn April 5, 1S29, the price of a city license was\\nfixed at $5.00, but no liquor was to be drunk on the\\npremises of the person licensed.\\nOn February 19, 1830, the first Temperance\\nSociety in Detroit was organized under the name of\\nThe Detroit Association for the .Suppression of\\nIntemperance, with General Chas. Larned as presi-\\ndent and F. P. Browning as secretary. Its second\\nanniversary was held February 25, 1832, at St.\\nPaul s Church, and its name was then changed to\\nThe Detroit Temperance Society. At the same\\nmeeting addresses were delivered by Jerry Dean,\\nHorace Hallock, and C. C. Trowbridge. On March\\n6, 1833 the society was merged into a State organi-\\nzation, called the JNIichigan Temperance Society.\\nAbout this time the subject of temperance began\\nto assume increasing prominence, and in 1834 the\\nCommittee on Ways and Means of the Common\\nCouncil was instructed to report on the necessity\\nand the most imtnediate and effectual mode of\\nreducing the number of groceries. (The word\\ngrocery, at that time, was nearly synonymous\\nwith the present word saloon. On April 1 5,\\n1834, the committee, consisting of Messrs. Stevens\\nT. Mason, and Henry Howard, presented an elab-\\norate report to the council, showing that there were\\nforty-six bars then in the city, and that much evil\\nresulted therefrom, and urging a reduction in the\\nnumber of groceries. The figures as presented by\\nthis committee showed that the bars licensed by the\\ncouncil during the previous year averaged one bar\\nfor every thirteen families. Such was the effect\\nproduced by this report that the council decided to\\nrefuse to license the sale of ardent spirits by gro-\\ncers. An ordinance was also unanimously adopted\\nprohibiting the sale of liquors in quantities of less\\nthan one gallon by any person unless licensed, and\\nfixing the price of a license at $50; also requiring\\ntwo sureties in the sum of $25 each.\\nThe action of the council w as soon nullified by\\nthe dealers, and in November, 1834, with a popula-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0890.jp2"}, "891": {"fulltext": "THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\n839\\ntion of only 4,973. fully one hundred persons were\\nselling liquor. Un J ebruary 28, 1835, a new Tem-\\nperance Society, called the Detroit Young .Men s\\nTemperance Society, was organized, with Dr. Doug-\\nlass Houghton as president. At its annual meeting,\\non January 11, 1S36, the following officers were\\nelected; F. Dmght, president; A. S. Kellogg, first\\nice-president M. J. Bacon, second vice-president\\nR. E. Roberts, third vice-president; and J. S. Far-\\nrand, secretan, At this meeting it was\\nResolved, that John Owen, H. McClure, J. S. Farrand, R. E.\\nRoberts, E. Emerson, B. P. Hutchinson, H. X. Walker, James\\nFilson, H. Dwight Williams, and C. W. Penny be a committee to\\ndistribute a Temperance Almanac to every family in the city.\\nIn 1837 the Detroit Young Men s Temperance\\nSociety was merged into the Young Alen s State\\nTemperance Society, with its officers and executive\\ncommittee in Detroit and a vice-president in each\\nsenatorial district. The following were officers M.\\nJ. Bacon, president John Owen, treasurer Rev. R.\\nTurnbull, corresponding secretary, and H. G. Hub-\\nbard, recording secretary, with Stevens T. Mason,\\nG. E. Hand, John Chester, A. S. Kellogg, and J. S.\\nFarrand as an executive committee. In 1838-1839\\nthe same president and corresponding secretary\\nW ere in office, and the Society continued in existence\\nuntil 1846.\\nPrior to 1836 such organizations aimed to promote\\ntemperance rather by the temperate use of liquors\\nthan by total abstinence therefrom but in 1836, at\\na State Temperance Convention held at Ann\\nArbor, Rev. Chas. Reighly, then of Monroe, made\\na stirring appeal in favor of total abstinence. This\\nwas deemed at the time a very radical idea, and the\\nconvention voted against using a pledge of the kind\\nindicated.\\nAfter the convention, those in favor of total\\nabstinence organized a new society called The\\nMichigan Total Abstinence Society. On Februaiy\\nI, 1837, H. R. Schoolcraft delivered an address\\nunder its auspices at the First Presbyterian Church.\\nIts officers in 1S39 were: A. E. Wing, president;\\nJ. P. Cleveland, secretary T. Romeyn, chairman of\\ne.xecutive committee and R. Stuart, treasurer. The\\nDetroit City Temperance Society, on the basis of\\ntotal abstinence, was organized in July, 1840. In\\n1845 H. Hallock was president, and J. S. Farrand\\nsecretary, and in 1846 W. A. Howard was elected\\npresident and E. C. Walker secretary.\\nIn 1 836 retail liquor dealers paid a city license\\nof $50. Wholesale dealers paid S70, and tavern-\\nkeepers from Sio to $75. In S38 the price\\nw;is reduced to $25. and in 1S41 to \u00c2\u00a720. By\\nAct of March 28. 1836, a State license system was\\nprovided for, and in addition to any city license,\\ndealers were required to procure a State license at a\\ncost of from \u00c2\u00a715 to $20. This law was super-\\nseded, on March 19. 1845, by a law providing that\\nit should be determined by the qualified voters at\\neach charter election whether or not the Common\\nCouncil should grant licenses for retailing intoxicat-\\ning liquors, and if upon canvassing the votes it\\nshould be found that a majority were inscribed No\\nLicense, the city authorities during the next year\\nwere prohibited from granting licenses for the sale\\nof into.xicating liquors of any kind. On June 18,\\n1845, a temperance meeting was held, at which\\naddresses were delivered by Dr. Lyman Beecher\\nand Professor C. E. Stowe.\\nIn anticipation of the city election of March, 1846,\\nwhen the Local Option Law of 1845 was to be put\\nto the test, a public meeting of those opposed to\\nthe granting of licenses was held at the City Hall\\non February 27. 1S46, to discuss the subject. An\\nimmense number gathered, and at the close of the\\nmeeting a committee of twelve was appointed to\\nprint and circulate No License tickets at the polls.\\nThe election was held on March 2, with the follow-\\ning result In favor of licensing saloons, 230. Op-\\nposed to licensing saloons, 1,070. Notwithstanding\\nthis vote, the City Council, unwilling to carry out\\nthe provisions of the law, appealed to the city\\nattorney for a decision as to its constitutionality, and\\non .March 24 he reported that the law was binding.\\nOn April 7 the license committee of the council\\nreported the facts as to the vote, and recommended\\nthe adoption of the following resolution\\nResolved, that no license will be granted by this council to any\\nperson for the purpose of selling intoxicating liquors of any kind.\\nThe resolution was accepted and laid on the table.\\nThe citizens apparently thought it was time for\\nthem to take part in the discussion, and on Monday\\nevening. .April 27, 1S46, a mass meeting was held at\\nthe City Hall, and the following resolutions adopted\\nResolved, that as citizens mindful of the laws and regardful of\\npublic morals, we hereby respectfully express the hope that our\\npublic authorities will rigidly enforce the no-license law, and we\\npledge them our united efforts to aid them in its enforcement.\\nResolved, that a committee of seventy-five citizens be ap-\\npointed to carry into effect the foregoing resolutions.\\nThe committee were duly named, and the influ-\\nence of this meeting was immediately apparent.\\nThe council resolved not to grant licenses. The\\ndealers then resolved to sell, and they did sell,\\nwithout a license, and in the spring and summer of\\n1846 suits were instituted by the city against a large\\nnumber of persons for this violation of law. The\\npractical results, however, were not such as to en-\\ncourage those opposed to licensing saloons, and in\\n1847 the vote of the city was in favor of the license\\nsystem. At the charter election in March, 1850. the\\nvote on the question of licensing the sale of liquor", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0891.jp2"}, "892": {"fulltext": "840\\nTHE LIOUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\nwas: For license, 1,482; against, 1,035. Tlie ad-\\nvocates of temperance next directed their efforts to-\\nwards securing the prohibition of licenses by the\\nState, and as a result of the agitation, Section 47 of\\nArticle IV. of the Constitution of 1850 contained a\\npositive prohibition of licenses for the sale of liquor.\\nOn June 19, 1850, while the constitutional con-\\nvention was in session, John B. Gough delivered his\\nfirst lecture in Detroit, in the Presbjterian Church.\\nAt the first meeting, and for the nine following\\nmeetings, the house was crowded with eager listen-\\ners to his thrilling temperance appeals. In the\\nsame year divisions of the Sons and the Cadets\\nof Temperance were organized in Detroit, and a\\nsociety known as the Temperance League came\\ninto existence. As a result of these varied organi-\\nzations, and on the petition of Z. Chandler and two\\nhundred and sixty-five others, the city marshal, on\\nFebruary 4, 1851, was directed to enforce an ordi-\\nnance, dating back as far as 1836, which required\\nsaloons to close on Sundays and after 10 P. M. on\\nother days. Like many similar efforts, this one was\\nabortive, and finally the council, on December 23,\\n1 85 1, in defiance of the Constitution,\\nResoi- cd^ that dealers selling one quart and upwards at a time\\nmight be licensed for $10, groceries for $25, and coffee houses and\\ntaverns for $30 each.\\nThe legality of their action was contested, and in\\n1852 the Supreme Court decided that the city had\\nno right to grant licenses for the sale of liquors.\\nThe result was that the traffic in liquors was open\\nto any one who cared to engage in it, without the\\npayment of a license or tax of any kind.\\nOn July 7, 1852, delegates from all the secret\\ntemperance societies in the State met at Detroit in\\na mass convention. An immense procession formed\\npart of the programme. It marched to Woodbridge\\nGrove, where the meeting was held. Addresses\\nwere delivered by Neal Dow, Jacob M. Howard,\\nFather Taylor, the sailor-preacher of Boston, and\\nProfessor Gardner, the New England soap-man.\\nSeats were provided for the entire company.\\nWe now reach the history of the first Maine\\nLaw of Michigan. The petitions in favor of this\\nlaw were gathered together, pasted on cotton cloth,\\narranged on rollers, and then presented to the\\nLegislature by Rev. J. A. Baughman and Rev.\\nGeorge Taylor. The document was 1,300 feet long,\\nand when unrolled, it was unanimously agreed to\\nbe the longest prayer ever made in Michigan. The\\nlaw was approved February 12, 1853.\\nIt provided that the Council or Township Board,\\non the first Monday of October, might authorize\\nsome one person to sell liquor for mechanical and\\nmedicinal purposes upon his giving bonds to sell\\nfor those purposes only. The dealers were required\\nto keep a list of persons buying liquor, the kind\\nbought, and a statement of the purpose for which\\nit was to be used. This law was submitted to the\\npeople for approval or rejection on the third Monday\\nof June, 1853, and the votes were canvassed on the\\nfirst Tuesday of August, with the following results\\nIn the city 2,042 votes for the law, and 1,755 a.gainst\\nit. Majority in favor, 287. In the county 3.831 for\\nthe law, and 2,980 against it. Majority in favor,\\n851. In the State 40,449 for the law, and 23,054\\nagainst it. Majority in favor, 17,395.\\nA majority being in favor of the law, it went into\\noperation on December i, 1853. At first it had a\\nmarked effect in Detroit, as well as in the State at\\nlarge, and during Decembermany dealers abandoned\\nthe business.\\nIn order to secure the enforcement of the law a\\nnew temperance society, called the Carson League\\nfor Wayne County, was organized on November\\n22, 1853. The following resolution gives details of\\nits plans\\nResaivedy that we organize a Mutual Protective Association,\\nwhich shall be entitled the Carson League of the County of\\nWayne, whose mode of operation shall be as follows Its first\\nobject will be the establishment of a fund of two millions of dol-\\nlars or upwards, which shall consist of equal shares of one hun-\\ndred dollars each. To raise this sum every person becoming a\\nmember shall give his or her note for one share or more without\\ninterest. The sum thus raised shall be subject to equal taxation,\\nsufficient to defray expenses for the suppression of the sale of in-\\ntoxicating liquors as a beverage.\\nThe following were appointed officers for the first\\nyear: A. Sheley, president H. K. Clarke, vice-pres-\\nident Hiram Benedict, secretary C. N. Ganson,\\ntreasurer H. C. Knight, general agent H. K. Clarke,\\nA. Shck-y, IS. Wight, executive committee.\\nThe League made its power felt, and on Decem-\\nber 3, 1853, this notice appeared in a city paper\\nThe proprietors of the Biddle House, National Exchange,\\nAndrews Railroad Hotel, and we believe nearly all the hotels of\\nany respectability, have closed their bars in compliance with the\\nexisting law. We notice, also, that most of the grocers of any\\nstanding, who kept an open bar for retail, have closed them.\\nProsecutions went on, and were almost uniformly\\nsuccessful. Finally, on December 9, 1853, B. Rush\\nBagg, police justice, rendered a decision against\\nthose who were enforcing the law on the ground\\nthat the law itself was unconstitutional, and the\\ncomplaints, therefore, void. This decision greatly\\nencouraged the liquor sellers, and on Friday, Decem-\\nber 16, following, they held a meeting at the City\\nHall, at which it was\\nResolvedy that we, the citizens of Detroit, assembled at this\\nmeeting to provide means to test the constitutionality of the\\nliquor law, profess to be law-abiding citizens, and have no other\\nend in view than the support of equal laws and whereas, by the\\nConstitution of the State, we have public officers whose duty it is\\nto administer our laws, therefore we deem any number of persons", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0892.jp2"}, "893": {"fulltext": "THE LU2U0R TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\n841\\nassociated for that purpose to be an illegal society, or league\\nunknown in law, and dangerous to the peace and harmony of the\\ncommunity and that we will take legal measures to prosecute all\\nsuch associations.\\nThe operations of the Carson League were soon\\nafter suspended, and again those who sold liquor\\nwere successful in their plans. The temperance\\nquestion, however, remained an issue. The agita-\\ntion continued, and on February 3, 1855, the Legis-\\nlature passed what was known as the Ironclad Maine\\nor Prohibitory Law. This law made the traffic in\\nliquor entirely illegal no one was permitted to sell\\ne.xcept druggists, whose sole or principal business\\nwas the selling of drugs, and they might sell only\\nfor medicine, or as a chemical agent, or for scien-\\ntific, mechanical, or manufacturing purposes, or\\nsacramental uses, and were required to give bonds\\nto keep the law.\\nAll payments for liquor were declared illegal, and\\nmade recoverable at law. Bills for liquors were\\nmade non-collectable, penalties were provided for\\ndisobeying the law, and liquors seized might be\\ndestroyed. The law went into operation on May\\n15, 1855, and all or nearly all the leading saloons in\\nDetroit were closed. On May 25 Mayor Ledyard\\nissued a proclamation appealing to the citizens to\\nstand by and conform to the law, but by June 27\\nnearly all the bars were again opened. Many per-\\nsons were arrested for selling, but most of the cases\\nagainst them were appealed and then dismissed.\\nThe number of bars was not perceptibly diminished,\\nand the law soon became a dead letter in Detroit.\\nAbout this time beer halles began to displace the\\nold saloons, and in the three years from 1855 to\\n1S58 their number increased with amazing rapidity.\\nOn July 13, 1858, a petition, signed by six hun-\\ndred and si.xty-eight ladies, was presented to the\\ncouncil, reciting the evil effects of these places, and\\npraying the council to enforce the prohibitory law.\\nThis petition was referred to a special committee of\\nthree, and on July 27, 1S58, they reported, recom-\\nmending that an ordinance be passed requiring all\\nsaloons to close at 11 P. .m.. prohibiting the sale of\\nliquors to minors, and proposing other means to\\nremedy the evils of the traffic but no action was\\ntaken.\\nOn February 15, 1859, a further effort was made\\nto remedy some of the evils of the traffic by the\\npassage of a .State law providing for the appoint-\\nment by the probate judge of a chemist in each\\ncounty as an inspector of liquors. These inspectors\\nwere to examine and test all spirituous and alcoholic\\nliquors offered for sale, and severe penalties were\\nprovided for those who manufactured or sold adul-\\nterated liquors. The law practically accomplished\\nnothing, but it remained in force until May 3, 1875.\\nOn February 7, t 860, the Michigan State Tem-\\nperance Society held a mass meeting at the First\\nCongregational Church, and the Michigan State\\nTemperance Alliance was organized to aid in secur-\\ning the enforcement of the law of 1855. Meantime\\nthe manufacture and sale of beer continued to\\nincrease, and, beginning with i860, the war influ-\\nences greatly stimulated its use. In deference to\\nthis fact, on March 15, 1863, the Legislature enacted\\nthat the law of 1S55 should not be construed as\\nprohibiting the manufacture of wine from fruit\\ngrown by the manufacturer; or of beer made in\\nMichigan, if not sold in less quantities than five\\ngallons; or of wine or cider, if not sold in less\\namounts than one gallon.\\nIn 1860-1861 the Detroit City Temperance Society\\nwas an active organization, with Rev. George Duf-\\nfield, D. D., as president, and J. B. Bloss, as secre-\\ntary. Under its auspices, Sunday afternoon meetings\\nwere held at the Detroit Milwaukee Depot, and,\\nlargely as the result of these efforts, on September\\n20, 1 86 1, an ordinance was passed requiring saloons\\nto close entirely on the Sabbath.\\nNo systematic and persistent effort was, however,\\nmade to enforce it, and this law, like its predecessors,\\nwas soon a dead letter. Finally a new agency ap-\\npeared. In the summer of 1865 the Metropolitan\\nPolice Act went into operation, and on an appeal\\nto the comtnissioners, the old city ordinance was\\nenforced, and Sunday. August 27, 1865, was marked\\nas red-letter day by the church-goers and temper-\\nance people of Detroit. One of the daily papers on\\nthe following Monday contained this notice.\\nA Quiet Sundav. For the first time in years the great city of\\nDetroit yesterday observed, outwardly at least, the first day of\\nthe week with becoming solemnity. All the saloons, bars, and\\nbeer-gardens were closed.\\nThe persistence and success of the efforts made to\\nsecure the observance of the Sabbath alarmed and\\nangered the saloon-keepers, and on September 4\\nthey held a large meeting on the Campus Martius to\\ntake measures for the repeal of the Sunday law, and\\non the next day a petition, signed by 8,265 residents\\nof Detroit, was presented to the Common Council,\\nasking for the repeal of the Sunday ordinance. At\\nthe same time a remonstrance against the repeal\\nwas presented, signed by 2,500 persons. Both com-\\nmunications were referred to a special committee,\\nand on September 19, three reports were presented\\nto the council from the committee. The majority\\nreport favored a change in the ordinance which\\nwould allow the saloons to keep open Sunday after-\\nnoons till ten o clock in the evening; two differ-\\nent minority reports, presented by Aldermen A.\\nSheley and H. C. Knight, opposed any change in the\\nordinance. The majority report was adopted. It\\ndid not receive the approval of the mayor, and the", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0893.jp2"}, "894": {"fulltext": "842\\nTHE LIOUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\nsubject was before the council for several months.\\nOn October 2 a public meeting was held at the\\nYoung Men s Hall to protest against the repeal of\\nthe ordinance. Meantime a suit involving the\\nvalidity of the old ordinance was tried, and on a\\ndecision by the recorder in its favor on January 28,\\n1866, the police again attempted to enforce the\\nordinance, and thirty complaints were made for\\nviolation of the same. The opponents of the ordi-\\nnance were not willing to submit, and on January\\n29, and February i, 1866, large anti-Sunday-law\\nmeetings were held.\\nFinally, on February 8, by a vote of eleven to si.\\\\,\\na new Sunday ordinance was passed allowing news-\\ndepots to be kept open on Sunday from 12 M. to 2\\np. M. barber-shops till 10 A. M. groceries, bakeries,\\nand meat-markets till S A. M., and livery stables\\nduring the whole day. It also provided that plea-\\nsure gardens, beer-halls, saloons, and other pleasure\\nresorts might be kept open from 2 p. m. to 10 P. M.,\\nif no music or games were allowed. This ordinance\\nwas approved by the mayor on February 1 3, but it\\ndispleased many citizens and on March 20 Captain\\nPaxton, on behalf of the Detroit Temperance So-\\nciety and other parties, presented a petition from\\nnearly two thousand citizens asking that it be re-\\npealed. The question of the validity of the ordi-\\nnance was referred by the council to the city coun-\\n.sellor and attorney, and on March 27 they reported\\nthat it was legal. The saloon-keepers were victori-\\nous, and this for a time ended the struggle.\\nIn 1866 the Young Men s Father Matthew (Cath-\\nolic) Temperance Society was organized. The first\\nmeeting was held on August 9 at the house of\\nMichael Brennan. Five persons were then enrolled\\nas members. The school-house in connection with\\nTrinity Church was secured as a place of meeting,\\nand in twenty days they had obtained ninety signa-\\ntures to their pledge. Continued prosperity decided\\nthe members of the society to secure a hall of their\\nown. A lot on the southeast corner of Fourth and\\nPorter Streets was purchased, a frame building\\ntwenty-four by sixty-five feet, costing $1,150, was\\nerected, and dedicated on November i, 1867. After\\na time interest in the society flagged, and in 1S81\\nits property was sold under a mortgage.\\nOn May 28, 1867, the Grand Lodge of Good\\nTemplars for North America commenced its ses-\\nsions in Detroit. Its proceedings had no special\\nrelation to the city. In 1867 the State Constitu-\\ntional Convention provided for submitting to the\\npeople, on the first Monday of April, 1S68, a clause\\nin tlie Constitution prohibiting the sale of liquors.\\nThe amendment was voted on, with the following\\nresult: In the city of Detroit, for prohibitory clause,\\n1,474; against it, 6, 567. In the county, 3,040 for\\nprohibition, and 10,245 against. In the State the\\nvote stood: 72,462 for prohibition, and 86,143\\nagainst.\\nAll this time the city ordinance permitting\\nsaloons to open part of the day was transgressed\\nby many dealers who kept open all day. A\\ncomplaint was made against George Bartenbach for\\nso doing. On trial of the case, Recorder Swift, on\\nApril 19, 1869, declared the ordinance invalid, on\\nthe ground that the city had not power to pass an\\nordinance in regard to Sabbath observance.\\nThe State Prohibitory Law was, however, deemed\\na standing menace to the liquor dealers, and its pro-\\nvisions were often enforced against them. Some of\\nthem at last resolved on active opposition, and on\\nAugust I, 1 87 1, a convention of Germans opposed\\nto prohibition was held, and a league organized\\npledged to defend its members in any suits brought\\nagainst them for violation of the law.\\nThree years later, in the winter of 1874. the\\nWomen s Crusade began. Its influence spread so\\nrapidly that liquor-sellers all over the country were\\nseriously alarmed, and several saloon-keepers in\\nDetroit went out of the business. On March 13,\\n1874, a meeting of ladies was held in St. Andrews\\nHall to consider what should be done by the women\\nof Detroit, and a committee of five appointed to\\nreport a plan of action a second meeting was held\\nat the chapel of the Central Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch on March 23, and on March 26, 1874, the\\nWomen s Christian Temperance Alliance was or-\\nganized. Committees were appointed, and in a\\nquiet and systematic way a number of saloons were\\nvisited, and the keepers urged to consider the effects\\nof their business. The ladies also inaugurated a\\nseries of .Sunday afternoon temperance meetings at\\nYoung Men s Hall, the use of which was given by\\nLuther Beecher. The first meeting was held on\\nApril 19, 1874. Weekly meetings were also held\\nin various churches.\\nIn March, 1876, both the Sunday and week-day\\nmeetings began to be held in the Y. M. C. A.\\nbuilding. In May following the name of the organi-\\nzation was changed to the Women s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union. At this time there was hardly a\\nrestaurant in the city which did not have a bar for\\nthe sale of liquor. Realizing this fact, on January\\n19 the women of the L nion opened a restaurant in\\nthe Y. M. C. A. building. It soon obtained a large\\nnumber of customers, and its success caused the\\nestablishment of several other temperance restau-\\nrants; having thus accomplished their object, the\\nladies sold out their interest in the restaurant.\\nThe presidents of the Lhiion have been as fol-\\nlows: To April, 1874, Mrs. A. J. Murray; 1874-\\n1S75, Mrs. I. G. D. Stewart; 1875-1881, Mrs. B. B.\\nHudson; 1881, Mrs. J. H. Bayliss; 1S82. Mrs. I.G.\\nD.Stewart; 18S3- Mrs. A. M. Fancher.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0894.jp2"}, "895": {"fulltext": "THE LIOUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\n84^\\nIn 1874 the Order of Sons of Temperance was\\nagain inaugurated in the city, and Detroit Division\\nNo. I was organized on September 7.\\nOn January, 25. 1875, the Grand Division was\\norganized. Ten days later a State meeting of the\\nWomen s Christian Temperance Union convened\\nin Detroit.\\nDuring all the years since 1855. the Prohibitory\\nLaw, though legally binding, had not been enforced\\nin Detroit. The crusade of 1S74 caused the dealers\\nto fear that it might be appealed to. In order to\\nanticipate any movement in that direction, and\\nsecure, if possible, a law affording them a measure\\nof protection, a State meeting of liquor dealers was\\ncalled at the Detroit Opera House on August 12.\\nThe formation of a State liquor league was advo-\\ncated, and methods were discussed for securing a\\nState license law, which, it was thought, would give\\nstability and character to their business, and, by\\ndoing away with the Prohibitory Law, give it a legal\\nstanding. An address in opposition to prohibition\\nand in favor of license was delivered by Levi\\nBishop. The meeting received the plan with favor,\\nand a State Central Committee was appointed to\\nendeavor to secure a State Legislature in favor of a\\nlicense system.\\nMany who were in favor of a diminution of the\\ntraffic, belie\\\\ing that a poor law executed was better\\nthan a good one unenforced, aided the committee\\nin their efforts, and the taxing of the saloons was\\napproved of by many temperance people. As the\\nresult, on May 3, 1875, the Liquor Tax Law was\\npassed and the Prohibitory Law repealed. The new\\nlaw was much more stringent than its original pro-\\nmoters intended. It provided that retail dealers of\\nspirituous liquors should pay a tax of \u00c2\u00a7150, retail\\ndealers of beer $40, and wholesale dealers in\\nspirituous liquors $300 per year. Brewers were to\\npay from $50 to $300 per year, according to the\\namount of beer they manufacture. The law also\\npro\\\\ ided that saloons should close on the Sabbath.\\nIt was to go into operation on August 2, 1S75.\\nAnticipating that as soon as it took effect, they\\nvi ould be compelled to close their saloons on Sun-\\nday, many saloon-keepers in Detroit petitioned the\\nCommon Council for permission to open on the Sab-\\nbath. On May 25 a resolution that it should be\\nlawful for saloons to keep open on Sunday was\\noffered, and was referred to a special committee,\\nand on May 28 a remonstrance against the resolu-\\ntion was presented. On June 4 the committee\\nreported that the council could not give authority to\\nsaloons to sell liquor on Sunday. The attempt to\\nnullify the operations of the new law was strenuously\\nopposed by almost all the religious denominations,\\nand on June 7 a mass meeting was held at the Opera\\nHouse in the interest of Sabbath obser\\\\-ance, and to\\nprotest against the opening of the saloons by per-\\nmission of the Common Council.\\nPetitions from the saloon-keepers, however, were\\nbrought before the council frequently and persist-\\nently, and in many ways the aldermen sought to\\ngive the petitioners permission to keep open for at\\nleast part of the day.\\nOn August 6 they passed an ordinance allowing\\nthem to open from i to 10 o clock P. M., but on\\nAugust 10 it was vetoed by iVIayor Moffat.\\nOn August 17 the city attorney gave it as his\\nopinion that in this question the mayor had no\\npower to nullify by his veto the action of the council,\\nbecause the law left it to the council to determine\\nwhether saloons should be kept open. On the same\\nday the city counselor gave it as his opinion that a\\nresolution passed over the mayor s veto would not\\nhold, as the Legislature could not confer on the\\ncouncil the power to repeal by resolution a statute\\nof the State.\\nOn the evening of the day these diverse opinions\\nwere rendered the council again passed the per-\\nmissive ordinance, and on August 20 it was again\\ndisapproved of and vetoed by Mayor Moffat. Sun-\\nday, August 22, 1875, was a notable day. For the\\nfirst time in ten years, nearly all, if not all, of the\\nsaloons were closed, and since then many have\\nremained closed on the Sabbath. Others have\\nlearned to violate the law with impunity, for, though\\narrested for so doing, they are usually cleared by\\npolice court jurors.\\nThe Tax Law, as a State law, is enforced by the\\nMetropolitan Police, over whom, as the commission-\\ners are appointed by the governor and senate, the\\nCommon Council have no authority. It was thought,\\nhowever, that if both the council and the mayor\\nfavored the opening of saloons on the Sabbath, the\\npolice would not interfere.\\nThose who favored the observance of the Sab-\\nbath, known as the Law and Order Party, on Octo-\\nber 4, 1875, held an immense meeting in the Opera\\nHouse, and from the speeches made and the resolu-\\ntions passed at this meeting the impression became\\ngeneral in Detroit that a large majority of the older\\ncitizens and the prominent men of both political\\nparties would vote for the candidate for mayor who\\nwould veto any ordinance proposing to allow the\\nsaloons to open on the Sabbath.\\nMeanwhile, on October 12, on a test case, the\\nSupreme Court decided the law to be constitutional.\\nOn the evening of November i, the day before the\\nelection, a great gathering of the Law and Order\\nParty was held at the Opera House, and on the\\nfollowing day Alexander Lewis, the candidate they\\nsupported, was elected by a vote of 7,367 against\\n5,691.\\nIn the trial of cases for keeping saloons open on", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0895.jp2"}, "896": {"fulltext": "844\\nTHE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\nSunday, Police Justice D. E. Harbaugh provetl him-\\nself an efficient ally of the law, and his quarterly\\nreturns of persons arrested and tried in his court\\nindicated a great diminution of crime and dis-\\norder.\\nIn the case of J. A. Kurtz for keeping his saloon\\nopen, appeal was made to the Supreme Court of the\\nState, and on January i8. 1S76, the court affirmed\\nthe legality of the clause requiring saloons to close\\non Sunday.\\nOn March 3, 1S76, the Common Council made a\\nfurther effort in behalf of the saloon-keepers, pass-\\ning an ordinance providing that saloons might be\\nkept open from i to 1 1 P. M. on Sunday but on\\nMarch 7 Mayor Lewis justified the expectations of\\nthose who elected him by sending a message to the\\ncouncil, vetoing the ordinance. He said, The Su-\\npreme Court in its decision in the Kurtz case has\\nindicated, in language so plain that it cannot be mis-\\nunderstood, that the part of the Tax Law giving\\nmunicipalities the power of permitting dealers in\\nliquors to sell and keep their places of business\\nopen on Sunday is unconstitutional.\\nMeanwhile Section 47 of Article IV. of the Con-\\nstitution was still in force, and read as follows:\\nThe Legislature shall not pass any Act authorizing the grant\\nof licenses for the sale of ardent spirits or other into.vicating\\nliquors.\\nThe question of striking this article out of the\\nConstitution was submitted to the people, and in\\nNovember, 1876, the vote was as follows: In the\\ncity, in favor of striking out, 6,585; against, 949.\\nIn the county, 9.170 for striking out, and 1,773\\nagainst. In the State, 60,639 fo striking out, and\\n52,561 against. A majority being in favor of so\\ndoing. Section 47 of Article IV. was stricken from\\nthe Constitution.\\nA noteworthy event of this period was the visit\\nof Dr. H. A. Reynolds, the Red Ribbon Reformer.\\nHis first lecture was delivered on February 9, 1877,\\nin St. Andrew s Hall. On the ne.xt evening he\\naddressed an immense meeting at the Detroit Opera\\nHouse, and soon there was a popular furore in\\nbehalf of the temperance cause, as advocated by\\nhim. His mottoes of Dare to do right and Be\\ngood to yourself, with a red ribbon in the button-\\nhole as evidence of having signed the pledge, were\\nadopted by thousands, and for a time no hall could\\nbe found large enough to accommodate the crowds\\nthat came to hear him.\\nUnder his leadership, the Detroit Reform Club\\nwas organized on February 11, 1877, with D. 15.\\nDuffield as president and J. C. McCaul as secretary.\\nAt the afternoon and evening meetings on the day\\nof organization 802 persons signed the pledge, and\\nwithin a month the membership increased to 2,310.\\nThe Club undertook various kinds of benevolent\\nwork in behalf of its members, and its meetings\\nwere largely attended.\\nOn July 8, 1S77, Francis Murphy, the great Blue\\nRibbon Apostle of Temperance, delivered an address\\nat Young Men s Hall under the auspices of the\\nClub. On November 2, 1S77, the Society was in-\\ncorporated, and on November 1 3 J. W. Smith was\\nelected president. He was succeeded on July 30,\\n1879, by Rev. C. T. Allen, and he, in turn, in 1880,\\nby William Wade; T. W. Martin at the same time\\nbecame secretary. On February 9, 1879, the Society\\ncelebrated its second anniversary at the Detroit\\nOpera House. Dr. H. A. Reynolds was present\\nand delivered an address.\\nThe meetings of the Club were soon transferred\\nfrom the Opera House to I\\\\Ierrill Hall, and from\\nthere to Young Men s Hall, the use of which was\\ngiven by Luther Beecher finally the upper part of\\nthe Barns Block, on the northwest corner of Wood-\\nward and Grand River Avenues, was fitted up, and\\non January 10, 1879, it was dedicated. Within two\\n)-ears after, owing to dissensions among themselves,\\nand the advocacy of impracticable measures, the\\nClub was disbanded and its property disposed of.\\nOn February 22, 1877, a Young Men s Red Rib-\\nbon Club was organized, and soon after a Boys\\nClub was established. Both of these organizations\\nwere short-lived. On June 26, 1878, two State\\nTemperance Conventions were in session in Detroit,\\none representing the old prohibition party and the\\nother the Red Ribbon Clubs of the State. In this\\nyear a Young Women s Christian Temperance\\nLTnion was organized, and, for a time, was quite\\nenergetic. On May 27 the Right Worthy Grand\\nLodge of Good Temi^lars of the World began a\\nfour days meeting at Detroit.\\nTurning again to the Common Council, we find\\nthat on May 8, 1877, they again took up the cause\\nof the saloon-keepers, voting to allow them to keep\\nopen their saloons on Sunday from 2 to 10 p. m.\\nOn May 1 1 Mayor Lewis for the second time\\ninterposed his veto, giving substantially the same\\nreasons he had gi\\\\ en previously.\\nThe State law of May 22, 1S77, which went\\ninto effect on November 6, 1S77, dealt another\\nblow to the liquor interest by providing that saloons\\nshould be closed on election days, and Section 9 of\\nthe law made it the duty of the mayor, within five\\ndays of an election, to issue a proclamation warn-\\ning the people of the law, and requiring the police\\nto see that it was enforced. On May 31, 1879,\\nby amendment to the law of 1875, saloons were\\nrequired to close on all legal holidays, violations\\nof the law were to be punished by imprisonment,\\ninstead of by fine, and the taxes were largely\\nincreased. For retail dealers of alcoholic liquors\\nthe tax was fixed at $200 for retail dealers in beer", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0896.jp2"}, "897": {"fulltext": "THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS.\\n845\\nat $65 wholesale and retail dealers in alcoholic\\nliquors were to pay S400 dealers in beer $1 50, and\\nbrewers from $65 to Si 00.\\nThis law heaped Ossa upon Pelion, and the\\nliquor dealers assembled in conclave at Lansing, on\\nJuly 29. 1880, organized the Michigan Liquor Deal-\\ners Protective Association, and by assessments on\\nits members raised a large amount of money to be\\nexpended in efforts to secure the election of mem-\\nbers of the Legislature who would repeal or modify\\nthe law they also interviewed the candidates for\\ngovernor and lieutenant-governor, and on Septem-\\nber 26. 1880, issued a circular recommending that\\nthe liquor-dealers cast their votes for the Democratic\\ncandidates, as they had pledged themselves to\\nfurther their interests. These efforts did not prove\\neffective, for Holloway, the Democratic candidate,\\nreceived but 137,641 votes in the State, against 178,-\\n944 for Jerome. The vote in Wayne County was\\n17,242 for Holloway, and 13.943 for Jerome. In the\\ncity the vote stood 12,122 for Holloway, and 9,903\\nfor Jerome.\\nThe keepers of saloons became increasingly\\nurgent in their demands, and on April 27,1880, their\\nfriends in the Common Council secured the passage\\nof a resolution declaring the law of 1879 to be\\narbitrary, excessive, and illegal, and directing the\\ncity counselor to file a bill in the Circuit Court to\\nrestrain the county and city treasurer from receiving\\nor collecting the taxes under said law. Three days\\nlater the council directed the county treasurer and\\nsheriff not to collect the liquor taxes, and instructed\\nthe city counselor to apply for an injunction to re-\\nstrain the collection but on May 3 Judge Chambers\\ndenied the bill, on the ground that he had no juris-\\ndiction in the case. On May I, 1882, an amend-\\nment to the State law went into effect which increased\\nthe yearly tax to be paid by beer sellers to $200.\\nThe same Act also provided for a yearly tax of $300,\\nto be paid by those who sold distilled liquors separ-\\nately, or with beer.\\nSince 1874, the operation of the Tax Law and\\nthe tendency of public sentiment have caused a\\nyearly decrease in the number of dealers in spir-\\nituous and malt liquors in Detroit as compared with\\nthe population. The number of dealers in i860\\nwas 625; in 1S65, 523; in 1870, 669; in 1875, 765;\\nin 1876, 719; in 1877, 685: in 1883, 678.\\nThe number of wholesale and retail dealers in\\nWayne County and the amount of the tax collec-\\ntions for the various years is as follows: 1875. deal-\\ners, 995; ta.xes, $93,545. 1876, dealers, 1.137;\\ntaxes, \u00c2\u00a797,159. 1877, dealers. 707; taxes, $76,250.\\n1878, dealers, 1,117; ta.xes, $69,046. 1879, dealers,\\n1,281; taxes, $73,411. 1880. dealers, 955; taxes,\\n$98,553. 1881, dealers, 985; ta.\\\\es, $101,819. 8S2,\\ndealers, 787; ta.\\\\es, $195,311. 1 883, dealers, 8 1 7\\ntaxes. $177,715.\\nThe amount of revenue obtained by the city from\\nthe tax is shown in connection with the article on\\nFinances.\\nOn May 16, 1883, the National Convention of\\nBrewers began its sessions at Harmonie Hall, and\\non the evening of the 17th they had a banquet at\\nthe same place.\\nThe National Convention of the Women s Chris-\\ntian Temperance Union met at the Central Metho-\\ndist Episcopal Church on October 31, 1883.\\nThe temperance organization known as the Order\\nof the White Cross was founded in Detroit on Feb-\\nruary 18, 1884, at the Asbury Methodist Episcopal\\nChapel. The officers of the first club were H. O.\\nWills, president; R. N. Lewis, secretary; G. B.\\nWhitney, treasurer and W. H. Suits, chaplain. In\\nJune, 1884, the organization had 1.800 members and\\nwas increasing at the rate of 200 per week.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0897.jp2"}, "898": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXXI,\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INSURANCE AND INSURANCE COMPANIES.\\nThe earliest money circulated in New France,\\nand to some extent current in this region, known as\\nCard Money, was first issued in 1685, to pay the\\nsoldiers it consisted of ordinary playing cards cut\\ninto four pieces, each piece being stamped with a\\nfleur de lis and a crown, and signed by the gov-\\nernor, intendant, and clerk of the treasury. This\\nmoney was in use in Detroit in 1717, and was worth\\nonly fifty cents on the dollar in silver. It continued\\nin use until 1729 or later. Specimens are preser\\\\-ed\\nat Quebec.\\nIn 1763 Pontiac is said to have issued pieces of\\nbirch-bark as money, with the figure of an otter, his\\ntotem or seal, rudely drawn thereon, and tradition\\nsays that he faithfully redeemed them. The wam-\\npum used by the Indians was sold by traders for\\nthe purpose. It, was largely manufactured by the\\nDutch at Albany from both the purple and the\\nwhite part of clam and oyster shells, and the Hol-\\nlanders of the Mohawk grew rich from the product\\nof their primitive mint. The pieces of wampum\\nwere about half an inch long with a hole in them,\\nand were carried on strings.\\nThe usual currency of this and other trading\\nposts was the peltries of various animals they were\\nthe chief productions, and were readily exchanged at\\nMontreal and Quebec for goods of every kind. In\\nearlier days there was little variation in the price of\\nskins, and as the demand usually kept pace with the\\nsupply, there was but little depreciation in the cur-\\nrency. Accounts were often kept in beaver-skins,\\nand other furs were reckoned according to their\\nvalue in such skins. Otter skins were reckoned at\\nsix shillings each, and martins at one shilling and\\nsixpence. A stroud-blanket cost ten beaver-skins,\\na white blanket eight, a pound of powder two, a\\npound of shot or ball one, a gun twenty, a one-\\npound axe two, and a knife one beaver-skin.\\nBuck and doe skins succeeded the beaver cur-\\nrency as a medium of exchange. Until the present\\ncentury a good deerskin was equivalent to about a\\ndollar.\\nDuring revolutionary days accounts were usually\\nkept in York currency, so called because issued by\\nthe Provincial Congress of New York, which, even\\nat that day. was a controlling factor in the commerce\\nof the country. The first York currency was issued\\nunder Act of .September 2, 1776. The notes were\\nof the denomination of fifty cents, and one, two,\\nthree, five, and ten dollars. Soon after, notes for\\none ninth, one si.xleenth, one third, and one fourth\\nof a dollar were issued. It was usual to reckon\\nthese notes at \u00c2\u00a72.50 to the pound. Halifax cur-\\nrency was estimated at $4.00 to the pound. Spanish\\ndollars were the most valuable.\\nOn September 12, 1781, A. VV. Macomb sold\\nAndrews, Graverat, Visger eight hundred and\\nseventy-five Spanish dollars at ten shillings each.\\nSkins, as currency, were supplanted in 1779 by\\nbills issued by merchants under authority of the\\ngovernor. Each merchant was allowed to issue\\npaper money, or due bills, to the value of the prop-\\nerty he had on hand, and on a given day they\\nexchanged with each other the bills they had received.\\nThis was the beginning of the clearing-house system.\\nIn the old Macomb ledgers of 1780 and 1781\\nthere are frequent entries of cash destroyed, the\\namounts evidently referring to the destruction of\\nthe bills of the firm after they had been redeemed.\\nThe same sort of currency was continued under the\\nearlier years of American rule, and was adopted as\\na means of driving out of circulation the cut\\nmoney, silver pieces that had been cut into many\\nparts, and otherwise so mutilated that they were no\\nlonger desirable as a circulating medium.\\nIn the old records of the Court of General\\nQuarter Sessions of the Peace for Wayne County for\\nMay 10, 1798, there is the following notice\\nll^hereas the Grand Jury of the County of Wayne presented,\\nat the last general quarter sessions of the peace, the cut money\\ntlicn in circulation as a nuisance, as tending to promote fraud,\\nand whereas the Court pubHcIy recommend that the circulation\\nof the aforesaid money should be stopped, as dangerous to the\\ncommunity. Now, the Court ordain that after the fourth day of\\nJune next (1798) all cut money not being a legal tender in the\\ncountry may and ought to be refused as payment of any debts\\nwhatsoever.\\nAnd that the Court inform the inhabitants of the County of\\nWayne that at their next general quarter sessions of the peace,\\nthey will and shall adopt the necessary means to establish upon\\na solid basis a currency of small bills of credit from four to twelve\\npence each, which bills shall be redeemed with cash on presenta-\\ntion, as the signer or signers of said bills shall give unquestion-\\nable security before issuing them.\\nDuring the years immediately prior to and suc-\\nceeding 1812, the money in circulation was chiefly\\n[846]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0898.jp2"}, "899": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n847\\nSpanish silver pieces, and a few French and Portu-\\nguese gold coins. The coin was kept in kegs and\\nboxes, which oftentimes stood open under the coun-\\nters of the merchants. After the capture of Detroit\\nthe currency was inflated by the fiat money of\\nGeneral Proctor. His proclamation of March 25,\\n1813. ordered that army and commissariat bills be\\nreceived and accepted as a legal tender and of the\\nsame value as gold or silver, under a penalty of two\\nhundred dollars, on the oath of one credible witness\\naside from the informer.\\nDuring this war and up to 181 7, much Ohio cur-\\nrency was in circulation, and was subject to a\\ndiscount of twenty-five per cent in New York.\\nNotwithstanding this fact, the Government made\\nuse of the money, and as the goods of Detroit\\nmerchants were chiefly procured at New York, all\\nwho received Ohio bills in payment were obliged to\\ncharge a large extra percentage. During this same\\nperiod many private firms and individuals issued\\ntheir due-bills as money.\\nIn deprecation of this practice, a communication\\nin The Detroit Gazette for September 5, 1817.\\nsigned Common Sense, says:\\nThe issuing of small bills has of late grown so fashionable that\\neven strangers are willing to iend us their assistance and furnish\\nfunds for our necessities the moment they arrive among us. Their\\nnames may be said to be tirst learned from seeing them on the\\nmargin of their bills.\\nThe article was prefaced with a few comments\\nfrom the editor, declaring that\\nThe vast quantity in circulation tends to embarrass trade.\\nSome have said that if every merchant, mechanic, inn-\\nkeeper, and huckster in the city would issue these facilities it\\nwould glut the market and have the effect of producing an\\narrangement that would be satisfactory on all parts. As printers\\nmerely, we should recommend such an experiment, but as citizens\\nof Detroit, solicitous for its good name and the prosperity of its\\ninhabitants, we hope no citizen will think of throwing any more\\nembarrassments in the way of trade.\\nThese articles did not correct the e\\\\il, and in\\nJanuary, 1 8 19, there was an unusually large quan-\\ntity of shinplasters or small bills in circulation,\\nsome of them, issued by Judge \\\\Voodward, being\\nfor one and two cents each. At a meeting of citi-\\nzens it was resolved that the issuing of small\\nchange by individuals, who do not redeem them at\\nsight, is an evil which should be corrected. It\\nwas also resolved that thereafter persons intending\\nto issue small bills should first give security for their\\nredemption.\\nDuring this year Rev. Gabriel Richard began the\\nerection of St. .Anne s Church, and very naturally he\\ndid what many others were doing, issued his own\\nmoney, paying out large quantities to the workmen.\\nThe types with which the shinplasters were printed\\nwere stolen from the Gazette office by a printer\\nnamed Cooper, who issued a quantity, with the\\ncounterfeit signature of Father Richard. The worthy\\nfather redeemed them as far as he was able, and his\\nrefusal to receive several hundred dollars of what\\nwas said to be counterfeit scrip is stated to have\\nmade a lasting breach between him and certain per-\\nsons of his parish. The man Cooper subsequently\\nenlisted in the United States \\\\rtillery, and the\\nstolon types were found under the floor of one of\\nthe buildings of the cantonment on August 7, 1819.\\nIn order to inflate the currency and aid the con-\\ntractors who were then btiikling the Court House\\nor Capitol, the Governor and Judges also began to\\nissue scrip; the fin.t issue was dated 1819, the last\\n1826. and they issued a total of $22,500, in sums of\\nfrom S2.00 to \u00c2\u00a720.00.\\nI\\ni-i\\n^3-\\nf^\\\\C-^I.MILE or UNK OF F.VTHEK KiCH.^RD s ShINPLASTEKS.\\nFrom time to time the bills of Eastern and\\nSouthern States were circulated to some e.xtent in\\nthe Territor)-, and on May 29, 181 9, the Secretary\\nof the Treasury notified the receiver of the Land\\nOffice not to receive the bills of the Bank of Balti-\\nmore, nor those of the Franklin Bank of Alexandria,\\nVa., as they had refused to redeem their notes in\\nspecie.\\nOn October 22, 1S19, the money in circulation\\nwas chiefly bills of Ohio banks, and of these The\\nGazette classified seven as good twelve others\\nwere named, and classified respectively as decent,\\nmiddling, and good-for-nothing. On Decem-\\nber 4 a committee of five citizens, consisting of\\nJames Abbott, John P. Sheldon, Peter J. Desnoyers,\\nThomas Palmer, and Thomas Rowland, was ap-\\npointed to obtain and diffuse intelligence relating\\nto the value of bills of the various banks circulating\\nin the Territory. At this time there was a dearth\\nof money and much distress among almost all\\nclasses. From 1820 to 1830 there was a great lack\\nof funds for nearly all enterprises.\\nDuring all these years the circulation of cut coins\\ncontinued, and their use was .so inconvenient that on\\nAugust 17, 1821, at a meeting of citizens at Wood-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0899.jp2"}, "900": {"fulltext": "848\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nworth s Hotel, seventy of the principal business men\\npledged themselves not to receive or pass cut coins\\nexcept by weight. Currency continued to be so\\nscarce that individuals, and corporations large and\\nsmall, issued their promises to pay, in sums of from\\nsix and a quarter cents to five dollars, but on August\\n31, 1822, a citizens meeting resolved to discoun-\\ntenance the further circulation of bills of less than\\none dollar made by individuals and gradually the\\npractice ceased.\\nMeantime ten years passed away, and financial\\ndifficulties of larger proportions began to trouble all\\nthe land. The beginnings of these difficulties dated\\nfrom the Act which incorporated the United States\\nBank, February 8, 1791. The charter expired on\\nMarch 4, 181 1, an unsuccessful effort having been\\nmade in 1808 to obtain a renewal. The second\\nbank of the United States was chartered on April\\n3, 18 16. for twenty years, and went into operation\\non January 7, 1817. In 1829 it was doing a pros-\\nperous business with a capital $35,000,000, one fifth\\nof which was owned by the Government. It had\\nbranches in all the States and its notes were at par\\nthroughout the Union, were even used to buy teas\\nin China, and the bank was regarded as impregna-\\nble. In 1829 President Jackson, in his first message,\\nexpressed strong doubts as to the constitutionality of\\nthe charter, and repeated the doubt in his messages\\nof 1830 and 1831. Notwithstanding this, Congress,\\nin 1S32, passed a law renewing the charter, but the\\nPresident vetoed the bill and recommended the\\nremoval of the public deposits from the bank, and\\nthe next year urged Mr. Duane, the Secretary of\\nthe Treasury, to remove them. That officer declined\\nto act and refused to resign. On September 23,\\n1833, the President removed him, and appointed the\\nlate Chief-Justice Roger B. Taney in his stead, and\\nin December, on a positive order from the President,\\nthe deposits were withdrawn.\\nThis action so alarmed private banks throughout\\nthe country that, not knowing what might happen\\nnext, they refused all discounts. A public meeting\\nwas held in the old Capitol in Detroit on April 4,\\n1834, to condemn the removal of the deposits, and\\nall was anxiety and unrest.\\nThe President next undertook to prove that the\\nfunctions of the United States Bank could be per-\\nformed by the private or State banks. To this end\\nthe Secretary of the Treasury entered into corre-\\nspondence with several banks, offering to constitute\\nthem the fiscal agents of the Government, and to\\nauthorize them to perform such service as had been\\nperformed by the old United States Bank. The\\nState banks eagerly embraced the opportunity, and\\nin each of the principal cities of the Union one or\\nmore of them was appointed depository of the\\npublic revenue and disburser of the public funds.\\nI\\\\Ir. Taney issued a circular, in which he said, The\\ndeposits of the public money will enable you to\\nafford increased facilities to commerce and to ex-\\ntend your accommodations to individuals and\\nPresident Jackson, in a message to Congress, said,\\nIt is considered against the genius of our free\\ninstitutions to lock up in vaults the treasure of the\\nnation. Evidently neither the President nor his\\nSecretary saw the fatal snare into which they were\\nrunning. They forgot that the revenue could not\\nbe used to extend accommodations to individuals\\nand at the same time be garnered in vaults awaiting\\nthe demands of the nation. Mr. Woodbury, who\\nsucceeded Mr. Taney as Secretary of the Treasury,\\nissued a circular in which he expressly recommended\\nthe lending of the public moneys to the people, in\\norder to demonstrate that a Bank of the United\\nStates was not a necessary fiscal agent.\\nMeanwhile, in order to regulate the deposit banks,\\nCongress passed a law with conditions so onerous\\nthat we look back with astonishment upon the\\nblindness of that day. The deposit banks were\\nrequired to pay interest at the rate of two per cent\\nper annum upon daily balances, to be responsible\\nfor all bank-notes received by them on government\\naccount and to treat them as gold; also to hold\\nthemselves in readiness to pay at sight the whole sum\\ndue to the United States, or to transmit it to any\\npart of the Union at their own risk and expense.\\nIn Michigan, the Farmers and Mechanics Bank\\nand the Bank of Michigan were made deposit banks,\\nand the public officers in the Territory made deposits\\nin each on alternate weeks. From this source the\\nFarmers and Mechanics Bank received large\\namounts, often as much as $1,500,000. These sums,\\nwith its capital, it used to afford large discounts in\\nconformity with the request that had been made.\\nThe country was bewildered with prosperity.\\nThe entire war debt of 181 5, amounting to twenty-\\nfour millions of dollars, had been paid out of the\\ngovernment revenues, and there remained a surplus\\nof more than forty millions in the treasury. Appar-\\nently the Government had no use for the money, and\\nin June, 1836, Congress resolved to divide it among\\nthe States according to population, and twenty-eight\\nmillions, in quarterly instalments, were actually so\\ndisbursed. As a natural consequence of this abun-\\ndant supply of money, the price of everything was\\nabnormally increased. Emigration from East to\\nWest was encouraged. Importation was greatly\\nincreased manufacture was stimulated the rage\\nfor fine buildings, fine equipage, fine furniture, fine\\ndress, and luxurious living spread throughout the\\ncountry. This unhealthful activity began to show\\nitself in 1834, and grew rapidly in 1835 and 1836.\\nIn this last year the charter of the United States\\nBank expired, but practically the same bank was", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0900.jp2"}, "901": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n849\\nrechartered by the State of Pennsylvania, under the\\nname of the United States Bank of Pennsylvania.\\nThis new institution took the securities and\\nassumed the responsibilities of the defunct bank.\\nThe old bank had returned the ten millions of\\ngovernment deposits, and the new one was required\\nto refund the seven millions of capital owned by\\nthe United States. Notwithstanding this tremen-\\ndous draft, it undertook to compete with the State\\ndeposit banks for the trade of the country and\\nespecially for the control of the cotton crop. At\\nfirst all went smoothly, but it was soon discovered\\nthat the prestige of the new bank was gone. The\\ndiminution of its power by the withdrawal of the\\nseventeen millions of government money, the return\\nfrom a wide field of its own notes, the hostility of\\nthe party in pow-er, the reckless loans made to\\nspeculators in produce, and wild land schemes, all\\nfostered the panic which was drawing near.\\nUp to the time of the issuing of President Jack-\\nson s Specie Circular of July 1 1, 1836, which directed\\nthat all public oflicers should receive and pay out\\ncoin only, the banks generally were prosperous, their\\nnotes were used without question, and were promptly\\nredeemed, on presentation, in such funds as were\\ncalled for. The Specie Circular put everything on a\\ncoin basis, and the banks were compelled to arrange\\ntheir business accordingly. As a result, all business\\ncame to a standstill. On October 15, 1836, and for\\nseveral months before, the banks of Detroit would\\nnot discount the best paper offered. To convert\\nuncurrent money into available funds a premium of\\nfrom one to five per cent had to be paid.\\nIn January, 1837, disasters came thicker and\\nfaster. Even the best paper went to protest.\\nPaper cities, by the score, collapsed, wild lands\\nwere returned for unpaid taxes, banks curtailed\\ntheir loans circulating notes were returned for coin\\nand the large sums due the United States for the\\nproceeds of public lands sold or duties collected\\nwere required to be transferred to the East. The\\nState depositories, which were trembling under the\\npressure, and needed strengthening, were thus left\\nto their own resources. The government account,\\nthat at first had promised so much, in the end\\nproved one of the most unfortunate and disastrous\\nof accounts. The banks were obliged to pay the\\nGovernment, but could not collect the loans they\\nhad made. Manufacturers suspended, and whole-\\nsale and retail merchants toppled over like rows of\\nbricks.\\nIn February the contraction became more serious,\\nand failures still more frequent. In March the pos-\\nsibility of a suspension of specie payments became\\na subject of discussion. In April that event had\\ncome to be regarded as probable. On May 10 the\\nblow fell the banks of New York City refused\\nto redeem. There was then no telegrajjli, and few\\nrailroads, but the news was spread rapidly by\\ncouriers.\\nFor weeks the banks all over the country had\\nbeen struggling against suspension, but at last the\\nblow had fallen. The news reached Detroit on\\nMay 16. Sidney Ketchum, who arrived from New\\nYork on the morning of that day, brought news of\\nthe suspension. Handbills soon announced a meet-\\ning at the City Hall, and there Mr. Ketchum told\\nthe story, and showed printed copies of the pro-\\nceedings in some of the eastern towns. The citizens\\npassed the stereot ^e resolution, calling on the\\nbanks to suspend to save their specie, and the ne.xt\\nday the following advertisement appeared\\nTO THE PUBLIC.\\nBank Notice. At a meeting of the Board of Directors of all\\nthe banks in the city this afternoon, it was\\nResolved^ that in consequence of intelligence of a general sus-\\npension of specie payments in the Eastern States, it has been\\ndeemed a course of proper precaution on the part of the banks of\\nDetroit and their branches to adopt a like measure until further\\nnotice and in the meantime the business of the banks will in\\nother respects be conducted as usual\\nDetroit, May 17, 1837.\\nOn !\\\\Iay 20 the following notice appeared\\nAt a meeting of the Directors of the Detroit city banks on\\nFriday, the 19th May, 1S37, Honorable Levi Cook in the chair,\\nand John Norton, Jr., secretary,\\nResolved^ that this meeting has heard with surprise that a\\nreport had obtained currency in the city of the intention of the\\nbanks to take advantage of the present crisis in selling their coin\\nat a high premium.\\nRcsoh ed^ each Board for its own institution, that the alleged\\nconnection between the banks of this city and the brokers therein\\nis wholly without foundation and utterly untrue.\\nRcsoi-Z ed, that from and after the first day of June next the\\nbanks in this city will open at nine o clock A. M. and close at two\\no clock r. .M. for the day.\\nResoh ed, that the above be published in Ihe several news-\\npapers of this city.\\nJohn Norton, Jr., Secretary. Levi (.miok. Chairman.\\nAfter the suspension a sense of relief pen aded\\nthe community, but only for a little while, for sus-\\npension of specie payments was soon found to be\\nsuspension of all payment.\\nIn June 1837, Mr. Van Buren called an e.xtra\\nsession of Congress. Time for payment was ex-\\ntended to the deposit banks, but the President pro-\\nposed to withdraw the public moneys from the State\\nbanks, to establish the sub-treasur)% and to make it\\na penal offence on the part of disbursing officers to\\nreceive or pay out the bills of any State bank. The\\nsubject, of course, became a political one, and on\\nJuly II, while Daniel Webster was in Detroit,\\nvisiting his son, Daniel F. Webster, a lawyer then\\nresiding here, he delivered an address in opposition\\nto the policy of the Government.\\nUp to this time the business activity of 1834 to", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0901.jp2"}, "902": {"fulltext": "850\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n1837 had been regarded as a healthy development\\nof American energy. The reaction was fearful.\\nConfidence was lost, values were unsettled. Great\\ndistress ensued, and the streets were crowded with\\nunfortunate and able-bodied men who were unable\\nto procure work, and a man would no more buy a\\nparcel of unproductive real estate, subject to taxes,\\nthan he would fondle a rattlesnake. Those who\\nwere in debt, and they constituted a majority of the\\npopulation, were in despair. To tell them that their\\ncreditors had confidence in their integrity, and would\\nwait, was to hold before their eyes a picture of un-\\nending torture. Under such circumstances the\\ndebtor class were ready to approve and adopt any\\nmeasure of relief, without regard to its legality or\\ncommercial soundness. The Legislature of Michi-\\ngan was appealed to, and passed a law providing\\nthat when lands were levied upon under execution,\\nthe sheriff should have them appraised, and the\\ncreditors take them in payment at two thirds of the\\nappraisal. Under the operations of this law the\\nprices of lands which had been bought in the heat\\nof the speculating mania were kept up by debtors\\nwho had purchased them. Others who were in debt,\\nwith the aid of friends or from reser\\\\ ed means, often\\nbought up tracts of wild land at government prices,\\nand turned them over to the sheriff to be appraised\\nat ten times their cost, and transferred to creditors at\\nsix times their value. Deception and dishonesty\\nseemed to be at a premium. While these methods\\nwere being pursued, most of the eastern banks re-\\nsumed, and on May 16, 1838, the Bank of Michigan\\nand the Farmers and Mechanics Bank again paid\\nspecie.\\nAll this financiering and all the remedial and stay\\nlaws failed to bring relief. The mountain of debt,\\nincreased by interest and taxes, grew larger. Many\\ncreditors declined to accept payment in the way\\nprovided by law the debtor class therefore remained\\nin trouble, and no absolute relief came until 1841,\\nwhen the Bankrupt Act was passed. Meanwhile,\\nin order to relieve existing distress, and establish a\\nvalue for lands, the Legislature, by Act of March 15,\\nand amended Act of December 30, 1837, provided\\nfor an unlimited number of so-called banks. Of\\nthe nominal capital of these wildcats, only ten per\\ncent in specie was required to be paid when sub-\\nscriptions to the stock were made, and twenty per\\ncent additional in specie when the bank commenced\\nbusiness. For the further security of the notes the\\nstockholders were to give first mortgages upon real\\nestate, to be estimated at its cash value by at least\\nthree county officers, and these mortgages were to be\\nfiled with the auditor-general as collateral security\\nfor the notes to be issued. First one and then three\\ncommissioners were appointed to superintend the\\norganization of these banks and attest the legality\\nof their proceedings, and upon the certificate of\\neither of them, the auditor-general was to counter-\\nsign and deliver to the bank circulating notes to the\\nextent of two and a half times the amount of capi-\\ntal certified to have been paid in. Lhider the Acts,\\nat first twelve, and then any number of persons,\\nupon signing an agreement to that effect, became a\\nbanking corporation, and almost any one might be\\na director. This monstrous banking system was\\nwelcomed alike by those who were hopelessly bank-\\nrupt and by those who saw a chance for unlimited\\nknavery and in a few months wherever two roads\\ncrossed, a bank was established. Many of the so-\\ncalled banks had neither books nor office, and stock\\nwas transferred to, and represented as owned by\\npersons who knew not that they were stockholders\\nin these enterprising corporations. In most cases\\nthere was no coin to exhibit to the bank commis-\\nsioner. Specie certificates, verified by oath, were\\neverywhere substituted, the identical certificates\\nhaving been cancelled as soon as created by a draft\\nfor the same amount. In some cases certificates\\nor specie would be borrowed to show to the commis-\\nsioner. If specie, as soon as it had been examined\\nin one bank, a fast team would take it to the woods\\nwhere some other bank was located, and there it\\nwould again be counted as bank capital. The loan\\nof specie by established corporations to these sham\\ninstitutions became part of the regular banking\\nbusiness of the period, and banks put in operation\\nby these fraudulent transactions were themselves in\\nturn parents of similar offspring. In the language\\nof an official report, There is no species of fraud\\nand evasion of law which the ingenuity of dishonest\\ncorporations has ever devised that has not been\\npracticed under this Act. So utterly reckless did\\nsome of the operators become that they exhibited to\\nthe commissioner coin boxes filled with nails and\\nwindow-glass, in lieu of specie. They hurried to\\nNew York in scores to urge the engravers to deliver\\nwithout delay their circulating notes, which were\\nissued to them by the auditor as rapidly as their so-\\ncalled securities were perfected.\\nThe first bank established under the Act was the\\nFarmers Bank at Homer, Calhoun County. The\\narticles were filed on August 19, 1837. In a little\\nover four months nineteen more banks were created\\nin 1838 they were more plentiful than mushrooms\\nand grew as rapidly. Forty-nine banks organized\\nand nearly forty went into operation in one year,\\nwith a professed capital of $1,745,000 thirty per\\ncent was claimed to be paid in. In a few months\\ntwo millions of dollars were distributed about the\\nState, of which probably not one dollar was secured\\nby bona fide capital, paid in for legitimate banking\\npurposes. In order to make good their credit, these\\nnew banks demanded that the old territorial banks", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0902.jp2"}, "903": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n851\\nshould receive their notes on deposit, and circum-\\nstances compelled them to do so.\\nThree of these banks were located in Waj-ne\\nCounty. The Bank of Gibraltar, at Gibraltar, was\\nin existence as early as September 29,\\n1837. The directors chosen on Jan-\\nuar) I, 183S, were: Joshua Howard.\\nEnoch Jones, Benjamin Porter, Alan-\\nson Sheley, Theodore Romeyn, H. B.\\nLathrop, N. T. Ludden, Eldridge\\nMorse, and Griffith H. Jones. Joshua\\nHoward was president and J. C. Ring-\\nnolt cashier. The nominal capital was\\n$100,000. An Act of February 19,\\n1838, authorized the bank to open an\\noffice in Detroit for sixty days for the\\ntransaction of business.\\nThe following advertisement con-\\ntains particulars concerning the Detroit\\nCity Bank, the only bank which claimed\\nDetroit as its home\\nThe Detroit City Bank will commence its oper-\\nations on Tuesday, 26th inst. (December, 1837).\\nDiscount days on Tuesdays and Fridays. All\\npaper intended for discount must A presentt^d\\nby ten o clock a. m. on discount days. Hours of\\nbusiness from nine to twelve o clock A. .M. and\\nfrom 1.30 to 3 p. M.\\nBy order of the Board.\\nF. H. Harris,\\nCashier.\\nThe directors, in February 183S,\\nwere H. M. Campbell, president\\nCharles Bissell, H. Hallock, John\\nTruax, Cullen Brown, Julius Eldred,\\nA. T. McReynolds, and E. Brooks.\\nThe nominal capital was $200,000, and\\nnotes to the amount of $200,000 were\\nprinted; only $29,675, apparently, was\\never in circulation. The bank sus-\\npended on February 23, 1839, only\\n$15,423 of its notes being then out.\\nH. Hallock, J. Eldred, and Cullen\\nBrown were appointed receivers.\\nThe Wayne County Bank, located at\\nPlymouth, issued $45,000, with no\\nmoney paid in. A specie certificate\\nwas the basis of their operations. A\\ntwo-dollar bill of this bank, dated\\nDecember 3, 1837, is preserved at\\nLansing. J. D. Davis was president\\nand B. F. Hall cashier. The directors\\nwere Cullen Brown. C. L. Bristol, C.\\nTen Eyck, T. Lyon, H. A. Noyes, C.\\nHarrington, A. Y. Murray, E. Wood-\\nruff, and J. D. Davis. In winding u]3\\nits affairs A. W. Buel was appointed\\nreceiver. The bank commissioners were appointed\\nfor two years. Following is a list of their names\\nand the date of their appointment Robert McClel-\\nland, March 28, 1836; Edward ^L Bridges, March", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0903.jp2"}, "904": {"fulltext": "852\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n17, 1837; Thomas Fitzgerald, January 22, 183S;\\nAlpheus Felch, February 2, 183S; Kintzing\\nPritchette, February 7, 1838; Digby V. Bell, April\\n22, 1839.\\nIn one of their official reports the following state-\\nments appear:\\nThe singular spectacle was presented of the officers of the State\\nseeking for banks in situations the most inaccessible and remote\\nfrom trade, and finding at every step an increase of labor by the\\ndiscovery of new and unknown organizations. Before they could\\nbe arrested the mischief was done. Large issues were in circula-\\ntion, and there was no adequate remedy for the evil. Gold and\\nsilver flew about the country with the celerity of magic; its\\nsound was heard in the depths of the forest, yet like the wind\\none knew not whence it came or wither it was going. Quantities\\nof paper were drawn out by individuals who had not a cent in\\nbank, with no security beyond the verbal understanding that\\nnotes of other banks should be returned at some future time.\\nTrade was immediately stimulated by the pleni-\\ntude of the so-called money the merchants took\\nthe notes eagerly, but sold them day by day, or\\ndeposited them with the older banks. When the\\nlatter sought to have them redeemed, various pre-\\ntences were used to postpone a settlement; some-\\ntimes time drafts on the East were given, which\\nw ere dishonored at maturity. In order to make\\nsome use of the bills, the old banks were compelled\\nto loan, and did loan, the bills of the new banks\\nto persons whose credit could not command real\\nmoney. At length the Supreme Court decided that\\nthe Banking Act was unconstitutional. Of course\\nall obligations under it were therefore void, and, like\\nthe gourd of Jonah, the whole system withered in a\\nnight, and there was wailing and distress all over\\nthe land.\\nTo check these evil results the Legislature pro-\\nvided for the organization of new banks, and the\\nsuspension of specie payments was legalized for a\\nyear. This legislation was repeated from time to\\ntime until 1841, but the millions of wildcat notes\\nwere dead beyond the hope of redemption, and\\nwere gathered and used as linings to packing cases\\nthe children had them by the peck to play with in\\nsome houses, room after room was papered with\\nsheets of bills that had never been cut apart or\\nsigned. So sudden was the collapse that Mr. Hatch,\\na New York engraver, who came to Michigan to\\ncollect his money, lost $20,000 in uncollected bills.\\nOn October 9, 1839, the United States Bank sus-\\npended payment. It resumed on January 15, 1840,\\nand in less than a month, on February 4, it again\\nsuspended.\\nThe condition of business during all these ups\\nand downs is faintly indicated in the following\\nnewspaper item of February, 1841\\nOur local currency is in a terrible plight at present. Indeed,\\nwe have no currency at all. One or two merchants refuse to take\\nthe bills of cither the Bank of Michigan or the Farmers and Me-\\nchanics Bank, which constitute about nine tenths of our entire\\ncirculation, and the result is, business is threatened with a dead\\nhalt.\\nSo pressing was the need for currency that the\\nState followed in the wake of city and county, and\\ncompleted the chain of government money by issu-\\ning State scrip. An act of April 13, 1841, author-\\nized the auditor-general to provide treasury notes\\nor State scrip in denominations of $1.00, \u00c2\u00a72.00,\\n$5.00, and $10, to the amount of S335 9io. These\\nnotes were paid out in anticipation of the half-\\nmillion loan which was then being negotiated. By\\nNovember 30, 1841, $208,702 of this State scrip\\nhad been issued, and some of the notes continued\\nin circulation for more than fifteen years.\\nThe following paragraph appeared in May, 1S41,\\nin a Detroit daily\\nOur Currency. No change for the better. Bank of Michigan\\nsells at fifty cents on the dollar for specie, and is received by\\nmany of our merchants at from five to si-x shillings on the dollar.\\nFarmers and Mechanics and Michigan Insurance notes are in\\ngreat demand, but very little is circulated. State scrip will prob-\\nably be issued ne.xt week.\\nSuch were the exigencies of the time that it was\\ndifficult to obtain money that would be accepted for\\ntaxes, and the corponjtion officers were so often\\ntempted to retain for their own use the best funds\\nthey collected that by ordinance of January 15,\\n1842, they were required to pay to the treasurer of\\nthe city the same money collected by them, except-\\ning such amount thereof as was due them for\\nsalarj\\nOn February 8, 1842, the council\\nResolved, that the superintendent of Hydraulic Works be and\\nis hereby instructed not to receive the notes of any of the banks\\nin the States of Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois, in payment of water\\ntax.\\nThe city was finally compelled to receive for\\ntaxes funds that could not be used in other States,\\nand on May 17, 1842, the council\\nResolved, that the Committee on Ways and Means inquire and\\nreport to this Board how eight hundred and si.\\\\ty dollars in good\\nfunds can be procured to pay for one thousand feet of hose now\\ncontracted for.\\nThis resolution was alternately before the council\\nand the Committee on Ways and Means for nearly\\nsix months before the city of Detroit was able to\\nobtain the sum of $860 in actual money to purchase\\napparatus almost essential to its existence. That\\nthe practical financial lesson of the day was not\\nlost upon the councilmen of that period is evident\\nfrom the discrimination made between funds and\\nmoney in the following extract from the proceedings\\nof June 28:\\nResolved, that the Director of the Poor be authorized to dispose\\nof such funds as he may have on hand for money, and appropriate\\nthe same for the poor.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0904.jp2"}, "905": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n853\\nDuring 1843 and 1844 the wildcats entirely dis-\\nappeared, the older banks resumed specie payment,\\nand the notes of various banks in the Western\\nStates began to circulate in Detroit but there was\\na constant scarcity of currency, and on February 16,\\n1857, the Legislature passed a general Banking\\nLaw. Under this law a few banks of issue were\\norganized outside of Detroit. None of them, how-\\never, proved either durable or desirable.\\nWe now reach the panic of 1857. The beginning\\nmay be traced to the failure, on August 24, of the\\nOhio Life and Trust Company, followed on October\\n14 by the suspension of the New York banks. Sim-\\nultaneously with the failure of the Trust Company\\nthe New York banks refused to discount, and began\\nto call in loans, and as a result thousands of busi-\\nness men all over the land were ruined. The New\\nYork banks resumed within two months, but the evil\\nof their suspension was past remedy. By the spring of\\n1858 money was comparatively easy, but the demand\\nfor it was greatly checked, and before business was\\nfairly re-established, a new trouble had arisen. In\\nI S60 the political and national cri,sis foreshadowed for\\nmany years was clearly near at hand. .\\\\t the same\\ntime there was manifested very general distrust of\\nIllinois and Wisconsin banks, many of which were\\nknown to be but little better than the banks of 1837.\\nDuring the summer and fall qf i860 this distrust\\nincreased, and finally the discount on western money\\nreached an average of from forty to sixty per cent.\\nMeetings of business men were held from time to\\ntime to decide whether stump-tail currency, as it\\nwas called, should be received, but no definite rate\\nof discount could be agreed upon, and the trouble\\nincreased apace. Even the Government could not\\ncommand bills to meet its obligations, and on\\nDecember 17, i860, the first issue of $10,000,000 in\\ntreasury notes was authorized, in bills of fifty dollars\\neach. Fifty million more were authorized to be\\nissued by .Vet of July 17, 1S61.\\nAfter the attack on Fort Sumter on April 4, 1861,\\nforty-two Wisconsin banks suspended. By this time\\nit had become evident that a long and serious war\\nwas before us. The coin of the country, which\\nhad a certain and absolute value, began to be gath-\\nered and hoarded. Ere long the silver disappeared,\\nand the noise of dropping coin was no longer heard\\non the counter or in the contribution-box. Single\\npieces were soon exhibited as a curiosity. In De-\\ncember, 1861, all the banks suspended, and before\\nthe close of the year thousands of dollars worth of\\npostage stamps had been bought, and were circu-\\nlating as change. Sometimes they were enclosed\\nin a round brass case with mica covering, and pack-\\nages in small envelopes, with the value marked,\\npassed uncounted and unexamined. So great was\\nthe demand for these sticky substitutes that enough\\ncould not be procured. In the fall of 1862 many\\nbusiness firms revived the custom of fifty years\\nbefore, issuing little pasteboard cards and bills of\\nvarious denominations, from five to fifty cents.\\nSome of these were handsomely engraved. One\\ncitizen issued $24,000 in scrip or checks. Silver\\nhalf-dollars, when they were in circulation at all.\\npassed for si.xty cents, quarters for thirty cents, and\\nten-cent pieces for twelve cents. It looked at one\\ntime as though the old plan of corporation shin-\\nplasters would have to be revived, and on October\\n22, 1862, F. Buhl Company and thirty-eight others\\npetitioned the Common Council to take immediate\\naction to relieve the inconvenience resulting from\\nthe scarcity of small change.\\nMeanwhile the Government was preparing the\\npostal currency. It was so called because issued\\nto take the place of postage stamps as change, and\\ncontained fac-similes of postal stamps of various\\nkinds. On October 30 the first instalment was\\nreceived at Detroit. At the hour designated for\\nthe distribution the office of the depository was\\nliterally besieged. The office, hall, doorway, and\\neven the walk in front, were densely packed with\\nbusiness men, merchants and clerks, each man\\nwildly brandishing fifteen dollars in treasury notes,\\nthat being the largest amount that one person was\\nallowed to obtain. It was almost at the risk of life\\nthat the happy spot where change was dispensed\\nwas reached. The doors were closed, and guarded\\nby police. Other amounts were received soon after,\\nand there was no further excuse for the issues of\\nprivate firms. On January 6, 1863, the Board of\\nTrade resolved not to receive or pay out such issues,\\nand after February i the Government made pro-\\n\\\\ision for the redemption of soiled postage stamps,\\nand thousands of dollars worth were redeemed\\nat the post-office. The trouble, however, was not\\nover. No postal currency less than five cents in\\namount had yet been provided, and the lowest\\nissue was never less than three cents. The copper\\ncents had disappeared as thoroughly as the silver\\ncoins, and thousands of business men all over the\\ncountry, including scores of Detroit firms, soon\\nissued in copper, brass, and vulcanized rubber,\\nBusiness Cards or Tokens. They were about\\nthe size and thickness of the newer copper coins,\\nand circulated freely as change from April, 1863,\\nfor fully a year, and were then, in most instances,\\nhonestly redeemed.\\nThe necessity of a currency to take the place of\\nthe bills of the broken and worthless western banks,\\nthe money needed by the Government to defray the\\nlarge expense which the war with the South involved,\\nand the pressing necessity of a medium of exchange\\nof some sort, led Congress, by the several Acts of\\n1861, 1862, and 1863, to provide for the issuing of", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0905.jp2"}, "906": {"fulltext": "854\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nover a thousand million dollars of legal-tender notes,\\nreceivable for all debts due the Government except\\ncustom dues. These notes were called greenbacks,\\nbecause the backs were printed in green ink. As\\nthe war progressed and prices advanced, the actual\\npurchasing power of these notes declined the un-\\ncertainty of the result caused gold and silver to be\\nmore and more sought after, and coin was hoarded,\\nand bought and sold on speculation, till at length,\\non June ii, 1864, gold reached the enormous\\npremium of 285 per cent, and its purchasing power\\nwas more than three times that of a government\\nnote. Indeed, it was a common occurrence for\\na person with $1,000 in gold to obtain, in Canada, a\\n$3,000 United States bond, drawing interest at si.x\\nper cent.\\nNext in order came the Act of February 25,\\n1S63, which provided for the organization of na-\\ntional banks, the capital stock of each to be not\\nless than $100,000 in cities of over 100,000 persons,\\nthirty per cent of the capital to be paid on com-\\nmencing business, and United States bonds to the\\namount of $100,000 to be deposited with the United\\nStates as security for $90,000 in notes prepared by\\nthe Government and issued to the bank, the banks\\nto be subject to taxation upon their circulation and\\ndeposits. The security these banks have afforded\\nand the saving on the former system of irrespon-\\nsible banks almost, if not entirely, equals the money\\ncost of the war which brought the system into\\nbeing.\\nThe successful termination of the war reduced\\nthe premium on coin and brought gold and silver\\ninto circulation, and at the same time doubled the\\nvalue of the government notes, and these, with the\\nissues of the national banks, provided such an\\nabundance of actual and representative money that\\nprices of every kind were kept higher than was\\nwarranted by the demand. The large profits made\\nby railroads, even after their original stock had been\\nseveral times watered, and the abundance of cur-\\nrency at the command of capitalists, caused excess-\\nive expenditures for new railroads, and in the\\nenthusiasm of the times both city and country voted\\nlarge bonuses to aid in building new roads. The\\nfirm of Jay Cooke cS: Company, widely known\\nthrough their success as agents for the large gov-\\nernment loans, caught the railroad fever and began\\nthe Northern Pacific Road. Meantime there sprung\\nup all over the country an organization called the\\nGrangers. composed almost entirely of farmers.\\nThe local societies met from time to time to discuss\\nmatters of interest to them as the producers of the\\ncountry. Naturally, they discussed the rates of\\ntransportation on their grain as affecting the prices\\nthey received, and when they began to pay the taxes\\non bonds voted in aid of the railroads, there arose\\na spirit of opposition to the roads. These discus-\\nsions were magnified by the press, and the papers\\nall over the land seemed to vie with each other in\\nthe sensational character of their head-lines con-\\ncerning the grangers and the railroads. All this\\nawakened fear as to the value of railroad securities,\\nand this fear bred a panic. The bonds of the\\nNorthern Pacific did not sell fast enough to meet\\nthe current expenses of construction and operation.\\nJay Cooke Company were compelled to suspend\\nthe storm-cloud burst, and the panic of 1873 came.\\nThere was no suspension of specie payments, for\\nnone of the banks had been receiving or paying\\nspecie, and the money in circulation was almost\\nuniversally good. It was not loss of money, but\\nloss of confidence, that begat and fostered the dis-\\nasters that followed.\\nTo relieve really unfortunate debtors. Congress\\npassed a Bankrupt Law, which was taken advan-\\ntage of, not only by the class it was intended to\\nrelieve, but by thousands of dishonest persons who\\nevaded the payment of just debts that they were\\nable to pay. During the panic the Greenback Party\\nwas born. It was partially based on the theory that\\nthe national banks had caused the existing trouble\\nbecause they charged too much for the use of their\\nnotes, and were obtaining too much interest on the\\nbonds deposited as security for their bills. The\\naim of the party seemed to be to compel the\\nGovernment to do away with the national banks\\nand provide a currency for the nation by issuing its\\nown notes. However, under the stimulus of large\\ncrops at home, heax^y demands for export, the de-\\ncrease of imports, the development of American\\nmanufactures, and increasing faith in the ability and\\nwillingness of the Government to meet its obliga-\\ntions, the panic gradually passed away, and on\\nDecember 17, 1878, for the first time in many years,\\ngold, greenbacks, and national bank-notes were of\\nequal purchasing power.\\nThe Detroit Bank.\\nThis bank, the first in Detroit, was established in\\n1806. On March 27 of that year a petition was\\npresented to the Governor and Judges, signed by\\nRussell Sturgis and five other Boston capitalists,\\npraying for the passage of an \\\\ct to permit them\\nto establish a bank with a capital of $400,000. On\\nMay 27, exactly two months afterward, a bond in\\nthe sum of $15,000 was given by William Flanagan,\\nalso from Boston, for the proper performance by him\\nof the duties of cashier of the bank, if the bank\\nis organized. A bill for the incorporation of the\\nbank was introduced by, and referred to. Governor\\nHull, and on September 19 an Act was passed\\nincorporating the bank. The charter was to con-\\ntinue for one hundred and one years, and the capital.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0906.jp2"}, "907": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n855\\nwhich was not to exceed $1,000,000, was divided into\\nten thousand shares. The governor was authorized\\nto subscribe to the stock, but, in the original Act,\\nno limit was placed to the amount that he might\\nsubscribe. The stock was to be offered to sub-\\nscribers on Saturday, September 20, the next day after\\nthe bank was incorporated, and subscriptions were\\nto close in four days, that is to say, at sunset on\\nWednesday, the twenty-fourth day of September.\\nOn October 2 a lot was bought of the Governor\\nand Judges on the northwest corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Randolph Street, for $250, payable in\\nthirty instalments, and by exchange an adjoining\\nlot was obtained for $225, On these lots a bank\\nbuilding was erected by Benjamin Woodworth. In\\nsize and strength the building must have been a\\nmarvel to the habitans. It was of brick, one story\\nhigh and about thirty feet square. In one corner\\nwas a safety vault, with walls of stone, lining of oak,\\nand door of iron. The door, composed of wide,\\nflat iron bars, held together by cross-pieces firmly\\nbolted, was as rude as a country blacksmith could\\nmake it. The lock corresponded with the door in\\nappearance it was sixteen inches long and three\\ninches thick, with a key a foot long, and weighing a\\npound. There was also a large inside bolt moved\\nby a secret spring.\\nThe following history of the bank was written at\\nthe time by John Gentle\\nIn 1805, a few days after Governor Hull and Judge Woodward\\narrived, the writer accidentally stepped into the Legislative Doard\\nwhile the honorable members were deliberating on the situation\\nand circumstances of the Territory, and the measures necessary\\nfor its future elevation. Judge Woodward said, For my part, I\\nhave always considered these territorial establishments, at best,\\na most wretched system of government. And the measures\\nhitherto pursued by former territorial governments have all\\nproved exceedingly defective. We will therefore adopt a system\\nfor the government of this new territory that shall be entirely\\nnoveL Governor Hull and Judge Bates gave their assent by a\\ngentle decline of the head, and the audience stood amazed at llie\\nwisdom of their words and the majesty of their demeanor. Gov-\\nernor Hull then observed, IJefore I left Boston I had but a very\\nimperfect idea of this country; but since I arrived I am quite\\ndelighted with it. Gentlemen, this is the finest, the richest\\ncountry in the world. But from its remoteness, it is subject to\\nmany inconveniences which it behooves us to remove as speedily\\nas possible. And the first object which merits the special atten-\\ntion of this honorable Board is the establishment of a bank. Yes,\\ngentlemen, a bank of discount and deposit will be a fine thing for\\nthis new territory. Before I left Boston I spoke to several of my\\nfriends on this subject, and they were quite taken with it, and\\neven made me promise to allow them to be connected with it.\\nA bank said I to myself, a bank of discount and deposit in\\nDetroit! To discount what? Cabbages and turnips? To de-\\nposit what? Pumpkins and potatoes? Thinks I to myself,\\nThese folks must either be very wise men, very great fools, or\\nvery great rogues. A bank in Detroit, where the trade is all\\ntraffic and the bills all payable in produce! A bank in the\\nbosom of the deserts of Michigan That will be a novelty\\nindeed.\\nThe following fall Governor ITiilI and Judge Woodward\\nWt-nt down to Congress, and during the winter and sjiring\\nthey settled the necessary preliminaries with their Boston friends\\nfor the establishment of the Detroit bank. Early in :he summer\\nof 1806 Governor Hull returned, and about six weeks afterwards\\nMrs. Hull and the rest of the family arrived, escorted by Mr.\\nFlanagan, cashier of the proposed Detroit bank. He brought\\nalong some strong iron doors, and several tons of bar iron to\\nstrengthen the vaults.\\nMaterials were soon collected, the Governor stopped his works,\\nand all his workmen were employed to expedite the erection of\\nthe bank.\\nNothing was done that summer, and nothing thought of, but\\nthe bank. Early in September Judge Woodward and Messrs.\\nParker and Eroadstreet, both proprietors in the proposed bank,\\narrived, with $ig,ooo in bright guineas of Britain s Isle to pay the\\nfirst installment of Boston shares in the Detroit bank and they\\nalso brought an immense cargo of bank bills, not filled up. The\\nreal capital of the Detroit bank is $20,000, $3,ooo of which has been\\nexpended in building the bank, and in other contingent expenses.\\nThe nominal capital is $1,000,000, divided into ten thousand\\nshares of $100 each, eight thousand of which were already en-\\ngrossed by the people of Boston. Towards the last of September,\\nwhile the principal inhabitants of the territory were in town at-\\ntending the Supreme Court, a subscription of the remaining two\\nthousand shares was opened for a few hours only at Smyth s\\nHotel, by Parker and Eroadstreet, who informed us that it was\\nnot yet decided what the amount of the first installment would\\nbe; but at the same time assured us that it would not be less than\\ntwenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars per share. Being\\nuninformed of its object, only ten or twelve shares were taken up\\nat this time. We saw no more of the subscription until about\\nthree weeks afterward. In the interim the Legislature met and\\nframed a charter for the bank also a law making it lawful for\\nMichigan Territory to hold shares in the bank and empowering\\nGovernor Hull to purchase ten shares for the Territory of Michi-\\ngan with money from the territorial treasury, and also making\\nthe Detroit bank notes a lawful tender in all payments wherein\\nthe Territory was concerned.\\nThe bank being nearly completed, the subscription was again\\noffered, not publicly, as before, but only to a few gentlemen of\\nspirit and enterprise but the first installment which, only three\\nweeks before, was not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than\\nfifty dollars, was now reduced to two dollars per share and\\ninstead of givmg every person an opportunity of subscribing,\\nMessrs. Parker and Eroadstreet, at one dash, swept off for them-\\nselves and friends in Boston the fifteen hundred shares which\\nremained after satisfying tlieir new converts in Detroit. When\\nParker and Eroadstreet opened the subscription at Smyth s Hotel\\nthey asserted that they did not know what the amount of the\\nfirst installment would be, but assured us that it would not be less\\nthan twenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars. They knew\\nthen that they asserted a falsehood for they brought just money\\nenough with them to pay for the Boston installments at the rate\\nof two dollars per share. At the same time they were deceiving\\nthe public with fifty-dollar installments to prevent a general con-\\nnection. Meanwhile they were busily engaged in sounding the\\nmoral characters of certain individuals whose opposition they\\ndreaded, whose support was indispensably necessarj*, and whose\\nvirtue, alas was too flexible to resist the golden allurements of\\nthe Detroit mint.\\nHaving brought matters to a favorable issue, a meeting of the\\nfounders and their new converts assembled, and appointed Judge\\nWoodward president, and William Flanagan, of Boston, cashier.\\nParker and Eroadstreet then embarked for Boston with a small\\nventure of $163,000 of Detroit bank notes. The appearance of\\nthe notes excited the curiosity of the Bostonians, but on inquiring\\nthey were given to understand that they were very safe notes, and\\nthat the rich Territory of Michigan was concerned in them.\\nAgents were also stationed throughout the Northern States, who\\ndisposed of immense quantities of them to the unwar at from\\nten to twenty-five per cent discount. Not long after intro-\\nduction of the notes in New England, the following remark ap-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0907.jp2"}, "908": {"fulltext": "856\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\npeared in the Boston Sentinel, developing the motives of the\\nDetroit bank, supposed to be the production of Mr. Parker:\\nThe enterprise the Detroit Banking Company have in contem-\\nplation, of which this bank is but a part, involves in it as much\\npublic advantage as any enterprise that ever was undertaken,\\nviz., the diversion of the valuable trade of Canada to the ports of\\niiuston and New York. Yes, and peddling Detroit bank notes\\nthrough the New England States is the very- plan to effect that\\nobject. Every lover of sport must admire this choice diversion\\ndiverting the cash from the Atlantic States into the Detroit\\nbank. The next time our bank gentry get into a frolicsome\\nmood, I will not be the least surprised to see them undertake to\\ndivert the channel of the great river St. Lawrence into the\\nHudson and Connecticut rivers, or to cut the United States in\\ntwo by the Alleghany Mountains.\\n1 have asserted that the Detroit Bank is part of a deep plan\\nagainst the rights and properties of the people of this country.\\nThis remark exceedingly enraged some of the stockholders in\\nthis mock bank, particularly Dr. William Brown, who is a pro-\\nprietor of fifty shares, worth one hundred dollars. He said that\\nthe remark was an arrant falsehood that the intention of the\\nbank is honest the prospect of the profits is immense that the\\nGovernment have no connection with the bank, nor the bank\\nwith the schemes of Government. If the pecuniary prospects\\nof the banking company are so flatteringly immense, it is morally\\nimpossible that their intentions can be so purely honest unless\\nthey have discovered in some of the invisible regions an unknown\\nresort of commercial intercourse with invisibles, for all the profits\\nthat can possibly result from their banking trade in this country\\nwill not defray one half of the cashier s gambling expenses\\nunless he is very economical indeed.\\nThe amount of their paper currency circulating here never,\\nuntil very lately, exceeded $2,000, and how even that much got\\nafloat is a mystery, for no person ever deposited money in the\\nbank, and no person ever borrowed from them, neither do I know\\nthat any notes of hand, bills, or bonds were ever discounted\\nstill this does not altogether invalidate the honest Dr. s premises.\\nIn the month of March or April, news came to Detroit that\\nParker and Broadstreet had sold their interest in the Detroit\\nBank to a Mr. Dexter, at or near Boston, and it appeared by the\\nlength of their faces that our Detroit proprietors were somewhat\\nsuspicious that their late associates had swindled them. Before\\nour mock bankers were entirely recovered of this shock, a Mr.\\nLatimer, of Presque Isle, arrived and brought on one of the New\\nEngland five-dollar Detroit Bank notes, which he presented at\\nthe bank, but it was refused admittance. The week following,\\nMr. Conrad Ten Eyck returned from Albany with a small cargo\\nof five hundred dollars worth of Detroit Bank notes, which he\\npurchased from one of the agents at or near Albany at twenty-five\\nper cent discount. He made a tender of them at the bank, but\\nto his great surprise the directors refused to discount them.\\nThe appearance of Ten Eyck with so much of Detroit paper at\\nfirst determined the directors to shut the bank. On that occasion\\nGovernor Hull delivered the following very learned oration It\\nis reported there are now in circulation in New England from\\n$400,000 to $600,000 of Detroit paper money, and I believe it. It\\nis very strange that I was not informed of it before. I assure\\nyou, gentlemen, I never knew that a single bill of this bank went\\ndown the country. This bank business, I find, is one of the\\ndamnedest swindles that was ever heard of but (laying his hand\\non his breast), thank God, I have no hand in it Mon Dieu\\nWhat an example of piety and virtue\\nFor about three weeks the bank gentry assembled daily, no\\ndoubt to deliberate on the propriety or impropriety of shutting\\nup the bank. If they shut the bank on the bills from below, the\\nreport would very soon reach Boston, and put a final stop to the\\ncirculation of bills in that quarter on the contrary, if they satis-\\nfied Ten Eyck, and maintained the credit of the bank a few\\nnwnths longer, they could easily dispose of five or six hundred\\ndollars worth more of their paper, which would amply compen-\\nsate for Ten Eyck s five hundred dollars. Accordingly, after a\\nseries of consultations, it appears that the latter proposition pre-\\nvailed. The cashier was dispatched with tidings for Ten Eyck to\\nrepair to the bank and receive the cash for his notes. There\\nwere in circulation at that time, in Detroit and its vicinity, $1,700\\nof the Detroit paper currency, and the report having gone abroad\\nthat the bank refused to discount its own bills, the people\\ncrowded in from all quarters with their bills, and without any\\ndifficulty received cash for them, which was more than they\\nexpected.\\nJust at this time the following conversation accidentally took\\nplace on the subject of the bank. Mr. S., who was one of the\\nlargest shareholders, said that Parker and Broadstreet had acted\\na very treacherous part, and for that reason the directors were\\ndetermined not to pay the bills that are in circulation below\\nbut he pledged his word and honor that no person in this\\ncountry would be suffered to lose a single cent by the bills which\\nhad been circulated here. It was answered, How will you\\nevade payment of your own notes You can surely be compelled\\nby law to pay them. Mr. S. replied, We never will pay them,\\nneither can we be compelled by law to pay them, unless we\\nplease. Mr. S. s observations are perfectly correct, for the I er-\\nritory of Michigan holds an interest of ten shares in the bank,\\nand Congress, not having the fear of God before their eyes nor\\nthe interest of the Detroit banking company, at the last session\\nwillfully and maliciously destroyed the charter of the bank and\\nevery stockholder is now bound for the bank debts to the full\\namount of his fortune (and that is not much). To prove this\\nlet the following copy of one of the new bills be submitted\\nThe President and Directors of the Detroit Bank promise to\\npay out of the capital stock and funds thereof, to or\\nbearer, on demand, five dollars, and the stockholders jointly and\\nseverally guarantee the payment at their office of discount and\\ndeposit at Detroit, July the loth, 1807.\\n(Signed)\\nA. B. Woodward, President.\\nWilliam Flanagan, Cashier^\\nThe Territory being a stockholder involves a general interest in\\nthe bank, and the property of everj- person therein is bound by\\nthese promises for the payment of the Detroit Bank notes, and\\nno person, agreeably to the laws of the land, being eligible to\\nserve as judge, or jury, or evidence, in processes wherein his in-\\nterest is concerned, consequently no suits can be instituted in\\nthis Territory for debts due by the Detroit Bank.\\nThe people, through their grand juries, have three different\\ntimes remonstrated to the government of this Territory against\\nthe illicit connection with the bank, but their respectful solicita-\\ntion has been disregarded.\\nShortly after the events just narrated, Mr. Dexter, the new\\nBoston proprietor, arrived, and brought another cargo of bank\\nnotes not filled up the same, in effect, as the former, but differ-\\nently worded. The bank was again started, on a new plan, as\\nthey said, but I never could discover any diff^erence, only that\\nJames Henry was appointed president in room of Judge Wood-\\nward. Mr. Dexter then embarked with another venture of De-\\ntroit Bank notes, to try his luck in the New England market.\\nThe Detroit bank, since its re-establishraent, has done no busi-\\nness in this country*, in any line, of any kind, that mortal eye\\ncan perceive, yet there are afloat in this town and vicinity not\\nless than ten or twelve thousand dollars of its notes. The mys-\\ntery does not end here. The notes from other banks which are\\nsent on here for public purposes are instantly transfigured into\\nDetroit Bank notes. The Detroit notes which are afloat in this\\ncountry have been circulated at full value, and it is probable\\nthey may be redeemed at full value if the Directors please.\\nThere are now afloat on the shores of the Atlantic not less than\\nfifteen or sixteen hundred thousand dollars in Detroit Bank notes,\\nwhich have been circulated at from ten to twenty-five per cent dis-\\ncount. How they will be redeemed is a query for the learned to\\nsolve. The report of Mr. Leitch, who lately returned from visit-\\ning his friends in New England, partly resolved the foregoing", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0908.jp2"}, "909": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n857\\nquery. He says it was rumored there thjit the agents of this bank\\nwere beginning to buy up the Detroit Bank notes at three dollars\\nfor a five dollar note. But I question the correctness of that\\nrumor. If they intend to redeem their notes at any under value,\\nthey could, with as much facility, depreciate them to one dollar\\nfor a five, or even a ten dollar note then their profits on the\\nenterprise would be immense indeed.\\nLate this fall, Mr. R. H. Jones, a merchant of Detroit,\\nwent down to Boston for a supply of goods and on his\\nreturn brought from Mr. Dexter, addressed to the Detroit\\nBank, a package containing one hundred and thirty pounds\\nweight of bank notes, not filled up and the president of\\nthe bank has ever since been constantly employed in sign-\\ning and filling them up.\\nThe New England folks may look out for a sleigh-load or\\nso of them this winter. Mr. Jones also states that on his\\nway through the New England States to and from Boston,\\nnot less than five hundred different persons proposed to\\nsell him Detroit Bank notes. From this it appears there\\nare a plentiful stock of them in that quarter. Well, the\\nnet profits arising from the sale of fifteen hundred thousand\\ndollars worth of Detroit Bank notes at, say ten per cent\\ndiscount, on an average, will amount to let me see pre-\\ncisely $1,350,000 according to my calculation, and T guess\\nthe New England purses can bear testimony to the correct-\\nness of this statement.\\nTerrifying threats of ruin and destruction are copiously\\npoured forth against the writer of these publications by\\nthe gentlemen stockholders in this pellucid shadow, this\\nmiraculous phenomenon in our western world, the Detroit\\nBank. Twenty thousand dollars, the present deposit, is\\nunquestionably no more than the shadow of a million, the\\nimaginary capital.\\nThe Directors say that the intentions of the banking\\ncompany are honest, their views extensive, and their pros-\\npects of pecuniary remuneration incalculable, that the\\nMichigan government has no concern in the bank, nor the\\nbank with the schemes of government. A few more words\\nin their ears. If one is really to be hung, it makes no man-\\nner of difference whether it be for stealing a grown sheep\\nor a young Iamb.\\nFirst, Governor Hull and Judge Woodward, in the\\nspring of last year, while they sojourned in the States, spent\\na great deal of time and a great deal of money, negotiating\\nwith the good people of Boston and New York, for the\\nestablishment of the Detroit Bank. Still, the government\\nhave no concern in the bank.\\nSecond,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor and Judge Bates accommodated\\nthe bank with two of the most valuable lots in the new\\ntown, in total disregard of the .\\\\ct of Congress and the in-\\nterests of the people. Still, the government have no concern\\nin the bank.\\nThird, Although Governor Hull was himself living in\\nan old storehouse, he stopped the building of his own man-\\nsion, and sent all his workmen to expedite the erection of\\nthe bank Siill, the government have no concern in the\\nbank.\\nFourth, Last September Judge Woodward, in his charge\\nto the Grand Jury, recommended this infant bank to their\\nparticular protection. Still, the government have no con-\\ncern in the bank.\\nFifth, The Governor and Judges made a law incorporat-\\ning the Detroit Bank, in utter contempt of a law of Con-\\ngress, in favor of the United States Bank, which says in\\nplain terms that no other bank shall be established by any future\\nlaw of the United States, during the continuation of the corpora-\\ntion hereby created, for which the faith of the United States is\\nhereby pledged. Still, the government have no concern in the\\nbank.\\nSixth, Judge Woodward is President of the bank. Still, the\\ngovernment have no concern in the bank.\\nSeventh, The Governor and Judges removed one of the streets\\nforty to fifty feet nearer the bank, to make it form the corner of\\ntwo streets, to the great damage of the principal range of houses\\nin the new town. Still, the government have no concern in the\\nbank.\\nEighth, The Governor and Judges are proprietors of a few\\nshares, publicly, and an immense number, clandestinely, in the\\nDetroit Bank. Still, the government have no concern in the\\nbank.\\nNinth,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor and Judges passed a law, making it\\nlawful for this Territory to become proprietors in the bank.\\nStill, the government have no concern in the bank\\nTenth, The Governor and Judges made a law, authorizing\\nGovernor Hull to purchase ten shares in the bank, for the Ter-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0909.jp2"}, "910": {"fulltext": "858\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nritory of Michigan. Still, tlie government have no concern in\\nthe bank.\\nEleventh, Governor Hull did purchase ten shares in the De-\\ntroit Bank, for the Territory of Michigan, without the advice or\\nconsent of the inhabitants thereof. Still, the government have\\nno concern in the bank.\\nTwelfth,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The people have often solicited the Governor and\\nJudges, through the Grand Juries, and otherwise, to exonerate\\nthe Territory from its dangerous connection with the bank, but\\ntheir respectful solicitations are to this day totally disregarded.\\nStill, the government have no concern in the bank.\\nThirteenth,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor and Judges passed a law making\\nthe Detroit Bank notes a lawful tender. Still, the government\\nhave no concern in the bank.\\nFourteenth, In the winter of last year. Governor Hull made\\na tour through the New England States, sounding the praist-s, as\\nhe went, and jingling the unaccountable riclies of Michigan, in\\nthe listening ears of the astonished Yankees. Come all to\\nMichigan It is the richest country, and the finest land for rais-\\ning pumpkins in the world. Immediately on his return to De-\\ntroit, he instituted the bank, and shipped with all possible speed\\nto New England an immense cargo consisting of $163,000 in\\nDetroit Bank notes, peddling them through the country ever\\nsince, and passing them away on the credit of the immense\\nriches of Michigan. And yet the government have no concern\\nin the bank.\\nThe news of the organization of the bank finally\\nreached Washington, and on December 8 James\\nMadison, then Secretary of State, wrote to Gov-\\nernor Hull for a copy of the law authorizing its\\norganization. A.1I of the laws of the Territory were\\nsubject to the approval of Congress; and on March\\n3, 1S07, they disapproved of this Act. The bank,\\nhowever, continued to issue its bills, and one dated\\nFebruary 4, 1808, is in the possession of the State\\nHistorical Society.\\nIn May, 1808, John Randolph said in Congress\\nthat he understood that the troops of the United\\nStates were paid in bills of the Bank of Detroit.\\nOn September 10, 1808, the Governor and Judges\\npassed an Act on Crimes and Misdemeanors.\\nwhich made it a penal offence to transact banking\\nbusiness without authority.\\nOn October 28, 1S08, the Governor and Judges\\nResoh eciy that the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to\\nsell and transfer the ten shares in the late Bank of Detroit, which\\nbelonged to the Territory, provided he receives the principal and\\ninterest from the time the money was paid.\\nOn December 12 a petition was presented to\\nthem, signed by James Henry, president, Wilham\\nFlanagan, cashier, and William Brown, director,\\npraying that the bank be relieved from the opera-\\ntion of the Act of September 10, and allowed to\\ncontinue its business. The petition was referred to\\nJudge Witherell. He was too true a patriot to\\ncountenance the bank, and the officers were com-\\npelled to close the concern.\\nThe following copy of a letter from Governor\\nHull to President Madison, on file at Washington,\\nconfirms many of the statements of Mr. Gentle:\\nDethoit, 26th May, 1807.\\ny. Madison:\\nSiK,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHeretofore I have uniformly stated to the Government, as my\\nopinion, that the design of establishing a bank here was laudable\\nand calculated to promote the public interest. Until very lately\\nI believed the views of the applicants were pure, and the man-\\nagement of the institution would have been such as to have pro-\\nmoted the public interest. Within a few days a gentleman has\\narri\\\\-ed from the State of New York, with five or six thousand\\ndollars of the Bills. They have been presented, and payment\\nhas been refused.\\nIt is now evident that immediately after the charter was granted\\nby the territorial government, bills to the amount of eighty or\\none hundred thousand dollars were issued and delivered to Messrs.\\nParker and Broadstreet, the agents from Boston none of these\\nbills probably have returned excepting those brought by the\\ngentleman from New York. Alt the specie paid into the bank\\ndoes not exceed twenty thousand dollars, the principal part of\\nwhich was deposited by the agents from Boston.\\nWhether the whole of that was left I am unable to say. In\\naddition to the bills sent to Boston, the bank was in the habit of\\ndiscounting, until the law was disapproved by Congress. From\\nwhat has taken place I am now induced to believe that the agents\\nhad improper views in the first instance, and I consider the man-\\nagement of those who have had the direction of it as highly\\nreprehensible. Payment, after these bills were issued, might\\nhave been immediately demanded, which could not have been\\ncomplied with. I have conversed with some of the Directors on\\nthe subject, and expressed my astonishment at their conduct.\\nThey do not deny the fact of having issued the bills to the agents,\\nand they make no other answer than this,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that if Congress had\\nnot disapproved of the law, money would have been sent on, and\\nthe bills would have been paid when presented.\\nAlthough I am now of the opinion that a small bank, conducted\\non fair and proper principles, would be promotive of the public\\ninterest, yet, under the circumstances this has been conducted, I\\nrejoice Congress has disapproved of the law.\\nWhat security was given for the large sum sent to Boston, I\\nhave not been able to learn. I sincerely hope it will appear to be\\nsufficient to indemnify the holders of the bills, and that the present\\nstockholders will have sufficient integrity faithfully to apply all\\ntheir funds to that purpose.\\nIf, Sir. I have committed any error, it was iu signing the Act,\\nwhich 1 did not approve in all its parts. It seemed to be the\\nonly one in which we could all agree.\\nI repeat, Sir. that I never have had any other connection with\\nit, since the establishment, either directly or indirectly, excepting\\nmy subscription for five shares, for which I have paid ten dollars.\\nMr. ]\\\\IcLellan of Portland, who married one of my daughters,\\nwrote me, and requested me to take a large number of those\\nshares for him I balanced for some time, when the subscription\\nwas opened, and finally concluded, as I was one of those who\\npassed the Act, that I would have no agency in it, and I have no\\nknowledge that he or any of my connections have any interest in\\nit. I have made this statement because it has been suggested\\nthat those who passed the law were influenced by other motives\\nthan those of public interest.\\nI am, respectfully, your most ob t serv t,\\nWiLLLAM Hull.\\nBaJtk of Michigan.\\nAs the little community in Michigan emerged\\nfrom the embarrassments entailed by the War of\\n1S12, the necessity of a bank of deposit and issue\\nbecame apparent. Large expenditures were in pro-\\ngress in the military department, treaties with the\\nIndians required the disbursement of moneys in", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0910.jp2"}, "911": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n859\\nOhio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, and every-\\nthing indicated the necessity of a bank. Capitalists\\nbecame interested, and on December ig, 1817, the\\nBank of Michigan was chartered, the capital stock\\nto be $100,000.\\nOn May 12, 1818, the following notice appeared\\nin the Gazette\\nBANK OF MICHIGAN.\\nBooks will be opened for subscription to the Capital Stock of\\nthe Bank of Michigan on the first Tuesday of June next, at\\ntwelve o clock, noon, at the brick store of Messrs. Lecnycr ,t\\nWatson, in the city of Detroit, and will continue open until two,\\nfor si.\\\\ days, and until the whole stock shall be subscribed, Sun-\\ndays excepted. Shares $ioo each, ten dollars on each share to be\\npaid in specie at the time subscribed.\\nBy order of the Directors.\\nSolomon Siblev.\\nIn response to this notice the following persons\\nbecame shareholders: John R. Williams, General\\nAlexander Macomb, Augustus B. Woodward, Otis\\nFisher, Andrew G. Whitney, James Abbott, William\\nWoodbridge, Stephen Mack, James May, Solomon\\nSibley, Peter J. Desnoyers, Benjamin Stead, Eben-\\nezer S. Sibley, Charles James Lanman, John Ander-\\nson, De Garmo Jones, John H. Piatt, Henry J.\\nHunt, Barnabas Campau, Joseph Campau, John J.\\nDeming, Henry B. Brevoort, William Brown, Cath-\\nerine Navarre, Sarah .Macomb, and Mary Deveaux.\\nThe sum of $20,000 was paid in upon the subscrip-\\ntions, and seemed quite equal to the needs of the\\ncommunity.\\nOn June 2, 181 8, the bank organized by the elec-\\ntion of John R. Williams, Solomon Sibley, William\\nBrown, Abraham Edwards, Philip Lecuyer, Stephen\\nMack, and Henry J. Hunt as directors. John R.\\nWilliams was chosen president, and James McClos-\\nkey cashier.\\nThe cashier was sent to Ohio and New York to\\ntake lessons in banking, and on January 2, 1819,\\n$10,000 capital was deposited, and the bank opened\\nits doors for business in the same building that had\\nbeen occupied by the old Detroit Bank. Over $400\\nwas deposited by the public the first day. During\\nthe remainder of the month the deposits varied\\nfrom thirty-eight dollars up, except for five days,\\nwhen the cashier was away with sleighing parties\\nand the doors were locked. He entrusted the key,\\nhowever, to his old black servant-woman, and if any\\nperson wanted money and could not wait, she\\ncalled upon David Cooper to unlock the door and\\nget the funds.\\nThe same week that the bank opened, it issued\\nits first bills. Early in 1824 Edmund Dwight, of\\nBoston, George Bancroft (the historian), Jonathan\\nDwight, William Dwight, and Benjamin Day, of\\nSpringfield, Mass., John and William Ward, of New\\nYork, and Henry Dwight, of Geneva, New York,\\nestablished banks at Buffalo, Cleveland, Massilon,\\nand Monroe, and also purchased the Bank of\\nMichigan, whose paid-up capital was represented as\\ng2o,ooo. They increased it to $60,000, and the\\nbank was often called the Bank of the Dwights,\\nbecause the gentlemen of that name were the chief\\nstockholders. They invested several million dollars\\nof bona fide capital in their banks, and never bor-\\nrowed from them. A Mr. Day came from Spring-\\nfield to manage the Bank of Michigan, but not\\nbeing pleased with his position, he returned, and\\nhis place was supplied by Eurotas P. Hastings, who\\nhad been teller of the Bank of Geneva. He had\\nnot been long in Detroit when he discovered evidence\\nof something wrong in the cashier s department,\\nand early in May the old directors were astounded\\nto find that their cashier, from the very beginning of\\nhis career, had been accustomed to help himself to\\ntemporary loans; regular dividends had been made\\nevery year, and the deficiency made up on examina-\\ntion days by his borrowing from the special deposits\\nof the Receiver of the Land Office. The amount\\nso withdrawn was about three fourths of the orig-\\ninal capital stock, or $1 5,000. Fortunately, the bank\\nwas in the hands of men able to bear this loss.\\nIn February, 1825, E. P. Hastings was made\\npresident, and Charles C. Trowbridge cashier. Mr,\\nTrowbridge continued in office till May, 1836. He\\nresigned in 1835, but remained till the arrival of his\\nsuccessor, Henry K, Sanger, who came from the\\nUtica ISranch Bank of Canandaigua. In February,\\n1839, Mr. Trowbridge succeeded Mr. Hastings as\\npresident, and continued to serve until the bank\\nsuspended on October 28 of the same year.\\nIn the meantime, on February 25, 1831, the\\ncharter of the bank was extended for twenty-five\\nyears, and the same year the bank built the stone\\nbuilding on the south side of Jefferson Avenue,\\nnear Woodward, afterwards occupied by the State\\nBank and Bank of St, Clair. P ive years later, dur-\\ning the flush times of 1836, the bank built its second\\nbuilding, on the southwest corner of Jefferson Ave-\\nnue and Ciriswold .Street, now occupied by the First\\nNational Bank. It is built of shell limestone, and\\nthe stones show many beautiful petrifactions; in\\nolden times the building was oiled yearly, and they\\nwere very noticeable. When the Bank of Michigan\\nfailed, the building, on December 12, 1842, was sold\\nat auction to the United States, for $32,000, and\\nwas used as a court-house and post-office.\\nAn Act of March 7, 1S34, authorized the Bank\\nof Michigan to establish a branch at Bronson, and\\nincreased the capital stock to $350,000. The branch\\nwas to be managed by seven directors, who were\\nto live west of the principal meridian. It went into\\noperation, and continued until 1837. From 1825\\nand onward, owing to the tide of immigration from\\nthe Eastern States, commerce was invigorated", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0911.jp2"}, "912": {"fulltext": "86o\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nlarge sums of money were brought into the T-\\ntory, and used in the purchase and clearing\\nlands. This bank partook of the benefits of\\nnew era, and its capital was steadily increased\\nuntil it reached half a million of dollars.\\nIts operations were so successful that in the\\nautumn of 1835 an investigating committee\\nof shareholders pronounced it able to pay all\\nits debts and return its capital stock within\\nthree months. Up to that time, except by\\nthe one cashier, it had suffered no losses.\\nIts shares stood at forty per cent premium.\\nIts notes circulated as far as New Orleans\\nand were redeemed at agencies in Cincinnati,\\nBuffalo, Geneva, and New York. The direc-\\ntors during this period were E. P. Hastings,\\nPeter J. Desnoyers, James Abbott, Darius\\nLamson, DeGarmo Jones, B. F. Earned, and\\nRobert Stewart.\\nFinally the crisis of 1S37 and 1S3S came\\non, and in order to sustain the bank, the\\neastern shareholders added to their $300,000\\nalready invested $400,000 more, which sum\\nwith the $100,000 belonging to Michigan\\nshareholders, and $175,000 of surplus profit,\\nwas supposed to be sufficient to meet all con-\\ntingencies. All was unavailing, and a meet-\\ning of the directors to consider the situation\\nwas held on Monday, January 10, 1S42, at\\nII A.M. There were present C. C. Trow-\\nbridge, P. J. Desnoyers, De G. Jones, James\\nAbbott, and Darius Lamson, and the fol-\\nlowing preamble and resolutions were read\\nand adopted\\nIVkereas^ there is reason to suppose that the alterna-\\ntive is about to be presented to this banic of allowing\\nits affairs to go into the hands of a receiver (a measure\\nwhich in the opinion of this board would be ruinous alilce\\nto the interests of creditors and stockholders), or of as-\\nsigning the assets, or a part thereof, to Trustees who\\nmay, with the aid of tlie Board, collect and dispose of\\nthe same for the benefit of all concerned therefore, be it\\nResolved, that Charles C. Trowbridge, Robert Stuart,\\nand John Owen be nominated as Trustees.\\nMr. Trowbridge became the acting trustee,\\nand the business was finally closed up, in\\n1844, by Shubael Conant, receiver, the as-\\nsignment having been judicially set aside on\\naccount of its mandatory provisions.\\nThe Farmers and Mechanics Bank.\\nThis bank was chartered November 5,\\n1829, with a capital of $ioo,ockd. Its direc-\\nors were Levi Cook, John R. Williams, Orville\\nCook, Henry V. Disbrow, John Hale, Elliott Gray,\\nTunis S. Wendell, Daniel Thurston, and Henry San-\\nderson. The subscriptions to its stock were com-\\nrri- pleted on March i, 1S30. On June 7 the foUow-\\nof ing directors were elected J. Biddle, E. Johnson,\\nthe H. V. Disbrow, M. F. Johnson, O. Cook, W. Smith,\\nT. S. Knapp, R. Milliard, and H. H. Sizer. Its bills\\nwere in circulation as early as June 23.\\nOn March 7, 1S34, the bank was authorized to", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0912.jp2"}, "913": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n86 I\\nincrease its capital several hundred thou-\\nsand dollars and to establish a branch at\\nBerrien, to be governed by seven directors,\\nwho were required to live in the western\\nhalf of the State. Under this Act a branch\\nwas established at St. Joseph, with Thomas\\nFitzgerald as cashier. An agency at Niles\\nwas provided for by Act of March 8, 1843,\\nand continued till the summer of 1S52,\\nafter which time all the interests of the\\nbank were concentrated at Detroit. The\\nbank did not long remain under the man-\\nagement of the original directors, but\\npassed into the care of several gentlemen\\nfrom the State of New York, who had\\nbeen attracted to Michigan by the active\\nand promising business of the Territory.\\nFrom the commencement of business\\nunder its new owners until 1 836 its oper-\\nations were large and very remunerative,\\nand in connection with the Bank of Mich-\\nigan it wielded a powerful influence.\\nThese were the only banks of importajice\\nfrom Buffalo to the Mississippi. They\\nfurnished the greater part of the currency\\nfor the business of the entire West, and\\nserved also as the almoners of the public\\nbounty in the same Territory. The busi-\\nness of the two banks was enormous, and\\nup to 1837 their profits were very large.\\nThe dividend of the Farmers and Me-\\nchanics Bank alone for the year 1836 was\\nthirty per cent on a capital of $400,000.\\nIts stock at that time was so high that\\none of its eastern stockholders sold his\\nshares in the Utica Schenectady Canal\\nBoat Company, which one year paid him\\na dividend of seventy per cent, and in-\\nvested the proceeds in the stock of this\\nbank unfortunately it proved to be a per-\\nmanent investment, as the last dividend\\nof the bank was the large one of 1836.\\nFour of the eastern stockholders invested\\ntheir share of that large dividend in the\\npurchase of real estate on Jefferson Ave-\\nnue, from Cass to Wayne Streets. It re-\\nmained on their hands for fifteen years,\\nand did not by any means prove a for-\\ntunate venture. The panic of 1837 came,\\nand all the Detroit banks were compelled\\nto suspend, and on October 28, 1839, the\\nFarmers and Mechanics Bank again sus-\\npended.\\nIn July, 1845, the bank was revived. A\\ncall was made for $150,000 on the capital\\nstock, the value of the bills began to rise,\\nand, on July 18, they were received at", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0913.jp2"}, "914": {"fulltext": "862\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\npar by the Michigan Insurance Bank. The bank\\nwas not, however, able to redeem its notes in\\ncoin, and on August 5, 1845. Chancellor Man-\\nning, at the instigation of friends of the bank,\\ngranted a peremptory injunction against it, on the\\nground that there was danger of an excessive issue\\nof its notes. This relieved the bank from paying\\ncoin for its notes by preventing it from doing any\\nkind of business. The injunction was dissolved in\\nNovember following, and meantime its principal\\nofficers had been changed and it was again in a con-\\ndition to resume, which it did on November 15. In\\nthose days the directors rarely met all the paper\\nwas discounted by the cashier, with the occasional\\nassistance of one director. The cashier had to col-\\nlect notes and discount paper, taking real estate or\\nbonds and mortgages, when nothing else could be\\nobtained. He had also to sell the real estate, collect\\nthe bonds and mortgages, secure all the deposits he\\ncould, make as many friends for the bank as pos-\\nsible, conciliate the brokers, and be ready for any\\nand all emergencies. During the winter of 1847-4S\\nthe banks did more discounting after closing than\\nduring the whole day. At that time there were\\nneither boats nor railroads in the winter. The\\nflour-buyers had rooms, called the Corn Exchange,\\nin the .Sheldon Block. The mail through Canada\\nwas two and a half days in coming, and did not\\narrive until 6 P. M. Every steamer that came in\\nfrom Europe raised the price of fiour these advances\\nwere at once made known to the buyers, who, as\\nagents for large New York houses, were eager to\\noverreach each other in getting money into the\\ncountry to make purchases. They would flock to\\nthe banks for discounts of from \u00c2\u00a75,000 to $20,000\\nat a time, giving drafts on their houses in New York,\\nat ten, fifteen, and twenty days sight. In this way\\nthe bank would discount from \u00c2\u00a75,000 to $50,000 in\\nan evening. Millions of dollars were thus dis-\\ncounted, all of which was created capital, and nearly\\nall redeemed by New York e.xchange. Compara-\\ntively little coin was used.\\nBy Act of March 24, 1849, the charter of the bank\\nwas extended for twenty years on certain conditions,\\nwhich were acceded to by the stockholders on Sep-\\ntember 29 of the same year. In July, 1865, the\\nbank began to retire and destroy its notes prepara-\\ntory to going out of business, and in 1S69, after pay-\\ning all its debts and redeeming all bills presented,\\nits affairs were closed. It commenced business in\\nLamson s Building, and in the fall of 1S32 first oc-\\ncupied its own building, built of Erie stone, on the\\nsouth side of Jefferson Avenue, between Griswold\\nand Shelby Streets. In 1854 this building was sold\\nto one of its stockholders for $8,000, to reimburse\\nhim for advances, and the bank removed to the next\\nstore below. In February, 1857, the store on the\\nsouthwest corner of Jefferson and Woodward Ave-\\nnues was fitted up for the use of the bank. From\\nhere the offices were moved to the upper story of\\nMerrill Block, and then to the office of the Ameri-\\ncan National Bank, where its affairs were settled.\\nThe following persons ser\\\\-ed as presidents and\\ncashiers during the years named Presidents 1 829-\\n1838, John Biddle; 1S38-1S45, Levi Cook; 1S45,\\nCharles Seymour; 1846-1851, Charles Howard;\\n1851, S. Barstow; 1852, E. C. Litchfield; 1853-\\n1858, Guy Foote; 1858-1863, L. M. Mason. Cash-\\niers: 1829 to October, 1831, H. H. Sizer; 1831, H.\\nK. Avery; 1833-1845, John A. Wells; 1845-1851,\\nE. C. Litchfield; 1851, P. L. Green; 1 852-1 857, J.\\nC.W.Seymour; 1857-1862, C. M. Davison; 1862,\\nW. D. Morton.\\nMichigan Insurance Company and National\\nInsurance Bank.\\nThis corporation was chartered on March 7,\\n1834, as the Michigan Insurance Company, but with\\npowers which were deemed sufficient to enable it\\nto carry on a banking business. In fact, it never\\ntransacted any insurance business, and was not\\norganized for business of any kind until January\\n15, 1838. Stock having been then subscribed, the\\nbank opened for business on January 24. Some\\ndoubts were expressed as to whether banking busi-\\nness could be legally carried on under its charter,\\nand the question was submitted to Governor Wood-\\nbridge, who gave a favorable opinion. In 1848 it was\\nagain intimated that the right of the company to\\ntransact banking business would be contested. The\\nBoard of Directors therefore applied to the Legis-\\nlature to so amend the charter as to confer full\\nbanking privileges, and in 1 849 a new charter, with\\nfull banking powers, was granted. When first\\norganized, \u00c2\u00a725,000 were paid in, and James Abbott\\nwas elected president, and H. H. Brown cashier.\\nIn 1844 Douglass Houghton was president and H.\\nH. Brown cashier. In 1845 Mr. Houghton died,\\nand John Owen was elected president, and con-\\ntinued to serve until the corporation ceased. In\\n1848 Mr. Brown was succeeded, as cashier, by H.\\nL. Lansing; on June i, 1850, he was followed by\\nH. K. Sanger, and he in turn, after September, 1863,\\nby Walter Ingersoll, who continued till the bank\\nceased.\\nAt the time of the first organization the company\\noccupied an office in a little building near the\\nold Sheldon Block, at the northeast corner of Jeffer-\\nson Avenue and Shelby Street. It next moved to\\nthe southeast corner of Griswold Street and Jefferson\\nAvenue, and from there, about 1855, to the bank\\nbuilding on the southwest corner of Jefferson Ave-\\nnue and Griswold Street.\\nDuring the panic of 1857 it aided the Peninsular", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0914.jp2"}, "915": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n863\\nand the Farmers and Mechanics Banks, but could sorption and the infusion of fresh capital. Seven\\nnot save them from suspension. By inducing its branches were to be established, each to be repre-\\novvn customers to accept drafts instead\\nof gold, by the aid of depositors, and on\\naccount of the great personal confidence\\nthat all had in John Owen, the bank\\nwas enabled to continue business all\\nthrough the panic, without suspension,\\nand very soon depositors came in with\\ngold in such quantities that it was\\nshipped to and sold in New York. When\\nthe charter expired in i860, a reorganiza-\\ntion was effected under the General\\nBanking Law of Michigan, and the capi-\\ntal increased to \u00c2\u00a7200,000.\\nOn June 25, 1S65, ha^ng been organ-\\nized as a national bank, it commenced\\nbusiness under the name of National In-\\nsurance Bank; four years later it was\\ndiscontinued, some of the old directors\\ntaking stock in the new First National\\nBank.\\nMichigan State Bank.\\nThis bank was incorporated on March\\n26, 1835, with a capital of $100,000, and\\npower to increase the amount. The\\ndirectors named in the Act were John R.\\n\\\\Villiams, John Hale, Robert McMillan,\\nEdward C. Matthews, Ellis Doty, Bar-\\nnabas Canipau, Abram S. Schoolcraft,\\nCullen Brown, and John Truax. The\\nbank organized with a capital of \u00c2\u00a7500,000,\\nand commenced business on the north\\nside of Jefferson Avenue, between Wood-\\nward .Avenue and Bates Street, with F.\\nH. Stevens as president, and John Nor-\\nton, Jr., as cashier. One day in the\\nweek, Wednesday, was designated as\\ndiscount day.\\nIn 1837 the bank bought the building\\non the south side of Jefferson Avenue,\\nwhich had been occupied by the Bank\\nof Michigan.\\nOn February 25, 1839, the bank sus-\\npended. George F. Porter was made\\nthe assignee.\\nOn April 2, 1839, the Legislature\\nauthorized the organization of a bank to\\nbe called The State Bank of Michigan,\\nwith a capital of two millions of dollars,\\nand the right to increase it to five mil-\\nlions, one half to be owned by the State.\\nThe Act was the result of many confer-\\nences with the eastern shareh*ders of\\nthe Bank of Michigan and the Farmers and sented by one director, and the State was to have\\nMechanics Bank, and it contemplated their ab- seven directors additional. Every contingency was\\njjvri", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0915.jp2"}, "916": {"fulltext": "864\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nintended to be provided for by the eighty-seven sec-\\ntions of the Act. The success of the State Banli\\nof Indiana stimulated tlie promotion of the scheme,\\nbut the time was unfavorable. The shrinkage in\\nvalues and all consequent evils kept increasing up\\nto and beyond the year 1840, and as the Act of\\nApril, 1839, contained a provision that it the bank\\nwas not organized before February, 1 840, its charter\\nshould be null and void, those interested were com-\\npelled to abandon the effort to obtain the necessary\\ncapital, and the plan failed. During all this time\\nthe affairs of the original Michigan State Bank\\nwere being cared for by the assignee, and on April\\n2, 1 841, the bank took the public by surprise, and\\nsaved its charter by paying gold and silver for all\\nbills presented. By 1S44 the bank had paid all its\\nin 1855, the capital stock with a surplus of thirteen\\nper cent was divided among its shareholders.\\nBatik of S/. Clair.\\nThis bank was chartered on March 28, 1836, with\\na capital of $250,000, and was located in the village\\nof Palmer, St. Clair County, with John Clark as\\npresident, and W. Truesdail as cashier. In 1842\\nJesse Smith became president, and the Legislature\\nauthorized the bank to remove to Detroit. The first\\nmeeting of the directors here was held on July 7.\\nThe bank occupied the buildmg on Jefferson Ave-\\nnue, between Woodward Avenue and Bates Street,\\nwhich had been used by the Michigan State Bank.\\nA. S. Williams succeeded Jesse Smith in 1842, and\\nin 1845 Levi Cook was president and W. Truesdail\\ncashier, and in this year\\n^S^ the bank failed.\\nv^\u00c2\u00bb mmm.\\nDkikuit Savings Bank IIuilihng\\nNortheast corner of Griswold and Lamed Streets.\\ndebts, and had twenty per cent left of its original\\ncapital.\\nIn 1845 H. P. Baldwin, Zachariah Chandler,\\nFranklin Moore, Henry Ledyard, C. H. Buhl, F.\\nBuhl, C. C. Trowbridge, James F. Joy, and George\\nF. Porter, of Detroit, and John L. Schoolcraft, of\\nAlbany, New York, formed a corporation, bought\\nup the stock, and started the bank anew. The\\ncapital was 1 50,000. C. C. Trowbridge was elected\\npresident, and A. H. Adams cashier. So well was\\nthe bank managed that it returned dividends of ten\\nper cent per annum, and when its charter expired.\\nDetroit Sa7 iiigs Bank.\\nThis institution was\\nincorporated by the Leg-\\nislature on March 5, 1 849,\\nand first opened for busi-\\nness in May of that year,\\nunder the name of the\\nDetroit Savings Fund\\nInstitute. The officers\\nw ere President, Elon\\nP arnsworth vice-presi-\\ndent, H. N. Walker; trus-\\ntees, E. Farnsworth, Z.\\nPitcher, S. Conant, J.\\nI almer, H. N. Walker,\\nD. Smart, J. A. Hicks, S.\\nLewis, L. Cook, G. M.\\nRich, B. B. Kercheval.\\nIts first place of business\\nwas on the northeast cor-\\nner of Woodbridge and\\nGriswold Streets. It\\nthen moved to the west\\nside of Woodward Ave-\\nnue, ne.xt to George Kir-\\nby s leather store, then to\\nGriswold Street in the Waterman Block, opposite\\nthe post-office, and on January i, 1879, it first occu-\\npied its present quarters on the northeast corner of\\nGriswold and Larned Streets. It began without\\nany capital, but in July, 1 871, when its name was\\nchanged to Detroit Savings Bank, $200,000 of capi-\\ntal was invested, and the stockholders are personally\\nholden for $200,000 additional. At first the bank\\nwas kept open only on Mondays, Wednesdays, and\\nFridays, but now it^s open all week-days. Deposits\\nas low as one dollar are taken, but interest is not\\nallowed on amounts of less than five dollars. A\\nBuilt i\\n1878.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0916.jp2"}, "917": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n865\\nnoteworthy and remarkable feature of\\nthe care with which the business has been\\nconducted, is the fact that in 1881 all of\\nthe deposit books issued by the bank,\\nfrom No. i to No. 31,000, were in its\\npossession, and carefully preserved as a\\nrecord of the past. The total number of\\nbooks issued by the bank up to May,\\n18S3, was 45,287.\\nThere was no regular cashier up to\\nJanuar) 1855, at which time A. H. Ad-\\nams was appointed after 1 879 and up to\\n1882 he served as president and cashier.\\nIn 1882 E. C. Bowman became cashier.\\nThe directors in 1884 are: G. Hendrie,\\nGeorge Jerome, T. Ferguson, F. B. Sib-\\nley, James McMillan. W. K. Muir, Alex-\\nander Chapoton, James E. Pittman, and\\nS. D. Miller.\\nPeninsular Bank.\\nThis bank was chartered on March\\n28, 1S49, with a capital of 1 100,000.\\nThe following corporators were named\\nin the Act: Charles Howard, William\\nBrewster, Gurdon Williams, Benjamin\\nB. Kercheval, Henry P. Bridge, D.\\nBethune Duffield, James A. Armstrong,\\nand Henry H. Brown.\\nThe corporators first met on April 5,\\n1849. The first meeting of stockhold-\\ners was held on October 19, 1S49. Charles\\nHoward was elected president, and H.\\nH, Brown cashier, and on October 22\\nthe bank was opened in a building just\\nwest of the Farmers and Mechanics\\nBank, on Jefferson Avenue. The bank\\ndid a very profitable business for several\\nyears, paying semi-annual di\\\\idends of\\nfive per cent, and on August i, 1853, an\\ne.xtra dividend of twenty per cent. The\\ndirectors then voted to increase the cap-\\nital stock $100,000. In July, 1854, they\\nmoved into the Farmers and Mechanics\\nBank Building, which they bought for\\n$12,000. On April 28, 1S56, the capital\\nstock was increased to $350,000, and in\\n.-\\\\ugust an extra dividend of twenty-five\\nper cent from surplus profits was divided\\namong the stockholders, \\\\fter this the\\ntide set in the other direction, and losses\\nmultiplied. The panic of 1857 came,\\nand on October i the president notified\\nthe directors of the suspension of the\\nbank, by reason of an injunction from the attorney-\\ngeneral because the securities were nut deemed\\nsufficient to protect the bill-holders.\\nSecured\\ni\\n^A r^^\\nby l^edge of Wbfic ^tgcks.\\nThe business of the bank was then placed in the\\nhands of an Executive Committee consisting of four\\nof the directors, and on October 21, 1S57, H. O.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0917.jp2"}, "918": {"fulltext": "866\\nBANKS AxND CURRENCY.\\nMoss was elected president, and S. Med-\\nbury cashier. On December 19 the stock-\\nholders were invited by circular to loan the\\nbank twenty-five per cent of the value of\\ntheir stock, and with the amount thus ob-\\ntained the bank resumed on February 15,\\n1858. On June 8, 1859, George K. Johnson\\nwas elected president, and on June 10 H.\\nH. Brown again became cashier, but re-\\nmained only a short time. C. M. Davison\\nwas elected cashier on October 21, 1859,\\nbut declined to serve. On February 2, i85o,\\nDaniel Ball was elected president, and E.\\nWendell cashier; and on August 9, i860,\\nH. P. Pulling became president. The cap-\\nital of the bank having been largely lost by\\nbad debts, on March 7, 1861, the Legislature\\nat the request of the stockholders, author-\\nized the reduction of the stock to \u00c2\u00a7106,600.\\nOn June 1 5 following, Mr. Wendell resigned\\nas cashier, and on July 1 1 M. F. Dow was\\nmade his successor.\\nAfter the passage of the National Bank-\\ning Law no banking business of any amount\\nwas done, and the affairs of the bank were\\nclosed up in 1870, four years before the\\ncharter expired.\\nThe bills were redeemed in full, and the\\nstockholders received about twenty per cent\\nfor their stock.\\nS/a/e Bank of Michigan.\\nThis bank was organized on February\\nI, 1857, with a capital of $50,000. It was\\nlocated on the southeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street. L. E. Clark,\\nthe first president, was succeeded, in the\\nfall of i860, by S. Medbury on May i,\\n1861, he resigned, and was succeeded by\\nS. P. Brady. The first cashier was T. P.\\nHall. He resigned August i, i85i, and\\nwas followed by Emory Wendell. In De-\\ncember, 1864, the officers purchased the\\ncharter of the First National Bank, and the\\nState Bank was then discontinued, its own-\\ners merging their interests in the First\\nNational Bank.\\nFirst National Bank.\\nThis bank was originally organized al-\\nmost entirely through the efforts of Philo\\nParsons. The preliminary meeting for the\\norganization was held on June 21, 1863.\\nThe first meeting of stockholders was on August\\n5, 1863, and articles of association, by-laws, etc.,\\nwere then adopted. On September 2, the follow-\\ning directors were chosen Philo Parsons, W. M.\\ni\\nJohnson, John Hutchins, M. L Mills, John James,\\nE. G. Merrick, M. B. Kean, J. N. Ford, and John\\nHosmer. On Monday, November 16, 1863, the\\nbank opened for business, succeeding the bank-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0918.jp2"}, "919": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n867\\ning firm of Parsons Fisher, in their old office in\\nthe south corner of the Rotunda Building on Gris-\\nwold Street. In December the charter was pur-\\nchased by the officers of the State Banlv of Michigan.\\nOn January i, 1865, the bank was reorganized and\\nmoved to the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue\\nand Griswold Street. On March i, 1869, it was\\nmoved to the opposite side of Griswold Street, in\\nthe old Bank of Michigan building. In 18S1 the\\ncapital was $500,000.\\nThe officers have been Presidents, Philo Par-\\nsons, till December 27, 1S64; S. P. Brady, from\\nDecember 27, 1864, to January 14, 1868; after this\\nlast date, Jacob S. Far-\\nrand. Cashiers, Philo\\nParsons, till September\\n16, 1S63; H. C. Kibbee,\\nfrom September 16, 1863,\\ntill September 30, 1 864\\nS. E. Pittman, until De-\\ncember 29, 1864; and then\\nEmory Wendell.\\nOwing to the fact that\\nthe charter was soon to\\nexpire, and in order to\\nclose up the business of the\\noriginal corporation prepa-\\nratory to organizing anew,\\nthe bank building was\\noffered for sale at public\\nauction on April 24, 1882,\\nand was bought for the\\nstockholders of a new cor-\\nporation at $76,000. On\\nJune 19, 1882, the bank\\nbegan business under its\\nnew charter, with a cap-\\nital of $500,000, and the\\nfollowing directors J. S.\\nFarrand, W. B. Wesson,\\nJames McMillan, A. She-\\nley, G. V. N. Lothrop, M.\\nI. Mills, L. E. Clark, D. M. Ferry, and E. Wendell.\\nThe last named director was elected president, and\\nL. E. Clark cashier. The directors in 18S4 are the\\nsame, except that ilIiam H. Tefft took the place\\nof M. I. Mills, who died in 1882.\\nSecond National Bank.\\nThe Second National Bank was opened for busi-\\nness on November 4, 1863. It began with a capital\\nof $500,000, and the following officers: President,\\nH. P. Baldwin vice-president, C. H. Buhl cashier,\\nC. M. Davison directors, H. P. Baldwin, C. H.\\nBuhl, E. B. Ward, Duncan Stewart, N. W. Brooks,\\nChauncy Hurlbut, James F. Joy, John Stephens,\\nand Allan Shelden. It still remains in its first loca-\\ntion on the southwest corner of Griswold and\\nCongress Streets. In 1881 it had a capital of\\n$1,000,000. The charter of the bank expired on\\nFebruary 24, 1S83, and a new bank, called\\nThe Detroit National Bank\\nbecame its successor, on Monday, February 26- with\\na capital of $1,000,000, all of it owned in Detroit.\\nThe directors are H. P. Baldwin, C. H. Buhl, C.\\nHurlbut, Allan Shelden, F. Bulil, J. F. Joy, R. A.\\nAlger, J. S. Newberry, and W. C. Colburn, with\\nH. P. Baldwin as president and C. M. Davison,\\ncashier.\\nFirst National Bank Building,\\nSouthwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Griswold Street. Built in 1836.\\nThe American National Bank\\nwas organized in 1865 with a capital of $250,000.\\nThe capital is now $400,000, with power to increase\\nto $500,000. The first Board of Directors was\\nelected on July 26, 1865, and consisted of Franklin\\nMoore, L. M. Ma.son, A. H. Dey, Eber Ward, J. J.\\nBagley, Charles Root, M. S. Smith, Edward Kanter.\\nand Jacob. S. Farrand.\\nThe bank succeeded to the banking business of\\nA. H. Dey, and was located at 89 Griswold Street\\nuntil September 6, 1880. when it was moved to the\\nNewberry and McMillan Building. A. H. Dey has\\nbeen president from its organization, W. D. Morton\\nserved as cashier for three months, and was suc-\\nceeded by George B. Sartwell. The directors in", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0919.jp2"}, "920": {"fulltext": "868\\nBANKS AiND CURRENCY.\\n1884 are the president and cashier, together with\\nS. J. Murphy. M. S. Smith, Charles Root, Alex.\\nChapoton, S. Heavenrich, Thomas W. Palmer, and\\nW. A. Moore.\\nThe Merchants and Manufacturers Natiotial\\nBank\\nwas organized May 13, 1869, under the State Bank-\\ning Law, with the following directors T. H. Hinch-\\nman, George Foote, T. McGraw, John Belknap, S.\\nG. Wight, N. G. Williams, L. Tinker, W. C.\\nColburn, and C. Kellogg. The bank began busi-\\nness June I with a capital of groo.ooo. On July\\n13, 1S77, it was reorganized as a national bank,\\nwith a capital of $200,000, and the following direc-\\ntors T. H. Hinchman, J. D. Hayes, J. Belknap, D.\\nWhitney, Jr., N. G.Williams, L.W\\\\ Tinker, B.Vernor,\\nW. C. Colburn, and F. W. Hayes. T. H. Hinch-\\nman was the first president, and the bank has had\\nno other. C. C. Cadman served as cashier from the\\norganization of the bank till February i, 1876, and\\nwas succeeded by F. W. Hayes. F. Marvin\\nbecame cashier January i, 1S84, The bank was\\nlocated at 93 Griswold Street until May 5, 18S0,\\nwhen it was moved to the Newberry and McMillan\\nBuilding. On July i, 1882, the capital was increased\\nto $500,000. The directors in 18S4 are T. H.\\nHinchman, I). Whitney, Jr., N. G. Williams, John\\nBelknap, Ben. Vernor, H. K. White, William H,\\nBrace, H. C. Parke, and Jerome Croul.\\nThe Mechanics Bank,\\ncapital $100,000, is the successor of W. A. Butler\\nCompany, Bankers, and is located in the Water-\\nman Block immediately opposite the post-office. It\\nwas organized under the State Law in September,\\n1870, with W. A. Butler as president, and E. H.\\nButler as cashier. Mr. Butler began the banking\\nbusiness in 1847, was located at different times in\\nthree several stores on the north side of Jefferson\\nAvenue between Woodward Avenue and Griswold\\nStreet, and removed to his present location in i860.\\nThe People s Savint^s Bank\\nwas organized January I, 1871, with a capital of\\n$30,000. Francis Palms was elected president, and\\nM. W. O Brien, cashier, and the following trustees\\nwere chosen: Charles Ducharme, Patrick Fitz-\\nsimons, Francis Palms, John Heffron, Edward\\nReidy, William Fo.xen, and Anton Pulte.\\nIt was reorganized on January i. 1872, with the\\nsame president and cashier, with a capital of $60,000,\\nand the following trustees C. Ducharme, W. Foxen,\\nF. Palms, Aaron Karrer, John Shulte, A. Pulte, P.\\nFitzsimons, J. Heffron, F. Morrell, John Mark, and\\nJ. Dwyer.\\nOn July I, 1874, the capital stock was increased\\nto $125,000, and on January I, 1S78, to $250,000.\\nOn January i, 1884, the capital was increased to\\n.$500,000 and there was then a reserve fund of\\n$50,000. The trustees in 1884 are William N.\\nCarpenter, F. Palms, A. Karrer, J. Shulte, A. Pulte,\\nP. Fitzsimons, M. W. O Brien, J. Mark, J. Dvvj-er,\\nF. F. Palms, and W. B. Moran. The bank was\\noriginally located at 37 Jefferson Avenue, but moved\\nto the southeast corner of Congress and Griswold\\nStreets on April 22, 1872. It receives and allows\\ninterest on sums as low as one dollar.\\nPeople s Savi.ngs Bank,\\n100 Griswold Street, comer of Congress Street.\\nBuilt in 1872.\\nThe German American Bank\\nwas organized under the State Law in August, 1871,\\nwith a capital of $100,000. It succeeded to the\\nbanking business of Edward Kantcr, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\o began\\nin August, 1868. It was originally located at 30", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0920.jp2"}, "921": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n869\\nLarned Street West, but in May, 1883, moved to\\n118 Griswold Street in the Moffat Building. The\\nofficers in 1883 were E. Kanter, president, and H. L.\\nKanter, cashier.\\nIVayne County Savings Bank.\\nThis bank was organized October 2, 1871, under\\nthe General State Law. The original ca]Mtal was\\n$30,000; in September, 1875, it was increased to\\n$150,000. Its first officers were: W. B. Wesson,\\npresident; H. Kiefer, vice-president; S. D. Elwood,\\nsecretary and treasurer; W. A. Moore, attorney,\\nand the following trustees J. J. Bagley, J. Croul,\\nJ. B. Sutherland, J. Wiley, M. S. Sm ith, W. A.\\nMoore, S. G. Wight, D. M. Ferry, Paul Gies, L. P.\\nKnight, W. B. Wesson, Traugott Schmidt, D. M.\\nRichardson, W. C. Duncan, T. W. Palmer, H.\\nKiefer, F. Adams, K. C. Barker, G. F. Bagley, J. S.\\nFarrand, D. Knapp, and S. D. Elwood.\\nThe trustees in 1884 are: W. B. Wesson, J.\\nCroul, W. A. Moore, D. M. Ferry, L. P. Knight, E.\\nB. Wight, D. C. Whitwood, T. Schmidt, T. W.\\nPalmer, F. Adams, J. S. Farrand, S. D. Elwood,\\nJohn Collins, Herman Kiefer, John Shaw, N. P.\\nOtis, and Charles R. Otis.\\nSums as low as one dollar are received and inter-\\nest allowed thereon. The bank was originally\\nlocated on the northwest corner of Griswold and\\nCongress Streets, but on December 5, 1876, it was\\nremoved to Congress Street, immediately in the\\nrear of the old location, to a building erected by\\nthe bank, at a cost for building and lot of $1 10,000.\\nIt is a very elegant structure, and is probably more\\nnearly fire and burglar proof than any building in\\nthe city.\\n\\\\l ^^Jl-, ^_^ l-_-T\\nWayne Colnty Savings Bank.\\n(Exterior View.)\\nWayne CuUntv Savings Bank. (Interior View.)", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0921.jp2"}, "922": {"fulltext": "870\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nSafe Deposit Company.\\nThis company is connected with the Wayne\\nCounty Savings Bank and has its offices and vaults\\nin the same building. It was organized in 1872,\\nwith a capital of $30,000, and its officers are prac-\\ntically the same as those of the bank. It may\\naccept and execute any trust created by an instru-\\nment in writing which appoints it as trustee, and\\nreceives from any individual or corporation, on\\ndeposit, for safe keeping and storage, gold and silver\\nplate, jewelry, money, stock securities, and other val-\\nuable papers or personal property. The corporation\\nmay also become security for administrators, guar-\\ndians, trustees or persons, in cases where, by law or\\nThe City Bank.\\nThis bank succeeded to the business of Kanady\\nTaylor, and was organized early in 1872 with a\\ncapital of \u00c2\u00a750,000. S. C. Kanady was president,\\nand N. T. Taylor cashier. It was located in the\\nsouthwest corner of the Moffat Building. It ceased\\nbusiness in the fall of 1873.\\nThe Michigan Savings Bank\\nwas organized February 9, 1877, with a capital of\\n$60,000. It was opened for business on April 3,\\n1 877, with the following officers President, Thomas\\nMcGraw; secretary and treasurer, S. R. Mumford\\nView of the Vaults of Safe Deposit Companv.\\nOtherwise, one or more sureties are required, at\\nsuch rate of compensation and upon such terms and\\nconditions as shall be established by the directors.\\nThe interiors of its vaults are provided with safes\\nof various sizes for rental, the charge ranging from\\n$5.00 to $75 per year; the lessor only has the key,\\nwith access at any time during business hours.\\nThose who do not desire or need the accommoda-\\ntions afforded by separate safes may place any\\nvaluable personal property in direct charge of the\\ncompany on very favorable terms. When desired\\nthe company will collect and remit the interest on\\nbonds and securities left in its care.\\ntrustees, G. W. Balch, H. M. Dean, Joseph Kuhn,\\nA. G. Lindsay, T. McGraw, Nicol Mitchell, S. R.\\nMumford, S. J. Murphy, William Perkins. Jr., and\\nJulius Stoll. In 1 88 1 George Peck becaine presi-\\ndent. The trustees in 1884 are George W. Balch,\\nH. M. Dean, J. H. Kaple, Geo. H. Hammond, G.\\nW. Latimer, A. G. Lindsay, Nicol Mitchell, S. J.\\nMurphy, William Perkins, Jr., and the president\\nand secretary.\\nIt receives amounts as low as five cents and\\nallows interest thereon. The bank is located in the\\nMechanic s Block, on the southwest corner of La-\\nfayette Avenue and Griswold Street.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0922.jp2"}, "923": {"fulltext": "BANKS AND CURRENCY.\\n871\\nThe Market Hank.\\nThis bank is the successor of the firms of Sexton\\nHall and J. A. Sexton Company. The first-\\nnamed firm began business on the corner of Wood-\\nbridge and Third Streets in April, 1877, and was\\nsucceeded in October, 1S7S, by the firm of J. A.\\nSexton Company, who removed the bank to the\\ncorner of Monroe Avenue and Randolph Street.\\nOn April 13, 1880, they organized under the State\\nLaw as the Market Bank, with a capital of $50,000,\\nincreased on October 15,\\niSSi, to $100,000, with\\nEugene Robinson as presi-\\ndent, and W. H. Trainor\\ncashier. On June 10, 1882,\\nthe bank moved to 151\\nGriswold Street, in the\\nMechanics Block.\\nThe Commercial Nation-\\nal Bank\\nbegan business on Decem-\\nber 27, 1 88 1, in the Bank\\nBlock, in the rooms pre-\\nviously occupied by the\\nMerchants and Manufac-\\nturers Bank. It began\\nwith a capital of $250,000,\\nwith Hugh McMillan as\\npresident, Morris L. Wil-\\nliams as cashier, and the\\nfollowing directors Hugh\\nMcMillan, Joseph H.\\nBerry, Isaac L. Lyon,\\nGeorge H. Hammond.\\nWilliam C. Williams, Geo.\\nHendrie, William G.\\nThompson, Ashley Pond.\\nand James K. Burnham.\\nIn 1884 the directors were\\nthe same, except that H. ^^_^__\\nB. Ledyard and E. M. ^Sijs;^^^,^^^^\\nFowler were elected in\\nplace of Ashley Pond and\\nW. G. Thompson. In\\nMay, 1883, the bank was\\nmoved to the new Canipau Building, on the south-\\nwest corner of Griswold and Earned Streets.\\nThe State Savings Bank\\nwas incorporated October 24. 1883, and began\\nbusiness the same day, with a paid-up capital of\\n$1 50,000, and the following stockholders and trus-\\ntees David Hamilton, president T. S. Anderson,\\nvice-president; R. S. Mason, cashier; and W. P.\\nHamilton, W. K. Anderson, and R. L. Courtney.\\nThe bank commenced business at 88 Griswold\\nStreet, but in May, 1884, removed to the new Buhl\\nBuilding, next north of the post-office.\\nThe Dime Savings Bank.\\nThe above bank was organized in 1884 and\\nbegan business on May i in the new brick building\\non Griswold Street, between Michigan and Lafay-\\nette Avenues. The capital stock is $60,000. De-\\nposits of from five cents and upward are received\\nand interest allowed on even dollars. The officers\\nMichigan Savings Bank,\\nSouthwest comer of Griswold Street and Lafayette .Avenue.\\nfor 1884 are: S. M. Cutcheon. president; J. E.\\nScripps, vice-president; and Frederick Woolfenden,\\ncashier. The directors consist of the above-named,\\nwith J. F. Roehm, Wm. Living-stone, William Hull,\\nJ. L. Hudson, E. W. Voigt, Charles A. Warren,\\nand A. M. Henry.\\nThe only other banks in the county are located\\nin Plymouth and Wyandotte. The Plymouth Na-\\ntional Bank was organized January 16, 1884, with\\na capital stock of $50,000. The first directors were", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0923.jp2"}, "924": {"fulltext": "872\\nBANKS AND CURRENCY.\\nT. C. Sherwood, Samuel Lyndon, E. F. St. John, I.\\nN. Starkweather, L. D. Shearer, E. C. Leach, Geo.\\nVan Sickle, Wm. Geer, O. R. Pattengill, L. H.\\nBennett, L. C. Hough, S. J. Springer, and D. B.\\nWilcox. The director first named is the president.\\nThe First National Bank of Plymouth has a capi-\\ntal of I50.000. E. J. Penniman is president, and\\nO. A. Fraser cashier.\\nTfH .Statr S-WIngs IjAnk,\\nNos. gi and ^3 Griswold Street. Built in 1S84.\\nThe IVyandottc- Savings Bank.\\nThis bank was organized November 20, 1S71,\\nwith a capital of $50,000, and is located in the city\\nof Wyandotte. The original and present officers\\nare John S. Van Alstyne, president, and W. Van\\nMiller, cashier.\\nPrivate BaiiJcers.\\nThere were no private banking offices prior to\\nabout 1843. James L. Lyell and J. O. Graves were\\nthen located on the north side of Jefferson Avenue\\nbetween Woodward Avenue and Bates Street.\\nSoon afterwards Israel Coe and Samuel Coit, under\\nthe firm name of Coe Coit, began business. In\\n1845 Mr. Coit retired, and A. H. Dey became a\\npartner with Mr. Coe, and the same year succeeded\\nto the entire business, and continued it until his\\ninterests were merged with the American National\\nBank.\\nIn 1847 S. H. Ives Company began business.\\nThey were succeeded by C. A. Ives, the prede-\\ncessors of the present firm of A. Ives Sons.\\nG. F. Lewis was in business as early as 1847\\nand Messrs. John Brown, Warner Lee, and W.\\nP. Campbell, in 1850. These last named firms ceased\\nbusiness many years ago.\\nDavid Preston, of the present firm of D. Preston\\nCompany, began in May, 1852. On March i,\\n1867, John L. Harper became associated with him,\\nremaining until July 27, 1882. In May, 1883, the\\nfirm of D. Preston Company removed from the\\nsoutheast corner of Woodward Avenue and Earned\\nStreet to the southwest corner of Griswold and\\nEarned Streets, occupying part of the new Campau\\nBuilding.\\nThe first mention found of O. C. Thompson,\\nHoward, Smith, Company, and B. P. Ensign, as\\nbankers, is in 1853. The names of A. S. Johnson, C.\\nW. Tuttle, B. B. Morris, O. F. Cargill Company,\\nand Wright, Andrews, Company appear in 1855.\\nThe last firm was succeeded, in 1857, by Andrews\\nWaterman, and after that year they ceased to do\\nbusiness. V. J. Scott began in May, 1856. Philo\\nParsons opened a bank in the southeast corner of\\nthe Rotunda Building on Griswold Street, in 1857.\\nThe firm of Parsons Fisher succeeded him as\\nearly as 1862. In 1859 E. H. Hazleton Company\\nand J. H. Kaple were doing a banking and broker-\\nage business. In 1862 L. W. Wallace Company\\nwere located on the northeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street, and the same year\\nF. L. Seitz (S: Company and Kellogg Sabin are\\nnamed. The latter firm was succeeded by Granger\\nSabin in 1863. In 1863 E. S. WooUeywere\\nnamed as bankers. Duncan, Kibbee, Company\\nwere doing business in 1S65, and E. M. Cobb in 1S66.\\nFisher, Booth, Company began in March, 1866.\\nIn September, 1S79, they were succeeded by Fisher\\nPreston, and on June i, 1884, by the Exchange\\nBank of W. B. IVIitchell. In 1867 Robert Hosie is\\nnamed with the bankers, and also N. T. Taylor.\\nW. D. Morton s banking office was opened in 1870,\\nand closed in 1876. T. S. Darling began in 1871,\\nand closed his business in 1879. E. K. Roberts\\nCompany began in December, 1872, and Austin\\nCompany in February, 1875. The two firms were\\nconsolidated in February, 1877. In 1874 Messrs.\\nCromwell S: Ralston were in business. McLellan", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0924.jp2"}, "925": {"fulltext": "INSURANCE AND INSURANCE COMPANIES.\\n873\\nAnderson began business April 23, 1877. Messrs.\\nBratsliavv, Black, Company began in 1876, and\\ndiscontinued their bank in May, 1880.\\nOn November i, 1S80, a branch of the firm of\\nGeorge K. Sistare s Sons, of New York, was estab-\\nlished in Detroit at 90 Griswold Street. They re-\\nmoved to the Campau Building in 1S83. John L.\\nHarper, formerly of the firm of D. Preston Com-\\npany, established a new bank at 112 Griswold\\nStreet, under the firm name of John L. Harper\\nCompany, on August 28, 1883.\\nUp to May i, 1879, banks and bankers kept open\\nfrom 9 to 12 A. M.,and from 2 to 4 P. m. The banks\\nthen came to an agreement to keep open continu-\\nously from 10 A. M. to 3 p. M. The following days\\nare legal holidays, and the banks are then closed\\nNew Year s Day, February 22, or Washington s\\nBirthday, May 30, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July,\\nThanksgiving and Christmas Days.\\nIn 1850 and 1S60 the amount of bank capital was\\nbut $500,000, and this was largely owned at the\\nEast. In 1870 it had reached $1,500,000. In 1884\\nthe total amount was fully $5,000,000. Formerly all\\nthe city banks and bankers made collections from\\neach other, and large sums of money were need-\\nlessly handled and dangerously exposed. By mutual\\narrangement, dating from February 1, 1883, a mes-\\nsenger and clerk from each banking institution meet\\nat twelve o clock each day at the Merchants and\\nManufacturers Bank, and under the supervision of\\nF. W. Hayes, all collections are arranged, and the\\nbalances due from each bank agreed upon and\\nsettled.\\nNearly ninety defunct banks and other corpora-\\ntions, including the good, bad, and indifferent,\\nhave issued notes in Michigan, and F. H. Rogers, of\\nDetroit, has gathered about four hundred different\\nbills of their issue. Eighty-seven corporations are\\nrepresented in his collection.\\nINSUR.ANCE AND INSURANCE COMPANIES.\\nThe earliest record found concerning insurance\\nagainst fire is contained in the following from the\\nDetroit Gazette\\nINSURANCE AGAINST FIRE.\\nThe subscriber will attend to applications for insurance, from 2\\nto 5 o clock p. M. on Saturdays. Persons who desire their build-\\nings, or other property, secured from damage by fire will find it\\nadvantageous to apply to the office for which the undersigned is\\nagent, as the terms are favorable, and losses will be promptly\\nrepaired.\\nE. Reed,\\nSurveyor for the Utica Insurance Co}npany.\\nDetroit, October 20, 181S.\\nThe business was evidently of slow growth, for\\nin a paper of September 15, 1831. the following\\nitem appears\\nThere is not now in this city any agent for an insurance com-\\npany, authorized to insure against fire. The only one in the\\nterritory, we believe, is Charles Noble, Esq., of Monroe. Many\\nof the policies have expired, or are about to expire.\\nSoon after this, on October 22, 1831, Asher B.\\nBates advertised himself as agent of the Protection\\nInsurance Company, of Hartford.\\ni\\nLMSWlft# 2\\n~vv-:33/^c^.fcjti.*\\nOffice of Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Co.,\\n90 Griswold Street. Built in 1874.\\nOn March 7, 1834, the Michigan Insurance Com-\\npany was chartered, but it never transacted any\\ninsurance business, and the charter was used to\\norganize a bank.\\nIn June, 1836, the following companies did busi-\\nness in Detroit Kalamazoo Mutual Life Insurance\\nCompany, J. M. Howard, agent /Etna Insurance\\nCompany. Henry S. Cole, agent Protection Insur-\\nance Company, Asher R. Bates, agent Albany", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0925.jp2"}, "926": {"fulltext": "874\\nINSURANCE AND INSURANCE COMPANIES.\\nInsurance Company, Firemen s Insurance Company,\\nand American Life Insurance and Trust Company,\\nG. Mott Williams, agent; New Yorl: Life Insurance\\nand Trust Company, Dr. A. S. Porter, agent.\\nH. N. Walker succeeded Asher B. Bates as agent\\nof the Protection Insurance Company, and in 1837\\nJolin Palmer succeeded H. S. Cole as agent of the\\n/Etna Insurance Company, and continued to act as\\nagent until his death, on June 28, 1871.\\nIn 1837 G. Mott Williams advertised marine\\ninsurance, and the\\nnames of Marshall\\nJ. Bacon and H. H.\\nBrown appear as in-\\nsurance agents. On\\nJime 10, 1844, notice\\nwas given that books\\nwould be opened for\\nsubscriptions to the\\nstock of the Peninsu-\\nlar Fire and Marine\\nInsurance Company.\\nThe proposals did\\nnot meet with favor,\\nantl the company was\\nnot organized.\\nOn February i,\\n1866, the Detroit Fire\\nand Marine Insur-\\nance Company was\\norganized, with a cap-\\nital of $500,000, of\\nwhich $150,000 was\\npaid in. The first\\npolicy was issued\\nMarch 14. The first\\npresident, Caleb Van\\nHusan. was still serv-\\ning in 1884. S. War-\\nner White, the first\\nsecretary, served un-\\ntil March, 1868, when\\nhe was succeeded by\\nJames J. Clark.\\nDuring the great fires\\nin Michigan and Chi-\\ncago, in 1 87 1, the\\ncompany lost nearly\\ncame to the rescue\\nfully maintaining the\\npany.\\nThe Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company\\nof Detroit was incorporated July 10, 1867, and\\nissued its first policy on the 12th of November of\\nthe same year. It was organized under the old\\ninsurance law of the State, with a subscribed capi-\\ntal of $1 50,000, ten per cent of which was paid in.\\nMichigan Mutuai I.ifk KsfRANCE Co. s Office,\\nSouthwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Griswold Street.\\n$272,000, but the directors\\nand supplied more capital,\\nhigh standard of the com-\\nIn 1870, after the passage of a new insurance law,\\n$100,000 was paid in, and in compliance with the\\nlaw, securities to that amount were deposited with\\nthe State Treasurer. In 1876 the capital stock was\\nincreased to $250,000, all of which was paid in. At\\nthe close of 1883 the capital stock and surplus\\nreached the sum of 1531,1 10.26; and the total assets\\namounted to $1,231,878.63. The first president,\\nJohn J. Bagley, served from 1867 to 1872. and was\\nsucceeded by Jacob S. Farrand. John T. Liggett,\\nthe first secretary,\\nserved until Septem-\\nber, 1883. and was\\nthen succeeded by O.\\nR. Looker. The busi-\\nness of the company\\nis entirely confined to\\nthe States of Michi-\\ngan, Ohio, Western\\nirginia, Illinois, and\\nIndiana. L p to 18S4\\nit had paid death\\nlosses to the amount\\nof .$968,780. The to-\\ntal amounts paid poli-\\ncy holders up to 1 884\\namounted to $1,869,-\\n848. 86. The com-\\npany has never had\\na lawsuit or a con-\\ntested claim, except\\non non-payment of\\npremiums, save in one\\ninstance, when the\\nbeneficiary murdered\\nthe insured this was\\nproven in court, and\\nthe case was properly\\ndecided in favor of\\nthe company.\\nThe Western L nion\\nMutual Life and Ac-\\ncident Society of the\\nUnited States, with\\nits principal office at\\nDetroit, was incorpor-\\nated February 17,\\n1880, with James L. Edson as president and Lyman\\nM. Thayer as secretary.\\nThe Commercial Mutual Association was incor-\\nporated April I, 1880, as a life insurance company,\\non the assessment plan, with P. E. De Mill as\\npresident, W m. A. Berry as secretary, and J. B. H.\\nBratshaw as treasurer. In 1882 John M. Gunn\\nbecame secretary, and S. R. Woolley was appointed\\nactuary. In 1S83 Albert Ives succeeded Mr. Brat-\\nshaw as treasurer.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0926.jp2"}, "927": {"fulltext": "INSURANCE AND INSURANCE COMPANIES.\\n875\\nThe Merchants Mutual Fire Insurance Company\\nwas incorporated September 25, 1880, and com-\\nmenced business October 1, with Thomas Berry as\\npresident, and A. T. Wood as manager it was in\\nexistence only about a year.\\nThe Michigan Eire and Marine Insurance Com-\\npany, with its principal office at Detroit, was incor-\\nporated Februar 8, 1881, with a capital of $200,-\\n000. The first officers were: Francis Palms,\\npresident; Thos. McGraw, vice-president; D.\\nWhitney, Jr., treasurer; E. C. Preston, secretary\\nAll of them are still ser\\\\^ing in 1884.\\nThe Standard Life and Accident Insurance Com-\\npany was incorporated May 29, 1S84. The officers\\nare: D. M. Ferry, president; R. W. Gillett, vice-presi-\\ndent; M. W. O Brien, treasurer; and J. T. Patton,\\nsecretary.\\nIn addition to these distinctively home companies,\\nthere are scores of other life and fire companies,\\nrepresented by various agents, and doing an enor-\\nmous business, and all of them are super\\\\ ised by a\\nState Commissioner of Insurance, first provided\\nfor in 1870. In 1865 a city ordinance was passed\\nproviding for a tax on the premiums collected by\\ninsurance companies, and in 1870, $8,052 revenue\\nwas obtained from this source. The ordinance w-as\\nrepealed in 1872.", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0927.jp2"}, "928": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0928.jp2"}, "929": {"fulltext": "PART XI,\\nCOMMUNICATION", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0929.jp2"}, "930": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0930.jp2"}, "931": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXXII.\\nTHE POST-OFFICE AND MAILS TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.\\nPOST-OFFICE AND MAILS.\\nThe changes and the progress of Detroit can be\\nindicated in no more interesting manner than by\\nnoting the development of mail facilities and the\\nincrease of postal matter. In the early days of the\\nsettlement few letters were written save by the com-\\nmandant and the agents of the trading company,\\nand these were forwarded by special messengers. In\\nColonel Johnson s diary of events at Detroit, under\\ndate of Saturday, August 12, 1761, he says, At nine\\no clock at night a York officer arrived at my quar-\\nters, express from Niagara in si.\\\\leen days, with\\nletters from General Amherst.\\nOn November 21, 1782, Colonel De Peyster wrote\\nto Mr. McLean\\nYou desire to be informed of my ideas on the method of estab-\\nlishing a correspondence during the winter season. I have to\\ninform you that during my coinmanti at the upper posts, I have\\nfrequently found it necessary to send expresses, which can be\\ndone with ease and with the greatest safety, by employing two\\nIndians, and sometimes adding an interpreter. We generally\\nequip the Indians for the journey and promise them a present of\\nsilverworks at the post they are sent to, provided they travel with\\ndispatch, and on their return they receive their payment, which\\nthey choose to have mostly in rum.\\nNo postal system worthy of note was in operation\\nuntil the very last years of English rule. Messen-\\ngers were then sent, with something of regularity,\\nto and from Quebec, but letters written at Detroit\\nearly in January, 1791, did not reach Quebec until\\nthe last of March. Much the same methods were\\nin use after the surrender. The following letter\\ngives a good idea of the facilities of those days\\nDetroit, i6th Sept., 1796.\\nSir,\\nI send over by Ogden two horses, which are to remain at Fort\\nMiamis to serve as a relief for expresses when expresses are\\ncoming to this place, they are to leave the horses they bring, with\\nyou, and come on with fresh horses. You will take the greatest\\ncare of the horses and have them well fed and attended to.\\nJ. Wit.KINS, Jit.,\\nQ. M. GcnrraJ.\\nMaj. John IVilsoii, A. Q. M., Fort Miatiiis.\\nThe first post road in Michigan was established\\non March 3, iSoi. It formed part of a line from\\nCincinnati to Detroit. As early as October i, 1802,\\na regular mail, but probably only quarterly, was in\\noperation, between Washington and Detroit. No\\npost-office was established here until January i 1 803.\\nIn 1804 the Cincinnati route was discontinued,\\nand one from Cleveland to Detroit established. In\\n181 1 it took forty days to bring a letter from Wash-\\nington, and the mail was carried partly on horseback\\nand in part by men on foot. During the War of\\n1812 General Cass had occasion to pass over the\\nroute running through the black swamp, in the\\nvicinity of the present city of Toledo. Here he met\\nthe mail-carrier, and, wishing to get his dispatches, he\\ncut open the mail-bag, took out his letters, and went\\nhis way. During the same war the e.xpedition of\\nGeneral McArthur to Burlington Heights, Canada,\\nwas planned, and so barren were the results that\\nPostmaster Abbott was accused of having given in-\\nformation which defeated the plans. For this reason\\nan attempt was made to remove him, but it was\\nclearly proven that some of Mc.A.rthur s own men\\ncarelessly gave warning to the enemy.\\nThe general condition of the service during these\\nyears is indicated in several letters written by Gov-\\nernor Cass to the postmaster-general. On Decem-\\nber 8, 181 5, he wrote\\nAt all times since our arrival at this place in 1813, the mail has\\nbeen carried with singular irregularity^ an irregularity for\\nwhich the state of the roads will furnish no excuse. I passed the\\nmail carrier last summer between the mouth of the Raisin and\\nMansfield. He was on foot, and I should say not fit to be trusted\\nwith sixpence.\\nOn December 30, 1S15, he wrote:\\nThe post-rider has just arrived without a letter or paper. Our\\nlast National Intelligencer is November 7. The last mail brought\\nme a letter from the War Department, of October 30.\\nThe misconduct is with the postmaster at Cleveland. Mr. Abbott\\ninforms me that this postmaster, if the mail from Pittsburgh\\narrives five minutes after he has closed the mail for this place,\\nwill not for^vard, but retains it till the next week. I\\ntrust you will excuse the solicitude 1 feel and the trouble I give\\nyou upon this subject. Cut off as we are from the world and from\\nother means of information than the mail, we look with eagerness\\nfor its arrival, and nine times out of ten we find ourselves disap-\\npointed. A detailed statement of the arrival of the mail for the\\nlast three months and of its contents would be a document, I am\\ncertain, which would surprise you.\\nIn a letter of May 23, 1817, he says\\nI found on ray arrival from Washington that for six weeks not\\na mail had been received. This was unquestionably owing to\\nculpable negligence in some of the postmasters or mail carriers\\nbetween Pittsburgh and Fort Meigs. There is no neglect be-\\ntween here and Fort Meigs. The mail is carried as\\n[879]", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0931.jp2"}, "932": {"fulltext": "88o\\nTHE POST-OFFICE AND MAILS.\\nregularly as between New York and Philadelphia. I\\nwrote a letter to General Macomb and another to Mrs. Cass at\\nWashington on the tenth day of March last. These letters\\nreached this place yesterday.\\nThe representations from General Cass pro-\\nduced some improvement, and soon after the mail\\nfrom Washington arrived, with tolerable regularity,\\nonce in three weeks. Another improvement was\\nmade by the introduction at Detroit of the traditional\\npost-boy s horn. Its use was first suggested in a\\nletter which appeared in The Detroit Gazette of\\nOctober 24, 1817. This communication was as fol-\\nlows:\\nMessrs. Sheldon and Reed,\\nThe system and industry exhibited in the Postoffice Depart-\\nment in this city reflect great credit upon the intelligent officer\\nat its head but the necessity of furnishing the post-rider with\\nthe means of apprizing the citizens of his arrival has escaped\\nhim. Almost every post-boy in the United States is furnished with\\na horn of some description for that purpose. The writer of this\\nis satisfied, from his personal acquaintance with Judge Abbott,\\nthat this hint will induce him promptly to supply this want.\\nA Citizen.\\nThe suggestion was heeded, and thereafter, from\\nthe time he entered the city, by way of the river\\nroad, till he reached the post-office, the sound of the\\npost-boy s horn notified the whole town of the\\narrival of the mail. The mail was carried in ordi-\\nnary leather saddle-bags the carrier was a diminu-\\ntive Frenchman, and his swift-flying steed, as\\nsymbolized by the seal of the Post-office Depart-\\nment, was a Canadian pony, not greatly larger than\\nhis rider.\\nThe second post-road in the Territory was estab-\\nlished May 3, 1820. It ran between Detroit and\\nMount Clemens via Pontiac. Routes were estab-\\nlished to Saginaw on March 3, 1823, and to Ann\\nArbor and Fort Gratiot on May 24, 1828. In 1827\\nstages began to run between Detroit and points in\\nOhio, and then, for the first time, mails were con-\\nveyed from Detroit on wheels. Late in 1830 pro-\\nvision was made for a daily mail at Detroit from the\\nSouth and East via Pittsburg and on Monday,\\nJanuary 9, 1 83 1 the eastern mail arrived, and there-\\nafter mails arrived daily.\\nOn January 1 1, 1832, the following advertisement\\nappeared\\nMAILS.\\nAgreeably to the new contract with the Department, the great\\neastern and southern mails are hereafter to arrive at this office\\ndaily at 2 o clock P. M., and close daily at 6 i M. The Mount\\nClemens mail arrives every Sunday at 7 w m., and closes the same\\nhour, the same day. The Ann Arbor mail arrives every Friday\\nat 6 M., and closes every Wednesday at 8 r. M. The Oakland\\nand Fort Gratiot mail arrives every Tuesday at 6 p. M., and closes\\nevery Friday at 8 P. M. The Tecumseh and St. Joseph mail\\narrives during the winter, on Monday morning, and closes every\\nThursday at 8 P. M.\\nDuring the winter season this office opens at seven o clock A. M,\\nand closes at 8 p. m., except on Sunday. On that day it is open\\nfrom eight to nine o clock in the morning.\\nJohn Norvell, P. M.\\nThe provision for a daily mail did not greatly\\nshorten the time of carrying from the East, and as\\nlate as January, 1836, it took fourteen days and\\nnights to send a letter to New York City. Upon\\none occasion H. N. Walker, who had gone to New\\nYork, wrote back to Detroit, and it was twenty-\\neight days before he received a reply, which was\\nsent as soon as his letter was received. This delay\\nwas not exceptional.\\nIn 1837 the mail arrangements were as follows:\\nTo and from Ann Arbor and Chicago, every\\nother day. To and from the East, every day during\\nseason of navigation. To and from Grand Rapids,\\nonce a week. To and from Mt. Clemens, three\\ntimes a week. To and from Pontiac, twice a week.\\nTo and from Lapeer, once a week.\\nIn December of this year sixteen bags of mail-\\nmatter were sent from Sandusky overland to Detroit\\nand were twenty-two days on the road.\\nIn 1843 it took letters nine days to come from\\nNew York. Prior to November, 1 843, mails for the\\nnorthwest were received at Detroit only during the\\nseason of navigation. After that date Detroit be-\\ncame a distributing office for the northwest during\\nall the year. On the completion of the G. W. R. R.\\nin 1854 another important change was made. Up\\nto that time all the eastern mails arriving in winter\\ncame around the south shore of Lake Erie. When\\nthe new route was opened, the desire was general\\nthat the mails be carried over it, and as it was\\nunlawful to carry the mails through a foreign coun-\\ntry, a meeting of citizens was held on February 4.\\n1854, to petition for governmental legislation that\\nwould allow the passage of the mails over the new\\nroad. The petition was granted, and great gain\\nwas made in the time of arrival of the mails.\\nThe postage rates on letters weighing one half\\nounce or less have been as follows Under law of\\nFebruary 20, 1792, letters were carried thirty miles\\nor less for six cents from thirty to sixty miles for\\neight cents; from sixty to one hundred miles for\\nten cents; from one hundred to one hundred and\\nfifty miles for twelve and a half cents; from one\\nhundred and fifty to two hundred miles for fifteen\\ncents; from two hundred to two hundred and fifty\\nmiles for seventeen cents from two hundred and\\nfifty miles to three hundred and fifty for twenty\\ncents; from three hundred and fifty to four hundred\\nand fifty miles for twenty-two cents; and four hun-\\ndred and fifty miles and upwards for twenty-five\\ncents.\\nBy law of March 2, 1799, they were carried forty\\nmiles or less for eight cents; from forty to ninety\\nmiles for ten cents from ninety to one hundred and", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0932.jp2"}, "933": {"fulltext": "THE POST-OFFICE AND MAILS.\\n88i\\nfifty miles for twelve and a half cents from one\\nhundred and fifty to three hundred miles for seven-\\nteen cents; from three hundred to five hundred\\nmiles for twenty-five cents.\\nBv law of April 9, 1816, they were carried thirty\\nmiles for six cents from thirty to eighty miles for\\nten cents; from eighty to one hundred and fifty\\nmiles for twelve and a half cents from one hundred\\nand fifty to four hundred miles for eighteen and a\\nhalf cents; and four hundred miles and upwards\\nfor twenty-five cents.\\nIt will be noticed that there is no material differ-\\nence in the above rates of postage, and in these days\\nwe can hardly imagine how it was possible for sen-\\nsible legislators to devise such clumsy and dilTicult\\nlaws. Apparently they expected every postmaster\\nto be a geographer and mathematician as well, with\\na better knowledge of distances than one person in\\nten thousand, even now, possesses. Many letters\\nweighed more than half an ounce, and thus the\\ndifficulty was increased. The postage on a single\\nletter frequently reached from sixty to seventy-five\\ncents. Envelopes in those days were unknown and\\nunused. People could not afford to pay postage on\\nthe mere covering to a letter and to fold a\\nletter properly, and so arrange it that the wafer\\nseal and the direction would come in the proper\\nplace was almost a test of scholarship and gentility.\\nThe high rates of postage made it necessary for\\nthose who had much to say to use all possible space\\non the one sheet, and therefore many old letters\\nhad writing even underneath the seal, the loving\\nremembrances from Susan and Margaret, Hezekiah\\nand Jonas, being crowded in at the very wind-up of\\nthe epistle. Envelopes were first used in 1839. On\\nMarch 3, 1845, an Act was passed under which let-\\nters going a distance of less than three hundred\\nmiles were carried for five cents; for over three\\nhundred miles, ten cents was charged. The Act of\\nMarch 3, 1851, was a still greater boon; and from\\nthat date the rate was three cents for any distance\\nunder three thousand miles. A law of March 3,1883,\\ntaking effect from October i, reduced the postage\\non ordinar) letters from three to two cents.\\nThe use of stamps is of more modern date than\\nis often realized. Provision was first made for them\\nby law of March 3, 1847. The date of their first\\nuse in Detroit is indicated in a local item in the\\nFree Press of August 16, 1847. It says:\\nPost office stamps have been received at the office in this city\\nfrom the Department, for the prepayment of postage. They are\\nof twii denominations, five and ten cents, and will be a great ac-\\ncommodation to the public. All that has to be done is to prcfi.x\\none of the little appendages, and the letter goes direct.\\nDuring the scarcity of silver in 1861, thousands\\nof dollars worth of these sticky substitutes for money\\nwere sold at the Detroit office, and used as change.\\nPostal cards were first sold in Detroit on May 1 5,\\n1873, ^f l there was an immense rush to obtain\\nthem. During 1883, 2,843,000 were sold. The\\ntotal receipts for postage and stamps at Detroit in\\n1850 were $18,960; in i S60. \u00c2\u00a730,487 in 1870,\\n$105,769; in 1880, $227,864; in 1883, $311,856.\\nThe net income from this oftice in i S83 was $233,-\\n647.\\nThe registry system went into operation under\\nlaw of March 3, 1855. The plan includes the\\ngi\\\\nng of a receipt for any package sent by mail.\\nThe fee for registering is ten cents, and the pack-\\nages are separated from all others, and special care\\ntaken that they reach the proper person. During\\n18S3 over twenty-three thousand letters and forty-\\nfour thousand packages were receipted for at De-\\ntroit.\\nMoney orders were first issued here on November\\nI, 1864. The first Swiss order was issued Septem-\\nber I, 1869; the first British order, October i,\\n1871 the first German order, October 3, 1872 the\\nfirst Canadian order, August i, 1875 and the first\\nItalian order July i, 1877. The charge for money\\norders prior to the passage of the law of March 3,\\n1883, was as follows On orders not exceeding fif-\\nteen dollars, ten cents over fifteen dollars and not\\nexceeding thirty dollars, fifteen cents over thirty\\ndollars and not exceeding forty dollars, twenty\\ncents; over forty dollars and not exceeding fifty\\ndollars, twenty-five cents. The law of 1883 pro-\\nvided that within six months the postmaster-gen-\\nera! should provide an engraved form for a postal\\nnote, to be filled out by postmasters with any sum\\nunder five dollars, a uniform charge of three cents\\nbeing made for each note, which is then sent in the\\nsame way as a postal order. Under this law the\\nfirst postal notes were issued at Detroit on Septem-\\nber 3, 1S83. The same law provided that amounts\\nas high as one hundred dollars might be sent in a\\npostal order, and the following rates were estab-\\nlished. For orders not exceeding ten dollars, eight\\ncents; from ten to fifteen dollars, ten cents; from\\nfifteen to thirty dollars, fifteen cents; from thirty\\nto forty dollars, twenty cents from forty to fifty\\ndollars, twenty-five cents; from fifty to sixty dollars,\\nthirty cents from sixty to seventy dollars, thirty-\\nfive cents from seventy to eighty dollars, forty\\ncents from eighty to one hundred dollars, forty-\\nfive cents.\\nDuring the year 1SS3 there were issued 19,878\\norders on United .States offices, 909 on post-offices\\nin Canada, 1,430 payable in Great Britain, 1,574 in\\nGermany, 87 in France, 164 in Switzerland, 163\\nin Italy, 2 in Jamaica, 2 in New South Wales, 27 in\\nBelgium, and i in New Zealand. A total of\\nnearly $52,000 was sent to Europe from Detroit,\\n$12,905 to Canada, and $288,721 to various parts of", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0933.jp2"}, "934": {"fulltext": "882\\nTHE POST-OFFICE AND MAILS.\\nthe United States. In the same year there were\\nreceived at Detroit 97,586 orders from offices in the\\nUnited States, 2,159 from Canada, 367 from Great\\nBritain, 5S3 from Germany. 13 from France, 24\\nfrom Switzerland, 7 from Italy, i r from New Zea-\\nland, 2 from New South Wales, 3 from India, i\\nfrom ictoria, and 20 from Belgiimi. The total\\namount received from Europe was \u00c2\u00a726,178; from\\nCanada. $31,479; and from offices in the United\\nStates about one and one fourth million dollars.\\nThe free delivery system was probably the great-\\nest convenience that has been introduced. Prior to\\nits establishment the post-office at mail time was a\\ngeneral meeting-place, and if the mail was late or\\nunusually large, an hour was often consumed in\\nwaiting, and by the time the windows were opened\\nthe crowd were always ready to push and struggle,\\nand annoyance and delay resulted.\\nThe delivery by carriers began in October, 1864.\\nAt the same time a large number of iron letter-\\nbo.xes, placed on lamp-posts and in grocery and\\ndrug stores, were first used. In 1879 they were re-\\nmoved from the stores. Letters deposited in the\\nstreet-boxes are collected, and letters and papers\\ndelivered from one to five times a day in each dis-\\ntrict. There are now 392 bcxes in use. Since 1870\\nthe carriers on service in the larger and thinly\\nsettled districts have been provided with horses.\\nThere are now five, and they are allowed $250 per\\nyear extra for the keeping of their horses. The\\nsalary of the carriers ranges from $400 to $1,000 a\\nyear. They are appointed by the postmaster-\\ngeneral on nomination of the postmaster, and are\\nuniformed in gray.\\nFrom 1864 to 1869 there were eighteen carriers;\\nfrom 1869 to 1871 there were twenty from 1871 to\\n1873 there were twenty-five. In 1879 there were\\nthirty-one employed in 1880, thirty-three; in 1881\\nthirty-six; in 1882, thirty-eight; and in 1884 forty-\\nseven, two of them acting as collectors. During\\n1883 they collected 3,048,091 letters, and 8,188,360\\nletters were delivered. Of postal cards 986,852\\nwere collected, and 2,295,457 delivered. A total of\\n10,696,289 letters and postals were sent from De-\\ntroit. The salaries of the clerks range from $300 to\\n$1,500. The deputy postmaster has a salary of\\n$2,000, and the postmaster $3,700. The vv hole\\nforce connected with the office numbers 116, and\\nthe sum of the yearly salaries is about $87,000.\\nRotation has been the rule in regard to the loca-\\ntion of the post-oftice. Where it was kept under\\nthe first two postmasters is not known. Under Mr.\\nAbbott it was located on the southeast corner of\\nWoodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street in an\\nold log building. Next to the post-office was Ab-\\nbott s store then came a storehouse for furs, and\\nthe block was completed by a small log house occu-\\npied by a washerwoman. On May 10, 1831. the\\noffice was moved to a small brick building on the\\nsouth side of Jefferson Avenue, just below Wayne\\nStreet. After a few months, on September 7, 1831,\\nit was moved to the northeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Shelby Street; on May 17, 1834, to a\\nlittle wooden building, No. 22, in the same block,\\nand nearer Cass Street. In April, 1836, it was\\nmoved to 157 Jefferson Avenue, near Randolph\\nStreet. On December 3, 1836, it was about\\nbeing moved to 83 Jefferson Avenue, on the north-\\neast corner of Shelby Street. Soon after, in 1S37,\\nthe office was again moved, this time to an old\\nframe building, 105 Jefferson Avenue, where Ives\\nBank is now located. In May, 1840, it was\\nmoved to a brick building farther west, about the\\nmiddle of the same block. .About May i, 1843,\\nthe office was transferred to the basement of the\\nThe Post-office.\\nStone building on the southwest corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street, now occupied by the\\nFirst National Bank. On November 28, 1849, it\\nwas moved to the first floor of the New Mariners\\nChurch, on the northwest corner of Woodward\\nAvenue and Woodbridge Street, thus returning,\\nafter the lapse of half a century very near its origi-\\nnal situation. It remained in the Mariners Church\\nuntil the completion of the United States Custom\\nHouse and Post-Office on the northwest corner of\\nGriswold and Earned Streets. An appropriation of\\n^88, 000 towards the erection of this building was\\nmade August 4, 1854. The corner-stone was laid\\nwith interesting ceremonies on May 18, 1858. The\\nbuilding is one hundred and ten feet on Griswold\\nStreet and sixty feet on Earned. The basement is\\nten feet high, the first story sixteen feet, the second\\nseventeen and a half feet, and the third twenty", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0934.jp2"}, "935": {"fulltext": "TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.\\n88-\\nfeet; the total height of the building above the\\nstreet is sixty feet. It was completed and formally\\nopened on January 30, i860. The total cost was\\n$162,800. The basement and first story are occu-\\npied exclusively for post-office purposes. The cus-\\ntom-house offices and the offices of the United\\nStates marshal, district attorney, and clerks of the\\ncourts are in the second story, and the United\\nStates court -room and office of the steamboat\\ninspector in the upper part of the building. Larger\\nquarters having become necessary. Congress, on\\nMay 25, 1882, appropriated $600,000 for a new site\\nand building, with a proviso that if the old site were\\nretained and additional ground adjoining purchased,\\nonly 1500,000 should be expended. A government\\ncommission, appointed to consider the subject of\\nlocation, met in the city on August 15, 1882, and\\nsoon after reported in favor of the old location.\\nDuring 1882 the L nited States purchased a lot fifty\\nfeet front on Larned Street, lying ne.xt to the gov-\\nernment property, for $60,000, and an adjoining lot\\nof same size for $26,000. Upon these lots and the\\nold one a new building is to be erected. An Act of\\nAugust 7, 1882. appropriated $250,000 to commence\\nthe work.\\nThe names of postmasters and dates of appoi[it-\\nment are as follows Frederick Bates, appointed\\n7 January i, 1803; George Hoffman, January i, 1806:\\nJames Abbott, October i, 1806 John Norvell, April\\nII, 1831; Sheldon McKnight, June 18, 1836;\\nThomas Rosvland, March 17, 1842; John S. Bagg,\\nApril 3, 1845; Alpheus S. Williams, April 5, 1849;\\nThornton F. Brodhead, April 4, 1853; Cornelius\\nO Flynn, March 27, 1857; Henry N. Walker, April\\n28, 1859; Ale.xander W. Buel, September 28, i860;\\nWilliam A. Howard, March 18, 1861 Henry\\nBarns, August 20, 1866; Frederick W. Swift,\\nMarch 18, 1867; John H. Kaple, March 3, 1875;\\nGeorge C. Codd, March 4, 1879.\\nIt has long been told, as the joke of that period,\\nthat when John Norvell, who came here from Penn-\\nsylvania with his commission as postmaster in his\\npocket, called on Postmaster Abbott, he announced\\nhis name, and asked Mr. .Abbott if he knew that he\\nwas his successor. The incumbent of many years\\nlooked at him, and then said, Yes, I have heard of\\nyou, and I wnsh you were on the Grumpian Hills\\nfeeding your father s flock.\\nTELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.\\nThe use of the electrical current for telegraph\\npurposes was first illustrated in Detroit in 1845.\\nThis item then appeared in the Advertiser for Sep-\\ntember 23\\nElectric Telegraph. Dr. Boynton commenced a course of\\nlectures on this subject last evening at the Presbyterian session-\\nroom. We have no doubt our citizens will be richly rewarded fur\\ntheir attendance. The subject is not only curious, but becoming\\nof great practical interest. Admission, twenty-five cents.\\nIn the following year and late in the fall Mr. Ezra\\nCornell, having completed for Professor Morse a\\nline of telegraph from Baltimore to Washington,\\nwith his townsman, J. J. Speed, Jr., made a contract\\nwith the owners of the Morse patent to build a line\\nfrom Buffalo to Milwaukee, connecting all the prin-\\ncipal towns on and adjacent to the lakes.\\nThe contract was signed by Messrs. Cornell and\\nSpeed, as contractors, and by Messrs. Smith and\\nVail as owners of the patent. The last-named\\ngentleman appointed Jacob M. Howard, Martin B.\\nWood, and Levi Hubbel as trustees to see that the\\nline was built and put in operation according to the\\nspecifications. The contractors came to Michigan\\nin the winter of 1846-1847 to procure subscriptions\\nin the various towns on the route, and selected\\nDetroit as headquarters.\\nIt is possible that the exhibition in Representative\\nHall, at the old Capitol, from July 2 to 7, 1847, of\\nthe methods of telegraphy, was, at least in part,\\nunder their auspices. The following notice ap-\\npeared soon after\\nTELE(;i{ArH Notice. A meeting of the citizens will be held\\nthis evening, Saturday, July 31, 1847, at the Firemen s Hall,\\nfor the purpose of deciding whether a sufficient amount of money\\nwill be subscribed for the capital of the Erie and Michigan Tele-\\ngraph line, connecting Buffalo and Detroit, to justify its immedi-\\nate construction. Explanations will be made of the advantages\\nof the line, and in relation to the amount of stock necessar to be\\nsubscribed in this city. Our citizens are respectfully invited to\\nattend.\\nIn the summer of 1847 the trustees of this, the\\nSpeed Line, as it was called, selected the following\\ngentlemen to take charge of the work and procure\\nmaterial for building the line Ezra Cornell, for\\nSection i, from Buffalo to Cleveland J. J. Speed,\\nfor Section 2, from Cleveland to Detroit M. B.\\nA\\\\ ood, for Section 3, from Detroit to Chicago and\\n^Ir. Tillottson, for Section 4, from Chicago to Mil-\\nwaukee.\\nThe first wire on the Speed Line was put up by\\nMr. Wood it ran from Detroit to Ypsilanti, and\\nwas first used on November 29, 1847, proving true\\nto its name by being the first line on which a tele-\\ngraphic dispatch was sent from Detroit.\\nThe office was in the rear of the second story of\\na building owned by Mr. Newberry, on the northeast\\ncorner of Jefferson Avenue and Cass Street, after-\\nwards the Garrison House. There was no manager,\\nas such, but there were plenty of instruments and\\nbatteries, and a number of young operators from\\nthe East, who had obtained a knowledge of te-\\nlegraphy on the Albany and Buffalo Line, or\\nits branches, were congregated at Detroit in ex-", "height": "2731", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0935.jp2"}, "936": {"fulltext": "884\\nTELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.\\npectation of obtaining an office when tlie line was\\nfully opened.\\nThese lads, in Mr. Wood s absence, had things\\npretty much their own way, and seemed to use all\\ntheir ingenuity in hatching mischief. Among their\\nimplements there was an electrical machine with\\ntwo brass balls, one to be held in each hand, and so\\narranged that when the current was turned on, it\\nwas impossible to let go of the balls. One morning\\na burly Irishman came in, and said he wanted to\\nlook at the telegroff and see her wurk. The\\nboys were quick to see their opportunity. They put\\nthe brass balls into his hands, turned on a light\\ncurrent, and asked if he could see it. Yis. he\\nreplied, she s wurkin. A little more electricity\\nwas then applied, when the man cried out Holdt-\\nher, boys, holdther She s wurkin hard. Och\\nholdther, I say. Be jabers! she s got me hard. A\\nstiff volume was then applied, and the man began\\nto jump and yell, Why don t ye holdther? Oh!\\nby the Holy Vargin I ye 11 kill me ded. Just at\\nthis moment Mr. Wood appeared at the door. The\\nboys dropped the connecting wires and ran for the\\nbattery-room, and the delegate from the ould sod\\nhurried down stairs, muttering to himself that he\\nhad seen enough of the domed telegroff.\\nIn the winter and spring of 1848 the line was\\npushed rapidly forward, and on reaching Chicago\\nthe company organized by electing J. J. Speed, Jr.,\\npresident; E. Cornell, Anthony Dudgeon, Benjamin\\nFollett, David S. Walbridge, and J. B. Smith,\\ndirectors and James Haviland, secretary. No\\ntreasurer was needed, for the money received at the\\noffices was paid out as fast as received, and reported\\nto the father of Mr. Speed, who served as book-\\nkeeper. Mr. Haviland was head operator at Detroit,\\nwith Mr. Wood as superintendent of construction\\nand repairs on the line. The office was ^oon moved\\nto a building on Jefferson .-Avenue, next to the old\\nFarmers and Mechanics Bank Building, opposite\\nMasonic Hall. As early as 1S52 it was moved a\\nlittle nearer Griswold Street to a two-story wooden\\nbuilding, on the site now occupied by Charles Root\\nCompany s store. In their new office the com-\\npany was designated as the Erie and Michigan Line.\\nC. E. Wendell was manager from 1851 to 1856.\\nThe O Reilly Line, so named after its projector,\\nHenry O Reilly, was completed between Buffalo and\\nDetroit on March i, 184S, and on that day the first\\ndispatch from New York was received. The office\\nof this company was originally in the second story\\nof the then new Godfrey Building on Jefferson\\nAvenue, just below the Michigan Exchange. E. D.\\nBenedict was manager.\\nThe third line, known as the Snow Line, was\\nconstructed by Messrs. Josiah and William D.\\nSnow; it ran to Chicago, by way of Monroe.\\nIn 1852 there was in operation a line called the\\nNorthern Michigan, with G. L. Lee as manager.\\nDuring the years that the lines retained the names\\nof their individual proprietors the papers always\\nheaded their telegraph column, Telegraph by\\nO Reilly, Speed, or Snow Line, as the case might\\nbe. In 1852 G. W. Balch was general Western\\nmanager of the O Reilly Line. This same year\\nthe name was changed to the Atlantic, Lake, and\\nMississippi Telegraph Line, and E. D. Benedict\\nbecame manager of the Detroit oflfice. In 1855\\nthe Morse, House, O Reilly, and Wade Lines were\\nconsolidated under the name of the New York and\\nMississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company. The\\nDetroit office was located on Jefferson Avenue ne.xt\\nto the old Farmers and Mechanics Bank Building,\\nwhere H. A. Newland Company s store is now\\nlocated. Early in the spring of 1854 Mr. Speed\\nsold his interest in the Erie and Michigan Line to\\none of the companies above named, for $30,000.\\nThis caused an entire change in the management.\\nThe purchasers supposed their purchase would give\\nthem control of the property, but they found that\\nMessrs. Cornell and Wood owned a large amount\\nof stock, and could control the appointment of the\\nBoard of Directors. This was a sore disappoint-\\nment, but the Rochester owners had to acquiesce.\\nMr. Cornell was elected president and superintend-\\nent, with Mr. Wood as treasurer and general financial\\nagent. From this time the company paid its stock-\\nholders five per cent dividends, but as there was a\\nlively competition for business by the other lines, the\\ncapital of the Erie and Michigan Lines decreased\\nS8.000 per year. This state of things induced the\\nRochester owners to come to Detroit, and make an\\neffort to unite the companies. At a meeting held\\nhere, the Rochester Company was represented by I.\\nR. EKvood, H. Sibley, and Samuel L. Selden and\\nthe Erie and Michigan Company by E. Cornell, M.\\nB. Wood, and J. M. Howard. The meeting resulted\\nin cutting down the capital stock of the Rochester\\nCompany from $450,000 to S350.000, and raising\\nthe Erie and Michigan stock from $117,000 to\\n$150,000, making a total capital of $500,000, and\\nconsolidating all the lines and parts of lines west of\\nBuffalo in which the Rochester Company had any\\ninterest. The organization was called the Western\\nUnion Telegraph Company, and was fully organized\\non .April 4, 1856.\\nThe office was now removed to 52 Griswold Street.\\nAbout 1S61 it was moved to 66 Griswold, and in\\n1872 was again removed to the southeast corner of\\nGriswold and Congress Streets. Mr. Balch acted\\nas general manager until 1865, when he was suc-\\nceeded by Colin Fox, and he by C. Corbet in 1870.\\nOn July 16, 1857, the first telegraph cable was\\nlaid across Detroit River. It was a piece of the", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0936.jp2"}, "937": {"fulltext": "TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.\\n885\\ncable originally intended to be used at Newfound-\\nland, and was the first really successful submarine\\ntelegraph cable laid in any waters.\\nIn 1S80 the Western Union had one cable cross-\\ning the river with seven conductors, and two cables\\nwith three conductors each. The Atlantic and\\nPacific Company had one cable, and the American\\nUnion Company two cables at this point. On\\nAugust 5, 1858, the news that the Atlantic cable\\nhad been successfully laid called forth impromptu\\nand noisy demonstrations. The telegraph office\\nwas illuminated, and the streets were brilliant\\nwith bonfires. This first report was untrue,\\nbut on -Vugust 16 following, at 9.30 v. u.,\\nthe arrival of a bona fide dispatch from the Queen\\nwas duly announced, and immediately the bells\\nrang, the people gathered, and bonfires were built.\\nOn the next day preparations were made for a dis-\\nplay in the evening. Accordingly, at 8 P. M., guns\\nwere fired, and for an hour all the bells were rung,\\nmany buildings were illuminated, a torchlight pro-\\ncession paraded, and innumerable bonfires told of\\nthe general joy. Indeed, it was joy run wild staid\\nold citizens acted like school-boys, and all through\\nthe city, shouts and singing filled the air. Probably\\nno other occasion was more hilariously celebrated\\nin Detroit.\\nIn 1863 the United States Telegraph Company\\nbuilt its line in Michigan. It extended along the F.\\nP. M. R. R. to Saginaw, and ran also to Port\\nHuron and Toledo. It was consolidated with the\\nWestern L nion in 1866.\\nThe Atlantic and Pacific Line was built from\\nToledo to Detroit in 1868, and opened in Novem-\\nber. The office was established at 39 Woodward\\nAvenue. In 1872 the office was moved to 64 Gris-\\nwold Street. After 1876 it was located at 94 Gris-\\nwold Street. The managers have been: 1869-1870,\\nGeorge Farnsworth 1S71, E. B. Beecher; 1872, C.\\nJ. Ryan; 1873-1881, F. W. Garnsey.\\nThe office of the American Union Line was\\nestablished at Detroit on January- 15, 1880. in the\\nbasement of the First National Bank, G. W. Lloyd\\nas manager. In Februari 1881, all of the telegraph\\ncompanies then represented in Detroit were consoli-\\ndated, and on April i, the office of the Atlantic\\nand Pacific Line was discontinued. During the\\nsummer of 1881 the Mutual Union Company began\\nto build its line in Michigan, and its Detroit office\\nwas opened on February- 6, 1882, with George\\nFarnsworth as manager. In 1883 it was sold to\\nthe Western Union, and on July i the office at\\nDetroit was closed. The Bankers and Merchants\\nTelegraph Line opened its Detroit office in May,\\n18S4. with Geo. F. Singleton as manager.\\nIn the way of telegraphic facilities an important\\nand exceedingly useful advance was made by the\\nestablishment of the district telegraph system. The\\ncompany was organized, in Detroit, on November\\n8, 1875. went into operation November 27, and by\\nthe first of January-, 1876, was fully established.\\nThe capital stock of the company was fixed at\\n$50,000, and it was officered as follows G. W.\\nBalch, president James McMillan, vice-president\\nS. D. Elwood, treasurer; J. W. Mackenzie, super-\\nintendent. In January, 1878, W. A. Jackson became\\nsuperintendent.\\nThe apparatus supplied by the company to sub-\\nscribers consists of a small box about four by\\nsix inches in size, connected by a wire with the\\noffice of the company, and so arranged that by\\nsimply turning a crank a given number of times for\\neach one of four signals, a signal is conveyed to\\nthe office of the company, and a messenger-boy\\ninstantly summoned to go to any part of the city a\\npoliceman called, if there are burglars or suspicious\\ncharacters around; or, subscribers having previ-\\nously furnished the office with the name of their\\nphysician, he can be summoned from the office.\\nThe fourth signal is used in case of fire. The\\ncompany employs a large number of boys and men,\\nand there are always some of them on duty. The\\ngrowth of the serx ice is indicated by the fact that on\\nJanuary i, 1876, seven messengers were employed;\\nJanuary i, 1877, twenty; January i, 1878, forty;\\nJanuary i, 1879, fifty; in 1883 sixty were employed.\\nThe charges for the services of the messengers\\nare: For one hour, 30 cents; 50 minutes, 25 cents;\\n40 minutes, 20 cents; 30 minutes, 15 cents; 20\\nminutes or less, 10 cents.\\nThe messengers may be employed to distribute\\ncirculars and notices of every kind. When desired\\nby subscribers employing a night watchman, the\\ncompany arrange a signal- and wire, so that, as\\noften as may be required, the watchman can send a\\nsignal to the office, thus insuring his faithfulness\\nand attention. A sealed report of the signals re-\\nceived is delivered to the employer every morning.\\nThe rent of the apparatus, not including the charge\\nfor messengers, is S -jO per month. The popularity\\nof the apparatus is indicated by the fact that in\\n1876 one hundred bo.xes vi-ere in use; in 1877, two\\nhundred; in 1878 and 1879, three hundred and\\ntwenty-five. On the first of Januarj-, 1880, the\\nnumber had declined to three hundred because of\\nthe increased use of the telephone, and now there\\nare only two hundred and twenty-five.\\nThe discovery of the telephone began to attract\\nattention early in 1877. The instrument was first\\nexhibited in Detroit on March 6 of that year, at\\nthe Detroit Club Rooms, under the direction of M.\\nC. Kellogg. Communication w-as had with Chicago,\\nand a musical performance there was distinctly\\nheard in Detroit. On August 15, 1878, the Tele-", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0937.jp2"}, "938": {"fulltext": "886 TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.\\nphone and Telegraph Construction Company began telephone stations in various parts of the city,\\nto supply telephones, acting in connection with the and at these stations ten cents is charged for\\nDistrict Telegraph Company. The annual charge telephonic communication. This same year, on\\nfor telephones for business purposes is $60; for January 22, the State telephone system went into\\nordinary professional and residence use, $50. In operation; and now about two hundred cities and\\n1S79 the company had in operation three hundred villages of Michigan are connected by telephone,\\ntelephones and twenty-two private lines. In 1883 The office of the company was originally located at\\nthe number had grown to over fifteen hundred, 135 Griswold Street; in October, 1877, it was\\nand there were besides forty private lines. The moved to 15 Congress Street West; and on Sep-\\nnumber has largely increased since that date. In tember i, 1880, to the Newberry and McMillan\\nFebruary, 1881, the company established public Building.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0938.jp2"}, "939": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L XXXIII.\\nJOURNEYING. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EXPRESS COMPANIES.\\nIt has been said that the first horses at Detroit\\nwere brought from Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburgh,\\nafter the defeat of General Braddock in 1755.\\nThere were undoubtedly some here at a much\\nearlier period, for horses were brought to Quebec in\\n1665, and in Cadillac s grant of land to Joseph\\nParent, in 1708, one of the conditions was that he\\nwas to shoe Cadillac s horses. There were but very-\\nfew horses, however, for general use, and until about\\n1840 their place was largely supplied by the little\\nFrench ponies which roamed at large both inside\\nand outside of the town. These were branded on the\\nshoulder with their owner s initials, and when wanted\\nwere caught and broken. They received little\\ncare, and lived by foraging, yet they were generally\\nin good condition. If a barrel of salt was left out-\\nside of a store over night, it was no uncommon thing\\nto find that it had been gnawed through or broken,\\nand oftentimes the citizens were awakened from\\nsleep by the clatter of the ponies hoofs as they gal-\\nloped through the streets. They were very hardy,\\nand under the saddle have been known to travel\\nsixty miles a day for ten successive days.\\nSupplies for the army, from about 1760, were\\noccasionally brought part way by land from Niagara\\nwith o.x-teams. accompanied by an overseer on horse-\\nback.\\nEarly in the century a common mode of traveling,\\nwhen there was but one horse for two or more per-\\nsons, was known as the ride and tie method.\\nOne person would take the horse and ride on a few\\nmiles, then tie the horse and proceed on foot. The\\nne.xt one of the party coming up would take the\\nhorse, ride a few miles ahead of the first person,\\nand again tie the horse to a tree. Journeys of sev-\\neral hundred miles were performed in this manner.\\nDuring this period Indian trails and bridle-paths\\nconstituted almost the only semblance of roads,\\nhence horseback riding was, for the most part, the\\nonly possible method of land travel, and with\\nswamps to wade and streams to_ ford the method\\nwas slow indeed.\\nOn October 16, 1796, John Wilkins, quartermaster-\\ngeneral of the western army, wrote from Pittsburgh\\nto James McHenry, Secretary of War, that he had\\narrived there on the 14th, having left Detroit on the\\n4th. The Detroit Gazette for December 13, 1825,\\nsays Governor Cass left this city yesterday morn-\\ning on his way to Washington. He was escorted\\nout of town by a large company of citizens on\\nhorseback. On June 20, 1826, the following item\\nappeared Major Forsyth, who returned from the\\ncity of Washington last week, performed the\\njourney to that city and back in eighteen days. We\\nbelieve the journey has never before been performed\\nin so short a time. On September 25, 1828, it was\\nstated as a noteworthy fact that John Palmer had\\njust made a trip to New York in four days and\\nfifteen hours the ordinary time was si.x days and\\nnine hours. When Major John Riddle went to\\nWashington as the territorial delegate, in the fall\\nof 1829, he wrote back on December 7 saying I\\narrived here last night after a long and fatiguing\\njourney of upwards one thousand miles, nine hun-\\ndred of which I performed on horseback. Travel\\nin the interior of the State was not possible until\\nthe military- roads to Chicago and Fort Gratiot w-ere\\nopened.\\nFor short distances, from the days of Cadillac\\nuntil 1830, the low, two- wheeled French carts were\\nalmost the only land carriages used by any one.\\nThey were cushioned with hay or robes, according\\nto the ability of their owners, and ladies of the\\nhighest social standing made their calls or went to\\nchurch sitting on the bottom of these primitive\\nvehicles. A row of them in front of the churches\\nor the council-house was no uncommon sight.\\nIn 181 5, Governor Cass brought his family from\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ohio to Detroit in a carriage, but as the country was\\nvery poor, and the wealthiest in only moderate cir-\\ncumstances, any attempt at display was seldom\\nmade. The carriage, therefore, was used only on\\nrare occasions, and was finally sold to Mr. McKin-\\nstry for use as a hack.\\nAbout 1834 Major Lamed procured a two-\\nseated carriage, and the same year C. C. Trow-\\nbridge procured of Joseph Clapp, of Pittsford,\\nMass., a single carriage. It was so much admired\\nby Mrs. Antoine Beaubien that she ordered a dupli-\\ncate. E. A. Brush and A. T. McReynolds also\\nordered carriages about the same time. At present\\nhundreds of carriages and landaus are kept by pri-\\n[887!", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0939.jp2"}, "940": {"fulltext": "888\\nJOURNEYING.\\nvate persons for their own use and pleasure. In\\n1822 the only four-wheeled wagon in the city was\\nowned by Judge Sibley, and it was in constant\\nrequisition among his less fortunate neighbors even\\nGovernor Cass frequently solicited the loan of it,\\nsaying to his old French ser\\\\-ant, Pierre, go up to\\nJudge Sibley, and tell him if he is not using his\\nwagon to-day I should like to borrow it; and as\\nPierre started off he would sometimes call after him\\nand say, Come back, Pierre! Tell Judge Sibley\\nthat I am going to get a wagon made, and after\\nthat I will neither borrow nor lend.\\nThe first public stage from Detroit left for Mt.\\nClemens on the arrival of the steamboat in June,\\n1822. In 1827 stages commenced to run between\\nthis city and Ohio. On February 16, 1830, a stage\\nwas advertised to go from Sandwich to Niagara,\\nthree times a week, the journey to be made in four\\ndays for five cents a mile. In this year a line of\\npost-coaches ran from here to Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor,\\nand Tecumseh. The following Stage Regulations\\nwere advertised in 1832:\\nThe Sandusky Line, passing through Monroe and Maumee,\\nleaves the Hotel every evening at six o clock. The St. Joseph\\nLine, passing through Ypsilanti, Saline, Clinton, Jonesville,\\nWhite Pigeon, Mottville, and Niles, leaves the Hotel every morn-\\ning at seven o clock during the summer season, and three times a\\nweek during the winter season. A branch of this line leaves\\nYpsilanti immediately after its arrival, for Ann Arbor, Jackson-\\nburg, and Calhoun. The Aaa Arbor Line, passing through Pckin,\\nPlymouth, and Panama, leaves the Hotel three times a week.\\nThe Pontiac Line leaves daily and a branch, three times a\\nweek, passes through Rochester, Stony Creek, and Romeo. And\\nalso a line to Mount Clemens three times a week. A daily extra\\nwill also leave the Hotel for Ypsilanti at twelve o clock. As\\nalmost all of the above routes are regular mail routes, the travel-\\ning public may depend upon a safe and speedy conveyance.\\nExtra carriages will be furnished at all times for any part of the\\ncountry.\\nE. WOODWOKTH.\\nAprz/, 1832.\\nOn May 30, i S34, this item appeared in a Detroit\\ndaily\\nA new line is about to be established between this city and the\\nmouth of the .St. Joseph River, and the first coach left to-day.\\nThis line will run through the county seats of Washtenaw, Jack-\\nson, Calhoun, and Kalamazoo. Steamboats are about to com-\\nmence running between the mouth of the St. Joseph and Chicago,\\nso that the entire distance from Detroit to Chicago may be per-\\nformed in less than five days.\\nIn 1837 Stages ran from Detroit as far west as\\nChicago, east to Buffalo, and north to Flint. The\\ntime to Chicago was four and a half days.\\nThe increasing extension of railroad lines con-\\nstantly lessened the number of stage routes, and\\nsince 1873 regular stages have been run from\\nthe city.\\nThe first public carriages were the two-wheeled\\ncabs. In 1845 two of these were procured by a\\nbarber named Robert Banks, Henry Jackson,\\nJames Hall, and Mrs. Woods being associated with\\nhim in their ownership. Banks had a barber-shop\\non the northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and\\nOris wold Street. Previous to the arrival of the\\ncabs a space near the corner had been paved with\\nhe.xagonal blocks of wood, and he advertised that\\nhis hacks would be found there. A city license of\\n$5.00 a year is paid by the owners of each hack,\\nand drivers pay a license of S -OO- The following\\ncharges are allowed by law Fifty cents for one\\nperson anywhere in city limits children under ten,\\nnot more than two at a time, twenty-five cents;\\neach trunk or bundle weighing less than fifty pounds\\nis carried free for those weighing over fifty pounds,\\nthe legal charge is fifteen cents. Hacks by the\\nhour are allowed Si. 50 for first hour, S -OO after\\nfor one person, and twenty-fi\\\\e cents an hour for\\neach additional per.son between the hours of 1 1 p M.\\nand 5 A. .M., one half more may be charged. A single\\nperson has a right to demand conveyance, at these\\nrates, to any part of the city.\\nOne of the earliest efforts to establish a regular\\nline of street-omnibuses was made in May, 1847.\\nThe following newspaper item gives details of the\\nenterprise\\nOmnibus. Mr. Jonas Titus has started his omnibus again\\nupon the route along Jefferson Avenue from the Michigan Ex-\\nchange to Hamtramck. The bus has been decorated in fine\\nstyle, and running at regular hours will greatly accommodate the\\nEast End and our citizens during the hot months. Prompt en-\\ncouragement should be given (by the purchase of tickets) to an\\nenterprise so laudable and usefuL\\nThis line was not well patronized, and soon\\nceased. Three years later the papers gave this\\nnotice of a new effort of the same character\\nJefferson Avenue Line of O.mnibuses. Messrs. Baldwin\\nDrake, proprietors of several fine cabs and carriages, have\\nengaged some splendid omnibuses to form an omnibus line from\\nthe Depot to the head of Jefferson Avenue during summer. An\\nomnibus will pass each way once in thirty minutes, taking on\\npassengers at every point in the Broadway style. The fare will\\nbe fixed at a low rate, probably at six cents per ride.\\nThe line went into operation on Jefferson Avenue\\non April 30, 1850, and soon after on Woodward\\nAvenue, but like its predecessor was short-lived.\\nAnother interval of three years passed, and in 1853\\nan omnibus line was established by William Stevens,\\nfrom Cleveland. This line was composed of the\\nvehicles which had pre\\\\nously run to and from the\\nhotels. It was sold after two years to A. J. Farmer\\nafter three or four years, to I\\\\Ir. Morris, and finally\\nto Thomas Cox. Mr. Cox was succeeded by the\\npresent omnibus company, composed of Messrs. E.\\nFerguson and Gesrge Hendrie. Their office and\\nstables are on Earned Street near First. They run\\ntwenty omnibuses and baggage wagons and two\\nHerdic coaches, and charge two shillings for pas-\\nsengers, and the same for ordinary baggage. The\\noffice is open day and night, and their train-agents", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0940.jp2"}, "941": {"fulltext": "TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.\\n889\\nmeet ever\\\\- passenger train coming to Detroit, at the\\nJunctions, and arrange for the conveying of passen-\\ngers or baggage to any part of the city. The\\nsystem is a great improvement on the old plan,\\nunder which each hotel sustained its own bus and\\nbaggage-wagon, the drivers, a motley crew, literally\\nseizing upon the travelers who came within their\\nreach, while their cries made a bedlam of the depots\\nand steamboat landings.\\nThe Omnibus Company also own and run the\\ncoupes formerly managed by the Detroit Carriage\\nand E.vpress Company. These coupes were intro-\\nduced on April 17, 1S7S, and the property was sold\\nto the above-named company in July, 1883.\\nTRANSPORT .\\\\T10N FACILITIES.\\nThe English made much more of Detroit than\\ntheir predecessors had done. Under the French it\\nwas chiefly a military post for the region immedi-\\nately around it and as there were other French\\nestablishments north and west, the goods for the\\nIndian trade and the army were divided among\\nthem. Transportation from Montreal to Detroit, in\\n1702, was at the rate of S300 for one hundred-\\nweight. Under English rule Detroit was the extreme\\nwestern post, became the center of all operations in\\nthe West, and enormous quantities of goods were\\ngathered here. This resulted in supplementing\\nthe birch-bark canoes with numerous vessels, all\\nof which were owned by His Majesty. Even the\\ngoods of private traders were transported in the\\nking s ships, and in 17S0 the rate from Niagara to\\nDetroit was ^i per barrel. The same vessels were\\nused until 1796, when some of them were trans-\\nferred to private parties, and with other craft they\\ncontinued to have almost a monopoly of the busi-\\nness of transporting goods from the East. In 181 5\\nthe price of freight from Buffalo to Detroit was\\nS5.00 per barrel. The only competitors of the\\nsailing vessels were the pack-horses, which were\\nmuch used, especially in con\\\\-eying government\\nstores. The Detroit Gazette for December 26, 1S17,\\nsays This week a number of pack-horses, laden\\nwith shoes for the troops at Green Bay, started on\\nan expedition through the wilderness for that post.\\nIn 1 8 18 steamboats made their appearance, and on\\nFebruary 27 Charles Smith, of Albany, New York,\\ngave notice in the Gazette that he had completed\\narrangements for the transportation of merchandise\\nfrom the East to the upper lakes, and guaranteed\\nthat the cost of transporting packages of ordinary\\nsize from New York to Detroit should in no case\\nexceed 84.50 per hundredweight.\\nThe completion of the Erie Canal to Buffalo in\\n1825 was a notable event in the progress of trans-\\nportation facilities, and freights were greatly reduced\\nas soon as it was opened. The Detroit Gazette for\\nDecember 5 says: We can now go from Detroit\\nto New York in five and a half days. Before the\\nwar it took at least two months or more. The\\nopening of the Welland Canal in the fall of 1831\\nwas also of great advantage.\\nDuring this period the scarcity of roads of any\\nkind in Michigan, and the condition of those that did\\nexist, made all transportation to or from the interior\\nexceedingly difficult and expensive. In order in part\\nto obviate the difficulty, in August, 1833, a sub-\\nscription was raised in Ypsilanti, and a flat-bottomed\\nboat, the Experiment, was built to na\\\\ igate the\\nHuron River. The following, from the Detroit\\nJournal and Advertiser of May 21, 1834, tells of the\\nprogress of this experiment, and of the hopes it\\nraised\\nNAVIGATION FROM DETROIT TO YPSILANTI.\\nLast week a boat arrived in this place from psllanti with a\\nload of flour consisting of one hundred and twenty-five barrels,\\nthe entire distance being performed in thirty-six hours. This is\\nan experiment which merits notice and encouragement. The\\nflour was brought here at an expense of about thirty-eight cents\\nper barrel, the usual price by land being from sixty-three to\\nseventy-five cents. After the slight impediments to the naviga-\\ntion are removed, the transportation will be greatly reduced, and\\nit is ascertained by competent and well judging individuals that\\nby expending a trifling sum of money, the Huron River may be\\nrendered navigable as far as Ypsilanti or Ann Arbor for steam-\\nboats of from thirty to forty-five tons. The result of this ad\\\\ en-\\nture justifies the expectation that hereafter the produce and\\nimportations of a considerable portion of Washtenaw will be\\ntransported by water, at a much less expense than the usual\\ntedious and tardy mode of land conveyance.\\nThese expectations were not fulfilled, as there\\nwas not enough business to make the project remu-\\nnerative after three trips the boat was sold, and\\nfinally, with all the bright anticipations that once\\nclustered about it, was stranded on the banks near\\nDearborn.\\nThe next venture was made by the State, and\\nwas much more costly and extensive. The crowds\\nof emigrants that came by every steamer, the new\\n.settlements they built up all over the .State, the press-\\ning need thus caused for more easy and rapid transit\\nthrough the interior, and the rejoicing of all parties\\nover the admission of the State to the Union, caused\\nthe Legislature to act like one who, youthful and\\ninexperienced, has suddenly become heir to an im-\\nmense estate. In the month of March, 1837, was\\npassed, not only the notorious Wildcat Banking Law,\\nbut also a law providing for borrowing on the bonds\\nof the State the enormous amount of $5,000,000,\\nto be expended in internal improvements under the\\ndirection of seven commissioners. The estimated\\ncost of the improvements undertaken reached the\\nsum of nearly $8,000.000 these included four rail-\\nroads, three canals, and the improvement of the\\nGrand. Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers, and ap-\\npropriations were actually made for the roads and", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0941.jp2"}, "942": {"fulltext": "890\\nTRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.\\ncanals, and for two of the rivers. All of the rail-\\nroads and canals were to be built and operated\\nsolely by the State. The roads were named the\\nSouthern, from Monroe to New Buffalo, the\\nNorthern, from Port Huron to Grand Rapids, the\\nCentral, from Detroit to St. Joseph, and the\\nHavre Branch, from Havre, in Monroe County,\\nto the Ohio State line. Of the canals, the Clinton\\nand Kalamazoo was to extend from Mt. Clemens\\nto the mouth of the Kalamazoo on Lake Michigan,\\nthe Saginaw or Northern, from the forks of Bad\\nRiver to Maple River, and the St. Mary s was\\ndesigned to avoid the rapids in the St. Mary s River.\\nIn addition to these, a legion of private railroad\\nand canal companies were incorporated, apparently\\nwith the intention of supplying every four corners\\nwith both a railroad and a canal. Among the\\nother railroad projects that sprang up in the flush\\ntimes of 1834 to 1837 was the Shelby and Detroit\\nRailroad Company, designed to run between Detroit\\nand Utica. It was incorporated on March 7, 1834,\\nwith a capital of $100,000, and in September, 1839,\\nit was in operation from Utica to within five miles of\\nthe Gratiot Road. The cars were drawn by horses,\\nand connecting stages at the end of the rails carried\\npassengers to Detroit. In 1844 the company ceased\\nto operate the road, and on March 18, 1848, the\\nLegislature changed the name to Detroit, Romeo,\\nPort Huron Railroad but the new name did not\\ngive it new life, and it is either dead or sleeping.\\nThe most of these projects were actually needed\\nabout as much as the banks which kept them com-\\npany. The railroads built by the State are else-\\nwhere described. Upon the canals and river im-\\nprovements over $3,000,000 were expended, but no\\none of these public works was brought to completion.\\nThe embankments of several of these works look\\nlike Indian mounds, and remain to this day as relics\\nof the dead past and departed glory.\\nOther railroads, both State and private, were\\ngradually pushed to completion, and communication\\nwith the West established. The completion of the\\nNew York Central Railroad from Albany to Buffalo,\\nin 1843, and of the New York and Erie from New\\nYork City direct to Buffalo, in 1851, very nearly\\nsolved the question of rapid transit to and from the\\nEast and the completion of the Great Western\\nfrom Niagara Falls to Detroit, in 1854, fully met\\nthe needs of the public.\\nIn the spring of 1855 trade with the Lake Superior\\nregion was greatly facilitated by the opening of the\\nSt. Mary s Falls Ship Canal.\\nAt the present time fast freight arrives from Balti-\\nmore in from one and one half to two days. The\\ngain in time since 1836 is shown by the fact that on\\nFebruary 15 of that year, G. R. Lillibridge advertised\\nin the Detroit papers, as a remarkable event, that he\\nhad for sale oysters which had just arrived, only\\ntwenty days from Baltimore.\\nNearly all of the freight from the East is now\\nconsigned by some one of the freight lines which\\noperate on the various roads. These companies\\nown and lease many thousands of freight-cars, and\\nby contract with the railroad companies have their\\ncars or freight transported at special rates on fast\\ntrains. Some one line usually has a monopoly of\\nthe main traffic of each road, and the companies, by\\nagreement among themselves and with the rail-\\nroads, from time to time arrange the rates and\\nclassifications of freights.\\nThe crossing of the river at Detroit has always\\nbeen a serious inconvenience to the railroad com-\\npanies, and prior to 1867 the delay involved in the\\nhandling and transferring of freight to and from the\\nboats greatly increased the expense of its carriage;\\nrailroad ferries were built to crush the ice in winter,\\nRailroad Ferry Dock.\\nbut the handling of packages was tedious and expen-\\nsive work. On January i, 1867, the Great Western\\nRailroad inaugurated the plan of carrying the cars\\nthemselves across the river on boats built for the\\npurpose. The Great Western was the first of these\\nboats. She was built in England, at a cost of\\n$190,000 in gold, was sent over in parts, and put\\ntogether at Windsor. She carries fourteen freight\\ncars. Of the five other boats since added, the\\nTransit carries ten, the Michigan sixteen, the Trans-\\nfer eighteen, the Transport twenty-one, and the\\nTrenton eight.\\nOn the docks on both sides of the river are tracks\\nwhich can be raised or lowered to admit of the\\ncars passing directly from the boats to the railroad.\\nThe boats transfer about 15,000 passenger-cars and\\n400,000 freight-cars yearly. Even these facilities are", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0942.jp2"}, "943": {"fulltext": "TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.\\n891\\nnot fully satisfactory, and early in 1871 the question\\nof tunneling the river began to be publicly agitated,\\nand on May 1 1, 1871, James F. Joy applied to the\\nCommon Council for the use of portions of certain\\nstreets for approaches to a proposed tunnel. Some\\nof the citizens protested, but on August i an ordi-\\nnance was passed which favored the project. On\\nSeptember 14 arrangements were made to break\\nground for the main shaft of the tunnel in the yard\\nof the D. M. R. R., opposite St. Antoine Street,\\nnear the present Railroad Ferry Slip. On January\\n31, 1872, the shaft was finished for a distance of one\\nhundred and eight feet below the surface of the\\nriver. The depth of the masonrj was one hundred\\nand fourteen feet, the upper portion of eighty-nine\\nfeet was fifteen feet in diameter, with si.xteen-inch\\nwalls. The lower twenty-five feet was nine feet in\\ndiameter, with twelve-inch walls. The work of e.xca-\\nvating the drainage drift or tunnel under the bed of\\nthe river was then begun, but in 1873, after digging\\none hundred and thirty-five feet, the work was dis-\\ncontinued. There was said to be too much sulphur\\nand quicksand to venture further. The question of\\nbridging the river was ne.xt agitated. The vessel\\nowners strenuously opposed this measure, and\\nboth parties began to marshal their forces. On\\nApril 7, 1874, a meeting of residents of various\\nparts of the State was held in Detroit to consider\\nthe subject, and resolutions in favor of a bridge\\nwere adopted. One week later, on April 15, the\\nvessel owners rallied at Young Men s Hall and\\npassed resolutions favoring a tunnel. After these\\ntwo meetings interest in the subject seemed to\\nflag.\\nIn the latter part of March, 1879, it was an-\\nnounced that a tunnel was to be built at Grosse\\nIsle, where the Canada Southern crossed the river,\\nand work was begun on April 21. This awakened\\nthe business and railroad men of Detroit and their\\neastern friends, and a project was inaugurated to\\nsecure Belle Isle for the city, as a suitable place for\\nthe crossing of a bridge and also for a park. A bill\\nwas passed on May 31, 1879, providing for its pur-\\nchase and for permitting the city to unite with the\\nCanadian authorities or any Canadian corporation\\nin building a tunnel on equal terms, and the Council\\nwas given power, with consent of the Board of\\nEstimates, to issue bonds for 1:500,000, for the pur-\\npose of building a bridge or tunnel. At the same\\nsession of the Legislature provision was made for\\nsubmitting, at the State election in November, 1880,\\nan amendment to the constitution giving the Legis-\\nlature power to authorize such action on the part of\\nthe city. The amendment was lost by a vote in the\\nState of 37,340 for and 58,040 against the amend-\\nment the work of tunneling from Grosse Isle was\\nsoon after suspended, and the announcement made\\nthat the stone through which the tunnel was to be\\nmade was unfavorable for the work.\\nOn October 14, 1879, a committee, appointed\\nunder the direction of Congress, held sessions in\\nDetroit to hear the various arguments for and\\nagainst a bridge or tunnel and on December 8 they\\nreported in favor of a bridge. No public action\\nhas since been had on the question.\\nAn elevator (or wheat-house, as it was first\\ncalled), for the purpose of storing grain, was not\\nmuch needed until 1851, and in that year the first\\none was erected by the M. C. R. R. In 1861 E.\\nM. Clark built an elevator at the D. M. Depot.\\nIn the winter of 1 879-1 880 it was enlarged to\\ndouble its former capacity, and will now hold\\n350,000 bushels. In 1864 the M. C. R. R. built a\\nsecond elevator, and on October 29, 1866, the first\\none was burned. In 1879 a new one was built, and\\non September 29 it received its first lot of grain.\\nThe capacity of each of these elevators is 550.000\\nbushels. The elevator built \\\\r\\\\ 1882 by the Union\\nDepot Company will hold 1,300,000 bushels.\\nTwo-wheeled drays were introduced about 1830,\\nand up to 1858 the draymen did all the teaming for\\nthe business men of the city. In the latter year the\\nDetroit Milwaukee, and Great Western Rail-\\nroads, through the agency of Messrs. Hendrie\\nCompany, commenced to collect freight for and\\ndeliver from the several roads. This innovation\\ngreatly incensed the draymen, and on July 28, 1858,\\nthey held an indignation meeting to protest against\\nthe practice. Their meeting was of no avail, but\\nthe feeling against the roads continued. On Feb-\\nruary 10, i860, J. G. Erwin Company wished to\\nship a hundred dressed hogs by the G. W. R. R.\\nForty of the draymen volunteered to take them,\\nand went in procession to the depot, each dray\\nladen with a single hog. .A.s a demonstration it\\nwas a great success, but the railroad trucks still\\ncontinued to run, became increasingly popular, and\\nare now used to deliver most of the freight to or\\nfrom the railroads.\\nMessrs. Hendrie Company, E. Ferguson, the\\nGrand Trunk Railroad, J. T. Hurley, and the De-\\ntroit Truck Company have a capital of probably\\n$75,000 invested in about fifty trucks and horses.\\nThere are about four hundred and fifty trucks, drays,\\nand express wagons owned by other parties. The\\ntwo-horse trucks or drays pay a city license of \u00c2\u00a76.00,\\nexpress wagons and drays, $2.00 each. The old\\ntwo-wheeled drays, once so familiar, have almost\\nentirely given place to four-wheeled wagons, less\\nthan half a dozen of the former being now in use.\\nA Package and Baggage Express Company was\\nestablished on June 6, 1881, and carried small\\npackages to any part of the city for from five to ten\\ncents each, and also delivered large packages at", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0943.jp2"}, "944": {"fulltext": "89:\\nEXPRESS COMPANIES.\\nreasonable rates. In 1881 the company employed\\nfive men, with one-horse teams, and from fifteen to\\ntwenty boys, who delivered hundreds of packages\\ndaily. The business was not sufficiently remunera-\\ntive, and the organization ceased in 1882.\\nEXPRESS COMPAXIES.\\nAmong the most important mercantile facilities\\nwhich have been developed by the business of the\\ncountry are the several express companies. The\\nfirst to engage in the express business in Detroit\\nwas Charles H. Miller. The following notice from\\na paper of February, 1844, shows that he soon\\nfound a competitor\\nMiller s Express.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 We regret to learn that Pomeroy Com-\\npany have extended their Express Line to this city. Not that we\\nentertain any hostile feeling to them, but because we believe in-\\njustice is done to Mr. Chas. H. Miller.\\nThe Pomeroy Express was first established at\\nAlbany, New York, by George E. Pomeroy in 1841,\\nand in 1844 an office was opened in Detroit in C.\\nMorse s bookstore on the north side of Jefferson\\nAvenue, just west of Bates Street. About 1845\\nthe name was changed to Wells Company s Express,\\nand .soon after the Detroit office was moved to the\\nbasement of the F. M. Bank on Jefferson Ave-\\nnue. In 1850 the company was reorganized under\\nthe name of the American Express Company, and\\nthat year the office was located at 106 Jefferson\\nAvenue, three doors belovi the Michigan Exchange.\\nOn May 20, 1862, the office was moved to the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Waverly Block, opposite the Michigan E.xchange.\\nFrom here, on May i, 1865. it was moved to the old\\nRotunda on Griswold Street, and on August i,\\n1879, to the Moffat Building.\\nThe success of the several express companies\\ncaused the organization of a rival company, the\\nMerchants Union. It numbered several Detroit\\nmerchants among its stockholders, and its office\\nhere was first opened on October 4, 1866, at 221\\nJefferson Avenue. C. J. Petty was agent. On\\nDecember i, 1868, the company was consolidated\\nwith the American Express Company under the\\ntitle of the American .Merchants Express Company.\\nOn February i, 1S73, the word Merchants was\\ndropped. In 18S0 the American E.xpress Company\\nhad about fifty employees in Detroit, the monthly\\npay-roll footed up $2,500, and the company em-\\nployed twenty-two horses, using four double and\\nten single wagons.\\nOn March 14, 1882, the express companies sys-\\ntem of money orders was introduced in Detroit.\\nThe plan is .similar to that of the post-office orders.\\nSums of from one dollar to five dollars can be\\nobtained for a fee of five cents, and orders for\\namounts between five dollars and ten dollars for\\neight cents.\\nThe following agents have had charge of the\\nDetroit office: 1842- 1844, Daniel Dunning; 1845,\\nJohn C.Noble; 1846, \\\\V. G. Fargo; 1846-1855, John\\nC. Fargo; 1855-1867, Charles Fargo; 1867-1868,\\nA. Antisdel; 1869, C. J. Petty; 1870, W. A. Gray;\\n1871, Merritt Seely; 1872-1876. T. B. Fargo; 1876\\nto December. 1881, Merritt Seely; from December,\\n1881, C. F. Reed. Division Superintendents: 1855-\\n1867, Charles Fargo; 1867. A. H. Walcott 1868,\\nJ. L. TurnbuU; 1869-1871, J. H. Arnett from 1871,\\nJ. S. Hubbard.\\nThe United States Express Company was estab-\\nlished at Detroit in 1857. Its first office was at 112\\nJefferson Avenue, next to the Michigan E.xchange.\\nFrom here it was moved to the Rotunda on May i,\\n1865, and on September i, 1879, to the Colburn\\nBlock on Congress Street West, between Wood-\\nward .A. venue and Bates Street. In 18S0 it employed\\ntwelve persons, and the pay-roll was S621.50 per\\nmonth. Six horses and four wagons were used.\\nThe agents have been: 1857. W. H. Ashley; 1858-\\n1866, C. J. Petty; from August 18, 1866, F. H.\\nCone.\\nIn October, 1872, a distemper prevailed among\\nthe horses at Detroit, as well as all over the North,\\nand the last week in October both express compa-\\nnies delivered and collected goods in ordinary hand-\\ncarts.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0944.jp2"}, "945": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXXIV.\\nRAILROADS.\\nThe Detroit, Grand Haven, and Mikuaiikcc\\nRaikiiay Company.\\nA premonition of the buildinij of this and other\\nroads is contained in the following article from\\nThe Detroit Gazette of December 17, 1829, and\\nexcept that it allowed too little time for their com-\\npletion, was really prophetic\\nTen years hence, or before, Ihe citizens of Detroit will be able\\nto reach the Atlantic in twenty-four hours. In twenty years\\nthe navigation of our br )ad and beautiful lakes will be of\\nno manner of use to us, because land transportation will be so\\nmuch cheaper. It will be a comfortable thing to get into not a\\ncoach or steamboat but a snug house built over a steam engine,\\nand, after journeying smoothly and safely at the rate of thirty or\\nforty miles an hour, find yourself at breakfast next morning in\\nNew York or Washington.\\nThe year after this article was written, on July\\n31, 1830, the Pontiac Detroit Railroad was char-\\ntered, and became the first incorporated railroad\\nwithin the limits of the old Northw^est Terri-\\ntory. The States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois\\nhad been created long before. Michigan w-as still\\na Territory, but she outstripped them all in her\\nplans for utilizing the iron horse. Not only was the\\nfirst western railroad chartered here, but the first\\nrails and the first locomotive in the West were the\\nproperty of a road within the border of Mich-\\nigan. P ive years were allowed to complete the\\nDetroit Pontiac Line, which was to have been\\nbuilt on the route of the Pontiac Road. The cor-\\nporators failed to carry out their plans, and on March\\n7, 1834, the Detroit Pontiac Railroad Company,\\nan entirely new corporation, was chartered. In fact,\\nthe line has been organized and reorganized .so many\\ntimes that the original corporators could hardly\\ntrace their property except in the soil of the\\nroad-bed. On March 26, 1S35, the corporation\\nwas authorized to establish the Bank of Pontiac,\\nwith a capital of $100,000, the stock of the company\\nto be liable for the debts. On April 25, 1836, con-\\ntracts were let for grubbing the first fifteen miles of\\nthe road, but a swamp this side of Royal Oak\\ngreatly hindered the work. At other points, in after\\nyears, certain sink-holes swallowed up whole\\nforests, together with acres of soil, before a solid foim-\\ndation could be obtained. At first the road consisted\\nmerely of wooden rails, and the cars were operated\\nby horse power. On March 22, 1837, while the\\nfever of internal improvement was at its height, the\\nState was authorized to purchase the line. No pur-\\nchase, however, was then made, but by Act of March\\n5, 1838, the State loaned the company \u00c2\u00a7100,000,\\nsecured by mortgage, to aid in completing the road.\\nIn these days it seems that the road should have\\nbeen easily built, with the aid of such a loan and\\nthe banking powers which the company possessed.\\nOn May 19, 1838, the road was in operation for\\ntwelve miles, and the receipts were \u00c2\u00a780 per day. On\\nJuly 21 it was opened to Royal Oak, and on .August\\n16, 1839, to Birmingham. A locomotive obtained\\nfrom Philadelphia, the Sherman Stevens, was first\\nused at this time. In 1858 the same engine was\\ndoing duty under the name of Pontiac, and at a still\\nlater date was in use on the Port Huron Owosso\\nRailroad.\\nThe first passenger-coaches were divided into\\nthree rooms, benches for seats were arranged length-\\nwise, and the passengers entered through doors on\\nthe sides instead of at the ends. The covered\\nfreight-cars had but four wheels, with white-ash\\nsprings these were made in the company s shops,\\nand actually used for full ten years.\\nAfter the road was completed to Birmingham, still\\nslower progress was made towards Pontiac, and it\\nwas not until July 4, 1S43, that the road was opened\\nto that point. At this time trains stopped anywhere\\nand everywhere to take on or let off passengers, and\\nthe time that trains would reach any particular place\\nwas very uncertain. The trains were so exceedingly\\nslow that one of the stories of that day told of a\\nmiddle-aged man who died of extreme old age\\nwhile on the road to Pontiac; and Goto Pontiac!\\nwas considered a fearful imprecation.\\nThe rails were of strap or fiat-bar iron, spiked to\\nthe cross ties. They frequently broke, turned up,\\nand entered the cars, occasionally causing serious\\naccidents. In allusion to this fact, an advertisement\\nin the Directory of 1845 says: The company have\\nnow a new and elegant car on the road, well\\nw-armed, and sheathed with iron to guard against\\ndanger from loose bars.\\nThe corporation of 1834 intended to run into\\nthe city over the Gratiot Road to Woodward Ave-\\nnue, and on March 31, 1838, the council gave the\\n[893]", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0945.jp2"}, "946": {"fulltext": "894\\nRAILROADS.\\nnecessary permission. The company, however, did\\nnot avail itself of the privilege, but laid the track\\non Deqtiindre Street from the Gratiot Road to Jef-\\nferson Avenue, and the passenger depot was located\\non the avenue. In 1842 the line was e.xtendcd\\ndown the (iratiot Road to Farmer Street. The\\nproperty owners along Gratiot Street did not ap-\\nprove of this proceeding, especially as the careless\\nmanner in which the road was constructed rendered\\nthe street almost impassable after a rain. The evil\\nwas apparent to everybody, and on July 11, 1843,\\nthe council decreed the track a public nuisance, and\\nthe marslial was ordered to remove the same unless\\nthe road was improved. Some trifling repairs were\\nmade, but the road was still objectionable, and on\\nSeptember 7, 1847, the council was petitioned to\\nremove the track, but no action was taken. The\\nDeikoit Milwaukee Dhioi Llilijp.o. lluxNto in iS66.\\npeople continued to urge their objections, and year\\nafter year temporary improvements and promises in\\nabundance were made by the officers of the road,\\nthe people, in the meantime, growing more and\\nmore impatient. Finally, on September 5, 184S, the\\ncompany was ordered by the council to tear up the\\ntrack inside of the city on all public squares or\\nstreets within si.x months, and if not then removed,\\nthe city marshal was instructed to tear it up.\\nEven after this action a year and more went by,\\nand the track remained as before. At length the\\npeople themselves undertook its removal, and on\\nthe evening of December 12, 1S49, after the train\\nhad left for Pontiac, a posse of men went to work\\nnear the head of Beaubien Street, and with crow-\\nbars, sledges, handspikes, and other instruments,\\ntore up several rods of the track. When the ne.xt\\ntrain arrived, as there was no place to turn the\\nengine, it had to be backed to Royal Oak. Twelve\\nmen were arrested for tearing up the track, but the\\ncommunity had too much sympathy for them to\\nallow them to be punished, and besides the law\\nofficers of the roads acknowledged that if the track\\nwas a nuisance they had an undoubted right to\\nremove it.\\nFor several weeks, the cars came in only as far as\\nDequindre Street. Finally the track was relaid, and\\non Saturday, February 9, 1850, the cars again\\ncame in to their old depot on the corner of Farmer\\nand Gratiot Streets. Two days after, on Monday\\nafternoon, February II, after the cars had left, a\\nparty of men collected, and beginning at Randolph\\nStreet, the track was\\nagain torn up for a con-\\nsiderable distance, and\\nagain the cars were com-\\npelled to stop at De-\\nquindre Street. The\\ncompany, however, per-\\nsevered, and in July,\\n1850, asked permission\\nto replace their track,\\nand on July 30, the coun-\\ncil, by resolution, gave\\nthe company permission\\nto make use of any of\\nthe streets they had for-\\nmerly occupied for a\\nperiod not longer than\\none year.\\nThe road was now-\\nextended through to the\\nCampus Martins, and\\nthe cars stopped on the\\nsite of the present Detroit\\nOpera House. The de-\\npot buildings were in\\nthe rear, facing Farmer and Gratiot Streets, and\\noccupving fully one quarter of the block.\\nOn May 27, 1851, the company was granted per-\\nmission to extend the track across Jefferson Avenue\\nto the dock property which they had bought at the\\nfoot of Brush Street, and early in 1S52 cars began\\nto run in and out from the Brush Street Depot and for\\nthe first time on the T rails. While this extension\\nwas building, the cars stopped at Gratiot Street.\\nAbout 1 841 the mortgage which had been given\\nto the State to secure the $100,000, and the bonds\\ngiven by the road as further security were sold to\\nMessrs. White Davis of Syracuse, N. Y. They\\nleased the road to Alfred Williams for $10,000 a\\nyear. He operated it until 1849, and in that year", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0946.jp2"}, "947": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n895\\nthe mortgage given to the State for the $100,000\\nloan was bought for $85,000 State scrip and\\n$15,000 cash. Other claims were also cancelled,\\nand at a total cost of about $80,000 cash Messrs.\\nH. N. Walker, Dean Richmond, Alfred Williams,\\nHorace Thurber, and others, became proprietors\\nof the road.\\nMeanwhile, on April 3, 1S48, the Oakland\\nOttawa Railroad had been chartered to build a line\\nfrom Pontiac to Lake Michigan, and by Act of\\nFebruary 13, 1855, that company and the Detroit\\nPontiac Railroad were authorized to consolidate,\\nunder the name of the Detroit Milwaukee\\nRailroad. The consolidation was effected, and on\\nApril 19, 1855, a meeting of the stockholders was\\nheld, and directors chosen for the new road. The\\nline was now pushed rapidly toward Grand Haven,\\nand the road was opened to Fentonville on October\\n2, 1855; to Owosso on July i, 1S56; to St. John s\\non January 14, 1S57; to Ionia on August 12, 1857;\\nto Grand Rapids on July 4, 1S58; and to Grand\\nHaven on August 30, 1858. The first through train\\nwith passengers from Milwaukee arrived at Detroit\\non September I, 1858.\\nOn April 26, 1866, a fire occurred which burned\\nthe offices, freight and passenger depots, and the\\nferry Windsor, causing the loss of eighteen lives.\\nAt the time the two roads consolidated, a mort-\\ngage, under which $207,000 worth of bonds had\\nbeen issued, was outstanding against the Oakland\\nand Ottawa Companies, and three mortgages,\\naggregating $500,000, had been given by the\\nDetroit Pontiac Railroad. The consolidated\\ncompany, in order to obtain funds to build the line,\\ngave a further mortgage of $2,500,000, and then\\none for \u00c2\u00a71,000,000. Subsequently another mortgage\\nfor the sum of $750,000 was given for money\\nobtained from the Great Western Railroad, and\\nthe influence of that company then became para-\\nmount in the management of the corporation. After\\na time a second mortgage, for $500,000, was given\\nto the same company. The Detroit Grand\\nHaven Railway Company failed to pay the interest\\non these last two mortgages, and on October 24,\\ni860, the Great Western Railroad foreclosed their\\nmortgages and bought the road, subject of course\\nto the other mortgages, and the company was\\nreorganized under the same name, except that it\\nwas called a Railroad Company instead of a Rail-\\nway Company.\\nAfter several years proceedings were taken to\\nforeclose the mortgages given for two and one half\\nmillion and one million dollars respectively. On\\nApril II, 1875, the road was put into the hands of\\nC. C. Trowbridge, as receiver, and under a decree\\nof the court, on .September 4. 1878, the Great West-\\nern Railroad became the purchaser of the road for\\nthe nominal sum of $1,850,000, with the under-\\nstanding that the holders of all mortgages were to\\nhave new bonds or payment in money. The real\\neffect of this sale was to cancel the previous mort-\\ngages and include other indebtedness in one mort-\\ngage.\\nThe receivership of C. C. Trowbridge terminated\\non October 19, and on November 9, 1878. the com-\\npany was reorganized under the name of the Detroit,\\nGrand Haven, Milwaukee Railway Company.\\nSoon after the road reached Grand Haven two\\nlarge steamships, the Detroit and the Milwaukee,\\nwere built to convey passengers across Lake Michi-\\ngan. They were first used in August, 1859, and\\ncommunication across the lake has been main-\\ntained since that time.\\nThe average number of men employed at De-\\ntroit in 1881 was four hundred and sixteen; adding\\ntrain men, the company had five hundred and\\ntwentv-one employees at Detroit, and the pay-roll\\naveraged $7,500 per month.\\nThe chief officers have been: Presidents: 1845-\\n1850, G. O. Williams; 1852-1855, N. P. Stewart;\\n1855-1858, H. N. Walker; 1858-1863, C. J.\\nBrydges; 1863-1875, C. C. Trowbridge (also re-\\nceiver from 1875 to 1879); 1879-1880, Samuel\\nBarker; 1880-1882, Francis D. Gray; 1882-\\nJoseph Hickson.\\nSuperintendents: 1850 and 1851, G. O. Williams;\\n1852. H. P. Thurber; 1853-1857. A. H. Rood;\\n1857-1866. W. K. Muir; 1866-1872, Thomas Bell;\\n1872-1875, Andrew Watson; 1875, W. K. Muir;\\n1 876 -1 879, S. R. Callaway; 1879- W. J.\\nMorgan.\\nSecretaries: 1854, J. V. Campbell; 1855-1862,\\nC. C. Trowbridge; 1 862-1 865, W. C. Stephens;\\n1865, Thomas Bell; 1866- James H. Muir.\\nFreight Agents: 1855 and 1S56, A. N. Rood;\\n1857-1864. James A. Armstrong; 1864- 1867, John\\nCrampton; 1S67-1880, Alfred White; 1880-\\nThomas Tandy.\\nThe Michigan Central Railroad.\\nThe line of the Central Road was projected in\\n1830, but the corporation, which at first was known\\nas the Detroit St. Joseph Railroad, was not char-\\ntered until June 29. 1832. In 1834 the War Depart-\\nment was petitioned to survey the proposed route,\\non the ground that the road would be a public\\nbenefit. The petition met with favor, and Colonel\\nJohn M. Berrien was detailed for the service, and\\nprovided with assistants and instruments, the rail-\\nroad company paying their expenses only. Colonel\\nBerrien completed the work, and estimated the cost\\nof a single-strap rail to Ypsilanti at $3,200 per mile.\\nThe work of soliciting subscriptions in aid of the\\nroad began in 1835. Shares were fixed at $2.00", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0947.jp2"}, "948": {"fulltext": "896\\nRAILROADS.\\neach, and were rapidly taken. At Ypsilanti between\\n$8,000 and .$9,000 were subscribed in a sins);le day,\\nand five per cent was paid in. At this time the\\nofficers were John Biddie, president; D.G.Jones,\\nO. Newberry. E. A. Brush, B. B. Kercheval, E. P.\\nHastings. J. Burdiclc, Marie Norris, David Page, and\\nS. W. De.xter, directors. An Act of August 25,\\n1835. authorized the stoclcholders to establish a banl\\nat Ypsilanti, with a capital of \u00c2\u00a7100,000. Between\\nOctober 13 and December 18, 1835, $55,000 were\\nsubscribed for the road in Detroit. On the day\\nlast-named a meeting was held to discuss means for\\nprocuring further subscriptions, and a committee\\nof two was appointed to solicit. On December 20\\nthe following notice appeared:\\nRailroad Meeting. I would invite and solicit the attend-\\nance of every good citizen at an early hour, that the new and\\nsplendid City Hall may once be filled to overflowing.\\nLevi Cook, Mayor.\\nBy November, 1836, the road had been grubbed\\nas far as Ypsilanti, and ten miles graded. Mean-\\ntime the projects of raising a loan of $5,000,000, and\\ncreating a Board of Internal Improvements were\\nunder discussion. The duties of the board were to\\ninclude the constructing and operating of all the\\nrailroads in the State, and to this end the purchase\\nof the St. Joseph Road was authorized by Act of\\nMarch 20, 1 837, and in May, after the company had\\nexpended $1 17,000, the purchase was made, and the\\nname of the road changed to Michigan Central.\\nThe building of the road went on, and as early as\\nJanuary, 1838, the road was in operation to Dear-\\nborn. A fac-simile of the tickets then in use is here\\ngiven. It will be noticed that it was originally in-\\ntended for a stage ticket. The singular economy\\npracticed by the State in the use of such tickets and\\nthe idea of inserting the name of each passenger in\\nhis ticket, as was then done, would now be thought\\n^\u00e2\u0082\u00ac^ZOtl(^, /^O^^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n^mi4w5 o//Mr(g^\\n^a\\nai6.\\nUi/= Baggage at yddr awn risK:\\n^^^OiA-^nr*^\\nFac-simill ui .MkwujA:. Ci^mk.\\\\l Kailiv.au Ticket of 1S38.\\nA subsequent meeting was held on January 2,\\n1836, and nearly 125,000 subscribed, which, with\\nprevious amounts, made over \u00c2\u00a7100,000 invested by\\ncitizens of Detroit. At this meeting the Common\\nCouncil was requested to subscribe $r 0,000 on\\nbehalf of the city. Contracts for grubbing and\\nclearing the first forty miles were soon let, the work\\nto be completed by May 20, and seven hundred and\\ntwenty tons of strap-iron, to cost about $60,000,\\nwere ordered. On August 5, 1836, the council\\nauthorized the mayor, on behalf of the city, to sub-\\nscribe \u00c2\u00a710,000 towards the stock of the railroad, and\\nthe same day a warrant for \u00c2\u00a72,000, to apply on the\\namount, was drawn on the city treasurer, and on\\nAugust 9 a meeting of citizens requested the coun-\\ncil to subscribe $40,000 additional on behalf of the\\ncity. On August 1 1 the council so ordered, and on\\nAugust 14 the subscription was made by the mayor,\\nand a warrant for $S,ooo of the amount drawn on\\nthe city treasurer.\\npreposterous. On February 3, 1838, the cars made\\ntheir first trip to Ypsilanti. A new car. the Gover-\\nnor Mason, seating sixty-si.x persons, built by John\\nG. Hays, of Detroit, was provided, and an excur-\\nsion party, consisting of the State and city officers,\\nthe Brady Guards, and other citizens, went over the\\nroad. A public dinner was sers ed at Ypsilanti, and\\nan address delivered by General Van Fossen.\\nArriving at Dearborn on the return trip, the engine\\nwould not work, and horses were procured to draw\\nengine and cars back to Detroit.\\nDuring this winter the track was frequently so\\nobstructed by ice that trains were obliged to stop\\nat Dearborn. The fare to Ypsilanti was $1.50, the\\ntime of the trip usually an hour and three quarters.\\nThe following item from the Journal and Courier of\\nMay 19, 1S38, gives details of interest:\\nCentral Railroad. The cars on this ruad now make two\\ntrips a day between Detroit and Ypsilanti. They leave the\\nDepot on Campus Martins every morning at six o clock and every", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0948.jp2"}, "949": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n897\\nafternoon at half past one o clock Ypsilanti every morning at\\nten o clock and every afternoon at half past four o clock.\\nIt is gratifying to know that the freight and travel on this\\nState road are increasing rapidly. The average receipts for sev-\\neral days past have been upwards of three hundred dollars per\\n.day. On Monday they were $326, on Tuesday $431, on Wednes-\\nday $310, and on Thursday $372.\\nThere seems to have been no lack of cars, for on\\nOctober 31 of this year, while Hiram Alden was\\nacting commissioner, it was resolved to permit in-\\ndividuals to place cars on the Central Railroad for\\nthe transportation of merchandise, agricultural pro-\\nducts, and other property, and the commissioner\\nwas authorized to sell persons such cars as were not\\nneeded. The receipts continued to increase, and the\\nfollowing statement was published on July iS, 183S:\\nThe receipts upon the road for the week ending July 17, 183S,\\nwere as follows: From Detroit to psilant^ and way, fur the\\ntransportation of five hundred passengers, 242,638 pounds of mer-\\nchandise, one barrel of flour, 5,000 feet of timber, and 64% thou-\\nsand shingles, $1,129.93. From Ypsilanti to Detroit and way, for\\ntransportation of 423 passengers, 19,838 pounds of merchandise,\\nand 325 barrels of flour, $1,827.59.\\nAmos T. H.\\\\l[.,\\nCollector 0/ Tolls, Detroit.\\nOn October 17, 1839, the road was opened to Ann\\nArbor, and the City Council, Brady Guards, and\\nabout eight hundred citizens went on an excursion\\nto that city. They left Detroit at 9 k. m., were\\nreceived with a salute, entertained with a dinner, and\\nreturned at 3 P. M. During 1839 fifty-four persons\\nwere employed by the State in operating the road.\\nOn August I, 1840. one train was taken off. On\\nJune 30 the road was opened to Dexter. At this\\ntime, A. H. Adams, who had served as collector of\\ntolls, was weighmaster at Detroit, and T. G. Cole\\nwas superintendent of the road.\\nOn October 21, 1842, two new locomotives were\\nlanded by schooner for the road, and a new passen-\\nger-car called the Kalamazoo was placed on the\\nline. The road was opened to Jackson on Decem-\\nber 29, 1841, and The Detroit Gazette for May 22,\\n1843, contained the following\\nFor the purpose of meeting the wishes of travelers and increas-\\ning the revenue of the road, the Michigan Central Railroad has\\nreduced the fare to $2.30 between Detroit and Jackson, and for\\nway passengers in proportion. The road is in excellent order, the\\nengines and cars of the best description, and they are run with\\ngreat regularity. Regular lines of stages leave Jackson for Chi-\\ncago on the arrival of the cars. Travelers takmg this route reach\\nChicago in two days less time than by the route around the lakes.\\nOn June 25, 1844, the road reached Albion, Mar-\\nshall became a station on August 10, 1845, and on\\nApril 25, 1846, the following notice appeared:\\nCentral Railko.\\\\d. The passenger train will, after the ist\\nof June ne.\\\\t, leave Detroit for the west at 8 o clock A. m., arrive\\nat Marshall at 3.30 v. m. They leave Marshall at precisely 9.30\\no clock A. M., arriving at Detroit at s v. M. There is at the west-\\nern terminus a line of coaches always ready to carry passengers to\\nSt. Joseph, ninety miles in twenty-two hours. From St. Joseph\\nto Chicago by steamboat, si.xty-nine miles in six hours. Making\\nthirty-six hours from Detroit to Chicago.\\nC. COMSTOCK, Jk.,\\nPres. of Board I. T.\\nInternal Improvement OJ/iee.\\nOn November 25, 1S45, the State completed the\\nroad to Battle Creek, and on February 2, 1846, to\\nKalamazoo. The fare to Chicago at this time was\\n\u00c2\u00a76. 50, including fifty-five miles of staging to New\\nBuffalo and si.xty miles of steamboating from there\\nto the Garden City. About this time public opinion\\nbecame decidedly opposed to the participation by the\\nState in enterprises of this kind, especially as there\\nwas a constant struggle for the political patronage\\nand influence which the party in power wielded\\nthrough its control of this and other roads. An open\\nletter from Marshall, dated October 6, 1845, said\\nThere is a great defect in the arrangements of the Central Rail-\\nroad in this State. It is disgraceful that so important a work\\nshould be so slovenly managed. In the first place it was shab-\\nbily built at an enormous expense, and it is conducted in all its\\ndepartments by mere partisans. They were appointed because\\nthey were noisy politicians.\\nIn November, 1845, this statement was made:\\nFour years ago the road was completed to Jackson. After\\nthree years more it was completed to Marshall, where it now\\nstops. It is in a miserable condition, unfit for heavy transporta-\\ntion, and requires to be relaid and repaired. High charges for\\nfreight and fare are fast driving business into other channels.\\nIn addition to these complaints the e.xpenditures\\nof the State for various improvements had reduced\\nits credit to the lowest point. State bonds to the\\namount of $50,000 were sold at auction in New York\\nfor eighteen cents on the dollar; so straitened were\\nthe finances of the State that at a general meeting of\\nthe State officers it was determined to sell the rail-\\nroads, and Henry N. Walker, then attorney-general,\\nwas appointed to go to New York, organize a com-\\npany, and negotiate a sale. Mr. Walker went\\ninterviewed Erastus Corning, of Albany, who then\\nheld a large amount of State bonds, purchased for\\nabout thirty cents on the dollar. J. W. Brooks, then\\nsuperintendent of a railroad between Rochester and\\nSyracuse, was summoned, and a conference was held\\nin the City Hotel at Albany, in regard to the proposed\\nrailroad company. A rough draft for a charter vv-as\\nagreed upon, and Mr. Brooks was to come to Detroit\\nin January, 1 846, and with Mr. Walker endeavor to\\nsecure its passage. The terms of the proposed pur-\\nchase were ten per cent above the original cost of\\nthe road in cash, the balance in bonds or obligations\\nof the State. Mr. Brooks came, and on March\\n28, 1846, largely through the efforts of George E.\\nHand, then a member of the Legislature, an Act\\nwas passed providing for the incorporation of the\\nMichigan Central Railroad Company, and for\\nthe sale by the State of its interest in the road\\nfor the sum of \u00c2\u00a72,000,000. Several persons who", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0949.jp2"}, "950": {"fulltext": "898\\nRAILROADS.\\nhad originally agreed to become corporators failed to\\nfulfil their agreements, and Messrs. H. N. Walker\\nand George F. Porter, at the request of Governor\\nBarrv and the leading men of Detroit, went to New\\nYork and Boston and organized a new company, and\\non September 23, 1846, the sale was consummated.\\nOn September 17, 1846, a new locomotive, called\\nBattle Creek, arrived at Detroit for the road and up\\nto the date of the transfer, the State had expended\\n$1,954,308.38. Of passenger depots there were\\nthen only four on the line, and neither of these at\\nDetroit. The charter of the company relieved it of\\nof all taxation except the payment to the State of\\none half of one per cent on its capital stock up\\nto July I, 1 85 1, after which it was to be increased to\\nthree quarters of one per cent. It was also pro-\\nvided that no railroad thereafter built west of Wayne\\nCounty should approach within five miles of the\\nroad without consent\\nof the company, and\\nthat no other railroad\\nshould approach\\nwithin twenty miles\\nof Detroit, or run to\\nLake Michigan, or the\\nsouthern boundary of\\nthe State, the line of\\nwhich on an average,\\nwas within twenty\\nmiles of the Central.\\nThe charter also pro-\\nvided that the State\\nmight buy the road at\\nany time after Janu-\\nary I, 1867.\\nThere seems to have\\nbeen no sound reason\\nfor the sale of the\\nproperty by the State.\\nThe reports of the\\nofficers showed a profit, in 1838, of \u00c2\u00a737,283; in\\n1839, of $16,703; in 1840, of $20,637; in 1841, of\\n$25,655 in 1842, of $63,075 in 1843. of $75,026\\nand in 1844, of $121,750. After its sale, the road\\nwas pushed westward, and on May i, 1847, the\\nfollowing item appeared in a daily paper\\nMichigan Central R.-^ilroad. This important work is being\\nrapidly prosecuted. It is now within fifty miles o\u00c2\u00a3 its western\\ntermination, if St. Joseph is fixed upon, and within seventy miles\\nif it is to run to New Buffalo. Its engineers are locating the\\nroute west of Kalamazoo, and in a week or two its western ter-\\nminus will be settled.\\nUp to this time the road had come into Detroit on\\nMichigan Avenue, and its depot buildings occupied\\nthe site of the present City Hall. The council had\\ngranted the use of the Campus Martins and also of\\nthe Chicago Road on August 31, 1836. What would\\nMichigan Centkal Freight D\\nSoutheast corner of Michigan\\nnow be deemed a most remarkable concession as\\ngranted on February 5, 1838. The State was then\\nauthorized to make a cut on Woodward Avenue\\nfourteen feet wide and as deep as necessary, com-\\nmencing near the crossing of Congress Street and\\nterminating near Atwater Street, for the purpose of\\nlaying a railroad track, the cut to be walled up with\\nstone or timber, and covered over, as far as practi-\\ncable, with a rail on each side where not covered,\\nwith lamps at convenient distances, to be kept lit\\nduring the night. On March 24, 1838, the Com-\\nmissioners of Internal Improvements reported that it\\nwould be impracticable to light the cut, and the\\ntrack was therefore laid on the ground. It extended\\ndown Woodward Avenue to Atwater Street, and a\\nthousand feet each way from Woodward Avenue on\\nAtwater. On April 28, 1838, the council gave the\\nState permission to erect a car-house on Michigan\\nAvenue in the rear of\\nthe old City Hall, but\\nMessrs. Cooper and\\nJackson opposed and\\nprevented the erec-\\ntion of the building.\\nOn May 21, 1839, the\\ncouncil granted per-\\nmission to owners of\\nwarehouses east of\\nWoodward Avenue\\nto lay side tracks\\nfrom their premises\\nto the railroad now\\nbeing laid in Atwater\\nStreet between\\nWoodward Avenue\\nand Brush Street.\\nThe railroad track\\ncontinued to occupy\\nWoodward Avenue\\nand .Atwater Street\\nuntil March, 1844, when, on account of the difficulty\\nand expense of dragging the cars up hill, the rails\\nwere removed. Grounds for a depot west of Third\\nStreet were purchased in 1847, but passenger cars\\ncontinued to come in on Michigan Avenue until\\nMay 30, 1848, on which date they arrived for the\\nfirst time at the Third Street Depot. The shops\\nwere finished in June, 1S48. Some of the old\\nbuildings were left on the Campus Martins, and on\\nApril 17, 1849, the company was ordered by the\\ncouncil to remove them forthwith.\\nIn 1 85 1 the company purchased additional river\\nfrontage to the amount of twenty-two hundred feet,\\nwith an average width of three hundred and ninety-\\none feet, and built a large freight-house on the river.\\nIn 1864, 1865, and 1866, and at other times, addi-\\ntional purchases have been made, and in 1 880 the\\nEroT AND Seminary Bitlding,\\nnue and Griswold Street.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0950.jp2"}, "951": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n899\\ncompany had nearly forty acres on the river, ten\\nacres for stockyards at Twentieth Street, and one\\nhundred and thirty-four acres at the Junction.\\nOn June 28, 1848, the road was completed to Paw\\nPaw on October i, to Niles and on April 23, 1S49,\\nit was in operation to New Buffalo, and steamers\\nran in connection with the road to Chicago and\\nMilwaukee. By this time the strap-rail had been\\nnearly all replaced with the T rail. In June, 1849, the\\nroad began to run two through trains daily. From\\nNovember 29 to April 26, 1850, only one train left\\neach terminus daily, and then two daily trains w-cre\\nagain put on.\\nThe charter did not allow the route to be extended\\nbeyond Lake Michigan. Upon reaching this limit\\nat New Buffalo, the company advanced money to\\nbuild a portion of the New Albany Salem Road\\nthrough Indiana, and then leased that line, and\\nof all over fifty-eight per cent of the freight busi-\\nness of the Michigan Central Railroad and over\\nforty-two per cent of the freight business of the\\nMichigan Southern Northern Indiana Railroad.\\nFrom the time the road became a private corpo-\\nration, passenger traffic from the east was specially\\nsought for, and in order to obtain it, the company,\\nin 1847, began building a boat to run between De-\\ntroit and Buffalo. Their first boat, the Mayflower,\\nbuilt at Detroit, was completed on May 28, 1849,\\nand from that date formed, with the Atlantic,\\na regular Michigan Central Railroad line between\\nBuffalo, Cleveland, and Detroit. The Mayflower\\nwas the finest boat that had thus far appeared on\\nthe Lakes. She had eighty-five state-rooms and\\ncould carry three hundred cabin and from three to\\nfive hundred steerage passengers. In the season of\\n1850 and 1851, the line to Buffalo consisted of the\\nOld Depot Buildings of the Michigan Central Railroad on Third Street.\\nalso a right of way on the Illinois Central. Thus\\nMichigan City was reached on October 29. 1850,\\nand eventually Chicago. This was accomplished\\nonly after bitter strife and the most persistent strat-\\negy. The Southern Railroad Company issued in-\\njunctions, removed the track, and in other ways\\nsought to prevent their rival from reaching the goal,\\nbut all in vain. On May 21, 1852, one day in ad-\\nvance of the Southern, the Central was completed\\nto Chicago, and the smoke and whistle of their\\nlocomotive announced the end of the battle.\\nBetween June, 1852. and 1853, the first local train\\nto Kalamazoo was put on. In 1854 three through\\ntrains were run. The next year four were running,\\nand in 1S55 the Jackson accommodation train was\\nprovided. On November r, 1857, an agreement\\nwas made for one year with the Michigan Southern\\nNorthern Indiana Railroad Company to make an\\nequal division of all through passenger business, and\\nMayflow^er, the Atlantic, and the Ocean and in the\\nsame years the steamboats Southerner and Baltimore\\nran to Cleveland.\\nThe Mayflower stranded on December 16, 1851,\\nnear Erie, but no lives were lost. She was recov-\\nered in the spring of 1852, and again took her place\\nin the line. In the same year the Forest City and\\nthe May Queen were running to Cleveland.\\nOn August 20, 1S52, the propeller Ogdensburgh\\ncollided with the Atlantic on Lake Erie, off Long\\nPoint, and one hundred and thirty-one lives were\\nlost. The Buckeye State took the place of the At-\\nlantic, and in 1853 ran in connection with the Ocean\\nand the Mayflower. In 1854 and 1855 the Michigan\\nCentral Railroad line was made up of the Buckeye\\nState, the Plymouth Rock, and the Western World\\nthe two boats last named went into .service on July\\n7 and 10, 1854, and were much the largest and\\nfinest ever placed on the Lakes. They were nearly", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0951.jp2"}, "952": {"fulltext": "900\\nRAILROADS.\\nalike in size, build, and finish. The Plymouth Rock\\nwas three hundred and si.\\\\ty-three feet long. The\\nMississippi, an equally fine boat, was added in 1855.\\nand with the Plymouth Rock formed the line for\\nthat year. After the completion of the Great West-\\nern Railroad through Canada, their occupation was\\nnearly gone. They were laid up in the fall of 1S57,\\nand year after year remained at the Central Wharf,\\naffording a very practical illustration of the prophecy\\nof The Gazette in 1829,\\nIn 1862 the Western World and the Plymouth\\nRock were sold for $200,000 each to Captain George\\nSands of Buffalo. Their engines were taken out\\nand placed in boats to be used on the coast of China.\\nTheir hulls and also that of the Mississippi after-\\nwards served as dry\\ndocks at Bay City,\\nPort Huron, and\\nCleveland or Buf-\\nfalo.\\nAbout 1850, se-\\nrious troubles over-\\ntook the road.\\nMany cattle had\\nbeen killed along\\nthe line, and it was\\nclaimed that the\\ncompany did not ex-\\nercise sufficient care\\nand did not pay in\\nfull for the losses.\\nThe persons ag-\\ngrieved became in-\\ncreasingly angry,\\nand finally, on No-\\nvember 19, 1 850, the\\nfreight depot at De-\\ntroit was burned,\\ncausing a loss of\\nabout $150,000.\\nThe fire was evidently set by an incendiary, and so\\nalarmed the corporation that active measures were\\ntaken to discover and arrest the instigators. These\\nefforts were successful, and on April 19, 1851, thirty-\\nthree persons, arrested as railroad conspirators,\\narrived at Detroit. Their trial began on May 38,\\nand lasted almost continuously for four months.\\nHon. W. H. Seward was present as counsel for the\\nprisoners, some of whom were wealthy farmers.\\nOn September 25 a verdict of guilty was rendered\\nagainst twelve of them, and on the following day\\nthey received sentences of from five to ten years\\neach. During the trial one of the prisoners died in\\njail. The jury was composed of R. C. Smith, Levi\\nCook, Amos Chaffee. John Roberts. Buckminster\\nWight, Horace Hallock, A. C. McGraw, Alexander\\nMcFarlane, Ichabod Goodrich, Stephen Fowler,\\nNew MiLHHJAN Centkal Depot.\\nRalph Phelps, and Silas A. Bagg. The ending of the\\ntrial did not put an end to the troubles of the road.\\nOn January 23, 1852, the car manufacturing shops at\\nDetroit were burned, and two years later to a day, on\\nJanuary 22, 1 854, the passenger offices were destroyed\\nby fire. On April 2, 1862, the engine-house and\\nnine locomotives were burned. On October 18,\\n1865, the freight depot was burned, involving a loss\\nof about one and a half million dollars, and a year\\nlater, on October 29, the old wheat elevator was\\ndestroyed by fire, with a loss of $50,000. The last\\nlarge fire on the company s property at Detroit was\\non November 15, 1872, when the wood-working\\ndepartment was burned, with a loss of about\\n$100,000.\\nSleeping cars\\nwere introduced in\\nAugust, 1858, the\\ncompany supplying\\nits own cars. On\\nJune 20. 1866, the\\nPullman sleepers\\nbegan to run, and\\nin November, 1875,\\nthey were displaced\\nby the cars of the\\nWagner Company.\\nFrom about the\\ntime the road was\\ncompleted to its\\nwestern terminus,\\ntrains were run by\\nChicago time, but\\non June 11, 1883,\\nthis practice was\\nchanged, and trains\\nbegan running by\\nDetroit time, chang-\\ning to the new stan-\\ndard time in 1884.\\nThe policy of helping to build branch roads to\\nser\\\\ e as feeders was inaugurated in 1 868, and was\\nproductive of great benefit to the State. The fol-\\nlowing figures give interesting particulars as to the\\ngrowth of the business of the road Number of pas-\\nsengers carried in 1850, 152,172; i860, 324,422;\\n1S70, 865,582; 1880, 1,699,810. Net earnings in\\n1850, $566,264 i860, $1,141,941 I S70, $1,693,373;\\n1880, $1,595,404.\\nIn 1S80 the company furnished employment to\\n1,294 persons at Detroit and the Junction, and the\\nmonthly pay-roll amounted to $60,595. The total\\ndisbursements at Detroit the same year amounted\\nto about $700,000.\\nThe following railroads now use the depot of this\\nroad Detroit Bay City Detroit, Lansing Lake\\nMichigan; Canada Southern; and Flint Pere", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0952.jp2"}, "953": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\ngot\\nMarquette. The construction of the new passenger\\ndepot was begun in 1883. It cost $250,000. It has\\na frontage of one hundred eighty-two and a lialf\\nfeet on Third Street, by two hundred and eighty-\\ntwo on Woodbridge Street. The tower is one\\nhundred and fifty-seven feet high.\\nThe chief officers of the company have been\\nPresidents, 1847-1856, J. M. Forbes; 1856-1867,\\nJ. W. Broolcs 1867- 1877, James F. Joy 1877, S.\\nSloan; 1878-1883, W. H. Vanderbilt 18S3-\\nH. B. Ledyard. Superintendents, 1847 to June,\\n1853, J. W. Broolcs; June, 1S53, to 1S54, Edwin\\nNoyes, 1S54 to June, 1S6S, R. N. Rice; 1868-1875,\\nH. E. Sargeant; 1S75, W. B. Strong; 1S76 to July,\\n1877, H. U. Ledyard; 1877-1883, vacant; 1883-\\nE. C. Brown. Treasurers, 1842-1854, G. B.\\nUpton; 1854-1876, Isaac Livermore 1876-1877,\\nC. F. Livermore; 1877, B. Dunning; 1878-1883,\\nC. Vanderbilt 1883- Henry Pratt. Auditors,\\n1855, H. Teelson; 1856, E. Willard Smith 1857-\\n1859, Horace Turner; 1859-1875, John Newell;\\n1875- D. A. Waterman. Treasurers and\\ncashiers, 1854 to December, 1S75, George W. Gil-\\nbert; 1875 to August, 1877, C. F. Livermore; 1S77\\nJohn E. Griffiths. From June i, 1S75, Allan\\nBourn has been purchasing agent. Prior to that\\ndate no such office existed.\\nChicasro\\nCiiiiaJa Southern Railroad.\\nThis, the fourth railroad opened to the East, was\\ncompleted between Detroit and Toledo on Novem-\\nber 13, 1S73, and runs on almost an air line to\\nBuffalo.\\nDuring the great railroad strike of July, 1877, it\\nhappened to be the only road near Detroit whose\\ntrains were interfered with. Fears were entertained\\nthat the strike would prevail at Detroit, but the\\ntrouble soon ceased.\\nOne of the fastest trips ever made in the country-\\nwas that made over this line by the special train\\nwhich brought Bishop Borgess to Detroit on his\\nreturn from Europe, September 13, 1S77; the\\ndistance from St. Thomas to Detroit, one hundred\\nand eleven miles, was made in one hundred and nine\\nminutes even this was surpassed by the time made\\non May 3, 1880, when W. H. Vanderbilt, the presi-\\ndent of the road, and others, made a trip of two\\nhundred and twelve miles in two hundred and two\\nminutes.\\nOriginally using but one ferry, such was the\\nincrease of its business that in February, 1880, the\\nroad began to use two ferries to transfer its cars at\\nGrosse Isle. On the completion of the Essex cut-\\noff in December, 1882, they were discontinued at\\nthat place, and Detroit became the place of trans-\\nfer. In 18S2 about one hundred of the company s\\nemployees were paid at Detroit, and the average\\nmonthly pay-roll amounted to $5,000.\\nThe chief officers at Detroit have been freight\\nagents, T. H. Malone, November. 1873, to Janu-\\nary, 1874; D. E. Barry, September, 1874, to Sep-\\ntember, 1875; A. E. Smith, September, 1875, to\\nSeptember, 1881 F. Hill, September, 1881, to Feb-\\nruary I, 1882; D. E. Barry, February i, 1882, to\\nJanuary i, 1883; W. L. Benham, January i, 1883,\\nto City ticket agents, A. Allee, February,\\n1875, to October, 1875 F. S. Taylor, November,\\n1S75, to October, 1877; M. C. Roach, November,\\n1877, to July, 1878; C. A. Warren, August, 1878,\\nto Mr. Warren is in fact also ticket agent of\\nthe Michigan Central Railroad and the Lake Shore\\nMichigan Southern Railroad.\\nIn the fall of 1882 the road was leased to the\\nMichigan Central Railroad, and in January, 1883,\\nits offices were removed from St. Thomas to\\nDetroit.\\nDetroit Bay City Railroad.\\nThis road extends from Detroit to Bay City. It\\nwas opened to Oxford on October 31, to Lapeer\\nNovember 30, and to Otter Lake December 31, 1872.\\nOn March 31, 1873, it was completed to Vassar,\\nand on July 31, 1873, it reached Bay City.\\nAt Detroit it uses the depot of the Michigan\\nCentral Railroad, and since 1876 it has been for\\nmost of the time managed as a branch of the Michi-\\ngan Central Railroad. In 1880 sixty of the em-\\nployees were paid here the yearly pay-roll a\\\\ eraged\\n\u00c2\u00a713,500. On February 12, 1 881, it was sold to the\\nholders of a mortgage for $3,625,750.\\nThe Lake Shore Michigan Southern Railroad.\\nThe Lake Shore Michigan Southern Railroad\\nand its branches, so far as Michigan is concerned,\\nhad its origin in the Erie Kalamazoo Railroad,\\nwhich was chartered on April 22, 1833. It was\\ndesigned to build that road from Port Lawrence, now\\nToledo, to the headwaters of the Kalamazoo River.\\nThe line as far as Adrian, a distance of thirty-three\\nmiles, was completed and went into operation on\\nOctober I, 1836, and was the first line opened in\\nMichigan. The cars were drawn by horses up to\\nJanuary 20, 1837, on which date the first locomo-\\ntive that ran over a Michigan road arrived at\\nToledo. The accompanying picture of the second\\npassenger or pleasure car is vouched for by C.\\nP. Leland and others. It held twenty-four per-\\nsons, eight in each compartment. On August 9,\\n1S49, a perpetual lease of the road was made to\\nthe Michigan Southern Railroad this company\\nhad its origin in an Act of March 20, 1S37,\\nwhich made provision for the survey by the Com-", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0953.jp2"}, "954": {"fulltext": "902\\nRAILROADS.\\nmissioners of Internal Improvements of a railroad\\nthrough the southern counties of the State, from\\nMonroe to New Buffalo. A subsequent Act of\\nMarch 22, 1S38, authorized a change in the route,\\nmailing the road pass through Niles. The survey\\nwas made by Joseph S. Dutton, and the first ground\\nwas broken at Monroe on May 14, 1838. Up to\\nNovember 30, 1847, there had been paid out by the\\nState on account of the road the sum of $948,234.\\nThe road was opened from Monroe to Petersburgh\\nin 1839: to Adrian on November 23, 1S40; and\\nto Hillsdale on September 25, 1843. The same\\ncauses that led to the sale of the Central Railroad\\nbrought about the Act of May 9, 1846, which pro-\\nvided for the sale of this road and the incorpora-\\ntion of the railroad company. On December 23,\\n1 846, it was delivered to the persons who had or-\\nganized for its\\npurchase they\\npaid $500,000.\\nThe rolling\\nstock and plant,\\nother than\\nthe road bed,\\nwas estimated\\nat $41,359.28.\\nThe western\\nterminus of the\\nroad was to be\\nat a point on\\nLake Michigan.\\nAlmost as\\nsoon as the sale\\nof the Central\\na n d Southern\\nroads was con-\\nsummated, a\\nbitter and long-\\ncontinued rivalry began between the two cor-\\nporations, each striving in various ways to hinder\\nand defeat the other. The company owning the\\nCentral Railroad were fortunate in being able to\\npush their road faster than their competitors of the\\nSouthern Road. In order to prevent the Central\\nRailroad from first reaching the goal, the Southern\\nRailroad, in March, 1850, applied to the Legislature\\nfor permission to change the route of their road as\\ndefined in the charter, for one through some of the\\nnorthern counties of Indiana, the design being to\\nprevent the Central and other roads from passing\\naround the head of Lake Michigan to Chicago, and\\nconnecting with the roads leading west. This plan\\ndid not meet the approval of the citizens of Detroit,\\nand, on March 21, 1850, a monster meeting, pro-\\nmoted by the Michigan Central Railroad, was held\\nat the City Hall to protest against the proposed\\nchange, and the plan was defeated. Meantime both\\nFirst I.oco.moiive in the West.\\nOriginal style of Passenger Cars.\\nroads were pushing westward, and in September,\\n1S50, the Southern Road reached Jonesville, in De-\\ncember following Cold water, in March, i85i,Stur-\\ngis, and in July, White Pigeon on October 4, 1851,\\nit was completed to South Bend, and on Januarv 9,\\n1852, to LaPorte it reached Ainsvvorth, or South\\nChicago, in February, 1852, over the line of the\\nNorthern Indiana Railroad. On May 22, 1852, it\\nwas completed from Toledo to Chicago, just one day\\nafter the Central Railroad had reacheri that city.\\nOn February 13, 1855, it was authorized to con-\\nsolidate with the Northern Indiana Railroad, under\\nthe title of Michigan Southern Northern Indiana\\nRailroad.\\nThe link which connects Detroit with Toledo was\\nbuilt almost as soon as projected. A meeting was\\nheld at the Michigan Exchange on February 23,\\n1855, to con-\\nsider the pro-\\npriety of organ-\\nizing a com-\\npany to build\\nthe road. B.\\nF. H. Witherell\\nwas chairman,\\nand \\\\Vm. A.\\nButler, secre-\\ntary. A corpo-\\nration was\\nformed under\\nthe General\\nRailroad Law,\\nand ten months\\nfrom that time,\\non Christmas\\nDay. the road\\nwas in opera-\\ntion to Monroe,\\nand in July following it was completed to Toledo.\\nJ. S. Dickinson was conductor of the first passenger\\ntrain which arrived at Detroit.\\nOn July I, 1856, a perpetual lease of the line was\\nmade to the Michigan Southern Northern Indiana\\nRailroad, on condition that they pay interest on the\\nbonds and eight per cent on the stock.\\nThe road between Toledo, Cleveland, and Buffalo\\nwas completed on April 24. 1855, and was the sec-\\nond railroad route opened to the East.\\nOn April 26, 1866, the depot, with that of the\\nDetroit Milwaukee Railroad, was destroyed by\\nfire. The two companies have always used the\\nsame depot. In 18S0 the pay-roll of the company\\nat Detroit included the names of eighty employees,\\nand their salaries amounted to $3. 700 per month.\\nThe local agents at Detroit have been: 1855-\\n1S57, John Wilkinson and R. E. Ricker 1S57-1859,\\nJ. S. Dickinson 1S59-1S64, L. P. Knight; 1864, J.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0954.jp2"}, "955": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n903\\nC. Morse; 1S65, R. H. Hill; 1866, A. H. Earll.\\nBeginning with 1S67, the business was divided be-\\ntween the passenger and the freight agents. The\\nfollowing persons have filled these offices Freight\\nagents, 1867-1870, P. P. Wright; 1870-1873, D.\\nEdwards; 1873-1S74, John Gaines; 1875- S.\\nS. Hand. Passenger agents, 1867-1872, James M.\\nBrown; 1S72-1S75, H. T. INIiller; 1S75-1876, W.\\nW. Langdon; 1877-1878, James Rhines 1S79-\\nC. A. Warren. The office of division superintend-\\nent at Detroit has existed since 1875. The follow-\\ning persons have served 1875-1881, P. S. Blodgett\\n1881- T. J. Charlesworth.\\nDetroit, Hillsdali Southwestern Railroad.\\nEarly in 1869 a new era of railroad building was\\ninaugurated in Michigan, and one of the first pro-\\njects in which it was sought to interest Detroit was\\nthe Detroit, Hillsdale, Indiana Railroad. On\\nJanuary 29, i86g, a public meeting of citizens voted\\nto raise $100,000 to aid in building the road. Soon\\nafter, other projected railroads began to seek for aid,\\nand on May 10, a citizens meeting recommended that\\nthe city aid the Detroit, Howell. Lansing, Detroit\\nBay City, and Detroit, Adrian, St. Louis Rail-\\nroads to the extent of $250,000 each, and the De-\\ntroit, Ann Arbor, Jonesville Railroad to the\\namount of $200,000. The question was brought\\nbefore the council, and this body provided for a\\nvote to be taken on July 12, 1869, as to the issuing\\nof $200,000 bonds to the Detroit, Hillsdale, Indi-\\nana Railroad, and $300,000 each to the Northern\\nMichigan, Detroit, Howell, and Detroit, Adrian,\\nSt. Louis Railroads.\\nThose interested in the several projects pooled\\ntheir interests and efforts in favor of the plan, but\\nthe aid asked for was refused by a large majority\\nvote. The Detroit, Hillsdale, Indiana Road,\\nunder the auspices of the Michigan Central Railroad,\\nwas then pushed forward to completion, and was\\noperated by that company until September 20, 1881,\\nwhen it passed under the control of the Lake Shore\\nMichigan Southern Railroad. It extends from\\nYpsilanti to Banker s Station on the Fort Wayne,\\nJackson, Saginaw Railroad, using the track of\\nthe Michigan Central Railroad from Detroit to Ypsi-\\nlanti. The road was opened from Ypsilanti to Saline\\nin July, 1871, and to Indianapolis on July 25, 1872,\\non which date the Board of Trade and the City\\nCouncil of Detroit paid a visit to that city.\\nThe Great JVestern Railroad.\\nThe Great Western Railroad, the first opened to\\nthe East, is located in Canada, and the Detroit River\\ninter\\\\ enes between it and the city, but ferry com-\\nmunication has always been maintained by the rail-\\nroad boats.\\nThis road was cliartered in 1S34, with a capital of\\n$500,000, to build a road from Hamilton to the De-\\ntroit River. In 1837 the charter was amended in\\nseveral particulars, but the company failed to build\\nthe road, and the charter expired in 1839. On\\nMarch 29, iS45,the charter was revived, with power\\nto extend the road from Hamilton to Niagara.\\nWhile these efforts were being made, an opposition\\nroad, named the Detroit Niagara Rivers Railroad,\\nwliich had been chartered about 1836, began to\\nshow signs of life, and a sur\\\\-ey was made which\\nshowed that on an air line of one hundred and thirt)--\\nsix miles, between Detroit and Niagara, no cut or\\nembankment would require to be over ten feet in\\ndepth. The following notice of a meeting held in\\nDetroit on September 29, 1845, concerns these rival\\nprojects\\nThe meeting of our citizens on tlie subject of the Canada Rail-\\nroad was well attended. Hon. v\\\\. S. Porter was chairman, and\\nJames F. Joy secretary. W. Hamilton Merritt explained fully\\nthe different railroad routes projected through the Upper Pro-\\nvince, and expressed himself strongly in favor of the direct route\\nfrom Windsor to Eerthie^as provided in the charter of the De-\\ntroit and Niagara Rivers Railroad Company. General Cass\\noffered a resolution, which was unanimously adopted, for the\\nappointment of a committee of two, to proceed to Hamilton to\\nconfer with the Directors of the Great Western Road, and if\\npossible to effect a union of the two routes.\\nE. A. Brush interested himself in the Detroit\\nNiagara Rivers Railroad, as its route was the most\\ndirect, and it could be built with the least expense;\\nbut that company could not secure the right to ex-\\ntend their line to Buffalo, consequently the Great\\nWestern won the race, and in 1846 began to build\\ntheir line.\\nThe same year H. N. Walker, at the request of\\nJ. W. Brooks of the Michigan Central Railroad,\\nwrote a series of articles for Detroit papers favoring\\nthe Great Western Railroad but at this time the\\nBuffalo capitalists could not be interested. Mean-\\nwhile the charter of the Detroit Niagara Rivers\\nRailroad was about to expire, and an effort was\\nmade to have it renewed, but it was lost by one vote.\\nIn the interest of the Great Western Railroad,\\nMessrs. E. Farnsworth, J. F. Joy, and H. N. Walker\\nvisited Toronto and Niagara, and on an examination\\nof the charter of the road it was found that it made\\nno provision for crossing the Desjardins Canal an\\namendment was then procured which provided for\\nfilling up the old channel of the canal and making a\\nnew cut. In order to plan for and further the building\\nof the road, a meeting of representatives of the\\nMichigan Central Railroad, the New York Central\\nRailroad, and the friends of the two roads in Canada\\nand the West, was held at Niagara Falls, and as\\none of the results a meeting was held at Detroit on\\nJune 23, 1 85 1, and a committee appointed to solicit\\nsubscriptions to the stock. H. N. Walker obtained", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0955.jp2"}, "956": {"fulltext": "904\\nRAILROADS.\\nsubscriptions to the amount of $180,000. The\\nMichigan Central Railroad than advanced $120,000\\nto make up the $300,000 required to complete the\\nroad, and it went forward. Instead of the ordi-\\nnary American gauge of four feet eight inches, it\\nwas built with a gauge of five feet six inches, an\\nOrder in Council requiring all Canada roads to have\\nthat gauge, with the design of preventing the use of\\nthe road and cars in case of war. The road was\\ncompleted from the Falls to Hamilton on November\\n10, 1853, and to London on December 31, 1853.\\nOn January 17, 1S54, thelong-e.xpecteddayarrived;\\nthe road was completed to Windsor, and for the\\nfirst time railroad communication was opened with\\nNew York and the East. It was made the occasion\\nof one of the greatest demonstrations that ever\\noccurred in Detroit. In the afternoon the stores\\nand business places of every kind were closed, and\\nthe river front was lined with people who gathered\\nto see the incoming train and to welcome the visi-\\ntors from the neighboring province when the ferry\\nshould bring them over. At the foot of Woodward\\nAvenue the throng was beyond all precedent. The\\ntrain was to arrive at two o clock, but it was nearly\\nfive o clock before the whistle and the smoke of the\\nlocomotive gave notice of its approach. On reach-\\ning Windsor a salute was fired, the ferry soon\\nbrought the company to Detroit, and a procession\\nmoved from the Campus Martius to the depot in the\\nfollowing order Chief Marshal and Aids, Military\\nEscort composed of the National Dragoon Guards\\nand the Scott Guards Fire Department, Citizens,\\nCorporation Officers, Invited Guests, Directors,\\nEngineers and Superintendent of Great Western\\nRailroad, Clergy of Detroit, President. Vice-Presi-\\ndent, and Chief Directors of the Great Western\\nRailroad with the Mayor of Detroit. Dinner was\\nprovided in the long freight-house at the depot for\\n1,700 persons. Those who long for the old times\\nand think that in late years there is occasional\\nmunicipal extravagance will do well to remember\\nthat for the reception and dinner on this occasion\\nthe city paid $4,329.90, the bills being audited on\\nFebruary 21, 1854. The event was undoubtedly an\\nimportant one, but probably on no occasion would\\naldermen and city officers now think of spending\\nanything like the amount then so needlessly squan-\\ndered.\\nOn the completion of the railroad, a new ferry-\\nboat, the Transit, owned by the company, com-\\nmenced to carry freight and passengers. Her\\ntrial trip was made February 27, 1854. On August\\n7, 1857, the railroad ferry-boat known as the Union\\nmade her first trip, and soon after commenced to\\nrun regularly.\\nOn January i, 1867, the laying of a third rail\\ngave the railroad a gauge uniform with that of the\\nMichigan Central Railroad, and a new ferry, built\\nfor the purpose, began to transport freight-cars on\\nJune I of the same year passenger-cars were also\\ntransported, and now passengers take seats in a\\ncoach at the Brush Street Depot and need not\\nchange until New York is reached.\\nThe most serious accident that ever happened on\\nthis road occurred on March 13, 1857, when a train\\nbroke through the bridge over the Desjardins\\nCanal, near Hamilton. Over eighty lives were lost,\\nand travel over the road was suspended for two\\nweeks.\\nMost of the business of the company is necessa-\\nrily transacted in Windsor, but in 18S0 the company\\nemployed about thirty men and paid nearly $30,000\\nyearly for salaries at Detroit. In 1882 the road was\\nconsolidated with the Grand Trunk Railroad on\\nAugust 12 the offices at Detroit were put under one\\nmanagement, and since that date the road has been\\nknown as the Great Western division of the Grand\\nTrunk Railroad.\\nThe Chicago, Detroit, Canada Grand Trunk\\nJunction Railroad.\\nThis road, running between Detroit and Port\\nHuron, forms a part of the Grand Trunk Railway\\nof Canada, extending to Portland, Me. it was\\nopened from Detroit to Port Huron on Novem-\\nber 21, 1859. It had previously been built through\\nCanada and the New England States, and was\\nthe third road opened between Detroit and the\\nEast. The company made use of the depot of the\\nMichigan Central Railroad until February i, 1882,\\nwhen, for the accommodation of passengers, they\\ncommenced using the depot at the Woodward\\nAvenue Crossing. On October 9 their freight busi-\\nness was removed from the Michigan Central\\nRailroad Depot to the Detroit, Grand Haven,\\nMilwaukee Depot. The number of men employed\\nat Detroit and the Junction in 1880 was one hundred\\nand twenty-four, and the average monthly pay-roll\\nwas $6,638.\\nThe agents at Detroit have been General agents\\ni860 and 1861, J. D. Hayes; 1862 and 1863, R.\\nTubman; 1864 and 1865, J. Walsh. Passenger\\nagents: 1 866-1 880, Edward Reidy; 1880 and 1881,\\nJ. A. Moore; January to July, 1882, W. S. Martin;\\nJuly, 1882, to John Main. Freight agents:\\n1866 and 1867, W. Thorpe; 1868-1873, S. E. Mar-\\ntin; 1 873-1 877, W. C. Campbell; 1S77-1882, T.\\nAlcock; 1882- R. N. Reynolds. E.J.Pierce\\nhas served as ticket agent from June. 1865.\\nThe Flint Pcre Marquelle Railroad.\\nThe principal offices of the Flint Pere Mar-\\nquette Road are at Saginaw, but Detroit has had a\\nspecial interest in the road since November i, 1864.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0956.jp2"}, "957": {"fulltext": "RAILROADS.\\n905\\nThe line was then completed between Flint and\\nHolly, the track of the Detroit MiKvaukee Rail-\\nroad being used between Holly and Detroit. Regular\\ntrains arrived and departed from the Detroit Mil-\\nwaukee Depot. On May 30, 1871, the road was\\ncompleted from Wayne to Northville, and on\\nNovember 6, 1S71, from Northville to Holly. It\\nthen connected with the Michigan Central Railroad,\\nand after June 28, 1875, its trains used the track of\\nthe Michigan Central Railroad to Detroit, arriving\\nand departing from the Central Depot.\\nDetroit, Lansing, Xortlicrn Railroad.\\nThis road is composed of the roads originally\\nincorporated under the names of Detroit, Howell,\\nState treasurer, but in the meantime the Supreme\\nCourt decided that the Railroad Aid Law, under\\nthe provisions of which the vote had been taken,\\nwas unconstitutional consequently the bonds were\\nreturned to the city, and in May, 1877, they were\\ncancelled. Meanwhile the road had been finished.\\nIt was completed from Detroit to Lansing in\\nAugust, 1 87 1, and on September 12 was formally\\nopened to Greenville by an excursion from Detroit.\\nOn December 14, 1876, it was sold for $60,000 to\\nparties who held mortgage bonds given at the time\\nit was being built.\\nThe first superintendent was A. H. Reese he\\nserved until 1875, and was succeeded by J. B.\\nMulliken. The number of employees paid at Detroit\\n^fca^-sS\\n1^ ^^^tlit^WM^f^\\nDouble Railroad Bridge,\\nCoraer of Baker and Fifteenth Streets.\\nLansing Railroad and Lansing Lake Michigan\\nRailroad. Those interested in the roads sought aid\\nfrom the city, and under a .State law. on July 12,\\n1869, the question of aiding it and other roads was\\npassed upon, but the citizens voted against any aid\\nfrom the city. A subsequent effort and vote in\\nregard to this road alone was more successful, and\\non January 10, 1870, by a vote of 4. 191 against\\n1,885, ^300,000 was voted in aid of the road, on\\ncondition tliat the shops be permanently located in\\nDetroit. The bonds were to be delivered as the\\nwork progressed, and the road was to give a second\\nmortgage to pay the bonds as they matured. On\\nFebruary 8 the council ordered the bonds delivered\\nas soon as the road complied with the conditions.\\nThe bonds were made out and deposited with the\\nin 1882 was eighty-one, and the pay-roll averaged\\n$4,714 per month.\\nThe Detroit, Mackina-d/, Q^ Manjucttc Railroad\\nwas organized on August 20, 1 879. On December\\n19, 1 88 1, the road was inspected by the governor,\\nand on January i, 1882, the first regular through\\ntrain ran from Mackinaw to Marquette. The dis-\\ntance from Pt. St. Ignace, opposite Mackinaw, to\\nMarquette is one hundred and fifty-two miles.\\nThe names of the general officers of the com-\\npany and their location are as follows James\\nMcMillan, president, Detroit; Hugh McMillan, sec-\\nretary and treasurer, Detroit; D. McCool, general\\nsuperintendent and chief engineer, Marquette\\nFrank Milligan, general freight and passenger", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0957.jp2"}, "958": {"fulltext": "9o6\\nRAILROADS.\\nagent, Marquette; E. \\\\V. Allen, auditor and receiv-\\ning cashier, Marquette.\\nDetroit, Butler, iS^ St. Louis Railroad.\\nThis road extends from Detroit to Butler, Indi-\\nana, a distance of one hundred and thirteen miles,\\nand forms part of the Wabash Railroad system.\\nT iT i\\nJefferson Avenue Railroad Bridge.\\nA bonus of $200,000 was given by citizens of\\nDetroit to aid in its construction of this amount\\nthe Board of Trade gave f 13,000, and many firms\\nand individuals subscribed hundreds and thousands\\nof dollars. The entire amount was pledged prior\\nto June 17, 1880. The sur\\\\-ey was commenced on\\nApril 12, 1880, the contract let on June 21, and in\\nless than a year, on June 10, 1881, Jay Gould, one of\\nthe principal owners of the Wabash, arrived in\\nDetroit, coming over the Butler Line. On July 6\\nan excursion of subscribers to the bonus took place\\nand on August 14, 1881, the first through train from\\nSt. Louis rolled into Detroit.\\nWhen the road went into operation the trains\\ncame in over the line of the Detroit, Grand Haven,\\ni^ Milwaukee Railroad, but since March 18, 1883. they\\nhave made use of the grounds and depot of the\\nUnion Depot Company.\\nThe othcers of the road at Detroit are F. J. Hill,\\nfreight agent Frank E. Snow, general agent.\\nIn 1 88 1 the company employed thirty-five men\\nat Detroit, and the pay-roll amounted to about\\n$8,500 yearly.\\nCincinnati, Hamilton, (S-\u00c2\u00bb Dayton Railroad.\\nThis road operates eight different lines of rail-\\nroads, leading to Cincinnati. Indianapolis, Dayton,\\nToledo, and other points West and South. From\\nDetroit to Toledo it uses the lines of both the Mich-\\nigan Central and the Lake Shore Railroads. D. B.\\nTracy is the general passenger agent, and Joseph\\nKeavy, general ticket agent.\\nDetroit Union Railroad Station Depot Com-\\npany.\\nThis corporation was organized early in iSSi.\\nThey purchased a tract of about forty acres on the\\nriver, with a frontage of 2,540 feet, extending from\\nTwelfth Street through to the west line of the\\nStanton Farm near Eighteenth Street.\\nThe company have spent large sums of money\\nin filling in, docking, and laying out their grounds,\\nand in erecting buildings. They rent space for or\\nbuild depots, elevators, and other conveniences for\\nrailroads wishing to make use of their facilities.\\nThe elevator built in 1883 cost $300,000, and will\\nhold 1,300,000 bushels of grain.\\nRailroad Bridges and Gates.\\nFor the protection of teams and travelers on\\nstreets crossed by the railroads at the west side of\\nthe city, gates are provided at all the crossings be-\\ntween Woodbridge Street and the Junction most\\nof them were erected in 1 883. Bridges are erected\\nacross Fort, Lafayette, Twelfth, Howard, Fourteenth,\\nBaker, and Fifteenth Streets. The last named\\nbridge, on account of its peculiar location, is curi-\\nously constructed, and is, in fact, two bridges in one.\\nThe bridges are erected jointly by the city and the\\nrailroad companies. On the east side of the city\\nthere are gates or bridges at nearly every crossing.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0958.jp2"}, "959": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXXV.\\nNAVIC.ATIOX OX RIVERS AND LAKES.\\nThe earliest colonists, gathered in the fort near\\nthe river, or in snug farmhouses close to the shore,\\nhad but little need of roads or rockaways. The\\never-present canoe was ready for use and almost\\nat their door. The gondolas of enice are not\\nhandier or more constantly in motion than were the\\npicturesque canoes of the Detroit. As harvest\\nmoons waxed and waned, and seasons came and\\nchanged, traffic and travel moored other boats along\\nthe beach. Most pleasing of them all was the birch-\\nbark canoe, buoyant and beautiful, and frequently\\ndecorated with brilliant Indian symbols; often six\\nfeet wide and thirty-five feet long, their carrying\\ncapacity was enormous. Sixty packs of furs, each\\npack weighing nearly one hundred pounds, half\\na ton of provisions for the crew of eight men, and\\nbark and gum for possible repairs, were not uncom-\\nmon loads from Lake Superior, and to Quebec and\\nAlbany as well. In calm weathe. they could be\\npaddled four miles an hour, and at a portage four\\nmen could lift an unloaded canoe. They were easily\\nbroken, and if heavily laden did not venture to\\napproach a rough beach, but baggage and passen-\\ngers were carried ashore on the shoulders of the\\nvoyagiiirs. It was by means of such canoes that\\nthe expedition of 1820 reached the upper lakes.\\nThe party consisted of Governor Cass, H. R. School-\\ncraft, Alexander Wolcott, M. D., Captain D. B.\\nDouglass, Lieutenant E. Mackay, J. D. Doty,\\nMajor R. A. I orsyth, C. C. Trowbridge, A. R.\\nChace, ten Canadian voyageiirs, seven United States\\nsoldiers, ten Indians, an interpreter, and a guide.\\nThey left on May 24, 1820, in four birchbark canoes\\nobtained from the Chippewas. On July 4, 1821, in\\na canoe of the same kind. Governor Cass and H. R.\\nSchoolcraft started for Chicago, going by way of\\nthe Detroit, Maumee, Wabash, Mississippi, and Illi-\\nnois Rivers. A favorite trading craft was the Mack-\\ninaw boat or bateau. They were built of red or\\nwhite oak or pine boards, had flat bottoms, were\\nshaped exactly the same at each end, and were quite\\nhigh at the sides.\\nThe pirogue was a long, capacious canoe, often\\nmade of a single -large red cedar-tree; it was high\\nin front and rear, and had high sides. It was used\\nl9^7l\\nchiefly for passengers, and commonly carried four,\\nwith a crew of the same number.\\nThe ordinary canoes, appropriately called dug-\\nouts, were made by burning and chopping out the\\ntrunk of a good-sized tree.\\nAs to vessels, the Griffon must be first named.\\nHer tonnage is variously stated at from forty-five to\\nsixty tons. She carried five cannon, and was buflt by\\nLaSalle at the mouth of the Cayuga Creek near Nia-\\ngara in the spring of 1679, d launched in the\\nmonth of May. After several short trial-trips, on\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\ugust 7, with Chevalier LaSalle, Father Louis Hen-\\nnepin, Gabriel de la Ribourde, Zenobe Membre, and\\nothers, thirty-two in all, she started on her first real\\nvoyage, arriving at the mouth of the Detroit River\\non August 10. Two days after, on the Festival of\\nSt. L l,;ire, she entered the little lake, which was\\nchristened Lake St. Claire in honor of the founder\\nof the Franciscan Nuns. Two centuries later, a\\ngathering at Grosse Pointe rechristened the lake,\\nwith various exercises, including poems by D. B.\\nDuftield and Judge J. V. Campbell, and an address\\nfrom Bela Hubbard. On her return trip, the Grif-\\nfon left Washington Island in Lake Michigan on\\nSeptember 1 8. Two days after, a storm arose, and\\nthe vessel was seen no more but portions of the\\nwreck were found among the islands at the northern\\nend of the lake.\\nAfter the voyage of the Griffon, no sailing vessels\\nare known to have passed Detroit for nearly a cen-\\ntury. The first that we hear of, were those engaged\\nin conveying troops, provisions, and furs between\\nDetroit and Niagara. In 1763 and 1764, the schoon-\\ners Beaver, Gladwin, and Charlotte went to and fro\\nalmost constantly, the time of the trip varying from\\nsix to nine days.\\nThe first vessel known to have been built at De-\\ntroit was called the Enterprise. She was launched\\nin 1769. In 1 77 1 Mr. Ellice, of Schenectady, and\\nMessrs. Sterling Price, of Detroit, built a vessel of\\nforty-five tons called the Angelica. Richard Wright\\nwas captain at a salary of ^120 per year. In 1778\\nthe British brig-of-war. General Gage, arrived,\\nmaking the trip from Buffalo in four days. On\\naccount of the Revolutionary War, none but gov-", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0959.jp2"}, "960": {"fulltext": "9o8\\nNAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\nernment vessels were then allowed upon the\\nlakes.\\nIn 17S0 the captains and crews of nine vessels\\nwere under pay at Detroit, and a large dock-yard\\nwas maintained. The names of the vessels were\\nthe Gage, Dunmore, Faith, Angelica, Hope, Wel-\\ncome, Adventure. Felicity, and Wyandotte.\\nOn August I, 1782, the following armed vessels,\\nall in good order and all built in Detroit, were on\\nduty in Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan\\nc\\n\u00c2\u00abi\\nc\\nCarr\\nying\\nNames.\\nB\\nc\\nCapa\\ncity.\\nS\u00c2\u00a7\\nc\\nWhen\\nSaa\\na\\nMen.\\nBbis,\\nBuilt.\\nBrig Gage\\n27\\n14\\n54\\n160\\n200\\n1772\\nSch. Dunmore\\n14\\n106\\n100\\n200\\n1772\\nSch. Hope\\n1 1\\n81\\n80\\n70\\n177I\\nSloop Angelica\\n7\\n66\\n60\\n200\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0771\\nSloop Felicity\\n6\\n55\\n40\\n50\\n1774\\nSch. Faith\\n48\\n10\\n61\\n60\\n100\\n1774\\nSloop Wyandotte\\n7\\n47\\n30\\n30\\n1779\\nSloop Adventure\\n8\\n3+\\n30\\n30\\n1776\\nGun Boat\\nII\\nI\\nIn the spring of 1793 four government vessels\\nwere lying in front of the town. Of these the Chip-\\npewa and the Ottawa were new brigs, of about two\\nhundred tons each and carrying eight guns another\\nwas the Dunmore, an old brig of the same size, with\\nsix guns the fourth was the sloop Felicity, armed\\nwith two swivels. All of these were under com-\\nmand of Coinmodore Grant. There were also sev-\\neral sloops and schooners owned by trading firms.\\nThree years later, in 1796, twelve merchant ves-\\nsels were owned in Detroit also several brigs,\\nsloops, and .schooners, of from fifty to one hundred\\ntons each. After the surrender to the United\\nStates, the schooner Swan, then owned by James\\nMay, was hired to convey the first troops to Detroit,\\nand was the first vessel on the lakes to bear the Lhiited\\nStates flag. The second to carry the flag was\\nprobably the Detroit she was purchased by the\\nGovernment of the Northwest Fur Company.\\nIn 1797 the United States schooner Wilkinson, of\\neighty tons, was built at Detroit under direction of\\nCaptain Curry. In iSio she was sold, overhauled,\\nand her name changed to Amelia. In 181 2 she was\\npurchased by the Government, and formed part of\\nPerry s squadron.\\nIn 1801 the brig Adams and the schooner Tracey\\nwere built here for the Government, and used for\\nthe transportation of troops and government stores.\\nIn 1803, when a company of soldiers under Colonel\\nJ. S. Swearingen went from Detroit to Chicago, for\\nthe purpose of erecting and garrisoning Fort Dear-\\nborn, a nimiber of officers went on the Tracey.\\nThe troops were the first Americans that lived\\nat that place. Chicago was therefore colonized\\nfrom Detroit, and this city can claim the honor of\\nhaving founded that justly famous metropolis.\\nIn 181 2 Commodore Brevoort was in command\\nof the brig Adams and Gray and the sloop Detroit,\\nthen stationed here. They were refitted and pre-\\npared for service at the shipyard on the Rouge, now\\nin part occupied by Woodmere Cemetery.\\nAfter the war the number of vessels increased,\\nbut freight and passage were high. In 181 5 and\\n1817 a trip from Buffalo to Detroit cost fifteen dol-\\nlars and occupied thirteen days.\\nThe year 181 8 marks an important era in the his-\\ntory of the entire Lake Region. The first steamboat\\nthat sailed Lake Erie arrived that year. .She was\\nnamed the Walk-in-the-Water, after the chief of the\\nWyandotte Indians, and was operated by a power-\\nful engine, built on Fulton s plan. Leaving Buffalo\\non the 23d of August, she reached Detroit on Thurs-\\nday, .August 27, 18 18. In going from Black Rock\\npast the rapids she was propelled by what was called\\na horned breeze, consistingof sixteen yokeof oxen.\\nShe arrived at Wing s Wharf at foot of Bates Street\\nbetween ten and eleven o clock a. m., and fired a\\ngun. Hundreds of citizens, embracing almost the\\nentire population, collected on the wharves to see\\nher. Concerning the date of her arrival, several\\nmistakes have been made. The fac-simile of the\\nentry made at the time by William Woodbridge, the\\ncollector of customs at Detroit, effectually settles\\nthe question.\\nThe Detroit Ga.-ette nf .August 28, 1818, con-\\ntained this notice\\nSTE.-\\\\MBOAT .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\RRIVED\\nYesterday, between tlic hours of ten and eleven A. M., the ele-\\ngant steamboat Walk-in-the-Water, Captain J. Fish, arrived. As\\nshe passed the public wharf and that owned by Mr. J. S. Roby,\\nshe was cheered by hundreds of the inhabitants who had collected\\nto witness this {in these waters) truly novel and grand spectacle.\\nShe came to at Wing s Wharf. She left Buffalo at half past one\\no clock on the 23d and arrived at Dunkirk at thirty-Jive minutes\\npast si.\\\\ the same day. On the following morning she arrived at\\nErie, Captain Fish having reduced her steam during the night, in\\norder not to pass that place, where she took in a supply of wood.\\nAt half past seven p. M. she left Erie, and came to at Cleveland\\nat eleven o clock on Tuesday at twenty minutes past si.\\\\ r. M.\\nsailed, and arrived off Sandusky Bay at one o clock on Wednes-\\nday lay at anchor during the night, and then proceeded to\\nVenice for wood left Venice at three r. m., and arrived at the\\nmouth of the Detroit River, where she anchored during the\\nnight, the whole time employed in sailing, in this first voyage\\nfrom Buffalo to this port, being about forty-four hours and ten\\nminutes the wind ahead during nearly the whole passage. Not\\nthe slightest accident happened during the voyage, and all her\\nmachinery worked admirably.\\nNothing could exceed the surprise of the sons of the forest on\\nseeing the Walk-in-the-Water moving majestically and rapidly\\nagainst a strong current, without the assistance of sails or oars.\\nThey lined the banks above Maiden, and expressed their aston-\\nishment by repeated shouts of Ta i yah, nichee A report\\nhad been circulated among them that a big canoe would soon\\nt An exclamation of surprise.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0960.jp2"}, "961": {"fulltext": "NAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\n909\\nW\\ncome from the noisy waters, which,\\nby order of the jjreat father of the Che-\\nmo-ke-mous, would be drawn through\\nthe lakes and rivers by sturgeon Of\\nthe truth of the report they are now per-\\nfectly satisfied.\\nThe cabins of this boat are fitted up in\\na neat, convenient, and elegant style\\nand the numner in which she is found\\ndoes hontir to her proprietors and to her\\ncommander. A passage between this\\nplace and Uuffalo is now, not merely\\ntolerable, but truly pleasant.\\nTo-day she will make a trip to Lake St.\\nClair with a large party of ladies and gen-\\ntlemen. She will leave this place for\\nUuffalo to-morrow, and may be expected\\nto visit us again next week.\\nShe made the round trip from\\nBuffalo to Detroit once in two\\nweeks, sometimes bringing a\\nhundred passengers. The fare\\nfor cabin passage was eighteen\\ndollars. In 18 19 she went from\\nDetroit to Mackinaw and Green\\nBay and back in thirteen days.\\nOn October 31, 1821, she left\\nBuffalo under command of Cap-\\ntain Rogers, but met with a\\nstorm, and was wrecked near\\nthat port on the i st of November.\\nThe second steamer on Lake\\nErie was named the Superior.\\nShe took the place of the Walk-\\nin-the-Water, and arrived from\\nBuffalo for the first time on May\\n25, 1822; she brought ninety-\\nfour pa,ssengers.\\nIn 1 82 5 there was still but one\\nsteamer on the lake, but the\\ndemand for transportation in-\\ncreased so rapidly, and the busi-\\nness was so profitable withal,\\nthat the very ne.xt year si.x steam-\\nboats, viz., the Superior, William\\nPenn, Niagara, William Peacock,\\nEnterprise, and Henry Clay, were\\nrunning regularly between Buf-\\nfalo and Detroit, and in May,\\n1 83 1, steamboats were making\\ndaily trips.\\nBoat -builders now became\\nmore numerous some were am-\\nbitious for larger vessels, and\\naccordingly, on April 27, 1833,\\nthe steamboat Michigan was\\nlaunched. She was built by\\nOliver Newberry, and, e.xcept the Argo. was the\\nLong-knives, or Yankees.\\nc\\ni\\nSI\\nsteamer built at\\nwas the largest\\nDetroit,\\non the\\nHer deck was one hun-\\nand fifty-si.x feet long;\\nfirst\\nand\\nlakes,\\ndred\\nbreadth of beam, twentj -nine\\nfeet extreme width, fifty-three\\nfeet and depth of hold, eleven\\nfeet. The gentlemen s dining-\\nroom contained thirty berths\\nabaft the engines, and six slate-\\nrooms forward with three berths\\neach. The intermediate space\\nbetween the engines formed a\\npart of the dining- cabin, and\\nwas richly paneled and gilded.\\nThe ladies cabin on deck con-\\ntained si.xteen berths and was\\nelegantly furnished. The for-\\nward cabin contained forty-four\\nberths. She was propelled by\\ntwo low-pressure, walking-beam\\nengines, with cylinders of seven\\nfeet three inches stroke, and forty\\ninches in diameter. They were\\nmade in Detroit, by the Detroit\\nIron Company, under the super-\\nintendence of Cyrus Battell. She\\nsailed on her first trip October\\n1 1 1 833, under command of Cap-\\ntain Blake.\\nIn 1836 the passenger traffic\\nwas very brisk. Ninety steam-\\nboats arrived in May, every one\\nloaded with passengers for Mich-\\nigan and the West. The steamer\\nUnited States, which arrived on\\nMay 23, brought over seven hun-\\ndred people. As the result of so\\nmuch travel, the steamboat own-\\ners made enormous profits, reach-\\ning for the year seventy to eighty\\nper cent.\\nIn 1S37 thirty-seven steamers\\nwere plying on the lakes, seven-\\nteen of which were owned in\\nDetroit. Three steamboats ar-\\nrived daily, and the papers were\\nliterally burdened with the com-\\nplimentary resolutions adopted\\nby passengers in praise of the\\nseveral boats and captains.\\nOn May 17, 1839, the Great\\nWestern arrived on her first trip\\nto Detroit, and on September i\\nshe was burned at her wharf.\\nIn 1846 the price of cabin passage from Buffalo\\nto Detroit was si.x dollars. In this period racing", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0961.jp2"}, "962": {"fulltext": "gio\\nNAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\nbetween the boats was of frequent occtirrence; and\\nsuch was the rivalry between the captains and own-\\ners that in their efforts to obtain passenijers the\\nfares were frequently nominal. Notwithstanding\\nthese drawbacks, steamboats continued to be built,\\nand to see a boat launched was one of the standard\\namusements of the time. Hundreds of people\\nwould gather to see the vessel glide into the water.\\nThe Mayflower, built for the Michigan Central\\nRailroad, was launched on November i6, 1848, and\\nmade her first trip, to test the engine, on April 10,\\n1849. She was damaged by floating ice, and sunk\\nwhile on her way from Buffalo to Detroit on Decem-\\nber II, 1851.\\nSometimes high prices for transportation tempted\\nthe owners of boats to start them on their trips\\nearlier than prudence justified. On one occasion in\\nthe spring of 1851, as the ice had gone out of the\\nDetroit River, and the upper end of Lake Erie was\\nreported clear, the owner of a steamboat gave notice\\nthat she would sail the next day. As the lower part\\nof the lake was covered with floating ice, there was\\nmuch discussion with regard to the safely of the\\nproceeding and the boat started out from a dock\\nwhich was thronged with spectators who expressed\\nmuch an.xiety concerning her safety. The next day,\\ntowards evening, tlie well-known Joseph Campau\\nmet A. B. Wood, the manager of the Telegraph Com-\\npany, near the Campau residence, and said, Does\\nye hear anything from de boat, de boat went out\\nyesterday mor n Oh, yes she has just reached\\nErie. She got into the ice and floundered about,\\ntearing her paddle-wheels to pieces, but she is in\\nErie harbor all safe. Well, said Mr. Campau,\\nI t ot so. Now, when de Inglishmon he want to\\ngo anywhere, he set down and t ink how he get dar,\\nand de Frenchmon he want to go, and he stop and\\nt ink how he get dar but de American, de Yankee,\\nhe want to go, and, be-gar, he go. He go Heaven,\\nhe go Hell, he go anyhow\\nThe most terrible accident that ever happened on\\nthe lakes occurred on August 20, 1852. On that\\nday the Atlantic, one of the railroad line of steam-\\ners running between Buffalo and Detroit, collided\\nwith the propeller Ogdensburgh, and sank in Lake\\nErie, with a loss of one hundred and thirty-one lives.\\nSince the completion of the Great Western Rail-\\nroad, in 1854, the travel by lake has been compara-\\ntively small, but during the season, steamboats run\\nalmost daily from Detroit to all ports between Buf-\\nfalo and Chicago, and also to ports on the north and\\nsouth shores of Lake Superior, and to various places\\non Lakes St. Clair and Huron.\\nThe oldest and most largely patronized line of\\n1 For intormation regarding the lines of boats operated by rail-\\nroad companies, see article on Railroads.\\nlake steamers is operated by the Detroit Cleve-\\nland Steam Navigation Company. The line was\\nestablished in 1850, and has been managed chiefly\\nby the present owners since 1S52. The company\\nwas incorporated on April 18, 1868, with a capital\\nof $300,000, which, in 1883, was increased to\\n$450,000. The general officers of the corporation\\nare: David Carter, general manager; J. F. Hender-\\nson, general freight agent and C. D. Whitcomb,\\ngeneral passenger and freight agent.\\nOriginally their boats ran only between Detroit and\\nCleveland. Since 1882 they have maintained a line\\nbetween Cleveland and Mackinaw. They own four\\nboats, namely, the Northwest, City of Detroit,\\nCity of Cleveland, and City of .Mackinaw,\\nwhich cost an average of $200,000, and will carry\\nfrom 1,200 to 1,500 persons each. Each boat car-\\nries 50 persons as officers and crew, and in the sea-\\nson of navigation a boat leaves for Cleveland every\\nWednesday and Friday at 10 P.M., and for Mack-\\ninaw every Monday and Saturday at the same hour.\\nThe company seek in every way to make the vessels\\nattractive and the trips agreeable, and tlie line is\\nconstantly increasing in popularity.\\nAn interesting event in the history of sailing ves-\\nsels was the direct shipment, on July 22, 1857, of a\\ncargo of lumber and staves to Liverpool by the\\nbark C. J. Kershaw. She arrived September 5, and\\nwas the second essel to depart for Europe from\\nthis region, the Dean Richmond, from Chicago and\\nMilwaukee, being the first. On her return the Ker-\\nshaw brought iron and crockery, but reached Mon-\\ntreal so late in the season that she did not come to\\nDetroit until the spring of 1858.\\nThe Madeira Pet, loaded with hides at Chicago,\\nand staves at Detroit, also sailed in 1857. In 1858\\neleven vessels, loaded with lumber, staves, and\\nwheat, sailed for Liverpool and London from this\\nport, and in 1859 si.xteen other vessels carried simi-\\nlar cargoes to European ports. Other vessels have\\nsince made the trip, but no regailar line has been\\nestablished.\\nIn late years the chief home business of sailing\\nvessels has consisted in carrying grain, lumber, iron,\\nore, and coal. About fifty tugs are employed in\\naiding them when the winds are feeble or contrary.\\nIn number, power, and beauty, the tugs of Detroit\\nare particularly noticeable. They cost from $3,000\\nto $60,000 each, and $2,000,000 or more are invested\\nin them. They have crews of eleven men each,\\nand ply between Lakes Erie and Huron.\\nEqually as necessary are the dry docks for the\\nbuilding or repair of vessels. The floating dock of\\nO. M. Hyde was launched on December 10, 1852;\\nand about the same time the docks of the present\\nDetroit Dry Dock Company were established at the\\nfoot of Orleans Street. The business was con-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0962.jp2"}, "963": {"fulltext": "NAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\n911\\nducted from 1857 to 1S61 by G. Campbell Co.,\\nfrom 1 36 1 to 1S67 by Campbell Owen, from 1867\\nto i869by Campbell, Owen, Co. In May. 1870, on\\naccount of the impaired health of Mr. Campbell, he\\nwas succeeded by S. R. Kirby, and on July i, 1872.\\nforty feet long, thirty-eight feet wide, and has nine\\nfeet draft of water. A dock built in 1865 is three\\nhundred and si.\\\\ feet long, forty-five feet wide, and\\nhas thirteen feet draft. The dock-yards have a\\nfrontage of seven hundred feet on Atwater Street,\\nGeneral Ufuces of thb IJeikoit Cleveland Steam Navigation Company,\\nFoot of Wayne Street,\\nthe present company was incorporated with a ca|5ital\\nstock of $300,000. The officers in iS84are: John\\nOwen, president Frank E. Kirby, consulting and\\nconstructing engineer A. McX ittie. secretary and\\ntreasurer; F. A. Kirby, superintendent at Wyan-\\ndotte John I arker, superintendent at Detroit.\\nTheir original dock at Detroit is two hundred and\\nand extend through to the river, with every facility\\nfor the repair or construction of vessels of any\\nclass, either of wood or iron.\\nSince 1879 the company have owned the extensive\\nyards at Wyandotte established by E. B. ^^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ard in\\n1S72. These yards occupy about seven acres, and\\nhave a river frontage of seven hundred feet and a slip", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0963.jp2"}, "964": {"fulltext": "^3Si2\\nO\\n111 o\\nX o", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0964.jp2"}, "965": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0965.jp2"}, "966": {"fulltext": "914\\nNAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\nsix hundred feet long in addition. Upwards of six\\nhundred men are employed in these establishments,\\nand the yards are equal in their equipment to any\\nprivate yards in the United States, and excel any on\\nthe lakes. The company build vessels of either wood,\\niron, or steel, and the growth of their business is\\nindicated by the fact that from 1867 to 1879 they\\nbuilt but thirty-four vessels, while from 1879 to 1884\\nthey built thirty-six, the average value of which was\\ndouble that of the vessels first built. Among\\nthe vessels constructed were six steamers, twenty-\\neight screw steamers, three barges, two barks,\\neleven schooners, six tugs, ten steam ferries, two\\nsteam and two car barges. Their cost ranged from\\n$2,500 to $275,000. The company have originated\\nseveral features for lake vessels that are now gener-\\nally adopted. The Gordon Campbell, which they\\nbuilt in 1871, was the first double-decked vessel on\\nthe lakes. Square pilot-houses for lake vessels and\\niron mooring-bits are of their introduction.\\nThe following is a list of steam vessels built at this\\nport all those built since 1867 and marked with a\\nstar were built by the Detroit Dry Dock Company\\nName. T\\nonnage.\\nBuilt\\nName. Tonnage.\\nBuilt.\\nArgo\\n1827\\nMarquette\\n862\\nJ 859\\nMichigan\\n472\\n1833\\nLittle Eastern\\n32\\n1859\\nGen. Brady\\n(56\\n1S33\\nClara\\n77\\n1S60\\nErie (Little)\\n149\\niS^6\\nStar\\n23\\ni860\\nUnited\\n37\\n1836\\nMariner\\n104\\n1860\\nIllinois\\n7SS\\n1837\\nPhilo Parsons\\n221\\n1S61\\nC. C .Trowbridge\\n30\\n1838\\nJohn P. Ward\\n160\\n1861\\nNile\\n650\\n1843\\nGeo. H. Parker\\n188\\n1861\\nSt. Clair\\n250\\n1843\\nSaraM Lewis\\n102\\n1861\\nProp. Detroit\\n290\\n1845\\nMorning Star\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.075\\n1862\\nNew Orleans\\n610\\n184s\\nMohawk (rebuilt)\\n213\\n1S62\\nJohn Owen\\n230\\n1845\\nEmpire\\n704\\n1S62\\nRomeo\\n180\\n1845\\nW. K. Muir\\n125.80\\n1863\\nBoston\\n775\\n1846\\nSusan Ward\\n365\\n1^3\\nAlbany\\n669\\n1S46\\nHeather Bell\\n149\\n1863\\nMichigan\\n600\\n1847\\nZouave\\n118\\n1863\\nDispatch\\n225\\n1848\\nH, Morton\\n227\\n1863\\n.Mayflower\\ni 354\\n1849\\nCity of Toronto\\nDolphin\\n42\\n1849\\n(rebuilt)\\n416\\n1863\\nArg\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nIII\\n1849\\nStranger\\n89\\n1863\\nJ. W. Brooks\\n312\\n1851\\nSentinel\\n297\\n1S63\\nSwan\\n209\\n1851\\nE. A. Brush\\n35\\n1864\\nOdd Fellow\\n99\\nr852\\nMayflower\\n127\\n1864\\nDart\\n297\\n1853\\nSunny Side\\n138\\n1864\\nFintry\\nS9\u00c2\u00b0\\n1853\\nLoon\\n21\\n1864\\nHercules (rebuilt)\\n255\\n1853\\nSkylark\\n134\\n1864\\nFalcon\\n663\\n1853\\nWra. A. Moore\\n153\\n1865\\nOttawa\\n316\\n1853\\nGeo. N. Brady\\n131\\n1865\\nIllinois\\n926\\n1853\\nMackinaw\\n141.7s\\n1866\\nAlbion\\n132\\n1854\\n*R. N. Rice\\n1,096.94\\n1867\\nLioii\\n457\\n1S55\\nJ. P. Clark\\n80.75\\n1867\\nOld Concord\\n457\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0855\\nB. W. Jenness\\n356-94\\n1867\\nA. R. Swift\\n15\\n1855\\nPhil. Sheridan\\n710.90\\n1867\\nUnion Express\\n205\\n1856\\nJay Cooke\\n414.62\\n1 368\\nB. L. Webb\\n843\\n1856\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6.Vulcan\\n249-43\\n1868\\nWindsor\\n223\\n1856\\nChampion\\n263.36\\ni863\\nOlive\\n71\\n1858\\n*.4nnie Young\\n1,006.52\\n1869\\nKilbola\\n396\\n1858\\n0. Wilcox\\n158.73\\n1869\\nExperiment\\n123\\n1858\\nFavorite\\n51.06\\n1869\\n01ivc\u00c2\u00bbBranch\\n71\\n1858\\n\u00c2\u00bbJ. L. Kurd\\n759-88\\n1869\\nCanada\\n143\\n1858\\nR. J. Hackett\\n74S.66\\n1869\\nName. T\\nonnage.\\nBuilt\\nName. Tonnage. Built.\\n*Hope\\n149-79\\n1870\\nSea Wing\\n22.45\\n1881\\nScotia\\n64.18\\n1870\\nCity of Milwau\\nAlpha\\n72-73\\n1870\\nkee\\n1,148.71\\n1881\\nJ. Cartier\\n65.11\\n1870\\nClarion\\n1,711.97\\nl88i\\nPetronille\\n70.15\\n1870\\nIron Chief\\n1,154.08\\n1881\\nWyoming\\n154.65\\n1870\\nMartin Swain\\n28539\\n1881\\nMystic\\n121.54\\n1870\\nS. J. Macy\\n548.42\\n1881\\nS. C. Baldwin\\n356.26\\n1871\\n*S. F. Hodge\\n585-62\\n1881\\nFrank Ford\\n155-75\\n1S71\\nUarda\\n89.36\\n1881\\nMonitor\\n105.40\\n1871\\nIron Duke\\n1,152.22\\n1881\\n*G. Campbell\\n996-14\\n1871\\nMiddlesex\\n567-58\\n1881\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Jennie Briscoe\\n82.59\\n1871\\nAriel\\n201.91\\ni88i\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Niagara\\n276.87\\n1872\\nJ. H. Farwell\\n1,200.96\\ni83i\\nRed Wing\\n13.26\\n1872\\nBrunswick\\n1,120.11\\n881\\nRiverside\\n153.82\\n1872\\nDaisy\\n16.56\\n38i\\nResolute\\n22.83\\n1872\\n*.\\\\lgomah\\n486.28\\n1 881\\nVictoria\\n192.17\\n1873\\nMichigan\\n1,183.18\\n882\\nInter Ocean\\n,068.76\\n1873\\nOsceola\\n980.70\\n882\\nArgonaut\\n,063.30\\n1873\\n*Merrimac\\n1,202.26\\n882\\nW, H. Earnum\\n937-15\\n1873\\nWisconsin\\n1,181.66\\n882\\n*M. F. Merick\\n205.62\\n1873\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Massachusetts\\n1,415-43\\n882\\nNahant\\n909.93\\n1873\\nHandy Boy\\n136.27\\n882\\nGazelle\\n182.52\\n1873\\nManistique\\n437-65\\n882\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6John Owen\\n328.34\\n1874\\nMayflower\\n17.01\\n883\\nJ. Pridgeon. Jr.\\n1,211.88\\n1875\\nE. K. Roberts\\n189.75\\n883\\nFortune\\n199.77\\n1S75\\nAlice E. Wilds\\n235-74\\n883\\nPearl\\n551.66\\n1875\\nW. L. Davis\\n16.53\\n883\\nExcelsior\\n229.39\\n1S76\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6F. P. No. I\\nAlaska\\n510.93\\n187S\\n(rebuilt)\\n769.96\\n883\\n*City of Detroit\\n811.94\\n1878\\nF. P. No. 2\\n636.57\\n883\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Grace McMillan\\n234-71\\n1S79\\nn. C. Whitney\\n1,013.22\\n883\\nFisherman\\n18.70\\n1880\\nRemora\\n86.93\\n8S3\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6City of Cleve-\\nGeo. E. Fisher\\n20.87\\n883\\nland\\n917.29\\n1880\\nSappho\\n223.61\\n8S3\\nWalter Scott\\n9-33\\n1880\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2W. L. Frost\\n1,322.16\\n883\\nIron Age\\n859.46\\n1880\\nPauline\\n14.10\\n883\\nIron State\\n852.95\\n1880\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6City of Macki-\\nAngler\\n18.70\\n1880\\nnaw\\n807.89\\n883\\nTransport\\n797.47\\n1880\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Michigan Central 1\\nS84\\nGarlnncI\\n249.26\\n.704-57\\n1880\\n18S0\\nLansdowne\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Wra. A. Haskell\\n884\\n884\\nLehigh I\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21,440.78\\nW. La Chapelle\\n6.18\\n1880\\n*Wm. J. Averill\\n1.425-43\\n884\\nBoston\\n,829.52\\n1880\\nMinnie M\\n295.67\\n884\\n*W. H.Gr.itwick\\n174-86\\n1880\\nSchoolcraft\\n595-77 1\\n884\\nThos.W. Palmer\\n836.56\\n1880\\nFlorence E. Di.xon 2.22\\n884\\nThe following table gives the date of first arrival\\nor departure of vessels at Detroit during the various\\nyears, and is also of interest as containing the\\nnames of many steamboats whose names do not\\nnow appear in the Marine List\\n182 1, May 18, Walk-in-the-Water, from Buffalo.\\n1822, May 25, Superior (first trip), from Buffalo.\\n1823, Jan. 13, sail vessel, from Sandusky.\\n1826, May 8, steamer Henry Clay, from Buffalo.\\n1839, March 12, steamer Erie, for Toledo.\\n1840, March 8, steamer Star, from Cleveland.\\n1841, April 18, steamer General Wavne, from Jjuf-\\nfalo.\\n1842, March 3, steamer General Scott, for Buffalo.\\n1843, April 18, steamer Fairport, for Cleveland.\\n1844, March 1 1, steamer Red Jacket, for Fort Gra-\\ntiot.\\n1545. January 4. steamer United States, from Buffalo.\\n1546, .March 14, steamer John Owen, from Cleveland.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0966.jp2"}, "967": {"fulltext": "NAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\n9 5\\n1847, March 30, steamer United States, from Cleve-\\nland.\\n1S48, March 22. propeller Manhattan, for Buffalo.\\n1849, March 21, steamer John Owen, for Cleveland.\\n1850, March 25, steamer Southerner, from Buffalo.\\n1 85 1, March 19, steamer Hollister. from Toledo.\\n1852, March 22, steamer Arrow, for Toledo.\\n1853, March 14, steamer Bay City, from Sandusky.\\n1854, March 21, steamer May Queen, from Cleveland.\\n1855, April 2, steamer Arrow, for Toledo.\\n1856, April 15, steamer May Queen, for Cleveland.\\n1857, March 24, steamer Ocean, for Cleveland.\\n1858, March 17, steamer Dart, for Toledo.\\n1859, March 10, steamer Island Queen, from San-\\ndusky.\\ni860, March 6, schooner Spy, from Sandusky.\\n1 86 1. March 11, steamer Ruby, for Port Huron.\\n1S62, March 29, steamer May Queen, for Cleveland.\\n1863, March 29, steamer Dubuque, from Cleveland.\\n1864, March 13, steamer Young America, from Port\\nHuron.\\n1865, March 26, steamer Philo Parsons.for Sandusky.\\n1866, April 4, steamer City of Cleveland, for Cleve-\\nland.\\n1867, April 8, steamer City of Cleveland, for Cleve-\\nland.\\n1868, March 24, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland.\\n1869, April 5, propeller Edith, from Port Huron.\\n1870, April 7, steamer G. W. Reynolds, for Maiden.\\n1871, March S, steamer Dove, for Maiden.\\n1872, April 3, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.\\n1873, .A.pril 7, steamer Jay Cooke, for Sandusky.\\n1874, March 24, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland.\\n1875, March 29. propeller Rob. Hackett, for .Maiden.\\n1876, March 20, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland.\\n1877, April 10, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.\\n1878, April 3, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.\\n1879, April I, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.\\n1 880, March 2, schooner John O Neil, from Cleveland.\\n1881, April 19, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland.\\n1882, March 7, wrecking tug Winslow, for Lake\\nMichigan.\\n1883, March 26, steamer City of Dresden, for Mai-\\nden.\\n1S84, April 3. steamer City of Detroit, for Cleveland.\\nThe following table\\ngives the number\\nof vessels\\nthat have\\nentered at\\nand cleared from\\nDetroit in\\nvarious years, with their tonnage and the number of\\ntheir crew\\nEntered.\\nYe.ir.\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\nMen.\\n1850\\n2.341\\n671.545\\n31.784\\n1855\\n2,191\\n997.724\\n28,644\\ni860\\n3,35\\n731,419\\n30,147\\n1865\\n4,597\\n966,047\\n58,326\\n1870\\n5.401\\n1,003.152\\n52,793\\nYear.\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\nMen.\\n1875\\n5.158\\n851.241\\n24,300\\n1880\\n5.571\\n1,178,518\\nCleared.\\n21,782\\nYear.\\nVessels.\\nTons.\\nMen.\\n1850\\n2,347\\n723,634\\n32,364\\n1855\\n2.180\\n991,117\\n28,896\\ni860\\n3,217\\n713.81I\\n32,054\\n1865\\n4,558\\n1,037,568\\n42,233\\n1870\\n5,453\\n1,020.913\\n55,896\\n1875\\n4.97\\n866,984\\n28,503\\n1880\\n5.825\\n1,240,564\\n22,320\\nThe immigration that followed the surrender of\\n1796 made communication between the two banks\\nof the Detroit more frequent. Many of the nevi\\ncomers did not own canoes, preferring to be ferried\\nover by one of the skilful oarsmen then so numer-\\nous. Very soon the business of ferrying became a\\nprofitable employment, and in order to regulate and\\ncontrol it the Court of General Quarter Sessions\\nissued licenses to those wishing to establish ferries.\\nOn Friday, March 5, 1802, a license was granted to\\nGabriel Godfrey for a ferry from his house across\\nthe river Detroit, and on Tuesday, December 7,\\n1802, a ferry license was granted to Mr. Askin.\\nOn Thursday. December 9, 1802, the court pre-\\nscribed the following\\nREGUL.\\\\TIONS FOR FERRIES.\\nRiver Detroit in winter, from ist of November to ist of April,\\nman, i^. (id. horse, 4J. In summer, 1st of .\\\\pril to 1st of No-\\nvember, man, u.; horse, 3^.\\nOn December 21, 1803, a license was granted to\\nJames May, and on July 19, 1804, a license was\\ngranted to Jacob Visger to keep a ferry from his\\nland near to the town of Detroit across the Detroit\\nriver to opposite shore.\\nIn 1S06 the ferry-house was about fifty feet west\\nof Woodward Avenue, and between Atwater and\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\Voodbridge Streets the river at that point then\\ncame fully half way up to Woodbridge Street. In\\n1820 the following rules and rates were established\\nEach ferry shall be provided with two sullicient and safe canoes\\nor ferr *-boats, and one like suflicient and safe .scow or flat. From\\nthe fii^t day of April until the first day of No\\\\ einber in each\\nyear, each ferry shall be attended by two good and fiiithful men,\\nand from the first day of November to the first of April by three\\nlike good and faithful hands. The ferry shall be kept open from\\nthe rising of the sun until ten o clock at night, and at all times,\\nwhen practicable, shall transport the mail or other public express.\\nThe rates of ferryage shall be as follows:\\nFrom 1st of .\\\\pril to 20th of November, for each person, iHc\\nfor each horse. 50c.; for a single carriage and one person, $1.00;\\nfor each additional person, I2ic.; for each additional horse, 25c.;\\nfor each head of horned cattle, 374c-: for eacli sheep or hog, 6ic.\\nFrom coth of November to .\\\\pril 1st, for each person, i3c.; for\\neach horse, 75c; for each single horse, carriage, and one person,\\n$1.50; for each additional person, iSJc; for each additional\\nhorse, 37JC.; for each head of homed cattle, 56JC.: for each\\nsheep or hog, gc.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0967.jp2"}, "968": {"fulltext": "9i6\\nNAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\nOn January 1 1, 1820, J, B. St. Armour took out a\\nlicense for a ferry at the foot of Woodward Avenue,\\nand on August 8, 1820, Ben. Wood worth was\\ngranted a license for a ferry at foot of Randolph\\nStreet. On February 10, 1S21, licenses were issued\\nto James Abbott and Ezra Baldwin to maintain fer-\\nries at foot of Woodward Avenue, and on January\\n15, 1S24, Owen Aldrich was authorized to keep a\\nferry at Roby s Wharf. The ferries, at that time,\\nwere in part composed of sailing vessels, which sig-\\nnalled their approach to either shore by the blowing\\nof a horn. In 1825 there were still greater improve-\\nments, which are indicated in the following adver-\\ntisement from The Gazette of September 22\\nHORSE-BOAT FERRY.\\nThe subscribers have recently built a large and commodious\\nHorse Boat for the purpose of transporting across the Detroit\\nKiver, passengers, wagons, horses, cattle, c., itc. The l^oat is\\nso constructed that wagons and carriages can be driven on it with\\nease and safety. It will leave McKinstry s Wharf (adjoining that\\nof Dorr Jones), for the Canada shore, and will land passengers,\\nc., at the wharf lately built on that shore by McKinstry 6: liur-\\ntis. The Ferry wharves are exactly opposite.\\nD. C. McKinstry.\\nJ. liUKTlS.\\nDetroit, September 22, 1825.\\nFerrv Boat Argo.\\nThis horse-boat was built at Cleveland, and arrived\\nin Detroit on August 12, 1S25. It was thirty-two\\nfeet wide and fifty feet long, and was operated by\\nFrench ponies. Two years later the ferries con-\\nsisted of Burtis* Hnrse Boat from McKinstry s\\nWharf St. Armour s Sail Boats from John R.\\nWilliams Wharf, and Labadie s Canoe from Gillett s\\nWharf. In the year 1S27, John Burtis built the\\nArgo, the first steamer belonging to Detroit. The\\nhull consisted of two whitewood logs each side of a\\ncentre-piece on which M^as a light deck with canvas\\nsides. It had a four-horse-power engine, and made\\nregular trips to ports on the river and Lake St. Clair.\\nIn 1830 the steamboat, General Gratiot, took her\\nplace as a river-boat, and the Argo was leased to\\nLouis Davenport, and became the first steam ferry.\\nThe horse-boat ferry was in use in 1 83 1 controlled\\nby Peter St. Armour, and made trips from the foot\\nof Bates Street every half hour.\\nIn 1S34 there was a ferry named the Lady of the\\nLake. Louis Davenport s ferry, the United, made\\nher first regular trip on July 13, 1836.\\nIn 1837 a committee of the Common Council\\nreported in favor of allowing Louis Davenport,\\nCharles H. Matthews, and Matthew Moon to main-\\ntain ferries at the foot of Griswold Street, for $150,\\nat foot of Wayne Street, for $100, and from foot of\\nTherese Alley, for $50 annually.\\nMrs. Jameson, in her Winter Tours and Summer\\nRambles, gives the following pleasant description\\nof ferry-boats and trips in June, 1837:\\nA pretty little steamer, gayly painted, with streamers flying, and\\nshaded by an awning, Js continually passing and repassing from\\nshore to shore. I have sometimes sat in tins ferry-boat for a\\ncouple of hours together, pleased to remain still, and enjoy, with-\\nout exertion, the cool air, tlie sparkling, redundant waters, and\\ngreen islands amused meantime by the variety and conversa-\\ntion of the passengers. English emigrants and French Cana-\\ndians, brisk Americans, dark, sad-looking Indians, folded in their\\nblankets, farmers, storekeepers, speculators in wheat, artisans, trim\\ngirls with black eyes and short petticoats, speaking a Norman\\nPatois^ and bringing baskets of fruit to the Detroit market, and\\nover-dressed, long-waisted damsels of the city, attended by their\\nbeaux, going to make merry on the opposite shore.\\nGeorge W. Osborn has expressed his opinion in\\nthe following lines\\nRIDING ON THE FERRY.\\nWhen the mercury denotes\\nSultry summer heat,\\nThen the spacious ferry-boats\\nAfford a cool retreat.\\nOn a shady upper deck,\\nJoined by friends so merry,\\nBless me ain t it pleasant,\\nRiding on the ferry\\nBack and forth from shore to shore,\\nOn the rippling river,\\nWatching spray beads rise and fall,\\nWhere the sunbeams quiver;\\nReveling in the cooling breeze,\\nEvery one is cheery\\nBless me ain t it pleasant,\\nRiding on the ferry?\\nNow you re sitting vis-a-vis\\nWith a charming creature.\\nHappiness is in her eye,\\nJoy in every feature,\\nIs n t this superb she asks,\\nYes, you answer, very.\\nBless me ain t it pleasant.\\nRiding on the ferry\\nThus the heated hours arc passed,\\nLaughing, joking, singing;\\nJoyous shouts from happy groups\\nOn the cool breeze ringing.\\nNow you see your charmer home.\\nFeeling blithe and merry,\\nCause engaged to go to-morrow\\nRiding on the ferry.\\nThe ferry Alliance began running in 1842; her\\nname was afterwards changed to Undine. In 1S48", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0968.jp2"}, "969": {"fulltext": "NAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES.\\n917\\nArgo No. 2 began plying as a ferry. In 1852 G.\\nB. Russel built the Ottawa, and in 1856 the Wind-\\nsor. This last boat was subsequently chartered by\\nthe Detroit Milwaukee Railroad, and was burned\\nat its dock, together with the depot, on April 26,\\n1866.\\nIn 1855 the Mohawk and Argo constituted the\\nline of ferries. The Gem was added in 1856, and\\nthe Essex in 1859. In this last year the Olive\\nBranch was used for a few months. The Detroit\\nwas built in 1864, and ran till 1875. The Hope\\nwas built for George N. Brady in 1870.\\nIn 1883 there were six ferries, viz., the Excelsior,\\nFortune, Hope, Essex, and Victoria, of the regular\\nhne, and the Ariel of Walker Sons. Besides\\nthese there were six railroad ferry boats. The For-\\ntune is one of the best representatives of the river\\nferries. Her tonnage is 200, and she cost \u00c2\u00a734,000.\\nShe is one hundred and twenty feet in length and\\nforty-two in breadth over decks. Her ordinary\\ncapacity is 1,000, but she has carried 1,350 persons.\\nShe was built to take the place of the Detroit.\\nThe ordinary rate of ferriage is five cents in\\nsummer and ten cents in winter. During the warm\\nsummer days and evenings the boats are thronged\\nwith people, who ride back and forth to enjoy the\\ndelightful breeze and ever-changing scenery. For\\nthe nominal sum of one dime, one may thus spend\\nan entire day, and the ride offers a rare combination\\nof comfort, health, and safety. The boats are in\\nfrequent demand for short excursions up and down\\nthe river. The ferries pay city licenses of $250 each\\nper year.\\nThe harbor formed by the Detroit River contains\\nmore room than the harbors of Buffalo, Erie, Cleve-\\nland, Milwaukee, and Chicago all combined, and\\nthe water is deep enough to float the largest ships\\nof war, and in any kind of weather vessels find\\nsafety here. No danger lurks about when making\\nor leaving the port of Detroit. After all ordinary\\nwinters, navigation opens from four to six weeks\\nearlier here than it does at Cleveland, Buffalo, Chi-\\ncago, or Milwaukee, and, with scarce an exception,\\nvessels from Detroit can go east two weeks earlier\\nthan those from Chicago or Milwaukee, as vessels\\nfrom those ports have to wait until the Straits of\\nMackinaw are clear of ice.\\nSince 1863 the city has employed a harbor\\nmaster, whose duties consist in preventing interfer-\\nences between vessels, determining, when necessary,\\nplaces of anchorage, keeping the harbor clear of all\\nobstructions, seeing that the public docks are not\\nunduly obstructed, and keeping the way clear for\\nthe ferries. He has charge of twenty-six life-\\npreser\\\\ ers owned by the city, which, by vote of the\\ncouncil on August 25, 1871, were ordered placed\\nalong the docks. Four others are provided at Belle\\nIsle.\\nThe harbor master was formerly appointed solely\\nby the council, but since February 28, 1872. the\\noffice has been filled by a policeman detailed for\\nthe purpose and confirmed by the council. The\\nnames of the harbor masters have been as follows\\n1862-1866, C. W. Newhall; 1866-1868, Jacob B.\\nBaker; 1868-1872, Arthur Gore; 1872- John\\nW. Moore.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0969.jp2"}, "970": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X X V I.\\nUNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY. LIGHTHOUSES AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLIFE SAVING SERVICE. HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. INSPECTOR OF\\nSTEAMBOATS. SIGNAL SERVICE. MARINE HOSPITAL.\\nUNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY.\\nAlmost as soon as the first explorers came, they\\nbegan to take soundings and make rough charts of\\nthe river and lakes. The taking of soundings and\\nmaking of a survey by the United States was first\\nsuggested at a meeting held in Detroit on October\\n28, 1831, and Congress was then petitioned to pro-\\nvide for a survey of the lakes and for a ship-canal\\nat Sault Ste. Marie.\\nTen years later, on March 3, 1841, $15,000 was\\nappropriated to commence a survey of the lakes and\\nof the large rivers connecting with the Atlantic.\\nThis and subsequent appropriations, ranging up to\\n$200,000 in a single year, have conferred immense\\nbenefits upon the merchant marine of western\\nrivers and lakes. Judging from the official records\\nof disasters, which have occurred, notwithstanding\\nthese efforts to prevent them, it is probable that\\nthousands of lives and hundreds of thousands of\\ndollars worth of property would be lost annually\\nexcept for the information afforded through the\\noperations of the Lake Survey. In fact, the naviga-\\ntion of the lakes would of necessity almost entirely\\ncease but for the information thus supplied.\\nThe offices of the Survey were established at\\nDetroit in 1841, and for many years prior to 1865\\nwere located at the corner of Wayne and Congress\\nStreets. After 1865, and up to the discontinuance\\nof the office on July i, 1882, they were located at the\\njunction of Grand River Avenue with Park Place.\\nMany instruments of extraordinary cost and accu-\\nracy were provided one, for measuring base lines,\\nwas valued at upwards of $20,000.\\nSeveral persons connected with the office were\\nunder pay the entire year, their salaries ranging from\\nthree to six dollars per day. In recent years and up\\nto 1878, fifteen persons were usually employed in\\nthe ofiice, six draughtsmen, four computers, and five\\nclerks. Parties of surveyors went out about May\\nI, and returned the middle or last of Octfiber. To\\neach party special duties were assigned; as, for\\ninstance, in 1 87 5 there were detailed five shore-parties,\\nof about twenty-five men each, to take the sound-\\nings, ascertain the depth of the rivers and lakes for\\nthe distance of about thirty-six feet from the shore\\nand to note all reefs, shoals, and obstructions of any\\nsort. Two steamers, with a force of thirty men\\neach, took the soundings of the lakes from the\\nlimit assigned the shore parties, to a point ten miles\\nout. Six triangulation parties, of three men each,\\nwere specially charged with the triangulation or\\naccurate location of difficult objects and places. A\\ntotal of nearly two hundred men were frequently\\nengaged during the summer season in the work of\\nthe survey. On the return of these parties, the\\nresult of their work was arranged, systematized,\\ncomputed, and transcribed for publication. When\\nthe survey of any river or lake, or portion of the same,\\nwas completed, an elaborate draft was made, and\\nforwarded to Washington, and then engraved, or\\nphotolithographed in the best possible manner.\\nThese charts are issued without charge to the\\nmasters of the lake or river vessels who have a\\nregister or certificate from the collector of customs\\nand are also on sale at fifty cents each. During\\nthe year ending July i, 1SS3, 6,406 charts were\\nissued.\\nAfter the office was closed at Detroit, the duty of\\nissuing these charts were transferred to the United\\nStates office of River and Harbor Improvements.\\nThe Sur\\\\^ey was in charge of regular United States\\nArmy officers.\\nTheir names and dates of service are as follows\\n1841-1846, Captain William G. Williams; 1848 and\\n1S49, Lieutenant-Colonel James Kearney; 1S50-\\n1856, Captain John N. Macomb; 1856, Lieutenant-\\nColonel James Kearney; 1857-1861, Captain George\\nG. Meade; 1861-1864, Colonel James D. Graham;\\n1 864- 1 870, Lieutenant-Colonel William F. Ray-\\nnolds; 1870-1S77, General C. B. Comstock 1877\\nto June, 1878, Captain H. M. Adams; June, 1878,\\nto July, 1S83, General C. B. Comstock.\\nLIGHTHOUSES AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION.\\nThe construction and repair of all lighthouses\\nis in charge of officers of the Corps of Engineers of\\nthe United States Army, who are assigned to duty\\n[918]", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0970.jp2"}, "971": {"fulltext": "LIGHTHOUSES, AXD THEIR CONSTRUCTION.\\n919\\nin the various lighthouse districts of the country.\\nOfficers of this corps are also assigned to the charge\\nof various public works, such as the improvement of\\nrivers and harbors, the construction of canals, or\\nthe survey of rivers and lakes, and often the same\\nofficer has charge of a lighthouse district and vari-\\nous river and harbor works.\\nSince the year i860 and up to 1SS3, there has\\nbeen appropriated to this district by Congress, for\\nthe erection of lighthouses, the establishment of\\nfog-signals, and the repair and presen-ation of light-\\nhouses and buildings connected therewith, the sum\\nof $3,246,387, and of this amount $3,040,840 has\\nbeen expended. A large sum of money was also\\nexpended prior to i860.\\nThe main portion of the work of construction is\\ndone by contract, and the yearly disbursements\\nreach an average of $750,000.\\nThe olTice of lighthouse engineer was established\\nat Detroit in 1852. The following olTicers have\\nbeen in charge Lieutenant Lorenzo Sitgreaves,\\nDecember 21, 1852,10 December 11, 1856; Lieu-\\ntenant William F. Smith, December 11, 1856, to\\nNovember 3, 1S59; Captain A. W. Whipple,\\nNovember 3, 1S59, to August 30, 1861 Captain\\nGeorge G. Meade, a short time in 1S61 Lieu-\\ntenant-Colonel James D. Graham, August 30,\\n1861, to April 20, 1864; Lieutenant-Colonel\\nWilliam F. Raynolds, April 20, 1864, to April\\n14, 1870; Major J. B. Wheeler, May 15, 1S69, to\\nMarch, 1870; Major O. M. Poe, April 14, 1S70, to\\nMay I, 1873; Major G. Weitzel, May i, 1873, to\\nMay I, 1878 Captain A. Mackenzie, May i, 1878,\\nto October i, 1S7S from February 18, 1874, to May\\n4, 1875, the work on Lake Michigan was in com-\\nmand of .Major H. M. Robert Major G. Weitzel,\\nOctober i, 1878, to August i, 1882; Captain C. E.\\nL. B. Da\\\\Hs, August i, 1882, to\\nIn 1S80 there were fifteen lighthouse districts in\\nthe United States. Detroit was included in the\\neleventh district, which embraced all aids to navi-\\ngation on the northern and northwestern lakes above\\nGrassy Island Lighthouse, Detroit River including\\nLakes St. Clair, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. It\\nis the largest district in the country in the extent of\\nits shore line, and the second largest in its number\\nof lighthouses. In 1883 there were one hundred\\nand thirty-nine lighthouses and nineteen steam fog-\\nsignals in operation within its limits. The district\\nwas one of the first twelve established under Act\\nof August 31, 1852, by the Lighthouse Board. In\\nMay, 1869. it was divided by including Lake Michi-\\ngan and Green Bay in a separate district, designated\\nas the Eleventh Lighthouse District (Lake Michi-\\ngan). The remainder was known as the Eleventh\\nLighthouse Di.strict (except Lake Michigan). In\\nMarch, 1870, the twg parts were reunited. In 1S74\\nit was divided in the same manner as before, and in\\n1 87 5 the districts were again consolidated.\\nUnder early laws, the lighthouses were subject to\\nsupervision by the collector of customs, with an\\noccasional inspection by a naval officer detailed for\\nthat purpose. The office of lighthouse inspector\\nwas created by Act of August 31, 1852, and since\\nthat date officers of the Linited States Navy have\\nbeen assigned to the duty of inspection. It is their\\nduty to see that lighthouses are kept in order and\\nthat keepers discharge their duties properly, and to\\nattend to the furnishing of the supplies for the vari-\\nous stations. The inspector has charge of the placing\\nof the nearly two hundred buoys on the shoal or\\ndangerous places in the district. All of the larger\\nand second-class buoys are brought to the supply\\ndepot at Detroit, at the close of every season, and\\nreplaced as soon as the ice \\\\v\\\\\\\\l permit. The\\ninspector is provided with a vessel of from three\\nhundred to four hundred tons, named the Dahlia,\\nwith a crew of seven officers and fifteen workmen\\nand sailors and during the season goes from place\\nto place, distributing supplies for the lighthouses and\\nsteam fog-signals. The main portion of the supplies\\nare obtained from the depot of supplies at Staten\\nIsland, N. Y., where articles of a uniform and un-\\nvarying standard are kept. Such articles as oil.\\ncoal, soap, brooms, and other necessities for which\\nthere is no regulation standard, are bought at De-\\ntroit. A large supply and storage depot, owned by\\nthe Government, is located in the rear of the Marine\\nHospital. The office is located on the northeast\\ncorner of Grisw-old and Earned Streets, and the\\noffice force, in addition to the inspector and assistant\\ninspector, consisted of one clerk, two copyists,\\nand one messenger.\\nThe first lighthouse built in the district was\\nerected at Fort Gratiot in 1825. In 18S3 there were\\nfive lighthouses and signal lights for the river, four\\nof them provided by the United States, and one\\non Bois Blanc Island by the Canadian Government.\\nThe first lighthouse at the mouth of the river was\\nprovided for by Act of Congress of March 31, 1819.\\nThe lights on the line of the river are located and\\ndescribed as follows Windmill Point Lighthouse is\\nat the foot of Lake St. Clair. It is a fixed white light,\\nvaried with red flashes, with an inter\\\\ al of one min-\\nute and thirty seconds between flashes. It is visible\\nthirteen miles. The tower is fifty-one feet high\\nfrom base to light, and was built in 1838 and rebuilt\\nin 1875. Both it and the dwelling of the keeper are\\nof brick, whitewashed. The light marks the entrance\\nto the Detroit River, and is in the Eleventh Light-\\nhouse District.\\nOn October iS, 1880. the City Council voted to\\ngive a small piece of land on the southeast corner\\nof Belle Isle to the Government, and during 1881", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0971.jp2"}, "972": {"fulltext": "920\\nLIFE SAVING SERVICE.\\nand 1882 a brick lighthouse was erected upon the\\nsite donated, at a cost of Si 6,000. It shows a light\\nof the fourth order, with fixed red light; the lantern\\nis forty-two feet above the level of the river, and\\nwas first lighted on May 15, 1882. It is visible\\ntwelve and three quarter miles.\\nThe rest of the American lights on the river are\\nin the Tenth Lighthouse District, and the next in\\norder is the Grassy Island light. It is a steady\\nwhite light, and is visible eleven and one half miles.\\nThe tower is twenty-nine feet high, and is placed on\\ntop of the frame dwelling of the keeper, which is\\nbuilt on piles and whitewashed. It was erected in\\n1849, rebuilt in 1857, and refitted in 1867.\\nThe next lighthouse is named Mama Juda, and is\\non the shoals or\\nisland of the\\nsame name.\\nThe building is\\nsimilar to that\\non Grassy Is-\\nland, and the\\ntower is thirty-\\nfour feet high.\\nIt was built in\\n1 849 and rebuilt\\nin 1866.\\nThe Cana-\\ndian light on\\nBois Blanc Is-\\nland is a fixed\\nwhite light, on\\na round stone\\nlighthouse, on\\nthe south point\\nof the island,\\nand is fifty-six\\nfeet above high\\nwater. It was\\nfirst lighted in\\n1837-\\nIni{\\nthere\\nGovernment Storehouse, Lighthouse Department.\\nwere six buoys\\nmarking shoals or obstructions in the river above\\nthe city. They were located between the wreck of\\nthe Nile, off the southwest end of Belle Isle, and the\\nlighthouse on Windmill Point.\\nIn the same year there were one hundred and\\nthirteen principal and forty-four assistant lighthouse\\nkeepers in the Eleventh District, the principal keep-\\ners having from S500 to $800 per year, and the\\nassistants from $390 to $500. Original appoint-\\nments are made by the Secretary of the Treasury on\\nnomination of the collector of customs. It is the\\nduty of the lighthouse keepers to keep their lights\\nburning from sunset to sunrise during the season\\nof navigation, and, indeed, so long as vessels move\\nin their locality, or whenever a light is needed or\\nwould be of probable service.\\nUp to January i, i88i, the salaries of the keepers\\nwere paid by the collector of customs since that\\ndate they have been paid by the lighthouse inspec-\\ntor. They amount to about $80,000 yearly. The\\nother expenses amount to about $40,000.\\nIn order to give notice of dangerous places in\\nfoggy weather there are three syren fog-trumpets\\nand eleven ten-inch locomotive steam-whistles in\\nthe district these are supervised by the keepers of\\nlighthouses near by. A lighthouse with two ten-\\ninch steam fog-signals is now in process of con-\\nstruction at the mouth of the Detroit River. It is\\nlocated on the forty-second degree of latitude, is\\nbuilt in twenty-\\ntwo feet of wa-\\nter, and is 35,-\\n600 feet distant\\nfrom the Gibral-\\ntar lighthouse.\\nIt is estimated\\nto cost $60,000,\\nand will be\\nknown as the\\nDetroit River\\nLight. The\\ntower will be\\nfifty -two feet\\nhigh, with a\\nlight of the\\nfourth order.\\nThe inspec-\\ntors have been\\n1854- I S61,\\nCommander G.\\nH.Scott; 1 861,\\nCommander J.\\nB. Marchand\\n1862- I 866,\\nCommodore W.\\nH. Gardner;\\nI 866- I 869,\\nCaptain T. H. Stevens; 1869. Commodore J. P.\\nMcKinstry; 1870-1873, Commodore A. Murray;\\n1873-1876, Captain W. P. McCann 1876, Comman-\\nder Fred Rodgers 1876 to October, 1881, Com-\\nmander I. N. Miller; October, t88i, to October,\\n1883, Commander J. C. Watson; October, 1883-\\nCommander Francis A. Cook.\\nLIFE SAVING SERVICE.\\nThe headquarters of the Ninth Life Saving Dis-\\ntrict, which embraces the coasts of Lakes Huron\\nand Superior, was established at Detroit on January\\n12, 1S76. and removed to Sand Beach on July i,\\n18S2. The special object of the service is to rescue", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0972.jp2"}, "973": {"fulltext": "HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS.\\n921\\npersons in danger on the water through calamities\\nof any kind. There are twelve stations in the dis-\\ntrict, eight on Lake Huron and four on Lake Supe-\\nrior.\\nThe building and appliances of each station \u00e2\u0080\u00a2ost\\nabout S6,ooo. The apparatus consists of life-boats,\\nropes, rockets to use as sigTials, and mortars for\\nthrowing lines to endangered vessels. E.xplicit\\ndirections concerning the most approved methods\\nfor restoring persons apparently drowned are also\\nsupplied. Each station has a keeper, at a salary of\\n$700, with house-rent free. In 1883 three of the\\nstations, those of Sand Beach, Thunder Bay, and\\nMiddle Island, were manned with eight men, and the\\nothers with seven, all under pay for about eight\\nmonths of each year.\\nThe keepers are selected by the superintendent,\\nbut all connected with the service are appointed by\\nthe Secretary of the Treasury. The service in this\\ndistrict costs the United States about \u00c2\u00a740,000 yearly.\\nJoseph Sawyer was the first superintendent of the\\ndistrict. He lost his life in the service, and on De-\\ncember 3, 1S80, his place was tilled by J. G. Kiah.\\nH.-VRBOR IMPROVEMENTS.\\nThe first appropriation for harbor improvements\\nin Michigan was made by .Act of July 2. 1836 the\\nsum of $15,000 was then granted for the improve-\\nment of the harbor at the mouth of the River\\nRaisin. All amounts for improvements are ex-\\npended under the direction of military officers de-\\ntailed from time to time for this purpose.\\nIn 1879 there were two officers at Detroit whose\\nduties were connected with the expenditure of money\\nappropriated for rivers and harbors one in charge\\nof Major F. Harwood, the other of Major S. M.\\nMansfield. The district of Major Mansfield, estab-\\nlished in June, 1872, embraced the east shore of\\nLake Michigan, the harbors of Charlevoix, Frank-\\nfort, Manistee, Ludington, Pentwater, White River,\\nMuskegon. Grand Haven, Black Lake, Saugatuck.\\nSouth Haven, and St. Joseph, and a survey of Port-\\nage Lake. The harbors named are cared for by\\nlocal inspectors appointed by the officer in com-\\nmand. Major Harwood s district originally em-\\nbraced the St. Clair Flats Canal, and he was charged\\nwith the care of keeping it in order and making any\\nregulations necessary in regard to its use. The\\npreser\\\\ ation of the embankments and piles in the\\nSaginaw River and at Cheboygan, and the care of\\nthe harbors of Au Sable, St. Clair River at the\\nmouth of Black River, and Thunder Bay also formed\\npart of his duties.\\nThe average annual expenditure for the two offices\\nwas about Si 50.000. In the autumn of 1879 the\\noffice in charge of Major Mansfield was removed\\nto Grand Rapids. Subsequently, on the death of\\nMajor Harwood, Colonel F. N. Farquhar was ap-\\npointed as his successor, and had charge also of the\\nremnant of the business of the Lake Survey, includ-\\ning the distribution of the charts. He died in 1883,\\nand in July Colonel O. M. Poe was appointed in\\ncharge of the office.\\nINSPECTOR OF STEAMBOATS.\\nThe inspection of steamboats was first provided\\nfor by Act of Congress of July 7, 1838. This Act\\nmade it the duty of the district judge, on applica-\\ntion of the master or owners of a vessel, to appoint\\ntwo inspectors, one for the hull and the other for the\\nmachinery of vessels. Under laws passed August\\n30, 1852, and February i, 1871, a thorough system\\nof inspection was provided for, and the appointment\\nof inspectors by the President and Senate w^as\\nauthorized. By the provisions of these laws, the\\nEighth Inspection District embraced all the\\nwaters of the lakes north and west of Lake Erie\\nwith their tributaries, and the upper portion of the\\nIllinois River, down to and including Peoria, Illi-\\nnois. The headquarters of the supervising in-\\nspector are at Detroit. Two local inspectors, ap-\\npointed by the supervising inspector, with the\\napproval of the judge of United States District\\nCourt and the collector of customs, are on duty at\\neach of the following places Detroit, Port Huron,\\nChicago, Marquette, Grand Haven, and Milwaukee.\\nThe boilers of all steamboats are required to be\\ninspected yearly and all steam vessels are examined\\nas to their compliance with the law requiring a cer-\\ntain number of life-preser\\\\-ers, and as to their gen-\\neral fitness for preserving life and property committed\\nto them. The inspectors also examine into the\\nhabits of life and capabilities of steamboat engineers\\nand pilots, and issue licenses, for which pilots and\\nengineers of the first class pay Siooo. and those of\\nthe second class $5.00 per year.\\nessels are required to pay for certificates of\\ninspection as follows for the first one hundred\\ntons, $2 5 for each additional hundred tons, Sj-oo;\\nand in the same proportion for amounts less\\nthan one hundred tons. Xo certificate, however,\\nis issued for less than $25 for any steam vessel.\\nAll the fees are paid over to the collector of customs,\\nand remitted by him to the United States Treasury.\\nThe yearly expenses for the entire district are about\\n$28,000 annually and the receipts nearly the same.\\nThe salary of the supervising inspector is $2,000, the\\nlocal inspectors are paid from $800 to $2,000.\\nThe office is located at the Custom House and Post\\nOffice.\\nThe supervising inspectors have been: Peter J.\\nRalph, April 4, 1870, to September 26, 1877;\\nJoseph Cook, September 26, 1 877, to The local\\ninspectors of hulls have been: William Gooding,", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0973.jp2"}, "974": {"fulltext": "922\\nTHE SIGNAL SERVICE.\\nJanuary i, 1853, to June 7, 1853 George W. Strong,\\nJune 7, 1853, to June 1 1, 1861 A. D. Perkins, June\\nII, 1861, to March 3, 1863 Peter J. Ralph, March\\n3, 1863, to March 16, 1868; Joseph Cook, March\\n16, 1S68, to September 26, 1877; Hugh Coyne,\\nNovember 19, 1877, to The local inspectors\\nof boilers have been: Charles Kellogg, January i,\\n1853, to June 7, 1853 William F. Chittenden, June\\n7, 1853, to November 2, i860; P. E. Saunders,\\nDecember 6, i860, to j\\\\ugust, 1881; H. W. Gran-\\nger, August 22, 1881, to\\nTHE SIGNAL SERVICE.\\nThe idea of using the telegraph to convey\\nmeteorological information was first suggested by\\nProfessor Henry of the Smithsonian Institute in his\\nreport for i S47. The thought did not at once pro-\\nduce permanent results, but gradually and surely\\nit attracted attention and support, and finally, on\\nFebruary 9, 1870, Congress authorized the employ-\\nment and organization of a Signal Service Corps,\\nunder the direction of the Secretary of War, for the\\npurpose of taking and recording observations and\\ndisplaying signals.\\nRegular reports were first received at Washing-\\nton at 7.35 A. M., November I, 1870, from twenty-\\nfour stations then established. The reports were\\ntabulated and sent to various cities at 9 A. M., and\\nthus the work began. The object of the service is\\nto obtain such information from all parts of the\\ncountry as will enable the observers to forecast the\\ncondition of the weather several hours in advance.\\nThe rise and fall of rivers and the tides are noted,\\natmospheric and weather changes of every kind\\nobserved, and the character and location of clouds\\nexamined. All these observations are carefully\\ngrouped and studied, and the synopsis and prob-\\nabilities made up therefrom.\\nIn addition to reports from the principal cities\\nlying along the chief rivers, lakes and sea-boards,\\nand from posts of observation occupying every pos-\\nsible altitude, including Mt. Washington in the east\\nand Pike s Peak in the west, reports are also obtained\\nat Washington from the Canadian Provinces, and\\nfrom the British, Russian, and Turkish governments.\\nThe entire corps, as a detachment of the United*\\nStates Army, is under command of the chief signal\\nofficer of the army, whose headquarters are at Fort\\nMyer, Va., at which place there is a school of\\ninstruction. The observers, to a certain extent, are\\nunder military rule, but are enlisted solely for this\\nservice, and must be fitted by education and char-\\nacter for the important position they occupy. The\\ncentral office is with the War Department at Wash-\\nington.\\nThe office of observation at Detroit was located\\nin the Bank Block, corner of Congress and Griswold\\nStreets, until February 8, 18S1, when it was moved\\nto the Board of Trade Building, comer of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street. It was established by\\nSergeant Allen Buel, and reports commenced No-\\nveruber i, 1871, just one year after the service was\\ninaugurated. The official number of the observa-\\ntory is thirty-six; it is in charge of one sergeant\\nwith two assistants. Five observations of the\\nweather are taken daily; two for record and com-\\nparison, at 10.36 A. M. and 6.36 P. M., and three for\\ntelegraphic transmission to the central office at\\nWashington, at 6.36 A. M., 2.36 and 10.36 P. M.\\nExperience has shown that the mean or average\\ncondition of the weather is best obtained at these\\nhours.\\nTelegraphic observations are taken at all stations\\nthroughout the country at the same moment of\\nactual time. The standard hours are 7.35 a. m.,\\n3 and 1 1 P. M., Washington time, due allowance being\\nmade at each station for difference of longitude.\\nAn observation of the surface and bottom tempera-\\nture of the river is also taken daily at 1.36 P. M.\\nThe taking of an observation consists in reading\\nthe barometer, the thermometer, hygrometer, ane-\\nmometer, and anemoscope, and measuring the water\\nin the rain-gauge after rainfall the direction, kind,\\nand rate of motion of the upper and lower strata of\\nclouds are also recorded. .A.11 barometrical observa-\\ntions are corrected for temperature, elevation above\\nsea-level, and instrumental error. The elevation\\nfor which the barometer is corrected at Detroit is\\n661.43 feet, it being located 86.15 f^et above the\\ncity base or bench mark designated on the water-\\ntable of the old Water Works Engine-house at the\\nfoot of Orleans Street, which is computed as 575.28\\nfeet above sea-level.\\nFrom the barometer is obtained the weight or\\npressure of the atmosphere. From the reading of\\nthe hygrometer, which, being but a wet-and-dry-\\nbulb thermometer, may be better defined as a psy-\\nchrometer, is deduced the amount of moisture in\\nthe atmosphere. The ratio which the amount of\\nmoisture actually present in the air bears to the\\namount which the air would contain if saturated, is\\nthe relative humidity of the atmosphere.\\nThe anemometer, or wind-gauge, measures the\\nvelocity and indirectly the force of the wind. This,\\nbv means of a self-registering attachment, worked\\nconjunctively by clock-work and a galvanic battery,\\ngives the velocity in miles per hour for each consec-\\nutive hour of the day.\\nThe anemoscope, in common parlance a weather-\\nvane, is attached to the ceiling of the room, and is\\ncontrolled by apparatus on the roof of the building.\\nThe direction of the wind at any time can be told\\nby a mere glance at the ceiling of the room.\\nAbout one hundred and fifty telegraphic reports", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0974.jp2"}, "975": {"fulltext": "MARINE HOSPITAL.\\n923\\nare received at this office from other stations, an equal\\nnumber morning, afternoon, and midnight. They\\nare received in cipher, translated into ordinary lan-\\nguage, and distributed at prominent points in the\\ncity, and furnished gratuitously to local papers for\\npublication. The Probabilities are received from\\nthe central office at midnight. From them the\\nFarmers Bulletins are compiled. Nearly four\\nhundred of the bulletins are printed a few are re-\\nserved for local distribution, and the rest dispatched\\nby early mail to the postmasters of the various\\ntowns lying on or adjacent to the railroad lines\\nleading from the city. Reports were first sent from\\nDetroit to the post-offices on July 21, 1873. It is\\ndesigned to so distribute the bulletins as to insure\\ntheir receipt by each postmaster before twelve\\no clock at noon.\\nThe issuing of these Synopses and Probabilities\\nwas commenced\\nFebruary 19, ^rTfr r\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1871 they give\\nthe probable\\nweather condi-\\ntions for the\\neight hours suc-\\nceeding their is-\\nsue. The report\\nof the service\\nfor the year\\nending June 30,\\n1882, shows that\\neighty-eight pci-\\ncentof itsprob:i-\\nbilities for th.\\nyear were veri-\\nfied. Fourteen\\nweather-bul-\\nletins, giving the\\nstate of the weather, direction of wind, height of\\nbarometer, temperature, and velocity of wind in\\nmiles per hour at all stations from which reports are\\nreceived, are made out daily at 9 A. M., and posted\\nin various parts of the city with the probabilities.\\nA large weather-map, hung in the rooms of the\\nBoard of Trade, and changed each morning, gi\\\\-es\\nthe same information as the smaller bulletins, with\\nthe addition of the relative humidity. A daily\\njournal is kept in which are noted all unusual atmos-\\npheric appearances and disturbances, phenomena\\nof storms, the occurrence of meteoric and auroral\\ndisplays, etc.\\nCautionary signals are displayed when ordered\\nfrom Washington. They consist of a red Hag with\\nblack square in the center by day, and a red light\\nby night, hoisted from the roof- of the building in\\nwhich the office is located. Either of these signals\\nindicate that a storm is probable, and that mariners\\nM.AKINE HosriTAI..\\nand others interested in out-door work should make\\npreparations accordingly. The first storm warning\\ngiven was for the lakes, and was ordered on No-\\nvember 8, 1870. These signals have been in regular\\nuse since October 23, 1871. Each signal holds good\\nfor about eight hours from the time it is first dis-\\nplayed. What is known as the northwest (wind)\\nsignal consists of a white flag with black square in\\nthe center, hoisted over the cautionary .signal; it\\nindicates that winds may be expected from the north\\nor west. The cold wave signal consists of a white\\nflag with black square center, and it indicates that\\na cold wave is advancing from the west this signal\\nwas established August 6, 1884. When important\\nstorms are moving, e.xtra telegrams are sent, and by\\nmeans of the various maps, bulletins, and signals,\\nmany lives have been saved and much property\\npreserved from destruction.\\nThe observers\\nI in charge have\\nbeen Allen\\nBuel, from Oc-\\ntober 12, 1S70.\\nto October 20.\\n1871 F. Mann,\\nOctober 20,\\n1 87 1, to April 8,\\n1873; W. Finn.\\nApril 8, 1873,10\\nJuly 16, 1875;\\nHenry Fenton,\\nJuly 16, 1875, to\\nAugust 22, 1875;\\nTheodore V.\\n\\\\an Husen,\\nAugust 22, 1875,\\nto February 24,\\n1879; C. F. R.\\nWappenhans, February 24, 1879, March,\\nE. Russell Brace, March, 1883, to January,\\nNorman B. Conger, January, 1 884, to\\n1883;\\n1884;\\nMARINE HOSPITAL.\\nIt is an interesting fact that as early as October\\n29, 1829, the Legislative Council of Michigan Ter-\\nritory petitioned Congress for a township of land,\\nthe proceeds of the sale of the land to be devoted\\nto a hospital for seamen. Nearly a quarter of a cen-\\ntury after, by law of August 4, 1854, Congress pro-\\nvided for the establishment of a Marine Hospital at\\nDetroit. The grounds, consisting of eight acres on\\nthe southwest corner of Jefferson and Mt. Elliott\\nA\\\\-enues, with a frontage of two hundred and sev-\\nenty-four feet on Jefferson Avenue, cost $23,000; the\\nbuilding cost $80,000, and was o|iened on November\\n30, 1S57. Nearly twenty patients were then trans-\\nferred from St. Mary s Hospital to this institution.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0975.jp2"}, "976": {"fulltext": "924\\nMARINE HOSPITAL.\\nThe building is deemed perfectly fireproof. Heavy\\niron girders support brick arches, which are leveled\\nover with concrete, and upon this foundation hard\\npine floors are laid. All the brick walls are hollow,\\nallowing space for the air to circulate, and all damp-\\nness is thus avoided. The most ornamental, and\\ndecidedly the most agreeable features of the build-\\ning, are the roomy verandas for each story, in front\\nand rear they have iron frames, with decorative\\nscroll work, and give a graceful appearance to the\\nexterior.\\nThe hospital is supported in part by a monthly\\ntax of forty cents per month for each person em-\\nployed on board any registered vessel, which sum is\\ncollected by the captains of the vessels before the\\nlicense is taken out or renewed. The captain of\\neach vessel is authorized to deduct this amount\\nfrom the wages of all employed on the vessel. A\\nrecord of all sailors thus reported is kept at the\\ncustom house, and also at the hospital and on an\\norder from the captain of a vessel to the collector of\\ncustoms, any sailor needing medical treatment, who\\nhas been sailing during the three months preceding\\nhis application for admission, is entitled to the care\\nof the hospital and his board, without charge. The\\nnumber of patients is from fifteen to twenty-five, and\\nseventy can be accommodated. None but sailors\\nare admitted as patients. Visitors are admitted\\nfrom lo M. to 12 M., and from 2 to 4 t M.\\nA dispensary is also maintained at the office of\\nthe surgeon in the Campau Building, where seamen,\\nwho do not wish to enter the hospital, can obtain\\nmedicines. Surgical operations are also performed\\nat the office if desired. During the year ending\\nJune 30, 1884. three hundred and eighty-three per-\\nsons were treated at the hospital and eleven hun-\\ndred and twelve at the office. The disbursements\\nfor the year ending June 30, 1884, were $14,602.85.\\nThe hospital is in charge of a surgeon and an assist-\\nant surgeon, who are appointed by the Secretary of\\nthe Treasury. Seven other persons, paid by the\\nGovernment, are connected with the institution.\\nThe surgeons in charge have been 1 857-1 861,\\nZina Pitcher; 1 861-1867, Louis Davenport; 1867-\\n1869. E. Lauderdale; 1869-1873, J. M. Bigelow;\\n1873-1879. J. A. lirown; 1S79, F. D. Porter 1880\\nto November 10, 1882, W. H. H. Hutton 1882,\\nNovember 10 to \\\\V. H. Long. The follow-\\ning persons have served as stewards: 1857-1862,\\nJ. W. Kelsey; 1862-1879, T. Hurst; 1879-1881.\\nB. C.Jones; 1881, H. Hartz 1882- T. R.\\nMaxfield.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0976.jp2"}, "977": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X X I 1\\nMILITARY AND PLANK ROADS. STREETS AND STREET LAVING. SIDE AND\\nCROSS W.-VLKS. STREET R.A.ILROADS. STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.\\n.MILITARY AND PLANK ROAD.S.\\nFor more than a hundred year.s after the lirst\\nsettlement of Detroit, roads leading tliither were\\nunneeded and unknown. The traffic and travel\\nwere exclusively by water. No road, worthy of the\\nname, existed in the Territory until 1812; the first\\nwas a sort of bridle-path which ran along the west\\nbank of the Detroit and through the swamps in the\\nvicinity of Toledo to Cleveland. It was somewhat\\nimproved by the troops who came from Ohio in\\n1812. Aside from this, only trails existed in the\\ninterior. The first surveyed road was the so-called\\nPontiac Road, which was established by proclama-\\ntion of Governor Cass on December 15, 181 5, and\\nlaid out by commissioners whose report is dated\\nDecember 13, 18 19. Other commissioners were at\\nwork upon it as late as 1824. Within the city, the\\nroad is now known as Woodward A\\\\ enue.\\nIn 1817 from one hundred and fifty to two hun-\\ndred troops then stationed at Detroit were employed\\nin opening a road to Fort Meigs, now called the\\nRiver Road. They completed about thirty miles.\\nOn March 3, 1825, Congress made an appropria-\\ntion to locate a military road from Detroit to Chicago,\\nand on May 24, 1825, in laying it out, the commis-\\nsioners began at the Campus Martius in Detroit,\\nand the part withm the city is called Michigan\\nAvenue. A law of March 2, 1827, appropriated\\n$20,000 for completing the road. Congress also\\nprovided for opening roads to Saginaw, Fort Gra-\\ntiot, and -Sandusky. On October 29, 1829, the\\nLegislative Council of the Territory sought to aid\\nthese efforts by authorizing a lottery, the proceeds\\nof which were to be used to build a road between\\nDetroit and Miami. On July 4, 1832, Congress\\npassed a law pro\\\\iding for the building of what is\\nnow known as the Grand River Road.\\nThese various roads were of great service, but\\nthe low lands in the vicinity of Detroit made con-\\nstant attention necessary to keep them in passable\\ncondition. The following extract from an article in\\none of the city papers in December, 1836, shows\\nthe g^eat need then existing for good roads\\n19= S]\\nWliat a strange fact that in a city surrounded by forests, the\\nprice of wood sliould be five, si.\\\\, and seven dollars a cord We\\nIiave paid $2,uoo extra the last two months fcr fuel alone, in con-\\nsequence of tite state of the roads around the city.\\nSoon after this notice appeared, several meetings\\nwere held in order to devise means for improving\\nthe roads, and in January, 1837, the desire was\\ngeneral that the Legislature be petitioned to take\\nthe Ypsilanti, Pontiac, and Grand River Roads under\\nits control and management, to put them in a state\\nof repair, and to collect tolls to pay the interest of\\nmoneys invested and cover the expense of keeping\\nthe roads in order. All of these meetings were\\nbarren of result, and the roads grew continually\\nworse. The Central and Pontiac Railroads were\\nin operation, but were useful only to certain regions.\\nIn 1845 the Grand River Road was the great\\nthoroughfare, and although in very bad condition,\\nfrom .-\\\\ugust 1 3 up to November an average of one\\nhundred and twenty-four wagons came over it daily.\\nAt certain seasons of the year, up- to 1849, the roads\\nto Ypsilanti, Pontiac, and Mt. Clemens were little\\ntravelled, and when used, extra teams, kept for the\\npurpose, were employed to help the wagons through\\nthe sloughs. Tw^o days to Ypsilanti and two days\\nto Pontiac were considered only a fair allowance of\\ntime.\\nTraffic with the interior was consequently light\\nand unremunerative, and as a natural result, a gen-\\neral dullness pervaded the city. Few wagons came\\nin, not many stayed over night, and hotels built for\\nthe accommodation of farmers were unoccupied.\\nFinally some of the business men took the subject\\ninto consideration, and it was resolved that the only\\nremedy was to build plank-roads across the low\\nlands.\\n-An application was made to the Legislature, and\\nin 1S48 a General Plank-Road Act was passed, under\\nwhich charters, to run sixty years, were granted to\\nall applicants. Many roads were at once incorpor-\\nated that never went into operation, and numerous\\nothers were built that for want of traffic were\\nallowed to decay. Those leading from Detroit to", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0977.jp2"}, "978": {"fulltext": "MILITARY AND PLANK ROADS.\\nSaline by way of Ypsilanti, to Howell by way of\\nFarmington, to Lansing from Howell, to Mt. Clemens\\nand to Pontiac, were kept up, and notwithstanding\\nthe railroads, they are as essential as ever to the\\nconvenience of the city and country.\\nUnder the Act of 1848 General Cass, De Garmo\\nJones, Z. Chandler, Henry Ledyard, C. H. Buhl, C.\\nC. Trowbridge, Frederick Buhl, and others asso-\\nciated themselves together and built a plank-road\\nto Howell. They afterwards bought and completed\\nthe road to Mt. Clemens and L tica, and took a large\\npart of the stock in the Lansing and Howell Road.\\nOther parties built the Detroit and Saline, and\\nthe Detroit and Pontiac Roads. None of the stock-\\nholders had any experience in plank-road making,\\nbut it was conceded that where oak plank could be\\nhad, none other was to be used how the planks\\nwere to be laid, and how best secured to their places,\\nwas another question. The Detroit and Howell\\nCompany was the pioneer in experiments. An ex-\\ncavation four inches deep and eight inches wide was\\nmade in the roadway, four stringers of 4x4 pine\\nwere laid lengthwise, and across these three-inch\\nplank were placed. The evil consequences were\\nmanifold. The space underneath was at once filled\\nwith muddy water, which splashed up on horses,\\nvehicles, and passengers and the sleepers soon\\ndecayed. As the road was extended, other methods\\nwere tried, and three boards were substituted for\\nthe 4x4 stringers but after various experiments\\nthe planks were laid directly in the soil. Ditches\\nwere opened, numerous culverts made, and the road-\\nbed raised so as to give free drainage. It was soon\\ndiscovered that the planks decayed rapidly, and that\\nthe roads could not be kept up by the tolls received.\\nAbout this time experiments were made in Canada\\nwith roads constructed of lime-coated gravel taken\\nout of hillsides. An expert was sent to examine\\nthese gravel roads, and upon his report the Detroit\\nand Howell, Lansing and Howell, Detroit and Sal-\\nine, Detroit and Pontiac, and Detroit and Erin roads\\nbegan the use of gravel. It was found that where-\\never rapid drainage could be obtained, a road-bed\\nof sixteen inches of gravel could be relied upon, and\\nthis form of road is now held in the highest fa\\\\ or\\nand is in use on all the roads. The total cost of the\\nroads leading from Detroit has been fully \u00c2\u00a7300,000.\\nThey have never been profitable, and could prob-\\nably be bought at one quarter of their cost. Some\\nof them pay small dividends, others none at all, and\\nall of them, at times, have suspended dividends, but\\nthe original proprietors of the principal roads have\\nretained their shares, antl managed the roads as\\ncarefully as if they had been profitable. The result\\nhas been to keep open communication with the\\ncountry, to promote intercourse and trade, and to\\ncheapen all commodities coming from the adjacent\\ndistricts. The roads have probably saved to the citi-\\nzens of Detroit .-i sum equal to their cost everv vear\\nin the reduced prices of fuel, beef, mutton, poultry,\\nvegetables, etc.\\nThe rates of toll per mile, as established by law\\nof 1848, are: For all vehicles drawn by two ani-\\nmals, two cents, and if drawn by more than two\\nanimals, three fourths of a cent for each additional\\nanimal; for all single horses, led, ridden, or driven,\\none cent for every twenty sheep one half cent, and\\nfor every score of cattle one cent.\\nThe Detroit and Pontiac plank-road was opened\\nin November. 1849, is eighteen miles long, and has\\nthree gates. The Detroit and Saline, reached by\\nway of Michigan Avenue, was opened August 26,\\n1850, is forty miles long, and has eight gates. The\\nDetroit and Erin, to Utica by way of the Gratiot\\nRoad, was completed in 1S50 and 1852, is thirty\\nmilcjs long, and has six gates. The Detroit and\\nHowell, by way of the Grand River Road, is fifty\\nmiles long, has ten gates, and was opened in Octo-\\nber, 1 85 1. The Detroit and Grosse Pointe Road\\nwas opened in October, 1851, is nine miles long, and\\nhas two gates.\\nSTREETS AND STREET PAVING.\\nThe streets, in the olden days, afforded many a\\nstrange and picturesque sight. Troops of squaws,\\nbending beneath their loads of baskets and skins,\\nmoved along the way rough cmtreitrs de /wis, with\\nbales of beaver, mink, and fox, were passing to and\\nfrom the trading stores, and, leaning upon half-open\\ndoors, laughing demoiselles alternately chaffed and\\ncheered their favorites; here a group of Indians\\nwere drying scalps on hoops over a fire others,\\nwith scalps hanging at their elbows, were dancing\\nthe war dance; Indian dandies, with belted toma-\\nhawks, and deerskin leggings fringed with beads of\\nmany colors, moved noiselessly along, with blankets\\nof scarlet cloth, guns heavy with silver ornaments\\nand half-moons, and gorgets of the same material\\nadorning their persons staid old justices with pow-\\ndered cues exchanged salutes W ith the officers of\\nthe garrison, who were brilliant with scarlet uni-\\nforms, gold lace, and sword-knots elegant ladies\\nwith crimson silk petticoats, immense beehive bon-\\nnets, high-heeled slippers, and black silk stockings,\\ntripped along the way and ever and anon the\\nshouts of soldiers in the guardhouse, made wild\\nwith shrub and Old Jamaica Rum, were heard\\non the morning air, and at times troops of Indian\\nponies went scurrying through the town.\\nThe streets of 1778 were little better than lanes,\\nand up to 1805 but one street was twenty feet wide,\\nand the widest of the six others was only fifteen\\nfeet in width. Just inside the stockade the chciiizn", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0978.jp2"}, "979": {"fulltext": "STREETS AND STREET PAVING.\\n927\\ndu ronde extended around the town. Its original\\nwidth was twelve feet, but by the extension of the\\nstockade, and changes connected with military oper-\\nations, it had been considerably widened in some\\nplaces. An ordinance of the Board of Trustees, in\\n1802, to promote health, peace, and safety, opened\\nwith this preamble Whereas, the streets of that\\npart of Detroit within the stockade are so narrow\\nthat foot passengers have difficulty at times to keep\\nclear of horsemen and carriages unless they go\\nslow. Therefore, and then the ordinance went on\\nto prohibit fast driving, and the records show that\\nthe ordinance was enforced even against the trustees\\nthemselves.\\nThat blessing in disguise, the fire of 1805, wiped\\nout the old streets, and opened the way for the\\nfacilities we now possess. Only six days after the\\nfire, on June 17, a meeting was held at Judge May s\\nto discuss the subject of wider streets for the pro-\\nposed new town. The plan of broader streets did\\nnot meet the approval of the French hahitans.\\nJudge Woodward, in a letter to a friend, said\\nThe idea of streets a hundred feet wide was a novelty which\\nexcited not only surprise but bitter indignation. It was with\\ngreat difficulty, therefore, that any arrangements whatever could\\nbe made with the inliabitants. They have seen what their coun-\\ntry has been for the hundred years past, and by tliis alone they\\njudge of what it is likely to be for a hundred years to come.\\nThe Woodward plan finally succeeded, but no\\ndetails of the plan and its streets were forwarded to\\nCongress until 1831. Pending this action, a memo-\\nrial, dated November 13, 1830, was sent by some of\\nthe citizens, stating that so many changes had\\nbeen made in the plans that it was impossible, on\\naccount of the conflict of authority, to open streets\\nor alleys, and that certain streets were in some places\\nforty, in others fifty, in others sixty feet wide. The\\nplan of 1 83 1, made by John Farmer for, and accepted\\nby the Governor and Judges, afforded the first sub-\\nstantial basis for the laying out of streets. The\\nusual width of streets, by the plan of 1806 and later\\nadditions, is fifty feet, though many are sixty feet in\\nwidth. By ordinance of February 2, 1880, all streets\\nare required to be at least fifty feet wide.\\nThe main avenues Woodward, Jefferson, Mon-\\nroe, Grand River, Miami, and Michigan are one\\nhundred and twenty feet wide. Washington, Madi-\\nson, and Michigan Grand Avenues are two hundred\\nfeet in width. No other city in the Union, save\\nWashington, has so many avenues of such unusual\\nwidth.\\nAlthough the Military Reserve was embraced\\nwithin the plan of the Governor and Judges, the\\nplan was inoperative over the Reserve, as that be-\\nlonged to the Government. When the Reserve was\\ngranted to the city, the council decided to lay it out\\nin regular squares as far as possible. The harmony\\nand proportion of the plan of 1S06 was thereby\\ndestroyed, and as a result, many of the streets in the\\ncenter of the city are crooked and irregular, and lack\\nthe beauty they were designed to possess. The\\navenues also were encroached upon, and citizens\\nwere allowed to fence in large portions on either side\\nand use them as their own. It was not until the\\nspring of 1881 that Washington Grand Avenue was\\nactually opened to its full width and there was a\\nlong legal contest before the city obtained its rights.\\nThe custom of allowing owners of real estate to\\nsubdivide their property and lay out streets as their\\ninterest or fancy dictated has also been productive\\nof much confusion in street lines. Some portions\\nof the city have many streets only one or two\\nblocks long, and there are numerous jogs in streets\\nthat might have been straight and of uniform\\nwidth.\\nAn Act of February 5, 1857, provided for three\\ncommissioners, to whom plans of subdivisions should\\nbe submitted. By Act of 1873 the supervision of the\\nlaying out of new streets was lodged with the Board\\nof Public Works. They were also empowered to\\ncontrol the location and course of all streets and\\nroads laid out within two miles of the city so that\\nthey may conform to streets in the city whenever\\nincluded within the city limits.\\nIn 1832 Griswold Street was opened from Larned\\nStreet to Jefferson Avenue, and in February of the\\nfollowing year it was widened to fifty feet, under a\\ndecision from the Supreme Court.\\nIn 1878 the roadway of Woodward Avenue was\\nwidened five feet on each side from Willis Avenue\\nto the city limits, and in 1882 it was widened between\\nColumbia Street and Willis Avenue, and a uniform\\nwidth of fifty feet obtained.\\nDuring the year iS69overS7o.ooo was paid for the\\nopening of some thirteen miles of streets. The\\nfact that the city paid for the opening of streets,\\nwhich were a necessity to those wishing to divide\\ntheir property into lots.was a fruitful source of knav-\\nery; and in 1875 the Legislature provided for the\\nassessment of not to e.xceed three-fourths of the\\ndamages upon the neighborhood supposed to be\\nbenefited. Under this provision only one half was\\nassessed upon the neighboring property, and the\\nenormous amounts required to be paid by the city\\nled to the repeal of the law in 1882, and provision\\nwas made that the property immediately advantaged\\nshould pay for all damages. In 1 883 the Legislature\\nauthorized a return to the former method, and only\\nhalf the damages are now assessed upon the adja-\\ncent property, and the balance is paid by the city.\\nUnder provisions of the city charter the council\\nfrom time to time vacates or closes streets or alleys,\\nor portions of them, when the owners of adjoining\\nproperty so desire, if public necessity does not re-", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0979.jp2"}, "980": {"fulltext": "STREETS AND STREET PAVING.\\nquire that they be kept open. The closing by indi-\\nviduals of the highways known as Cemetery Lane\\nand Bolivar .A.lley was particularly noticeable because\\nof the litigation which grew out of their enclosure.\\nIn both cases the courts decided that the public had\\nno rights therein. The occupation of Dequindre\\nStreet by the Detroit, Grand Haven, Milwaukee\\nRailroad has also been the occasion of much litiga-\\ntion, and many owning property along the line of\\nthis street have tried at various times and in many\\nways to have the street opened and declared a pub-\\nlic highway. The case finally reached the Supreme\\nCourt, and in 1871 a decision was rendered confirm-\\ning the right of the railroad to forty feet in w^idth of\\nthe street from the center of their track on the east-\\nern side consequently, although a narrow roadway\\nlies alongside part of the track, that part north of\\nWoodbridge Street can no longer be properly called\\na street.\\nThe nationality and characteristics of the people\\ncongregated in certain parts of the city have given\\nrise to particular designations for such localities.\\nThus the larger portion of the territory on Fifth\\nand Sixth Streets, for several blocks each side of\\nMichigan Avenue, is called Corktown, because\\nchiefly occupied by people from the Emerald Isle.\\nThe eastern part of the city, for several blocks on\\neach side of Gratiot Avenue beyond Brush Street,\\nfor similar reasons is often spoken of as Dutchtown,\\nor the German quarter. That part of the city lying\\na few blocks north of High Street and between\\nBrush and Hastings, is known as Kentucky, from\\nthe number of colored people living there. A walk\\nof a few blocks east and north of this locality termi-\\nnates in the heart of Polacktown, where many Poles\\nreside. That portion of the city just west of Wood-\\nward Avenue and north of Grand River Avenue,\\nforming part of the old Fifth Ward, is sometimes\\nde.signated as Piety Hill; for the reason that it is\\nlargely occupied by well-to-do citizens, who are\\nsupposed to largely represent the moral and religious\\nportion of the community.\\nPeddlers I^oint is a name frequently applied to a\\npart of Grand River Avenue near Twelfth Street.\\nThe intersection of several streets at that place\\nforms a pointed block, which locality is a favorite\\nplace for itinerant hucksters to intercept and pur-\\nchase supplies from the farmers coming in on the\\nGrand River Road.\\nSwill Point is the not very euphonious appellation\\nsometimes given to a portion of Earned Street near\\nSecond, because of a distillery formerly located\\nnear by. Atwater and Franklin Streets, for several\\nblocks east of Brush Street, are frequently desig-\\nnated as the Potomac. This locality is near the\\nriver, and in memory of a familiar saying of the last\\nwar, the phrase all quiet on the Potomac indi-\\ncates that otherwise disturbances might be looked\\nfor in the region indicated.\\nThe Heights is a name applied to a region near\\nthe Vi esterly end of Fort Street East, occupied\\nin part by former denizens of the Potomac quarter.\\nThis last region being on lower ground, a removal\\nto Fort Street was spoken of as a removal to\\nthe Heights, possibly the fact that high old\\ntimes have been frequent in this locality has\\nalso had something to do with the particular desig-\\nnation. These last localities have numbered among\\ntheir inhabitants the worst classes of both sexes.\\nMichigan Avenue may well be called the longest\\nstreet in the city, for the Chicago Road, which is a\\ncontinuation of the avenue, reaches across the State,\\nand Michigan Avenue in Chicago forms its western\\nterminus.\\nLafayette Avenue, in the winter time especially, is\\nbrilliant with costly turnouts, filled with gayly\\ndressed people, and thousands gather there to wit-\\nness the ever-changing panorama.\\nWoodward Avenue, with one end at the river s\\nedge, and the other reaching indefinitely into the\\ncountry, has no superior on the continent. The\\nelegant stores, residences, and churches that mark\\nits route, the beautiful parks and private grounds\\nthat lie on either side, win universal admiration.\\nGriswold Street, running from the river to the\\nHigh School, is the financial artery of the city. On\\nit courts, lawyers, and banks abound. No better\\ndescription of the street could be given than this\\nverse, written for a street in another city more than\\nfifty years ago\\nAt the top of the street the attorneys abound,\\n\\\\nd down at the bottom the barges are found.\\nFly, Honesty, fly, to some safer retreat,\\nFor there s craft in the river and craft in the street.\\nThe condition of all the streets up to 1835, and of\\nmost of them to about 1850, was such as to preclude\\nall unnecessary use. Especially in the spring and\\nfall, the fine black soil, saturated with water, and\\nin places mixed with clay, made the roads almost\\nimpassable. Children living not two blocks away\\nwere carried to school on horseback, and horses\\nwere kept hitched in front of stores or offices to\\nenable their owners to cross the streets, the animals\\nliterally wading from side to side.\\nIn 1 85 1 the writer counted fourteen teams, loaded\\nwith wood and other products, stuck fast in the\\nmud on Monroe .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\venue, the avenue being only\\nthree blocks long. The Advertiser of April 21, 1852,\\nsaid. We noticed yesterday a carman stuck fast\\nwith his load, consisting of a single hogshead of\\nsugar, his horse all down in a heap in that vast\\nmudhole directly in front of the National Hotel.\\nEfforts were made with something of regularity to", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0980.jp2"}, "981": {"fulltext": "STREETS AND STREET PAVING.\\n929\\nimprove the condition of the streets, and as early as\\n1 82 1 overseers of highways were appointed, and\\nthey, and the various street commissioners, with\\ntheir army of slow-moving employees, made the\\nroads passable. A law of 1832 gave the council\\npower to compel convicts to work on the streets,\\nwearing a ball and chain. In 1S36 several prisoners\\nescaped while at work, and the plan was discon-\\ntinued; but in 1843 prisoners were again so em-\\nployed.\\nIn 1838 Captain Marryatt. the author, was here\\nfor several days, and in his account of Detroit he\\nsays, There is not a paved street in it, or even a\\nfootpath. In June, 1840, the Committee on Streets\\nreported favorably upon and the council accepted a\\nproposition made by Thomas Hill to furnish o.\\\\en\\nto work on the roads at S2.75 per day.\\nThe first paving was done in 1825; contracts\\nwere sold on September I of this year for paving\\nin front of the property of Elliott Gray, D. Cooper,\\nT. J. Owen, and others, the prices ranging from $1 .00\\nto $1.25 per foot. All the work was to be paid\\nfor in corporation due-bills. For nearly ten years\\nafter, and up to 1835, paving and grading contracts\\nwere sold at auction, and for those times an immense\\namount of money and labor was expended.\\nThe paving, done mostly with small, round stones,\\nwas confined chiefly to sidewalks and the space\\nimmediately in front of certain stores or residences,\\nand no one of the contracts for paving included\\nan entire block.\\nOn March 12, 1827, a committee of the Common\\nCouncil reported in favor of paving the streets,\\nstating that the annual ta.\\\\ for repairs would more\\nthan pay the interest on the sum necessary for\\npaving.\\nOn September 8, 1829, a plan was adopted for\\npaving Jefferson Avenue; but no paving was done\\nexcept in front of certain lots as before.\\nIn 1830, under the superintendence of Mr. Des-\\nnoyers, the space in front of the old market on\\nWoodward Avenue, and between it and Jefferson\\nAvenue, was paved at an e.Kpense of $527.85.\\nThe first systematic paving of a large portion of\\nany street with stone was done in 1835. Atwater\\nStreet, between Woodward Avenue and Randolph\\nStreets, was paved in that year. The s|)ecial reason\\nfor the paving was that the earth from the ex-\\ncavation for the basement of the Presbyterian\\nChurch, then building on the northeast corner\\nof Woodward Avenue and Lamed Street, was\\nused to fill in Atwater Street, and it became\\nalmost impassable. Robert E. Roberts, then occu-\\npying a store on the street, obtained the consent\\nof a majority of the property holders, and the\\ncouncil ordered the street paved. The material\\nlased was cobble-stone, and the cost was seventy-\\ntwo cents per yard the entire cost of the work was\\n$1,261.\\nIt was now proposed to pave Jefferson Avenue,\\nand in December, 1835, the following notice, signed\\nby the city clerk, George Byrd, was published\\nProposals will be received at the office of the City Clerk, until\\nthe first of January next, for paving the roadway of Jefferson\\nAvenue, from Brush Street to the Cass line ist, with round\\nstones not less than four nor more than eight inches in diameter,\\nlaid in six inches of sand. 2d, with Monguagon or Canada stone,\\nnot less than six inches long set edgewise and laid in four inches\\nof sand. 3d, with blocks of wood, of cedar, hemlock, white oak,\\nor Norway pine, free from sap, sawed in a hexagonal form, and\\nset in two inches of sand. Bids will be received for the whole\\nwork, or in sections.\\nThe bids were probably unsatisfactory, for no\\npaving was done.\\nTwo years later, on February i, 1S37, the council\\nvoted to pave Bates Street from Jefferson .Avenue\\nto the river, and Atwater Street from Bates Street\\nto Woodward Avenue Randolph .Street from Jef-\\nferson Avenue to the river, and Atwater Street from\\nRandolph to Brush Street Woodbridge Street from\\nWayne to Griswold Street, and Shelby Street from\\nWoodbridge Street to Jefferson Avenue Griswold\\nStreet from Jefferson Avenue to the river, and At-\\nwater from Griswold Street to Woodward Avenue.\\nAbout this time many citizens interested them-\\nselves in learning the cost of w ood pavements, and\\ntheir inquiries and the panic of 1837 delayed all\\naction until 1845, when a space in front of the\\nEldred Block, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue\\nbetween Woodward Avenue and Griswold Street,\\nwas paved with hexagonal blocks of w ood. Begin-\\nning with 1S49, paving with cobble-stones became\\nquite general.\\nIn 1864 a portion of Third Street, in front of the\\nM. C. R. R. Depot, and between Woodbridge -Street\\nand the river, was paved with wood. The noiseless-\\nness and seeming durability of this wooden pave-\\nment led to its further use, and the following year\\nFort Street West, from Griswold to Fifth Street,\\nwas paved with what was known as the Nicholson\\npavement, and since then more or less of wood pav-\\ning has been done nearly every year. In 1870\\nthere was almost a mania for wood pavements and\\nin this and the following year patents and specifica-\\ntions for almost every conceivable shape and kind\\nof wooden blocks were advertised.\\nOn October 6, 1871, contractors began tearing up\\nthe cobblestone pavement on Woodward Avenue\\npreparatory to replacing it with wood. This caused\\ngreat dissatisfaction, and a public meeting of citizens\\nprotested against what was deemed folly or corrup-\\ntion, but the w-ork went on. In 1879 the avenue\\nwas again paved with w ood.\\nIn 1872 the time of the council was largely taken\\nup with innumerable plans and specifications for", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0981.jp2"}, "982": {"fulltext": "930\\nSIDE AND CROSS WALKS.\\npaving scores of streets, and Mayor Moffat was kept\\nbusy in vetoing the propositions. Prior to iS6i\\nthe city could not order a street paved when a ma-\\njority of the property owners on the street re-\\nmonstrated against it. By charter amendment of\\nMarch 12, 1861, the council was given power to\\norder \u00c2\u00a750,000 worth of paving yearly without the\\nconsent of a majority of the property owners, and\\nmore could be ordered if they consented.\\nBy Act of April 13, 1871, opportunity was afforded\\nto secure still larger contracts for paving each year,\\nas the city was permitted to issue bonds to the con-\\ntractors for three quarters of the amount due for\\npaving any street, the bonds drawing seven percent\\ninterest. Property holders were allowed to pay the\\namounts due for paving in four equal annual instal-\\nments, interest on the last three payments to be paid\\nin advance at the time the first payment was made.\\nThe law was repealed by .Act of June 6, 1S81, and\\nsince then the whole amount due for paving any lot\\nis required to be paid when the work is completed.\\nThe Act also provided that \u00c2\u00a775,000 worth of paving\\ncould be ordered, without consent of property\\nowners; the charter of 18S3 increased the amount\\nthat might be so ordered to \u00c2\u00a7100,000.\\nThe repairing of paved streets, and their repaving,\\nwas originally paid for by the city, and in 1871 there\\nwas paid for repairs on paved streets \u00c2\u00a7106,416.\\nAbout \u00c2\u00a730,000 of this amount was for the so-called\\nasphalt put on the cobble-stones of Jefferson Ave-\\nnue. It lasted but a few months.\\nSince Act of April 30. 1873, the repaving of streets\\nhas been made a charge against the adjacent prop-\\nerty.\\nThe cleaning of the streets is paid for by general\\ntax the amount apportioned to each ward is agreed\\nupon by consultation between the Aldermen and\\nthe Board of Public Works. The amount expended\\nin the several wards is dependent upon the amount\\nof highway taxes collected in each ward. Under\\nAct of April 13, 1841, no road tax could be assessed\\non property fronting on a paved street, but by the\\ncharter of 1S83 all property is equally liable for\\nhighway taxes.\\nIn 1882 two street-sweeping machines were pur-\\nchased in England at a cost of \u00c2\u00a7312.50 each. They\\nwere first used on October 24, 1882, in cleaning por-\\ntions of Woodward and Jefferson Avenues. A\\nsteam road-roller was procured the same year at a\\ncost of about \u00c2\u00a75,400. In 1883 an additional\\nsweeper was ordered.\\nThe amount spent for cleaning the paved streets\\nin 1883 was $32,589; for grading and working un-\\npaved streets. \u00c2\u00a728,313 was expended.\\nThe total length of alleys paved from 1849 to\\n1884 is nearly twelve miles the cost was \u00c2\u00a7190,557.\\nThe total length of paved streets, up to 1884, is\\n119.79 miles: of this number about three-quarters\\nare paved with wood. The total cost is \u00c2\u00a73,687,967.\\nSIDE AND CRO.SS WALKS.\\nSidewalks were a convenience not enjoved by the\\nearly settlers. An old record of 1796 states that in\\nsome cases a few logs were laid together lengthwise,\\nbut these stepping-places were few and far be-\\ntween. Under the town corporation of 1802 the\\ninhabitants were ordered to make footpaths of logs\\nor thick planks around the lots they occupy, but\\ntradition relates that then, as now, ordinances were\\nnot implicitly obeyed.\\nIn 1812 some improvement was noticed, and oc-\\ncasionally square timbers, a foot or more thick, were\\nplaced in front of many of the stores and dwellings.\\nAn Act of the Governor and Judges of April 29,\\n1806, provided for paving or gravelling foot-walks\\nin sections i, 2, 3, and 4 on each side of the ave-\\nnues, and for the planting of trees, but the Act was\\nnot enforced. On November 26, 1827, the council\\npassed its first ordinance regarding sidewalks. On\\nstreets one hundred and twenty feet wide, twenty\\nfeet on each side were set apart for walks, except\\nthat on Woodward Avenue below Jefferson the\\nspaces were to be only ten feet the actual walks\\nwere to be six feet wide, of flat stones or brick. On\\nsixty-feet streets, eight feet were set apart, and\\nwalks four feet wide were ordered the rest of the\\nspace was to be paved with round stones. On fifty-\\nfeet streets, seven feet were reserved, and walks\\nthree feet wide were to be made of flat stone or\\nbrick.\\nBy ordinance of July 7, 1828, the walks on\\nWoodward Avenue, were to be all of one width,\\nand to be laid next to the houses. About this time\\nthere began to be more attention paid to the wants\\nof foot-travelers, and where the ability of owners\\npermitted, or the interest of shop-keepers seemed to\\ndemand it, a few planks were laid down but the\\npractice was by no means general, and within the\\nmemory of persons now living, calling and church-\\ngoing were sometimes impracticable to ladies because\\nof the lack of walks yet in 1828 the city paid \u00c2\u00a7259.98\\nfor paving footpaths across streets, and for side-\\nwalks \u00c2\u00a7456.17, and in 1829 and in 1S30 several hun-\\ndred dollars additional were paid for side and cross\\nwalks. Between 1830 and 1840, the ways of the\\ninhabitants received special attention, and in several\\nplaces walks formed of large octagonal blocks, of\\nwood a foot or more in diameter, were laid. One\\nof these walks, in front of the Methodist Church,\\non the northeast corner of Woodward Avenue and\\nCongress Street, is well remembered. Brick walks\\nwere next in order, and though once common in\\nmany parts of old Detroit, they have almost entirely\\ndisappeared.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0982.jp2"}, "983": {"fulltext": "STREET RAILROADS.\\n931\\nRy ordinance of January 22 1S42, plank sidewalks\\nwere provided for. They were required to be si.\\\\\\nfeet wide on Jefferson and Woodward .Avenues, and\\nthree feet wide on all other streets. Of late years,\\non many of the liner business and residence streets,\\nsmooth stone slabs have almost entirely superseded\\nthe plank walks. The first ordinance regarding\\nthese stone walks was passed in 1S59, and made\\nprovision for their use on portions of Jefferson and\\nWoodward .Avenues and Griswold Street. The\\ngreater cost of the stone walks caused citizens to\\ndesire to avoid as much of the expense as possible.\\nThey therefore sought to have the city pay for the\\nwalks at street corners outside of a point intersected\\nby the front and side lines of a lot. The question\\nwas specially agitated in 1870, and on July 26 the city\\ncounselor, in a communication to the council, said\\nthat the city charter, in Section 103, authorized the\\npayment by the city for pavements laid at intersec-\\ntions but no definite provision for the paying for\\nintersection walks by the city was made until the\\nAct of March 17, 1875.\\nCrosswalks are of later date than those directly\\nin front of stores and residences, and as recently as\\n1S47, on Woodward Avenue near the present Rus-\\nsell House, a few bricks and boards laid in the mud\\nafforded all the walk there was to cross upon. In\\nthat same year, by ordinance of April 20, systematic\\nprovision was made for crosswalks, which were to\\nbe built by the city, and paid for by assessments\\nupon the adjacent property.\\nIn late years the great increase in the number of\\npaved streets makes the crossings less muddy, and\\nas the city now keeps them reasonably clean, the\\ncrossing-sweepers of the olden time have entirely\\ndisappeared. Only a few years ago each crossing\\non Woodward Avenue between Fort Street and\\nJefferson Avenue was occupied by diminutive sweep-\\ners, generally of the gentler se.x, and with dirty\\nbroom and outstretched hand they ever gave out\\nthe cr)% Mister, please give me a penny for sweep-\\ning the vvalk.\\nThe following lines, written by H. Coyle about\\n1850, are descriptive of those days\\nHere, there, everywhere, a\\nHost of young street-sweepers flourishini; big\\nBrooms, one minute sweeping off the mud, then\\nOn again the next, holding out their\\nLittle hands, barefooted and in tatters.\\nAsking alms. A pale-faced lady clad in\\n^lourning slops, and, pushing back the glossy\\nCurls around a beggar girl s sweet brow, so\\nLike her lost one sleeping now in Klmwood,\\nPresses in her palm a silver coin, and\\nWith an aching heart glides on, while a lean.\\nMiserable miser quickens his pace\\n.^t Charity s meek, timid call, like a\\nGaunt hyena hastening to a grave.\\nNext a bevy of gay girls with tenijitiiig\\nCherry lips and long-lashed eyes of liquid\\nTenderness flit by. spring butterflies, in\\n.All the beauty of the latest, last\\nMode de Paris. After them a swarthy\\nBand of Indian girls, with long black plaited\\nHair, soft eyes of jet, and tiny feel in\\nBeaded moccasins, with packs of willow\\nBaskets on their backs and blankets round their\\nSunbronzed, tapering limbs, step noiseless through\\nThe city where their ancestors once roamed\\nlu lords, and chased the red deer mid its shades.\\nBui ha here comes a funny crowd of fat.\\nBroad-shouldered, squabby, honest, full-moon-face\\nMynheers, fresh landed from the faderland.\\nIn velvet jackets with beil-bullons and\\nBlue blouses, stuck in wooden shoes, while clouds\\nOf smoke curl up incessant from the bowls\\nOf their long meerchaums, as if, like the slow\\nPropeller they ve just left, they waddled on\\nBy steam.\\nDashing with speed impetuous, amid\\nA cloud of dust, gay-colored cabs and hacks.\\nThe burly omnibus and rattling dray.\\nWhirl o er the stone-paved, sonorous streets, as\\nRound the river s cur\\\\-ing shore a black, tall\\nColumn of advancing smoke heralds a\\nSteamer from the broad blue lake. Slow creaking,\\nHid beneath a ponderous pyramid\\nOf hay, a countr wagon creeps along.\\nWhile whistling on its apex happy sits\\nIn homespun and straw hat the farmer boy\\nA French cart next goes bouncing by, iesjiiles\\nAll seated a la Turque upon the soft\\nWarm buffaloes, and bobbing up and down\\nWith each jerk of that relic of the old\\nRegime^ while rolling swift on flashing wheels.\\nBehind two snorting, shining bays, a coach\\nSilk-cushioned, glitters proudly by, a pet\\nWith white-kid hand upon the panel seen,\\nIndex of envied aristocracy.\\nCitizens are required by ordinance to remove\\nsnow and ice from their walks witliin twenty-four\\nhours after it has fallen or formed, and walks are\\nrequired to be kept in repair. It would have been\\nwell if the city had passed and enforced stringent\\nlaws with regard to the repair and care of sidewalks\\nmany years sooner than it did. Since 1857 the\\nsums paid by the city on claims for accidents\\nresulting from defective walks amount, with inter-\\nest, to over $50,000. In July, 1870, the Supreme\\nCourt rendered a decision that seemed to preclude\\nthe recovery of further damages against the city for\\ndefective walks but a decision has since been ren-\\ndered, under which the city has been held liable\\nfor damages occasioned by walks being out of\\nrepair.\\nSTREET RAILROADS.\\nThese modern conveniences date from August 3,\\n1863; the first line completed, the Jefferson Avenue,\\nwas opened on that day, and the public were invited to\\nride free. The routes of the several lines are as\\nfollows Jefferson Avenue from Third Street up\\nJefferson Avenue, to Mt. Elliott Avenue. The first", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0983.jp2"}, "984": {"fulltext": "932\\nSTREET RAILROADS.\\ncar on all routes leaves each end of the route about\\n6 A. M., and cars run from five to ten minutes there-\\nafter through the day until lo P. M. extra cars run\\nbetween the hours of ten and eleven. The Ham-\\ntramck route, although built by other parties, is\\nreally a continuation of the Jefferson Avenue Line.\\nIt extends from Mt. Elliott Avenue to the race-\\ncourse in Harntramck, and since November 2, 1881,\\nhas been operated in connection with the Jefferson\\nAvenue Line.\\nThe Woodward Avenue Line extends from LSrush\\nStreet on Atwater to Woodward Avenue and up\\nthis avenue to the railroad crossing. The line of\\nthis road was extended from Jefferson Avenue to\\nBrush Street in May, 1880. At the same time the\\nCongress and Baker Street Line was extended\\ndown Randolph to Atwater. The cars ran over the\\nnew portion of these roads for the first time on June\\nI, 1880.\\nThe Cass Avenue and Third Street Line e.\\\\-\\ntends from Jefferson Avenue up Third Street to\\nEarned, on Earned Street to Griswold, up Griswold\\nto State Street, around State to Cass Avenue,\\nup Cass to Ledyard, on Ledyard to Third, and\\nup Third to the Holden Road. This Line origi-\\nnally began at Griswold Street. There was much\\nopposition to its extension down Earned Street,\\nand in order to avoid the service of an injunction,\\nthe track on that part of the road was laid on Sun-\\nday, October 29, 1876. The unusual scene of\\nseveral hundred men at work on Sunday caused\\nmuch excitement and brought together large num-\\nbers of spectators.\\nThe Fort Street Line extends from Fort Wayne,\\non the River Road to Clark Avenue, up Clark Ave-\\nnue to Fort, on Fort to Woodward Avenue, across\\nWoodward and through Michigan Grand Avenue\\nto Randolph, up Randolph to Croghan, and through\\nCroghan Street to Elmwood Avenue.\\nThe Michigan Avenue Line is operated from Jef-\\nferson Avenue up Woodward A..venue to Michigan\\nAvenue, and on Michigan Avenue to the Grand\\nTrunk Junction.\\nThe Gratiot .Avenue Line extends from Jefferson\\nAvenue up Woodward Avenue to Monroe Avenue,\\non Monroe Avenue to Randolph Street, on Randolph\\nStreet to Gratiot Avenue, and up Gratiot Avenue to\\nMcDougall Avenue. It originally ran only to\\nDequindre Street, and was first operated to Chene\\nStreet on December 17, 1879, and to McDougall\\nAvenue on June 30, 1883.\\nThe Grand River Avenue Line runs from Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, up Woodward Avenue to Grand River\\nAvenue, and on Grand River Avenue, to Sixteenth\\nStreet and the railroad crossing.\\nThe Congress and Baker Street Line runs from\\nWoodbridge up Randolph to Congress, on Congress\\nto Seventh, up Seventh to Baker, and on Baker to\\nTwenty-fourth Street.\\nThe Russell Street and Junction Railroad was\\nopened on December 19, 1874. The route was from\\nGratiot Avenue up Russell to Ferry Street, on Ferry\\nStreet to St. Aubin Avenue, and up St. Aubin Ave-\\nnue to the D., G. H. M. Ry. Junction. It did not\\nprove a paying road, and the cars stopped running\\nin 1S74, and in 1876 the track was removed.\\nThe Detroit City Railroad Company own and\\noperate the Jefferson, Woodward, Gratiot, and\\nMichigan Avenue Lines. They also lease and con-\\ntrol the Cass Avenue, and the Congress and Baker\\nStreet Lines.\\nThe following table gives interesting information\\nconcerning the different lines\\nsi\\nj\u00c2\u00ab\\nc\\n6.\\nName of Line.\\nWhkn-\\nOl ENED.\\nVi\\nill\\nZ\\nzx\\nZ\\n.-iiS\\nJefferson Avenue\\nAug. 3, 1863\\nm\\n16\\nno\\n33\\n60\\nWoodward Avenue.\\nAug. 1863\\niM\\n20\\nno\\n26\\n75\\nGratiot Avenue\\nSept. 12. 1863\\n1%\\n5\\n33\\n7\\nv\\nMichigan Avenue\\nNov. 1863\\n12\\n120\\n3=\\n72\\nFort Wayne Elm-\\nwood (from Wood-\\n-Sept. 6, 1865\\nward Av. to River)\\n^Sept. 19,1866\\n165\\n80\\nFort Wavne Elm-\\n132\\nwood (from Wood.\\nAv. to Cemetery).\\nOct. 23, 1S68\\nAug. 7, 1869\\nOct. 15, 1873\\n^Va.\\n10\\n100\\n29\\n60\\nCass Ave. Third St.\\nv-^\\nU\\n75\\n7\\n72\\nCongress Baker\\nDec. 6, 1873\\n7\\n68\\n9\\n=33\\n70\\n=7\\n104\\n781\\nThe rates of fare for all distances is five cents on\\nall the roads, except that on the Fort Wayne and\\nElmwood Road three cents extra is charged for the\\nportion of the road outside of the city limits. On this\\nlast named road, twenty-two city tickets are given\\nfor one dollar. On all other roads, tickets are sold\\nat the rate of twelve for fifty cents.\\nSome of the cars have conductors and drivers,\\nand the conductors collect the fares on others\\nbo.xesare placed on the side of the door at the front\\nend of the car in which the tickets or fares are de-\\nposited. If passengers have not the right change,\\non handing the driver any amount up to two dollars,\\nhe will return the full amount in change in a sealed\\nenvelope, out of which the fare can be taken. In\\nsome instances the envelope contains a round check\\nor a ticket which represents five cents and is receiv-\\nable for a fare. If persons wish to go to or from\\neither depot by way of the Woodward, Gratiot, or\\nMichigan Avenue Line, it is their privilege to be\\ntransferred from one line to the other without charge.\\nUnder the Act of February 13, 1855, providing\\nfor the organization of train railways, the property\\nof the street-railroad companies was exempted from\\nlocal taxation. Under original city ordinances, the\\ncompanies paid from $12.50 to $25 per car annually", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0984.jp2"}, "985": {"fulltext": "STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.\\n933\\nas a license, and some lines paid a percentage on\\ntheir gross earnings in addition. Ordinances of \\\\o-\\nvember 14, 1879, and June 25. 1880, wliieh applied\\nto all the roads e.xcept the Grand River, relieved the\\ncompanies of the licenses on cars and provided in-\\nstead that the companies should pay a tax of one per\\ncent on their gross receipts the companies were also\\nto pave and keep in order the roadway between their\\ntracks. The Grand River Line, under the original\\nordinance, continues to pay a license of S 5 per car.\\nThe fall of 1872 is notable in street-car history,\\nfrom the fact that on October 25, on account of the\\nepizootic, or horse disease, all the cars were com-\\npelled to stop running.\\nThe Detroit Transit Railroad is operated without\\neither locomotives or cars of its own. It is a private\\nside-track built for the purpose of accommodating\\nthe factories and foundries along the river in the\\neastern part of the city by the transfer of cars to or\\nfrom the regular railroad tracks. It e.Ktends from\\nRiopelle Street to the Detroit Stove Works. By the\\nterms of a city ordinance it can be used only for cars\\ndrawn by horses between 6 A. .\\\\l. and 6 p. ^r.\\nThose using the track pay from $[.50 to $2.00 per\\ncar for each trip over the line. The ordinance per-\\nmitting the use of the streets by the company was\\npassed March 28, and the road was first used on No-\\nvember 19, 1873. The capital stock of the com-\\npany is $50,000. The cost of constructing the line\\nwas $19,000.\\nUnder an ordinance of September 10, 1875, D. M.\\nRichardson built a side track or transit railway just\\nwest of Eighth Street. It cost $3,200. and was first\\nused in 1876.\\nSTREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.\\nThe duties of a super\\\\-isor are comparatively sim-\\nple, yet there is probably no office about which\\ncluster so many confusing statements. This may\\nbe accounted for by the fact that different kinds of\\nsupervisors have served in or for the city at the same\\ntime.\\nThe office of township super\\\\-isor dates back to\\nthe government of the Northwest Territory and\\nsuper\\\\isors for Detroit Township were appointed\\nby the Court of Quarter Sessions as early as 1801.\\nUnder Michigan Territory, by law of 1805, one\\nsuper\\\\ isor for each district was appointed by the\\ngovernor.\\nIn 1 8 14 the militar)- districts of the State were\\nalso the boundaries of the superasors districts. An\\nold Executive Journal of Governor Cass, under date\\nof April I, 1816, says, Joseph King is appointed\\nSuper\\\\nsor of Highways from the east gate of De-\\ntroit to the eastern boundary of Grant s farm.\\nThe township super\\\\-isors had the care of all the\\nroads in the township, and even after its incorpora-\\ntion, Detroit was still recognized as a township, and\\nsuper\\\\isors were elected. After 1827 the super-\\n\\\\Hsor was the only township officer that existed in\\nDetroit, a law of that year expressly relieving the\\ncity from electing any other township officer. Elec-\\ntions for supervisor were held on the first Monday\\nof April of each year.\\nAfter the Act of April 17, 1833, which provided\\nfor the election, by the city, of one superinsor to sit\\non the Board of Supervisors, there were no duties\\nconnected with the office except to assess taxes for\\nthe care of the roads. Supervisors were elected from\\nyear to year for that purpose until, by Act of April 1 3,\\n1 84 1, the assessors of each ward became also super-\\nvisors, for the purpose of meeting with the Board of\\nSupervisors. At the same time there were in the city\\nsupernsors of roads, but they were not authorized\\nto meet with the Board of Supervisors.\\nBy law taking effect in April, 1851, the aldermen\\nof the city were invested with the powers of super-\\nvisors for the purpose of enabling them to meet with\\nthe Board of Supervisors, and at that time, and up\\nto 1873, there were also super\\\\-isors for each ward,\\nbut they had no voice in the Board of Supervisors.\\nThe supervisors of the township of Detroit\\nwere: 1 80 r, Joseph Harrison 1803, E. Brush and\\nCharles Moran 1816-1818, Stephen Mack; 1818,\\nD. C. McKinstry; 1819, J. S. Roby; 1820, Melvin\\nDorr and B. Rowley; 1821, James May and D. C.\\nMcKinstry 1822. D. C. McKinstry and Artemas\\nHosmer; 1823, Gabriel Godfroy and B. Woodworth;\\n1824, T. Maxwell; 1824-182S. D. French; 1828, S.\\nSherwood and D. C McKinstry; 1829, D. C. .Mc-\\nKinstry and James Williams; 1830, H. M. Camp-\\nbell and M. Dorr; 1831, Charles Moran; 1832-\\n1834, E. A. Brush; 1834, Levi Cook 1835-1837,\\nS. Conant; 1837. J. R. Williams; 1838-1S40, S.\\nConant; 1840, Peter Desnoyers.\\nOn April 5, 1832. the city was divided by ordi-\\nnance into two road districts, one each side of\\nWoodward Avenue, and two supervisors were to\\nbe appointed. They were to make lists of all free\\nmale persons over twenty-one years of age, and\\nassess each for a certain number of days labor,\\naccording to the amount of his property, or sixty-two\\nand a half cents a day was accepted to hire a laborer\\ninstead. The supervisor was paid S -5o per day\\nfor time actually employed. By ordinance of Janu-\\nary 31, 1842. eight hours labor was fi.xed as a day s\\nwork for those who worked out their road-tax.\\nThe following persons ser\\\\-ed as supervisors of\\nroad districts:\\nDistrict I, 1832, John Garrison; 1833, P. Des-\\nnoyers 1 834, Newell French 1 835- 1 S37, N. French\\n1837, L. Pratt; 1838, J. .M. Davis. J. McMillan,\\nA. W. Burdick; 1839-1842, O. Bellair; 1842-1844,\\nGeo. Smith; 1844, D. French; 1845, Hiram Joy;", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0985.jp2"}, "986": {"fulltext": "934\\nSTREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.\\n1846, E. Bond; 1847, S. V. Hopkins: 1S4S. A.\\nStewart.\\nDistrict 2, 1832, S. Conant; 1S33. J. Scott; 1S34.\\nAbram Noyes, J. J. Demino;; 1S35-1S37, L. Pratt;\\n1837, P. Beaubien; 1838, Daniel Sexton; 1839-1841,\\nA. Smollc; 1841, H. E. Perry; 1842, Jas. Hanmer;\\n1843, Jas. Hanmer. J. W. Sutton; 1844, Thos.\\nPalmer; 1845. A. Smolk; 1846, \\\\Vm. Cook; 1847,\\nJ. A. Stephens; 1848. E. Ashley, J. A. Stephens.\\nAn Act of February 20, 1849, provided for the\\nelection of a supervisor from each ward, whose duty\\nit was to keep the streets and roads in repair. The\\nward supervisors of roads were\\n1850, First Ward, John Long; Second Ward. J.\\nMcMillan; Third Ward. Jas. Killen; Fourth Ward.\\nConrad Gies; Fifth Ward, J. Reynolds; Si.xth\\nWard, Samuel Hewlett, John Robinson; Seventh\\nWard, Enos Lebot Eighth Ward, J. B. Haass.\\n1851, First Ward, Luke Nolan; Second Ward,\\nD.Welch; Third Ward. Jas. Killen; Fourth Ward.\\nN. Sturm; Fifth Ward. J. Reynolds; Sixth Ward,\\nM. Henderson; Seventh Ward, E. Lebot; Eighth\\nWard, T. Coughlin.\\n1852, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward. J.\\nClark; Third Ward, Patrick Oaks; Fourth Ward.\\nWm. Amrhein; Fifth Ward, Thomas Daly; Si.xth\\nWard, M. Henderson Seventh Ward, Gregory\\nNolin; Eighth Ward, Jas. Driscol.\\n1853, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, H.\\nZender; Third Ward. L. Beaubien; Fourth Ward,\\nWm. Amrhein; Fifth Ward, D. McLean; Sixth\\nWard, M. Henderson Seventh Ward. C. H. Damm\\nEighth Ward, D. Duggan.\\n1854, First Ward. T. Hurst Second Ward,\\nJohn Clark Third Ward. Wm. McHutcheon\\nFourth Ward. J. J. Diedrich; Fifth Ward, Thomas\\nHanks; .Sixth Ward, F. Funke; Seventh Ward,\\nPeter Clessen Eighth Ward, Dennis Duggan.\\n1855, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward. Amos\\nChaffee, John Clark; Third Ward, Peter Dixon;\\nFourth Ward, J. J. Diedrich; Fifth Ward, Thomas\\nHanks; Sixth Ward, Wm. Schweim; Seventh\\nWard, Peter Clessen Eighth Ward, James Caplis.\\n1856, First Ward, T. Hurst Second Ward, John\\nClark, Seth Case Third Ward. A. Wilkie Fourth\\nWard, T. Hilsendegen Fifth Ward, Thomas Hanks;\\nSixth Ward, J. G. Walker Seventh Ward, Wm.\\nMonoghan Eighth Ward, A. Shuell.\\nThe title of Supervisor of Highways was changed\\nby charter of 1857 to overseer, and under this name\\nthe office existed imtil it was abolished in 1873 by\\nthe creation of the Board of Public Works. The\\nfollowing is a list of the overseers of highways\\n1857, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward. Seth\\nCase Third Ward. Daniel Carroll I ^ourth ard,\\nT. Hilsendegen; Fifth Ward. Thomas Hanks; Sixth\\nWard, Jno. G. Walker Seventh Ward, Wm. Mono-\\nghan Eighth Ward. Anthony Shuell Ninth Ward.\\nWm. Cavanagh Tenth Ward, Ma.x Todt.\\n1858, First Ward, Daniel Daly; Second Ward,\\nDan l Costigan Third Ward, D. Carroll Fourth\\nWard, J. J. Diedrich Fifth Ward, Daniel Freyer\\nSixth Ward, Frederick Funke Seventh Ward,\\nJoseph Bour; Eighth Ward, Patrick DwTer; Ninth\\nWard, Wm. Cavanagh Tenth Ward, Max Todt.\\n1859. First Ward, D. Daly; Second Ward, D.\\nCostigan Third Ward, D. Carroll Fourth Ward,\\nJ. J. Diedrich Fifth Ward, D. Freyer; Sixth Ward,\\nTheo. Funke Seventh Ward, J. Bour Eighth\\nWard, P. Dwyer Ninth Ward, Henry Smith Tenth\\nWard, G. Schweitzer.\\n1S60, First Ward, T. Hurst Second Ward. L.\\nMcHugh; Third Ward, Andrew Wilkie; Fourth\\nWard, Anton Schulte; Fifth Ward, Wm. H.\\nKnowles Si.xth Ward, Theo. Funke Seventh\\nWard, J. Bour Eighth Ward, Dan l Falvey Ninth\\nWard. Henry Smith Tenth Ward, G. Schweitzer.\\n1 86 1, First Ward. John B. Long; Second Ward. Jas.\\nCosgrove, I^atrick Cosgrove Third Ward. Andrew\\nWilkie Fourth Ward, Carl Weichsler Fifth Ward,\\nWm. H. Knowles Sixth Ward. N. Wuerges\\nSeventh Ward, Wm. Martin Eighth Ward. C.\\nDanahey Ninth Ward, John Fey Tenth Ward,\\nAnthony Deimel.\\n1862, First Ward. J. B. Long; Second Ward. L.\\nMcHugh Third Ward, Thos. Schaniaden, Geo.\\nBates Fourth Ward, Conrad Gies Fifth Ward, F.\\nMcDonald; Sixth Ward, N. Wuerges; Seventh\\nWard. George Moebs Eighth Ward. C. Danahey\\nNinth Ward, John Fey; Tenth Ward, A. Deimel.\\n1 863, First Ward, Geo. Bates Second Ward, L.\\nMcHugh Third Ward, T. Schamaden Fourth\\nWard, H. Mondery Fifth Ward, F. McDonald\\nSixth Ward, George Pipp Seventh Ward, G.\\nMoebs Eighth Ward. P. Shanahan Ninth Ward.\\nErnest Dorman Tenth Ward. Peter I^unn.\\n1S64, First Ward, G. Bates Second Ward, L. Mc-\\nHugh Third Ward, T. Schamaden F ourth Ward,\\nH. .Mondery Fifth Ward, Geo. M. Knowles Sixth\\nWard, Geo. Pipp Seventh Ward. G. Moebs\\nEighth Ward, P. Shanahan Ninth Ward. E. Dor-\\nman Tenth Ward, Peter Dunn.\\n1865, First Ward, G. Bates; Second Ward. L.\\nMcHugh Third Ward, John Noonan Fourth\\nWard. Anthony Kremer; Fifth Ward. G. W.\\nKnowles Sixth Ward. Justus Zinn Seventh Ward.\\nAdam Bieber Eighth Ward, Daniel Guiney; Ninth\\nWard. John Mason Tenth Ward, P. Dunn.\\n1866, First Ward, Henry Smith Second Ward,\\nL. McHugh Third Ward, J. Noonan Fourth\\nWard, A. Kremer; Fifth Ward, F. McDonald;\\nSixth Ward. Henry Kuemmel Seventh Ward,\\nAdam Bieber Eighth Ward. D. Guiney Ninth\\nWard, John Mason Tenth Ward, P. Dunn.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0986.jp2"}, "987": {"fulltext": "STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS.\\n935\\n1867, First Ward, H. Smith Second Ward, L.\\nMcHugh Third Ward, J. Noonan Fourth Ward,\\nRudolph Orth Fifth Ward, F. McDonald Sixth\\nWard, H. Kuemmel; Seventh Ward, A. Bieber\\nEighth Ward, W Madigan Nintli Ward, Patriclc\\nEvans Tenth Ward, P. Dunn.\\n1868, First Ward. H. Smith; Second Ward, John\\nNorris; Third Ward, J. Xoonan Fourth Ward, R.\\nOrth; Fifth Ward, F. McDonald; Sixth Ward, H.\\nKuemmel Seventh Ward. J. Blankenheim Eighth\\nWard, P. Madigan; Ninth Ward, P. Evans; Tenth\\nWard, Lucien Zink.\\n1869, First Ward, H. Smith Second Ward, H.\\nStehfest Third Ward, Fred. Yermulen Fourth\\nWard, R. Orth Fifth Ward. F. McDonald Sixth\\nWard, Casper Geist Seventh Ward, J. Blanken-\\nheim Eighth Ward, J no. Downey; Ninth Ward,\\nThomas McGowan Tenth Ward, Lucien Zink.\\n1870, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward, H.\\nStehfest Third Ward, P. Herlihy Fourth Ward,\\nHenry Lutticke Fifth Ward, Henry Pannel Sixth\\nWard, Albert Peine Seventh Ward, Peter Bieber\\nEighth Ward, J. Downey; Ninth Ward, T. Mc-\\nGowan Tenth Ward, L. Zink.\\n1 87 1, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward,\\nChas. H. Buelow Third Ward, P. Herlihy Fourth\\nWard, H. Lutticke; Fifth Ward, H. Pannel; Sixth\\nWard, A. Peine Seventh Ward, P. Bieber Eighth\\nWard. M. Kenealy; Ninth Ward, E. Maltz Tenth\\nWard, John Happe.\\n1872, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward.C. H.\\nBuelow; Third Ward. P. Herlihy; Fourth Ward, H.\\nLutticke; Fifth Ward. H. Pannel; Sixth Ward. C.\\nWeissenstein Seventh Ward, P. Bieber Eighth\\nWard, M. Kenealy Ninth Ward, E. Maltz Tenth\\nWard. J. Happe.\\n1873, First Ward. H. Smith; Second Ward,\\nC. H. Buelow Third Ward, John Smith Fourth\\nWard, Nicholas Kummer; Fifth Ward, H. Pannel\\nSixth Ward, C. Weissenstein Seventh Ward. Gott-\\nlieb Scerl Eighth Ward, Patrick Barrett Ninth\\nWard, John Brown Tenth Ward, J. Happe.\\nThe office of street commissioner was created in\\n1827, the exigencies connected with the grading\\ndown of old Fort Shelby, and the laying out of new\\nstreets in the old Militar\\\\ Reserve calling it into being.\\nNo ordinance was passed concerning the office until\\nMay 1 1, 1829, when provision was made for four dis-\\ntricts and four street commissioners. The office\\nceased in 1S32, was revived by ordinance of April i.\\n1837, but after two years went unfilled. A new or-\\ndinance concerning the office was passed on April 7,\\n1846, and this was repealed on April 25, 1848,\\nand revived on June 28, 1853. On April 23, 1857,\\nan ordinance was passed providing for two street\\ncommissioners and this remained in force until the\\nAct creating the Board of Public Works abolished\\nthe office. It was the duty of the street commis-\\nsioner to supervise the work done by overseers or\\nsupervisors in his district, and to see that streets and\\nsidewalks were kept in proper order. The following\\npersons served as street commissicjners\\n1827. D. French; 1828. John Mullett, Ellis Doty;\\n1829. First Ward. John Roberts; Second Ward, S.\\nConant Third Ward. J. Farrar Fourth Ward,\\nMelvin Dorr; 1837, S. W. Higgins, L. Goodell\\n1838, E. S. Lathrop; 1839, John Farmer; 1846, G.\\nF. Porter 1853 to 1857, John King.\\nEastern District. 1857, Jas. Beaubien Jas.\\nCollins; 1S58 and 1859. Enos Lebot i860, William\\nLong; 1861. Jas. Huff; 1862, T. L. Campau 1863,\\nD. Kendall; 1864, F. C. St. Aubin 1865-67, Wm.\\nKrapp; 1867-1871, Robert Reaume; 1871-1873,\\nT. Funke 1873, W. Boenninghausen.\\nWestern District. -xZdo, T. Joyce; 1860-\\n1862, F. W. Noble; 1862, Jas. Collins; 1863- 1866\\nThomas Gorman 1 866-1 868, T. Mahoney; 1868,\\nJohn Stewart; i86g, John Hogan 1870, Patrick\\nHayes; 1871. J.Stewart 1872-1874, Henry Knowles.\\nThe office of city surveyor became a necessity\\nbecause of the extensive improvements inaugurated\\nin 1827. but no ordinance concerning the office was\\npassed until January 15, 1842. Under the ordinance\\npersons seeking the position of surveyor vv ere\\nobliged to tender bids for doing the work required.\\nThe duties consisted chiefly in establishing and des-\\nignating the grades of the streets, alleys, and sewers.\\nBy Act of February 21, 1849, the office was made\\nelective. In 1874 it ceased to exist as a distinctive\\noffice, being merged into the department controlled\\nby the Board of Public Works.\\nThe city sur\\\\ eyors have been 1827, John Mul-\\nlett; 1828, J. Mullett, Sylvester Sibley; 1830-1832,\\nJ. Mullett; 1832, John Farmer; 1836, A. E. Hathon\\n1837, S. W. Higgins: 1838, A. E. Hathon 1839-\\n1841, John Farmer; 1841-1843, A. E. Hathon; 1843.\\nH. G. Goodell 1844-1850, A. E. Hathon; 1850.\\nJohn Almy; 1 851, Henry B. Brevoort 1852-1858,\\nTheodore J. Campau 1S59. N. Thelan 1860-1862,\\nT. J. Campau; 1862- 1873, Eugene Robinson.\\nA Board of Commissioners on Plan of City was\\nprovided for by the charter of February 5, 1857, and\\nconsisted of three persons, nominated by the mayor,\\nappointed by the council, and serving without pay.\\nThe design of the law was to secure uniformity in\\nthe location, width, and direction of the streets\\nand by the provisions of the charter no land in the\\ncity could be subdivided or streets laid out without\\nthe approval of the commissioners. They could\\nnot, however, compel owners of property to submit\\nto pecuniary loss in order to secure imiformity in\\nstreet lines, and consequently comparatively little\\ngood resulted. In 1S74 the board ceased to exist,\\nthe Board of Public Works succeeding to the duties.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0987.jp2"}, "988": {"fulltext": "936\\nBOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.\\nThe following persons served as commissioners\\n1857-1869, E. A. Brush, H. P. Baldwin, George\\nJerome; 1869-1871, George S. Frost, M. F. Dick-\\ninson. J. N. Ford: 1871-1873, Emory Wendell,\\nJ. N. Ford, T. J. Campau 1S73, William Fo.xen,\\nJ. N. Ford. T. J. Campau.\\nThe office of commissioner of grades was created\\nby the council on February 21, 1854. Five persons\\nwere appointed on nomination of the mayor to serve\\nwithout compensation, with power to establish\\ngrades for street paving or sidewalks in all streets,\\nalleys, and public places. By ordinance of July 12.\\n1869. the number of commissioners was reduced to\\nthree, and in 1874, on the establishment of the\\nBoard of Public Works, the office was abolished.\\nThe names and terms of the commissioners were\\nas follows: 1854, A. Canfield, E. A. Brush, H. H.\\nLeRoy, J. Houghton, S. French; 1855-1859. E. A.\\nBrush, W. Barclay, H. H. LeRoy, W. W. Wilco.x, J.\\nHoughton 1859-1861, E. A. Brush, J. Owen, H. H.\\nLeRoy. W. W. Wilcox, J. Houghton 1861, C. Jack-\\nson. W. W. Wilco.x, J. Owen, J. Godfrey, J. Hough-\\nton 1862-1869, W. W. Wilco.x, J. Owen, J. God-\\nfroy, William Stead; 1869, W. Stead, J. Owen, J.\\nAnderson, S. F olsom. James Dubois; 1870, James\\nAnderson, S. Folsom, James Dubois; 1871-1873,\\nJ. Anderson, J. Dubois. S. Folsom, T. J. Campau\\n1873, J. Anderson, J. Dubois, S. Folsom.\\nBOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.\\nAn attempt was made to create a Board of Pub-\\nlic Works by Act of April 17. 1871, but as the Act\\nsought to do away with the Board of Water Com-\\nmissioners, as well as other offices, it was strenu-\\nously opposed by many, and decided to be illegal by\\nthe Supreme Court.\\nThe present board was established by Act of\\nApril 29. 1873. and amended Act of April 10, 1875.\\nIt is the successor and inheritor of the duties of the\\nBoard of Sewer Commissioners, Board of Grade\\nCommissioners, Commissioners on Plan of City, City\\nSurveyor, Street Commissioners, Superintendent of\\nPark, and Overseers of Highways. It is vested\\nwith the control and supervision of paving, repay-\\ning, cleaning, repairing, grading, working and im-\\nproving of all streets, alleys, avenues, and public\\ngrounds the construction, altering, and repairing of\\npublic wharves, docks, bridges, culverts, receiving\\nbasins, sewers, and water-courses, the laying down\\nof all side and cross walks the erection of all lamp-\\nposts, drinking or ornamental fountains, and also\\nof all public buildings and works of the corporation,\\nor of any board thereof, without the power, how-\\never, of changing the plans or specifications of such\\nwork.\\nThe officers began their duties on the third Tues-\\nday of January. 1874. The first members elected\\nby the council decided by lot their respective terms\\nof two, three, and four years. Subsequent members\\nhave been elected by the council for terms of four\\nyears each.\\nThe city engineer, who is one of the chief executive\\nofficers of the board and takes the place of the former\\ncity surveyor, is appointed by the Board of Council-\\nmen on the nomination of the board. His salary in\\n1883 was .I2.500. Four assistants are appointed by\\nthe board on his nomination. E. Willard Smith\\nwas the first surveyor under the board. He re-\\nsigned in February, 1875, tJ H. D. Ludden\\nwas appointed his successor. He was succeeded\\nin 1878 by John McLaughlin, who, in July, 1882,\\nwas succeeded by Mr. Ludden. John Campbell\\nhas been the secretary of the board from its organi-\\nzation. His salary is $1,500. In 1883 four others\\nwere associated with him in the office work. The\\nboard employs an overseer for each ward, and about\\nthree hundred laborers during nearly half of the\\nyear. The salaries of the members of the board\\nwere originally $3,000 each. In 1883 they were\\n$2,500.\\nThe commissioners have been; 1874. H. King,\\nA. Chapoton, N. Mitchell; 1875, S. G. Wight, A.\\nChapoton, N. Mitchell 1876, W. Purcell. A. Chapo-\\nton. N. Mitchell: 1877, W. Purcell, A. Chapoton, F.\\nRuehle; i878,W. Purcell, A. Chapoton, F. Ruehle\\n1879-1882, W. H. Langley. B. Briscoe, F. Ruehle;\\n1882-1884, W. H. Langley, B. Briscoe, J. B. Stout-\\nenburgh 1884, W. H. Langley, J. B. Stoutenburgh,\\nAlexander Chapoton.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0988.jp2"}, "989": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LXXXVIIl,\\nSTREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN. CHANGES IN NAMES.\\nSTREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\nIn the origin of their names, the streets of Detroit\\nafford a curious mingling of local and general facts\\nand suggestions. They prc:;erve the memory of\\nmany old settlers and citizens, and recall the names\\nof battles, Indian tribes, presidents, governors, may-\\nors, French, English, and American generals, trav-\\nelers, poets, historians, scholars, and statesmen the\\nseasons, forest and fruit trees, and the precious\\nmetals have also suggested names all of the nu-\\nmerals are represented, and many foreign cities and\\ncoimtries states and lakes appear in the list patri-\\notic and army names are numerous, and the Chris-\\ntian names of women and men are frequent. Some\\nof the streets are called after well-known streets in\\nother cities, other names grew out of humorous or\\nhistoric associations, and still others preserve the\\nmemory of clergymen and saints. Owing to the\\nefforts of Mr. McCabe at the time he was preparing\\nthe first directory of the city, the council, on Sep-\\ntember 6, 1836, ordered the names of the streets\\nput up at the corners. At intervals since that time,\\nefforts have been made to secure the posting of all\\nnames, but up to the present time no complete and\\nuniversal plan is in operation. The following list\\ncontains the names of all streets in the city and sub-\\nurbs, and the year when the names first appear in\\nrecords or maps, together with facts and suggestions\\nas to the origin of names. Streets no longer in\\nexistence are marked with a\\nA, 1869.\\nAdair, 1862, William Adair, nurseryman and land-\\nowner.\\n*Apple Pie, i860, so called because it was so short,\\nbeing, as was said, not bigger than a piece of apple\\npie.\\nAbbott, 1835. James Abbott, old citizen, third\\npostmaster of Detroit, etc.\\nAtwater, 1828, Reuben Atwater, Secretary of\\nMichigan Territory. The street is literally at water,\\nas it lies ne.xt to the river.\\n*Alexander (Chene Farm), 1 857, Alexander Fraser,\\nland-owner.\\nAlexander (Stanton Farm), 1852, Christian name\\nof son of General Henry Stanton.\\nAlexandrine Avenue, 1863, Alexandrine M. Wil-\\nlis, wife of B. Campau, land-owner,\\nAntietam, 1867, from battle of Antietam in war\\nwith the South.\\nAlfred, 1869, Alfred E. Brush, .son of E. A.\\nBrush.\\nAlfred (Springwells), 1883, second son of Moses\\nW. Field: he died in May, 1882.\\nAdelaide, 1853, Adelaide, wife of Elijah Brush.\\n*Adams, 1875, T. K. Adams, land-owner.\\nAdams Avenue, 1807. John Adams, second Presi-\\ndent of the United States.\\n*Arch, 1852, Arch McLean, friend of Albert\\nCrane.\\nAnn, 1853, Ann, wife of F. J. B. Crane, land-\\nowner.\\nAsh, 1856, a tree indigenous to Michigan.\\nAudrain. 1873, Peter Audrain, Secretary of Gov-\\nernor and Judges sitting as a Territorial Legisla-\\nture, also Clerk of Courts.\\nAlbert Springwells 1, 1871, Albert Bushey, son\\nof Joseph Bushey. land-owner.\\nAlbert (Springwells), 1884, Albert M. Barthol-\\nomew, land-owner.\\nAurelia, 1857, Aurelia Cutler of Warren, Massa-\\nchusetts, friend of W. B. Wesson.\\nAm.sterdam, 1870, after old city of Holland.\\nAntoinette Avenue, 1870, Antoinette Mandle-\\nbaum, wife of S. Mandlebaum.\\nArmy Avenue, 1874, Artillery Avenue, 1869, in\\nhonor of the soldiers at Fort Wayne.\\nArndt, 1881, Henry Arndt, land-owner.\\nArcher Avenue, 1883, maiden name of friend of\\nMrs. John C. Williams.\\nAtkinson Avenue, 1883, W. F. Atkinson of De-\\ntroit.\\nArthur Avenue, 1884. after President Chester A.\\nArthur.\\nB, 1869.\\nBeaubien, 1835, Lambert Beaubien, land-owner,\\nsoldier in War of 1812; he had great influence\\namong the Indians.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Copyright, 1884, by Silas Farmer.\\n[937]", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0989.jp2"}, "990": {"fulltext": "93i\\nSTREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\nBrigade, 1873, there is a brigade of streets with\\nmilitary names near Fort Wayne.\\nBoston, 1870, after Boston, Massachusetts.\\nBohemian Avenue, 1870, after Bohemia in (Ger-\\nmany, birthplace of S. Mandlebauiii.\\nButler Avenue, 1S73, Milton H. Butler, land-\\nowner.\\nButternut, 1856. a tree indigenous to this region.\\nBeech, 1836, a forest tree of Michigan.\\nBeech (Springwells), 1884. A careless repetition\\nof the name of a city street.\\nBeecher. 1857, Henry Ward Beecher.\\nBeecher Place, 1869, Henry Ward Beecher.\\nBryant, 1857, Mrs. Bryant of Petersham, Mass.,\\naunt of \\\\V. B. Wesson.\\nBeulah, 1857, Land of Beulah in Pilgrim s Pro-\\ngress.\\nBuchanan, 1856, James Buchanan, elected Presi-\\ndent that year.\\nBreckenridge, 1856, John C. Breckenridge, elected\\nVice-President that year.\\nBushey. 186S. Joseph Bushey, land-owner.\\nBrigham, 1852, middle name of W. B. Wesson.\\nBeck, 1876, Charles G. Beck, land-owner.\\nBuena Vista. 1857, American victory at Buena\\nVista, Mexico, 1847.\\nBrainard, 1866, Martha Brainard Spencer, wife of\\n(General Joseph Spencer and grandmother of Mrs.\\nGovernor Cass.\\n*Blanche, 1871, Blanche, daughter of R. S. Willis.\\nBrady, 1857, General Hugh Brady, United States\\nArmy, for many years stationed at Detroit.\\nBrush, 1828, E. A. Brush of Brush Farm.\\nBrush .Avenue (Springwells), 1873, E. A. Brush of\\nBrush Farm.\\nBenton, 1S54, Thomas H. Benton, statesman of\\nMissouri.\\nBrewster, 1850, Mr. Brewster of Boston, friend of\\nAlbert Crane.\\nBidwell, 1854, Bidwell Edwards, friend of P.\\nTregent.\\nBellair. 1854, Oliver Bellair, land-owner.\\nBerlin. 1 869, Berlin, Germany.\\nBerlin .Avenue (Springwells), 1S73, I rederick Ber-\\nlin, land-owner.\\nBarkume, 1873, Eli Barkume, land-owner.\\nBagg, 1854, A. S. Bagg, land-owner.\\nBethune, 1881, maiden name of Mrs. George\\nDuffield. D. D.\\nBaldwin Place, 1876, in honor of II. P. Baldwin,\\ne.\\\\-Governor of Michigan.\\nBaldwin .Avenue (Hamtramck). 1855, Lyman\\nBaldwin, father-in-law of W. B. Wesson.\\nBaldwin Avenue (Springwells), 1881, Com. Bald-\\nwin of New York, friend of Deming Jarves.\\nBronson, 1S50, maiden name of mother of F. J.\\nB.. V. alter, and Albert Crane.\\nBuhl Avenue, 1S67. C. H. Buhl, old citizen and\\nland-owner.\\nBrevoort Place, 1869, Major H. B. Brevoort, with\\nPerry at victory on Lake Erie.\\nBristol Place, 1869, Charles L. Bristol, son-in-law\\nof Commodore Brevoort.\\nBaker, 1S35. Colonel Daniel Baker, U. S. A., at\\none time stationed at Detroit.\\nBeacon, 1849, named by Albert Crane from a\\nstreet in Boston where he attended college.\\nBeard Avenue, 1867, George Beard, land-owner.\\nBates, 1 83 1, Frederick Bates, one of first terri-\\ntorial judges.\\nBerthelet .Alley, 1835, Henry Berthelet, land-owner.\\nBeaufait, 1872, Louis Beaufait, old resident.\\nBratshaw, 1882, J. B. H. Bratshaw, land owner.\\nBellevue Avenue, 1 868, from the view it affords\\nof Belle Isle.\\nBelle Isle Avenue, from the island lying opposite\\nthe street.\\nBarclay Place, 1876, William Barclay, old citizen,\\nland-owner.\\nBrandon Avenue, 1S82, after Calvin C. Brandon.\\nBoone, 1884, named after the noted Kentucky\\npioneer.\\nC, 1S69.\\nCrawford, 1S52, Francis Crawford, old citizen and\\nreal estate dealer.\\nCampau (Springwells), 1863, J. B. Campau, land-\\nowner.\\nCampau Road, 1874, Emily Campau, land-owner.\\nConant Road, 1840, .Shubael Conant, old citizen.\\nChase, i860, Thomas Chase, land-owner.\\n*Chase, 1871, believed to have been intended as\\nCrane Street, and recorded by mistake as Chase.\\nConcord Avenue, 1S77, commemorates the revo-\\nlutionary battle.\\nCongress, 1827, in honor of the Congress of 1826,\\nwhich gave the Military Reserve through which the\\nstreet is laid.\\nClark Avenue, 1867, John P. Clark, l.ind-owner.\\nCross, 1835, a short cross-street.\\nClinton, 1835, De Witt Clinton, Governor of New\\nYork.\\nCroghan, 1S35, Colonel George Croghan, at one\\ntime in command of Detroit.\\nCatharine, 1833, Catharine Mullett, daughter of\\nJohn lilullett.\\nCrane Avenue, 1866, Albert Crane, land-owner.\\nChurch, 1858, Governor Woodbridge gave the lot\\nfor St. Peter s Episcopal Church situated on this\\nstreet, and it was therefore called Church Street.\\nClifford, 1835, named by John Farmer on his first\\npublished map of 1835. Thomas Cliff had kept a\\ntavern for many years on west side of Woodward\\n.Avenue, just above what is now Clifford Street, and\\nhis house was the only one in that vicinity. A", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0990.jp2"}, "991": {"fulltext": "STREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\n939\\nbranch of May s Creek then crossed Woodward\\nAvenue just south of this tavern, and in the spring\\nof the year the water was quite deep, hence Cliff s\\nford, or Clifford.\\nCedar. 1S62. from Cedar .Street. New York.\\nCedar (Springwells). 1884, has no special sij^nirt-\\ncance.\\nChestnut, 1S36, a favorite tree, but not numerous\\nin Michigan.\\nCherry, 1836; Crosse Pointe. near Detroit, is cele-\\nbrated for the quality and quantity of cherries there\\ngrown.\\nCarter Avenue, 1S75, I3aniel Carter, land-owner.\\nCoe, 1876, S. S. Coe, land-owner.\\nColumbia, 1835. named by John R. Williams, from\\na street in Albany, New York, on which he had lived.\\nColumbus, 1S73, Christopher Columbus.\\nClay, 1S52, Henry Clay, the Kentucky statesman.\\nCentral Avenue, 1S73, runs through the centre of\\na certain tract.\\nCenter, 1835, from its location between two main\\navenues.\\nCalhoun, 1S54, John C. Calhoun, the South C;u o-\\nlina nuUifier and statesman.\\nCharlotte, 1854. Charlotte Hart .Saxton. afterwards\\nMrs. Colonel E. S. Sibley.\\n*Charlotte (Tenth Ward), 1867, Charlotte Palmer,\\nniece of Thomas Palmer.\\nCantield Street, 1870, Caufield Avenue, 1867,\\nColonel Canfield, son-in-law of General Cass.\\nCharles, 1S53, Charles, brother of F. J. fi. Crane,\\nland-owner.\\nCharles Avenue, 18S2, after Charles A. Canipau.\\nson of M. A. Campau.\\nChene, 1857. Gabriel Chene. land-owner.\\nCollins, i860, William Collins, butcher and land-\\nowner.\\nCommonwealth Avenue, 1876, in honor of the\\ncity as a body politic, and suggestive of the reign\\nof Oliver Cromwell.\\nCutler, 1852, middle name of W. P.. Wesson s\\noldest brother.\\nCicotte .Avenue, 1S73, E. V. Cicotte, land-owner.\\nChandler, 1S81. Z. Chandler, United .States .Sena-\\ntor from Michigan.\\nCaroline, 1857, Caroline Cutler, of Hardwick,\\nMass., friend of W. B. Wesson.\\nClippert Avenue, 1873, Conrad Clippert, land-\\nowner.\\nCampbell, 1868, Colin Campbell, land-owner.\\nCampbell Avenue (.Springwells), 1880, Judge\\nJames V. Campbell, of Supreme Court of State.\\nConnor Place. 1881, Maurice Connor, land-owner.\\nCa.ss, 1827, Governor Lewis Cass, second .o\\\\-\\nemor of Michigan Territory.\\nChristiancy, 1881, I. P. Christiancy, Judge of\\nSupreme Court of Michigan.\\nClitz, 1857, Mary I!., sister of General Henry B.\\nClitz, U. S. A.\\nCelia, 1857, Chrisii.ui name of Mrs. W. B. Wes-\\nson s sister.\\nCircus, 1S44. from its passing around the Cr.-uid\\nCircus Park.\\nChicago Road. 1S27. This road was laid out\\nby Ciovernment from Detroit to Chicago.\\nCemetery (.Sixth Ward), 1864, opened through\\na part of the old Cemetery.\\nCadillac Avenue (Hamtramck), 1876, Cadillai-\\n(Springwells), 1880, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac,\\nfounder of Detroit.\\nCavalry Avenue, Cadet Avenue, 1873, in honor\\nof .soldiers at Fort Wayne.\\nCrystal .Street, 1882, becau.se of a gla.ss factor)\\nlocated near it.\\nCraven Avenue, 18S3, maiden name of Mrs.\\nJohn C. Williams.\\nCuster, 1 883, in honor of C .en. C. Custer.\\nCharles J., 1883, after Charles I-^ Jenkins, of\\nDetroit.\\nD, 1873.\\nDragoon, 1876, military name.\\nI5etroit, 1852, from the French, signifying the\\nstrait on which the city is located.\\nDred, 1857, named from the Dred Scott Case, in\\nwhich a decision was rendered that year by Judge\\nTaney.\\nDeverau.x, 1876, John C. Deveraux, of Utica, N.\\nY., connected with the Williams family.\\nDennis, 1873, Dennis J. Campau, land-owner.\\nDubois, 1857, James Dubois, land-owner.\\nDix Road, 1842, John Dix, one of the earliest\\nsettlers in the county.\\nDavenport, 1869, Louis Davenport, land-owner.\\nDalzell, 1855, Captain Henry Dalzell or Dalyell.\\nkilled at Battle of Bloody Run in 1763.\\nDufTield, 1853, Rev. George Duffield, kmd-ovn( r.\\nDivision, 1850, on line between lands of Crane\\nWesson and Van Dyke.\\nDriggs, 1881, F. E. Driggs, land-owner.\\nDavis Avenue, 1875, Ira Davis, land-owner.\\nDry fJock, 1875, from the old Dry Dock near\\nby-\\nDearborn Road, 1828, leads to village of Dear-\\nborn, named after General Henry Dearborn, U. S. A.\\nDequindre, 1850, Major Antoine Dequindre,\\nland-owner and prominent in War of 181 2.\\nDickinson, 1857, Moses F. Dickinson, land-\\nowner.\\n*Dudley, 1858, Dudley B. Woodbridge, land-\\nowner.\\nDavidson, 1857, Alexander Davidson, old citi-\\nzen.\\nDey Avenue, 1S81, A. H. Dey, banker and l.ind-\\nowner.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0991.jp2"}, "992": {"fulltext": "940\\nSTKEET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\nDoyle, 1882, Michael Doyle, laiid-uwner.\\nDane, 1884,111 honor of Nathan Dane, the usually\\naccredited author of the Ordinance of 1787.\\nE. 1873. Eighth, 1856. Eleventh, 1867. Eigh-\\nteenth, 1S67. Eighteenth-and-a-half, 1867.\\nElisabeth, 1835, Elisabeth Williams, afterwards\\nMrs. Colonel John Winder.\\nElisabeth (Springwells), 1868, Elisabeth, wife of\\nJoseph lUishey.\\nE. L. Canipau, 1872, Eleanor L. Canipau. land-\\nowner.\\nEllery, 1S76, Ellcry I. Garfield, then city comp-\\ntroller.\\ni:iliot, 1871, Elliot H. r.rush, son of E. A. Brush.\\nErskine, 1867, John Askin, originally spelled Ers-\\nkine, father-in-law of Colonel E. Hrush.\\nEdmund Place, 1867, Edmund, son of E. A.\\nBrush.\\nElmwood Avenue, 1862, from the cemetery\\nwhich it passes.\\nElwood. 1S73. S. D. Elwood, old citizen.\\nElm, i860, Tall, graceful, and alone, the spread-\\ning elm tree stands.\\nEdward, 1873. Edward Cicotte. land-owner.\\nEdwards, 1S54, Uidwell Edwards, friend of 1^. Tre-\\ngent.\\nEndicott Avenue, 1S74, Charles Endicott, nf New-\\ncomb, Endicott, Company.\\n*Earl (.Si.xth Ward), 1838, A. Earl Halhon, old\\nsurveyor.\\nExcelsior Avenue, 1883. This was deemed an ex-\\ncellent name.\\nF, 1873.\\nFort W, 1827. from Fort Shelby, which was de-\\nmolished at the time this street was first opened.\\nFort E, 1835, because in line with Fort Street W.\\nFlora, 1877, Christian name of niece of John R.\\nWilliams.\\nFirst, 1835. Fourth, 1S41. Fourth Avenue. 1873.\\nFifth, 1835. Fifth Avenue, 1876. Fourteenth Ave-\\nnue, 1867. Fifteenth, 1S67. Fifteenth-and-a-half,\\n1867.\\nFrederick. 1857, I rederick E. I- arnsworth. son of\\nL. L. Farnsworth.\\nFarnsworth, 1857, L. L. Farnsworth. land-owner.\\nFremont, 1857, John C. Fremont, candidate for\\nPresidency in 1S56.\\nForest, 1869, This is the forest primeval.\\nFerry, 1874, Dexter M. Ferry, seed-merchant.\\n*Francis (Tenth Ward), 1857, Francis Trask.\\nfriend of Mrs. Thomas Palmer.\\nFrances, 1861, Christian name of sister of Mrs.\\nW. B. Wesson.\\nFrancis (Stanton Farm). 1852, given name of son\\nof General Henry Stanton.\\nFox, 1857, red foxes were quite plentiful in this\\nregion.\\nF rank, 1857. Frank Mann, son of owner of part\\nof the land.\\nFederal, 1872, an old party name, also applied to\\nthe United States Government.\\nFulton, 1853, from Fulton Street, New York.\\nFather, 1872, this certainly is a family name.\\nFerdinand, 1874, Ferdinand Williams, son of\\nJohn R. Williams.\\nField. [880, Moses W. Field, prominent citizen.\\nFabbri, 1857, after Mr. Fabbri of New York,\\nfriend of C. E. Bressler, land-owner.\\nFarmer, 1835, John Farmer, author of first pub-\\nlished maps of Territory, State, and City, and of first\\nGazetteer.\\nFarrar, 1835, John Farrar, old citizen.\\nFront, 1836, it is at the front, or next to the river.\\nFranklin, 1826, Benjamin Franklin.\\nFrontenac, 1872, Count Frontenac, Governor-\\nGeneral of New France.\\nFoundry, 1857, leads to the foundry of the De-\\ntroit Bridge and Iron Works.\\n*Fraser (Guoin Farm), 1857, A. I). Eraser, land-\\nowner.\\nFlorence, 1882, after Florence Patterson, daughter\\nof George A. Patterson.\\nField, 1883, Moses W. Field, land-owner.\\nGrant, 1873, General U. S. Grant, for two years\\nstationed in Detroit.\\nGrout, i88i,J. R. Grout, old citizen and land-\\nowner.\\nGuoin, 1835, Charles Guoin, of Guoin Farm.\\nGrisw old, 1S28, named by Governor Woodbridge\\nin honor of Governor Roger Griswold, of Connecticut.\\n(jratiot .Avenue, 1835, the road leads to Fort Gra-\\ntiot, near Port Huron, and was named after Colonel\\nCharles Gratiot of General Harrison s army.\\nGerman, 1848, passes through the German quar-\\nter of the city.\\nGrand, 1S55, from Grand Street, New ork.\\nGregory Avenue, liSi, family name of Mrs. Dem-\\ning Jarves.\\nGrand River, 1835, the road as originally l.iid out\\nled to Grand Rapids on Grand River.\\nGrandy Avenue, 1874, Levi Grandy, land-owner.\\nGrand Junction, 1874, near the Grand Trunk R.\\nR. Junction.\\nGrove, 1855, there was a grove near by when this\\nstreet was laid out.\\nGranville Place, 1S73, from Grand River Street,\\nto which it extends.\\nGilbert Avenue, 1873, George W. Gilbert, old\\ncitizen.\\nGold, 1855, from Gold Street, New York.\\n*George, 1850, after George V. N. Lothrop and\\nGeorge Duffield, who united in opening this street.\\nGeorge, 1884, George Zender. son of Mrs. Henry\\nZender, land-owner.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0992.jp2"}, "993": {"fulltext": "STREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\n941\\nGeorgia, 1857, from the State of Georgia.\\nGriffitli Avenue, 1874, T. H. Griftith, land-\\nowner.\\nGreenfield .Vvenue, 1S73, from its location in the\\ntown of Greenfield.\\nGreen Avenue, 1873, Andrew C. Green bought\\nthe first lot at corner of this avenue and Holden\\nRoad.\\nGilman, 1S61, Mary Gilman, maiden name of\\nmother of General Cass.\\nGoldner Avenue, 1S77, Charles Goldner, land-\\nowner.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Godfrey Avenue, 1864, Peter Godfrey, land-\\nowner.\\nGarfield, 1SS2, our second martyr President.\\nGriffin, 1 884, the name of the first sail vessel on\\nthe Lakes.\\nHudson Avenue, 1881, Mrs. Sarah E. Hudson,\\nland-owner.\\nHolbrook Road, 1867, D. C. Holbrook, land-\\nowner.\\nHesse, 1875. maiden name of Mrs. E. R. Pohle,\\nland-owner.\\nHolden Avenue, 1828, led to farm of Theodore\\nG. Holden, an old settler.\\nHarper Avenue, 1874, Walter Harper, founder of\\nHarper Hospital.\\nHerbert, 1S74, Herbert Crain, son of Horatio\\nGrain.\\nHoratio, 1874, Horatio Crain, land-holder.\\nHavens, 1857, Mr. R. Havens of New York, friend\\nof W. B. Wesson.\\nHendrie, 1S74, George Hendrie, land-owner.\\nHancock, 1869, John Hancock, l^resident of Con-\\ntinental Congress.\\n*Helen, 1872, Helen, wife of P. Tregent, land-\\nowner.\\nHubbard Boulevard, 1876, Bela Hubbard, land-\\nowner.\\nHazel, 1857, a nut-bearing shrub abundant in\\nWayne County.\\nHastings, 1826, E. P. Hastings, old citizen.\\nHumboldt Avenue, 1866, Baron Humboldt, the\\ngreat German scholar and scientist.\\nHale, 1854, John P. Hale, abolition candidate for\\nPresidency the year this street was laid out.\\nHeidelberg, 1869, city on the Xeckar, Ger-\\nmany.\\nHammond Avenue, 1873, George H. Hammond,\\nland-owner.\\nHarvey, 1880, John Harvey, one of the original\\nowners of the land.\\nHuron, 1836, from Huron tribe of Indians.\\nHarrison .\\\\venue. 1868. William Henry Harrison,\\nPresident of United States, and our governor under\\nIndiana Territory.\\nHigh, 1852, in going up Woodward Avenue there\\nis a perceptible rise in the ground at this point it is\\nliterally High Street.\\nHenry, 1853, General Henry H. Sibley, son of Sol-\\nomon Sibley, land-owner.\\n*Henry (Ninth Ward), 1852, Henry Stanton, son\\nof General Henry Stanton.\\nHowell. 1871,30 named from its nearness to De-\\ntroit, Howell, Lansing R. R.\\nHarriett, 1835, Harriett Houghton, wife of Dr.\\nHoughton.\\nHoward, 1835, Colonel Joshua Howard, L^. S. A.\\nHennepin, 1855, Father Louis Hennepin, an early\\nFrench traveler in this region.\\nHussar Avenue, 1876, an army name because so\\nnear Fort Wayne.\\nHudson Avenue, 1882, E. W. Hudson, land-owner.\\nHibbard Avenue, 18S3, Hibbard Baker, l;ind-\\nowner.\\nHolcomb Avenue, 1883, Henry W. Holcomb,\\nland-owner.\\nHarbaugh, 1884. D. E. Harbaugh, old citizen.\\nHorton, 1883, after Joseph D. Horton, land-owner.\\nInfantry Avenue, 1874, army name, near Fort\\nWayne.\\nIndian Avenue, 1856. This street crossed a ridge\\nwhich abounded in Indian graves.\\nIves Avenue, 1857, Albert Ives, land-owner.\\nIowa, 1855, Iowa tribe of Indians.\\nIllinois, 1857, Illinois tribe of Indians.\\nIrving, 1853, Washington Irxing, the noted author.\\nIndiana, 1857, from Indiana, whose jurisdiction\\nDetroit was under for a time.\\nIngersoll, 1873, Walter Ingersoll, old citizen.\\nJulia, 1873, Christian name of wife of Walter\\nIngersoll.\\nJane, 1857, Christian name of friend of W. B.\\nWesson.\\nJohnston Avenue, 1857, John W. Johnston, land-\\nowner.\\nJoy, 1866, James F. Joy, old citizen.\\nJohn Edgar, 1880, one of the original owners of\\nthe Crane or Reeder Farm.\\nJohn R., 1835, John R. Williams, large land-owner\\nand prominent citizen.\\nJohn C, 1 87 1, John C. Williams, land-owner.\\nJay, 1840, John Jay, once Chief Justice of the\\nUnited States.\\nJones, 1852, De Garmo Jones, once mayor of\\nDetroit, owner of Jones Farm.\\nJefferson Avenue, 1807, Thomas Jefferson, third\\nPresident of the United States.\\nJoseph Campau venue, 1869, Joseph Campau,\\nold settler and prominent citizen.\\nJoe, 1875, Joe, youngest son of Joseph Bushey,\\nland-owner.\\nJerome Avenue, 1882, Franklin H. Jerome, land-\\nowner.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0993.jp2"}, "994": {"fulltext": "94^\\nSTREET NAMES, AxND THEIR ORIGIN.\\nJerome (Springwells), i8Sl, George Jerome, old\\ncitizen.\\n*Juliette, 1851, Julia, daughter of Thomas Palmer.\\nJames, 1851, James Watson, nephew of Thomas\\nPalmer.\\n*Jupiter, 1862, so named as an e.xclamation of\\nsurprise and disapproval because the parties who\\nhad agreed to give the west half of the street were\\nnot consulted as to the name, Chene, which was\\ngiven to it by the owner of the land on the east\\nside.\\nKanady, 1874, S. C. Kanady, land-owner.\\nKentucky, 1857, in honor of the State which so\\ngreatly aided Michigan in the War of 181 2.\\nKinsman, 1875, Thomas Kinsman Adams, land-\\nowner.\\nKearsley Avenue, 1873, Major Jonathan Kears-\\nley, officer in War of 18 12, mayor of Detroit, etc.\\nKirby, 1876, George Kirby. old citizen.\\nKanter, 1884, Edward Kanter, banker.\\nKoch Avenue, 1884, Christian Koch, land-owner.\\nLeland, 1857, Dr. A. L. Leland, friend of Crane\\nWesson.\\nLansing, 1874, Lansing, the capital of Michigan.\\nLincoln Avenue, 1871, Lincoln Avenue (Ham-\\ntramck), 1875, Abraham Lincoln, President of the\\nUnited States.\\nLysander, 1852, name of younger brother of W.\\nB. Wesson.\\nLovett Avenue, 1S75, W. E. Lovett, formerly of\\nScotten Lovett.\\nLouisa, 1S65, Christian name of friend of W. V\\nWesson.\\nLauderdale, i88i. Dr. E. Lauderdale, friend of\\nWalter Crane.\\nLivernois, 1872, Francis Livernois, old citizen.\\nLola, 1873, Lola, daughter of Lyman Baldwin,\\nold citizen.\\nLinden Court, 1S57, from its connection with Lin-\\nden Street.\\nLinden, 1856, one of our forest trees.\\nLaurel, 1857, a shrub.\\nLocust, 1836, formerly a favorite shade tree in\\nDetroit.\\nLeavitt, 1873, A. E. Leavitt, land-owner.\\nLedyard, i860. Colonel Henry Ledyard, son-in-\\nlaw of Governor Cass, and mayor of Detroit.\\nLeonard Avenue, 1875, Rev. R. H. Leonard,\\nfather of Mrs. David Carter.\\nLambie Place, 1869, Frank Lambie, old citizen.\\nLady s Lane, 1880, this street lies near Swain s\\nAvenue. Every swain is supposed to have a lady-\\nlove, and if he lived on Swain s Avenue, and if she\\nhappened to live on this street, what name could be\\nmore appropriate\\nr was cvt-r thus the sighing swain\\nWould seek his love in Lady s Lane.\\nLovers Lane, 1857, a favorite meeting-place,\\nyears ago, for lovers old and young.\\nLeverett. 183S. William Leverett Woodbridge,\\nland-owner.\\nLewis, 1854, Lewis Cass, governor and senator.\\nLexington Avenue, 1876, in honor of the battle of\\nLe.vington.\\nLafayette Avenue, 1831, Lafayette Street, 1835,\\nMarquis de Lafayette, who rendered our country\\nsuch good service in revolutionary days.\\nEarned, 1826, General Charles Earned, came with\\narmy of General Harrison in War of 1812 and set-\\ntled at I3etroit.\\nLeib, 1863, Judge John L. Leib. land-owner.\\nLorman Avenue, 1875, C. A. Lorman, land-\\nowner.\\nLabrosse, 1835, Dominic Labrosse, of Labrosse\\nfarm.\\nLudden, 1S70, N. T. Ludden, old citizen.\\n*Liberty, 1855, from Liberty Street New York,\\nwhere Mrs. Crane s brother was in business.\\n*Limburg, 1863, Isabella Roest Von Limburg,\\ndaughter of Governor Cass.\\n*Lafferty, 1855, Clement Lafferty, land-owner.\\n*Lafontaine Avenue, 1855, Frangois Lafontaine,\\nof Lafontaine Farm.\\n*La Salle Avenue, 1855. La Salle Avenue (Spring-\\nwells), 1880, after the French explorer, Robert\\nCavelier La Salle, who built the first sailing vessel\\non the lakes in 1679.\\n*Lyell Avenue, 1857, James L. Lyell, banker and\\nland-owner.\\nLangley Street, 18S2, W. H. Langley, member of\\nBoard of Public Works.\\nLewerenz, 1883, F. C. Lewerenz, land-owner.\\nLouis Avenue, 1883, after son of J. L. Miner, land-\\nowner.\\nLothrop venue, 18S3, after G. N. Lothrop.\\nMadison Avenue, 1807, James Madison, fourth\\nPresident of the United States.\\nMonroe Avenue, 1807, James Monroe, fifth Presi-\\ndent of the United States.\\nMeldrum, 1857, George Meldrum, of Meldrum\\nFarm.\\nMilitary Avenue, 1869, from nearness to Fort\\nWayne.\\nMiami Avenue, 1807, iSliami tribe of Indians.\\nMechanic, 1S52, because laid out with design of\\nsupplying cheap lots to laborers.\\nMinnie, 1875, name of wife of C. F. Campau.\\nMacomb, 1835, in honor of the Macomb family,\\nwho were among the earliest English settlers.\\nMacomb Avenue, 1807. General Ale.xander Ma-\\ncomb, for many years stationed at Detroit and after-\\nwards commander-in-chief of the U. S. .^rmy.\\nMullett, 1835, John MuUett, old surveyor and\\nland-owner.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0994.jp2"}, "995": {"fulltext": "STREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\n943\\nMarquette, 1855. Father Jacques Marquette, early\\nJesuit missionary and explorer.\\nMarantette, 186S, maiden name of Mrs. Peter\\nGodfrey.\\nMiddle, 1835, lies in the middle of two avenues.\\nMother, 1872. This street very properly lies side\\nby side with Father Street.\\n.Miner .Vvenue, 1875, J. L. Miner, land-owner.\\nMarion, 1850, Marion Forsyth, friend of Albert\\nCrane.\\nMack, 1S55, John .M. Mack, old settler aiul land-\\nowner.\\nMontcalm, 1835, the French .c^eneral. Marquis de\\nMontcalm, who was killed at the battle of Quebec\\nin 1759.\\nMichigan Avenue, 1831, Michigan Grand Avenue,\\n1807. Certainly an appropriate name in the metrop-\\nolis of the State.\\nMorse, 1836. S. 13. Morse, old citizen and land-\\nowner.\\nMoore Avenue, 1881, Joseph B. Moore, land-\\nowner.\\n*Michipicoten, 1869, after Michipicoten Bay on\\nLake Superior, where J. \\\\V. Johnston had a large\\nlanded interest.\\nMarcy, 1852, Mary Marcy of Greenwich, Mass.,\\nfriend of W. B. Wesson.\\nMt. Hope Avenue. 1857, laid out in the year of\\nthe panic with the hope of better times.\\nMt. Elliott Avenue, 1861, from the cemetery\\nwhich it passes.\\nMitchell Avenue, 1875, Mrs. E. A. Mitchell, grand-\\ndaughter of B. Campau,\\nMaybury Avenue, 1866, Thomas Maybury, land-\\nowner.\\nMartin Avenue, 1878, Stephen Martin, old citi-\\nzen.\\nMargaret, 1857, Christian name of Mrs. Charles\\nL. Hurd.\\nMaiden Lane, 1836, from Maiden Lane, New\\nYork City, in 1836 a leading wholesale street.\\nMcGraw Avenue, 1880, I homas McGraw, land-\\nowner.\\n*McCune .Avenue. 1878. James N. M. McCunc,\\nland-owner.\\nMcClellan Avenue, 1876, General George IS. Mc-\\nClellan, U. S. A.\\nMcDougall .A. venue, 1 868, George McDougall,\\nearly settler and sheriff.\\nMcMillan. 1S80, James McMillan, of Michigan\\nCar Works. Street named by Walter Crane.\\nMcGinnis, 1878, Patrick .McGinnis, land-owner.\\nMcKinstry, 1875, Major O. I McKinstry, of U.\\nS. .Army.\\nMcLean, 1862, Arch McLean, friend of Albert\\nCrane.\\nMagnolia, 1862, a favorite .southern tree.\\nMaple, 1840, a shade tree for which Detroit is\\nnoted.\\nMulberry, 1857, a reminder of the excitement of\\nmany years ago over the prospective fortunes to be\\nmade by growing the trees and raising cocoons; the\\nmulberry was once plentiful in this region.\\nMyrtle, 1856, an evergreen flowering shrub.\\nMoran, 1855, Charles Moran, land-owner.\\nMaria, 1852, name of sister of W. B. Wesson.\\nMiller, 1S54, J. F. Miller, land-owner.\\nMarkcy, 1873, Christian Markey, land-owner.\\nMark, 1857, Mark Howard, of Hartford, friend\\nof W. B. Wesson.\\nMedbury, 1878, S. Medbury, land-owner.\\nMerrick, 1857, Rev. J. M. Merrick, of Hardwick,\\nMass., the native town of W. B. Wesson.\\nMary Mott, 1877, Mary Mott, niece of Mrs. J.\\nR. Williams.\\nMott .Avenue, 1876, John T. Mott, land-owner.\\nMessmore Road, 1832, Mr. Messmore was an old\\nsettler.\\nMorton, 1880, Mrs. Maria Wesson Morton, wife\\nof J. D. Morton, of Boston, Mass., friend of W. I!.\\nWesson.\\nMontgomery Avenue, 1855, General Richard\\nMontgomery, killed in the attack on Quebec, Decem-\\nber 31, 1775.\\nMilwaukee Avenue, 1882, leads toward Milwaukee\\nJunction.\\nMarston Court, 18S4, Isaac Marston, former\\nJudge of Supreme Court.\\nNinth .Avenue, 1876. Nineteenth, 1867.\\nNail Avenue, 1S74, Charles J. Nail, land-owner.\\nNoble, 1870, Charles W. Noble, land-owner.\\n*Noyes, 1852, William R. Noyes, old citizen.\\nStreet named by W. B. Wesson.\\nNewberry, 1880, John S. Newberry, of Michigan\\nCar Works. Street named by Walter Crane.\\nNational .Avenue, 1868, suggests its own origin.\\nNapoleon, 1S57, a truly appropriate name in a city\\nfounded by the French.\\nNorton, 1873, Norton P. Otis, of Yonkers, friend\\nof W. B. Wesson.\\nNorth, 1840, from its location just north of\\nGratiot Road.\\nOrleans, 1854, decidedly French, and recalls the\\nMaid of Orleans.\\nOttawa, 1855, after the Ottawa tribe. Ottawa is\\nthe Algonquin word for trader.\\nOhio, 1855, our neighboring State, and first one\\nformed from the Northwest Territory.\\nOtis, 1873, Norton P. Otis, friend of N\\\\ II.\\nWesson.\\nOrchard, 1836. Methinks there is the smell of\\napple-blossoms.\\nOrange, 1855. Oranges and orange-blossoms,\\nfragrant and fair.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0995.jp2"}, "996": {"fulltext": "944\\nSTREET NAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\n*Oak, 1836, a reminder of the oak openings\\nfor which the State was noted.\\nOakley, 1857, Henry A. Oakley, of New York,\\nfriend of W. B. Wesson.\\nOntario, 1857, Lake Ontario.\\nOtto Avenue, 1873, Otto Weber, son of Henry\\nWeber, land-owner.\\n*OceoIa, 1855, the celebrated Seminole chief of\\nFlorida. Albert Crane owned land near Oceola,\\nMichigan.\\nOakland Avenue, 1884, leads towards the county\\nof Oakland.\\nPrentiss Avenue, 1878, George Prentiss, land-\\nowner.\\nPiquette Avenue, 1876, Angelique Piquette,\\ndaughter of B. Campau.\\nPlymouth Avenue, 1875. part of road leading to\\nvillage of Plymouth.\\nPelouze, 1880, Major L. H. Pelouze, friend of W.\\nB. Wesson, Assistant-Adjutant General of U. S.\\n.Army, stationed in Detroit for many years.\\nPrescott, 1865, W. H. Prescott, historian.\\n*Palmer, 1835, Thomas Palmer, old citizen.\\nPalmer Avenue, 1874, Thomas W. Palmer, sen-\\nator.\\nPierpont, 1853, named by F. J. B. Crane, after a\\nstreet in Albany, New York.\\nPutnam .Avenue, 1869. Israel Putnam, hero of\\nrevolutionary fame, and of the wolf story, here with\\nBradstreet in 1764.\\nPontchartrain, 1868, perpetuates the first French\\nname of Detroit, so-called after Count Pontchartrain.\\nPlum, 1836, wild plums were native to this region.\\nPoplar, 1856, a shade tree which is no longer\\npopular.\\nPine, 1836, a forest tree, and an abundant source\\nof wealth in Michigan.\\nPitcher, 1866, Dr. Zina Pitcher, an old citizen and\\nex-mayor.\\nParsons, 1867, Philo Parsons, land-owner.\\nPeterboro, 1859, named by James Scott, from the\\ntown in N. H. in which his father, John, was born.\\nPreston, 1S70, David Preston, banker and land-\\nowner.\\nPerkins, 1880, Miss Mary Baldwin Perkins, of\\nWarren. Ohio, relative of Mrs. W. B. Wesson.\\nPlumer, 1873, S. A. Plumer, land-owner.\\nProspect, 1847, named by S. B. Morse. It was\\nso far away from the city in 1847 that only pros-\\npectively could it be called a street.\\nPallister Road. i860, Thomas Pallister, land-owner.\\nPark Place, 1S67, bounds West Park.\\n*Park (Ninth Ward), 1861, near Macomb Park.\\nPark, 1835, from its starting place at Grand\\nCircus Park.\\nPark Avenue. 1880, so-called from several small\\nparks laid out in center of the street.\\nParker Avenue, 1876, Thomas A. Parker, land-\\nowner.\\nPearl, 1853, from Pearl Street, New York.\\nPleasant, 1880, so named from the view it pre-\\nsented. While being laid out everybody said,\\nWhat a pleasant street.\\nPaton, 1875, William Paton, land-owner.\\nPhilip, 1875, Philip Campau, son of C. F. Cam-\\npau, land-owner.\\nPorter, 1835, Augustus S. Porter, senator from\\n1840 to 1845. Moses Porter, first .American captain\\nin Detroit, took possession of post in 1796.\\n*Porter Road, 1832, George B. Porter, one of the\\nterritorial governors.\\n*Peter, 1 864, Peter Godfrey, Land-owner.\\n*Private, 1869, originally for private conven-\\nience.\\nPierce, 1854, Franklin Pierce, elected President\\nthe year this street was laid out.\\nPeter Cooper, 1S83, the New York philanthro-\\npist.\\nRademacher, 1S75, Joseph Rademacher, land-\\nowner.\\nRiver Road, 1812, runs along margin of river.\\nReeder, 1880, Edwin Reeder, land-owner.\\nRoehm, 1872, Roehm family who laid out the\\nproperty.\\nRiopelle, 1850, Dominic Riopelle, of Riopelle\\nFarm.\\nRomeyn, 1880, Theodore Romeyn, old citizen.\\nRanspach, 1876, John Ranspach, land-owner.\\nRoUin, 1873, Charles Rollin Otis of New \\\\uvk.\\nfriend of W. B. Wesson.\\nRose, 1868, Rose Porter, youngest daughter of\\nGovernor George B. Porter.\\nRegular Avenue, 1875, from the Regulars, quar-\\ntered at Fort Wayne.\\nRowena, 1878, Rowena Hunt, wife of .\\\\lfred E.\\nBrush.\\nRandall, 1S57, Sir. Randall of New York, friend\\nof C. E. Bressler, land-owner.\\nRowland, 1835, Major Thomas Rowland of the\\nWar of 181 2. He held various public offices.\\nRandolph, 1S28, John Randolph of Roanoke,\\nirginia.\\nRivard, 1833, Antoine Rivard, of Rivard Farm.\\nRussell, 1835, William Russell, brother-in-law of\\nBen. Woodworth.\\n*Railroad, 1S52, one end terminated at the D.\\nM. R. R.\\nRailway Avenue, 1880, runs alongside the Grand\\nTrunk R. R.\\nRich Street, 1882, Charles A. Rich, land-owner.\\nReed Place, 18S2, George W. Reed, land-owner.\\nRoss Avenue, 18S3, Walter Ross, Justice of the\\nPeace.\\nRayne, 1883, Mrs. M. L. Rayne, authoress.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0996.jp2"}, "997": {"fulltext": "STREET NAMES. AND THEIR ORIGIN.\\n945\\nState, 1835, named the year the State was organ-\\nizeil.\\nSheridan Avenue, 1875, General Phil. Sheridan,\\nU. S. .-Vrmy.\\nSherman, 1867, General \\\\V. T. Sherman, U. S.\\nArmy.\\nStenton, 1880. Goff Stenton, old citizen, friend of\\nMr. Crawford, land-owner.\\nSpencer. 1863. Elizabeth Spencer, maiden name\\nof Mrs. (lovernor Cass.\\nSpencer, 1881, no rea.son known, simply a careless\\nrepetition of an old name.\\nSilver, 1852, an appropriate companion for Gold\\nStreet.\\nSpruce, 1836, these trees are plentiful in Michi-\\ngan.\\nSpruce (Springwells), 1884, has no special signifi-\\ncance.\\nShelby. 1827, Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky,\\nwho rendered our State memorable service in War\\nof 1812.\\nSecond, 1835, Second Avenue, 1871. Si.xth. 1835.\\nSeventh, 1835. Sixteenth. 1867. Seventeenth, 1867.\\nSeventeenth-and-a-half, 1867.\\nSibley, 1852, Judge Solomon Sibley, first delegate\\nfrom Wayne County to Northwest Assembly.\\nSproat, 1854. Ebenezer Sproat, father-in-law of\\nJudge Sibley, and an officer of the Re\\\\oknionary\\nArmy.\\nStecher, 1877, Martin Stecher, land-owner.\\nSwain Avenue, 1880, Isaac N. Sw-ain, old citizen\\nand land-owner.\\nScotten Avenue, 1867, Daniel Scotten, land-\\nowner.\\nScott, 1836, General Winfield Scott, U. S. .-Xrmy.\\nSouth. 1857, from its direction.\\nSouthern .Avenue. 1S73. from its location at the\\nsouthern end of a tract of land.\\nStimson Place, 1868, Byron G. Stimson, land-\\nowner.\\nShady Lane, 1880, opened through the woods.\\nSullivan Avenue. 1866, Roger Sullivan, who\\nbought the first lot on the street at nonhwest cor-\\nner of Michigan and Sullivan Avenues.\\nSycamore, 1857. a forest tree of Michigan.\\nSelden Avenue. 1 866, Mrs. Deborah Selden Spen-\\ncer, wife of Dr. Joseph Spencer and mother of Mrs.\\nGeneral L. Cass.\\nSummer, 1857, a seasonable name.\\nSpring, 1857, a seasonable name.\\nSt. Aubin Ave, 1847, Francis St. Aubin, of St.\\nAubin P arm.\\n*St. LawTence, 1851, St. Lawrence River, to\\nwhich the waters of the Detroit flow.\\nSt. .\\\\ntoine. 1S26. named by Antoine Beaubien,\\nSt. Antoine being his patron saint.\\nSt. Jo:;cph, 1854, named by Oliver Bellair for one\\nof his sons, whose patron saint was St. Joseph.\\nThis street name and St. Antoine existed as early\\nas 1782, and are the only names of the old town\\npreserved.\\nSt. Clair Place, 1870, .Arthur St. Clair, first tlov-\\nernor, of Northwest Territory.\\nScoville Avenue, 1874, D.J. Scoville, land-owner.\\nShoemaker Road, 1850, W. Shoemaker, land-\\nowner.\\nSuperior, 1836, Lake Superior, largest lake in the\\nworld.\\nStowe. 1857, Harriet Beecher Stowe, authoress.\\nStanley, 1857, J. M. Stanley, artist.\\nSpringwells Avenue, 1875, from the township in\\nwhich it is located.\\n*Se\\\\vard, i860, William H. Seward, the noted\\nstatesman.\\nStephen, 1852. Stephen K. Stanton, .son of Gen-\\neral H. Stanton.\\nStanton, 1852, General Henry Stanton, U. .S.\\nArmy.\\nStark Avenue, 1881, F. .X. Stark, land-owner.\\nSears Avenue, 1883, Mrs. O. A. Sears, of East\\nSaginaw, land-owner.\\nSargent, 1884, the first secretary of the Northwest\\nTerritory.\\nSylvester, 18S4 Sylvester Rich, .son-in-law of\\nMrs. Henry Zender. land-owner.\\nThird, 1835. Third Avenue, 1873. Tenth, 1 868.\\nTwelfth, 1867. Thirteenth, 1867. Thirteenth-and-\\na-half, 1868. Twentieth. 1870. Twenty-first. 1870.\\nTwenty-second, 1867. Twenty-third, 1868. Twen-\\nty-fourth, 1867. Twenty-fifth, 1872. Twenty-sixth,\\n1872. Twenty-seventh, 1876.\\nThirtieth, Thirty -first, 1874. Thirty second.\\nThirty-third, 1873.\\nTraflic. 1 88 1, so named from present and pro-\\nspective traffic and travel.\\nTuscola, 1855, a name of Indian derivation,\\ncoined by H. R. Schoolcraft, and applied by F. J.\\nB. Crane, who owned land near Tuscola, Mich.\\nTorrey Avenue, 1868, Joseph W. Torrey, former\\nprobate judge of Wayne County.\\nTillman Avenue, 1868, J. W. Tillman, old citizen.\\nToledo Avenue, 1873, commemorates the Toledo\\nWar.\\nTrumbull Avenue, 1858, Judge John Trumbull,\\nfather of Mrs. Governor Woodbridge and author of\\nMcFingal.\\nT. J. Campau, 1869. Theodore J. Campau, land-\\nowner.\\nTheodore, 1876, Theodore Williams, land-owner.\\nTheodore Avenue (Springwells), 1872, Theodore\\nG. Williams, land-owner.\\nTownsend, 1875. E. D. Townsend, adjutant-\\ngeneral of U. S. Army.\\nThierry Avenue, 1 874, James Thierry, land-owner.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0997.jp2"}, "998": {"fulltext": "946\\nCHANGES IN NAMES.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Thompson, 1852, David Thompson, land-owner.\\n*Trovvbrid,t(e, 1861, C. C. Trowbridge, old citizen\\nand ex-mayor.\\n*Thrombley, 1849, Charles J. Thronibley, land-\\nowner.\\nThomas, 1875. Thomas Kinsman Adams, land-\\nowner.\\nUnion, 1852, a patriotic name.\\nVolunteer Avenue, 1874, a military name in\\nremembrance of the volunteers of i860 and 1861.\\nX ernor, 1880, ISenjamin Vernor, prominent citizen.\\nVienna, 1870, the capital of Austria.\\nVisger, 1873, James A. Visger, land-owner.\\nVulcan Avenue, 1872, the Greek God of Fire.\\nVine, 1852, wild grape-vines, indigenous to\\nMichigan.\\nVinewood Avenue, 1856. When this street was\\nlaid out large numbers of trees along its route were\\novergrown with native grape-vines, hence from the\\nwords vine and wood the name originated.\\nWine, 1857. This name is popularly associated\\nwith the two preceding names.\\nWayne, 1828, Major-General Anthony Wayne,\\nU. S. Army.\\nWight, 1857, Buckminster Wight, land-owner.\\nWalker, 1S63, Henry N. Walker, land-owner.\\nWoodbridge, 1826, William Woodbridge, secre-\\ntary and governor of Territory of Michigan and\\ndelegate to Congress.\\nWesley, 1858, John Wesley. A lot one-half the\\nlength of this street was given to the M. E. Church\\nby Governor Woodbridge.\\nWest Park Place, 1870, bounds West Park.\\nWashington, 1 869, George Washington Johnston,\\nson of J. W. Johnston.\\nWashington Grand Avenue, 1807, George Wash-\\nington, first President of the United States.\\nWing, 1855, Austin E. Wing, Delegate to Con-\\ngress from Territory of Michigan.\\nWing Place, 1870, Nelson H. Wing, land-owner.\\nWoodward Avenue, 1807, Judge Augustus B.\\nWoodward, one of the first judges of the Territory\\nof Michigan, and author of the Plan of 1806.\\nWinder, 1852, Colonel John Winder, land-owner.\\nWebster, 1852, Daniel Webster, statesman.\\nWelch Avenue, 1873, C. M. Welch, land-owner.\\nWilkins, 1854, Hon. Ross Wilkins, for many\\nyears judge of the U. S. District Court at Detroit.\\nWatson, 1S54, Joseph Watson, secretary of the\\nLand Board of Governor and Judges of Detroit.\\nWilliams, 1835, General John R. Williams, old\\ncitizen and adjutant-general of Territory of Mich-\\nigan.\\nWilliams Avenue, 1S68. General A. S. Williams,\\nrepresentative in Congress.\\nWilliams Avenue (Greenfield), 1883, John C.\\nWilliams, land-owner.\\nWalnut, 1850; walnut trees are plentiful in Mich-\\nigan.\\nWesson Avenue, 1873. William B. Wesson, land-\\nowner.\\nWhipple, 1857, William L. Whipple, land-owner.\\nWinter, 1857, the winter of our discontent.\\nWitherell, 1 868, Hon. James Witherell, one of the\\nterritorial judges.\\nWarren Avenue, 1869, *Warren, 1838, General\\nJoseph Warren, of revolutionary fame.\\nWaterloo, 1840, an English reminder.\\nWesterloo, 1855, so named by F. J. B. Crane,\\nafter the street in Albany, N. V., where his wife\\nwas born.\\nWillis Avenue, 1863, Mrs. A. M. Willis, land-\\nowner.\\nWalter, 1871, Walter Crane, old citizen and land-\\nowner.\\nWest End Avenue, 1875, from its location at west\\nend of Springwells.\\nWaterman Avenue, 1861, Daniel C. Waterman,\\nfather-in-law of Albert Crane.\\nWhiting, 1850, Dr. J. L. Whiting, old citizen.\\nWhitney, 1855, Mr. Whitney, of Boston, friend\\nof Albert Crane.\\nWhitwood, 1880, D. C. Whitwood, old citizen and\\ne.x-comptroller.\\nWabash, 1882; the depot of the Wabash Rail-\\nroad is at the foot of this street.\\nWheelock Avenue, 1883, after Rebecca Wheel-\\nock, maiden name of mother of M. W. Field.\\nWilliam E., 1883, after W. E. Barker, land-owner.\\nYoung, 1883, a carelessly given name, intended\\nas a reminder of Yonge Street, Toronto.\\nZender, 1S74, Henry Zender, land-owner.\\nCH.\\\\NGES IN N.\\\\1IES.\\nIf one of the residents of the olden time were to\\nrise from his grave, he would be troubled to find\\neven the names of streets familiar in bygone days.\\nThe streets of the town as they were prior to 1805\\nhave entirely disappeared those named St. Louis,\\nSt. Ann, St. James, and St. Honore, all passed away\\nin the fire.\\nThe Governor and Judges originally intended to\\nlocate the Court House in the center of the Grand\\nCircus and Woodward Avenue, on their first plan,\\nwas designated Court House Avenue. In the final\\nplan of 1806 it was called by its present name. On\\nDecember 17, 1818, an Act of the Governor and\\nJudges changed the name between Campus Martius\\nand Adams Avenue to Congress Avenue, but, not-\\nwithstanding this action, common usage sanctioned\\nthe name Woodward .A. venue for the entire -length\\nup to Adams Avenue. From this street north, it\\nwas at first laid out only one half of its present\\nwidth. The west side was first opened, and was", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0998.jp2"}, "999": {"fulltext": "CHANGES IN NAMES.\\n947\\ncalled W itherell Street. It was also known by the\\nnames Pontiac Road and Saginaw Turnpike. Tra-\\ndition says that this portion was laid out and named\\nduring the absence of Judge Woodward. When\\nhe returned, and found what had been done, he\\nsaid the street was rightly named Witherell, for it\\nwithered all his plans. He was told that he ought\\nnot to find fault, for he had named Woodward Ave-\\nnue after himself. He replied that he had named it\\nWoodward, not because that was his name, but be-\\ncause the street actually ran wood-ward, towards the\\nwoods. He also claimed that Woodbridge Street\\nwas not named after the governor, but from the wood-\\nbridge over the Savoyard on the line of the street.\\nOn a city map published in 1S37, a number of\\nstreets appeared which had no existence, as the prop-\\nerty through which they ran had not been sub-di-\\nvided. The names were given as possible names, and\\nwere as follows George Street, now High, was called\\nEarl, Henry was called Warren, Sproat was called\\nAllegan, Bagg was called St. Joseph, Charlotte was\\ncalled Louis, Peterboro was called Morse, Prospect\\nwas called Le Grand, Pearl was called Gaines, Gra-\\ntiot from Randolph to Antoine was called St. Mary,\\nand as late as 1847 t was sometimes so designated.\\nIt was also called the Fort Gratiot Road, and a por-\\ntion of the west end was called Virginia Street.\\nAnother street by this last name once existed\\nnear Randolph, between Congress and Earned\\nStreets. Franklin Street between Randolph and\\nBrush Streets is recorded as Berthelet Alley. Mr.\\nMcCabe, in his Directory of 1 837, gave names to\\nvarious alleys, but the names were not retained.\\nHis list of alleys embraced the names of Bolivar,\\nCsesar, Centre, Commercial, Emily, Furnace, Julius,\\nMcCabe, Poline. Railroad, and Therese. The alley\\nin the rear of the present First National Bank he\\ncalled School Lane. It will be noticed that his own\\nname, Julius P. Bolivar McCabe, was to be per-\\npetuated in the names of at least three of the alleys.\\nThe more recent changes in names of streets, as\\nmade by various ordinances, are as follows\\nAlexander to Wight, July 9, 1867.\\nArch to Bagg, April 29, 1882.\\nBrevoort to Twenty-second, July 9, 1867.\\nBlanche to Rowena, July 6, 1878.\\nBratshaw to Palmer Avenue, December 31, 1881.\\nCanfield to Bagg, July 9, 1867.\\nChestnut to Canfield, July 9, 1867.\\nCharlotte to Witherell, July 9, 1867.\\nChicago Road to Michigan Avenue, July 9, 1S67.\\nCemetery to High, July 9, 1867.\\nCherry to Bronson, July 9, 1867.\\nCampau to McDougall Avenue, June 17, 1870.\\nChase to Bratshaw, April 29, 1S82.\\nCircus East to Williams, July 9, 1867.\\nCircus West to Park, July 9, 1867.\\nCampbell to Selden Avenue. April 22, 1882.\\nDudley to Tenth, July 9, 1867.\\nDavidson to Antietam, July 9, 1867.\\nElm to Marion, July 9, 1867,\\nEarl to High, October i. 1866.\\nEdmund Street to Edmund Place, December 20,\\n1881.\\nFrancis to Federal, July 9, 1867.\\nFrazer to Chestnut, July 9. 1867.\\nFarrar (part of) to Barclay Place, September 7,\\n1876.\\nFourth Street to Fourth Avenue. May 24, 1 882.\\nFourteenth Street to Fourteenth Avenue, August\\n6, 1874.\\nFremont Street to Canfield Ave., August 23, 18S2.\\nGeorge to High, November 21, 1S74.\\nGrand River Street to Grand River Avenue, May\\n13, 1871.\\nGodfroy Avenue to Fourteenth, July 9, 1867.\\nGrand Street to Alexandrine, June 14, 1869.\\nHenry to Howard, July 9, 1867.\\nHolden Road to Holden Ave., December 31, 1881.\\nHelen to Garfield Avenue, July 3, 1882.\\nHigh to Sherman. July 9. 1867.\\nHolbrook to Twenty-first, July 9. 1867.\\nHoward to Lafayette Avenue, August 6, 1874.\\nJuliette to Wilkins, March 21, 1870.\\nJames to Alfred, March 21,1 870.\\nJupiter to Chene, July 9, 1867.\\nLiberty to Fulton, June 14, 1869.\\nLaurel to Fulton, June 14, 1869.\\nLimburg to Charlotte Ave., September 27, 1869.\\nLafferty to Thirteenth, July 9, 1867.\\nLafontaine Avenue to Fifteenth, July 9, 1867.\\nLaSalle Avenue to Sixteenth. July 9, 1867.\\nLafayette Street West to Lafayette Ave., August\\n25, 1868.\\nLyell Avenue to Twenty-third, April 25. 1868.\\nMcCune Ave. to Milwaukee Ave., July 3, 1882.\\nMontgomery Ave. to Mt. Elliott Ave., July 9, 1867.\\nMichipicoten to Arndt, September 8, 1881.\\nMaria to Selden Avenue, April 22, 1S82.\\nNorth to Division, March 21, 1S70.\\nNinth Ave. to Trumbull Ave., April 25, 1876.\\nNapoleon to Baldwin Place, January 28, 1876.\\nNoyes to Charlotte Avenue, September 22, 1883.\\nOceola to Brigham, June 14, 1869.\\nOak to High, November 21, 1874.\\nPark to Park Place, July 9, 1867.\\nPalmer to West Park Place, March 21, 1870.\\nPorter Road to Twenty-third, July 9, 1S67.\\nPeter to Thirteenth-and-a-half, April 25. 1868.\\nPark to Rose, July 9, 1867.\\nPine to Guoin, July 9, 1867.\\nPoplar to Grant, July 9, 1867.\\nPrivate to Chase, January 8, 1870", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_0999.jp2"}, "1000": {"fulltext": "948\\nCHANGES IN NAMES.\\nRailroad to Watson, June 14, 1869.\\nSeward to Leland, March 21, 1870.\\nState to Gratiot, July 9, 1867.\\nStephen to Baker, July 9. 1867.\\nSt. Clair to Twentieth, July 9, 1867.\\nStanton to Seveuteenth-and-a-half, July 9, 1867.\\nSelden to Selden Avenue, April 24, 18S2.\\nSt. Lawrence to Montcahii, July 9, 1867.\\nSecond to Second Avenue, June 9, 1871.\\nStimson to Stimson Place, March 25, 1873.\\nThompson to Twelfth, July 9, 1S67.\\nThirteenth-and-a-half to Wabash Avenue. July 3,\\n1882.\\nTrowbridge to Seventeenth, July 9, 1S67.\\nTrombley to Harriet, March 21, 1870.\\nThird to Third Avenue, September 26, 1873.\\nTwenty-third to Twenty-fourth. April 25, 1868.\\nWhiting to Eighteenth, July 9, 1867.\\nWine to Eighteenth-and-a-half, July 9, 1S67.\\nWing to Nineteenth, July 9, 1867.\\nWing Place to Labrosse, April 24, 1877.\\nWarren to Napoleon, October i, 1866.\\nWhitney to Alfred, Eebruary 14, 1870.\\nWaterloo to Antietani, July 9, 1867.\\nWitherell to Woodward Avenue, July 9, 1867.\\nWest Park Place to Park Place, November 2,\\n1878.\\nWalnut to Bagg. April 29, 1882.\\nIn this connection the following extract, from a\\nreport made in 1S82 by the writer to the Common\\nCouncil, contains facts that are pertinent and sug-\\ngestive\\nThe frequent changini^ of street names, in various parts of the\\ncity, and at irregular intervals, is a serious annoyance, and if all\\nchanges known to be desirable at any one time were made by the\\nsame ordinance, the public convenience would be greatly pro-\\nmoted. A list of all changes could then be preserved until the\\nuL-w names had gained a place in speech and memory.\\nThe general plan of the city is well established, and all changes\\nnnv/ desirable can be easily determined, and both citizens and\\nstrangers would be benefited by a systematic and thorough\\nrevision of the street names.\\nComparatively few alterations are necessary. There is no oc-\\ncasion for delay, and every year increases the difficulties arising\\nfrom duplicate names, or names of similar sound ;.and obstacles\\nin the way of making changes will constantly increase.\\nThe suburban duplication of the street names of Detroit is also\\na growing evil for which there is no excuse or necessity. The\\ncity cannot control the naming of streets in the adjoining town-\\nships, but such legislation should be secured as would prevent\\nany suburban street, not in line with a city street, from being\\ncalled by the same name. Sooner or later, large portions of Ham-\\ntramck and Springwells will be attached to the city, and the\\nnumber of duplicate street names will be greatly increased, unless\\nthe evil is remedied.\\nThe naming of streets ought not to be left to the caprice of\\nindividuals. Street names are for the public convenience, and\\nmore attention should be paid to sense and sound. The further\\nintroduction of names nearly allied in spelling and pronunciation\\nto names already in use, should be prohibited. Vexatious delays,\\nconfusion, and loss are of daily occurrence through the similarity\\nof names, or because of mispronunciation. Street names should\\nbe of such a character that their pronunciation would be easily\\napparent.\\nFar less thought has been bestowed upon this subject than its\\nimportance demands. Some of our streets have such foolish and\\nill-sounding names that, should unforeseen improvements make\\ntheir locality desirable, one of the first suggestions would be a\\nnew street name.\\nWith a genealogy dating from the dawning of the si,xteenth\\ncentury, we would do well to give special heed to our historic\\npast, and strive to preser\\\\ e its memories in our street names as\\nwell as in our story. Street names approach immortality. Gov-\\nernments change, political parties die, officials and constituents\\npass into oblivion, buildings are burned, pavements uprooted, but\\nwell-chosen street names usually live as long as the city stands.\\nA street name is a more valuable and a more perpetual memorial\\nthan a monument of bronze or granite. They may be destroyed\\nor defaced, but street names live though a city is burned. Every-\\nthing tends to perpetuate and preserve them land titles, business\\nnotices, social facts, city records, and in fact almost all the details\\nof municipal government unite to fasten them in the memory and\\nhand them down to the future. There are no other names jn\\nconnection with the life of a city that are so frequently used as the\\nnames of its streets; and no other names are so frequently\\nthought of and talked of by both residents and strangers. We\\nare compelled to know and memorize them, and everything com-\\nbines to repeat and reiterate them. As an instrumentality for pre-\\nserving the remembrance of individuals and facts, they have no\\nequal.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1000.jp2"}, "1001": {"fulltext": "PART XII\\nSUPPLEMENTAL.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1001.jp2"}, "1002": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1002.jp2"}, "1003": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER L X X X I X\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nIn order to show the relation of various events to\\neach other, and for the sake of giving- a historic\\nsummary of the more important events that have\\naffected the interests of Detroit, the following Chro-\\nnological Table has been prepared. With its aid\\nthe events that give character to each epoch may\\nbe easily traced, and the chapter as a whole consti-\\ntutes a complete epitome of the history of the city.\\nIn addition to the more important dates given in\\nappropriate chapters, the table contains a large\\nnumber of interesting items on various subjects for\\nwhich no suitable place was found in the body of\\nthe work\\n1603. The Detroit River is described by Indians\\nto Champlain.\\n1658. March 5. Antoine I^aumet de la Mothe\\nCadillac bom.\\n1670. Spring. Fathers Galinee and DoUier visit\\nthe region of Detroit.\\n1679. August 10. The Griffon, with La .Salle,\\npas.ses through the Detroit. The first sail-vessel on\\nthe lakes.\\n1687. May 19. M. de Tonty visits the site of\\nDetroit.\\nSeptember 6. Baron de La Hontan visits this\\nlocality.\\n1694. September 16. Cadillac appointed com-\\nmandant at Mackinaw.\\n1701. July 24. Cadillac and his company arrive\\nto establish a permanent fort ;ind sctllenient at\\nDetroit.\\nJuly 26. Foundations for first chapel laid.\\n1703. June 28. Thirty Huron Indians arrive\\nfrom Mackinaw to settle at Detroit.\\nIn thi^ yeai, during an Indian attack, the church\\nwas burned.\\n1704. February 2. Eaplisni of first white child,\\na daughter of Cadillac.\\n1706. June 6. The Ottawas attack the French\\nand Miamis. Cadillac given entire control of Detroit.\\n1707. March 10. First known grant of land by\\nCadillac.\\nAugust 6 to 10. Great council of chiefs at Fort\\nPontchartrain.\\n1709. Second Church of St. Anne built.\\n1710. May 5. Fir.st recorded marriage between\\nwhite people at Detroit.\\n1712. iVlay 13. M. de Vincennes, from the\\nMiami country, with seven other Frenchmen, arrives.\\nThe Indians attack Fort Pontchartrain and are\\ndefeated by Du Buisson. Church of St. Anne\\nburned.\\n1717. July 3. M. Tonty, commander of the\\npost, returns from a visit to Montreal. In this year\\nthe Fox Indians made an attack on the fort, but\\ndid little harm.\\n1718. Fort Pontchartrain rebuilt.\\n1721. June 6. Father Charlevoix arrived. He\\nleft June iS.\\n1723. Third Catholic Church erected.\\n1746. The fort attacked by the Indians. Pontine\\nand his tribe aided in defending it.\\n1747. September 22. A large number of Ijoats\\nwith 1 50 soldiers arrived from Montreal.\\n1749. First large emigration to Detroit, necessi-\\ntating enlargement of the fort.\\n1755. Fort again enlarged because of arrival of\\nnew settlers. Fourth Church of St. Anne erected.\\nMarch 16. Bishop Henri Dubreuil de Pontbriand\\nvisits Detroit.\\n1760. November 29. Fort Pontchartrain sur-\\nrendered by the French to the English.\\n1761. September 3. Sir Wni. Johnson. Superin-\\ntendent of Indian tribes, and his party arrive.\\n1763. April 27. Pontiac completes plans for\\nhis conspiracy.\\nMay 6. Pontiac s conspiracy revealed to Gladwin.\\nMay 7. Gladwin exposes Pontiac s treachery.\\nMay 10. Pontiac begins his attack.\\nMay 12. The Indians surround the fort, firing\\nfrom morning till evening.\\nMay 21. Schooner Gladwin dispatched to ha.sten\\nsupplies from Niagara.\\nJune 3. Receipt of news of the treaty of peace\\nbetween France and England and of the cession of\\nDetroit.\\nJune 30. Schooner Gladwin returned witli 60\\ntroops, and a supply of ammunition and provisions.\\nJuly 3. Inhabitants collected to hear the Articles\\nof Peace between France and England.\\nCopyright, 1884, by Silas Farmer.\\n[9Sll", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1003.jp2"}, "1004": {"fulltext": "95-\\nTHE ANXALS OF DETROIT.\\nJuly 8. Many of the principal inhabitants bring\\ntheir goods inside of the fort for safe l eeping.\\nJuly lo. The Indians sought to set fire to the\\nvessels in the river by means of a raft filled with\\nfagots, birchbark. and tar. No damage was done.\\nJuly 29. Several sloops and schooners arrived\\nwith 300 soldiers commanded by Captain Dalvell.\\nJuly 31. Battle of Bloody Run or Bloody Bridge.\\nDefeat and death of Captain Dalyell.\\nAugust 6. Schooner arrived with 80 barrels of\\nprovisions, a large quantity of naval stores, and\\nsome merchandise.\\nAugust 13. Schooners Beaver and Gladwin left\\nfor provisions.\\nAugust 28. The Beaver with guns and cargo\\nlost at Cat Fish Creek.\\nSeptember 3. The Indians burned a windmill\\nabout 300 yards from the fort.\\nSeptember 5. Schooner Gladwin arrived with 47\\nbarrels of flour and 160 barrels of pork.\\nOctober 3. A schooner arrived with 185 barrels\\nof provisions.\\nOctober 19. Through councils held with some\\ntribes of friendly Indians, wheat and flour were ob-\\ntained.\\n1764. March II. An attempt was made by some\\ntraitor to fire the magazine, but the brand fortunately\\nwent out.\\nJune 4. The birthday of His Majesty King\\nGeorge III. was celebrated by three volleys from\\nthe troops and three discharges of cannon, and by\\nthe drinking his Majesty s health on parade, by the\\nofficers and several Frenchmen who were invited\\nguests. At night almost the entire town was illumi-\\nnated.\\nAugust 26. Colonel Bradstreet with 1,200 troops\\narrived.\\nAugust 30. All inhabitants over 15 years of age\\nappeared, by order, to renew their oath of allegiance.\\nAugust 31. Gladwin relieved of command of\\nDetroit by Colonel Bradstreet.\\nOctober 20. The sloop Charlotte sailed for Fort\\nErie with 121 packs of peltries, the last of 1,464\\npacks sent since .-^pril.\\n1765. August 17. Colonel George Croghan ar-\\nrived he was sent by the English Government to\\nconciliate the Indian nation who had acted with the\\nFrench.\\nSeptember 26. Colonel Croghan left for Niagara.\\n1770. August 13. Chaplain Turring solemnized\\na marriage. He was the first Protestant minister\\nknown to have been in Detroit.\\n1774- June 22. Quebec Act passed. First civil\\ngovernment provided by English for territory includ-\\ning Detroit.\\n1775- June 9. Martial law proclaimed by Sir\\nGuy Carlton.\\nAugust 6. A boy named George Forsyth was\\nlost in the woods, his two companions running off\\nand leaving him, and on October 2, 1776. the re-\\nmains were found by an Indian near the upper end\\nof the Woodbridge Farm.\\nNovember 9. Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton ar-\\nrived in Detroit.\\n1776. May. Captain Foster and his party leave\\nDetroit for the Cedars.\\nAugust 10. All vessels on the lakes were required\\nto be enrolled at Detroit and placed under control of\\nthe Crown.\\n1777. March 26. John Coutincinau and Ann\\nWyley hanged for larceny.\\nJuly 27. Governor Hamilton reported that he\\nhad already sent out fifteen scalping parties.\\n1778. September 17. Governor Hamilton in-\\ndicted for allowing the execution of Coutincinau.\\nOctober 7. Governor Hamilton and his forces\\nleave for incennes.\\nIn the fall of the year, the erection of Fort Ler-\\nnoult was begun.\\n1779. March 5. Colonel George Rogers Clark\\ncaptures Governor Hamilton and his forces at in-\\ncennes.\\n1780. April 12. Captain Bird s force left for a\\nforay on Kentucky.\\nAugust 4. Captain Bird and party return with\\nseveral hundred prisoners.\\n1781. July 16. Father Pothier killed by a fall.\\nNovember 3. Arrival of the Moravian brethren\\narrested at Sandusky by order of Colonel A. S. De\\nPeyster on charge of aiding the Americans. They\\nwere tried and acquitted November 9, and left De-\\ntroit November 14.\\n1782. March 8. Colonel Williamson and his\\nforces massacre the Moravian Indians on the Mus-\\nkingum.\\nApril 20. The Moravians are again brought to\\nDetroit.\\nJuly 20. The Moravians leave for a new settle-\\nment in what is now Macomb County.\\nNovember 5. The Moravians consecrate their\\nchurch on the Clinton River.\\nNovember 30. Preliminary treaty between Eng-\\nland and America concluded.\\n1783. August II. General Haldimand informs\\nBaron Steuben that he had received no order to de-\\nliver up the posts on the lakes.\\nSeptember 3. Second treaty between England\\nand the United States.\\n1786. April 28. The Moravians are compelled\\nto leave their settlement on the Clinton River.\\n1787. July 13. Ordinance for government of\\nNorthwest Territory passed.\\n1788. July 24. Judicial District of Hesse in-\\ncluding Detroit, created by Canadian authority.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1004.jp2"}, "1005": {"fulltext": "THE AXNALS OF DETROIT.\\n953\\nAugust lo. Visit of Brant, the noted cliicf of\\nthe Six Nations.\\n1790. October 19-22. General Harmer de-\\nfeated by the English and Indians.\\n1791. November 4. Governor St. Clair and his\\narmy defeated by the English and Indians.\\nDecember 9. The .Montreal merchants protest\\nagainst the delivering up of the western posts.\\nDecember 26. Detroit and Michigan become\\npart of Upper Canada.\\n1792. July 16. County of Kent created. It in-\\ncluded all of Michigan, besides other territory.\\nAugust. Election at Detroit of two members to\\nfirst legislature of Upper Canada.\\nSeptember 17. First Canadian legislature con-\\nvenes at Newark.\\nOctober 16. Name of District of Hesse changed\\nto Western District.\\n1794. .A.pril. Governor Simcoe selects site for\\nBritish fort on the Miami.\\nAugust 30. General Wayne defeats the English\\nand Indians.\\nNovember 19. The Jay Treaty between England\\nand United States concluded.\\n1796. January 29. English Court of General\\nQuarter Sessions held its last session in Detroit.\\nJuly II. Detroit first occupied by American\\ntroops.\\nAugust 15. Wayne County first established.\\nAugust 25. Rev. David Jones, Baptist minister,\\nchaplain of General Wayne s army arrives.\\n1797. August 24. Thomas Powers arrives at\\nDetroit in order to interest General Wilkinson in\\nthe French and Spanish intrigue for the possession\\nof Detroit and the West.\\n1798. March 13. First notice of a fire engine\\nat Detroit.\\nMay 10. The grand jury presents cut money as\\na nuisance.\\nMay 22. Governor St. Clair and two judges of\\nthe Supreme Court arrived at 9 A. M.\\nJune. Rev. Gabriel Richard arrives.\\nJuly 27. A large number of armed men came in\\nthe night time to the Grand Marais, and under pre-\\nte.Kt of searching for British deserters, forced open\\nand searched the houses of several inhabitants.\\nThe Court of General Quarter Sessions, on August\\n4, 1798, recommended the inhabitants to collect and\\nseize any such offenders in future, if possible, and\\nbring them to justice.\\nOctober 29. Election ordered for members of\\nGeneral .Assembly of Northwest Territory.\\nDecember 17. First election in Detroit of dele-\\ngates to General Assembly of Northwest Terri-\\ntory.\\n*799- January 14-15. Election of members of\\nNorthwest Assembly at Detroit.\\nFebruary 4. First session of General .Assembly\\nof Northwest Territory began at Cincinnati.\\nMarch 2. Detroit constituted a port of entry.\\nSeptember 16. Second session of General Assem-\\nbly of the Territory of the United States Northwest\\nof the Ohio River held at Cincinnati.\\n1800. May 7. Northwest Territory divided.\\nIndiana Territory created.\\nJune 4. Judges, court officers, lawyers, and lead-\\ning citizens go to Sandwich to celebrate birthday of\\nKing George III.\\nSeptember 1 1 Rev. David Bacon, missionary to\\nthe Indians, arrives on his first visit.\\nNovember 3. General Assembly of Northwest\\nTerritory convenes at Chillicothe.\\nDecember 9. Circuit Court for Wayne County\\ncreated.\\n1801. March 3. First post-road in Michigan\\nestablished. In June of this year Bishop Peter\\nDenaut visited Detroit.\\n1802. January 18. Town of Detroit incorporated.\\nFebruary 9. First se.ssion of Board of Trustees,\\nJames Henry made chairman.\\nFebruary- 1 5. A public meeting of freeholders\\nand housekeepers (a notice of which, WTitten in\\nEnglish and French, had previously been posted on\\nthe engine house, and served by reading on every\\nhousekeeper), was held at Court House to make\\nknown the Act of Incorporation. The Act was\\nread in English and then in French.\\nFebruary 23. First regulations made for preven-\\ntion of fires.\\nApril 17. First town-ta.x voted. This same\\nmonth the trustees prescribed the size and price of\\nloaves of bread.\\nMay 3. First town election. Freedom of cor-\\nporation voted to Solomon Sibley for getting the\\nAct of Incorporation passed and for other eminent\\nservices rendered.\\n1803. January i. Post-office established at\\nDetroit.\\nMarch 3. Present State of Michigan became\\npart of Indiana Territory. In this year troops went\\nfrom here to build first fort at what is now Chicago,\\ngoing overland under command of Lieutenant J. S.\\nSwearingen. Captain John U hi.stlcr, his wife, and\\ntheir son, G. W. Whistler, the subsequent distin-\\nguished Russian engineer, went by water on the\\nschooner Tracey.\\nApril II. Colonel John Frederick Hamtramck,\\ncolonel of First United States Regiment and first\\nAmerican commander of Detroit, died, aged forty-\\nfive years.\\nMay 2. .Second election of corporation of De-\\ntroit. Freedom of corporation voted to Jonathan\\nScheifflin, one of the representatives in Northwest\\nLegislature.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1005.jp2"}, "1006": {"fulltext": "954\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nMay lo. Governor Harrison visits Detroit.\\nSeptember 19. First fire company organized.\\n1804. March 26. First United States land\\noffice established at Detroit and provision made for\\nsettlement of land claims in Michigan.\\nAugust. Rev. Nathan Bangs, first missionarj^ to\\nthe white people of this region, arrived.\\nOctober 13. A town meeting of citizens at Court\\nHouse considered a memorial to be forwarded to\\nCongress, asking for a separate territorial govern-\\nment.\\n1805. January 11. Michigan Territory created.\\nDetnjit, by Act of Congress, declared the seat of\\nthe territorial government.\\nJune II, Detroit burned. Only one building\\nsaved.\\nJune 29. Saturday. Town meeting great num-\\nber of citizens present. Ordinance of April 20,\\n1802, respecting public commons, repealed.\\nJuly 2. Tuesday. Oath of office administered .to\\nthe Governor and Judges and the territorial gov-\\nernment commenced.\\nJuly 4. First session of the Governor and\\nJudges as a Legislature.\\nJuly 9. First law passed by Governor and Judges.\\nJuly 29. Supreme Court of Michigan Territory\\norganized.\\nAugust 19. First session of District Court of\\nTerritory held under a green bower on the grand\\nsquare.\\ni8o6. April 21. Governor and Judges author-\\nized to lay out new town of Detroit.\\nJune 16. Total eclipse of the sun. The follow-\\ning extract of a letter from S. Griswold, Esq., of\\nDetroit, to Francis Gardner, Esq., contained in\\nThe Washinj^-ton Chronicle for September 10, 1806,\\ngives an account of the total eclipse, as it appeared\\nat Detroit, and its effect on the Indians:\\nFor several months this anticipated phenomenon was a sub-\\nject of enquiry with the Indians, as many stories had been told\\nthem, partly by ij^norant and partly by designing persons, of ter-\\nrible thinys which would accompany that evt-nt. The troubled\\naspect of our national affairs with foreign powers facilitated the\\npropagation of visionary and awful predictions. Hundreds came\\nto me to consult on the subject of the eclipse and its threatened\\naccompaniments and consequences some large parties came in\\nfrom a distance on purpose to enquire on this subject. They\\nknew that white people could foretell eclipses, and supposed we\\nmust be able to predict the attendant circumstances of wind and\\nweather and every effect upon the earth. Most of them believe\\nthis faculty is given to white people by the Great Spirit.\\nIt has long (perhaps always) been a general sentiment of\\nIndians, that an eclipse, particularly of the sun, is an expression\\nor rather token, of the anger of the Great Spirit, the degree of\\nhis anger being indicated by the magnitude of the eclipse. The\\nexpectation of a total eclipse, therefore, was sufficient to prepare\\nthem for the reception of every extravagant tale. Among other\\nideas, that of war, bloody war, naturally occurred, and was easily\\nfomented, in conjunction with the then existing circumstances.\\nIt was not difficult for a designing person of Influence among\\nthem to point out to their satisfaction, how and where this calam-\\nity was to take place, and whose blood was to be shed. It is said\\nthe Indians defeated General Harmer on the day of an eclipse,\\nand have since entertained a persuasion that such a ohenomenon\\nis peculiarly unfortunate for Americans, and sufficient to ensure\\nsuccess to Indians if they strike on that day.\\nIt was generally reported, a short time previous to the late\\neclipse, that an attack under its auspices was agreed to be made\\nupon this and other American posts in this quarter.\\nBesides that of war, the minds of the Indians were filled with\\nother terrific anticipations. Some whole villages appeared im-\\npressed that the darkness would be equal to that of the darkest\\nnight, and would continue for months, and many imagined it\\nwould be a dark year. They expected the sun would be put out\\nfor that space of time that vegetables and animals would perish,\\ntogether with most Indians who lived on the casual products of\\nthe chase. The more general expectation was, that it would be\\nonly a dark day, or as they expressed it, a night day. And they\\nsupposed the day would be productive of the most dreadful\\nstorms of wind, hail, and other elementary concussions beyond\\nthe power of man to describe. I found but one Indian out of\\nsome hundreds that came in from the wilderness who appeared to\\npossess any just conception of the expected phenomenon. It was\\nthe son of an intelligent chief now dead, who declared that he\\nhad no fears, for he believed he had seen such a thing when a\\nbov, and his father taught him it was caused by the night-sun\\n(their term for the moon) getting over the day-sun, and thus\\nstopping its light for a short time.\\nSeeing the general attention of the Indians thus excited, and\\nwishing to allay their painful apprehensions, as well as prevent\\nany possible consequences of a serious nature, I thought it my\\nduty to instruct them as far as they were capable of understand-\\ning, into the cause and nature of an eclipse,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 told them the day,\\nand precise time of day, it would happen, its duration, appear-\\nance, etc.; and as to the dreadful accompaniments of storm and\\nwind, I discountenanced such an expectation, though something\\nof the kind might take place, as on other days, but assured them\\nthat they would survive it, and expressed my hope of seeing a\\nclear sky on that day, that I might behold the phenomenon in all\\nits grandeur, and the stars in their glory surrounding it. They\\nwere thankful for these assurances, and some took encourage-\\nment, while others remained fearful and perplexed.\\nThe eclipse made its appearance under every favorable cir-\\ncumstance that could be wished, and agreeable to all I had told\\nthe Indians. The day was remarkably fine, without a cloud or a\\ngust of wind. It commenced here about an hour earlier than the\\ncalculations at New York and Albany. The disc of the sun was\\ncompletely covered for the space of three minutes, the stars ap-\\npeared very brilliant within the compass of the eclipse s shadow\\non every side of the sun s plane. The greatest obscuration was\\nequal to that of the clearest starlight evening. The brutes and\\nthe fowls gave signs that they thought it night, and were retiring\\nto repose when they were recalled by the bursting forth of the\\nlight. Its effects upon the Indians were great. Those whom I\\nsaw during the greatest darkness, appeared thoughtful, but held\\ntheir courage. Others, I was told, ran up and down with agita-\\ntion. Some fell on their knees and prayed, while a few wrapped\\nthemselves in their blankets and lay down to die. After it was\\nseen to pass off without harm, and the day proceeded as usual, all\\ntook courage and became very social.\\nBy the evening many were ready to be drunk. A general\\nmuster of militia had been ordered on that day, which was well\\nattended and had a good effect. Governor Hull had arrived in\\nseason to take the field.\\nSeptember 13. City of Detroit incorporated.\\nSeptember 19. Detroit Bank incorporated.\\nSeptember 29. First election for members of\\nUpper House of Common Council of City of Detroit.\\nNovember 27. A convention of citizens of Mich-\\nigan held to petition Government to take such action", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1006.jp2"}, "1007": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n955\\nas would settle the land titles. The convention\\nlasted until December i.\\n1807. March 3. Congress disapproved of the\\nchartering of the Detroit Bank.\\nMarch 28. The Governor and Judges order wells\\ndug on the commons, now the Campus Martius.\\nThe first brick house was erected this year.\\nAugust 9. The erection of a new stockade was\\nbegun.\\nNovember 17. A council was held with the\\nOttawas, Chippewas, yandottes, and Potowata-\\nmies, and they ceded a large tract of land in the\\neastern part of the State.\\n1808. March 17. St. Patrick s Day first cele-\\nbrated in Detroit.\\nSeptember 10. The Governor and Judges pass a\\nlaw directed against the Detroit Bank.\\nDecember 14. The Park Lots were ordered sur-\\nveyed.\\n1809. February 24. The Act incorporating the\\nCity of Detroit was repealed.\\nMarch 6. Forty-one of the Park Lots were sold\\nat auction.\\nMay 10. The church on the Melcher Farm was\\nconsecrated.\\nAugust 31. The Michigan Essay or Impartial\\nObserver was first issued. It was the first paper\\nprinted in Detroit.\\n1810. The first Protestant church, a Methodist\\nEpiscopal society, was organized.\\n1811. Octobers. Five selectmen or councillors\\nfor district of Detroit were elected.\\nNovember 7. General Harrison defeated the\\nIndians at Tippecanoe.\\nDecember 27. An Indian war being imminent, a\\nmemorial was sent by citizens to Congress, praying\\nfor aid.\\n1812. January 22-23-24. Several earthquake\\nshocks were felt in this city, the severest of which\\nwas on the 24th, at about seven o clock in the even-\\ning.\\nFebruary 7. Another earthquake shock startled\\nthe citizens of Detroit.\\nMay 14. Parade of militia in the evening.\\nJune 18. War declared against Great Britain.\\nJuly 5. General Hull with army from Ohio ar-\\nrived.\\nJuly 12. General Hull crossed to Sandwich and\\nissued a proclamation to the iieoplc inviting them to\\njoin his standard.\\nJuly 29. Lieutenant Hanks and oflicers paroled\\nfrom Fort Mackinaw arrived.\\nAugust 7. General Hull returned to Detroit.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\ugust 16. General Hull surrenders to the Eng-\\nlish.\\n1813. February I. Colonel Proctor orders prom-\\ninent Americans to leave Detroit.\\nSeptember 10. Perry defeats the English on\\nLake Erie.\\nSeptember 28. Fort Detroit evacuated by the\\nEnglish.\\nSeptember 29. General Duncan McArthur takes\\npossession of Detroit Perry s fleet arrives General\\nHarrison issues proclamation restoring citizens and\\nmilitary ollicers to the civil and military status they\\npossessed before Hull s surrender.\\nOctober 2. General Harrison, with 3.500 men.\\nleaves in pursuit of Proctor.\\nOctober 5. Battle of the Thames Proctor de-\\nfeated Tecumseh killed.\\nOctober 6. General Harrison arrives after battle\\nof the Thames.\\nOctober 7. Commodore O. II. Perry returns to\\nDetroit.\\nIn the fall of this year there was great distress\\namong the citizens of Detroit and vicinity from want\\nof provisions. During the following winter 700 of\\nGeneral Harrison s soldiers died of disease.\\n1814. October 9. General Mc.Vrthur and 700\\nmounted rillemen arrive for the defense of Detroit.\\n1815. (Governor Cass brings the first carriage to\\nDetroit.\\nMarch 30. Pacification Ball at Woodworth s\\nHotel in honor of peace between Great Britain and\\nUnited States.\\nAugust 9. Major \\\\Vm. H. Puthuff, of Second\\nUnited States Rifle Regiment, in command at De-\\ntroit, retires from the army, and is presented by\\ncitizens with a complimentary address.\\nSeptember i. Major-Generals Brown and Smith\\nleft in the brig Niagara for Buffalo.\\nSeptember 8. General Harrison concluded a\\ntreaty with Indians.\\nOctober 24. New city charter granted. City\\nlimits extended to include the Cass Farm.\\n1816. April. Part of Michigan Territory given\\nto State of Indiana.\\nApril 18. Indian Council of i 10 Indians at Coun-\\ncil House. The Prophet, a brother of Tecumseh,\\namong them. They conclude a treaty of peace.\\nJune 30. Rev. John Monteith. missionary of the\\nAmerican Board, preached his first sermon in De-\\ntroit.\\nJuly 4. Celebration. Dinner at Whipple s Tavern.\\nNovember. Territorial Bible Society organized.\\n1817. July 25. The Detroit Gazette, a weekly,\\nfirst issued.\\nAugust 1 3. President Monroe arrives.\\nAugust 14. City authorities present President\\nMonroe with an address.\\nAugust 15. Ball at Woodworth s Hotel in honor\\nof the President.\\nAugust 18. President Monroe leaves the city.\\nAugust 26. City Library incorporated.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1007.jp2"}, "1008": {"fulltext": "956\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nSeptember 15. First Kvanyelistic Snciety of\\nDetroit organized.\\nSeptember 24. Corner-.stoiic of University liuild-\\ning laid.\\nOctober 25. .Arrival of mail indicated by the\\nblowing of a horn.\\nDecember 29. Moral and Humane Society or-\\nganized.\\n1818. J.inuarv 14. Lyceum t)f the city of Detroit\\norganized.\\nMarch 31. First church for white inhabitants in\\nMichigan erected on the Rouge.\\nJune I. Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget visits\\nDetroit.\\nJune 2. Bank of Michigan organized.\\nJune 9. Corner-stone of St. Anne s Church laid.\\nJune 22. Meeting of citizens at Council House to\\ntake measures to collect remains of American officers\\nand soldiers massacred at the battle of the Raisin.\\nCommittee appointed to remove them to Detroit.\\nJune 26. The Detroit Gazette says The follow-\\ning very odd circular directed To the Town of De-\\ntroit, as a body corporate, arrived by the last mail:\\nLIGHT GIVES LIGHT TO LIGHT DISCOVER\\nAD INFINITUM.\\n.St. Lol is, Missouki Teuritokv, North America,\\nApril 10, A. D. 181S.\\nTo All the World!\\nI declare tlie earth is hollow, .ind habitable within, containing\\na number of solid concentric spheres, one within the other, and\\nthat it is open at the poles 12 or 16 degrees I jjledge my life in\\nsnpport of tllis truth, and am ready to explore the hollow, if the\\nworld will sii]i] ort and .tid toe in the undertaking.\\nJ.NO. Cle\\\\es Svmmes,\\n0/ Ohio^ late Captain 0/ 1 n/antry\\nN. B. I have ready for the press, a Treatise on the principles\\nof matter, wherein I show proofs of the above positions, account\\nfor various phenomena, and disclose Doctor Darwin s Golden\\nSecret. My terms are the patronage of this and the new worlds.\\nI dedicate to my wife and her ten children. I select Dr. S. L.\\nMitchell, Sir H. Davy, and Baron Alex, de Humboldt, as my\\nprotectors. I ask one hundred brave companions, well equipped,\\nto start from Siberia in the fall season, with reindeer and slays,\\non the ice of the frozen sea I engage we find warm and rich\\nland, stocked with thrifty vegetables and animals, if not men, on\\nreaching one degree northward of latitude 82\u00c2\u00b0 we will return in\\nthe succeeding spring.\\nJuly 4. The day was celebrated in a field in the\\nrear of the residence of Clovernor Cass by a large\\ncollection of gentlemen and officers of the army.\\nJuly 6. First auction sale of public lands in\\nMichigan.\\nJuly 20. Detroit Mechanics .Society organized.\\nJuly 27. A law was passed providing for the\\nwhipping or hiring out of disorderly persons, drunk-\\nards, and others.\\nAugust 8. Interment in Protestant burying\\nground of remains of soldiers massacred at River\\nRaisin. Procession from the Council House. Ora-\\ntion by Samuel T. Davenport.\\nAugust 10. First school in University Building\\nopened.\\nAugust 27. Steamboat Walk-in-the-Water ar-\\nrived at Detroit first trip.\\nSeptember 6, Sunday. On this day a boat\\narrived with Lord Selkirk as a passenger. A suit\\nhad previously been instituted against him, growing\\nout of troubles at his settlement on the Red River,\\nand on arrival of the boat he was arrested. As the\\narrest was made on Sunday, its legality was ques-\\ntioned. The case came on for trial on September\\nJO, at Sandwich. The Grand Jury discussed the\\ncase, but came to no conclusion, and after four\\ndays time had been spent Chief Justice Powell\\nwould wait no longer, and the attorney-general took\\nthe Bill of Indictment from the table and dismissed\\nthe jury.\\nOctober 4. First session of a Protestant Sunday\\nschool in the city.\\n1819. January 2. ISank of Michigan began\\nbusiness.\\nMarch 13. The citizens vote igainst the ta-x for\\na fire engine.\\nMarch. Woodworth s new hotel opened.\\nJuly 16. Michigan Territory was authorized to\\nelect a delegate to Congress.\\nSeptember 2. P irst election in Detroit for dele-\\ngate to Congress.\\nNovember 17. Edward Tanner found his\\nbrother, John Tanner, near Detroit. He had been\\na captive 28 years. John subsequently married a\\nchambermaid at Ben. Woodworth s Hotel, but\\ntreated her .so unkindly that she left him and the\\nlegislature gave her a divorce.\\nNovember 25. I .lephant exhibited for first time\\nin Detroit.\\nDecember 13. The Commissioners report the\\nPontiac Road as laid out.\\n1820. February 27. First Protestant church\\nwithin limits of city dedicated.\\nMarch 30. City limits narrowed and Cass Farm\\nleft outside. The first brick store was erected this\\nyear.\\nApril 19. The flag-staff on w hich Hull displayed\\nhis fiag of surrender fell in a storm; no flag had\\nwaved on it since 1812.\\nAlay 24. The Cass-Schoolcraft excursion left for\\nthe upper lakes.\\nJuly 3. A tax of five hundred days labor was\\nvoted to be expended on the river front.\\nJuly 28. Rev. Eleazar Williams (the reputed\\nDauphin) arrived at Detroit with a number of\\nOneida Indians.\\nJuly 31. Major-General Scott, with eight mili-\\ntary gentlemen, arrived to hold a court-martial.\\n1821. April 9. Citizens vote a tax of S400 for a\\nfire engine.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1008.jp2"}, "1009": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n957\\nApril 12. First Protestant Society of Detroit\\nincorporated.\\nJune 4. Presentation of silver plate to Major-\\nGeneral Macomb by citizens on his leaving the\\nTerritory.\\nDecember 21. Detroit Lods^e of Free Masons\\ninstituted.\\nDecember 27. Two Indians. Kewaubis and\\nKetaukah, having been tried for murder, were\\nhanged.\\n1822. March 11. .Meeting at Detroit petitions\\nCongress to separate the judicial from the legisla-\\ntive power.\\nMarch 21. First Methodist Episcopal Society of\\nDetroit incorporated.\\nMay 23. John Roberts, Jr., notified persons\\nliable to military duty to appear at Military Square\\non June 3, armed and equipped as the law directs.\\nMay 25. The steamboat Superior, the .second on\\nthe lakes, arrived from Buffalo on her trial trip with\\nninety-four passengers.\\nJune. Public stages first began running from\\nDetroit.\\nAugust 31. A meeting of citizens resolves to\\ndiscourage the further circulation of individual bills\\nof less than one dollar.\\nOctober 26. Committee appointed to draw u]) a\\npetition to Congress, asking for a better form of\\ngovernment.\\n1823. March 3. Congress limited term of Ter-\\nritorial Judges then in office to four years from Feb-\\nruary I, 1824.\\nMarch. Early this month Colonel Edwards found\\na manuscript volume of 300 or 400 pages under one\\nof his buildings, written in a character that no one\\nin the city could understand. A leaf of the manu-\\nscript was sent to Dr. Mitchell, of New York, who\\ncould give no information regarding it but an Irish\\nprofessor in the Georgetown College pronounced it\\na religious work written in Irish.\\nMarch 27. Great rejoicing by citizens over pas-\\nsage by Congress of a bill making provisions for\\nLegislative Council for the Territory salute fired,\\nhouses illuminated, supper served at the Sagina\\nHotel.\\nAugust I. The Governor and Judges completed\\na contract for the erection of a court-house and\\nCapitol.\\nSeptember 4. First members of Legislative\\nCouncil elected.\\nSeptember 22. Corner-stone of capitol laid.\\nOctober 10. Friday. Rev. Cutler Dallas arrived\\nwith Major Long, Professors Say and Keating, and\\nMessrs. Calhoun and Seymour, of the Northwest\\nExploring E.xpedition they left on the 14th.\\n1824. June 7. First Legislative Council of\\nMichigan convened in Detroit.\\nAugust 5. New city charter; Common Council\\ncreated city boundary extended office of aldermen\\nand mayor s court provided for.\\nNovember 22. St. Paul s P. E. Church organized.\\nNovember 25. Under proclamation from Gov-\\nernor Cass, Thanksgiving Day was observed for the\\nfirst time.\\n1825. January 23. First Protestant Society re-\\norganized and becomes a Presbyterian Church.\\nFebruary 5. Legislative Council increa.sed from\\nnine to thirteen members.\\nFebruary 21. First ordinance establishing hy-\\ndraulic company passed.\\nMay 10. The Michigan Herald was first issued.\\nMay 24. Commissioners commenced locating\\nChicago Road. Erie Canal completed to Buffalo\\nthis year; also first street paving contracted for.\\nJune 4. Minute fire ordinance passed.\\nJune 12. City marshal arrests several soldiers\\nfor fishing on Sunday.\\nJuly 12. Public dinner given to General Sol. Van\\nRensselaer at Woodworth s Hotel.\\nAugust 1 2. Horse-boat ferry first operated.\\nSeptember 21. Fire Engine No. i purchased.\\nSeptember 28. Hook and Ladder Company pro-\\nvided for.\\n1826. January 11. First jiruvision for the in-\\nspection of fire-wood.\\nMay 20. The Military Reserve given to the city\\nby Congress.\\nMay 27. Two companies of infantry depart for\\nGreen Bay city for the first time left without troops.\\nJuly 17. Special session of Common Council to\\ntake action on the deaths of John Adams and\\nThomas Jefferson it was Recommended that the\\ncitizens of Detroit wear crape on the left arm for\\nthirty days. The brick building of the First\\nMethodist Episcopal Society was first used this\\nyear.\\nNovember 2. First session of Second Legislative\\nCouncil.\\n1827. January 29. Inhabitants of Territory\\nauthorized to elect members of the Legislative\\nCouncil.\\nMarch 22. City Cemetery on Beaubien Farm\\npurchased.\\nMarch 31. Fire Company No. 2 organized.\\nApril 4. Legislative Council exempts firemen\\nfrom military and jury duty. Council authorized\\nto change plan of city.\\nVpril 10. The council order shinplasters printed.\\nMay 3. Mansion House first opened after en-\\nlargement. In this month Fort Shelby was demol-\\nished.\\nMay 16. First sale of lots on Military Reserve.\\nIn this month the first steam ferry-boat was oper-\\nated, and the first Hour exported from Detroit.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1009.jp2"}, "1010": {"fulltext": "95\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nJune. City ordinance forbids any more burials\\nin cemetery on Woodward Avenue.\\nOctober 20. First Baptist Society organized.\\nNovember 26. First sidewalt: ordinance passed.\\n1828. February 1 5. Meeting at Detroit to pro-\\ntest against organizing Lal e Superior region into\\nTerritory of Huron.\\nMay 5. Court hou.se or capitol first occupied.\\nJulv 3. Historical Society organized at Mansion\\nHouse.\\nAugust 24. First building of St. I aul s Protest-\\nant Episcopal Church consecrated.\\nOctober 23. Fire in woods about Detroit dense\\nsmoke each morning.\\nDecember 25. Upper part of St. Anne s Church\\ncompleted and first used.\\n1829. March 5. John P. Sheldon, editor of\\nDetroit Gazette, impri.soned for contempt of court.\\nMarch 13. Public meeting of citizens to raise\\nfunds to pay fine imposed upon John P. Sheldon.\\nCommittee appointed to wait on Sheldon at the jail\\nand take him to his residence in a carriage.\\nMay 7. Complimentary dinner to J. P. Sheldon\\nwhile in jail.\\nAugust. Hydraulic company bore for water on\\nFort Street West.\\nNovember 20. The Northwestern Journal first\\nissued.\\n1830. February 19. First city temperance soci-\\nety organized.\\nMarch 18. Female Seminary .Association incor-\\nporated.\\nApril 26. Detroit Gazette office burned, also\\nseveral dwellings.\\nApril 29. First firemen s review.\\nJune 7. Farmers and Mechanics Bank organ-\\nized.\\nJuly 31. Pontiac Detroit Railroad chartered.\\nSeptember. Detroit barracks on Gratiot Road\\nconstructed.\\nSeptember 24. Man named Simmons hanged for\\nmurder of his wife.\\nOctober 1 1 First water supplied by steam power.\\nNovember 3. Wayne County Bible Society or-\\nganized.\\nNovember 24. Detroit Journal and Michigan\\nAdvertiser first issued.\\nDecember 23. Detroit Courier first issued.\\nDecember 31. Celebration in honor of triumph\\nof liberal principles in France. Major Whiting de-\\nlivered a discourse on the French Revolution, and\\nthere was a ball at the Mansion House.\\n1831. January S. The Governor and Judges\\nforward their plan to Congress.\\nJanuary 9. Daily mails from the East began.\\nMarch 4. Law for the hiring out or whipping of\\ndisorderly persons, drunkards, etc., repealed.\\nMarch 22. Michigan Sunday School Union or-\\nganized. City Tract Society organized.\\nMay 5. Democratic Free Press and Michigan\\nIntelligencer first issued.\\nJuly 20. Ale.xis de Tocqueville visits Detroit.\\nJuly 23. A public meeting was held this day to\\nexpress the .sentiments of the people of Michigan on\\nthe appointment of S. T. Mason as Secretary of the\\nTerritory, he being under twenty-one years of age,\\nand, by the resignation of Governor Cass, acting gov-\\nernor. A committee of four, consisting of A. Mack,\\n.S. Conant, O. Newberry, and J. E. Schwartz, were\\nappointed to report the facts. On July 25 they\\nreported that the President was aware of his being\\nunder twenty-one years of age. At an adjourned\\nmeeting on July 26, many citizens vigorously remon-\\nstrated. On July 28 Mr. Mason responded to the\\nremonstrances in a manner that did credit to his\\nability, coolness, and general good sense.\\nJuly 26. Tuesday a public dinner was given to\\nGovernor Cass at the Mansion House on his leaving\\nfor Washington as Secretary of War.\\nSeptember 17. George B. Porter, the new gov-\\nernor, arrived. He stopped at the Mansion House.\\nOctober 28. A public meeting was held at the\\ncouncil room to consider the subject of internal\\nimprovements, and petition Congress in relation\\nthereto.\\n1832. February 22. The Common Council or-\\ndered a national salute fired in honor of the centen-\\nnial of Washington s birthday.\\nMarch 6. First annual meeting of Michigan S. S.\\nUnion at Presbyterian Church.\\nMay 3. First underground reservoirs ordered.\\nMay 24. Detachment of Detroit militia leave for\\nChicago on account of the Black Hawk War. Gris-\\nwold Street was opened this year from Earned\\nStreet to Jefferson Avenue.\\nJune 29. The council was authorized to compel\\nconvicts to work on the streets.\\nJune 30. General Scott and staff arrived en route\\nfor Chicago, in connection with the Black Hawk War.\\nJuly 4. The steamboat Henry Clay arrived with\\nseveral companies of troops for the Black Hawk\\nWar.\\nJuly 5. A soldier on the Henry Clay died of\\ncholera and the vessel was ordered to Hog Island.\\nJuly and .-Vugust. Much excitement from cholera\\nand many deaths.\\nSeptember 1 3. Death and burial of Father Rich-\\nard. Bishop Edward Fenwick in Detroit on a visit.\\nDecember 3 1 First county poorhouse completed\\nand paid for.\\n1833. January 18. Young Men s Society organ-\\nized.\\nApril 22. First city ta.\\\\ on all real and personal\\nproperty authorized.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1010.jp2"}, "1011": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n959\\nApril 23. onice of City Director of the I oor\\ncreated.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\pril 27. Steamboat Michii^an launched at De-\\ntroit.\\nJune 16. The colored people rescue and release\\nBlackburn, a slave. The first four-story brick build-\\ning was erected this year.\\nJuly 4. Black Hawk arrives at Detroit.\\nSeptember. .Mr. Smith s child lost in the woods\\nmany people searching for it for several days.\\nOctober 12. The synod of Western Reser\\\\-e\\nmeets at Detroit.\\nOctober 14. Annual meeting of Western Reserve\\nBranch of American Educational Society held at the\\nPresbyterian session room.\\n1834. January 7. Bishop Frederick Rese, tirst\\nRoman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Detroit,\\narrived. The Catholic Female Association was or-\\nganized this year.\\nApril 20-27. Bishop Mcllvaine present, attend-\\ning the first annual convention of Protestant Episco-\\npal Church in Michigan.\\nMay 31. City cemetery on Guoin Farm pur-\\nchased.\\nJuly 7. Governor Porter died funeral same day.\\nThe Common Council attend in a body and resolve\\nto wear crape thirty days.\\nJuly 1 3. First M. E. Church on corner of Wood-\\nward Avenue and Congress Street dedicated.\\nAugust I The cholera appeared. A large num-\\nber of deaths occur during the month.\\nOctober 18. First Hose company organized.\\nOctober 31. First real estate ta.x voted for by\\ncitizens.\\n1835. January 11. First brick Baptist Church\\ndedicated.\\nJanuary 29. Office of County Register created.\\nMarch 6. Public meeting of citizens to protest\\nagainst the claim of Ohio to the disputed terri-\\ntory.\\nMarch 26. Michigan State Bank incorporated.\\nApril 4. Election of delegates to first State Con-\\nstitutional Convention.\\nApril 9. Much excitement occasioned by a mad\\ndog which bit a number of children and several dogs.\\nApril 26. Shots exchanged between Michigan\\ntroops and Ohio boundary commissioners.\\nApril 28. First brick Presbyterian Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nMay II. State Constitutional Convention assem-\\nbled. .American Hotel opened.\\nJune 24. State Constitutional Convention ad-\\njourned.\\nJune 27. Michigan Exchange Hotel first opened.\\nJuly iS. The sheriff of Monroe County and 250\\narmed men arrest eight persons in Toledo. First\\nsystematic street paving,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a portion of Atwater\\nStreet paved this year, and the Campus Martins was\\ngraded and leveled.\\nSeptember 6. Governor Mason and General\\nBrown, with about 1,000 militia, enter Toledo to\\nprevent the holding of a session of the Lucas\\nCounty Court.\\nSeptember 21. John .S. Horner, Secretary of the\\nTerritory, arrives in Detroit.\\nSeptember 28. The Daily Free Press was first\\nissued.\\nOctober 5. First State election and first Consti-\\ntution of Michigan adopted by vote of the people.\\nNovember 2. First session of the Legislature\\nunder the State Constitution.\\nNovember 18. Old City Hall first occupied.\\nDecember 2. Fire Engine Company No. 3 or-\\nganized.\\n1836. March 18. Public meeting held at City\\nHall to protest against change of State boundary.\\nMarch 26. Supreme Court of State created.\\nMay 18. Works of Hydraulic Company pur-\\nchased by the city. Ladies Protestant Orphan\\nAsylum organized.\\nJune II. Detroit Daily Advertiser first issued.\\nJune 13. Harriet Martineau arrived.\\nJune 15. First act passed by Congress for ad-\\nmission of Michigan. The first luiderground sewer\\nwas built this year, and there were enormous sales\\nof public lands in Michigan.\\nJune 30. The City Council appointed a commit-\\ntee to inspect springs in township of Southfield and at\\nNorthville, with a view of getting water therefrom.\\nJuly 3. Law creating State of Wisconsin out of\\nMichigan Territory took effect. The power of\\nGovernor and Judges as a Land I5oard terminated.\\nJuly 1 1. President Jackson directs public officers\\nto receive and pay out coin only.\\nJuly 27. Lord Selkirk, son of the one famous for\\nhis settlement in the wilds of Canada, visits Detroit.\\nSeptember 2. Meeting in Detroit to oppose\\nyielding territory to Ohio.\\nSeptember 6. Street names first ordered at street\\ncorners. .Same month fire wardens first provided for.\\nSeptember 12. Election of delegates to State\\nConvention on accepting admission on terms pro-\\nposed by Congress.\\nSeptember 26. The convention decides against\\nacceptance of terms proposed by Congress.\\nOctober i Cars first run from Toledo to Adrian.\\nOctober 1 2. Meeting in Detroit to oppose yield-\\ning territory to Ohio.\\nOctober 18. First sale of lots on Cass Farm.\\nOctober 20. Detroit Evening Spectator and Lit-\\nerary Gazette first issued.\\nNovember 8. First presidential election partici-\\npated in by citizens of Michigan.\\nNovember 14. Democratic County Convention", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1011.jp2"}, "1012": {"fulltext": "960\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nrecommend the holding of another convention and\\nthe accepting of the State boundary proposed by\\nCongress.\\nDecember i. National Hotel first opened.\\nDecember 14. A convention was held at Ann\\nArbor, and the terms proposed by Congress ac-\\ncepted.\\n183V- January 4. The Free Press office and sev-\\neral other buildings on northeast corner of Jefferson\\nAvenue and Shelby Street were burned.\\nJanuary 20. The first locomotive in Michigan\\narrived at Toledo.\\nJanuary 26. The State was fully and formally\\nadmitted by Congress.\\nFebruary 9. Celebration in honor of admission\\nof State. Parade and illuminations.\\nMarch 1 5. Wildcat banking law passed by Mich-\\nigan Legislature.\\nApril 24. Monday. Meeting of the Agricultural\\nSociety at the City Hall. The organization of a\\n.State Agricultural and Horticultural Society was\\nproposed.\\nApril 26. The Detroit Anti-slavery Society was\\norganized.\\nApril 27. A large fire between Woodward Ave-\\nnue and Randolph Street burned most of the build-\\nings south of Woodbridge Street.\\nMay 16. News was received at Detroit of the\\nrefusal of New York banks to redeem in specie,\\nand on May 17 the Detroit banks took the same\\naction.\\nMay and June. Captain Frederick Marryatt, the\\nnovelist, visited Detroit.\\nJuly 8. Mrs. Anna Jameson, the authoress,\\narrived. Daniel Webster and family arrived late in\\nthe evening, and put up at the National.\\nJuly 1 1 Upwards of 300 sat down to a collation\\nserved in a grove on Cass Farm in honor of Mr.\\nWebster, after which 1,500 or 2,000 ladies and gen-\\ntlemen gathered to listen to an address from their\\nguest.\\nAugust 19. The bank of Homer established,\\nthe first wildcat bank in Michigan.\\nSeptember 6. First session of Michigan Confer-\\nence at Detroit.\\nOctober 23. First meeting of synod of Michigan.\\nDecember 26. The Detroit City Bank, a wildcat,\\nwent into operation.\\n1838. January i. Meeting of citizens of Detroit\\nin favor of the Patriots,\\nJanuary 5. Two hundred stand of arms seized\\nat the jail by the Patriots.\\nJanuary 8. Steamboats Erie and Brady left to\\ndisperse Patriots, and obtain arms taken at Detroit.\\nJanuary 9. Judge James Witherell died.\\nJanuary 24. The Michigan Insurance Company\\nBank began business.\\nJanuary 28. Steamboat Robert Fulton arrived\\nfrom Buffalo with three companies of soldiers.\\nFebruary 3. ^L C. R. R. opened to Ypsilanti.\\nLarge excursion party from Detroit, dinner at Ypsi-\\nlanti, etc.\\nFebruary 25. The Canadians cannonade the Pa-\\ntriots on Fighting Island.\\nFebruary 26. General Scott arrived.\\nMarch 1 2, Great meeting of citizens at City\\nHall to protest against the statement made in Cana-\\ndian Parliament that Detroit sympathized with and\\naided the Patriot War rebels.\\nMarch 30. The Whigs distribute bread and\\npork to influence votes.\\nJune 20. The Detroit branch of the University\\nfirst opened.\\nJuly 4. LTnion S. S. celebration in Presbyterian\\nChurch.\\nJujy 21. The Pontiac R. R. was opened to Royal\\nOak. In this year the M. C. R. R. track was ex-\\ntended down Woodward Avenue to Atwater Street.\\nJThe first public free schools were opened in Detroit.\\nThe first iron water-pipes were laid, and old round-\\nhouse for reservoir completed.\\nAugust 21. The Fire Department opened a\\nreading room and library.\\nDecember 3. Five hundred Patriots on the\\nForsyth Farm were dispersed by General Brady.\\nDecember 4. The Patriots attack Windsor, and\\nare compelled to retreat, losing many men.\\nDecember g. Major -General Scott and suite\\narrived for the purpose of maintaining neutral-\\nity.\\n1839. February 22. The County Poor Farm\\nin Nankin township was purchased.\\nMarch 27. The city was divided into wards, and\\nprovision made for ward aldermen. Envelopes were\\nfirst used in this year.\\nApril 15. Ward elections first held.\\nJuly 17. Centenary celebration of founding of\\nMethodism in England.\\nAugust 16. A locomotive was first used on the\\nPontiac R. R,\\nSeptember i. The steamboat Great Western\\nwas burned at Detroit.\\nOctober 17. The M. C. R. R. was opened to\\nAnn Arbor. An excursion train with the Brady\\nGuards and 800 citizens visited that city.\\nDecember. First Firemen s Hall opened.\\n1840. February 14. The Fire Department So-\\nciety was incorporated.\\nApril 15. A log cabin was raised on the corner\\nof Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street.\\nJune 10. The Whigs leave on five steamboats\\nfor the great Whig meeting at Fort Meigs.\\nJune 30. The following advertisement appeared\\nin the daily papers", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1012.jp2"}, "1013": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n961\\nSILKWORMS. GREAT CURIOSITY.\\nBy calling at George Fowler s store, corner of Atwater and\\nBates Streets, may be seen over 5,000 thriving silk worms, fed\\nfrom the white mulberry trees, raised in this city. They have\\nalready passed two stages of moulting. Admittance 12^ cents\\nfor the season, which will continue four weeks. Children half\\nprice. Hugh A. Young.\\nAugust 4. The boiler of the Erie exploded near\\nMaiden. Five persons were scalded and one killed.\\nSeptember 28. Vice-President Richard JM. John-\\nson, who killed Tecumseh, visited Detroit to attend\\na Democratic barbecue on Cass Farm.\\nSeptember 30. Great Whig meeting at Detroit.\\n1841. January 26. The Western Farmer was\\nfirst issued.\\nMarch 3. The first appropriation for a survey of\\nthe lakes was made by Congress.\\nApril 10. A meeting of citizens was held to ex-\\npress sorrow at the death, on April 4, of President\\nHarrison.\\nApril 20. Funeral procession, bells tolled, etc.,\\nto honor memory of the late President Harrison.\\nOration by Hon. Ross Wilkins at Presbyterian\\nChurch. This year the bells began to ring instead\\nof tolling for a fire.\\nMay 18. Fire Company No. 4 organized.\\nAugust 4. $50,000 was appropriated by Congress\\nfor the construction of Fort Wayne.\\nAugust 31. Mt. Elliott Cemetery was estab-\\nlished.\\nSeptember 29. A volunteer night-watch w as or-\\nganized.\\nNovember 9. The city marshal, by direction of\\nthe Common Council, tears down and demolishes a\\ndisreputable house owned by T. Slaughter and Peg\\nWelch.\\nDecember. Rev. Peter Paul Lefevere, acting Ro-\\nman Catholic bishop of Detroit, arrived.\\nDecember 29. The M. C. R. R. was opened to\\nJackson.\\n1842. January i. The entire block between\\nWoodward .Avenue and Griswold Street, Jefferson\\nAvenue and Woodbridge Street, was burned.\\nJanuary 1 5. The ordinance prescribing the price\\nof bread was repealed.\\nFebruary 17. The Board of Education was cre-\\nated.\\nJuly 4. Large Sunday School celebration, a grand\\naffair. Procession about Yi mile in length, number-\\ning not far from 1,000 children.\\nJuly 8. Ex-President I\\\\L Van Burcn visited De-\\ntroit.\\nAugust 18. Thursday. Professor De Bonneville\\ncommenced a course of lectures on animal magnet-\\nism at the City Hall.\\nAugust 29. The corporation of Detroit was\\nmade the successor of the Governor and Judges as\\na Land Board.\\nDecember 5. Henry Barnard lectured in Detroit\\non schools and education.\\n1843. January 1 5. Funeral service in honor of\\nex-Governor Stevens T. Mason at Episcopal Church.\\nLarge procession of military and civil officers. He\\ndied in New York on January 4.\\nFebruary 15. Arrival of General Cass from Eu-\\nrope. He was escorted to the Exchange by military\\nand citizens and welcomed with an address by the\\nmayor.\\nJune 27. The recorder was authorized to trans-\\nfer all the fire engines, etc., to the Fire Department\\nSociety.\\nJune 29. St. Mary s Catholic Church, corner St.\\nAntoine and Croghan Streets, was consecrated.\\nJuly 4. The railroad was completed to Pontiac.\\nOctober 4. First State gathering of uniformed\\nmilitia consisting of two regiments. They went\\ninto camp on the Cass Farm for eight weeks.\\nOctober 9. X grand review- of troops w-as held.\\nOctober 11. The celebrated Copper Rock from\\nOntonagon, Lake Superior, arrived, length 4 feet\\nsix inches; width 4 feet; thickness 18 inches.\\nBrought by Mr. J. Eldred. This same rock was\\nseen by Alexander Henry in 1776, and he cut a 100\\npound piece from it with an axe.\\n1844. March. The M. C. R. R. track was re-\\nmoved from Woodward Avenue. In this year the\\nfirst express office was opened in Detroit and the\\nGrand Circus parks began to be improved.\\nMay 30. Four Sisters of Charity arrive, the\\nfirst in the city.\\nJune 10. A free school for boys and girls was\\nopened by the Sisters of Charity.\\nJune 25. About 9 o clock A. M. the steamboat\\nGeneral Vance, owned by Samuel Woodworth of\\nDetroit, blew up while lying in the dock at Windsor.\\nMr. Woodworth was killed and Major Truax with\\ntwo or three others seriously injured.\\nSeptember 6. The Scotch Presbyterian Church\\nwas first used.\\nSeptember 21. The .Allgemeine Zeitung, a Ger-\\nman paper, was first issued.\\nOctober 17. An immense Clay and Frelinghuy-\\nsen mass meeting of citizens of Wayne and St. Clair\\ncounties was held. The principal streets were deco-\\nrated with flags, banners, patriotic inscriptions, etc.\\n1845. March 3. Five-cent letter postage was\\nprovided for.\\nJune 9. St. incent s (now St. Mar s) Hospital\\nwas opened on Earned Street.\\nJune 17. A public meeting of citizens was held\\nto express regret for the death of General .Andrew\\nJackson.\\nJune 19. Lyman Beecher w-as here at a conven-\\ntion of Presbyterian and Congregational ministers.\\nJuly 2. Funeral obsequies in honor of General", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1013.jp2"}, "1014": {"fulltext": "962\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nJackson procession, and an address by Hon. Theo-\\ndore Komeyn.\\nJuly 4. Formal naming of Belle Isle.\\nJuly 10. The Baker Farm, between Chicago and\\nGrand River Roads, divided into pasturage lots\\nand sold at auction. In this year a portion of Jeffer-\\nson Avenue was paved with wood, and public hacks\\nwere first introduced.\\nAugust. A volunteer night-watch was organized.\\nAugust 1 1. An order arrived for the three com-\\npanies of the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, then in\\nDetroit, to rendezvous at Jefferson Barracks pre-\\nparatory to going to Te.xas.\\nAugust 16, A complimentary dinner was given\\nat the Exchange to the officers of the Fifth Regi-\\nment.\\nAugust 19. Fire Company No. 5 was organized.\\nSeptember 14. Congress Street M. E. Church\\ndedicated.\\nSeptember 22. Fire Company No. 6 was or-\\nganized. Electric telegraph first explained and\\nillustrated in Detroit.\\nOctober 7. First fire-limits ordinance passed.\\nNovember 3 and 4. Last two-day election held.\\nT846. January i. Wales Hotel opened.\\nJanuary 12. City Tract Association organized.\\nFebruary 2. M. C. R. R. opened to Kalamazoo.\\nMarch 2. Local option law. Citizens vote\\nagainst licensing saloons.\\nApril 2. Bethel Church on Woodbridge Street\\ndedicated.\\nMay 1 3. Congress declares war against Mexico.\\nMay 14. Body of Dr. Houghton. State geolo-\\ngist, brought to Detroit.\\nMay 15. Funeral of Dr. Houghton.\\nMay 31. First building of Christ P. E. Church\\ndedicated. In this year the first power press in\\nMichigan was set up in office of Free Press.\\nAugust 2. St. Matthew s Lutheran Church, on\\nCongress Street, dedicated.\\nAugust 30. First Congregational Church, Jeffer-\\nson Avenue, dedicated.\\nSeptember 23. M. C. R. R. transferred to a\\ncorporation.\\nOctober S. Elmwood Cemetery opened.\\n1847. January 23. Rev. Prof. Finney was here\\nfor the week ending January 23 he preached in\\nthe Congregational Church every evening.\\nFebruary 4. A meeting was held in the interest\\nof the Sault Ste. Marie Canal.\\nFebruary 25. Meeting in City Hall to devise\\nmeans for sending relief to the starving poor of\\nIreland; a committee was appointed, consisting of\\nC. C. Trowbridge, Henry Ledyard, E. A. Brush,\\nTheodore Romeyn, and Wm. Gray they interested\\nnot only citizens of Detroit but persons in the interior\\nof the State, and sent to New York 2,348 barrels\\nand packages of provisions, including 2,175 barrels\\nof flour.\\nMarch 7, Sunday. A farewell missionary meeting\\nfor Rev. Judson D. Collins, of Michigan, was held\\nat the Congress Street M. E. Church he was the\\nfirst ^L E. missionary to China.\\nMarch 9. Bill passed locating State Capital at\\nLansing.\\nMarch 17. Close of last session of Legislature\\nheld in Detroit.\\nApril 24. First troops leave for Mexico; prema-\\nture national salute fired by order of Mayor and\\nCommon Council, in honor of victories not then\\nwon also a general illumination firemen out in\\ntorchlight procession.\\nJuly 2. Exhibition at the capitol of the cele-\\nbrated painting, Peale s Court of Death; also of\\nthe mode of telegraphing.\\nJuly 4. Most extensive celebration ever held,\\nparticipated in by military and firemen, including\\nseveral companies from abroad torchlight pro-\\ncession in the evening.\\nAugust 15. Postage stamps first received 111\\nDetroit. During this year the city was first divided\\ninto fire districts.\\nSeptember 19. First brick church of African\\nMethodist society dedicated.\\nOctober 20. First Board of Trade organized.\\nNovember 29. First telegraph dispatch from De-\\ntroit sent to Ypsilanti.\\n1848. January 7. Young Men s Benevolent So-\\nciety organized.\\nMarch i. First telegraph dispatch received from\\nNew York. Horace Greeley here the same day.\\nMay 9. Extensive fire between Bates and\\nBeaubien Streets, Jefferson Avenue and the river.\\nLieutenant U. S. Grant visited LOetroit this year for\\nthe first time.\\nMay 30. M. C. R. R. begin using Third Street\\ndepot.\\nJune 8. The tearing down of old jail on Gratiot\\nStreet was begun.\\nJune 29. SS. Peter and Paul s Catholic Church\\nconsecrated.\\nJuly 8. The first troops returned from the war\\nin Mexico.\\n1849. January. Fire Companies Nos. 7 and 8\\norganized.\\nFebruary 21. Election of City Physicians pro-\\nvided for.\\nMarch 5. Detroit Savings Bank incorporated.\\nApril 10. The steamboat Mayflower made her\\ntrial trip.\\nApril 23. M. C. R. R. completed to New Buffalo.\\nMay 28. M. C. R. R. line of boats to Buffalo be-\\ngan. In this year the strap-rail on M. C. R. R. was\\nreplaced with T rail, street paving with cobble-", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1014.jp2"}, "1015": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n963\\nstone began to be general, and union public schools\\nwere first provided.\\nJune I. Harmonie Society organized.\\nJuly 2. Rev. E. Leahey, D. D., a monk of\\nLaTrappe. attempted to lecture at City Hall in\\nopposition to Catholicism, but was not allowed\\nto proceed. He was escorted home by Bishop\\nLefevere and Mayor Howard. The next night\\nhe tried to lecture in Fowler s old school on\\nJefferson Avenue. There was an immense crowd\\noutside the building, but no one in the audience-\\nroom, and no lecture was given. The Brady\\nGuards were in readiness for action, as a riot was\\nfeared.\\nJuly. Lieutenant U. S. Grant arrived.\\nJuly to September. Nearly 300 deaths from\\ncholera.\\nSeptember 19. Introduction of large imported\\nFrench plate-glass show-windows by Geo. Doty,\\njeweler, the largest west of New York City.\\nSeptember 20 and 27. Millard Fillmore visits the\\ncity as guest of Mayor Howard.\\nSeptember 25, 26, and 27. First annual Fair\\nMichigan State Agricultural Society held on Wood-\\nward Avenue, south of Duffield Street.\\nOctober 6. George Bancroft, the historian, here.\\nOctober 14. Lafayette Street M. E. Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nOctober 22. Peninsular Bank began business.\\nNovember. Detroit and Pontiac plank-road first\\nopened.\\nNovember 19. Daily Tribune first issued.\\nDecember 12. Pontiac R. R. on Gratiot Avenue\\ntorn up by citizens.\\nDecember 23. Mariners P. E. Church dedi-\\ncated.\\n1850. February 11. Pontiac R. R. on Gratiot\\nAvenue for second time torn up by citizens.\\nFebruary 26. For several successive days the\\ncuriosity of citizens was exercised in regard to a\\nman who paraded the principal streets w earing a\\nlady s long shawl, and there was constant inquiry\\nconcerning the man with the shawl.\\nMarch 21. Citizens of Detroit protest against\\nchanging route of M. S. N. L R. R.\\nApril 2. Police Court created.\\nApril 7. Second Presbyterian Church, corner\\nLafayette Avenue and Wayne Street, dedicated.\\nMay 16. Presbyterian General Assembly con-\\nvened.\\nJune 2. First M. E. Church, corner Woodward\\nAvenue and State Street, dedicated.\\nJune 3. Second Constitutional Convention began\\nat Lansing.\\nJune 19 to 28. John B. Gough lectured in I res-\\nbyterian Church on Temperance.\\nJuly 4. Corner-stone of Firemen s Hall laid.\\nJuly 17, Wednesday. Funeral ob.sequies in honor\\nof President Zachary Taylor. Procession, and an\\naddress by Hon. Geo. C. Bates at First Presbyterian\\nChurch.\\nAugust 26. Detroit and Saline plank-road first\\nopened.\\nSeptember 11. Frederika Bremer arrived.\\nNovember 5. Second Constitution of Michigan\\nadopted by vote of the people. Prosecuting Attor-\\nney first elected.\\nNovember 6. St. Maiy s Hospital, Clinton Street,\\nopened.\\nNovember 19. M. C. R. R. freight depot burned.\\nLoss 1 50,000. Amin Bey, commissioner of Tur-\\nkey, visits the city.\\nNovember 27. First Young Men s Hall com-\\npleted.\\n1851. Januar)- i. State Constitution of 1S50 be-\\ncomes operative.\\nFebruary 1-22. Fine Art Exhibition at Firemen s\\nHall.\\nMarch 3. Three-cent letter postage provided for.\\nApril 18. Funeral of General Hugh Brady.\\nvery large procession ser\\\\-ices at I- resbytcrian\\nChurch.\\nApril 19. Saturday, 33 persons, known as the\\nM. C. R. R. conspirators, arrived.\\nApril 28. Great railroad conspiracy case com-\\nmenced continued most of the time for four\\nmonths. In this year the first German M. E.\\nChurch was dedicated.\\nJune 3. The trial of James J. Strang, otherwise\\nknown as King Strang, the Mormon, began.\\nJune 7. Biddle House first opened.\\nJune 10. Michigan State Musical Convention,\\nunder direction of Professor Charles Hess, at First\\n^L E. Church.\\nJune 23. Great meeting at City Hall to promote\\nbuilding the G. W. R. R. In this year Ives Dry-\\nDock was built, the first wheat elevator erected, and\\nsteam power first applied to printing in Detroit.\\nAugust 4. Charlotte Cushman performs in city.\\nSeptember 23. Miss Sarah Hunt s Ladies Semi-\\nnary opened.\\nSeptember 24. Streets first lighted with gas.\\nSeptember 24-26. Third State Fair held on\\nThird Street between Michigan and Grand River\\nAvenues.\\nSeptember 25. Verdict of guilty against twelve\\nof the persons indicted as railroad conspirators.\\n.September 26. Sentences of imprisonment, vary-\\ning from five to ten years, pronounced against rail-\\nroad conspirators.\\nOctober. Grand River plank-road first opened.\\nOctober 23. Firemen s Hall No. 2 first opened.\\nTheresa Parodi and Amalie Patti sing in Detroit.\\nNovember 24, Monday. Reception of Dr. Kin-", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1015.jp2"}, "1016": {"fulltext": "964\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nkel, the distingLiished German patriot, poet, and\\nscholar. Thousands of citizens congregated before\\nthe Hiddle House to bid him welcome.\\nDecember 1 5. Meeting of lawyers to consider\\nestablishing a Law Library. Committee of live ap-\\npointed.\\n1852. January 12. An immense meeting asks\\nfor release of O Brien, Mitchell, and Meagher.\\nJanuary 23. M. C. R. R. car manufacturing shops\\nat Detroit burned.\\nApril 12. Zion German Refoniu.l Church, Cro-\\nghan Street, dedicated.\\nMay 21. M. C. R. R. trains run into Chicago for\\nfirst time.\\nMay 22. M. S. N. L R. R. completed between\\nToledo and Chicago. In this year Pontiac cars begin\\nto use Brush .Street Depot.\\nJuly 4. S. S. celebration, 2,000 children at Pres-\\nbyterian Church.\\nJuly 7. State Temperance meeting of Secret\\nTemperance Societies, procession, etc. Temper-\\nance mass meeting in Woodbridge Grove. Addresses\\nby Neal Dow and Father Taylor, the sailor preacher\\nof Boston.\\nJuly 13. Funeral obsequies in honor of Henry\\nClay large procession address by Rev. Dr. Duffield\\nat Presbyterian Church.\\nAugust 20. Steamer Atlantic, while on her way\\nto Detroit, collided with propellor Ogdensburgh\\nof^ Long Point, Lake Erie, and was sunk. 131 per-\\nsons were lost, many of them residents, or friends of\\ncitizens of Detroit.\\nSeptember 22-24. Fourth State Fair held on\\nThird Street between Michigan and Grand River\\nAvenues.\\nSeptember 27. First Young Men s Christian As-\\nsociation organized.\\nOctober. St. Vincent s Female Orphan Asylum\\nestablished.\\nOctober 26. Meeting of citizens held on call of\\nmayor to express regret at death of Hon. Daniel\\nWebster.\\nDecember 10. O. M. Hyde s immense Floating\\nDock launched.\\nDecember 19. St. Paul s P. E. Church dedicated,\\nsecond building.\\n1853. January i. Advertiser first printed on\\nsteam cylinder press.\\nJanuary 5. A large and exciting meeting at City\\nHall, to oppose the building of more public institu-\\ntions.\\nJanuary 9. First brick Lutheran Church on Mon-\\nroe venue dedicated.\\nJanuary 24. Great railroad meeting in interest of\\nOakland Ottawa R. R.\\nFebruary 14. Board of Water Commissioners\\nestablished.\\nFebruary 15. Second .-Vrt Exhibition began. It\\nended March 15, 1853.\\nMarch 29. Permission first given to sell meat\\nelsewhere than at market. License, $50 a year.\\nApril 3. Daily Free Democrat first issued.\\nMay I Michigan Volksblatt first issued.\\nJuly 21. Bar Library Association organized.\\nSeptember 8. Unitarian Church, Lafayette Ave-\\nnue, dedicated.\\nSeptember 15. Great Union S. S. celebration;\\nprocession, and excursion on steamboats May Queen\\nand Keystone State.\\nSeptember 28-30. Fifth State Fair held on Third\\nStreet between Michigan and Grand River Ave-\\nnues.\\nOctober 13. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, originator of\\nthe Bloomer costume, lectured in Firemen s Hall on\\nWoman s Rights.\\nNovember 20. French M. E. Church dedicated.\\nDecember 26. Large meeting of the friends of a\\ngeneral railroad law.\\n1854. January 10. First Presbyterian Church\\nburned and half the block between Lamed Street\\nand Jefferson Avenue up to the Boston Store.\\nJanuary 17. Grand celebration on the occasion\\nof the opening of the G. W. R. R.; immense pro-\\ncession dinner at M. C. R. R. Depot.\\nJanuary 18. Daily Enquirer first issued.\\nJanuary 22. M. C. R. R. passenger office burned.\\nFebruarv 27. The Transit, the first railroad\\nferry-boat, made her trial trip.\\nJune 25. Scotch Presbyterian Church entered,\\nand furniture mutilated.\\nJune and July. Over 200 deaths from cholera.\\nSeptember 21. Fort Street Congregational Church\\ndedicated.\\nSeptember 26-29. Sixth State Fair; held on\\nThird Street, between Michigan and Grand River\\nAvenues.\\n1855. February 10. River frozen over a shanty\\nerected at middle of river for the sale of liquor.\\nFebruary 13. Legislature prohibits use of county\\njails for the detention of fugitive slaves.\\nMarch 6. Notice in daily papers that the Messrs.\\nSutton had photographed by Turner s process with\\ngieat success.\\nApril 24. M. S. cS: N. I. R. R. in operation between\\nToledo and Buffalo. Council forbids the running of\\nfire engines on sidewalks of paved street.\\nMay 2. Fire Companies i, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 dis-\\nband.\\nMay 3- Employees of M. C. R. R. and of Jackson\\nWiley organize a fire company.\\nMay 15. New fire companies organized for\\nEngines 5. 6, and 8. The prohibitory liquor law\\nwent into effect; nearly all the drinking places were\\nclosed. In this year the St. Mary s Falls Ship Canal", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1016.jp2"}, "1017": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n965\\nwas opened, and interments in Beaubien Farm\\nCemetery ceased.\\nJuly 25. Over one hundred Indian chiefs hold a\\ncouncil to settle difficulties in regard to treaty of\\n1836.\\nAugust 2. General M. E. Sunday School cele-\\nbration of the city M. E. churches.\\nSeptember 4. Old Cass warehouse, occupied by\\nG. O. Williams, corner of Front and First Streets,\\nburned loss $30,000.\\nSeptember 13. New Odd Fellows Hall, facing\\nCampus Martius, dedicated.\\nOctober 3 to 5. Seventh Annual State Fair; held\\non Third Street, between Michigan and Grand\\nRiver Avenues.\\nNovember 18. Fort Street Presbyterian Church\\ndedicated.\\nDecember 9. Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian\\nChurch dedicated.\\nDecember 25. Railroad completed between De-\\ntroit and Monroe.\\n1856. May 6. Meeting of American Medical\\nSociety.\\nMay 25. First St. Jo.seph s Catholic Church,\\nGratiot Avenue, consecrated.\\nJune 9. Fire Company No. 10 organized.\\nJune 10. Fire Company No. 9 organized.\\nJune 15. Walnut Street M. E. Church dedicated.\\nJune 18. The trial of White, King, and Ayer,\\nfor great e.xpress robbery, began \u00c2\u00a750,000 was\\nstolen.\\nJuly. Railroad completed between Detroit and\\nToledo.\\nJuly 1 5. Present Board of Trade organized.\\nAugust I. R. G. Dun Co. s agency established\\nin Detroit.\\nAugust 12, Tuesday. Si.xth annual meeting of\\nthe American Association for the Advancement of\\nEducation begun.\\nOctober 2. Great Republican meeting on vacant\\nlot corner Woodward and Adams Avenues.\\nOctober i to 4. Eighth Annual State Fair; held\\non the Race Course in Hamtramck.\\n1857. January 7. State convention of firemen.\\nFebruary i. State Bank of Michigan organized.\\nFebruary 5. Nevv- city charter obtained city\\nmuch enlarged. Recorder s Court created.\\nFebruary 11. Fire Company No. 11 organized.\\nFebruary 16. General banking law passed by\\nLegislature.\\nFebruary 22. French and German Presbyterian\\nChurch. Catherine Street, dedicated.\\nFebruary 28. W. W. Ryan lectured at City Hall\\non his important secret of foretelling the weather.\\nMarch. Fire Company No. 1 2 organized.\\nMarch 4. First union morning prayer-meeting\\nheld.\\nMarch 13. Train on G. W. R. R. breaks through\\nbridge over canal near Hamilton; over eighty lives\\nlost; travel suspended for two weeks.\\nMay 15. Relief meeting held to aid citizens in\\nGratiot and adjoining counties in need of food;\\n$1,000 subscribed.\\nJune 16. Industrial School Society organized.\\nJune 24, State Sunday School convention at Dr.\\nDuffield s church. Masonic Hall dedicated. Meet-\\ning of North American Sangerbund began.\\nJuly 16, First telegraph cable laid across river.\\nJuly 22. Bark C. J. Kershaw sails for Liverpool\\ndirect.\\n.A.ugust 24. The Ohio Life and Trust Company\\nfailed.\\nSeptember 28. Russell House first opened.\\nSeptember 29 to October 2. Ninth Annual State\\nFair; held on Race Course in Hamtramck.\\nNovember. Water Works Resen oir on De-\\nquindre Farm first used.\\nNovember 30. Marine Hospital opened.\\nDecember 5. Citizens meeting at City Hall;\\nexpenditure of $50,000 for workhouse voted down.\\n1858. May 18. Corner-stone of the new Post-\\noftice and Custom House laid.\\nJuly 4. First through train arrived from Grand\\nRapids.\\nJuly 8. Firemen s Hall reopened. The walls had\\nbeen raised and a new roof put on.\\nJuly 24. Celebration of the 1 57th anniversary of\\nthe founding of Detroit, under the auspices of the\\nMichigan State Historical Society. Large proces-\\nsion of city officers, firemen. Masons, Odd Fellows,\\nsoldiers, and citizens. .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Addresses at Firemen s Hall,\\nin English by C. I. Walker and in French by E. N.\\nLacroi.x. Elaborate supper at Russell House in the\\nevening.\\nJuly 25. First Bethel Church of Evangelical\\nAssociation dedicated.\\nJuly 28. The draymen hold an indignation meet-\\ning because the railroads began to use their own\\ndrays.\\nAugust 16. Receipt of Queen s message by tele-\\ngraph cable. Buildings illuminated, 100 guns hred,\\ntorchlight procession, etc., on the following day.\\nAugust 21. Firemen s Library and Reading\\nRoom opened.\\nAugust 30. D. M. R. R. completed to Grand\\nHaven. First session of the High School.\\nSeptember i. First through train arrived from\\nMilwaukee.\\nSeptember 2. First trial of a steam fire engine.\\nSeptember 5. Second German M. E. Church\\ndedicated.\\nSeptember 7, Tuesday. Commencement of forty-\\nninth meeting of the American Board of Commis-\\nsioners for Foreign .Missions.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1017.jp2"}, "1018": {"fulltext": "966\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nSeptember 28 to October i. Tenth annual State\\nFair held on the Ladies Riding Park, on west\\nside of Woodward Avenue, north of Davenport\\nStreet.\\nNovember 10. Old University Building torn\\ndown.\\nDecember 4. Young Men s Christian Union or-\\nganized.\\nDecember 31. Tribune Building, northeast cor-\\nner Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street,\\nburned.\\n1859. January 25. Centennial celebration of\\nBurns birthday. Dinner at the E.xchange, and a\\nsupper and toasts at the Biddle House.\\nFebruary 3. Walter Harper provides for estab-\\nlishment of Harper Hospital.\\nMarch 12. John Brown arrives in Detroit and\\nholds conference with colored men concerning pro-\\nposed Harper s Ferry raid.\\nApril 25. Fire on corner of Gratiot and Brush\\nStreets. An old warehouse and eight buildings\\nburned.\\nApril 28. Reception to Wm. Smith O Brien, the\\nIrish patriot.\\nMay 3. Daily meetings of the Board of Trade\\nbegan.\\nMay 19. Annual Session of the Congregational\\nGeneral Association commenced at the First Con-\\ngregational Church.\\nSeptember. Detroit Female Seminary opened.\\nSeptember 29. J. B. Corey obtains judgment of\\n$20,000 against city because of injuries received by\\nhis wife, who fell into a sewer e.xcavation on Gris-\\nwold .Street.\\nSeptember 30. Citizens meeting authorizing a\\nloan of $250,000 for the erection of a new City Hall\\nand 150,000 for a Workhouse.\\nOctober 4 to 7. Eleventh Annual State Fair;\\nheld on west side of Woodward Avenue, north of\\nDavenport Street. General N. P. Banks delivered\\nan address.\\nNovember i. Merrill Hall first opened.\\nNovember 5. Second trial of steam fire engine.\\nNovember 1 9. St. John s P. E. Church dedicated.\\nNovember 21. Grand Trunk R. R. opened from\\nDetroit to Port Huron.\\ni860. January 19. Alidnight procession of the\\nSons of Malta.\\nJanuary 25. Michigan State Retreat for tlie In-\\nsane opened.\\nJanuary 30. New Post Office building, corner of\\nGriswold and Larned Streets, formally opened.\\nApril 2. Meeting of firemen at Firemen s Hall\\nto protest against Common Council creating office of\\nfire marshall and curtailing powers of chief engineer.\\nMay 18. Rev. H. Grattan Guiness preached in\\nFirst Presbyterian Church.\\nJune 26. The city contracts for its first steam\\nfire engine.\\nJuly I. Adelina Patti visits Detroit.\\nJuly 6. Boiler of steam tug A. S. Field exploded\\nat foot of Bates Street five persons were killed and\\nsix wounded.\\nAugust 26. New Jerusalem Church on Macomb\\nAvenue dedicated. Tabernacle Baptist Church,\\nWashington Avenue, dedicated.\\nAugust 30. French Methodist Church dedicated\\nas a Jewish Synagogue.\\nSeptember 4. Tuesday. Immense Republican\\ngathering, Wideawakes out in multitudes; 3,500\\ntorchlights in procession speech by Governor\\nSeward.\\nSeptember 20. Arrival of the Prince of Wales.\\nSeptember 27. Lady Jane Franklin visits the\\ncity on her way West she stopped at the Russell\\nHouse.\\nSeptember 28. Miss Dix, the philanthropist,\\nvisited the city, and inspected the jail, hospitals, and\\nthe poorhouse at Wayne.\\nOctober 2-5. Twelfth .Annual State Fair; held\\non west side of Woodward Avenue, north of Daven-\\nport Street, Hon, Cassius ^L Clay gave an ad-\\ndress.\\nOctober 15. Monday. Immense Democratic\\nmeeting speech by Stephen A. Douglas.\\nOctober 21. Anniversary of M. E. S. S. Union\\nand Tract Society.\\nNovember 20. Second steam fire engine or-\\ndered.\\nDecember 10. Meeting of business men to coun-\\nsel regarding trouble occasioned by discount on\\nWestern money.\\nDecember 17. First U. S. Treasury Notes au-\\nthorized. In this month St. Peter s Episcopal Church\\nwas first used.\\n1861. Januarys. Salute of 100 guns in honor\\nof Major Anderson.\\nJanuary 13. Westminster Church, on Washing-\\nton Avenue, dedicated.\\nJanuary 28. Great LTnion meeting at City Hall.\\nMarch 12. First Police Commissioners provided\\nfor.\\nMarch 16. St. Luke s Hospital incorporated.\\nApril 4. Forty-two Wisconsin banks suspend.\\nApril 13. News arrives of the attack of April 12\\non Fort Sumter. Meeting of lawyers at Bar Li-\\nbrary in favor of Union.\\nApril 15. Immense Union meeting at Firemen s\\nHall.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\pril 17. Flag raised on Board of Trade build-\\ning speeches in favor of Union. General Cass\\npresent. Detroit Light Guards organize for the war.\\nApril 18. Flag raised on Custom House and Post\\nOffice.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1018.jp2"}, "1019": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n967\\nApril 20. Oath of allegiance administered to all\\nGovernment, State, City, and County officers, in front\\nof Post-Office. Sherlock, Scott, and Brady Guards\\norganize for the war.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\pril 23. Flag raised on Firemen s Hall.\\nApril 25. Flag raised on City Hall; Union speech\\nby General Cass Star-spangled Banner sung by\\n3,000 school-children.\\nMay 4. Legislature makes provision for relief of\\nfamilies of volunteers.\\nMay 1 1. Presentation of banner and cockades to\\nFirst Regiment on Campus Martins.\\nMay 13. The First Regiment left for Washing-\\nton.\\nJune 2. The Second Regiment left the city.\\nFranklin Pierce visited Detroit about this time.\\nJune 25. Paid tire engine companies provided\\nfor.\\nJuly 6. House of Correction completed.\\nJuly 13. Old church on Melcher Farm burned.\\nJuly 20. A war meeting resolves to erect a Sol-\\ndiers Monument.\\nJuly 24. Third steam fire engine procured.\\nAugust 2. Reception of First Regiment on\\ntheir return from Washington procession, dinner,\\netc.\\nAugust 6-7. Sessions of the Police court held\\nunder poplar trees on present site of City Hall.\\nSeptember 25-29. Thirteenth Annual State Fair;\\nheld on Detroit Riding Park, Woodward Avenue,\\nnorth of Davenport Street.\\nOctober 23. Funeral of e.K-Governor Wm. Wood-\\nbridge.\\nOctober 26. A Union political convention agrees\\nto put only one ticket in the field.\\nNovember 6. Ladies Soldiers Aid Society or-\\nganized.\\nNovember 21. New Young Men s Hall opened.\\nAddress by Jacob IVL Howard.\\nNovember 28. Reception to Colonel Mulligan,\\nthe hero of Lexington, Mo. Procession, dinner,\\netc.\\nDecember 19. St. John s P. E. Church conse-\\ncrated.\\n1862. January 2. )rdinance requiring fees from\\nall market- wagons passed.\\nFebruary 11. First French Baptist Church ded-\\nicated.\\nFebruary 17. Receipt of news of the victory at\\nFort Donelson procession in evening, illumina-\\ntions, etc.\\nMarch 3. Explosion of J. H. Harmon cS: Cu. s Oil\\nRefinery. Four men killed loss $15,000.\\nMarch 17. St. Patrick s Catholic Church conse-\\ncrated.\\nApril 2. M. C. R. R. engine-house and nine lo-\\ncomotives burned.\\nApril 13. National Thanksgiving by proclama-\\ntion of President. The Michigan Soldiers Relief\\nSociety was organized this month.\\nJune 19. Tenth annual conference of Western\\nUnitarian churches began.\\nJuly 8. The .-Vdvertiser and Tribune were con-\\nsolidated.\\nJuly 15. Large war meeting; speeches by Wm.\\nA. Howard, Theo. Romeyn, and H. .A. Morrow.\\nJuly 22. Great war rally; speeches by H. A.\\nMorrow, General Lewis Cass, Major Flanigan,\\nDuncan Stewart, C. L Walker, H. H. Emmons,\\nLieutenant-Colonel Ruehle, and James F. Joy.\\nJuly 24. City bounties first pledged.\\nJuly 28. War meeting in front of Biddle House\\n5,000 present great enthusiasm.\\nAugust 9. Passes to Canada required to prevent\\ncitizens fleeing from military service.\\nAugust 26. Presentation of colors to Twenty-\\nfourth Regiment of Michigan Infantry on Campus\\nMartius.\\nAugust 27. General O. B. Willcox returns to\\nDetroit and receives a public welcome.\\nSeptember II. Meeting of the Bar to consider\\nthe propriety of adjourning the Wayne Circuit Court\\non account of the condition of the country union\\nof action of all parties recommended.\\nSeptember 12. Arrival of Twenty-first Regi-\\nment reception and supper at the depot.\\nSeptember 22 to 26. Fourteenth Annual State\\nFair held at Detroit Riding Park Parson Brown-\\nlow, the editorial hero of East Tennessee, gave an\\naddress.\\nOctober 30. Postal currency first received at\\nDetroit.\\nNovember 8. Major-General Richardson s re-\\nmains arrived; escorted to depot by military and\\ncitizens.\\n1863. January 29. Meat market licenses reduced\\nfrom S50 to $5.\\nFebruary 24. Michigan divided into two judicial\\ndistricts.\\nFebruary 25. National bank system created.\\nMarch 6. Riot against negroes Faulkner, a\\nmulatto, arrested for alleged outrage on a little girl\\ntried, convicted, and sentenced for life military\\ncalled out 400 men of Twenty-seventh Regiment\\ncalled in from Ypsilanti city fired in twenty places\\nthirty-five buildings destroyed.\\nMarch 7. Public meeting of citizens, condemning\\nthe mob and calling for arrest of rioters.\\nApril 9. Christ P. E. Church dedicated; second\\nbuilding.\\nJune 15. Michigan branch of U. S. Christian\\nCommission organized.\\nJuly 18. Congress Street M. E. Church burned.\\nJames A. Garfield visited Detroit about this time.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1019.jp2"}, "1020": {"fulltext": "968\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nAugust 3. Jefferson Avenue and Woodward\\nAvenue street-cars commenced running.\\nSeptember 12. Gratiot Avenue street-cars com-\\nmenced running.\\nOctober 1 1 Second brick Baptist Churcfi erected,\\ncorner of Fort and Griswold Streets.\\nNovember 4. Second National Bank opened for\\nbusiness.\\nNovember 16. First National Bank opened for\\nbusiness. In this montli the Michigan Avenue cars\\ncommenced running.\\nDecember 26. Jail on Clinton Street completed.\\n1864. February. First M. E. and Congress\\nStreet church societies united.\\nMarch 20. Brockway Mission Chapel first used.\\nApril 24. Shakespeare Ter-Centenary celebra-\\ntion tableaux and grand musical entertainment at\\nYoung Men s Hall addresses by Judge Avery,\\nG. V. N. Lothrop and Theo. Romeyn.\\nApril 27. Presentation of flags to old Twenty-\\nfourth Infantry on Campus Martins. The recon-\\nstruction of Fort Wayne was begun this year.\\nMay 21. The propeller Nile blew up at Buckley\\nCo s dock six persons killed, eleven injured.\\nAugust I. Detroit Y. M. C. A. organized.\\nSeptember 3. News of victory at Atlanta; im-\\npromptu celebration national salute speeches by\\nTheo. Romeyn. J. M. Howard, and D. B. Duffield.\\nSeptember 19. Steamer Philo Parsons seized by\\nrebel sympathizers in the Detroit River.\\nSeptember 23. Former St. Matthew s colored\\nEpiscopal Church dedicated as Shaary Zedec Syna-\\ngogue.\\nSeptember 27. First draft in city to fill required\\nquota.\\nOctober 12. Harper Hospital first opened. Free\\nmail delivery by carriers began this month.\\nNovember I. P. O. money orders first issued in\\nDetroit. Flint Pere Marquette cars arrive at De-\\ntroit, using track of D. M. R. R. from Holly.\\nGreat Union and Republican demonstration\\nspeeches by Salmon P. Chase and others illumina-\\ntions, torchlight procession, etc.\\n1865. January 25. State convention of colored\\nmen assembled at Second Baptist Church to petition\\nLegislature to grant the right of suffrage.\\nFebruary i. Steam fire engine No. 4 arrived.\\nFebruary 17. Paid hand fire engine companies\\ndisbanded.\\nFebruary 22. Board of Trade Building dedi-\\ncated address by G. V. N. Lothrop ball in the\\nevening. Concordia Society organized.\\nFebruary 26. Sunday. Rev. E. P. Hammond\\nbegan his revival labors.\\nFebruary 28. Freedman s Fair opened at Merrill\\nHall. Board of Metropolitan Police Commissioners\\ncreated.\\nMarch 21. Second draft for filling quota of De-\\ntroit.\\nMarch 25. Public library opened in old Capitol.\\nApril 3. Reception of news of fall of Richmond;\\nimpromptu celebration, salute of 100 guns, illumina-\\ntions, etc.\\nApril 10. News of surrender of rebel army. Sa-\\nlute on Campus Martins, bonfires, fireworks, etc.,\\nApril 15. Reception of news of murder of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln the city in mourning intense feeling\\nof the people.\\nApril 16. Public meeting on Campus Martius.\\nApril 19. Sermons on the death of President\\nLincoln.\\nApril 25. Funeral obsequies in honor of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln oration by Jacob M. Howard on Cam-\\npus Martius procession two miles long.\\nMay 30. National Fast. General suspension of\\nbusiness more thoroughly and generally observed\\nthan any previous occasion of similar character.\\nJune 7. Michigan troops begin to return from\\nthe war.\\nJune 27. Steam fire engine No. 5 procured.\\nJuly 4. The Daily Union first issued.\\nJuly II. International Commercial Convention\\nat Board of Trade Building.\\nJuly 26. American National Bank organized.\\nAugust II. Michigan Soldiers Monument Asso-\\nciation organized.\\nAugust 1 2. General Grant arrived on a two days\\nvisit received by an immense concourse of people.\\nAugust 27. Police Commissioners enforce the\\nSunday ordinance for the first time.\\nSeptember i. Central M. E. Chapel on Adams\\nAvenue dedicated.\\nSeptember 6. Fort Street Railroad opened from\\nWoodward Avenue to the river.\\nSeptember 15. Chicago officials visited the city.\\nSeptember 18. M. C. R. R. freight depot burned.\\nLoss $1,500,000.\\nNovember 5. Immanuel Lutheran Church, Trum-\\nbull Avenue, dedicated.\\nNovember 26. Salem Lutheran Church, Cath-\\narine Street, dedicated.\\nDecember 28. Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church\\ndedicated.\\n1866. Februarj- i. Detroit Fire and Marine\\nInsurance Company organized.\\nFebruary 7. General W. T. -Sherman arrived\\nreceived by a large number of citizens.\\nMarch 17. Grand Fenian demonstration 1,000\\nIrishmen in procession meetings on Campus Mar-\\ntius and in City Hall. Speeches by General Mor-\\nrow, J. Logan Chipman, Levi Bishop, and others.\\nMarch 27. Detroit Daily Post first issued.\\nApril 19. Observance of day of fasting and\\nprayer appointed by the governor.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1020.jp2"}, "1021": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n969\\nApril 26. D. M. freight and passenger depots\\nburned, with the ferry Windsor and a passenger\\ntrain 1 8 lives lost.\\nMay 17. City Mission Board organized.\\nJune 20. Funeral of General Cass, who died on\\nJune 17. Large procession. Pullman sleepers be-\\ngan running on the M. C. R. R.\\nJuly 4. Great cellbration, participated in by sol-\\ndiers of the late war speeches by Governor Crapo\\nand General Willco.x. During the day President\\nRoberts addressed a large assembly of Fenians.\\nAugust 7, Annual meeting of Western Associ-\\nated Press.\\nAugust 22. General Hooker arrived to super-\\nsede General Ord in command of this Depart-\\nment.\\nAugust 23. Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the\\nAmerican Pharmaceutic Association.\\nSeptember 4. President Johnson visits Detroit.\\nSeptember ig. East end of Fort Street and Elm-\\nwood Railroad opened.\\nOctober 23. State S. S. Convention, D. L. Moody\\nand Ralph Wells in attendance.\\nOctober 24. Trinity Lutheran Church, Gratiot\\nAvenue, dedicated.\\nOctober 25, M. E. Centenary Jubilee; sermon\\nby Dr. E. O. Haven Union love-feast, etc,\\nOctober 28, Political speech by General I^ntler\\nat D. M. R. R.\\nOctober 29. Trinity Catholic Church, corner of\\nPorter and Sixth Streets, consecrated.\\nNovember i. Political speech by Schuyler Colfax\\nat Young Men s Hall.\\nDecember 2. St. Vincent de Paul Catholic\\nChurch consecrated.\\nDecember 6, Rev. Wm. E. Armitage consecrated\\nBishop of Wisconsin.\\nDecember 23. Jefferson M. E. Chapel dedicated.\\n1867. January i. Laying of third rail on G. W.\\nR. R. completed. Freight cars first transported by\\nboats across the river,\\nJanuary 4, Fire alarm telegraph first tested.\\nJanuary 11-12. Ristori performs in Detroit.\\nMarch 26. Board of Fire Commissioners pro-\\nvided for.\\nApril 26. Odd Fellows Celebration, commemo-\\nrative of the forty-eighth anniversary of the found-\\ning of the order in America.\\nMay\\nThird Constitutional Convention as-\\nsembles in Lansing.\\nMay 26. St. Anthony s Male Orphan .Vsylum\\nopened.\\nMay 28. Annual meeting of the Grand Lodge of\\nGood Templars for North America.\\nJuly 4. Laying of corner-stone of Soldiers Mon-\\nument in East Grand Circus Park. Ma.sonic cere-\\nmonies and immense procession.\\nJuly 8. Woodmere Cemetery Association organ-\\nized.\\nJuly 10. Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Com-\\npany organized.\\nJuly 23. Second Congregational Chapel dedicated.\\n.\\\\ugust 13. (ireat base ball tournament begun;\\nlasted six days.\\nAugust 30. Former Tabernacle Baptist Church\\ndedicated as Beth El Temple.\\nSeptember 10-13. Nineteenth Xunua! State Fair;\\nheld on Race Course in Hamtramck.\\nSeptember 27. New gas works commenced\\noperations.\\nNovember i. Father Matthew Hall, corner\\nFourth and Porter Streets, dedicated.\\nNovember 17. Central M. E. Church, corner\\nWoodward and Adams .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X venues, dedicated,\\nDecember 8. Our Lady of Help, Catholic Church,\\nconsecrated.\\n1868. January 2. City Mission Lodging Rooms,\\ncorner of St. Antoine and Atwater Streets, opened.\\nJanuary 14. Meeting of State Christian Conven-\\ntion in First Congregational Church.\\nMarch 1-2. Great snow-storm, blocking trains, etc,\\nApril 23. Observance of Fast Day appointed by\\nthe governor.\\nMay 6, .Annual State Convention of Grand Army\\nof the Republic.\\nMay 10, Third Avenue Mission building dedicated.\\nJune 24. Thirteenth International Y. M. C. A.\\nConvention at Central M. E. Church. Adjourned\\nJune 28.\\nAugust 6. Corner-stone of City Hall laid impos-\\ning ceremonies; address by C. I. Walker. In this\\nyear the wards were first divided into election districts.\\nSeptember 15-18. Twentieth Annual State Fair;\\nheld on Race Course in Hamtramck.\\nOctober 23. Schuyler Colfax visits the city.\\nGrand River Avenue cars commenced running.\\nNovember 7. Trumbull Avenue Congregational\\nMission dedicated, in original location.\\nNovember 29. Pine Street Protestant Methodist\\nChurch dedicated.\\nDecember 25. Catholic Union Society organized,\\n1869. January 29. Meeting of citizens vote to\\nraise $100,000 in aid of Detroit, Hillsdale, South-\\nwestern R. R.\\nFebruary 2. Detroit Medical College opened.\\nFebruary 17. Brick building for Brock way Mis-\\nsion dedicated.\\nMarch 9. Funeral obsequies of Bi.shop Lefevere\\nan archbishop, two bishops, and seventy-nine priests\\nin attendance.\\nMarch 29. Detroit Opera House first used.\\nMay 13. Merchants Manufacturers National\\nBank organized.\\nMay 29. Memorial Day first observed. Soldiers", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1021.jp2"}, "1022": {"fulltext": "970\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\ngraves decorated a large procession oration by\\nE. B. Fairfield.\\nJuly 12. Voters of the city decide against issuing\\nbonds to aid railroads.\\nJuly 14. Woodmere Cemetery dedicated.\\nAugust. House of Providence opened on Four-\\nteenth Avenue.\\nAugust 7. Hamtramck street-cars commenced\\nrunning\\nAugust 16. Celebration of one hundredth anni-\\nversary of birth of Napoleon Bonaparte.\\nSeptember 12. The United Presbyterian Society\\ndedicated their building on corner Lafayette Ave-\\nnue and Wayne Street.\\nSeptember 14. Humboldt centennial celebration\\nlarge procession of German societies orations at\\nGrand Circus by Dr. Kiefer and Prof. Feldner.\\nOctober 11. Colored children first admitted to\\nall public schools.\\nDecember 1 3. Calvary Presbyterian Church ded-\\nicated.\\n1870. January 10. Citizens vote $300,000 in aid\\nof Detroit, Lansing Northern Railroad.\\nFebruary 6. Hamtramck Presbyterian Mission\\ndedicated.\\nMarch 27. Memorial services in honor of Bishop\\nEdward Thompson, of the M. E. Church.\\nApril 7. Celebration by colored people of the\\nRatification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the\\nConstitution large procession oration at the Opera\\nHouse.\\nApril 24. Rev. C. H. Borgess consecrated Ro-\\nman Catholic Bishop of Detroit.\\nMay 8. First German Baptist Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nMay 30. Memorial Day observed decoration of\\nsoldiers graves large procession oration by Duane\\nDoty.\\nJune 9. Knights Templar procession of nearly\\none thousand.\\nJune 14. State Sunday School convention in\\nFort Street Congregational Church.\\nJuly 2. Second Annual Regatta of Northwestern\\nAmateur Boating Association.\\nJuly 22. Simpson M. E. Church dedicated.\\nSeptember 19. Mandlebaum s auction sale of\\nsi.xty lots on Cass Farm, above Holden Road.\\nOctober 2. Park Street Baptist Church dedicated.\\nOctober 17. Triennial Council of Congrega-\\ntional Churches convenes.\\nOctober 20. Slight shock of earthquake felt.\\nNovember 3. Gamewell fire-alarm telegraph first\\ntested.\\nNovember 8. Colored people first voted.\\nNovember 29. Annual convention of North-\\nwestern Woman s .Suffrage Association.\\nDecember 21. Grace P. E. Church dedicated.\\n1871. January i. I^eople s Savings Bank or-\\nganized.\\nJanuary 24. First meeting to consider Park and\\nBoulevard question.\\nApril 15. Park Act passed by Legislature; it\\nprovided for and appointed commissioners.\\nMay I. Peace Festival, commemorating peace\\nbetween France and Germany^celebrated with pro-\\ncession, concert, and ball.\\nMay 4. Wa\\\\-ne County Pioneer Society organized.\\nMay 31. Last meeting in old Wayne County\\nCourt Room. Commemorative meeting and supper\\nof the Bar.\\nJune 21. Celebration of the twenty-fifth anni-\\nversary of the pontificate of Pope Pius IX large\\nprocession.\\nJuly 4. Celebration and formal opening of new\\nCity Hall.\\nJuly 8. Boiler explosion in IngersoU s sash and\\nblind factory; much damage done.\\nJuly 18. Common Council formally vacated old\\nand took possession of new City Hall.\\nAugust. Railroad completed between Detroit\\nand Lansing.\\nSeptember 12. D., L. N. R. R. formally\\nopened to Greenville, with an excursion from Detroit.\\nOctober 2. Wayne County Savings Bank or-\\nganized.\\nOctober 9. Great fire in Chicago $25,000 raised\\nat citizens meeting in one hour to aid those who\\nwere in need.\\nOctober 12. Citizens meeting for relief of dis-\\ntress by fires on Lake Huron and at Manistee.\\nOctober 1 5. Fort Street M. E. Church dedi-\\ncated. Zion African M. E. Church dedicated.\\nNovember i. Signal service reports commenced\\nat Detroit.\\nNovember 5. Scotch Presbyterian Church, brick\\nbuilding, dedicated.\\nDecember 13. National Commercial Convention\\nof Board of Trade at Board of Trade building.\\nDecember 23. Great gale of wind, blowing\\ndown wooden steeple of Mariners Church and large\\nchimney on Biddle House, and unroofing Republic\\nBrewery.\\nDecember 27 to 29. State Teachers Association\\nheld.\\nDecember 27. First citizens meeting concerning\\npurchase of Park.\\nDecember 28. Arrival of Grand Duke Alexis of\\nRussia.\\nDecember 30. F. Stearns s store burned four\\nlives lost.\\n1872. April 9. Soldiers Monument on Campus\\nMartins unveiled.\\nApril 13. Great gale of wind, breaking trees,\\nblowing off chimneys, etc.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1022.jp2"}, "1023": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n971\\nMay I. A citizens meeting considers question\\nof issue of $200,000 worth of bonds for use of\\nPari: Commissioners. Great confusion and no de-\\ncision.\\nMay 16. Presbyterian General .Assembly con-\\n\\\\-enes.\\nJuly 14. First St. Albert s Catholic Church con-\\nsecrated.\\nJuly 25. Board of Trade and Common Council\\nexcursion to Indianapolis on opening of Detroit\\nEel River R. R.\\nJuly 28. Si.vteenth Street M. E. Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nAugust 21. Board of Trade excursion from In-\\ndianapolis arrived by way of new Eel River R. R.\\nAugust 10. Gymnasium Building on Congress\\nStreet, near Randolph, burned.\\nAugust 25. Street -cars stopped running on\\naccount of horse disease the express companies\\ndelivered and collected goods in hand-carts for\\nseveral days.\\nNovember 3. New Jerusalem Church, comer of\\nCass Avenue and High Street, dedicated.\\nNovember 11. Meeting of citizens to express\\nsympathy and proffer aid to Boston on account of\\nfire of November 10.\\nNovember 1 5. Wood-working room of M. C.\\nR. R. burned loss, $100,000.\\nNovember 22. Old City Hall torn down.\\nNovember 25. .A-universary of M. E. Tract So-\\nciety.\\n1873. Januarj- 12. Immanuel Lutheran Church,\\ncorner Seventeenth and Pine Streets, dedicated.\\nFebruary 16. St. Paul s German Lutheran\\nChurch, corner Seventeenth and Rose Streets, dedi-\\ncated.\\nMarch 28. .Superior Court established. Board\\nof Estimates created.\\nApril 2. .Anti-park meeting held at Young\\nMen s Hall to defeat purchase of park by securing\\na Board of Estimates opposed to it.\\n.April 7. A Board of Estimates opposed to the\\npark was elected.\\nApril 13. Tribune Building burned; loss\\n$1 12,000 insured for SSS.ooo-\\nApril 22. Sessions of the Supreme Court after\\nthis date were held only at Lansing.\\nApril 29. Board of Public Works created.\\nMay 15. Postal cards first received for sale.\\nJune I. Eighteenth annual convention of Ger-\\nman Roman Catholic Benevolent Union at St.\\nMary s Hall.\\nJune 7. Steamboat Meteor and Buckley s ware-\\nhouse burned, loss $100,000.\\nJune 17. Convention of Michigan publishers.\\nJune 30. K. C. Barker s Tobacco Factory burned\\nloss, $80,000. Evangelical Alliance organized.\\nJuly 9. Plumer Leavitt s sale of 150 lots at\\nGrand Trunk Junction.\\nJuly 13. Rev. Dr. Hogarth preached his farewell\\nsermon.\\nJuly 31. Detroit Bay City R. R. completed to\\nBay Citv. In this year all stage lines from Detroit\\nceased, and the fences were removed from most of\\nthe parks.\\nAugu.st 12 and 13. H. Weber s great sale of lots\\nin Greenfield.\\nAugust 18. Anti-park meeting held to protest\\nagainst Common Council providing money to pay\\nfor lands contracted for by Park Commissioners.\\nAugust 23. The Evening News first issued.\\n.August 24. St. Aloysius Church dedicated. Old\\nLafayette Street M. E. Church torn down.\\nSeptember 8. St. Paul s Lutheran Church, Jos.\\nCampau Avenue, dedicated.\\nOctober II. Great fire, J. F. Weber s mill, a\\nbrewery, bottling works, and eight dwellings\\nburned.\\nOctober 15. Cass Avenue and Third Street\\nRailroad opened.\\nNovember 13. Canada Southern Railroad opened\\nto Toledo.\\nNovember 16. St. Joseph s Catholic Church, Or-\\nleans Street, consecrated. Rev. Newman Hall, of\\nLondon, visited the city.\\nNovember 18. St. Stephen s Episcopal Church\\nconsecrated.\\nNovember 19. Detroit Transit Railroad first used.\\nDecember 4. Great wind storm. doing much\\ndamage to shipping, buildings, etc.\\nDecember 6. Congress and Baker street-cars\\ncommenced running.\\n1874. March 10. Amusement meetings in\\nYoung Men s Hall began use of Hall given by Lu-\\nther Beecher.\\nMarch 13. Temperance meeting to consider the\\nCrusade movement. Committee of five ladies ap-\\npointed to report plan of action.\\nMarch 23. Ladies meeting at Central M. E.\\nChurch to consider the Crusade phase of the\\ntemperance question.\\nApril 7. State meeting of citizens of Michigan to\\nconsider the Bridge question. Resolution passed\\nfavoring a bridge.\\nApril 14. Burning of Burial Case Factory loss\\n$75,000.\\n.April 15. Convention of vessel-owners at Young\\nMen s Hall declare in favor of a tunnel.\\nApril 16. Detroit Scientific Society organized.\\nMay 10. Westminster Presbyterian Chapel on\\nParsons Street dedicated.\\nMay 20. State convention of druggists.\\nJune 2. Twenty-fifth meeting of American Med-\\nical Association.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1023.jp2"}, "1024": {"fulltext": "97^\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nJune 5. Heavy rain, flooding cellars in various\\nparts of the city.\\nJuly 2. Dr. John Hall spoke on the American S.\\nS. Union and its work, at Fort Street Presbyterian\\nChurch.\\nJuly 22. Reception of Board of Trade of Peoria\\nat City Hall. Building illuminated in evening.\\nAugust 4. Three important conventions began,\\nNational Educational Association, Fifth Annual\\nConvention of German-American Teachers, and\\nAmerican Dental Convention. In this month the\\nReformed Dutch Church, on Catharine Street, was\\ndedicated.\\nAugust 12. State meeting of liquor dealers in\\nfavor of license, held at Opera House.\\nAugust 19. Reception of Lord Dufferin, Gov-\\nernor-general of Canada.\\nAugust 20. Corner-stone of New Odd Fellows\\nHall laid procession, etc.\\nAugust 27. State meeting of Grangers.\\nSeptember 2. Convention of State Insurance\\nCommissioners.\\nSeptember 5. Ebenezer African M. E. Church\\ndedicated.\\nSeptember 13. Tabernacle M. E. Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nSeptember 20. St. John s Lutheran Church, Rus-\\nsell Street, dedicated.\\nOctober 6. The Whittle and Bliss revival meet-\\nings began.\\nOctober 13. Sixth annual meeting of American\\nWomans Suffrage Association at Opera House.\\nOctober 21. Home of Friendless dedicated.\\nNovember 18. Meeting of Western Associated\\nPress.\\nNovember 21. Second Congregational Church\\ndedicated.\\n1875. January 14. Opening of L^nion Fair in\\nYoung Men s Hall.\\nJanuary 27. Woman s State Christian Temper-\\nance meeting.\\nFebruary 14. Emanuel P. E. Church first used.\\nMarch 17. Relief meeting at Opera House, in\\naid of Grasshopper Sufferers in Nebraska.\\nApril 10. Thompson Home for Old Ladies incor-\\nporated.\\nApril 19. Lady Washington Tea Party at Opera\\nHouse. A fine affair.\\nApril 25. Cass Avenue Baptist Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nApril 29. Weber s factory burned loss from\\n$200,000 to $300,000.\\nMay 3. Prohibitory law repealed and liquor tax\\nlaw passed.\\nMay II. Eleventh annual meeting of American\\nSocial Science Association.\\nMay 29, Corner-stone of Public Library laid.\\nJune 7. Mass meeting at Opera House in the\\ninterest of Sabbath observance, and against allow-\\ning saloons to be opened on Sunday by permission\\nof the Common Council. Authors carnival opened\\nat Young Men s Hall.\\nJune II. St. Joachim s Catholic Church blessed.\\nJune 27. Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart\\nconsecrated. Shortly after 6 o clock P. M. a tornado\\nbegan near corner of Williams Avenue and Ash\\nStreet, and continued across Grand River Avenue,\\nmaking a track 150 feet wide; two persons were\\nkilled, ten injured, thirty-three buildings entirely\\ndestroyed and twenty-eight damaged loss $30,000.\\nJuly 26. M. W. Field s sale of lots in Hamtramck\\ntook place.\\nAugust 2. Formal opening of Young Men s\\nLibrary in Merrill Block.\\nAugust 6. Common Council decide that saloons\\nmay be open from i to 10 p. m. on Sunday.\\nAugust 10. Mayor Moffat vetoes council action\\nof August 6 concerning saloons.\\nAugust II. Meeting of American Association\\nfor Advancement of Science.\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0August 22. Sunday. Nearly all the saloons were\\nclosed.\\nAugust 25. National Greenback Convention at\\nOpera House. Michigan Booksellers Convention\\nopened.\\nSeptember 13. Whitney s Opera House opened.\\nOctober 4. Mass meeting at Opera House in\\nfavor of closing saloons on Sunday.\\nNovember i. Immense Law and Order meeting\\nat Opera House to promote election of a mayor\\nopposed to saloons being opened on Sunday.\\nNovember 2. Ale.xander Lewis elected mayor\\non the Law and Order ticket.\\nNovember 11. Harmonie Society Building dedi-\\ncated.\\nNovember 23. Phoenix Club House opened.\\nNovember 27. District Telegraph Company went\\ninto operation.\\n1876. January i. Ushering in of centennial\\nyear by general ringing of bells at midnight all\\npublic and many private buildings illuminated.\\nJanuary 18. The Supreme Court decides the\\nliquor tax law constitutional.\\nJanuary 20. Woman s Hospital on Thirteenth\\nStreet dedicated.\\nJanuary 31. I nion Fair in Mechanics Building.\\nFebruary i. St. James P. E. Chapel dedicated.\\nFebruary 14. Y. M. C. A. Building on Farmer\\nStreet dedicated.\\nFebruary 15. Y. M. C. A. noon meetings be-\\ngan.\\nMarch 25. Fort Street Presbyterian Church\\nburned.\\nApril 13. Fortieth aimiversary of organization", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1024.jp2"}, "1025": {"fulltext": "THE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\n973\\nof Brady Guards celebrated by twenty-six survivors\\nat the Russell House.\\nApril 14. Quarterly and Ninth Annual Meeting\\nof the N. W. Branch of Women s Foreign Mission-\\nary Society in Central M. E. Church.\\nMay I. Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church\\norganized.\\nMay 5. Centennial tree-planting by pupils of\\nthe public schools.\\nMay 7. Preliminary meeting held to promote\\norganization of Y. M. C. A. Railroad Branch.\\nMay 25. Seventh Annual Reunion of the Sol-\\ndiers and Sailors Association\\nJune 18. Junction M. E. Church dedicated.\\nJune 21. Formal opening of Y. M. C. A. Rail-\\nroad Branch Reading Room on Woodbridge Street.\\nJune 27. Joint exhibition of Michigan State\\nPomological and Wayne County Horticultural So-\\ncieties at Young Men s Hall.\\nJune 30. Detroit Cadets leave for the Centennial\\nE.xhibition.\\nJuly 4. Centennial celebration imposing proces-\\nsion and street decorations; boat races, illumina-\\ntions, etc.\\nJuly 19. St. incent s Female Orphan Asylum,\\nMcDougall Avenue, dedicated.\\nOctober i. Little Sisters Home for the Aged Poor,\\nbetween Orleans and Dequindre Streets, opened.\\nOctober 18. Thirteenth annual meeting of Na-\\ntional Association of Locomotive Engineers.\\nOctober 24. Ninth annual session of the Rail-\\nroad Conductors Life Insurance Association.\\nOctober 28, Sunday. The Lamed Street exten-\\nsion of the Cass Avenue Railroad was laid on this\\nday.\\nNovember 8. Great excitement over Presidential\\nelection returns.\\nNovember 21. Opening of Railroad Reading\\nRooms at Grand Trunk Junction.\\n1877. January 7. Memorial service, in memory\\nof P. P. Bliss, at Whitney s Opera House.\\nJanuary 19. Woman s Christian Temperance\\nRestaurant opened in Y. M. C. A. Building.\\nJanuary 22. Public Library building dedicated.\\nFebruary 6. Charity Ball for Relief and Aid So-\\nciety.\\nFebruary 9. Michigan Savings Banlc organized.\\nHenry Ward Beecher lectured at Detroit Opera\\nHouse in the evening, and Dr. Henry A. Reynolds,\\nthe Red Ribbon temperance reformer, in St. An-\\ndrew s Hall.\\nFebruary 22. Young Men s Red Ribbon Club\\norganized.\\nMarch 6. Telephone first explained and illus-\\ntrated at Detroit.\\nMarch 7. Meeting held to organize Working-\\nwoman s Home.\\nMarch 8. Horatio Seymour visited Detroit.\\nMay 2. General Joe Hooker arrived.\\nMay 23. Office of Fire Marshal created.\\nJune 3. Eighteenth Street Baptist Church dedi-\\ncated.\\nJune 4. The forty-seventh annual convention\\nof the Protestant Episcopal Church of Michigan\\nbegan.\\nJune 10. The rebuilt Fort Street Presbyterian\\nChurch was dedicated.\\nJune 13. National stove-makers convention held.\\nJune 16. The National Turnfest began.\\nJune 20. The National Grand Division of the\\nSons of Pemperance convened.\\nJune 30. Captain John Horn, Jr., was presented\\nby citizens with a very elegant gold watch for hav-\\ning at various times saved 131 persons from death\\nby drowning.\\nJuly 8. Francis Murphy, the Blue Ribbon tem-\\nperance reformer, lectured in Detroit. The first\\nsewer built by tunneling under ground was con-\\nstructed this year.\\nJuly 18. Western Associated Press meeting.\\nJuly 20. Newsboys strike against the Evening\\nNews.\\nJuly 23. This day, and for a week following,\\ngreat excitement about railroad strike. Canada\\nSouthern R R. trains stopped. The State troops\\nwere called out for their annual inspection the\\nThird Regiment went into camp on the Reeder\\nFarm on July 25.\\nAugust 10. Visit of mayor and aldermen of Buf-\\nfalo.\\nAugust 14. Opening of Northwestern Regatta\\nit ended on the following Saturday.\\nSeptember 1 5. Return of Bishop Borgess from\\nEurope by wav of C. S. R. R. The train traveled 1 1 1\\nmiles in 109 minutes from St. Thomas to Detroit.\\nSeptember 17. ail Crane s cracker factory\\nburned.\\nOctober 14. The first number of The Post and\\nTribune was issued.\\nOctober 17. The Triennial Council of Congre-\\ngationalists began.\\nOctober 30. Second Biennial Conference of U.\\nS. Evangelical AUiance at First Presbyterian Church.\\nNovember 6. Saloons first closed on Election\\nDay.\\nNovember 26. First provision made for licensing\\nnewsboys.\\nNovember 29. Reception by Y. M. C. A. to Re-\\nform Club.\\nDecember 3. Workingwoman s Home incorpor-\\nated.\\nDecember 1 5. Reservoir in Hamtramck first used.\\n1878. February 26. Merchants and Manufac-\\nturers Exchange organized.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1025.jp2"}, "1026": {"fulltext": "974\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nJune. St. Peter s Lutheran Church, Chene Street,\\ndedicated. In the summer of this year the Wood-\\nward Avenue roadway was widened five feet, north\\nof Willis Avenue.\\nJune 2. A Bullock press and the papier-mache\\nprocess was made use of by Free Press, the first\\ntime in Michigan.\\nJune 3. The twenty-si.xth annual session of the\\nInternational Typographical L^nion began.\\nJune 13. Republican State Convention at Opera\\nHouse.\\nJune 16. First exhibiti(jn of phonograph in De-\\ntroit.\\nJune 19. The National Eclectic Medical Asso-\\nciation met in Detroit.\\nAugust 1 5. Telephones first supplied to citizens.\\nSeptember 16. The State Fair opened on Cass\\nAvenue, near Holden Road; it lasted five days.\\nSeptember iS. Liggett s Home and Day .School\\nfirst opened.\\nDecember 12. Modjeska performs in Detroit.\\nDecember 17. For the first time in years gold,\\ngreenbacks, and National Bank notes were of equal\\npurchasing power.\\nDecember 25. The Steam Supply Company\\nbegan to furnish steam.\\nDecember 29. St. Mary s P. E. Chapel first used.\\n1879. February 19. Reception by Light Guard\\nto Governor Croswell at Opera House. Board of\\nTrade began to occupy building corner Jefferson\\nAvenue and Griswold Street.\\nMay 10. Recreation Park first opened.\\nMay 19. Berry Brothers Varnish Factory blew\\nup and killed several persons.\\nMay 21. Board of Boulevard Commissioners\\nprovided for.\\nMay 27. Council authorized to purchase Belle\\nIsle and erect a bridge.\\nMay 31. Board of Poor Commissioners provided\\nfor.\\nJune 4. First exhibition of electric light.\\n.September 17. Rev. Dr. S. S. Harris consecrated\\nProtestant Episcopal Bishop of Michigan.\\nSeptember 18. President Hayes and wife visited\\nthe city, and the .State Fair on the Cass Farm.\\nSeptember 25. The city purchased Belle Isle for\\na park.\\nNovember i. Senator Chandler died in his room\\nat the Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago.\\nNovember 2. Senator Chandler s body was\\nbrought home by a committee of leading citizens of\\nMichigan and Illinois.\\nNovember 9. The P. E. Mission of the Messiah\\nwas first used.\\nNovember 17. Michigan College of Medicine\\nopened. Governor Croswell appointed ex-Governor\\nHenry P. Baldwin U. S. Senator.\\nNovember 21. St. Mary s Hospital, on St. \\\\n-\\ntoine Street, opened.\\nDecember 9. New Industrial School building\\ndedicated.\\nDecember 16. Second German Baptist Church\\ndedicated. The Fort Wayne Congregational Mis-\\nsion building was first used this month.\\n1880. January 4. Rev. George F. Pentecost s\\nrevival meetings began.\\nMarch 10. Epiphany Reformed Episcopal Church\\nwas incorporated.\\nApril 22. The Detroit Association of Charities\\nwas organized.\\nJune 3. Princess Louise and Prince Leopold\\npassed through Detroit.\\nJuly 4. Very quiet; no firing or fireworks allowed.\\nJuly 22. Steam yacht Mamie run into by steamer\\nGarland, and sixteen persons drowned, of whom\\neleven were acolytes of Trinity Church.\\nAugust 23. Central Market building completed,\\nand accepted by city.\\nAugust 30. Peninsular Sangerfest began.\\nAugust 31. Music Hall opened.\\nSeptember 21. The Evening News was first\\nprinted on a Scott press, using the papier-mache\\nprocess.\\nNovember 25. Jubilee thanksgiving services held\\nat Central Church to celebrate payment of debts on\\nall Methodist Episcopal Churches in the city.\\nDecember 12. Clinton Avenue Baptist Chapel\\ndedicated.\\n1881. January 12. The boiler at Union Mills\\nexploded, and three persons were killed.\\nJanuary 16. Clinton Avenue Memorial Presby-\\n_ terian Chapel was dedicated.\\nJanuary 20. Archibald F orbes, correspondent of\\nLondon Times, lectured.\\nJanuary 22. The State Telephone System went\\ninto operation.\\nP ebruary 8. The Michigan Fire and Marine\\nInsurance Company was incorporated.\\nFebruary 24. Reception to Governor Jerome at\\nMusic Hall, under auspices of the Detroit Light\\nGuard.\\nFebruary 27. St. Luke s Memorial P. E. Chapel\\nconsecrated.\\nMarch i r. Office of ward school inspector abol-\\nished inspectors to be elected on general ticket.\\n.A.pril2i. Board of Estimates abolished. Board\\nof Councilman provided for.\\nMay 5. Entirely new ward divisions created.\\nMav 26. First systematic provision made for\\nBoard of Health.\\nJune 12. The Post and Tribune first printed on\\nScott rotary press.\\nJulv 3. Trumbull Avenue Presbyterian Church\\ndedicated.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1026.jp2"}, "1027": {"fulltext": "THE ANMALS OF DETROIT.\\n975\\nJuly 6. Excursion to Butler. Indiana, of subscri-\\nbers to bonus of $200,000 given the Detroit, liutler.\\nSt. Louis R. R.\\nJuly 17. Catholic Church of the Holy Redeemer,\\nSpringwells, consecrated.\\nJuly 19. Soldiers Monument completed.\\nAugust 14. First through train from St. Louis\\narrived at Detroit.\\nAugust 29. Board of Park Commissioners created.\\nSeptember 8. Meeting held to raise money for\\nsufferers by Michigan fires.\\nOctober 18. Universalist Church dedicated.\\nNovember 29. Westminster Presbyterian Church,\\nWoodward Avenue, dedicated.\\nDecember 27. Commercial National Bank or-\\nganized.\\n1882. January i. The first through train arrived\\nat Marquette from Mackinaw.\\nJanuary 2. First sitting of three judges instead\\nof one in Circuit Court.\\nJanuary 13. The jury in the libel suit of Hugh\\nS. Peoples against the Evening News, for intimating\\nthat he was accessory to the murder of Martha\\nWhitla, bring in a verdict for the defense. Peo-\\nples was subsequently tried for the murder and\\nacquitted.\\nFebruary 10. Carlotta Patti sings in Detroit.\\nFebruary 26. Thirty-second Street German M.\\nE. Church dedicated.\\nMay 1 5. Belle Isle Lighthouse first used.\\nJune I. Delray M. E. Church dedicated.\\nJune 10. Visit of aldermen of Dayton.\\nJune 14. Reunion of Army of the Potomac\\nGeneral Grant and other notables present.\\nJune 15. Immense procession in morning; sham\\nbattle on the Fair grounds in afternoon, and ban-\\nquet at Merrill Hall in the evening.\\nJune 21. National Kindergarten convention.\\nJuly I. Oflfices of Lake Survey discontinued at\\nDetroit.\\nJuly II. National Amateur Press convention.\\nJuly 26. Banquet to General Godfrey Weitze!\\non the occasion of his leaving the city. Roadway of\\nWoodward Avenue widened between Columbia\\nStreet and Willis Avenue.\\nAugust 9. Milwaukee city ofiicials \\\\nsit the city.\\nAugust 18. The Fourteenth Regiment Ohio Na-\\ntional Guard encamp on Belle Isle.\\nAugust 22. Conclave of Knights of Pythias.\\nOctober 19. Mt. Hope Congregational Mission\\nbuilding dedicated.\\nOctober 24. Street-sweeping machines first used.\\nDecember 17. Clinton Avenue Memorial Pres-\\nbyterian Church dedicated.\\nDecember 29. Complimentary banquet to C. C.\\nTrowbridge on his eighty-third birthday by over\\none hundred citizens.\\n1883. January I. Organization of Protective Fire\\nCompany.\\nJanuary 8. Burning of the Telegraph Block and\\nnarrow escape of Western Union Telegraph opera-\\ntors.\\nJanuary 18. Day Nursery and Kindergarten As-\\nsociation building opened.\\nJanuary 28. Wesley M. E. Church dedicated.\\nFebruary I. Clearing House established.\\nMarch 4. Harper Avenue Congregational Mis-\\nsion dedicated.\\nMarch 18. The Wabash Railroad commenced\\nusing the grounds and depot of the Union Railroad\\nStation and Depot Co.\\nMarch 30. Detroit Light Guard Levee to Gov.\\nJ. W. Begole, at Music Hall.\\nApril 25. New system of city Justice Courts pro-\\nvided for.\\nApril 29. St. Cassimer s Catholic Church con-\\nsecrated.\\nMay 13. St. Matthews P. E. Church conse-\\ncrated.\\nMay 21. Explosion at the Wolverine Paper Mill\\nEngineer Wm. Thompson killed and Fireman Joli.i\\nP. Frank fatally injured several firemen injured by\\na falling wall.\\nMay 23. Senator Palmer gave a reception to\\nthe Legislature and State officials.\\nMay 31. The National Free Trade Conference\\nopened it was the first held in America.\\nJune 5. New city charter enacted. Board of\\nAssessors created.\\nJune 5 and 6. .State Band tournament at Recrea-\\ntion Park.\\nJune 6. Annual conference of P. E. Churches\\nof Eastern Michigan.\\nJune II. The .M. C. R. R. began running by\\nDetroit time.\\nJuiv 7. The Continental Guards of New Orleans\\nvisited the city.\\nJuly 8. Zion Lutheran Church, at Springwells,\\ndedicated.\\nJuly 19. Strike of telegraph operators began.\\nAugust 13. .Meeting of National Charcoal Iron\\nWorkers Association.\\nAugust 14. Annual Convention of the Interna-\\ntional Traveling Passenger .Agents Association.\\n.August 19. St. Boniface Catholic Church build-\\ning consecrated.\\nAugust 28. Convention of the Mutual Benefit\\nAssociation of .America. The first Synod of the\\nWest (United Presbyterians) began its services in\\nthe U. P. Church.\\nSeptember I. The .Art Loan opened. The Even-\\ning Journal first issued.\\nSeptember 3. Postal notes first issued in De-\\ntroit.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1027.jp2"}, "1028": {"fulltext": "976\\nTHE ANNALS OF DETROIT.\\nSeptember 5. Zoological Garden opened.\\nSeptember 12. Polish Celebration of two hun-\\ndredth anniversary of the Battle of Vienna.\\nSeptember 17. Opening of the State Fair.\\nOctober i. Two-cent letter postage began.\\nOctober 2. The American Board of Commis-\\nsioners for Foreign Missions assembled.\\nOctober 6. State Universalists Convention held.\\nOctober 7. Asbury M. E. Mi.ssion dedicated.\\nOctober 10. Celebration of the two hundredth\\nanniversary of the landing of the first Germans in\\nthe United States.\\nOctober 14. St. Barnabas P. E. Mission building\\nfirst used.\\nOctober 17. Annual meeting of the Western\\nAssociated Press.\\nOctober 24. The State Savings Bank was organ-\\nized.\\nOctober 31. The tenth annual convention of\\nthe National \\\\V. C. T. U. began.\\nNovember 4. Second building of Bethel Evangel-\\nical Association dedicated. Monsignor T. J. Capel\\nlectured in Detroit.\\nNovember 13. Meeting of American I^ublic\\nHealth Association.\\nNovember 22. Convent of the Order of the Good\\nShepherd opened.\\nDecember 2. Cass Avenue M. E. Chapel dedi-\\ncated.\\nDecember 4. Daily Times first issued.\\nDecember\\nProtestant Episcopal Mission\\nbuilding of the Good Shepherd first used.\\nDecember 27. Reception at Detroit Club House\\nto Chief-Justice B. F. Graves, on his retirement from\\nthe Michigan Supreme Court.\\n1884. January 17. Matthew Arnold lectured in\\nDetroit.\\nJanuary 23. Annual meeting of Grand Army of\\nthe Republic.\\nFebruary 27. iM. S. Smith cS: Co. s Automatic\\nClock unveiled.\\nMay 6. E.xtensive fire at Frost s Wooden Ware\\nWorks.\\n.May 21. National Baptist Anniversaries began.\\nJune 13. National Convention of Travelers Pro-\\ntective Association opened.\\nJune 16-17. The Thomas Festival was held.\\nChristine Nilsson, Frau Materna, and other noted\\nsingers present\\nJune 24. The annual convention of Knights of\\nSt. John begun.\\nAugust 27. The quadrennial meeting of the\\nbishops of the African M. E. Church convened at\\nliethel M. E. Church, Lafayette Street, at 11 a. m.\\nThe following is a list of the bishops in attendance,\\ntogether with their residences D. A. Payne, D. D.,\\nLL.D., Xenia, O. J. P. Shorter, Xenia, O. T. M.\\nD. Ward, D. D., Bennings, Md. John I\\\\L Brown,\\nD. D., Washington, D. C; H. M. Turner. LL. D.,\\n.Atlanta, Ga. W. F. Dickinson, D. D., Columbia,\\nS. C. R. H. Cain, D. D., Dallas. Tex.\\nSeptember i. General B. F. Butler addressed a\\npolitical meeting in west Grand Circus Park.\\nSeptember 13. In the evening General John A.\\nLogan addressed a Republican meeting at the Roller\\nSkating Rink, on Earned Street East.\\nSeptember 17. A fire broke out about 2.30 p. M.\\non High .Street, between Third and Fourth Streets\\nit e.xtended to Grand River Avenue, and destroyed\\ntwo planing mills, several small stores, and si.\\\\ or\\nseven houses the loss reaching probably 50,000.\\nSeptember 19. At about 2.30 P. M. several per-\\nsons in the city, and others in the interior of the\\nState and in Ohio and Indiana, were conscious of\\nthe tremor of an earthquake. It was so slight, how-\\never, that probably not one person in a hundred\\nin the city observed it.\\nOctober 7. John P. St. John, the Prohibition\\ncandidate for President, delivered an address at the\\nDetroit Opera House.\\nOctober 7-1 1. Ninth annual meeting of the\\nChurch Congress of the Protestant Episcopal Church\\nheld at Whitney s Opera House. Rev. Pliillips\\nBrooks, D. D., Right Rev. Henry C. Potter, D. D.,\\nRev. George D. Wildes, D. D., Rev. Wm. Clark,\\nM. A., Rev. R. Heber Newton, D. D., and other\\nnotable clergymen were present, as was also Henry\\nGeorge and many distinguished laymen.\\nOctober 14. James G. Blaine and John C. Fre-\\nmont present at a Republican gathering. Parade of\\nfive hundred horsemen and many torchbearers in\\nthe evening.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1028.jp2"}, "1029": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX A.\\nA DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF\\nTHE FRENCH FARMS\\nWAYNE COUNTY.\\nOR PRIVATE CLAIMS IN\\ntCopyright, 1. S4, by Silns Farmer.]\\nIn this list, the first name under the head of Remarks is the name of the township in which the claim is located.\\nUnless otherwise specified, the number of acres given is as found on Aaron Greely s engraved map of Private Claims of\\n1810, but in nearly fifty claims the number of acres, as given in his original notes, differs from the number of acres given\\nfor the same claim on his map, published by the United States. It is also true that all of the surveys were so carelessly\\nmade that many of the claims include more acres than are herein given. The number of acres confirmed as back concessions\\nto several of the claims, is given directly underneath the number of acres of the original claim, and is as given in American\\nState Papers, or in sur\\\\-eys of the government surveyors.\\nIn addition to the claims in this list, the commissioners confirmed at least three small tracts of land that lay between\\nthe Cass and Brush Farms and that were included in the Governor and Judges Plan. They were numbered 3, 4, and 94 in\\nthe first report of the commissioners, but are no longer known or described by numbers. The names are given as they are\\nspelled in the American State Papers.\\nNo. of\\nClaim.\\n8\\n9 454\\n10\\nNew 10\\nII 453\\nNew II\\n12\\nNew 12\\n\u00c2\u00bb3\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\nNo. of\\nAcres.\\n134 18.\\n336 -83\\n135.96..\\n132.06..\\n192 77 I\\n57 59 J\\n106.13\\n23.86!^\\nName of Claimant.\\nJohn Askin\\nAntoine Beaubien\\nChas. Moran.\\nLouis Moran\\nMaurice Moran.\\nCatherine Dequindre\\nJohn Robert McDougall\\n100.36 Louis Moran\\n95.06 f\\n386.04.. Henry Connor.\\n139.70.. Benoit Chapoton\\n140. 19..\\n88.95 t\\n37-56\\n633-84--\\n121.16 I\\n12-59 f\\n207.99..\\n146.20\\n129.68\\n347.12..\\n105.07..\\n144 70 i_\\n141 13 S\\n139.67 I.\\n147-72 i\\n37 29 I\\nM5-75(\\n103 36 I\\n91.40!\\n102\\n103\\n53 I\\n09*\\n66.71 I\\n74.ioi\\n67-37\\n69-98!\\nHeirs of Joseph Pomerville\\nCharles Gouin\\nJoseph Louis Tremble\\nNich. Guoin\\nChas. Peltier\\nPhiUis Peltier\\nFrancis P. Matcher\\nFrancois Gouin\\nGeo. Meldrum.\\nLouis Benfait\\nRobert Navarre.\\nPierre D. Labadi\\nJos. Beaubien\\nFrancois Gamclin\\nAlexis I^badt\\nDate of\\nConfirmatiu\\nJune 30, 1807.\\nJune 30, 1807.\\nJuly I, 1807\\nJuly I, 1807\\nJuly I, 1807\\nJuly 2, 1807\\ni July 3, 1807\\nDec. 7. 1808\\nJuly 3, 1807.\\n1823\\nJuly 3, 1807\\nDec 7, 1808\\n1823\\nJuly 6, 1807\\n1823\\nJuly 6, 1807\\nJuly 6, 1807\\nJuly 6, 1807\\nJuly 6, 1807.\\nJuly 8, 1807\\nJuly 8, 1807\\nJuly 10, 1807\\nJuly 15, 1807\\nJuly 15, 1807\\nJuly 16, 1807\\nJuly 16, 1807\\nJuly t6, 1807\\n[9771\\nRemarks.\\nDetroit. Known as the Brush Farm.\\nDetroit. The west half of this tract is now known as\\nthe Lambert Beaubien, and the east half as the\\nAntoine Beaubien Farm.\\nDetroit. Known as the Charles Moran Farm.\\nDetroit. Known as the Louis Moran Farm.\\nDetroit. The front is now known as the Hunt Farm.\\nAlthough originally numbered 7, yet in Greely s\\nSurveys it is numbered 182; and in Joseph Fletcher s\\nSurvey of the rear concession it is also numbered\\n182. See also 182.\\nDetroit. This is part of the tract known as the De-\\nquindre Farm.\\nDetroit. This tract is known ns the McDougall Farm.\\nThe number of acres given includes the area of\\nboth claims, 454 being the rear concession of 9. See\\nalso P. C. 454.\\nHamtramck.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDetroit. This tract is now known as the B. Chapoton\\nFarm. The number of acres given includes the\\narea of both claims, 453 being the rear concession\\nof II. See also Private Claim 132.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDetroit. Known as the Guoin Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe,\\nDetroit. Now known as the Riopelle Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the St. Aubin Farm.\\nDetroit. Now know as the Lcib Farm.\\nHamtramck. Now known as the Church Farm.\\nDetroit. This is part of the tract now known as the\\nDequindre Farm.\\nHamtramck. Known as the Meldrum Farm.\\nHamtramck. Known as the Beau fait Farm.\\nDetroit. The easterly 5-12 of this tract is now known\\nas the Brevoort Farm.\\nDetroit. This tract, together with the westerly 7-12\\nof Private Claim 20, is now known as the Porter\\nFarm.\\nDetroit. This is part of the tract now known as the\\nWoodbridge Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Forsyth Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Baker Farm.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1029.jp2"}, "1030": {"fulltext": "9/8\\nDESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\nNo.\\nof\\nNo\\nof\\nClaim.\\nAcres.\\ni\\n107\\n80..\\n26\\n199\\n92..\\n27\\n104\\n02|\\n101\\nS8(\\nNew\\n=7\\n99\\n47\\n28\\n29\\n30\\n31\\n32\\nNew 32\\n33\\n34\\n36\\n37\\n38\\n39\\nNew 39\\n40\\nNew 40\\n41\\n42\\nNew 42\\n43\\nNew\\nNew\\n46\\n47\\n47\\n48\\nJ48\\n(48\\n84\\n341.50..\\n55.24..\\n233 57\\n267.23 I\\n640 00\\n27I-33--\\n273.51..\\n112.36.\\n337.60..\\n139.72..\\n70.71 I\\n86.23 f\\n79.11..\\n208 .41..\\n213. ig.\\nSOU 00.\\n24c 20\\n140.63.\\n292.84.\\n277.60.\\n100. 4S I\\n102.96 f\\n505.60\\n162.9\\n60I\\n9 f\\n376.56..\\n225 00..\\n335.00,.\\n305.00 I\\n8g6.oo\\n389.80\\n457.07..\\n184.94\\n292.20\\n300.00..\\n303 10\\n181.531\\n161.76..\\n640 00\\n430.26..\\n401 -.S?\\n294.14\\n171 29\\n13746\\n106.67\\n201.32\\n180.59\\n70.36\\n148.75\\n135-57\\n68.88\\n169.44.\\n70.68.\\n\u00c2\u00bb73;63-\\nName of Claimant.\\nDate of\\nConfirmation.\\nChas. Labadi\\nJos. Serre (V// St. Jean\\nJames Peltier\\nAbraham Cook\\nRebecca Cissne.\\nChas. Rouleau\\nMatthew Ernest.\\nJos. Kilburn\\nJohn Cissne\\nFrancois Chovin\\nFrancois Durocher\\nWm, Cissne\\nWidow of Joshua Lorain.\\nChas. Chovin\\nWidow and heirs of Antoine Moras.\\nJohn Harvey\\nJames Cissne\\nJohn Steinbeck and Jos, Cherboneau,\\nHeirs of Joseph Harrison\\nJohanah, widow of Jacob Dicks\\nEdward McCarty\\nHeirs of Frances Chobert Jancaire.\\nJames Cissne\\nFrancois Lafontaine\\nJacques and Francois Lasselle\\nJacob Vinger.\\nJoseph Ilarrian.\\nThos. Smith\\nHeirs of Thos. Smith.\\nMatthew Donovan\\nJohn Connelly\\nJesse Burbank\\nJohn Dudcmead\\nSarah, widow of Wm. Macomb.\\nWm. Walker\\nJohn, William and David M conib\\nAnn Coates\\nJames Haby\\nAmbrose Riopel\\nJohn Coates\\nJames McGill\\nWidow of Godfrey Corbus\\nJames Hopkins\\n-Marianne, widow of Alexis Delille\\nFrancis Chabert\\nWhitmore Kna), j,^s\\nHeirs of Alexis Campau\\nLouis HoLirassa\\nCharles Michel Campeaii\\nBaptiste Rousson\\nAntoine Haron\\nJuly 16, 1S07\\nJuly 18, 1807\\nJuly iS, 1807\\n1823\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 20, 1S07\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 2o, 1807\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 20, 1S07\\nJuly 20, 1807\\nJuly 21, 1807\\nJuly 22, 1807\\n1823\\nJuly 22, 1S07\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a08=3\\nJuly 22, 1807\\nJuly 22, 1S07\\n1823\\nJuly 22, 1S07\\nJuly 23, 1807.\\nJuly 23, 1807\\nAug. 6, 1807.\\n1823\\nAug. 8, 1807.\\n1823\\nAvig. 22, 1807.\\nAug. 22, 1807.\\nAug. 22, 1807.\\nSept. 7, 1807.\\n1823\\nNov. 2, 1807.\\nNov. 16, 1807.\\nNov. 21, 1807.\\nNov. 26, 1807.\\nNov. 26, 1807.\\nDec, 22, 1807.\\nDec. 22, 1807.\\nDec. 23, 1807.\\nDec. 23, 1807.\\nDec. 26, 1807.\\nDec. 26. 1807.\\nDec. 28, 1807.\\nDec. 28, 1807.\\nDec. 30, 1807.\\nDec. 30, 1807.\\nDec. 30, 1807.\\nDec. 30, 1807.\\nEcorce.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Lognon Farm.\\nHamtramck. Part of this tract, now known as the\\nCook Farm, is the front of Private Claim 15:5, and\\nis numbered Private Claim 734 on the Greely Nlap,\\nbut it was not numbered at all by the Commission-\\ners of Claims, This claim, and also the one next\\neast of it, also not numbered by the commissioners\\nor on the Greely Map, were both confirmed to Cook\\nin 1823, as No. 27.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nSee History of P. C. 269.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nEcorce.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Morass Farm.\\nSpringwells, Now known as the Reeder Farm.\\nHamtramck. This claim was originally numbered 664\\nby the Commissioners of Claims.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells. Erroneously numbered 317 and 318 on\\nBelden Atlas.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells.\\nEcorce. This claim was originally numbered 339.\\nSpringwells. By Act of July 2, 1836, Laws of U. S,,\\nVol. VI, page 667, a patent for 134 acres of this\\ntract, and not to include anything north of the\\nChicago Road, was ordered issued to T. B, Clark.\\nSee Private Claim 83.\\nDetroit. Known as the Lafontaine Farm.\\nEcorce.\\nSee Private Claim 48.\\nSpringwells. The numlier of acres gi\\narea of Private Claim 583.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nen includes the\\nEcorce. These last two portions of the original claim\\nwere numbered 46 in the Commissioner s report of\\n1823. The date of U. S. Patent of last claim of\\n896 acres is April 17, 1845.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nDearborn.\\nMonguagim. This claim included Sugar, Hickory,\\nFox. Celeron, and Calf Islands.\\nBrownstown.\\nDetroit. Part of Cass Farm.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells and Ecorce. The Commissioners con-\\nfirmed but one P. C. 61, and their description could\\nnot possibly have included the two different claims\\nnumbered 61 on the (.ireely Map, one of which\\ncontains 209.52 acres and the other 220.74 ^icres,\\nboth of them marked to Ambrose Riopelle, and in\\nentirely different locations, but as the surveys of\\nGreely were made authoritative by Act of Con-\\ngress, both claims hold good.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nDearborn.\\nDearborn.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells. Now known as the Knaggs or Hubbard\\nFarm.\\nSpringwells. Now known as the Alexis Campau Farm.\\nEcorce. A large tract of land was confirmed to James\\nMay in 1823 for the rear concession of claims 83, 85,\\nand Q2, and was designated by the commissioners\\nas new No. 43.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce. See note opposite Claim 83.\\nEcorce.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1030.jp2"}, "1031": {"fulltext": "DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\n979\\n9=\\n93\\n95\\n97\\n99\\n200\\n112\\n3\\n7\\nii8\\n119\\n120\\n121\\n122\\nia6 127\\nNaniL- of ClaiiiKiiit.\\nDate of\\nConfirmation.\\n128\\n142\\n43\\n156\\n169\\n171\\n179\\n180\\n181\\n182\\n.83\\n184\\n212\\n216\\n219\\n222\\n223\\n224\\n226\\n227\\n228\\n231\\n239\\n240\\n241\\n246\\n247\\n248\\n249\\no*^ Jean Marie I eniibieii.\\n235.121\\n34-\\n68. 33--\\n281.51..\\n174.34..\\n158.00..\\n290.82..\\n72.79..\\n110.73 I\\n100.72\\n40.59..\\n505.80.\\n385.82.\\n.36.38.\\n226. IQ.\\n105.72 I\\n640.00 I\\n228.38.\\n.87.63 j\\n138.431\\n250.82.\\n211.79 I\\n250.61\\n542.67.\\n43-94.\\n266.93\\n340. i I\\n208.55.\\n113.03 j\\n107.62\\n.30.\\n107.73..\\n129.00.\\n97-47 J.\\n104.14\\n98.37..\\n104 40\\n67.51..\\n220.05\\n199.471\\n249.00..\\n168.68..\\n168.85..\\n137.61..\\n74.88-.\\n75.82\\n169.04\\n115.30/\\n106.34\\n102.62 I\\n97-42 f\\n39.50\\n354.90..\\n123-44\\n106.26\\n97-70 j.\\n95-14\\n103.92 I\\n95.M I\\n103.36 j.\\n120.38\\n360.50..\\n156.54..\\n184.14..\\n255.85--\\n107.06 t\\n100.08 f\\n97-80 j.\\n91-30 1\\n110.50\\n83.20 f\\n97-77 1\\n96-46 1\\n68.5.1\\n73-=5l\\n135-19\\n3-74 1\\n147.72 I.\\n133.84 f\\nJacques Canipuu\\nHeirs of Joseph Bondi\\nGeorge HofTinan\\nAntoiue Bcndt\\nH. K. Hickman\\nJoseph Weaver\\nJiiliau Harriet Hamtrarack.\\nJohn Liltle\\nJean Bapliste Lcbeau\\nJonathan Schiefllein\\nAngelique Cicot and children.\\nPierre Delorier\\nJohn Dicks\\nFrancois Trudelle\\nJan. 4, 1808\\nJan. 6, 1808\\nJan. 29, 1808...\\nFeb. I, 1808...\\nMarch 22,1808..\\nMarch 24. 1808\\nMarch 28, 1808\\nMarch 31, 180S\\nApril 20, 180S\\nMay 25, 1808...\\nMay 25, 1808\\nMay 26, 1808...\\nMay 28, 1808...\\nJune 4, 1808.\\nJune 6, 1808...\\nLouis Vessiere rf;V Laferte Jr\\nJean Baptiste Aloire tf: i Lapierre.\\nAndre Viger\\nWni. Forsyth\\nWni. Forsyth\\nAntoine, Therese, and Pauline Cattin\\nJohn Litle\\nJohn Litle\\nJoseph Cainpeau\\nJoseph Cainpau\\nFrancois Lafontaine\\nJacques Laiialle\\nWidow and Heirs of J. B. Campau.\\nGabriel St. Obin\\nLouis Cochois\\nJos. Laparle\\nJ. B Vernier Ladouceur.\\nJ. B. Drouiliard\\nios. Livcrnois, J r\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0azile Pepin\\nFrancois Rivard\\nAntoine Rivard\\nMaurice Moran\\nLaurent Griffard\\nJacques Allard\\nJonathan Schiefllein.\\nJanics Baby\\nPierre Griffard\\nAntoine Reneau.\\nLouis Reneau\\nJacques Allard, Jr\\nAlexis Descontis Labadi.\\nChas. Cabacier\\nLouis Visiere /ii Laferte.\\nAlexander Grant\\nJ. B. Marsac\\nJ. B. Marsac\\nWni. Robison and Hugh R. Martin\\nDominique Labrossc\\nA. Lasalle\\nJ. F. Lasidle\\nFrancois Bouonie\\nJune 6,\\nJune 7,\\nJune 8,\\nJune 9,\\nJune 9,\\nJune 10,\\nJune 13,\\nFeb. 20,\\nJune 15,\\nJune 13,\\nJune 16,\\nJune 16,\\nJune 18,\\nJune 18,\\nJune 18,\\nJune 18,\\nJune 16,\\nJune 22,\\nJune 23,\\nJune 25,\\nJune 27,\\nJune 28^\\nJune 28,\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n180S,\\n1809.\\n1808.\\ni8o3.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.\\n1808.,\\n1808.,\\n180S.,\\nRfuiarks.\\nJune 28, 1808\\nJune 28, 1808\\nDec. II, i8og\\nOct. 28, 1808\\nJuly 8, 1808.,\\nJuly 9, 1808.\\nJuly 9, 1S08.\\nJuly 9, j8o3.\\nJuly II, 1808\\nJuly 12, 1808\\nJuly 12, 1808\\nJuly 5, 180S.\\nJuly 16, iSoS\\nJuly 16, 1808\\nAug. 31, 1808\\nJuly 21, 1808,\\nJuly 21, 1808\\nJuly 21, 1808\\nJuly 22, 1S08,\\nDetroit. Now known as the Wiiherell Farm.\\nDetroit. The west half of this tract is now known as\\nthe Dubois Farm, and the cast half as the James\\nCampau Farm.\\nEcorce. See note opposite Claim 83.\\nDearborn. This claim by mistake is numbered 92 on\\nthe Greely Map, and in his Notes of Survey.\\nEcorce.\\nDearborn.\\nSpringwells,\\nHanitramck. Part of Van Dyke Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nDearborn.\\nEcorce. The rear of this tract was confirmed to Joel\\nThomas by Congress, February 5, 1833. U. S.\\nLaws, Vol. VI, page 532.\\nEcorce.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce.\\nGros.se Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe,\\nThis claim is not numbered or marked on the en-\\ngraved map of Grecly s sur\\\\ey. It is a small claim\\nlying west of and adjoining P. C. 560. It is on\\nthe river and now forms part of P. C. 11 and 453.\\nDearboin.\\nDearborn.\\nHamlramck.\\nHamtramck. The front of the farm is called P. C. 734,\\non the Greely map.\\nHamtramck.\\nHamtramck.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nEcorce.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Cook Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Rivard Farm.\\nDetroit. It was numbered 7 originally, yet in Greelv s\\nand Joseph Fletcher s surveys it is numbered 182.\\nIt is now called the Mullett Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Thompson Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Lafferty Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Labrossc Farm.\\nDetroit. Prior to sale to Lasalle known as P. Chesne\\nFarm, now known as the Jones Farm.\\nDetroit. This is part of the tract now known as the\\nWoodbridge F arm,\\nGrosse Pointe.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1031.jp2"}, "1032": {"fulltext": "98o\\nDESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\nNo. of\\nClaim.\\n257\\n258\\n260\\n261\\n264\\n265\\n266\\nJ267\\n(268\\n269\\n271\\n273\\n276\\n312\\n3 5\\n321\\n322\\n328\\n337\\n338\\n340\\n344\\n345\\n354\\n355\\n379\\n385\\n386\\n387\\n388\\n389\\n390\\n391\\n393\\n394\\n404\\n405\\n453\\n454\\n455\\n458\\n473\\nNo. of\\nAcres.\\n640.00.\\n97-92 l_\\n102.91 1\\n123.27)\\nif\\n306.04\\n479.68..\\n12.50)\\n2.58.71 i\\n20.23\\n300.65\\n3.97..\\n.36-\\n356.18.\\n2.3.82)\\n227.94)\\n109.01.\\n19-85\\n300.65 j\\n131.72\\n124.80\\n167.62 I\\n146.85\\n105.50\\n98.52 1\\n437.60..\\n106.54\\n54 i\\n47)\\n269.52 j\\n196.14\\n200.50\\n166.42 f\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03I.33--\\n66.00\\n71.27\\n45.6i J.\\n34.54)\\n33496..\\n70.29\\n68.12 f\\n600.00.\\n640.00.\\n640.00.\\n415. 16--\\n202 05\\n155\\n42\\n261.2\\n129.12\\n639.89\\n109.71\\n120.94\\n90.47\\n105. 88\\n24.26\\n254.19\\n337.14\\n192.85\\n194.10\\n100.27\\ni.85l\\n:.6of\\n92.91.\\n100.00\\n98.26\\nName of Claimant.\\nHeirs of Win. Macomb\\nHeirs of Wm. Macomb\\nG. McGregor\\nWidow and Heirs of Isaac Ganier.\\nElijah Brush\\nHeirs of J. B. Crequi\\nMeldrum A: Park\\nIsaac Todd\\nJames McGill\\nIsaac Todd.,\\nIsaac Todd\\nH. Berthelet\\nJas. McGiU\\nH. Berthelet\\nNicholas Patenode, Sr\\nJulien Forton\\nClias. Rivard.\\nMichel Rivard\\nAaron Thomas.\\nWidow and Heirs of Jos. Pomainville\\nLouis Griff ard, Jr\\nNicholas Campau\\nPierre Dumay\\nJ. B. Chovin\\nF. Chabert\\nPeter Curry\\nPierre Yax\\nWm. Walker\\nAdiiin Brown\\nAdam Brown\\nJos. Louis Tremble.\\nLouis Tremble, Sr..\\nJos. Lionard Tremble\\nMichel Ya,\\\\\\nThomas Tremble\\nJos. Louis Tremble\\nWidow and Heirs of Antni\\nChas. Gouin, Sr\\nRobert Marsac\\nJ. B. Chovin\\nFrancois Marsac.\\nle Moras.\\nAlice Kirby\\nMcTavish, Frobisher Co\\nDate of\\nConfinnation.\\nNov. 6, iSug.\\nAug. 3, iSoS.\\nAug. 2, 1S08.\\nAug. 4, 1808.\\nAug. 4, 1808\\nAug. 4, 1S08.\\nAug. 4, 1808.\\nAug. II, 1808.\\nAug. II, 1808.\\nOct. 28, 1808\\nMarch 3, 1843\\n1823\\nMarch 3, 1S43.\\nia23\\nAug. 13, 1808.\\nAug. 24, 1808.\\nAug. 30, 1808.\\nAug. 30, 1808.\\nSept. 3, 1808..\\nSept. 6, iSoS..\\nSept. 17, 1808.\\nSept. 17, 1808.\\nOct. 18, 1808\\nOct. 31, 1808\\nOct. 31, 1808\\nJune 14, 1809.\\nNov. 2, 1808.,\\nJ. B. Beaugrand.\\nSimon Yax\\nJacques Laselle.\\nOct. 25, 1809\\nOct. 26, 1809\\nOct. 26, 1809\\nNov. 21, 1808,\\nNov. 23, 1S08.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 23, 1808.\\nNov. 30, 1808.\\nNov. 30, 1808.\\nNov. 30, 1808.\\nDec. 7, 180S..\\nDec. 8, 1808.\\nDec. 12, 1808\\nThis claim, with the subsequent second concession,\\nincluded all of Hog Island; the entire island was\\nconfirmed by the commissioners on November 1,\\n1823, to B. Campau, who had bought of Macomb.\\nHamtramck. Part of Van Every Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe. This claim is erroneously numbered\\n558, not only on the Belden Atlas, but also on the\\nlist of claims at Lansing, and in Mullett s survey\\nof Nov., 1824. It is numbered 258 in the State\\nPapers, and also in the engraved copy of Greely s\\nmap.\\nEcorce. See Act of July i, 1870 Laws of U. S., Vol.\\n16. page 647.\\nSpringwells.\\nGrosse Pointe. The number of acres of back conces-\\nsion includes also that for P C. 5S4.\\nGrosse Pointe. The number of acres of back conces-\\nsion includes also that of P. C. 273. Claim No.\\n262 is erroneously numbered in Belden s Atlas as\\nNo. 264.\\nHamtramck. This is part of the front of tract 644,\\nbut it is not numbered on the engraved Grecly map.\\nDetroit. This is a small tract on the river, and forms\\npart of what is now known as P. C. 13.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells. These claims were rejected in 1823, but\\nconfirmed by Congress. U. S. Laws, vol. 6, p. 905.\\nSpringwells. This claim was rejected by the com-\\nmissioners in 1807. but in 1823 it, with P. C. No. 271\\nand 655, was confirmed to Berthelet by boundaries\\nthat included all three of the claims as claim No.\\n32. It should not be confounded with the P. C. 32\\nfirst originally so numbered.\\nSpringwells. This claim was rejected by the com-\\nmissioners in 1823, but confirmed by Act of Con-\\ngress March 3, 1843. Laws of U. S., vol. 6, page 905.\\nSpringwells. See history of P. C. 269.\\nGrosse Pointe. The number of acres of back conces-\\nsion includes that of 261 also. The back concession\\nof 273 is erroneously numbered 272 in the Iklden\\nAtlas.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDearborn. This claim is wrongly numbered 212 on\\nthe Belden Atlas.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nSpringwells,\\nHamtramck. This is part of the tract now known as\\nthe Van Every Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Loranger Farm.\\nSpringwells,\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nBrownstown.\\nBrownstown.\\nBrownstown.\\nGrosse Pointe. Not numbered on Greely s map.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Poinie.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nHamtramck.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nSprin,i;wL lls.\\nSee P. C. II.\\nSee P. C. and 455.\\nEcorce. On Greely s engraved map this claim is\\nwron.?ly numbered 454.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Stanton Farm.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1032.jp2"}, "1033": {"fulltext": "DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\n981\\nNo. of\\nClaim.\\n475\\n496\\n497\\n502\\n506\\n523\\n524\\n52s\\n543\\n544\\n54910556\\n556 to 559\\n5S8\\n560\\n563\\n564\\n5S7\\n569\\n570\\n574\\n576\\n577\\n583\\n584\\n585\\n586\\n588\\n589\\n59\u00c2\u00b0\\n591\\n592\\n609\\n611\\n613\\n615\\n617\\n618\\n619\\n620\\n621\\n629\\n631\\n636\\n638\\n641\\n643\\n644\\n648\\n650\\n651\\n656\\nNo. of\\nAcres.\\n68.44\\n64-34\\n187 37\\n221 72\\n198.08\\n76.52\\n59-78\\n73.68\\n67 -93\\n167-55\\n234-56\\n199.60\\n135-52\\n66.18\\n65.21\\n640.00.\\n137.60..\\n207 22\\n129.79..\\n49.00..\\n153-12 t.\\n225,16 1\\n200.91 I\\n8.32\\n294.90..\\n200,48,\\n104 74\\n83.21 J\\n376.56.-\\n45.58 I\\n238.71 f\\n99.82 I\\n89.91 i\\n143.46..\\n30.25..\\n60.00..\\n80.00.,\\n68.27..\\n170.44..\\n203.26..\\n124-52\\n136.08\\n201.49..\\n480.60..\\n533.80.,\\n527.10..\\n324.35-.\\n326 50..\\n367-50..\\n237.24..\\n61.07 I\\n129.48\\n245.30..\\n60.23 I\\n11-05*\\nJ18.88I\\n19-831\\n407 26\\n204.56..\\nName of Claimant.\\nJ. F. Laselle\\nJacques T.,aseIIc\\nLouis Lcduc\\nClaude Canipeau\\nRene Marsac\\nChas. Nicholas Gouin, Jr\\nGabriel Godfroy. Sr\\nHeirs of Joseph Voyer\\nGab. Godfroy, Sr., and cliildren.\\nFrancois Duroche\\nJos Carapeau\\nJohn, William and David Macomb.\\nSarah, widow uf \\\\Vm. Macomb\\nMeldrum Park\\nJean Baptiste Campau\\nJ. B. Rivard\\nChas. Rouleau\\nJean Baptiste Delisle.\\nCatherine Thibault..\\nLouis Chapoton\\nJos. Livernois\\nJ. B. Scne\\nHenry St. Barnard\\nJacob Visger\\nWidow of Alex. Ellair.\\n66.14\\n62.70 j\\n105.54..\\n166.76)\\n117. I9f\\n33.66\\n32.22\\nJoseph Socier\\nJohn Yax\\nJean Baptiste Cicot\\nJean Baptiste Cicot\\nGeo. Bluejacket\\nA. Laselle\\nJohn, William and David Macomb.\\nChas. Poupard\\nJulian Campau\\nFrancois Marsac\\nWm. Murphy\\nJohn Kenzie\\nThos. Forsyth\\nThos. Forsyth\\nRobert Forsyth\\nRobert Forsyth\\nChristian Clemens\\nFrancois Ambroise Tremble\\nG. Godfroy\\nAntoine Billou dzi L Esperance.\\nWidow and Heirs of J. B. Chovin.\\nAnne Coats for Heirs of J. Donaldson\\nPierre Rivard\\nPierre Tremble\\nAlexis Cenait dit Coquillard.\\nH. Berthelct\\nNicholas Rivard\\nGabriel Reneau, Jr.\\nDate of\\nConfirmation.\\nDec. 12, 1808\\nDec. 12, 1808\\nDec. 14, 1808\\nDec. 14. 1808\\nDec. 14, 1808\\nDec.\\n1808\\nMl\\nDec. 14, 1808\\nDec. 20, 1808\\nDec. 20, 1808\\nMarch 22, i^\\nDi\\n21, iSoS\\nDec. 23, 1808\\n1823\\n809\\nJan. 20, i8og\\nDec. 24. 1808.,\\nDec. 24, 1808.,\\nDec. 26, 1808..\\nDec. 28, 1808.,\\nDec. 28, 1808.,\\nDec. 28, 1808.,\\nDec. 28, 1808.\\nDec. 28, 1808.,\\nDec. 28, 1808.,\\nDec. 29, 1808.,\\nDec. 30, 1808.\\nDec. 30, 1808.\\nDec. 30, 1808.\\nDec. 31, 1808.\\nDec. 31, i8o8.\\nDec. 31, 1808,\\nDec. 31, 1808.\\nDec. 31, 1S08.\\nDec. 30, i8og...\\nFeb. I, 1809\\nFeb. 6, 1809\\nMarch 6, 1809.\\nFeb. 20, 1809\\nFeb. 20, 1809\\nJune 29, 1810.\\nFeb. 20, 1809\\nMarch 22, 1S09.\\nJuly 9, 1810\\nMarch 22, 1809\\nApril :o, 1809\\nApril 17, 1809\\nRemarks.\\nApril 19, 1809\\nMay 10, 1809\\nMay 19, 1809\\nJune 23, i8og.\\nJune 26, 1809.\\n1823\\nAug. 30, 1809.\\nAug, 30, 1809.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Loranger Farm.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nGrossc Pointc.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDearborn.\\nEcorce.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nMonguagon. These and the three following numbers\\ninclude all of Grosse Isle.\\nMonguagon. These claims were also numbered as\\nNew Nos. 51, 52, and 54, by the commissioners in\\n1823. Belden s Atlas, by mistake, gives claim 557\\nas 567.\\nSee P. C. 258.\\nThis claim is not numbered or outlined on the en-\\ngraved map of Greely s survey. It was a small\\nclaim on the river, and now forms part of what is\\nknown as P. C. 7.\\nSpringwells.\\nGrosse Pointe. This claim is erroneously numbered\\n568 on the Belden Atlas.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells,\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nHamtramck.\\nSpringwells.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nSpringwells. The number of acres includes also\\np. C. 47.\\nGrosse Pointe. The number of acres for back con-\\ncession includes also that for 261.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells.\\nMonguagon.\\nDetroit. Now included with the Jones or Crane Farm.\\nDetroit. This is part of the tract now known as the\\nCass Farm. The Greely map shows two tracts on\\nthe Cass Farm, both numbered 592. Both were\\nconfirmed to the same parties on the same day.\\nThe number of acres here given includes the\\namount in both tracts.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Jos. Campau Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDearborn.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\n(Jrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDearborn.\\nDale of U. S. Patent, Aug. 4, 1812.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nBrownstown.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce. This claim is erroneously numbered 640 on\\nthe Belden Atlas.\\nHamtramck. A small part of the front of this tract\\nis numbered as 264.\\nSee 651.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nEcorce. In Greely s description of survey he numbers\\nthis claim 648, and on his engraved map it is also\\ngiven as 648, but in the list of claims on same map\\nu is given as 651, and was also numbered 651 when\\nconfirmed by the commissioners.\\nSpringwells. See history of P. C. 269. This claim\\nhas no number on the Greely map.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1033.jp2"}, "1034": {"fulltext": "98-\\nDESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS.\\nNo. of\\nClaim.\\nNo. of\\nAcres.\\nName of Claimant.\\nDate of\\nConfirmation.\\nRemarks.\\n660\\n66 1\\n662\\n663\\n665\\n667\\n669\\n670\\n671\\n678\\n679\\n689\\n692\\n695\\n696\\n718\\n719\\n723\\n724\\n725\\n728\\n301.60..\\n276.50..\\n1 46 64\\n200. 10.\\n292.30.\\n80.00..\\n206.46..\\n100.60..\\n467.08.\\n36. $71\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a052-37 1\\n217-89..\\n113.00\\n24.92\\n144.05.-\\n109.05 I\\n109.03 1\\n73- 9 I.\\n59.33 1\\n72.83..\\n158.48 I\\n165.68)\\n78.36.-\\n420.60..\\n105.96.\\n170.82.\\n165.11 I\\n165,82\\ng6.68 I\\n103.79 i\\n34\\n3\\n34-53 j.\\n35-46\\n78.41\\n118.58 i\\nJohn Cissne\\nWidow and Heirs of Godfroy Corbus\\nKeli.x Mette\\nTheophile Duinay\\nWidow and Heirs of Wm. Cissne.\\nGab. Godfroy, Sr\\nHeirs of J. B. Desplaines\\nRobert Gouie\\nJonathan Nelson\\nWidow and Heirs of Antoinc Boyer.\\nAntoine Chapoton\\nJacques Marsac\\nHeirs of Louis Desaunier\\nLouis Morin\\nAbraham Fournier\\nWidow and heirs of Ambroise Tremble\\nLouis Beaufait and\\nAntoine Loson\\nJohn Askin, Sr\\nJames McGill\\nB, Laderoute\\nJos. Lauderoute\\nPierre Chene\\nAngelique Cicot and children.\\nGabriel Godfroy\\nHeirs of Jacques Godfroy.\\nGabriel Godfroy.\\nOct. 21, i8og\\nDec. 15, 1809.\\nDec. 15, 1809\\nOct. 23, 1809.\\nOct. 23, 1809\\nDec. 29, 180Q\\nJan. I, 1810\\nJune 4, 1810.\\nOct. 4, 1810\\nFeb. 5, 1810\\nFeb. 5, 1810\\nMarch 23, 1810\\nMarch 23, 1810.\\nJune 2, 1810.\\nApril 16, 1810.\\nJuly 20, iSio..\\nJuly 25, 1810..\\nOct. 29, 1810\\nOct. 29, 1810..\\nDec. 10, 1810.\\nDec. 10, 1810.\\nDec. 10, 1810.\\nDec. 24, 1810.\\nFeb. 28, 1811..\\nFeb. 28, 1811.\\nFeb. 28, 1811.\\nHeirs of J. B. Campau, subject to\\nrights of Gabriel Chene j\\n1823.\\nDearborn.\\nEcorce.\\nDearborn.\\nDearborn.\\nDearborn,\\nEcorce. See Act of January 19, 1877. U. S. Laws,\\nvol. ig, page 503.\\nEcorce.\\nSpringwells.\\nEcorce.\\nHamtramck.\\nHamtrainck. This is part of the tract now known as\\nthe Van Dyke Farm.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nSpringwells.\\nSpringwells.\\nHamtramck.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nGrosse Pointe.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Peter Godfroy Farm.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Gabriel Godfroy Farm. In\\nFletcher s survey this claim is erroneously described\\nas No. 728.\\nDetroit. This claim is erroneously numbered as 729\\non the Greely map, and the map also says Jacques\\nLasalle instead of Jacques Godfroy, The mistake\\nas to the number of claim and the name of the party\\noriginally confirmed to, is repeated in the grant-\\ning of the rear concession, which was ordered\\npatented by Act of March 2, 185,7. Laws of U. S.,\\nvol. 2, page 503.\\nDetroit. This claim is wrongly numbered as 730 on\\nthe Greely map. It is so small that it is now usually\\nincluded with P. C. 474.\\nDetroit. Now known as the Chene Farm. Gabriel\\nChene retained possession of the farm, and it was\\ndecreed to him by the Circuit Court, Aug. 19, 1850.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1034.jp2"}, "1035": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX B\\nA CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS. A.MICXDMEXTS. AND SPKCIAL LAWS.\\nThe following is a complete digest of all cnactirifiits pertaining\\nto Detroit made by Territorial or State Law:\\nx8o2. January 18. Laws of Northwest Territoiy, page 200, to\\ngo into effect February i. Incorporated the Town of Detroit,\\nvesting the government in five persons, styled The Board of\\nTrustees, defined boundary of the town, etc.\\n1805. September 9. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 67. Author-\\nizes four lotteiies to be held for the purpose of raising $5,000 each\\nfor the encouragement of literature and the improvement of\\nDetroit.\\nx8o6, September 13. Original Manu.^cript Laws of the Terri-\\ntory. Provides for incorporating the city of Detroit, with mayor\\nto be appointed by the governor, and a City Cimncil, composed\\nof two chambers of three members each, to be elected by the\\npeople. The Act also provided in a specific manner for every de-\\npartment of a city government, with almost as much detail as the\\ncity charter of to-day.\\nSeptember 13. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 283. Pre-\\nscribes boundaries corresponding with the Governor and Judges\\nPlan provides for numbering and laying out the sections and for\\nconveying lots; and contains limitation clause as to time when\\nclaims for donation lots may be made.\\nx8o7. May 18. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 286. Relates to\\nplanthig of trees, ornamenting of grounds, making of walks and\\nreser\\\\ es interior sections for markets, schools, etc.\\n1809. February 24. Original Manuscript Laws of Territory.\\nRepeals Act of 1806 incorporating city of Detroit.\\n18x5. October 24. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 534.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 City\\ncharter enacted, vesting the government in five trustees, styled\\nThe Board of Trustees of the City of Detroit, to be elected\\nOctober 30, 1815, and to sen e until the regular election to be held\\nfirst Monday of May, 1816. Three of the board were to consti-\\ntute a quorum. New city limits were defined, corporate name,\\nThe City of Detroit.\\nNovember 7. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 280.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Permits use\\nof ten feet of street for porches, grass plats, etc.; prescribes\\nheight and location of porches and fences.\\nx8x8. July 28. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 141.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes\\nthe governor to appoint a register of deeds for Detroit.\\nDecember 7, Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 144.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides\\nfor laying out Congress Avenue, a continuation of Woodward\\nAvenue and Witherell Street.\\n1819. December 30. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 453.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pro-\\nvides that the coraraissioners of the county may extend Jefferson\\nAvenue,\\nxSao. March 27. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 516.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides\\nfor city register to be appointed by the governor, prescribes what\\nshall constitute a valid deed, and details with much care the\\nduties of the register.\\nMarch 30. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 541. Declares\\nthat the east line of the Macomb Farm shall be the western\\nboundary so far as the city extends back from the river.\\nxSai. April 2. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 875.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Annexes\\nPontiac Road, as far as the north line of the Ten-Thousand-.A.cre\\nTract, to Detroit, for the purpose of keeping it in repair only, and\\ndirects that it be worked the same as the streets.\\nApril 6. Territorial I.aws, Vol. I., page 876. Extends Jef-\\nferson Avenue to connect with the River Road,\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\pril 20. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 312. Provides for ex-\\ntending Jefferson Avenue to connect with the Grosse Pointe Road.\\nMay 3. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 314. Constitutes as\\nelectors all white male citizens above tweniy-one years of age\\nwlio have resided in the city of Detroit one year, and have paid a\\ncity ta.\\\\.\\n1822. Aprils. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 254.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes\\ncity to tax and regulate dealers in spirituous liquors who sell in\\nquantities of less than one quart, and dealers in cider, beer, or ale,\\nwho sell in quantities of less than one gallon.\\n1824. August 4. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL,page iq6. Provides\\nfor opening Larned Street through to Wayne Street.\\nAugust 5. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 214. Author-\\nizes Peter Berthelet to erect a wharf sixty feet wide, at foot of\\nRandolph Street, with a pump at the end, on condition that he\\ngive a lot to the city for a market.\\nAugust 5. Ten itorial Laws, Vol. II., page 221.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Defines new\\ncity boundary, creates the Common Council provides for\\nofficers to be elected at special election, September 6, to ser\\\\ e\\nuntil the regular election, to be held the first Monday in April\\ngives mayor, recorder, or any three aldermen power to try offences\\nagainst city laws and ordinances. This Act went into effect\\nSeptember 4.\\nX827. April 4. Territorial Laws, Vol. II. page 339. New Act\\nof Incorporation, reorganizing the city under the name of The\\nMayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Freemen of the City of De-\\ntroit, with the following officers: mayor, recorder, five aldermen,\\none clerk, marshal, treasurer, supervisor, assessor, collector, and\\nthree constables. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen to be free-\\nholders. City boundaries same as in 1824. Provision made for\\nfilling up lots and streets on the margin of the river, and for the\\nConstruction of sewers firemen excused from jury and military\\nduty the authority and jurisdiction of the Common Council ex-\\ntended over the margin of Detroit River, one half mile above the\\npreviously fixed limits of the corporation, for the purpose of pre-\\nventing the depositing of filth in the river. Election to be held\\nfirst Monday in April. Gives the Council power to alter the plan\\nof the city north of Larned Street between Brush and Cass\\nFarms to lay out lots anew, and to exchange lots with land-\\nowners or compensate them in money.\\nApril 12. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 570. Authorizes\\nthe city to issue due bills in payment of debts, also to elect\\nseven aldermen instead of five as before.\\nApril 12. Territorial Laws, Vol. II., page 480. Creates the\\ntownship of Detroit, to be composed of the city of Detroit.\\nApril 13. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 640.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes city\\nto elect one supervisor to meet with super\\\\ isors of county,\\n1828. June 23. Territorial Laws, Vol. II, page 685.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mayor\\nand aldermen authorized to seize all provisions offered for sale\\nthat are deficient in weight or quality, and to send them to the\\npoor-house.\\n1830. July 14. Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 8ig.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gives\\nregister of Detroit power to appoint a deputy.\\nJuly 31. Territorial Laws. Vol. III., page 842.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ExempU\\ncity firemen from jury and military duty, provided the number\\ndocs not exceed forty.\\n1831. March 4. Territorial Laws. Vol. III., page*^: i.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Prohibits\\nslaughtering of animals within three miles of city and eighty rods\\nof the river, etc.\\n[983]", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1035.jp2"}, "1036": {"fulltext": "984\\nA CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC.\\n183a. May 28, Territorial Laws, Vol, III., page 913. Extends\\ncity limits. Went into effect March 31, 1833.\\nJune 29, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 935. Authorizes\\ncity of Detroit to take measures to promote health, and to\\ndetain and examine vessels and persons.\\nJune 29, Territorial Laws, Vul. III., page 938. Author-\\nizes city to open streets, alleys, etc.; empowers authorities to\\ncompel convicts to work on the highway, with ball and chain\\nattached.\\n1833. April 22, Territorial Laws, Vol. IIL, page 1122. Author-\\nizes Common Council, with consent of freemen, to levy a tax of\\none fourth of one per cent, and makes various other provisions.\\nApril 23, Territorial Laws, Vol. IIL, page 1238.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Makes\\nprovision for common schools, and provides for the election of\\nsix commissioners, six directors, and six inspectors of schools.\\n1834. February ig, Territorial Laws, Vul. III., page 1269. The\\nCommon Council required to perform the same duties in regard to\\nthe poor as justices and directors of the poor are required to per-\\nform.\\nMarch 7, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 1286. Author-\\nizes Common Council or any individual to transcribe and have\\nrecorded the land records of the Governor and Judges, and gives\\nthe record the same force as the original.\\nNovember 18, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 1327. Legal-\\nizes the assessment made by the council in 1834.\\n1835. March 30, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 1422.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Author-\\nizes city to borrow $50,000.\\nMarch 30, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 1422. Empowers\\ncity to elect constables to attend the sessions of the mayor s\\ncourt, and perform duty of police officers.\\n1836. March 14, State Law, page 23.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides that the town-\\nship of Detroit may elect two additional justices of the peace.\\nMarch 26, page 154. City limits extended.\\n1837. March 21, page igg.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fixes time of election of five in-\\nspectors of elections for the Thursday next preceding the first\\nMonday in April and provides that if constables elected refuse\\nto perform duties, five citizens may be elected, viva voce^ to per-\\nform said duties.\\nMarch 21, page 209. Provides that inspectors of state and\\ncounty elections shall be chosen by the city,\\nMarch 22, page 268. Abolishes office of city register, and\\ntransfers the duties to county register,\\n1838. February 8, page 53. Extended time for collection of\\nState and county taxes.\\nRevised Statutes, page 6g. Provides that Detroit shall con-\\ntinue to have and exercise all powers and privileges heretofore\\ngranted.\\nMarch 29, page 138. Authorizes the election of six con-\\nStables at the city election,\\n1839. March 27, page 31, Provides that the council shall con-\\nsist of twelve aldermen, the mayor, and recorder; divides the city\\ninto six wards provides for election of an assessor in each ward\\nchanges time of city election after 1839, to the first Monday in\\nMarch.\\n1840. February 3, page 10. Authorizes city collector to collect\\ncounty taxes, and pay them over to the county treasurer, and\\nextends the time for collecting taxes.\\nFebruary 29, page 27. Provides for election of two additional\\njustices for Detroit,\\nMarch 14, page 42. Exempts firemen from both jury and mili-\\ntary duty as long as they reside in any part of the Slate.\\n1841. March 27, page 48. Gives school inspectors power to\\norganize a school district for colored children between the ages of\\nfive and seventeen.\\nApril 2, page 55. Authorizes assessors and aldermen of each\\nward to prepare a list of persons liable to jury duty.\\nApril 13, page 192. Empowers council to control and regulate\\nconstruction of drains and sewers to prevent importation of\\npaupers to control erection of buildings, and pass ordinances in\\nregard to fires to regulate and build sidewalks to levy a tax of\\none half of one per cent requires voters to reside thirty, instead\\nof ten days in a ward before election, and makes provision for\\nmayor s court.\\nZ842. February 11, page 28. Prohibits city from issuing any\\nmore due bills or re-issuing old ones.\\nFebruarj 15, page 54. Provision made for selling lands for\\ntaxes. City limits reduced by excluding Witherell Farm,\\nFebruary 16, page 72. Directs city clerk to advertise lands\\nfor unpaid taxes and to bid them in fur the city.\\nFebruary 16, page loi, Gives ward assessors power to act as\\nsupervisors, and apportion State and county taxes, and authorizes\\ncity collector to collect them.\\nFebruary 17, page 112. Creates and provides for the establish-\\nment of the Board of Education.\\n1843. February 23, page 22. Provides that school taxes col-\\nlected for lioard of Education shall be kept separate.\\nFebruary 28, page 34. Extends time for collecting State and\\ncounty taxes in Detroit.\\nMarch 4, page 38. Gives city power to levy special tax of\\n$10,000 in 1843, and $10,000 in 1844 to pay debts.\\n1844. March 9, page 60. Register of deeds to record deeds\\nfrom Governor and Judges at length, and a transcript of the same\\nto be prima facie evidence in cases where the original deed\\nwould be evidence.\\nMarch 11, page loi. Authorizes council to do away with any\\noffice and require its duties to be performed by some other officer^\\nand makes provision for appointment of city auditor.\\n1845. March 8, page 25. Council, with consent of freemen s\\nmeeting, may levy an extra tax of $8,000 for 1845, and $8,000 for\\n1846.\\nMarch 19, page 56. Authorizes extension of Fort Street to in-\\ntersection of road leading to Dearbornville. (See page 236, Laws\\nof 1837.)\\n1846. Revised Statutes, page 43. Directs that the assessor\\nand aldermen of each ward of Detroit be inspectors of elections,\\nthe assessor to provide ballot-boxes.\\nRevised Statutes, page dd.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides for the election of one\\nsupervisor for each ward, and that the assessor of each ward be\\nsuch supervisor.\\nRevised Statutes, page 119. Prescribes that the assessors shall\\nbe super\\\\ isors, and act as township treasurers.\\nRevised Statutes, page 168.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides that mayor and alder-\\nmen shall constitute a Board of Health.\\nRevised Statutes, page 463. Provides for a list of persons to\\nserve as petit and grand jurors, to be made by assessor and alder-\\nmen of Detroit.\\nJanuary 30, page 4. Extends time for collecting State and\\ncounty taxes.\\nFebruary 23, page 19. Divides the city into three assessment\\ndistricts provides that the mayor shall preside in mayor s court\\nonly in absence of the recorder.\\nMarch 28, page 54. Gives the city and inhabitants authority\\nto lay railroad track in front of their premises on the river.\\nApril 7, page 73. Legalizes the returns made by various ward\\ncollectors.\\nApril 28, page loi. Provides that ward collectors shall collect\\nschool tax, and that Board of Education may elect their own\\npresident.\\njMay 7. page 156. Provides that it shall not be necessary to\\nacknowledge or prove a deed which has been or may be granted\\nby the mayor, recorder, and aldermen, under the act of Congress\\nof August 29, 1842.\\nMay 16, page 238. Grants council power to license and regu-\\nlate porters, cart-men, livery stables, and all vehicles used for hire.\\n1847. January 30, page 20. Orders assessment rolls to be\\nmade before first Monday in March, and extends time for collec-\\ntion of taxes.\\nMarch 12, page 50. Authorizes Board of Education to raise\\n$1,500 specially for building purposes.\\nMarch 16, page 96.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gives city control of city Water Works\\nthat may lie outside of the city authorizes an extra tax of\\n$8,000 in 1S47, and $8,000 in 1848.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1036.jp2"}, "1037": {"fulltext": "A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC.\\n985\\n1848. January 25, page 8. Provides for fourteen aldermen in\\nplace of twelve, and prescribes boundary of seventh ward.\\nJanuary 29, page 13. Extends time of collecting State and\\ncounty taxes.\\nFebruary 8, page 27. Legalizes election of ofiicers for new\\nseventh ward.\\nFebruary 22, page 40. Provides for opening of streets, assess-\\nment and collection of taxes, etc,\\n1849. January 26, page 10. Kxtends time for collecting State\\nand county taxes.\\nFebruary 20, page 30. Extends the city limits.\\nFebruary 21, page 32. Provides for various city officers; directs\\nthat the assessor of each ward shall be one of the Board of In-\\nspectors of Elections.\\nMarch 2, page 47. Authorizes council, with consent of citizens\\nmeeting, to levy extra tax of $S,ooo for 1849, and $8,000 for 1850.\\nMarch 29, page 185. Provides for draining low lands in and\\nnear Detroit.\\nApril 2, page 313. Directs that recorder shall have the same\\npowers as are exercised by Circuit Court Commissioner, and be\\nallowed the same fees.\\n1850. January 30, page 9. Divides the city into three assess-\\nment districts, and empowers council to raise $10,000 extra tax for\\neach of the years 1S51 and 1852.\\nMarch 5, page 50. l*rovides for school census between ages of\\nfour and eighteen, and authorizes IJoard of Education lu borrow\\n$5,000.\\nMarch 8, page 62. Empowers council to levy an extra tax of\\n$2o,ooo during the next three years, and $10,000 additional tax for\\n1850, The $20,000 to pay water bonds, and the $10,000 to pay\\ninterest,\\nApril 1, page 232. Provides that in the case of deeds and con-\\nveyances of Governor and Judges, that have heretofore been\\nrecorded by register of deeds, the record of such, or a certified\\ncopy, shall be evidence in place of the original deed provided it\\nis proved that the original deed has been lost or destroyed.\\nApril 2, page 364. Provides for organization of Police Court.\\n1851. March 21, page 41. Council authorized to levy an ad-\\nditional tax of $5,000 to pay interest and provide a sinking fund.\\nAprils, page 231. Provides that the alderman of each ward\\nhaving the shortest time to serve shall act as a supervisor on the\\nBoard of Supervisors.\\nJune 28, page 323. Provides that the mayor or recorder, with a\\nmajority of the aldermen, shall form a quorum of the council.\\n1853. February 9, page 64. Council to appoint a person in\\neach ward to take census and statistics every ten years, dating\\nfrom 1854, provided no assessor is elected in said wards.\\nFebruary 12, page 115. Extends time for collecting Slate and\\ncounty taxes.\\nFebruary 14, page 164. Prescribes that assessors of the several\\nwards shall be supervisors and collectors, and act as town treas-\\nurers.\\nFebruary 14, page 180. Establishes the Board of Water Com-\\nmissioners.\\n1855. January 20, page 3. Gives Board of Education power to\\nestablish a High School, appoint a superintendent of schools, and\\nraise a tax of not more than two dollars for each child enumerated\\nby the census.\\nFebruary 6, page 31. Provides that Board of Water Commis-\\nsioners may borrow $250,000.\\nFebruary 8, page 47. Extends the time for collecting State\\nand county taxes.\\nFebruary 10, page 132. Common council authorized to refund\\nany taxes or assessments unlawfully increased during 1854.\\nFebruary 12, page 209.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Charter election changed from first\\nTuesday in .March, after 1855, to first Tuesday in February.\\nOflfices of city collector and assessor for each ward provided for\\ntitle of city audiiorchanged to city comptroller. Provisions made\\nfor street openings, etc.\\n1857. January 24, pages. Extends time for collecting State\\nand county taxes.\\nFebruary 5, page 73. Changes corporate name of city to The\\nCity of Detroit. City much enlarged authorizes assessor and\\ntwo aldermen from each ward to attend annual sessions of Board\\nof Supervisors to represent city interests makes provision for\\nBoard of Sewer Commissioners, for six justices, and also further\\nprovision for office of comptroller; street opening specially pro-\\nvided for power granted to drain lands within three miles of\\nthe city, to number dwellings, to license various kinds of business;\\nestablishes recorder s court prescribes that residence of an elec-\\ntor shall be where he takes his meals fixes mayor s sjilary at\\n$1,200 empowers council to elect their own president makes\\nprovision for one general and two assistant assessors orders sep-\\narate accounts to be kept of the several funds of the city; pro-\\nvides that city election shall be held on first Tuesday after first\\nMonday of Xovember, and limits amount of tax to one per cent\\non the valuation.\\nFebruary 7, page 163. Authorizes council to raise $20,000 in-\\nstead of $1,500 as heretofore, for school lots and buildings.\\nFebruary 10, page 200.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes Water Commissioners to\\nborrow $250,000.\\nFebruary 12, page 200.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Enlarges city limits, and provides for\\nmore wards and aldermen.\\nFebruary 17, page 465. Gives police justice power to appoint\\na clerk.\\n1859. January 29, page 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Extends time for collecting State\\nand county taxes.\\nFebruary 12, page 342. Invests assessors and aldermen with\\nthe duties of supervisors.\\nFebruary 12, page 393. Gives recorder s court power to try\\ncases upon information, without indictment.\\nFebruary 14, page 483. Defines powers and duties of Board of\\nRegistration.\\nFebruary 15, page 1057. Authorizes assessors to use discrimi-\\nnation in assessing value of property in outskirts of city.\\n1861. March 7, page 127.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Common Council may levy a tax of\\n$20,000 for purchase of lots, and building of school-houses and to\\nsupport the schools.\\nMarch 12, page 180.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Invests aldermen with powers of police-\\nmen. The mayor, and two other persons to be selected by the\\ncouncil, to constitute a Board of Police Commissioners, the chief\\nto be appointed by the council, on nomination of the board\\nthe council to provide a police-station, and to appoint temporary\\npolicemen for forty-eight hours, when necessary authorizes\\ndivision of wards into election districts; gives council power to\\norder paving, not to exceed in cost $50,000 in any one year, and\\nto levy a tax of $50,000 for this puriy)se, without consent of prop-\\nerty owners; authorizes the borrowing of $300,000 on city bonds\\nfor building purposes; establishes office of receiver of taxes;\\nprescribes rules for conducting elections and provides that plats\\nof subdivisions shall have no validity until approved.\\nMarch 15, page 262.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Establishes Detroit House of Correction,\\nand pro\\\\-ides for its management.\\nMarch 15, page 423.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grants to circuit and recorder s courts the\\npower to issue capiases for witnesses in certain cases.\\nMarch 16, page 549. Provides for sessions of Board of Regis-\\ntration.\\nMay 10, page 602.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes aldermen to afford relief to\\nfamilies of soldiers, to an amount not exceeding $15 per month\\nfor each family, payable out of the county treasury.\\nMay 10, page 611. Authorizes ward collectors to collect State\\nand county taxes on real and personal property.\\n1863. February 13, page 26. Extends time for collecting State\\nand county taxes.\\nMarch6, page 66. Provides for submitting to citizensat a public\\nmeeting the question of voting a tax or issuing of bonds to pay\\n$40,000 advanced by citizens for bounties during summer of 1362.\\nMarch 19, page 295. .Authorizes Common Council to appoint\\na person to disburse $15 per month for relief of the families of\\nvolunteer soldiers.\\nMarch 20, page 331. Defines powers of police court.\\nMarch 20, page 423.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes the city assessor to make copy", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1037.jp2"}, "1038": {"fulltext": "986\\nA CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC.\\nof assessment rolls of each ward, assess the State and county\\ntaxes, and place the rolls with ward collectors for collection.\\n1864. February 4, page 20. Provides that the Board of Police\\nCommissioners shall consist of the mayor and two persons ap-\\npointed by the council, and defines the powers of the board.\\nFebruary 5, page 69. Makes lengthy provision for registration\\nof voters.\\nFebruary 5, page 94. E.\\\\tends time for collection of State and\\ncounty taxes.\\n1865. January 31, page 15. Extends time for collecting State\\nand county taxes in sixth ward.\\nFebruary 9, page 38. Extends time for collecting Slate and\\ncounty taxes.\\nFebruary 28, page 99, Establishes Board of Metropolitan\\nPolice Commissioners,\\nMarch 2, page 147. Defines duties of county treasurer in con-\\nnection with the collecting of the State and county taxes.\\nMarch 16, page 350. Provides that city may raise for Roard of\\nEducation $3 per child enumerated by school census, but that any\\nexcess must be submitted to council and citizens* meeting and if\\napproved by them, then $25,000 additional may be raised.\\nMarch 18, page 508. Defines powers of ward collectors and\\nprovides for their giving bonds.\\nMarch 21, page 678. Makes provision for preserving maps and\\nrecords pertaining to real estate for levying a tax annually of\\n$40,000 for purpose of constructing sewers, and defines various\\npowers of the council.\\n1867. February 1, Vol. II., page 19. Extends time for collect-\\ning State and county taxes.\\nFebruary 14, Vol. II., page 38. .\\\\uthorizes council to elect its\\npresident, the clerk to preside until a president is elected.\\nMarch 1, Vol. 11, page 115. Provides that eleven members of\\nthe Board of Education shall constitute a quorum.\\nMarch g, Vol. II., page 265. r*efines powers and duties of\\nBoard of Police Commissioners.\\nMarch 26, Vol. II,, page 931. Creates Board of Fire Commis-\\nsioners, and abolishes office of fire marshal directs council to\\nraise money estimated to be needed by the commission.\\nMarch 27, Vol. I,, page 172. Provides that persons may not be\\njurors in Circuit Court, or any court of record in Detroit, who\\nhave been on a jury within a year in said court and in a justices\\nor police court the same persons may not sit as jurors more than\\nthree times a year.\\nMarch 27, Vol. I., page 175. Provides that criminal women\\nfrom any part of the State may be sentenced to the House of\\nCorrection.\\nMarch 27, Vol. I., page 223. Provides that an extreme sen-\\ntence in either Circuit ur Recorder s Court is not invalidated, but\\nis good for the extent of the lawful penalty.\\nMarch 27, Vol. I., page 266. Directs supervisors of each ward\\nto ascertain yearly the number of births and deaths during the\\npreceding year.\\nMarch 27, Vol. 11., page 1033. Gives council power to divide\\nwards into two election districts, and makes provision for regis-\\ntration in such districts. Gives power also to divide any existing\\nward into two wards.\\nMarch 28, Vol. II., page mo. Grants additional power in\\nregard to opening streets gives council power to raise a $50,000\\nsewer tax yearly, and provides for paying members of council not\\nmore than $1.50 for each session of the council attended.\\ni86g. January 30, Vol. II., page 46. Extends time for collec-\\ntion of State and county taxes to ist of March.\\nFebruary 17, Vol. II., page 61. Authorizes Board of Water\\nCommissioners to borrow $::5o,ooo.\\nFebruary 24, Vol. 11., page 71. Gives larger power to Board\\nof Education provides for two scliool inspectors from each\\nward, one to be elected each year; makes further provision for\\nsuperintendent of schools; authorizes board to borrow $15,000 on\\ntheir bonds, and provides that a special tax of five mills on a\\ndnllar may be levied for purchase of school lots and erecting\\nbuildings.\\nMarch 2, Vol. II., page iii. Extends time for collection of\\nState and county taxes to March 20.\\nApril 3, Vol. I., page 264.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides that Circuit Court Com-\\nmissioners shall not issue writs of habeas cor-pus or certiorari in\\na criminal case, but that justice of Supreme Court or Circuit\\nCourt judge may makes special provision for imprisonment and\\ndetention of lewd women.\\n^pril S, Vol. III., page 1678. Authorizes Board of Water\\nCommissioners to assess tax of three cents per foot front on\\nvacant lots.\\nApril 5, page 1686. Defines with great detail powers of the\\ncouncil gives city power to vacate any street or alley by resolu-\\ntion.\\n1871. February 2, Vol. III., page 9. Extends time for collect-\\ning State and county taxes.\\nFebruary 24, Vol. I., page 24. Authorizes superintendent of\\nHouse of Correction to receive and keep for short periods of time\\nall persons sentenced to the institution while they are waiting for\\nbail, or for other reasons are not fully committed.\\nMarch 18, Vol. Ill, page 75. Enlarges and defines with\\ngreater clearness the powers of the Board of Fire C nnmissioners.\\nMarch 31, ol. III., page 127. Gives Board of Education dis-\\ncretionary power to elect a Board of Commissioners to take\\ncharge of the Public Librar\\nMarch 31, Vol. III., page 133 Legalizes certain acts of the\\nBoard of Fire Commissioners.\\nMarch 31, Vol. III., page 134. Provides that the police justice\\nshall receive no fees, and not over $1,200 a year for services.\\nApril 13, Vol. II., page 1231. Makes provision for printing\\nordinances and proceedings of the council, and especially for\\nprinting the proceedings and official notices in German.\\nApril 13, Vol. III., page 177. Authorizes council to divide any\\nexisting ward into election districts, to contain not more than five\\nhundred electors.\\nApril 15, Vol. III., page 186. Legalizes certain acts of the\\nBoard of Police Commissioners.\\nApril 15, Vol. II., page 1322. Appoints Board of Park Com-\\nmissioners, and provides for purchase of park.\\nApril 17, Vol. II., page 1371. Gives the council power to regu-\\nlate the election or removal of certain officers, and to fix the\\namount of their fees to control the river, whar\\\\ es, parks, and\\nstreets to number the buildings and to collect of the owners for\\nso doing to sub-divide wards; to drain low lands within three\\nmiles of the city to license various kiqds of business. Gives\\npower to tax insurance companies authorizes council to issue\\nthree-year bonds for purpose of paying three fourths of cost of\\npaving streets, thus granting citizens three years in which to pay\\npaving assessments also authorizes issue of $300,000 worth of\\nbonds for building sewers, if citizens meeting approve; directs\\nthat property be assessed at cash value.\\nApril 17. Vol. III., page 230. Reorganizes Board of Metropoli-\\ntan Police and names commissioners, one to go out every two\\nyears future appointees to be appointed by the Governor, with\\nthe consent of the Senate, and to ser\\\\ e eight years.\\nApril 18. Vol. III., page 273. Establishes Board of Public\\nWorks.\\n1872. March 29, page 57. Empowers council to require any\\nofficer or hoard to furnish reports on any matter under their con-\\ntrol, and also fi.\\\\ nr alter the time at which estimates shall be made\\nby any of the officers or boards.\\nMarch 29, page 60. Provides that no election district shall\\nembrace parts of two-wards, and that nn district shall contain less\\nthan five hundred electors.\\n1873. March 8, Vol. Til., page 37. Authorizes Board of Water\\nCommissioners to borrow $1,000,000 to build new Water Works\\nin Hamtramck.\\nMarch 14. Vol. II., page 100. Makes provisions concerning the\\npurchase of a park.\\nMarch 27, Vol. III., page 74. Provides that the Board of Edu-\\ncation may elect a superintendent for three years, appoint a\\nsecretary, and erect a Public Librar building.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1038.jp2"}, "1039": {"fulltext": "A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC.\\n987\\nMarch 28, Vol. I., page 61. Establishes Superior Court.\\nMarch 2S, Vol. II., page 265. Abolishes citizens meeting and\\ncreates Hoard of Kstimaies.\\nApril 4, Vol. in., page 140. Provides for appointment of a\\nstenograjjher for recorder s court.\\nApril 12, Vol. III., page 123.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Relates to powers and duties of\\nBoard of Water Commissioners. Gives them power to c indemn\\nproperty for use of the board, and to erect works and extend pipes\\noutside of the city and requires them to charge double rates for\\nall water supplied to persons outside the city limits.\\nApril 12, Vol. II., page 636. Annexes a large portion of Ham-\\ntramck and Grosse Pointe to the city. This act was declared\\nillegal by the Supreme Court.\\nApril 29, Vol. nr., page 175, to go into effect Januarj i, 1874.\\nEstablishes present Board of Public Works.\\nApril 30, Vol. II., page 1279. Provides for opening streets;\\nauthorizes purchase of land for City Hospital; provides that\\njudge of Superior Court shall preside over recorder s court in\\nabsence of the recorder, and that the tax for the repaving of\\nstreets shall be levied on the property, instead of being paid by\\ngeneral tax as before.\\n1875. Kebruar 4, Public Acts, pages. Makes additional pro-\\nvision for the organization of the Superior Court.\\nFebruary iS, Local Acts, page 4. Authorizes Common Council\\nto raise $300,000 by the sale of bonds, for the purpose of building\\nsewers.\\nFebruary 18, Local Acts, page 5. Provides that recorder shall\\nbe elected first Monday in April.\\nFebruary 25, Local Acts, page 7. Extends time for collecting\\nState and county taxes.\\nMarch 10, Local Acts, page 22. Again abolishes citizens* meet-\\ning and makes new provisions for Board of Estimates, two mem-\\nbers to be elected from each ward, and five upon general ticket to\\nser\\\\ e for two years, one from each ward to be elected after first\\nyear gives board power to decrease but not to increase taxes.\\nEstimates are to be first considered by the council, and submitted\\nto the board before the 15th of April in each year.\\nMarch 17, Local Acts, page 49. Provides that crosswalks shall\\nbe paid for from Gen_eral Road Fund.\\nMarch 26. Public Acts, page 52. Defines duty and fixes salary\\nof stenographer of Recorder s Court.\\nApril 10, Local Acts, page 508. Provides that Board of Public\\nWorks shall prepare general plan for streets and roads within two\\nmiles of city, and that after adoption the plan shall be changed\\nonly by a two thirds vote of Common Council.\\nApril 22, Local Acts, page 537. Authorizes city to borrow\\n$100,000 to build a Central Market.\\nApril 22, Local Acts, page 538. Gives council power to appoint\\na Board of Gas Commissioners, and to provide for and make gas.\\nApril 29, Local Acts, page 719. Directs Board of Police Com-\\nmissioners to submit detailed estimate of expenditures to comp-\\ntroller, and provides for care of the funds.\\nMay 3, Local Acts, page 864. Adds portions of townships of\\nGreenfield, Hamtramck, and Springwells to the city.\\nMay 4, Local Acts, page 865. Makes provision for opening\\nstreets.\\n1877. February 7, Local Acts, page 2. Extends time for\\ncollecting State and county taxes.\\nMay 23, Local .Acts, page 507. Provides for oflfice of fire\\nmarshal and prescribes his duties.\\n1879. February 27, Local Acts, page 11. Extends time for\\ncollection of State and county taxes.\\n^{arch 4, I ocal Acts, page 28. Directs that the fiscal year\\nbegin on July i, authorizes temporary loan of $So,ooo, and re-\\nquires treasurer to make a separate deposit of the cash belonging\\nto the sinking fund.\\nMarch 4, Local Acts, page 3a. Council to publish official pro-\\nceedings in only one daily paper in the English language, but\\nprovides that they may publish such part of proceedings as they\\ndeem proper in other languages, at a total cost of not over $2,500\\nper year.\\nApril 19, Local Acts, page 153.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Authorizes Police Commis-\\nsioners to appoint an inspector of slaughter-houses and meats.\\nMay 21, Local Acts, page 177.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides for Board of Boule-\\nvard Commissioners, and defines how they shall be elected and\\ntheir powers and duties.\\nMay 21, Local .\\\\cts, page 183.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judge of Superior Court may\\npreside over recorder s court, and, when necessary to fill vacancy,\\nelection for recorder may be held.\\nMay 27, Local Acts, page 215.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Council authorized to purchase\\nBelle Isle, improve it as a park, erect bridge to it, and may pur-\\nchase real estate on main land for an approach to the same also,\\nwith consent of the Board of Estimates, may borrow $200,000\\nfor above purposes.\\nMay 31, Local Acts, page 253. Abolishes ofllices of director of\\npoor, city collector, and city sexton creates Board of Poor Com-\\nmissioners; authorizes officers of city and boards to nominate\\ntheir own clerks; makes further provision for purchase of Belle\\nIsle, and provides that the city may issue ixmds to the amount of\\n$700,000 to buy the island and build a bridge or tunnel author-\\nizes receiver of taxes to levy for collection of personal taxes.\\n1881. March 11, Local acts, page 100. Provides that Board of\\nEducation shall consist of twelve inspectors elected on one general\\nticket makes provision for the transfer of the Public Library to\\na Board of Commissioners, and provides that a library tax of one\\nfifth of a mill on each one hundred dollars shall be levied for its\\nsupport.\\nMarch 22, Local Acts, page 118. City authorized to convey a\\nportion of Belle Isle to the United States as a site for a light-\\nhouse.\\nApril 21, Local Acts, page 226. Provides for Upper House or\\nBoard of Councilmen, prescribes their duties and also the duties\\nof the Board of Aldermen or City Council, and abolishes Board\\nof Estimates.\\n.April 21, Local Acts, page 228. Directs that the upper stories\\nof the market building be used for court rooms and offices.\\nMay 5, Local Acts, page 251. Defines limits of city, and pro-\\nvides for new ward boundaries.\\nMay 6, Local Acts, page 256. Pertains to powers and duties of\\nPolice Commissioners.\\nMay ig. Local Acts, page 279. Authorizes city to condemn for\\npublic use the rights of the Detroit Howell Plank Road Com-\\npany within the city.\\nMay 20, Local Acts, page 280. Gives Poor Commissioners\\npower to appoint their own officers and agents without confirma-\\ntion by the council.\\nMay 26, Local Acts, page 307, Provides for establishment of\\nBoard of Health.\\nMay 27, Local Acts, page 315. Repeals Park Act of April 15,\\n1871.\\nMay 31, Local Acts, page 324. Defines what officers shall b*\\nappointed by the council.\\nMay 31, Local Acts, page 334. Authorizes the city to condemn\\nfor public use the rights of the Detroit Saline Plank Road\\nCompany within the city.\\nJune 2, Local Acts, page 342. Provides that police justices of\\nDetroit may, on application, sentence to the House of Correction\\npersons who refuse to support their family,\\nJune 6, Local Acts, page 370. Provides that members of the\\ncouncil arc to be freeholders also provides as to dangerous\\nstructures, obstructions in the street, inspection of steam boilers,\\nintelligence offices, etc.\\nJune 7, Local Acts, page 379. Provides further regulations for\\ninspection of meats and provisions sold in Detroit.\\nJune 7, Local Acts, page 379. Provides that the mayor shall\\nnominate members of the Board of Water Commissioners.\\nMay 5, Public Acts, page 108. Recorder may act as judge of\\nSupreme Court fees received by clerk to be paid to city\\ntreasurer.\\nMay 20, Public Acts, page 157. Provides for board of six\\njury commissioners, to be appointed by the Senate on nomination\\nof the governor, to select jurors for courts of record in the city of", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1039.jp2"}, "1040": {"fulltext": "988\\nA CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC.\\nDetroit and county of Wayne, three to be residents of city, and\\nthree of townships outside of the city.\\nJune 2, Public Acts, page 250. Reorganizes House of Correc-\\ntion, to be managed by four inspectors, and provides for details of\\nmanagement.\\nJune II, Pubhc Acts, page 394. Provides that recorder shall\\nreceive a salary of $4,003 a year.\\n1882. March 14, Local Acts, page 3. Authorizes Police Com-\\nmissioners to fix salaries of all officers of the department, and\\nmakes other provisions.\\nMarch 15, Local Acts, page 13. Authorizes re-assessment for\\npaving portion of Jefferson Avenue.\\nMarch 15. Local Acts, page 14. Authorizes re-assessment for\\npaving portion of Michigan Avenue.\\nMarch 15, Local Acts, page 16.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Provides that Fire Commis-\\nsioners may fix amourjt of salaries of officers of the department.\\nMarch 15, Local Acts, page 17. Authorizes re-assessment for\\npaving portion of Jefferson Avenue.\\nMarch 15, Local Acts, page 18. Authorizes re-assessment for\\npaving portion of Jefferson Avenue.\\nMarch 15, Local Acts, page 20. Authorizes assessment for re-\\npaving Franklin Street.\\n1883. March 28, Local Acts, page 246. Establishes Board of\\nPark Commissioners and gives them control of appropriations for\\npark.\\nApril 10, Local Acts, page 412. Establishes Board of Poor\\nCommissioners anew, and gives them exclusive power in the\\nrelieving of county poor within the limits of Detroit.\\nApril 18, Local Acts, page 433. Amends Board of Public\\nWorks Act, changes their fiscal year to begin July i, and makes\\nprovision that before plats are confirmed the taxes must have\\nbeen paid.\\nApril 25, Local Acts, page 449. Provides for three justices in-\\nstead of six, who are to be paid a regular salary by the county.\\nApril 26, Local Acts, page 452. Provides that half of the\\ndamages assessed for opening streets shall be paid by the city,\\nand makes numerous other provisions.\\nApril 27, Local Acts, page 468. Gives Board of Water Com-\\nmissioners discretionary powers as to the rate to be charged for\\nwater furnished to persons living outside of the city.\\nMay II, Public Acts, page 87. Provides that jury commission-\\ners need not all be present at the drawing of names, and that\\nthey shall have mileage.\\nMay ig. Local Acts, page 530. Provides that salaries of audi-\\ntors shall be fixed by the circuit judges of the county, and that\\nthe salary of each auditor shall not be more than $2,500 or less\\nthan $1,200,\\nMay 31, Public Acts, page 139. Provides that two of the county\\nauditors shall be residents of Detroit.\\nJune 5, Local Acts, page 579. Practically a new city charter\\nwith many important changes. Provides for board of three\\nassessors abolishes Board of Review provides for the payment\\nof highway taxes by all property extends term of receiver of\\ntaxes from two to three years provides that aldermen shall hold\\nno city, county, or legislative office except that of a notary gives\\naldermen and councilmen equal power over estimates and legis-\\nlative matters abolishes Central Station Court, and makes many\\nother changes,\\nJune 6, Public Acts, page 183. Authorizes county treasurer to\\ncharge four per cent for collecting taxes paid between December\\n16 and March i, and provides that he shall have two percent on\\namount of taxes returned as delinquent.\\nJune 8, Local Acts, page 673. Authorizes new assessment to\\npay for paving Michigan Avenue.\\nJune 8, Local Acts, page 675. Authorizes new assessment to\\npay for paving Jefferson Avenue.\\nJune 8, Local Acts, page 677. Provides that mayor may\\nnominate, and Board of Councilmen appoint persons to fill vacan-\\ncies in office of school inspector, and provides that non-resident\\ntaxpayers shall pay for the tuition of their children.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1040.jp2"}, "1041": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nNAMES.\\nAbbott, Edward, 242, 243.\\nAbbott Fjncbley, 174.\\nAbbott, James, 23, 26, 38, 135,\\n143, 149, 183, i8g, 192, igS, 272,\\n284, 313. 376, 486, 491, 556, 557,\\n558, 559. 562, 645, 716, 729, 730,\\n767. 770. 776, 785. 837* 847, 859,\\n860. S62, 879, 880, 882, 883, 916.\\nAbbott, John S., igi, 711, 717,\\n740, 752, 755, 759.\\nAbbott, J. S. C, 709.\\nAbbott, Robert, 41, 87, 89, 92,\\n123, 133, 176, 183, 191, 198, 491,\\n492. 554. 557. 559. 562, 563, 564.\\nAbbott, Samuel, 313.\\nAbbott, Squire jr., 300.\\nAbel, F., 355.\\nAbell, Oliver C, 100.\\nAdair, William, 100, 523, 654,\\n937-\\nAdam, John T., 92*\\nAdam, T. C., 626.\\nAdams, Miss, 361.\\nAdams, A. H., 650, 864,865, 897.\\nAdams, Charles S., 343, 355.\\nAdams, Charles K., 709.\\nAdams, Francis, 144, 145, 161,\\n869.\\nAdams, H. B., 131.\\nAdams, Herbert, 756, 757.\\nAdams, H. M., 918.\\nAdams, James Q., 210, 300.\\nAdams, John, 264, 937, 957,\\nAdams, John Quincy, 298, 6S1,\\nAdams, L. B., Miss, 673, 700.\\nAdams, N., Mrs., 310, 311.\\nAdams, T. K., 695, 937,942, 946.\\nAddison, F. H., 213.\\nAdier, L., 628.\\nAeiller, Jacob, 313.\\nAgassiz, Louis, 708.\\nAigremont, Sieur d 18, 837.\\nAikman, William, 600, 604, 700.\\nAillebout, M. d 83.\\nAinslie, l homas, 341.\\nAlabaster, John, 571.\\nAlbach, James R., 708.\\nAlbee, H. C, 808.\\nAlcock, T., 904.\\nAlcorn, 589.\\nAlcott, A. Bronsoii, 708.\\nAlden, J. M., 50, 646, 649.\\nAldis, Charles, 581.\\nAldrich, S. H 648.\\nAldrich, C, 210, 795, 916.\\nAlexander, Ransom L., 131.\\nAlexis, the Grand Duke, 483.\\nAlden, Hiram, 897.\\nAlger, R. A., 360, 362, 867.\\nAllard, Jaques, Jr., 979.\\nAUardt. M. H.. 687.\\nAllee, A., 901.\\nAllen, A. B., 616.\\nAllen, C. T., 211, 571, 572, 844.\\nAllen, Colonel, 280.\\nAllen, E. P., 324.\\nAllen, E. W., 906.\\nAllen, H, C, 700.\\nAllen, Ira M., 50, 646,\\nAllen, Lewis, 756.\\nAllen, Lewis, Mrs., 65a, 655,\\nAllen, M., 674.695.\\nAllen, M., Mrs., 652.\\nAllen, Orville S.. 166.\\nAllen, R. W., 5\\nAUiBon,\\nw., 57.\\nJames D., 144, 145.\\nAllor. ^L C, 212.\\nAllouez, 527.\\nAlmy, John, 935.\\nAltenbrandt, B., 758.\\nAlter, Francis, 167.\\nAlvord, Dr., 677.\\nAlvord, H. J., 91.\\nAlvord, W. J., 130.\\nAmberg, D. Co., 496\\nAmbrose, Mrs., 651.\\nAmes, E. R., 579.\\nAmes, M. E., loi, 192.\\nAmherst, Jeffrey, 83* 84, 238, 879\\nAmin Bey, 963.\\nAmpere, J. J., 708.\\nAmrhein, Wm., 934.\\nAnciaux, T., 536.\\nAncram, William, 227.\\nAnderson, Captain, 226.\\nAnderson, Charles, 212.\\nAnderson, Colonel, 272, 277.\\nAnderson, E., 654.\\nAnderson, G. W., 607.\\nAnderson, James, 313, 315, 475,\\n654, 936.\\nAnderson, John, 176, igi, 313,\\n631, 730. 859.\\nAnderson, Julia Ann, Mrs., 584.\\nAnderson, L. S., 132.\\nAnderson, Major, 305, 966.\\nAnderson, Mary, 358.\\nAnderson, M., 125.\\nAnderson, Mr., 481.\\nAnderson, T., 166.\\nAnderson, T. S., 871, 872.\\nAnderson, W. K., 804, 871.\\nAndre, John, 799.\\nAndre, Joseph, 285.\\nAndre, Lieut., 262.\\nAndre, Mrs., 262.\\nAndre, P., 540.\\nAndrews, Bishop, 579.\\nAndrews, Colin, 837.\\nAndrews, Colonel, 172.\\nAndrews, E., 676.\\nAndrews, George, Mrs., 310, 311\\nAndrews, George P., 51,678, 714\\nAndrews, H. R., 41, 143, 209,\\n215, 483, 486, 872.\\nAndrews, H. R., Mrs., 656, 659,\\n662.\\nAndrews, J. D., 695.\\nAndrews, Norman S., 176.\\nAndrews, William, 492.\\nAndries, E., 6go.\\nAngell, James B., 339, 709.\\nAngell, G. R., 752, 758.\\nAnnabel, S, C, 612.\\nAnneke, Emil, 92.\\nAnne of Austria, 83.\\nAnthon, C. E., 550, 700.\\nAnthon, George C, 50, 333, 340,\\n37 550. 700.\\nAnthon, John, 700.\\nAnthony, W. E.. Mrs., 666.\\nAntisdel, A., 892.\\nAniisdel, J. F., 483, 485. 486,\\n487.\\nAntisdel. W. W., 486.\\nAntoine, Robert, 20.\\nAntrobus, John, 361.\\nApel, F.. 355-\\nAppel, C.W., 167.\\nAppelt, Charles, 146.\\nApply. J., 132-\\nArcetti, John, 663.\\nArcher, John, 165, 470.\\nArgenson, Viscount d 83.\\nArmitage, William E., 359, 585,\\n586, 592.\\nArmitage, William L., 969.\\nArmitage, W. S., 818.\\nArmor, S, G., 50.\\nArmstrong, B. F., 673.\\nArmstrong, J., 178.\\nArmstrong, James A., 865, 895.\\nArmstrong, Slajor-General, 256\\nArmstrong. T. H., 494.\\nArmstrong, W. C, 678.\\nArnaud, Bertrand, 529.\\nArndt, Henry, 937.\\nArnett, J. H., 892.\\nArnold, Benedict, 248, 264.\\nArnold, J. ^L, 566, 572, 642,\\n679, 690, 695.\\nArnold, Matthew, 709, 976.\\nArthur, Chester A., 937.\\nAshley, E., 934.\\nAshley, W. H.. 892.\\nAskin, John, 34, 36, 133, 172,\\n189, 344. 940, 977. 982.\\nAspinall, James, 788.\\nAspinall, Joseph, 787, 788, 792.\\nAtchinson, J. B., 567, 700.\\nAtkinson, J., 162, 318, 689, 709.\\nAtkinson, W. F., 937.\\nAt Lee, S. Yorke, 191.\\nAtterbury, C. L., 657.\\nAtterbury, C. S., 647.\\nAtterbury, J. G., 600, 604, 711.\\nAtterbury, W. W., 613.\\nAtwater, Caleb, 708.\\nAtwater, Reuben, 23, 88, 317,\\n785. 937-\\nAtwood, W. S., 197.\\nAudrain, Francis, 558.\\nAudrain, J. H., 176, 209.\\nAudrain, Margaret, 594.\\nAudrain, Peter, 23, 28, 30, 38,\\n40. 53, 96, iii( 119, 133, 186,\\n189, 190, igz, 198, 224, 272,\\n490, 937.\\nAudrey, Claude, 20.\\nAustin, L. B., 872.\\nAustin, L. B., Mrs., 665.\\nAustin, P. B., 58, 196, 198.\\nAvery, C. H., 355.\\nAvery, Elisha, 176.\\nAvery, G. B.. 143.\\nAvery, H. K., 862.\\nAvery, J. P., 613.\\nAvery, Judge, 968.\\nAvery, N., 162.\\nAvery, Newell, Mrs., 665.\\nAxford, S. IVL, 50, 646, 649.\\nAylward, J., 2ii.\\nAymar, 695.\\nAxtell, Jonathan R., 633.\\nBaart, P.\\n}labcock.\\n537-\\nP-, 3^4-\\nBabee, ^L, 222.\\nBaby, Colonel, 279.\\nBaby, D., 767.\\nBaby, Duperon, 324.\\nBaby, F., 176.\\nBaby. James, 978. 97g.\\nBaby, tVL, 237, 238.\\nBackus Sons, 499.\\nBackus, Charles K.,\\n679, 684,\\n701, 752. 757.\\nBackus, Electus. 271.\\nBackus, H. T.. 92, 100, 144, igi.\\nBacon, Colonel, 300.\\nBacon, David, 552^ 602, 613.\\n715, 953-\\nBacon, David, Mrs., 715.\\nBacon, Leonard, 552, 553, C02,\\n616, 70C, 708.\\nBacon, Marshall J., go, 195,\\n198, 203, 711, 839, 874.\\nBacon, N., 188.\\nBacon, W. A.. 143, 650, 713, 717.\\nBadger, Joseph, 552.\\nBadin, F. V.. 535.\\nBaffy, Eugene, 832.\\nBagg, A. S., 79, 144, 145, 2i8,\\n685, 695, 938.\\nBagg, A. S., Miss, 717.\\nBagg, A. W.. 679.\\nI^^gg, Barnes Co., 692.\\nBagg, B. Rush, 190, 198, 840.\\nI ^gg, Charles R., 196.\\nBagg Harmon, 692.\\nBagg, J. H., 50, 91, 143, 190,\\n194, 195. 646. 700, 740- 755-\\nKagg. John S., 176. 673, 677,\\n685, 686, 692, 695. 883.\\nl^agg. A., 40, 61, 12C 194,\\n685, 686, 900.\\nBagley, F. P.. 318.\\nBagley, George F., 144, 788,\\n792, 869.\\nBagley, John J., 57. 75. 92. 144,\\n204, 205, 217, 218. 309, 746,\\n756, 810. 867, 860, 874.\\nBagley, J. J., Mrs., 662, 665,\\n73\u00c2\u00bb-\\nBagley, O. M., 796.\\nBaier, F., 166.\\nBailey, James A., 757.\\nBailey, John, 364.\\nBailey. Joshua, 131.\\nBain, L., 713.\\nBain, Stephen, 795.\\nBaird, R. W., Mrs., 360.\\nBaker, B. Franklin, 168, 519.\\nr aker, Calvin, 89,98, 135, 167.\\nBaker, Daniel, 273, 938.\\nBaker, F. A., loi, 141.\\nBaker, G. D., 596, 602, 604, 642.\\nBaker, George, 799.\\nBaker, H. E., 638, 642, 684, 756,\\n759, 760.\\nBaker, Hibbard, 941.\\nBaker, Jacob B., 917,\\nBaker, James S., 737.\\nBaker, Major, 228.\\nBaker, R. L., 224.\\nBaker, S. A., 638, 676, 6S2, 683.\\nBaker, Samuel, 563, 564.\\nBaker, W. L 805.\\nBakewell, W. H.. 578.\\nBalch, George W,, 137, 145,\\n752, 757. 758. 870, S84. 885.\\nBalch. Lewis P. \\\\V., 587.\\nBaldwin, C. H.. 486, 888.\\nBaldwin, Commodore, 938,\\nBaldwin, Ethan, 313.\\nPialdwin, Ezra, 916.\\nBaldwin, Henry P 92, 100, 102,\\n106, 311, 312, 360, 361, 362,\\n497. 585. 586. 638, 657, 711,\\n769, 772, 864, 867, 936, 938,\\n974-\\nBaldwin, H. P., 2d. 657.\\nBaldwin, J. D., 165, 642.\\nBaldwin. Lola, 942.\\nBaldwin, Lyman, 143, 209, 733,\\n938, 942-\\nJ aldwin, Lyman H., 828.\\nBall, 286.\\n[989!", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1041.jp2"}, "1042": {"fulltext": "990\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nBall, Byron D., 92.\\nBali, Daniel, 866.\\nBall, H. L., 671, 692.\\nBall, William, 798.\\nBallard, 483.\\nBallard, A., 614.\\nBallard, Julia P., Mrs., 701.\\nBaliner, Stephen, 597.\\nBalpour, 715.\\nBanager, Jacob, 131.\\nBancroft, E., 738.\\nBancroft, K. C, 202.\\nBancroft, George. 708, 859, 963,\\nBangs, Nathan, 553, 700, 954.\\nBankhead, James, 229.\\nBanks, 494.\\nBanks, A. F., 360.\\nBanks, Gertrude, Miss, 665.\\nBanks, Nathaniel P., 966.\\nBanks, Robert, 888.\\nBanvard, 716.\\nBanwell, Henry, 587, 589.\\nBaradale. George, 758.\\nBaraga, Frederick, 535, 547, 700.\\nBarat, Perette, 333.\\nBarber, E. W., 675.\\nBarbier, F- J., 196, 19B.\\nBarbnur, E. S., 814.\\nBarbour, George H., 816,\\nBarbour, L. L., 75, 761.\\nBarclay, Colonel, 269.\\nBarclay, VV., 61, 71, 143. 164,\\n204. 493. 573. 654, 713, 936,\\n^938.\\nBane, Louis, 162.\\nBarios, Jean Maria, 20.\\nBarker, K. C, 140, 144, 498,\\n513, 826, 869, 971.\\nBarker, Samuel, 895.\\nBarker, William E., 946.\\nBarkume, Eli, 938.\\nBarlage, A., 144.\\nBarlow, C. J., 132.\\nBarlow, G. W., 600, 604.\\nBarium, Thomas, 655.\\nBarnard, 486.\\nBarnard, Henry, 708, 961.\\nBarnard, Henry D., 54, 13G, 146.\\nBarnard, Joseph, 210.\\nBarnes, Albert, 702.\\nBarnes, A. S., 706.\\nBarnes Bros.. 498, 499.\\nBarnes, E. W., 58.\\nBarnes, Giles, 313.\\nBarney, Milton, 480\\nBarnhardt, W. H., 357.\\nBarns, A. T 639.\\nBarns, Henrv, 100, 226, 307,\\n675. 676, 683, 6^5, 692, 883.\\nBarns, Jacob, 686.\\nBarnum, E, T., 499, 733, Sir,\\n812.\\nBaron, Antoine, 978.\\nBaron, Joseph, 130, 198.\\nBaron, Peter, 767.\\nBarr, John, 687.\\nBarr, Robert, 687.\\nBarre, Lefebere de, 83.\\nBarrian, Joseph, 978.\\nBarrett, C. H., 58, 59, 639, 646,\\n649.\\nBarrett, Lawrence, 358.\\nBarrett, Myron, 595.\\nBarrett, Patrick, 935.\\nBarrois, 35.\\nBarrois, Francois Lothman de,\\n333-\\nBarrows, Juba, ig8.\\nBarrows, S. S., 164.\\nBarry, David, 677, 678.\\nliarry, D. E., 901.\\nBarry, John S., gr, 92. 104, 898.\\nBarry, Thomas J., 166.\\nBarry, William, 80, 798.\\nBarse, W. H., 202.\\nBarstow, Samuel, 176, 191, 650,\\n7 739. 743. 752, 755, 756,\\n862.\\nBarstow, H. A., 482.\\nBart, 132.\\nBartenbach, G., 842.\\nBiirthf, A.. 172.\\nB:irthello, William, 795.\\nBartholick, Dr.. 4q3,\\nBartholomew, A. M., 493, 937.\\nBartliolomew, A. AL, Mrs,, 652.\\nBartle, James, 500.\\nBartlett, J. W., 757.\\nBartletf, Joseph, 531, S07.\\nBartlett, A. R., 572.\\nBartley, A. H., 210.\\nBartlev, E., 663.\\nBarton, William, 178.\\nBartow, William, gS, 130, 192,\\n198.\\nBaskerviUe, T, H., 573.\\nBass, J., 577.\\nBassett, Henry, 37, 227.\\nBastie, Edmund, 535.\\nBatchelder, J. C, 356.\\nBatchelder, J. W., 758.\\nBates, 695.\\nBates, Andrew, 639.\\nBates, .Alexander, 300,\\nBates, Asher B., 140, 141, 198,\\n873, 874.\\nBates, Clara Doty, Mrs., 701.\\nBates, Frederick, 23, 26, 38, 89,\\n95, g6, 133, 183, 186, 491, 494,\\n855. 857. 883, 938.\\nBates, George C, 113, 143, 176,\\n243, 301, 711, 934, 963.\\nBates, H. C, 792.\\nBates, L. J., 13, 684, 690, 692,\\n701.\\nBates, Morgan, 71, 92, 16=;, 673,\\n676, 682.\\nBattel!, Cyrus, 909.\\nBatterson, J. G., 312.\\nBattle, James, 513, 519.\\nBattzes, George, 281.\\nBatwell, Edward, 50, 755, 756,\\nBauer, A., 167, 757.\\nBaur, Emil, 575.\\nBaugh, J, B., 4.\\nBaugliTnan, J. A., 566, 572, 578,\\n580, 840,\\nBaumgartner, John. 621.\\nBaylev, Frank T., 600.\\nBaxter, A. W., 810.\\nBaxter, John, 175.\\nBaxter, Thomas, 161, 162.\\nBaxter, W. H., 145, 500.\\nBaxter, Witter J., 711, 732.\\nBayard, Robert, 172, 227.\\nBayliss, J. H., 567, 575.\\nBayliss, J. H., Mrs., 842.\\nBeach, Eben, 795.\\nBeach, P., 132,\\nBeach, Seth, 504.\\nBeadle, J. T., 612.\\nBean, J. V.. 718.\\nBeard, George, 938.\\nBeard, O. T., 701.\\nBeardslee, C. J., 487.\\nBeardslee. Harlow, 142.\\nBeardsley, 492.\\nBeattie, Elizabeth, 633.\\nBeattie, Margaret, 633.\\nBeatty, James, 71.\\nBeaubien, 492,\\nBeaubien, Aliss, 350.\\nBeaubien, Antoine, Mrs., 653,\\n721.\\nBeaubien, Antoine, 34, 313, 725,\\n^945. g77-\\nBeaubien, Henry, 164.\\nBeaubien, J., 737.\\nBeaubien, James. 58, 202, 935.\\nBeaubien, Jean Bt., 20, 285.\\nBeaubien, Jean Maria, 21, igo,\\n191. 313. 979-\\nBeaubien, Joseph, 532, 977.\\nBeaubien, Lambert, ig8, 323,\\n934. 937-\\nBeaubien, Louis, 164.\\nBeaubien, Louis Antoine, 531,\\n532-\\nBeaubien, P., 934.\\nBeaubien, Trotier, 337.\\nBeau fait, 493.\\nBeaufalt, Louis, 88, 90, icx5,\\n102, 130, 174, 180, 190, 191,\\n198, 531, 720, 938, 977. 98:;.\\nBeauchene, Chevalier de, 332.\\nBeaugrand. Jean Baptiste, 313.\\nBeauharnois, Marquis de, 19,\\n83, 766.\\nBeaumont, M. M., 707.\\nBeausseroD, Widow, 18.\\nBeck, C. F., 780.\\nBeck, Charles G., 938.\\nBecker, John, 680.\\nBeckwith, George, 267.\\nBedell, George W., 13.J.\\nBeecher, E. B., 885.\\nBeecher, Henry Ward, 700, 93S,\\n973-\\nBeecher, Luther, 352, 485, 665,\\n675. 692, 711, 713. 842. 971-\\nEeecher, Lyman, 603, 70S, 839.\\nBeecher, Truman, 785.\\nBeecher, Thomas K., 637.\\nBeedzler, J., 777.\\nBeeson, Jacob, 38, 7g2.\\nB^ggs, Thomas, 146.\\nBegole, J. W.. 92, 975.\\nBegon, 18.\\nBelanger, Joseph, 654.\\nBelknap, John, 868.\\nBell, Digby V., 92, 93, 734, 7S5,\\n8S2.\\nBell, D. v., Jr., 354.\\nBell, D. v.. Mrs., 665.\\nBell, Dclos, 361.\\nBell, John A., 687.\\nBell, Robert, 56.\\nBell, Thomas, 895.\\nBellair, Joseph, 945.\\nBellair, Oliver, 210, 933, 938,\\n945.\\nBellecour, F. D., 198.\\nBellecour, F. L, 149.\\nBellestre, Francois Marie Pi-\\ncote de, 36, 40, 83, 227, 233,\\n234. 527- 766.\\nBellisle, Henry, 50.\\nBellows, H. W., 681.\\nBellows. J. N., 717.\\nBellman, W. F., 4g6.\\nBelton, F. S., 228.\\nBelton, Samuel, 555.\\nBendix, William, 357.\\nBenedict, E. D., 884.\\nBenedict, Hiram, 840.\\nBeniteau, A. P. T., 318.\\nBeniteau, Israel L, 654.\\nBenham, Ebenezer, 165, 202.\\nBenham, W. L., 901.\\nBenjamin. Park, 709.\\nBennett. D., 493.\\nBennett, Frank, 687.\\nBennett, Joseph R., 160, 176.\\nBennett, L. H., 872.\\nBennett, Moses, 165,\\nBennett, S., 132.\\nBennett, W., 493.\\nBenoit, E., 799.\\nBenoit, E. P., 125.\\nBentley, 173.\\nBentley, John, 133.\\nBenton, Colonel, 84.\\nBenton, Thomas H., 938.\\nBerdan, O. F., 357.\\nBerger, J. M., 673, 695, 696.\\nBerkey, A., 621.\\nBerlin, Frederick, 938.\\nBernier, 532.\\nBernick, 538.\\nBerquin, 694.\\nBerrien. John IVL, 895.\\nBerry IJrothers, 497, 498, 826,\\n974.\\nBerry, J. A., 757.\\nBerry, J. H., 825. 871.\\nBerry, Langford G., 92.\\nBerry, S. V., 590.\\nBerry, Thomas, 138, 162, 646,\\n734, 826, S75.\\nBerry, T. V., 624.\\nBerry, William A., 874.\\nBerry, W. L., 695.\\nBerryer, RL, 233.\\nBerthelet, Henry, 8, 15, 33, 133,\\n532, 938, 980, 981.\\nBerthelet, Peter, 63, 793, 794,\\n983.\\nBerthelet, Widow, 767.\\nBertrams, Giistavus, 576.\\nBertrand, 531, 532.\\nFethune, George W., 938.\\nBellinger, Conrad, loi.\\nBelts, Charles, 674.\\nBells, George L, 324.\\nBewick, Charles, 811.\\nBeyer, C. H., 57, 663.\\nBeyerle, Constantine, 68S.\\nBibb, Henrv, 346, 700.\\nBiddle, John, 23, 38, 59, 88, 98,\\n100, 102, III, 114, 130, 140,\\n227, 271. 357. 359, 372, 4^5,\\n641, 710, 712, 716, 730, 73s,\\n860, 862, 887, 896.\\nBiddle, Nicholas, 372.\\nBiddle, W. S., 318.\\nBieber, Adam, 934, 935.\\nBieber, Peter, 935.\\nBienville, 330.\\nBig Beaver, 181.\\nBigelow, George, 50.\\nBigelow, Horatio, 81S.\\nBigelow, John M., 647, 924.\\nBigelow, L., 131.\\nBigley, 498.\\nBigot, 233.\\nBigslcy, Doctor, 269.\\nBillings, Alvan, 565.\\nBillings, P. A., 778.\\nBinder, William, 166.\\nBineau, Jean, 766.\\nBingham, E., 164, 492, 641.\\nBingham, Kinsley S., 92.\\nBingham, Sarah 1 Miss, 310.\\nBingle, Edward, 131.\\nBird, A. A., 198.\\nBird, Henry, 223, 243, 249, 260,\\ng52.\\nBird, Philander, 131, 198.\\nBird, Peter C, 131.\\nBird, Robert, 571.\\nBird, Robert C, 131.\\nBirmingham, T. N., 162.\\nBirney, James, 92.\\nBishop, Anna, 354.\\nBishop, David L., 212.\\nBishop, H., 355, 357.\\nBishop, Levi, 19, 49, 141, 177,\\n192, 199, 307, 701, 711, 713,\\n745, 746, 752, 755. 756, 843,\\n968.\\nBishop, M., 492.\\nBishop, R. A., Mrs., 486.\\nBispham, John B., 191.\\nBisscll, 493.\\nBissell, A. E., 61, 787, 788.\\nBissell, Albert G., 647.\\nBissell, Charles, 851.\\nBissell, George W., 7S7, 788,\\n792.\\nBissell, John H,, 592.\\nBissell, W. A., 732.\\nBlack, Clarence, 360, 361.\\nBlack, H. H.. 624.\\nBlack, Joseph, 362, 873.\\nBlack, James, 497, 654.\\nBlack, S. W., 228.\\nBlackburn, Ihomas, 202, 345,\\n346, 959-\\nBlackburn, William ftL, 602.\\nBlack Hawk, 299, 959.\\nBlackman, G. C, 706.\\nBlackmar, Thomas S., 176, 177,\\n197, 795, 799-\\nBlades, F. A., 566, 569, 574,\\n580, 638, 783.\\nBlain, A. W., 56.\\nBlaine, James G., 976.\\nBlainville. Sieur de, 227, 232.\\nBlair, Austin, 92, 305.\\nBlair, James S., 654.\\nBlaisdel, L. H., 355.\\nBlakeslee, George, 164.\\nBlanchard, Jonathan, 566, 569.\\nBlankenheini, J., 1C6, 935.\\nBlattmeier. Christian, 469.\\nBlavette, Leon Clement de, 333.\\nBlay, M., 162. 796.\\nBlenman, Henry A., 166.\\nBlewitt, 695.\\nBleyenbergh, A. F., 537, 541.\\nBlindbury, 496.\\nBlindbury, C. (L, 799.\\nBlindbury, John, loi, 131, 486.\\nBliss, P. P., 643, 972. 973,\\nBliise, 354.\\nBlodget, A. C, 701,\\nBlodgett. Charles C, i^\\nBlodtjett, H. N. P., Mrs., 665.\\nBlodgett. P. S., 903.\\nBlois, John T., 696, 717, 738.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1042.jp2"}, "1043": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\n991\\nBlondeau, Sieur, 232.\\nBlood, Dr., 277.\\nBloom, Adolph, 213.\\nBloom, Adam E., loi, 758.\\nBloomer, Amelia, Mrs., 964.\\nBless, Joseph B.. 38, 841.\\nBloss, J. B., Mrs., 665.\\nBloynk, John, 125.\\nBlue, Alexander, 125, 126, 131.\\nBluejacket, George, 981.\\nBlum, Frank, 145.\\nBluma, A., 74, 166.\\nBoardman, W. E., 633, 700.\\nBocquet, Simple. 529, 530, 535.\\nBoehnleio, G., 695.\\nBoehnlein, M., 695.\\nBoeing, W., 360.\\nBoenninghausen, W., 935.\\nBoer, H. R., 603.\\nBoerns, William A., 576.\\nBoice, John, 733.\\nBoise, James K., 709.\\nBoishebert, M. de, 227, 527.\\nBolger, Robert E., 101.\\nBolto, G., 798.\\nBolton, Colonel, 13, 46, 260.\\nBoltz, Peter, 132.\\nBolvin, N., 730.\\nBonaparte, Napoleon, 943, 970.\\nBonaventure, 529\\nBond, C. G. M., 833.\\nBond, C. v., 360.\\nBond, E., 934,\\nBond, Lewis. 198, 209, 281.\\nBond, William, 756, 757, 758,\\nBond, William S., loi, 137, 144,\\n145. 674, 677.\\nBondi, Antoine, 979.\\nBondi, Joseph, 979,\\nBondvver. Charles, 155.\\nBone, Mary Ann, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2533.\\nBonhomme, Charles, 20.\\nBonnell, S. R.. 616.\\nBonom?. Francois, 979.\\nBook, J. B., 146, 205, 734,\\nBoone, Daniel, 249, 938.\\nBooth, 358.\\nBooth, E. G., 872.\\nBooth, G. C. 577,\\nBooth, G. P.. 486.\\nBooth, Jam S 205.\\nBoothroyd, W. H.. 695.\\nBoquet. H., 234, 24:*-\\nBorchardt, F., 715, 798.\\nBorcherding, William, 576.\\nBordeaux, Joseph, 313.\\nBordman, E., 673.\\nBorgess, C. H., 547, 549, 661,\\n663. goi, 970. Q73.\\nBergman, C. H., 141, 196, 198,\\n695, 725.\\nBergman, M. V., loi, 146, 205,\\n218. 4S6, 487.\\nBorn, H., 493.\\nBorrowman, Andrew, 59, 647,\\n649, 758.\\nBoscus, John, 326.\\nBostick, William, 244.\\nBostwick, J,, 211.\\nBotsford, Albert, 145.\\nBoucher, Elizabeth, 327.\\nBoudin. 680.\\nBougainville, 12, 45, 322, 349.\\nBoughton, Peter, 346.\\nBoughton, T. C, 640, 641,\\nBeuilard, 546.\\nBour, Joseph, 753, 934.\\nBourassa, I^uis, 978\\nBourke, Oliver, 102, 752, 757.\\nBourke, Walter. ^92.\\nBeurginnen, Louis, 210.\\nBourgmont, Sieur dc, 227, 231.\\nBourn, Allan, 808, 901.\\nBourns, A. K., 572, 689.\\nBoutell, A. A., 827. 828.\\nBowen, C. C, 612.\\nBowers, Dr., 280.\\nBowers. J. F., 213.\\nBowman, 360.\\nB \u00c2\u00bbwraan, E. C, 865.\\nBowman, J., 577.\\nBoyd, W. A., 210, 211,\\nBoydell Bros.. 823, 824, 825.\\nBoydell. William, 145, 146,\\nBoyer, Antoioc, 982.\\nBoyle, Phillip, 173.\\nBoynicr, John Louis^ 214.\\nBoynton, Dr., 883.\\nBoynton, Albert G., 196, 687,\\n711.\\nBrace, E. Russell, 923.\\nBrace, William H., 868.\\nBradburn, Hugh, 131.\\nBraddock, General, 233, 887.\\nBradford, Amna, 198.\\nBradford, A. W., 212.\\nBradford, John, 669.\\nBradish, Alvah, 359.\\nBradley, H., 130.\\nBradley, Judson. 51.\\nBradley, J. F.. 362.\\nBradner, Ira J., 131.\\nBrandon, Calvin C, 938.\\nBradshaw, Eli. 90, 100, 126, 131,\\n132, 194, 198.\\nBradstrcet, John, 227, 240, 550,\\n7\u00c2\u00b0h 704* 944. 952-\\nBrady, 497.\\nBrady, Hugh, 228,229, 3\u00c2\u00b0=\u00c2\u00bb 3*7\u00c2\u00bb\\n359. 938, 9^- 963-\\nBrady, George N.. 917.\\nBrady, Preston, 657.\\nBrady. S. P., 866, 867.\\nBrainard, Charles X., 131.\\nBrant, L A.. 101.\\nBrant, Mollie, 349.\\nBrant, Joseph, 249, 259, 264,\\n7 ^7\u00c2\u00bb 953-\\nBraishaw, J. B. H., 873, 874,\\n938-\\nBratshaw, J. B. H., Mrs., 665.\\nBraun, Jacob, 576.\\nBrannigan, William, 718.\\nBrearley, W. H., 360, 361, 362,\\n642, 68g, 691, 701.\\nBreckenridge, rrancis, 50, 646.\\nBreckenridge, John C, 938.\\nBreed. Wm. P.. 602.\\nBrehm, Captain, 244.\\nBremer, Frederika, 708, 963.\\nBrennan, 725.\\nErennan, Edward. 661.\\nBrennan, John, 80.\\nBrennan. Michael, 842.\\nBrent, Mrs., 310.\\nBressler, C. E,. 940, 944.\\nBrevoort, Henry B., 23, 38, 183,\\n184, 279, 281, 333, 335, 859,\\n90S, 935, 938.\\nBrevoort, Henry, Jr., 126.\\nBrevoort, Henry N., 210.\\nBrewer, Captain, 234.\\nBrewer, A. L., 584\\nBrewster, 938.\\nBrewster, Chauncey B., 584, 587\\nBrewster, F., 492.\\nBrewster, George, 675,681, 682,\\n717. 755-\\nBrewster, Maria, 594.\\nBrewster, W., 492, 498.\\nBrewster, Wilham, 770, 785,\\n865.\\nBre7.ee, Lloyd, 691.\\nBriand, John Oliver, 546.\\nBridge, Henrv, 71.\\nBridge, H. P., 161, 163, 218,\\n785. 787. 789, 792. 865.\\nBridges. Edward M., 851.\\nBriggs, Daniel B., 93.\\nBriggs, Robert D., 100.\\nBriggs, R. v., loi.\\nBrigham, Adolphus, 123, 131.\\nBrinton, Beulah, Mrs.. 692, 701.\\nBriscoe, Benjamin, 936.\\nBristol, C. L., 492, 851, 938.\\nBristol, T. W., 703.\\nBrittain, Sanford, 71.\\nBritton. 492.\\nBroadstreet, 855, 858,\\nBrock, Isaac, 215, 268, 276, 277,\\n278, 292, 295, 296. 297, 694.\\nBrockway, Z. R., 216, 218, 600,\\n601, 810. 968, 969.\\nBrockway, Z. R.. Mrs., 662.\\nBrodhead, I^anicl. 256. 258, 259.\\nBrodhead, Jessie W.. 360.\\nBrodhead, Thornton F., 100,\\n222. 256, 258, 686, 883.\\nBrodie, William, 51, 59, 137,\\n44i 5*9. 676, 690, 734.\\nBrocg, AL, 145.\\nBronson, Mrs., 938.\\nBronson, Catharine, 594.\\nBronson, H. O., 165, 202.\\nBronson, R., 58.\\nBronson, \\\\V H., 662.\\nBrooke, George JL, 228, 229.\\nBrookfield, William, 716.\\nBrookfield, William, Airs., 716,\\nBrooks, D. W., 757.\\nBrooks, D. W., Mrs., 661.\\nBrooks, E., 142, 202, 299, 302,\\n317. .346. 49I1 697* 7\u00c2\u00bb6, 770,\\n785. 851.\\nBrooks, John, 52.\\nBrooks, J. W., 897, 90T, 903.\\nBrooks, X. W., 144. 218, S67.\\nBrooks, Phillips, 976.\\nBrow, A. J.y 758.\\nBrown, Dr., 272,\\nBrown, Ammon, 88, 90, 91, 100,\\n125, 131, 198, 648.\\nBrown, Arza, 565.\\nBrown, Adam, 980.\\nBrown, A. B., 719.\\nBrown, C, F., 709.\\nBrown, Charles H., 31S.\\nBrown, Cullen, 164, 346, 594,\\n645, 651, 857, 863.\\nBrown, D. B., 19S.\\nBrown, E. C, 901.\\nBrown, F. W., 733.\\nBrown, General, 103, 224, 285.\\n554. 955, 959-\\nBrown, George B., 212.\\nBrown, Gilbert, 130, 132.\\nBrown, Henry, 163, 641, 770.\\nBrown, H, B., 175, 194, 360.\\nBrown. H. H., 862, 865, 866,\\n874.\\nBrown, H. H.. Mrs., 655.\\nBrown, H. J., 5S5, 588.\\nBrown, H. N., 572, 573.\\nBrown, James J., 141.\\nBrown, John, 303, 313, 347, 377,\\n872, 935. 966.\\nBrown, J. A., 51, 756, 757, 924.\\nBrown, J. ^L, 576, 750, 903, 976.\\nBrown, J. Newton, 607.\\nBrown, J. W., 299, 300, 584.\\nBrown, Levi, 364, 557, 631, 713.\\nBrown, Lucy, 594.\\nBrown, Lester R., 125, 132.\\nBrown, Rufus, 50, 492,\\nBrown, R. H., 197.\\nBrown, S. R., 287.\\nBrown, Warner Lee, 872.\\nBrown, William, 50,62,98, 123,\\n133. 281, 335, 730, 731, 855.\\n858, 859-\\nBrown, William H., 126.\\nBrowning, F. P., 163, 605, 736,\\n838.\\nBrownlow, W. G., 709, 967.\\nBrownson, Henry F., 661, 700.\\nBrownson, Orestes A., 700, 716.\\nBruce, T., 227.\\nBruce. William, 767, 772.\\nBruggerman, F., 166.\\nBrumine, C, 59.\\nBrunow, Francis, 709.\\nBrunson, Alfred, 278, 282, 284,\\n554. 563, 564. 701. 796.\\nBrunson, John, 480, 481, 79S.\\nBrush, Adelaide, 937.\\nBrush, Alfred, 203.\\nBrush, Alfred E., 937, 944.\\nBrush, Elijah, 36, 89, 133, 134,\\n140, 149, 176, 183, 227, 272,\\n274, 278, 281, 284, 313, 335,\\n49\u00c2\u00bb, 933. 937. 980.\\nBrush, E. A., 30, 40,71,96, 195,\\n204, 344, 470. 504. 67^, 716,\\n887, 896, 903, 933, 936, 938,\\n962.\\nBrush, E. C, ^frs., 652.\\nBrush, Edmund E., 940.\\nBrush, Elliot H., 939.\\nBrush, Henry, Captain, 275,\\n278.\\nBrush. H. T., 760.\\nBrj ant, 038.\\nBryant, Elizabeth D., 717.\\nBr ant, William Cullen, 363,\\n718.\\nBrydgcs, C. J., S95.\\nBuclian, William, 654, 661.\\nBuchanan, James, 102, 938.\\nBuchanan, ftlargarct F., 700.\\nBuch.anan, R. C, 228.\\nBuchanan, William, 756, 757.\\nBuck, D. D., 567, 701.\\nBuck, Dudley, 354.\\nBuckingham, J. S,, 70S.\\nBuckley, H. J., 495, 788, 792.\\nBuckley, J. M., 566. 567, 639,\\nBucklin, James, 90, 64S.\\nBucklin, William, 128, 198.\\nBucklin, Major, 300.\\nBucI, A. W., 100, loi, 103, 193,\\n210, 711, 73S, 857, 883.\\nBuel, Grove A., 303,\\nBucll, Allen. 922, 923.\\nBuell, Don Carlos, 229.\\nBuelow, Charles A., 935.\\nBuhl, C. H., 41, 140, 143, 304,\\n217, 360, 362, 475. 498. 639,\\n733. 807. 864, 867, 926, 938.\\nBuhl, C. H., Mrs., 665.\\nBuhl, F., 140, 143,520,658, 772,\\n783, 785, 853, 864, 867, 926.\\nBuhl, ^Irs. F., 203.\\nBuhl, T. D., 808.\\nBuisson, Joseph Guyon de, 227.\\nBull, C. ^L, 143, 164, 176, 191.\\nBull, Captain, 300.\\nBullit, Nathan, 250.\\nBunbury, Lieutenant, 13.\\nBungay, George W., 709.\\nBurbank, David, 285.\\nBurbank, John, 131, 198, 978.\\nBurbank, William, 285.\\nBurch, 697.\\nBurchard, AL W., 486.\\nBurchell, George W., 166.\\nBurdick, A. W., 933.\\nBurdick, J., 896.\\nBurdick, O. S., 677.\\nBurger, Joseph, 205,\\nBurgess, F. H., 679.\\nBurgess, I., 131.\\nBurhans, A. A., 799.\\nBurk, Edward, 828. 829.\\nBurk, Simon, 481.\\nBurk, William H., 688.\\nBurke, Chaplain. 551.\\nBurke, Nicholas, 166.\\nBurleigh, A. A., 577.\\nBurley, Bennet G., 30S.\\nBurlcy, Washington, 71.\\nBurlingame, Anson, 317, 709,\\n710. 739;\\nBurnap, J., 132.\\nBurnell, K. A., 311.\\nBurnell, William, 65, 143. 2:6.\\nBurnet, Jacob, 94, 95, 178, 707.\\nBurnett, James, 281.\\nBurnt-It, John, 313.\\nBurnett, W^ Q., 573.\\nBurnham, G. P., 673.\\nBurnham, J. F., 680.\\nBurnham, James K., 871.\\nBurnham, T. H. O. P., 112,\\n359-\\nBurns, James, loi, 164, 165,\\n713. 7 8. 770. 776.\\nBurns, P., 54.\\nBurns, Robert, 702, 966.\\nBurnside, Ambrose t. 229.\\nBurr, Aaron, 271.\\nBurr, W. H., 691,692.\\nBurrcll, John, 715.\\nBurriti, Elihu, 709.\\nBurrois, Francois, 20.\\nBurt, Alvin C, 758.\\nBurt, John, 102, 700.\\nBurt, W. A., 362, 700.\\nBurtis, J., 916.\\nBurton. C. M., 39.\\nBury. Richard, 581, 591,\\nBusby, 482.\\nBusch, Charles, 497.\\nBush, August. 590.\\nBush, B. F., 638.\\nBush, C. P., 92.\\nBush, Ira D., Mrs., 665.\\nBush. S. D., 162.\\nBushcy, Albert, 937\\nBushey, Eluabeth, Mrs., 940.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1043.jp2"}, "1044": {"fulltext": "99-\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nBushey, Juscph, 937, 938, 940,\\nBushnell, D. P., loi, 167.\\nHushncll, D. P.. Mrs., 310.\\nHushnell, John, 669.\\nButler, B. F., no, 969, 976.\\nButler, Colonel, 244, 249, 283,\\n284.\\nButler, E. H., 92, 102, 868.\\nButler, E. H., Mrs., 655.\\nButler, T. D., 624.\\nButler, H., 227.\\nButler. Miltun H.. 938.\\nHuiler, William A., 56, 162, 310,\\n311, 312, 360, 733, 757, 868,\\n902.\\nButler, W. A., Mrs., 310, 311,\\n655-\\nButterfield, 261.\\nButterfield, O. H., 212, 213.\\nButterman, Eugene, 542.\\nButterson, 673.\\nButz, Caspar, 687.\\nButzel, Magnus, 758, 761.\\nByington, P. S., 597.\\nByram, C, 161, 497, 756.\\nByratn, Ebenezer A., 755.\\nByrd, George, 140, 929.\\nByrd, George Welling, 86.\\nByrn, Edward, 341.\\nByrne, James, 537.\\nCabacier, Charles, 797.\\nCabacie or Cabacier, Joseph, 9,\\n172.\\nCable, David. 198.\\nCabot. J. Elliott, 70S.\\nCadillac, Antoine de la Mothe,\\n3, II, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34,\\n171, 221, 226, 227, 231, 321,\\n322, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,\\n330. 33I1 332. 333. 3401 369.\\n370 371. 372. 477. 489, 527.\\n529, 7CK), 720, 765, 766, 837,\\n887, 939. 951.\\nCadillac, Francois, 328.\\nCadillac, Jean Antoine, 328.\\nCadillac, Joseph, 328.\\nCadillac, Magdaline, 328.\\nCadillac, Marie Agathe, 328.\\nCadillac, Marie Anne, 328.\\nCadillac* Marie Therese, 328,\\n333.\\nCadillac, Marie Therese de\\nLaumet de, 326.\\nCadillac, Pierre Denis, 328.\\nCadillac, Rene Louis, 328.\\nCadle, Richard F., 5S1.\\nCadman, C. C, 714.\\nCady, Charles H., 131.\\nCady, David, 131.\\nCady, D. D., 131.\\nCadv, S. P., 131.\\nCahill, James. 58.\\nCahoon, William, 144.\\nCain, R. H., 976.\\nCaine, H. J., 695.\\nC:ildwell, William, 261.\\nCalhoun, 957.\\nCalhoun, John C, 939.\\nCallaghan, J. O., 101.\\nCallaghan. \\\\V. O., 317, 755.\\nCallaway, S. R., 895.\\nCallieres, Chevalier de, 83, 221,\\n332-\\nCalnon, Jeremiah, 54, 166, 66g.\\nCalvarin, 535.\\nCalvert Co., 33.\\nCalvert, R. J 487.\\nCameron, James, 654.\\nCameron, John, 6o|.\\nCampanini, 354.\\nCampau. 96, 272, 333, 349, 715,\\n766. 789.\\nCampau, Albert, 733,\\nCampau, Alexis, 078.\\nCampau, Ale.xander M., 721.\\nCampau, A. T., 144, 756.\\nCampau, Angelique, Miss, 720,\\nCampau, B.. 78, 142, 149, 314,\\n491, 493. 859, 863, 937, 943,\\n944. 980.\\nCampau, Baptiste, 172.\\nCampau, Captain, 226.\\nCampau, Charles A., 939.\\nCampau, C. F., 942. 944.\\nCampau, Cliarles M., 313, 978.\\nCampau, Claude, 19S, 981.\\nCampau. Daniel J., 38, 102, 125,\\n167, 461, 654, 755.\\nCampau, Dennis J., 939.\\nCampau, Eleanor L., 940.\\nCampau, Emily, 938.\\nCampau, Henry, 4, 529.\\nCampau, Jacques, 19, 123, 238,\\n313. 330. 532, 533i 979-\\nCampau, Joseph, 133, 135, 149,\\n167, 313. 345, 373. 501, 644,\\n^S S59, 910, 941, 9S1.\\nCampau, Julian, 9S1.\\nCampau, J. B., 210, 938, 979,\\n981, 982.\\nCampau, Louis, 20, 313.\\nCampau, M. A., 939.\\nCampau, Michael, 18.\\nCampau, Minnie, Mrs., 942.\\nCampau, Nicholas, 20, g8o.\\nCampau, Peter, 799.\\nCampau, Philip, 944.\\nCampau, Robert McD., 816.\\nCampau, T. L., 126, 935.\\nCampau, Theodore, 144.\\nCampau, Theodore J., loi, 935,\\n936, 945-\\nCampbell, A., 210.\\nCampbell, Alexander, 202, 482,\\n795-\\nCampbell, Colin, 492, 495, 497,\\n939-\\nCampbell, Colin, Mrs., 655.\\nCampbell, Captain, 234.\\nCampbell, Donald, 227, 236, 349.\\nCampbell, Findley, 341.\\nCampbell, Gordon, 911.\\nCampbell, H. ^L, 142, 177, 192,\\n645, 64S, 716, 851, 933.\\nCampbell, J., 611, 675.\\nCampbell, James, 130.\\nCampbell, J. V., 176, 177, 188,\\n192, 199, 308, 311, 337, 339,\\n350, 369, 638, 650, 701, 704,\\n711, 746, 755, 756, 761, 895,\\n907, 939.\\nCampbell, J. v., Jr., 340.\\nCampbell, John, 165, 167, 222,\\n227, 238, 523, 936.\\nCampbell, Lois, Mrs., 652.\\nCampbell, Major, 236, 237.\\nCampbell, S. L., 718.\\nCampbell, aleria. Miss, 311.\\nCampbell, W. C, 904.\\nCampbell, W. J., 572.\\nCampbell, W. P., 872.\\nCandler, H. W., 758.\\nCandler, W. R., 161, 162.\\nCanfield, A., 936, 939.\\nCaniff, 595.\\nCaniff, A. C, 142, 143, 165, 210,\\n645. 770. 795-\\nCaniff, H. J., 165, 506.\\nCaniff, Mrs., 656.\\nCaniff, Nancy, 594.\\nCannaro. Charles, 210.\\nCapel, Thomas John, 709, 976.\\nCaplis, James, 100, loi, 210,934.\\nCapoul. 354.\\nCarew, J. L., 143.\\nCargill, O. F. Co., 872.\\nCarleton, William M., 684, 701.\\nCarleton, Guy, 78, 84, 172, 242,\\n245, 246, 249, 250, 253, 264,\\n265, 266, 952.\\nCarondelet, Baron de, 269, 271.\\nCaron, La Veuve, Vital, 20.\\nCarpenter, 716.\\nCarpenter, Clarence, 816.\\nCarpenter, H. D., loi, 165.\\nCarpenter, N. B., 71, 164, 167,\\n756. 795-\\nCarpenter, S. B., 586, 589.\\nCarpenter, W. N., 49, 161, 162,\\n494, 638, 816, 868.\\nCarpenter, W. N., Mrs., 310.\\nCarr, Francis, 487.\\nCarr, John, 131.\\nCarr, P., 496.\\nCarrier, A. E., 51, 58, 733.\\nCarroll, 555.\\nCarroll, Daniel, 934.\\nCarroll, Henry, 795, 798.\\nCarroll, John, 471, 546.\\nCarroll, William, 167\\nCarson, George, 125, 130.\\nCarstens, J. H., 50, 733, 758.\\nCarter, C. H., 818.\\nCarter, Daniel, 939.\\nCarter, David, gio.\\nCarter, David, Mrs., 661, 942.\\nCarter, Thomas, 578, 701.\\nCarver, Jonathan, 46, 707.\\nCary. 354-\\nCary, Alice, Miss, 691.\\nCary, C. A., 587, 589, 590.\\nCase, C. R., 646, 649.\\nCase, Daniel L., 92.\\nCase, L. N., 71.\\nCase, Nathaniel, 198.\\nCase, O. N., loi.\\nCase, Seth, 934.\\nCase Sidney E., 756.\\nCase, William, 553, 580.\\nCasey, Silas, 228.\\nCasgrain, H. R., 709\\nCaskey, S. G., 138.\\nCasler, D., 572.\\nCaspary, John, 167, 757, 798.\\nCass, Lewis, 29, 59, 88, 90, 91,\\n98, 102, 103, 106, 121, 128, 135,\\n221, 227, 246, 261, 262, 274,\\n27s, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281,\\n282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289,\\n291, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298,\\n305, 306, 338, 346, 359, 368,\\n372, 472, 554, 555, 556, 558,\\n559. 563, 570. 611, 637, 641,\\n671, 675, 697, 701, 710, 712,\\n716, 731, 746, 762, 879, 880,\\n887, 903. 907. 926, 933, 939,\\n942, 955. 956, 957. 958, 961,\\n966, 967, 969, 983.\\nCass, Lewis, Jr., 311.\\nCass, Elizabeth, Mrs., 594, 880,\\n^938, 939. 945.\\nCassity, 78.\\nCassity. James, 244, 767.\\nCast, C., 621.,\\nCaster, E. E., 571, 572, 791.\\nCaswell. Seneca, 210.\\nCatharine, the Squaw, 235.\\nCattin, Antoine, 979.\\nCattin, Pauline, 979.\\nCattin, Therese, 979.\\nCavalier, Joseph, 313.\\nCavanagh, William, 934.\\nCavalli, Louis, 351.\\nCecille, Antoine, 532.\\nCecire, Jean, 316.\\nCeleron, M. de, 8, 12, 227, 334.\\nCentemeri, P., 355, 357.\\nCerat, Ale.\\\\is, 532.\\nChabert, Francois, 532, 978, 9S0.\\n(See Joncaire.)\\nChace, A. R., 907.\\nChacornacle, 221, 332,\\nChaffee, Amos, 492, 498, 499,\\n900, 934.\\nChamberlain, John, 484, 492.\\nChamberlain, M. H., 138.\\nChamberlain, R., 798.\\nChambers, Charles, 738.\\nChambers, Charles, Mrs., 651.\\nChambers, F. H., 194, 210, 845.\\nChambers, Major, 297.\\nChambers, Robert, 7^3.\\nChambers, William, 703.\\nChambiUe, Charles, 539.\\nChamp, D., 131.\\nChamp, Nathaniel, 210, 559,\\n562.\\nChamp, Willard, 500.\\nChamp, William. 210, 484.\\nChampion, Henry E., 138.\\nChampion, H. E., Mrs., 665,\\n666.\\nCiiamnlain, 3, 83, 324, 364, 951.\\nrii. i. jlin, J. W., 1S8.\\nChandler, William A., 59, 646,\\n647.\\nChandler, Z., 49, n32, 106, 140,\\n372, 492, 650, 684, 701, 785,\\n7S6, 804, 864, 926, 939. 974.\\nChaney, Henry, 749, 761.\\nChaney, Henry A., 188, 701.\\nChaney, H. A., Mrs., 665.\\nChaney, Willard, 51, 647.\\nChapin, Captain, 274, 293.\\nChapin, C. E,, Miss, 718.\\nChapin, H. H., 6g6.\\nChapin, Marshall, 49, 50, 59,\\n140, 142, 504, 513.\\nChapin, Mary, 594.\\nChaplain, J. E., 566.\\nChapman, Leander, 37.\\nChapoton, 333.\\nChapoton, A., 61, loi, 102, 204*\\n475. 549. 661, 733, 865, 868,\\n936.\\nChapoton, Alexander, Mrs., 361.\\nChapoton, Antoine, 982.\\nChapoton, B., 720, 767, 977.\\nChapoton, E., 143.\\nChapoton, E. A., 51, 733.\\nChapoton, Louis, 981.\\nChapoton, Pierre Jean, 50.\\nChapoton, Theodore, 162.\\nChapoton, William, loi.\\nChapotone, Jean, zo.\\nChappoton, ^L, 236.\\nCharles, William, 584, 586, 587,\\n588, 589.\\nCharlesworth. T. J., 903.\\nCharlevoix, Pierre Francis Xa-\\nvier, 12, 325, 529, 707, 951.\\nChase, Elisha, 198, 701.\\nChase, G. A., 146.\\nChase, G. S., 6c^, 611.\\nChase, Henry, 198.\\nChase, H. A., 481.\\nChase, M. A., 101.\\nChase, Russell, 481.\\nChase, S., 607.\\nChase, Salmon P., 110, 968.\\nChase, Thomas, 143, 154, 938.\\nChastes, 83.\\nChateaufort, S3.\\nChatham, Earl (William Pitt),\\n245.\\nChauvin, 20, 83.\\nChauvin, Charles B., 101.\\nChavey, P. J,. 649.\\nCheever, H. M., 199, 756, 760,\\nChene, Charles, 20.\\nChene, Gabriel, 939, 982.\\nChene, G. H., 146.\\nChene, Isadorc, 21.\\nChene, Pierre, 183, 21^, 982,\\nCheney, 674.\\nCherboneau, Joseph, 978.\\nChesebrough, Alfred, 758, 761,\\n792.\\nChesne, 766.\\nChesne, Chanes, 529.\\nChesne, Pierre, 34, 224, 979.\\nChester, George I\\\\I., 691.\\nChester, John, 785, 786, 839.\\nChipman Seymour, 692.\\nChipman, Henry, 29, 30, 176,\\n185, 186, 192, 195, i(j8, 672,\\n692. 737-\\nChipman, H. F., 197.\\nChipman, H. L., 318.\\nChipman, Henry L., Mrs., 310,\\n3\\nChipman, J. Logan, loi, 141,\\n197, 205, 701, 96S.\\nChipman, T. R., 383.\\nChittenden, Benjamin, 313, 314,\\n335.\\nChittenden, George R., aSi.\\nChittenden, James, 281, 335.\\nChittenden, William F., loi,\\nM3. 739. 922-\\nChittenden, W. H., 303.\\nChittenden, William J., 483.\\nChoate, C. P., 804.\\nChope, E., 79,\\nChovin, Charles, 978.\\nChovin, Francois, 313, 978.\\nChovin, J. B., 980,981.\\nChrista, N., 798.\\nChristian, E. P., 646, 676.\\nChristian, M. P., 145, 675, 756.\\nChristian, Thomas, igS, 738,\\n739-\\nChristian, W. H., 165.\\nChristiancy, L P., 188, 939.\\nChristiansen, H. A., 57.\\nChristie, John, 341.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1044.jp2"}, "1045": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\n993\\nChubb, G. n., 131.\\nChubb, J. F., 198.\\nChubb, O. P., 649.\\nChurch, K. M.. 165.\\nChurchill, C. C, 228. 30S.\\nChurchman, James, 191.\\nCicot, Joseph, 981.\\nCicot, Lacharie, 20.\\nCicoiie, 300\\nCicotte, Angelique, 979, 982.\\nCicotte, I 210, 211,\\nCicotte, Kdward V., 144, 209,\\n6541 755. 9.S9. 940.\\nCicotte, Francis, 130, 143, 210,\\n285. 645.\\nCicoltc, F. X., 144, 167, 209,\\n317. 654. 737, 740.\\nCicotte, (leorge, 285.\\nCicotte, James, 131, 165, 285.\\nCicotte Jean Haptiste, 313, 721.\\nCicotte, J. J., ig8, 210 798.\\nCicotte, L., 131.\\nCirier, Martin, 333.\\nCissne, James, 210. 978.\\nCissne, John, 313, 978. 982.\\nCissne, Rebecca, 97S.\\nCissne, William. 978, 982.\\nClaire, Marie, 663.\\nClee, John, 1^0.\\nCleland, Charles, 642, 6S1, 682,\\n6S5, 692.\\nCleland, H. A,, 51, 467, 690.\\nClemens, Christian, 111, 313,\\n335\u00c2\u00bb 730. 981.\\nClemens, Jacob, 133, 165, 799.\\nClements, Mrs., 717.\\nClements, S., 566, 580.\\nClesscn, Peter, 58, 934.\\nCleveland, J. P., 595, 839.\\nCleveland. J. P.. Mrs., 651.\\nCliff, Thomas, 482, 938.\\nClinton, De Witt. 232, 938.\\nClippert, Conrad, 79, 130, 209,\\n^939-\\nClitz, Henry B., 229, 939.\\nClitz. Mary U., 939.\\nClixby, J. H., 130.\\nCloessens, L., 538.\\nClose, William, 212.\\nClose, William H., 212.\\nClough Warren Co., 829.\\nClough, James E., 829.\\nClairoux, L. D., 71, 317.\\nClancy, tleorge, 198.\\nClancy, J.. 756.\\nClancy, Miss. 717.\\nClaphaui, 171.\\nClapp. F,., 730.\\nClapp. Leveretl A,, 93.\\nClapp, M. S., 624.\\nClapp, Paul, 711\\nClark, 337, 492, 695.\\nClark, Jicnjamin, 791.\\nClark, Charles F., 311, 684, 688.\\n6g6, 697, 780,\\nClark, I). W., 579, 708.\\nClark, E. M., 41, 50, 483, 49I1\\n638, 891.\\nClark, E. M., Mrs., 652.\\nClark, George Rogers, 223, 244,\\n250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257,\\n258, 259, 271, 952.\\nClark, George W.. 360.\\nClark Hardware Co., 8j6.\\nClark, J., 167, 826, 934.\\nClark, John, 198, 710, 864.\\nClark, Joseph, 210.\\nClark, I A., 674.\\nClark. I. H., 143.\\nClark, J. K., 734.\\nClark, lames jT, 874.\\nClark, John P., 4, 938.\\nClark, j. W., 165.\\nClark, Lewis I!.. 145, 487.\\nClark, L. K., 866. 867.\\nClark, L. J., 4B6.\\nClark, Martin, 198.\\nClark, N. W.. 16.\\nClark. R. E., loi.\\nClark, R. P., 132, 648.\\nClark, Rufus W.. 582, 588.\\nClark, i;. H., 50, 978.\\nClark, William, 178, 976.\\nClark, W. G., 58.\\nClark. W. H., 598.\\nClarke, Hovey K., 177, 188, 199,\\n633. 638, 840.\\nClarke, James Freeman, 289,\\n291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297.\\nClarke, S. T., 598.\\nClarke, Terence, 543.\\nClaus, Major, 227.\\nClay, Cassins M., 960.\\nClay. Henry, 279, 698, 746, 939,\\n95S, 961, 964.\\nCoan, (J. P., 132.\\nCoan, Peter, 132.\\nCoate, Samuel, 580.\\nCoates, John, 978.\\nCoates, Mrs., 115.\\nCoats, Anne, 978, g8i.\\nCobb, E. M., 872.\\nCobb. H. P., 50.\\nCobb. J. C, 654.\\nCobb, L. H., 50, 59, 513, 518,\\n523, 646, 649, 756.\\nCobell, Nancy, Mrs., 605.\\nCocliuis, Eouis, 979.\\nCocliran, Joseph, 837.\\nCochran, Lyman, 101, 197.\\nCochran, W. A., 589.\\nCoclirane, W, D., 717, 718,732,\\nCocker, 11. F., 567, 579, 709.\\nCodd, George C., 144, 143, 209,\\n523. S83.\\nCodde, August, 701.\\nCody, D. L.. 198.\\nCoe Coil, 872.\\nCoe. D. S.. 717.\\nCoe, George A 92.\\nCoe, Israel, 56.\\nCoe, S. S., 938.\\nCoffer, Jesse, 250.\\nCoffin, William P., 268, 283.\\nCt)ghlan. Daniel, 155, 795.\\nCohen, F. E., 360, 373.\\nCohen, S., Mrs., 657.\\nCoit, Samuel. 872.\\nColburn, J. W., 165, 202, 502.\\nColburn, W. C, 162, 218, 757,\\n75S, 805, 867, 868.\\nColclazer, Henry, 565, 566.\\nCole, 272, 491.\\nCole, C. S., 523.\\nCole, D. B.. 770.\\nCole, H. H. J. E., 486.\\nCole, H. S., 141, 167, 190, 195,\\n198, 359. 504. 710. 7 2. 873.\\nCole, T. G., 897.\\nCole, W. T., 355.\\nColeman, Jacob, 688, 690, 691.\\nColfax, Schuyler, 110, 969.\\nColler, Louis, 535,\\nCollier, Victory P., 92.\\nCollins, 494.\\nCollins, Charles, 176, 191.\\nCollins, James, 143. 935.\\nCollins. John, 166, 869.\\nCollins, Judson 10.. 579, 962.\\nCollins, William, 939.\\nCollins, W. H., 566. 580. 675.\\nCoUot, Victor de, 269, 270, 368.\\nCollum, J., 758.\\nCole, Joseph, 355, 781, 792.\\nColton, C, 707.\\nColton, J. H., 33, 698.\\nColumbus, Christopher, 939.\\nColver, 606.\\nColver, Charles K., 606.\\nCombs, George, 58.\\nComparet, 18.\\nComstock, A. G., 198.\\nComstock, C. B., 918.\\nComstock, O. C., jr., 897.\\nComstock, O. C, Kev., 606.\\nComstock, (Oliver C, Sr., 93.\\nConant, Harry A., 92.\\nConant, Shubacl, 71, 98, 123.\\n135, 142, 163, 192, 198, 285,\\n346, 359. 645. 648, 735, 767,\\n770, 860, 864, 933, 934, 935,\\n938, 958.\\nConde. Prmce de, 83.\\nCone, F. H., 892.\\nCone, Linus, 674.\\nConely, E. F., loi.\\nConely, W. B., 361.\\nConger, Norman B,, 923.\\nCongsett, John, 281.\\nConklin, J. S., Mrs., 662.\\nConklin, G. S., 676.\\nConnulley, John, 248, 264.\\nConnelly, John, 978.\\nConnor, Henry, 98, 130, 977.\\nConnor, J., 162.\\nConnor, James, 135, 313, 315,\\n730.\\nConnor, John, 133, 202, aio,\\n795-\\nConnor, Leartus, 51, 678, 690.\\nConnor, Maurice, 939.\\nCi)nnor, Richard, 351, 550.\\nConnor, R. H., 101, 132.\\nConnor, R. J., 164, 165, 210.\\nConnor, W. F., 149.\\nConnor, W, H., 167.\\nConover, James F., 683, 684.\\nConsidine, John, 144, 145, 758.\\nConti, G., 663.\\nConverse, 491.\\nConverse, Elijah, 594, 770.\\nConverse, Rebecca, 594.\\nCook, 486, 735, 979.\\nCook, Abraham, 22, 978.\\nCook, Francis A., 920.\\nCook, James H., 798.\\nCook, John, 130.\\nCook, Joseph, 144, 709, 921,\\n922.\\nCook, Joshua, 599.\\nCook, Levi, 89, 100, 123, 135,\\n140, 142, 164, 167, 342, 513,\\n645* 700* 715) 849, 860, 862,\\n864, 896, 900, 933.\\nCook, 0., 860.\\nCook, Olney, 770.\\nCook, Orville, 142, 192, 198.\\nCook, T. M., 689, 695, 756.\\nCook, William, 165, 198, 645,\\n934-\\nCook, W. A., 141, 195.\\nCooke, Jay. 854.\\nCooke, Philip St. G., 230, 701.\\nCooley, J. P., 648.\\nCooley, T. M., 99, 1S8, 709.\\nCoolidge, C. W., 146, 164.\\nCoon, Myron, 101.\\nCooper, 847.\\nCooper, D., 41, 142, 163, 164,\\n359. 658, 859, 929.\\nCooper, D. M., 601, 602, 658.\\nCooper, George, 721.\\nCooper, George B., 92.\\nCooper, John C., 318.\\nCooper, J. Fennimore, 708.\\nCooper, J. R., 818.\\nCooper, Lovicy, 594.\\nCooper, Peter, 944.\\nCoots, W. H., 61, loi, 144, 145,\\n209.\\nCopeland, J. T., 187, 188, 307.\\nCopland, Alex. W., 144, 475,\\n523, 646.\\nCopland, Mrs., 492.\\nCoquillard, Alexis, 337, g8i.\\nCorbet, C, 8S4.\\nCorbus, Godfrey, Mrs., 978, 982.\\nCorbus, Joseph C., 559, 562.\\nCorby, Daniel, 132.\\nCorcoran, J. P., 647.\\nCorey, J. B., 966.\\nCorkins, A. A., 486.\\nCorliss, J. B., 141.\\nCormelis, 725.\\nCornehl, F., 688.\\nCornelius, S., 606.\\nCornell. Ezra, 883, 884.\\nCornfield, J., 143, 756.\\nCorning, Erastus, 897.\\nCornwall. John, 244.\\nCorrie, D. T., 654.\\nCorselius, George, 672, 681.\\nCortoise, Charles, 767.\\nCosbey, John, 131,\\nCosens, S., 486.\\nCosgrove, James. 934.\\nCosgrove, Patrick, 934.\\nCostigan, Daniel, 934.\\nCoston, Zarah H, 565, 580.\\nCotterell, George, 313.\\nCotterell, George, Jr., 313.\\nCottrell, E. W., 38, 101.\\nCote, Joseph, 532.\\nCote, Pre^ue, 501, 532, 535.\\nCouchois, ^Iatilda, T^Iiss, 721.\\nCoughlin, T., 934.\\nCourcelles, Chevalier de, 83.\\nCourtney, R. L., 871.\\nCouse, Adam, 357, 701.\\nCousins, John 11, 752\\nCouteur, Jean 1 a|Jtiste, 313.\\nCoutincinau. John, 173, 174,952.\\nCovert, H. H., 80.\\nCovert, J. B 130.\\nCowan, W., 646.\\nCowie, William, 611.\\nCowles, E. W., 50, 51, 346, 646.\\nCox, Thomas, 888.\\nCox, William G., 647.\\nCoxshawe, A.. 694.\\nCoyl. Jennv, Miss, 361.\\nCoyl, W. K., 162, 463, 7i\u00c2\u00a7\\nCoyle, D., 537.\\nCoylc, W, H., 15, 509,\\n93\\nCoyne, Hugh, 922.\\n7 Orabb, George, 80.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCraft, T. J., 758.\\nCraig, Captain, 259.\\nCraig, James, loi.\\nCraig, S. D., 190, 198.\\nCraig, W. H., 125, 143, 144, 787.\\n792.\\nCraig. W. J., 197.\\nCrain, Herbert, 941.\\nCrain, Horatio, 941.\\nCraile, J. B., 78.\\nCram, 1 J,, 225.\\nCramahe, HectorT., 84,242, 245.\\nCrampton, John. 895.\\nCranage, Ihonias, 463,\\nCranage, Wm. J., 646.\\nCrandall, (ieorge W., 101.\\nCrane, 498, 835, 973. 981.\\nCrane, Albert, 192, 937, 938,\\n943i 944. 946-\\nCrane, Ann, 937.\\nCrane, Charles, 939.\\nCrane, D. B., 717.\\nCrane, Elijah, 565, 566, 580.\\nCrane, F. J, B., 41, 937, 938,\\n944, 945. 946.\\nCrane, J. B., 228.\\nCrane, Walter, 41, 938, 943, 946.\\nCrapo, Henry H., 92, 310, 969.\\nCrawford A: Alurray, ^82.\\nCrawford, Francis, 938, 945.\\nCrawford, J., 131.\\nCrawford, William, 261.\\nCray, Jolin D., 142.\\nCremay, Henriette Catharine\\nde, 50.\\nCreque, J. B., 980.\\nCrespel, Emanuel. 529, 707.\\nCressey, F. Pt., 608, 609. 612.\\nCrittenden, H. M., 6gi.\\nCrocker, Mr., 652.\\nCrocker, Mrs., 651, 652.\\nCroft, M. H.. 639.\\nCroghan, George, 50, 227, 234,\\n240, 241, 282, 283, 284, 285,\\n766, 938, 952.\\nCromwell, 872.\\nCromwell, Oliver, 2, 939.\\nCronewith, F., 167.\\nCrosby, A. J., 131.\\nCrosby, Calvin B., 125.\\nCrosby, L. D,, 577.\\nCrosby, M. S., 92.\\nCrosby, Phcbe, 594.\\nCrossley, Luke, 752, 798.\\nCrossman, C, 633.\\nCrosswell, Charles 1\\\\L, 92, 974.\\nCrouch, A. P., 585.\\nCroul, Jerome, 318, 518, 523,\\n868. 869.\\nCrowe, T. J., 690.\\nCrowfoot, John, 131.\\nCrozat, \\\\ntoine, 330.\\nCrumb, 705.\\nCuiellierrie, Miss, 349.\\nCullen, 721.\\nCullen, John W. A. S., 176.\\nCullinane, J.. 166.\\nCummings, I homas R., 168.\\nCunningham, 302, 486.\\nCurie, .Vliss, 349.\\nCurry, 908.\\nCurry, Charles, 26, 123, 133,\\n272, 313.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1045.jp2"}, "1046": {"fulltext": "994\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nCurry, J. C, i66.\\nCiiny. Peter, 980.\\nCurtenius, F. W., 303.\\nCurtis, E., 611.\\nCurtis, Daniel, 715.\\nCurtis, G. C, 717.\\nCurtis, G. W., 709.\\nCurtis, John, 795.\\nCurtis, P. E., lAIrs., 652.\\nCushinan, Charlotte, 358, 963.\\nCuster, George, A., 708. Q3q.\\nCutcheon, S. M 176, 361, 640,\\n871.\\nCutler, Aurelia, 937.\\nCutler, Can lnie, 939.\\nCutler, Maiiassiih, 85. 86.\\nCuyler, Lieutenant, 238.\\nD\\nDablon, 527.\\nDakin, D. L 649.\\nD Aigreinont, 18, 837,\\nDale, William A. Tweed, 730,\\nDaliba, Major, 291, 293. 294.\\nD Aligny, Henri Ecrdinand\\nQuarre, 709.\\nDallas, 108.\\nDallas, Cutler, 957.\\nD Ahnaine, C, 260.\\nDalrymple, 596.\\nDalton, L,, loi.\\nDalton, Lawrence W., i m.\\nDalton. W. W., 143, 170, 191.\\nDaly, Daniel, 934.\\nDaly, J., 166.\\nDaly, James, loi, 145, 165, 757.\\nDaly, J. H., 196.\\nDaly, J. W., 58, 202, 7qS.\\nDaly, Luke. 74.\\nDaly, ^L, 146.\\nDaly, William, 131, 648.\\nDalyell, Captain, 10, 52. 238,\\n^239, 952.\\nDamito, Anthony, 130.\\nDainm, C. H., 798, 799, 934.\\nDanahey, C, 9^4.\\nDanahey, J.. 166.\\nDane, Nathan, 85, 940.\\nDanforlh, 715.\\nDaniel, P., 5^5.\\nDaniels, C. iT., 228.\\nDaniels, E. D., 691.\\nDaniels, J. J., 307.\\nDankworth, E., 620, 621.\\nDarby, W., 707.\\nDarcy, James H., 210, 211,\\nDarling, T. S., 872.\\nDartmouth, Eail of, 242, 245.\\nDarwin, Dr., 956.\\nDate, 497.\\nDauphin, Francois, 227.\\nD Avangour, Baron, 83.\\nDavenport, F. O,, 702.\\nDavenport, Luuis, 299. 646, 649,\\n672, 916. 924, 939.\\nDavenport, Samuel T., 280, 317,\\n^559. 956-\\nDavers, Sir Robert, 236.\\nDavid, James L, 100, loi, 130,\\nDavid, John B., 547.\\nDavid, Orrin, loi.\\nDavidson, Alexander, 176, 939.\\nDavidson, James, 341.\\nDavidson. James F., 569, 571,\\n580.\\nDavidson, Jared, 126.\\nDavies, E. W., 289.\\nDavis, 894.\\nDavis, Alpheus 555,\\nDavis. B. D., 482, 640.\\nDavis. B. M., 130,\\nDavis, C. E. L. B., gig.\\nDavis, C. F., 140, 303, 360.\\nDavis, Edward, 577.\\nDavis, George, 494.\\nDavis, Cleorge S., 690, 757. 820,\\n821, 823.\\nDavis, Henry, 132. 60s.\\nDavis, Ira. loi, 939.\\nDavis, James E., 499, 772. 779.\\nDavis, J. C, 486.\\nDavis, J. D., 88. 198, 851.\\nDavis, J. M., 61, loi, 143, 164,\\n212, 739. 756, 933-\\nDavis, L. P., 573.\\nDavis, R. W., 176, 785.\\nDavis, Solomon, 713.\\nDavis, S.. Mrs., 653.\\nDavis, S H., 607.\\nDavis, William, 364.\\nDavis, W. H., 614.\\nDavis, W. R.. 607.\\nDavison, C. M., 862, 866, 867.\\nDavison, D. J., 175, 176, 177.\\nDavitt, P. M., 21X\\nDavy, H., 956.\\nDawe, William, 571, 572.\\nDawson. George, 682, 692.\\nDawson. Moses, 286.\\nDay, Augustus, 364,\\nDay, Benjamin, 859.\\nDay, D., 50.\\nDay, H.. 228.\\nDav. William. 641.\\nDay, W. 625.\\nDearborn, Henry, 129, 289, 290,\\n294, 295, 296, 297, 298. 939.\\nDearborn, H. A. S., 289, 201.\\n298.\\nDeare, H. W., 101, 130, igo.\\nDean, C. L., 6S7.\\nDean, H. M., 165, 205, 713, 825,\\n3 70.\\nDean, Jerry, 142, 491, 555, 562,\\n5631 564. 565. 645, 651, 716,\\n735, 838.\\nDean, Julia, 358.\\nDean, L. H., 573.\\nDean, Luthei 131.\\nDean, Walter W., 303.\\nDe Baptiste, George, -347.\\nDebo, J. P., 132.\\nDe Bonneville. g6r.\\nDe Bruyn. John. 531,721.\\nDebutes, Jean lU., 20,\\nDe Butts, Henry, 268.\\nDecker, H., 7y3.\\nDecker, H. S 683.\\nDe Costa, P., 355.\\nDederichs, J., 799.\\nDedrich, M., 162.\\nDee, W., 678.\\nDee, M J., 678, 679.\\nDefer, Honore, 212.\\nDefield, W. W.. 756.\\nDe Forgue, Francois, 313.\\nDe Gaudefroy, 766.\\nDe Gasinar, 535.\\nDe Graff, 492, 493, 718.\\nDeike, C, 57S.\\nDeimel, Anthony, 934.\\nDeinecke, F., 58.\\nDejcan, Philip, 172, 173, 250,\\n252. 253, 255. 334.\\nDekersaint, Sister, 725.\\nDe la Forest, 527.\\nDelamater, Abraham, 557.\\nDelaney, James, 469.\\nDe Lano, Alex., 804.\\nDel Halle, 231, 333. 527, 529,\\n535.\\nDelille Alexis. 20.\\nDelille, Alexis, widow of, 978,\\nDelille, Isadore, 210.\\nDelisle, Jean Baptiste, 981.\\nDelorier, Pierre, 979,\\nDe Lorme, Francois, 17, 19.\\nDe Marsac. 766.\\nDemass, John, 2ti.\\nDemay, Francis X., 6=54\\nDe Mill, P. E., 143, 211, j^6,\\n811, 874.\\nDe Miniac, 546.\\nDeming, 496.\\nDeming, Emily, 594.\\nDeming, George, 63.\\nDeming, John J., 140, 198. 557,\\n558, 594i 631, 641, 645, 716, 736,\\n859. 934.\\nDe Mott, James, 130,\\nDe Muy. M.. 227, 233.\\nDenonville, M de, 83, 324, 325.\\nDe Noyelle, 527.\\nDenroche, E., 5S5.\\nDensham, Phos 162.\\nDensmore, George W., 554.\\nDenstadt, Herman, zii.\\nDent, Lewis, 293.\\nDenne, M,, 58.\\nDenkey. 552.\\nDeneau, Cherubim, 529, 535.\\nDenaut, Peter, 546, 953.\\nDe Peyster, Arent Schuyler, 12,\\nI3 46t 78, 171, 174, 223, 227,\\n242, 243, 244. 248, 257, 259,\\n260, 261, 263, 264, 337, 338,\\n350, 357. 371. 550, 701. 879,\\nT^ 952-.\\nDequindre, 20, 240.\\nDequindre, Anioine. 64, 103\\n35, 142, 149, 163, 190, igi,\\n198. 281. 492, 738. 939.\\nDequindre, Catherine, 977.\\nDequindre, Douville, 79.\\nDequindre, Louis, 98, 135, 167,\\n285.\\nDerby, Ezra, igS.\\nDe Ruisseau, 18.\\nDeSale, Oliver J.. 356.\\nDe Sales, Mary, 655.\\nDesaunier, Louis, 982.\\nD Esglis, Louis Philippe Mari-\\naucheau, 546.\\nDesmarquet, 725.\\nDesnoyers, 492.\\nDesnoyers, C. R., 143.\\nDesnoyers, E. G., 50.\\nDesnoyers, J. C. A., 19.\\nDesnoyers, L. P., 167.\\nDesnoyers, Peter, 49, 91, 92. 95^\\nI25i 133. 34. 135. 143. 150.\\n163, 164, 167, 176, 192, 198,\\n210, 2S1, 302, 457, 532, 533,\\n^048, 735, 929, 933.\\nDesnoyers, p. J., 55, 59, 123,\\n135, 142, 143, 730, 731, 847,\\n859, S60.\\nDesplaines, J. B., 982.\\nDesplats, Jacques, 210.\\nDesolcour, Louis, 533.\\nDes Rivieres, 18.\\nDesrocher, St. Marsac, 20.\\nDesroches, R. B., 611.\\nDe Thaumer, 535.\\nDe Tomaso. W., 663.\\nDeveaux, Mary. 859.\\nDevendorf, C. A., 734,\\nDeveraux, John C, q^o.\\nDeville, J., 165.\\nDevlin, John, 101.\\nDewey, 497.\\nDewey, James S., gr..\\nDewey. Z., 162.\\nDe Wolf, 493.\\nDexter, 8i;6, 857.\\nDexter, S. W., B96.\\nDey. A. H., 56, 360, 867, 872,\\n939-\\nDey. A. H. Mrs., 655.\\nDe Zielinski, J., 356.\\nDibble, O. B., 143, 4S1. 482,\\n485-\\nDick. John, 758.\\nDickey, Chas., 176,\\nDickey, Hugh M., 631, 632, 729.\\nDickie, James F., 597, 602, 604.\\nDickenson, President, 264.\\nDickenson, William, 492.\\nDickerson, F. B., 705.\\nDickinson, 487.\\nDickinson, Anna E., 709.\\nDickinson, Don ftf,, 218.\\nDickinson, George B., 639.\\nDickinson. J. S.. 902.\\nDickinson, M. F., 493, 718, 736,\\n936, 939.\\nDickinson, Maria Wesson Mrs.,\\n^9-*3-\\nDicks, Johanna, widow t,f Ja-\\ncob, 978.\\nDicks. John, 210, 2S1, 979.\\nDickson, D., 799.\\nDickson, David. 166, 167.\\nDiedrich, J.. 161, 162.\\nDiedrich, J. J., 166, 034.\\nDieler, J.. 80.\\nDiepenbeck, Rudolph, 677,688.\\nDilhet, John, 490.531, 535,720.\\nDillman, Louis, 101, 141. 162.\\nDillon, E., 537.\\nDillon, R. S., 145, 523, 756,\\n757.\\nDings, Levi, 211.\\nDinwiddle Gov., 23-\\nDisbrow H. v., 14,; ,98, 5,3,\\n072, S6d.\\nDisternell. 709.\\nDix, Elizabeth, 483,966.\\npix, John. 313,939.\\nDixon, 744.\\nDixon, Peter. 934.\\nDixon, Truman, 555.\\nDoane, 498.\\nDoane, William H., 354.\\nDodds, John J., 772, 780.\\nDodemead, 272, 490.\\nDodemead, J.. igS.\\nDodemead, James, 134,314 ^02.\\nDodemead, John, 58, 13^. 178.\\n179, 190, 191, 202, 785, 978.\\nDodemead, Mrs.. 279.\\nDodge, A. H., 797, 798.\\nDodge, John, 173.\\nDoeltz, William, 102, 161, 162.\\nDoherty, C., 211, 212.\\nDolan, Edward, 702.\\nDolier, 325, 951.\\nDolsen, Levi E., 8, 100, 756,\\n757.\\nDolsen, L.E,\\\\V., Miss, 633.\\nDoinan, Robert, 537.\\nDombrowski, A., 542.\\nDomedion. 688.\\nDomine, Charles, 654.\\nDonahoe, Patrick V., 537,\\nDonald, Joseph, 559, 562, 563.\\nDonaldson, James, 341.\\nDonaldson, John, 981.\\nDonavan, 490,\\nDondero, A., 663, 833.\\nDongan, Colonel, 325.\\nDonnelly, J. C. loi, 318.\\nDonovan, D., 162, 798, 799.\\nDonovan, J, W., 702.\\nDonovan, Matthew, 715, 978.\\nD Ooge, I\\\\L L., 709.\\nDooley, Thos., 212.\\nDoran, M., 166.\\nDoRan, Richard, 758.\\nDorchester, Lord, 84, 264, 265,\\n266.\\nDorman, Ernest, 934,\\nDorr, 9 1 6.\\nDorr, George, 145, 146, 165.\\nDorr, Melvin, 142, 163, 186, 192,\\n202, 770, 933, 935.\\nDort, Ijtus, 90, 100, joi, 131\\n198, 648.\\nDossin, Charles J,, 654.\\nDosquel. Pit-rre Herman, 546.\\nDotten. M. C, 5S8.\\nDoty, Duane, 752, 753, 760.\\nDuty, E., 363, 164, 19S, 226,\\n739. S63. 935.\\nDoty, George, 458, 492, 674,\\nDoty, Henry, 770.\\nDoty, James D., 96, 140, 176,\\n180, 185, 186, 198, 502, 557,\\n^558. 907-\\nDougherty, Charles, 798.\\nDougherty, M. A., 579.\\nDougherty, Michael, 492.\\nDoughty, 695.\\nDouglas, Charles, 734.\\nDouglas, Stephen A., no, 966.\\nDouglass, 492.\\nDouglass, D. B., 997.\\nDouglass, Ephraim, 262, 264.\\nDouglass, Frederick, 347, 709.\\nDouglass, S. H., 60. 709.\\nDouglass, S. T., 1S7, 188, 194,\\n340. 711, 755W56.\\nDouglass Thomas, 707.\\nDow. M. F., 866.\\nDow. Ncal, S40, 964.\\nDowling, Morgan E., 702.\\nDowling, P., 318.\\nDowney, Jno,, 935.\\nDowns, S. H., 131.\\nDowns, Thos., 19S.\\nDowns, T. J., 131.\\nDoyle, E.. 143. 144.\\nDoyle, Michael, 940.\\nDoyle, M. P., 303.\\nDoyle, William, 227.\\nDrake, 286. 888.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1046.jp2"}, "1047": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\n995\\nDrake, E. H.. 50. 59, 673.\\nDrake, Theodore A., 205.\\nDrake, T. J 92.\\nDrennan. Jer., 132.\\nDri^^i;s, F. E.. 657, 939.\\nDriscol, James, ^34.\\nDrouiUard, Dominique, 313.\\nDrouillard. J. B., 979.\\nDuane, 848.\\nDubois, 979.\\nDubois, C., 799.\\nDubois, Etienne, 53, 149, 210,\\n532-\\nDubois, James, 166, 756, 936,\\n^939-\\nDe Boishebert, 766.\\nDubufe, 360.\\nDu Buisson, 231, 527, 951.\\nDu Chaillu, Paul, 709.\\nDucharme, C. A., 816.\\nDucharine, Charles, 868.\\nDuchene, J., 210, 211.\\nDuck, James, 211, 212.\\nDuclos, 33J\\nDuddleson. W. J,, 130.\\nDudgeon, A., 100, 130, 143, 144,\\n218. 785, 884.\\nDudgeon, J. A., 162.\\nDufoux, 535.\\nDufEerin, Lord, 972.\\nDuffield, D. B., 56,90, 14T, 307,\\n602, 638, 639, 658, 675. 708.\\n711, 844, 865,907,968.\\nDuffield, D. B. Mrs.. 655.\\nDuffield, George, 310, 317, 359,\\n595. 596, 602, 639, 641, 642,\\n658, 675, 702, 704, 841, 935,\\n964. 965.\\nDuffield, George Mrs., 310, 660,\\n938.\\nDuffield, G. H., 600.\\nDuffield, H. M., 141, 711.\\nDuffield, S. P., 67S.\\nDuffield, S. W.. 709.\\nDuffield, \\\\V. \\\\V., 100, 305, 507.\\nDuffy, Father, 539.\\nDuffy. Sister^ 725.\\nDufresne, iS.\\nDuggan, D. 934.\\nDuj,ue. 332.\\nDullea, Dennis. 145.\\nDullea, M., 166.\\nDulles, Alien M., 602.\\nDu Luth, Greyselon, 325.\\nDumas, .Si., 233.\\nDumay, Pierre, 9S0.\\nDuraay, Theophile, 982,\\nDumoni, 680.\\nDun, R. G., 780, 965.\\nDuncan, David, 190, 313.\\nDuncan, William, 143, 161, 203,\\n513, 5i3, 755;\\nDuncan, W. C. 100, 137, 140,\\n144, 308. 869, 872.\\nDuncan. W. C, Mrs.. 661.\\nDuncanson, R. S., 360.\\nDuncklee, H. H., 639, 674, 682,\\nDuncklee, \\\\V. S., 674.\\nDunham, Seth, 130, 198.\\nDunlap, 360.\\nDunlap, George, 145, 500.\\nDunmore, Lord, 248. 323.\\nDunn, John K., 586.\\nDunn, M., 648.\\nDunn, Martin J., 212, 213.\\nDunn Peter, i6i5, 796, 799, 934,\\n935-\\nDunn, W. R,, 758.\\nDunning, B., 901.\\nDunning, Daniel, 892.\\nDunster, Edward S., 709.\\nDupont, Charles, 40, 31S, 756.\\nDupont, Louis, 799.\\nDu Quesne. Colonel, 234, 249.\\nDurantaye. 325.\\nDurfee, C. D., 131.\\nDurfee, E. O.. 190.\\nDuroche, FVancois, 978, 981.\\nDurocher, 333.\\nDurst, A., 539.\\nDu Ruisson, 171.\\nDuiton, Joseph S., 902,\\nDwight, 492.\\nDwight, A. A., 755.\\nDwight, Edmund, 859.\\nDwight, v., 839.\\nDwight, Henry, 859.\\nDwight, Jonathan, S59.\\nDwight, S. E., Miss, 736.\\nDwight. William. 859.\\nDwycr, 787.\\nDwyer, J., 161, 162, 549, 816,\\n868.\\nDwyer, Patrick, 166, 167, 934.\\nDwyer. P. H.. 646.\\nDyar, Huj^ h W.. 804.\\nDyer, C. I 640, 641.\\nDygert, K.in S.. 203.\\nDyker, John 1).. 538.\\nDyson, S. T., 164, 227, 272, 275,\\n3\u00c2\u00bb5\\nDysQD, William, 144, 165, 648.\\nEakins, J. H., 537, 811.\\nEarll, A. H., 903.\\nEastman, George B., 717.\\nEaton, Alonzo, 40, i66.\\nEaton, Ebenezer, 100.\\nEaton, E. C, 91, 101, 166,\\nEaton, Ebenezer C, 132.\\nEaton, Levi, loi.\\nEaton, O. P., 647.\\nEaton, T. H., 657.\\nEberls, Herman, 209.\\nEby, H. H., 132.\\nEccard, E,, 161, 162.\\nEccleston, 539.\\nEckliff, C. H., 58.\\nEddy. Orson, 481, 565.\\nEddy, T. M., 567, 579. 708.\\nEddy, Z., 602. 614, 655, 702.\\nEddy, Z. Mrs., 665.\\nEdgar, 767.\\nEdgar, John, 244, 941.\\nEdgar. \\\\Vm,, 172, 767, 837.\\nEdison, Thomas A., 362, 469.\\nEdmond, Sister, 651.\\nEdmonds, Charles A., 93.\\nEdmonds, William, 131.\\nEdmunds, J. M., 162, 217, 682.\\nEdsall, D., 71, 164.\\nEdson, 781.\\nEdson, James L., 360, 362, 874.\\nEdwards Arthur, loi, 550, 551,\\n558, 572.\\nEdwards, Abraham, 98. 103,\\n123. 135, 209, 227, 730, 731,\\n770. 859-\\nEdwards, Colonel, 957.\\nEdwards, Bidwell, 938, 940.\\nEdwards, D., 903.\\nEdwards, Fitzhugh, Mrs. Dr.,\\n361.\\nEdwards, H. D., loi.\\nEdwards, Jacques, 702.\\nEdwards, J. E,, 71.\\nEdwards, John. 494.\\nEdwards, Ruthy, 594.\\nEdwards. R. AL, 592, 719.\\nEge. C. N., 50, 646.\\nEggeman, B., 796.\\nEggers, .-Xugust, 212.\\nEggleston, Edward, 708.\\nEglington, F., 211.\\nEgner, George, 493.\\nEichbaum, F, H., 364.\\nEigenbrod, Adam, 167.\\nEilert, Jac\u00c2\u00ab)b, 135.\\nEipper, J.. 798.\\nEisenlord, N., 687.\\nEisrnlord, W., 486, 487.\\nEllair, F. H., 167.\\nEllair, Alexander, 981.\\nElbert, J. N., 736.\\nElder, .A., 355.\\nElderkin, J. D., 357.\\nEldred, A. J., 569.\\nEldred, E. E., 164.\\nEldred. F. E., 143, 496, 506.\\nEldred, Julius, 142, 491, 652,\\n715. 738. 851,961.\\nEldridge, Azariah, 598, 638.\\nEllet, E. F., Mrs., 281, 708.\\nEllicc, 907.\\nEltinwood, Miss, 718.\\nElliott, 496, 571\\n,49^\\nCa]\\nEltiott, Captain, 278, 720.\\nElliott, E. A., 57.\\nElliott, J. B., 519.\\nElliott, ^latthew, 244, 263, 266,\\n5?o-\\nElliott, R. R., 54, 549, 650, 666,\\n694, 711.\\nElliott, Robert T., 53, 194, 523,\\n536-\\nElliott, Thomas R., 676.\\nElliott, William, 345.\\nEUis, 494-\\nEllis, A. G., 99.\\nEllis, C. H., 34, 126.\\nEllis, K. 674, 759.\\nEllis, E. R., 679, 702, 734.\\nEllis, Gilbert J., 624.\\nEllis, John, 675, 676, 702.\\nEllis, John D., 673.\\nEllis, lilyron H., 101, 131.\\nEllis, Wellington, 126, 132.\\nElmore, 633.\\nElms, R., 717,\\nElwood, L N.. 6S9.\\nElwood, I. R.. S84.\\nElwood, S. Dow. 137, 144, 695,\\n702, 711. 869, 885, 940.\\nEly, Ralph, 92.\\nEmbach, M., 167.\\nEmerson, E., 839.\\nEmerson, Charles J., 37.\\nEmerson, Justin E., lrs., 361.\\nEmerson. J. M., 808.\\nEmerson, Miss, 718.\\nEmerson, Ralph Waldo, 709.\\nF^mery, A. H., 144. 145, 487.\\nEmmons, 300.\\nEmmons, H. H., 175, 306, 307,\\n711, 967.\\nEmmons, Jed P. C, 101, 130,\\n210. 756.\\nEndicoit, Charles, 362, 778, 940.\\nEngland. Pool, Mrs., 702.\\nEngland, Mrs,, 262.\\nEngland, Richard, 227, 262, 265,\\n266, 267.\\nEnright, John J., 126, 549.\\nEnsign, B. P., 872.\\nEnsworth, D. A. A., 176, 177,\\n192, 197, 648.\\nEnsworth, G. B., 198.\\nEpinay, M. de 1 330.\\nEppling, Fred, 620.\\nEppstein, E., 628.\\nEppstein, E. Mrs., 657.\\nErhard, J., 799.\\nErichsen, C. D., 162, 487.\\nErnest, Matthew, 26, 125, 198,\\n3 3i 531. 785. 978.\\nErrett, Isaac, 624.\\nErskine, 262.\\nErwin, John G., 355, 711, 787.\\n792, 891.\\nEsdell, David, Jr., 797.\\nEstabrook, 614.\\nEtherington. Major, 227.\\nEustache, Pierre, 20.\\nEustis, Win., 289, 294.\\nEvans, E. P., 709.\\nEvans, G,, 166.\\nEvans. James, 132.\\nEvans, Joseph, 131.\\nEvans, Patrick. 935.\\nEvans, R. G., Mrs., 664.\\nEvans, Theo. T., 131.\\nEvarts, William AL, 267.\\nEverett, 695.\\nEverett, Edward, 709, 746.\\nEwers, 491.\\nEwers, A., 143, 506, 713.\\nEwers, Charles, 75, loi, 137, 145,\\n146, 647.\\nEwing, W. B., 131.\\nEwings, Alexander, 313.\\nFabbri, 940.\\nFafard, Slargaret, 333.\\nFahy, J. H., 755-\\nFailing, 63.\\nFairbairn, Thomas, 146.\\nFairbanks, H. W., 703.\\nFairbanks,\\nFairbanks,\\nn^, /vj.\\nks, John, 198.\\nks, J. D., 144.\\nFairbanks, N. K., 789.\\nFairfield, Edmund B., 92, 970.\\nFales J. W.. 146.\\nFallows. Samuel, 71^1^.\\nFalvey, Daniel. 934.\\nFalvey, J.. 146.\\nFalvey, P.. 210.\\nFancher. A. M., Mrs., 842.\\nFanning, A. C W., 228.\\nFargo, Charles, 892.\\nFargo, John C, 892.\\nFargo, T. B., 892.\\nFargo, \\\\y. Ci,, 892.\\nFarland. John ^L, 38.\\nFarley, J., 225, 227.\\nFarmer, A., J., 888.\\nFarmer, Jolin, 10, 16, 29, 33, 49,\\n126, 167, 302, 335, 491, 492,\\n559. 562. 563. 564. 672, 696,\\n697, 698, 699, 731, 737, 738,\\n739. 740. 74I1 753. 755. 759.\\n^797. 927. 935. 938, 940.\\nFaimer, John. Mrs., 651, 652.\\nFanner. Silas, 23* *4^\u00c2\u00bb ^39* 640,\\n642, 695, 699.\\nFarnaii, John, 537, 539.\\nFarnsworth, B. S., 165, 482, 483,\\n484.\\nFarnsworth, Elon, 92, 98, 141,\\n\u00c2\u00bb9 194. 3 359. 652, 73\u00c2\u00bb.\\n864, 903.\\nFarnsworth, Fred E., 361, 362,\\n940.\\nFarnsworth, George, 885.\\nFarnsworth, Levi, 198.\\nFarnsworth, L. L., 494, 566, 569,\\n638, 940.\\nFarquhar. F. N., 921.\\nFarrand, Bethuet, 63.\\nFarrand, D. O., 50, 59, 205, 746,\\n757-\\ntaiTand, Miss, 717.\\nFarrand, J. S., 63, 71, 137, 144,\\n205, 475, 503. 506, 604, 642.\\n658. 755. 756, 772. 773. 839,\\n867, 869, 874.\\nFarrar, John, 64, 142, 164, 165,\\n193. 492, 595. 7\u00c2\u00bb^. 735, 935- 94\u00c2\u00b0-\\nFarrcll, James W., 639, 640.\\nFarrington, B. F., 789.\\nFarwrll, Jesse H., 692.\\nFarwel! John V., 789.\\nFasquelle, Louis, 702.\\nFaulkner, Wm., 307, 348, 497,\\n967.\\nFavre, Jacques L., 654.\\nFay, 717.\\nFay. J. J 756.\\nFearing, Paul, 24, 102.\\nFecht, Eugene, 196, 198.\\nFelch, Alpheus, 92, 187. 852.\\nFeldman, Fred. W., 167.\\nFeldner, Prof.. 970.\\nFellers Benjamin, 482.\\nFellman, H., 609.\\nFelton, 733.\\nFenton, Henry, 923,\\nFenton. James, 71, 638, 753.\\nFenton, William M., 92, 305,\\n343-\\nFenwick, Bishop, 532, 547.\\nFerguson, E., 485, 888, 891.\\nFerguson, J., 348.\\nFerguson, Joseph G., 647.\\nFergu.son, Leander, 132.\\nFerguson, T., 657, 865,\\nFerguson, W. J., 482.\\nFern, Fanny. 669.\\nFerrington. George W., 88, 100,\\n101, 131, 198.\\nFerr I M., 4, 5, 76. ^62. .360,\\n362, 465. 498. 658, 773, 811,\\n820. 867. 869. 875, 940.\\nFerry, William M., 595.\\nFey, Conrad, 167.\\nFev, John. 934.\\nFic-k. H., 618.\\nField, A. S., 966.\\nField. G., 625, 626. 702, 737.\\nField, Kate, 709.\\nField. Moses W., 57, 71, 73,\\n103, 144, 360. 487. 574, 657,\\n937. 940. 946, 972.\\nField, O., 483. 492.\\nFiertz, E., 80, 798.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1047.jp2"}, "1048": {"fulltext": "996\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nFillmore, Millard, io6, 963.\\nFilson, James, 770, 839.\\nFinchley, 837.\\nFindlay, James, 94.\\nFindley, Colonel, 274, 275, 291.\\nFinehart, Isaac, 61, 143, 144.\\nFinley, H. P. Mrs., 701.\\nFinley, J. B., 555, 56^, 580, 707.\\nFinley, R. H., 165, 695.\\nFinn, W., 923.\\nFinnegan, J.. 757,\\nFinnegan, John D., 145.\\nFinney, C. G., 613, 962.\\nFinney, J. W., 176,\\nFinney, Seymour, 145,146,481,\\n487, 638, 713.\\nFirnane, Michael, 746, 752, 758.\\nFischer, C, 687.\\nFischer, P.. 687.\\nFischer, William, 143.\\nFish, A. A. Mrs., 310.\\nFish, Job, 908.\\nFisher, 173, 695.\\nFisher, Aaron C., 566.\\nFisher, E., 872.\\nFisher, E. B., 212.\\nFisher, James, 77, 236.\\nFisher, James L., 535.\\nFisher, Nancy, Miss, 533.\\nFisher. Otis, 225, 859.\\nFisk, David W., 191\\nFiske, 695.\\nFiske, D. W., 143, 164, 166, 645,\\n739-\\nFiske, L. R., 567, 571. 690.\\nFitch, A. M., 324, 566, 641.\\nKitch, C. W., 702, 717, 732.\\nFitch, E. D,. 638.\\nFitzgerald, Edward, 350, 707.\\nFitzgerald, Thomas, 852, 861.\\nFitzgibbons, T. C, 676.\\nFitzmorris, J., 164.\\nFitzsimons, Patrick, 868.\\nFitzsiramons, M., 211.\\nFlaget, Benedict Joseph, 53,\\n531. 532, 546. 547. 956.\\nFlanagan, William, 854, 853,\\n856- 85B.\\nFlanigan, M., 144, 159, 209,306,\\n523. 752, 757, 758, 967.\\nFlattery, 496\\nFlattery, C. N., 694.\\nFlattery, J., 772.\\nFlattery, Neil, 58.\\nFleming, Samson, 341.\\nFleming, Thos., 212.\\nFleper, Daniel, 167.\\nFletcher, 789, 982.\\nFletcher, G. N. Mrs., 655, 662.\\nFletcher, Joseph, 22, 26.\\nFletcher, S., 493.\\nFletcher, William A., 98, 99,\\n187, 192, 474.\\nFleury, M., 694.\\nFlinn, Hugh, 756.\\nFlint, E. W., 165.\\nFlint, H. A., lyo,\\nFliiiterman, John, 59, 647, 757.\\nFlood, C. B., 686.\\nFlower, E. W., 584, 587.\\nFlower, J., 145, 161, 364, 470.\\nFlowers, Charles, 176, 197.\\nFloyd, Jones De L., 228.\\nFolsom, F., 758.\\nFolsom, S., 145, 936.\\nFoUett, Benjamin, 884.\\nFontaine, E., 364.\\nFoote. George, 143, 144, 226,\\n862, 868.\\nForbes, Archibald, 974.\\nForbes, CoUmel, 290, 291, 293.\\nForbes, General, 233.\\nForbes, John, 100, 130.\\nForbes, J. M.. 901.\\nForbush, T. B., 627, 703.\\nFord, Corydon L., 709.\\nFord, H, A., 691, 703.\\nFord, J., 144, 757.\\nFord, J. N., 583, 866. 936.\\nFord, Kate Brearley Mrs., 703.\\nFord, L. J.. 126.\\nFord, Martin H., 131, 132.\\nForni, V,, 663.\\nForton, Julian, 980.\\nForster, Edward, 820.\\nForsyth, 767.\\nForsyth, D., 274.\\nForsyth, Cieorge, 952.\\nForsyth, James, 654.\\nForsyth, Major. 887.\\nForsyth, .Marion. 943.\\nForsyth, Robert, 981.\\nForsyth, R. A., 38, 98, 130, 142,\\n341, 504, 907-\\nForsyth, Thos., 981.\\nForsyth, William, 977, 979.\\nFoster, 494, 497, 832, 952.\\nFoster, Bishop, 579, 709.\\nFoster, Captain, 248.\\nFoster, G. A., 59, 145, 146.\\nFoster, George B., 647.\\nFoster, J. E., Mrs., 640, 662.\\nFoster, W. L., 695.\\nFournier, Abraham, 982.\\nFowler, E. M 822, 871.\\nFowler, O. S., 709.\\nFowler, Stephen, 717, 900.\\nFo.\\\\, B. F., ig8.\\nFox, C, 674, 702.\\nFo.x, Colin, 884.\\nFox, D., 757.\\nFox, D. F., 318.\\nFox, D. M., 308.\\nFox, Jabez, 625, 675, 683.\\nFox, Lewis R., 601.\\nFox, Martin, 167\\nFoxen, James B., 757.\\nFoxen, William, 137, 145, 218,\\n549, 734. 868, 936.\\nFoy, Jonathan P., 100.\\nFralick, H., 91, 100, loi, 125,\\n130.\\nFrahck, Peter, 209.\\nFrances, Mary, 653.\\nFrancois, R., 535.\\nFrank, C. P., 647.\\nFrank, Hynian, 657.\\nFrank, John P., 975.\\nFrankel, I. Mrs., 657.\\nFrankhauser, J., 578.\\nFranklin, Benjamin, 746, 940.\\nFranklin, E. C., 709.\\nFranklin, Lady Jane, 483, 966.\\nFranklin, Samuel, Jr., 344.\\nFraser, Alexander, 937.\\nEraser, A. D., 56, 71, 141, 195,\\n199, 222, 267, 302, 653, 940,\\nEraser, Major, 269.\\nFraser, O. A., 872\\nFrazer, David C, 756.\\nFrazer, Lieutenant, 240.\\nFrechette. Pierre, 530, 535.\\nFreeland, S. ^L, 614.\\nFreeman, Daniel, 553.\\nFreeman, D. AL, 210, 211.\\nFreeman, Edward, 669.\\nFreeman, L. S., 695.\\nFreer, C. L., 805,\\nFreiburger, F., 211, 212.\\nFrelinghuysen, Theodore, 961.\\nFremont, John C, 102, 229, 940,\\nrrench, 491.\\nFrench, D., 58, 64, 71, 125, 142,\\n163, 167, 642, 648, 718, 738,\\n739 755\u00c2\u00bb 933. 935-\\nFrench, J., 484, 683.\\nFrench, Newell, 933.\\nFrench, S.. 484, 936.\\nFrerot, Francis, 501, 532.\\nFrey, Philip, 37.\\nFrey, Philip R., 249.\\nFrey, Samuel C, 249.\\nFreyer, Daniel, 934.\\nFreytag, A., 610.\\nFreytag, G., 355.\\nFriedland, J. F., 540.\\nFriedman, C., 482.\\nFrieze, Henry S., 709,\\nFrisbie, S. W., 588, 589, 590.\\nFritschel, Sigraund, 620.\\nFrizelle, 468.\\nFrobisher, 980.\\nFroissart, 3.\\nFrontenac, Count de, 83, 325,\\n329. 330, 940.\\nFross, H., 210.\\nFrost, 497, 499.\\nFrost, A. F., 626.\\nFrost, George, 131.\\nFrost, George S., 144, 638, 639,\\n_ 733. 936.\\nFrost, M., 144, 161, 162.\\nFrost, M. S., 638.\\nFrothingham, George E,, 709.\\nFry, B. St. James, 675.\\nFry, John H., 641.\\nFuchs, J. M., 578.\\nFulda, F., 80, 145.\\nFuller, Charles, 294.\\nFuller, John, 198.\\nFuller, J. M., 572, 580.\\nFuller, J. N. Mrs., 665.\\nFuller, Margaret, 70S.\\nFuller, Osgood E., 585, 702.\\nFulton, Isaac W., 131.\\nFulton, Robert, 960.\\nFunke, 496.\\nFunke, Charles, 758,\\nFunke, F., 798, 934.\\nFunke, J., 166, 718, 758.\\nFunke, T\u00e2\u0080\u009e 212. 934, 935.\\nFurgole, Angelique, 328.\\nFury, Patrick, 132.\\nFyfe, Richard H., 734, 772.\\nGage, General, 84, 240,\\nGage, John, 52.\\nGage, M. L., 143, 202, 303, 755.\\nGage, Russell, 799.\\nGaines, Edmund P., 229.\\nGaines, General, 225, 299.\\nGaines, John, 903.\\nGalinee, 325, 527, 707, 951\\nGallagher, N., 758.\\nGallagher, P., 144.\\nGallagher, T., 755.\\nGallissoniere, Count de la, 83,\\n232, 333.\\nGalpm, Horace, 695.\\nGamelin, Eustache, 20, 36, 172.\\nGamelin, Francois, 977.\\nGanier, Isaac, 9S0.\\nGanson, C. N., 63S, 840.\\nGannon, M., 537.\\nGantry, 493.\\nGardner, 25, 172, 840.\\nGardner, E. P., 6S2.\\nGardner, Francis, 953.\\nGardner, H. Mrs., 665.\\nGardner, J. H., 357.\\nGardner, Peter, 577.\\nGardner, R,, 131.\\nGardner, T. C, 579.\\nGardner, W. H., 920.\\nGarfield, E. I., 163, 940.\\nGarfield, James A., 106, 941,\\n^967.\\nGarland, 300.\\nGarland, John, 228.\\nGarnsey, F. W., 885.\\nGarratt, Robert, 163, 165, 202,\\n770, 799.\\nGarret, Lieutenant, 280.\\nGarrett, Cyrus, 755.\\nGarrett, W., 484.\\nGarrit, 715.\\nGarrison, 492.\\nGarrison, C. ^L, 145, 205, 792.\\nGarrison, H. D., 482.\\nGarrison, John, 142, 163, 672,\\n933-\\nGarrison, J. J., 143, 202, 481,\\n486, 645, 718.\\nGartner, George, 75S.\\nGary, 174.\\nGascoigne, M. H., 519.\\nGass, Herschel R., 93.\\nGaston, C. H., 695.\\nGantt, S. N., 674.\\nGavin, J. Knox, 141, 210.\\nGay Van Norman, 485.\\nGaynor, James, 757.\\nGayoso, 271,\\nGebhart, C, 80, 211.\\nGeer, William, 872.\\nGeiger, E. M., 675, 683.\\nGeikie, Dr., 708.\\nGeil, John F., 698.\\nGeist, Caspar, 798, 935.\\nGeist, v., 58.\\nGeney, David, 131.\\nGenick, J. W., 212.\\nGentle, John, 26, 96, 134, 183,\\n3H. 31:5. 3\u00c2\u00bb6, 502, 85s, 856,\\n857, 858.\\nGeorg, John, 647.\\nGeorge, Henry, 976.\\nGeorge III, 83, 952, 953.\\nGeorge, W. S., 683.\\nGerechter, E.. 628.\\nGerichter, E. M., Mrs., 657.\\nGermain, Father, 327.\\nGermain, Lord, 245, 249.\\nGermain, George W., 92.\\nGerman, 497.\\nGibbings, R., 217, 799,\\nGibbings, William, 144.\\nGibbons, 679, 688.\\nGibbs, 695.\\nGibbs, Alfred, 228.\\nGibbs, G. C, 188.\\nGibbs, W. H., 640.\\nGibson, C, 755.\\nGibson, J., 41, 87, gi, lor, 143,\\n164, 165, 258, 259, 265, 266,\\n.713-\\nGibson, R. C, 731.\\nGibson, W. J., 684.\\nGiddev, F., 212.\\nGiddey, W. J., 212.\\nGieryk. Theodore, 542.\\nGies, C, 166, 934.\\nGies, F., 166.\\nGies, Paul, 100, 101. 125, 137,\\n144, 145, 146, 165, 317, 869.\\nGilbert, C. B., 51.\\nGilbert, Francois, 20.\\nGilbert, G. W., 164, 901, 940.\\nGilbert, H. C, 324.\\nGilbert, Jolin, 19.\\nGilchrist, J. G,, 51, 703.\\nGillespie, George B., 592.\\nGillett, 492.\\nGillett, Mary, 594.\\nGillett, Shadrach. 100, 735.\\nGillett, S., Mrs.. 736.\\nGillett, T. K., 197.\\nGillett, R., 90, 123, 125, 142.\\nGillett, R. W., 162, 518, 792, 875.\\nGillis, James L., 302.\\nGillis, Ransom, 633.\\nGillis, William, 654.\\nGillman, 486.\\nGillman, Henry, 321, 703, 714,\\n761.\\nGilman, Mary, 941.\\nGilman, E. M. Mrs., 661.\\nGilmartin, P. P., 39, 647, 649.\\nGilmore. J. P., 662, 758.\\nGilmore, L. B., 761.\\nGilruth, James, 580.\\nGirardin, Charles, 174\\nGirardin, Charles Francis, 133,\\n165, 191, 214.\\nGirardin, F. S., 758.\\nGirardin, Jacques, 501, 644.\\nGirardin, Joseph, 132.\\nGirardin, Jacques A., 490.\\nGirardin, James A., 33, 674,\\n678, 694, 703. 713,\\nGirardin, J. E., 101.\\nGirardin, P. N., 205.\\nGirty, 350.\\nGirty, George, 244. 259.\\nGirty, James, 244.\\nGirty, Simon, 244. 249, 269.\\nGisler, ^L M., 498, 499.\\nGladewitz, D., 56.\\nGladwin, Henry, 171, 222, 227,\\n234, 235. 236, 237, 23S, 239,\\n240, 951, 952.\\nGlegg, J. B., 277, 278.\\nGlendenning, George, 624.\\nGlover. H., 638, 756.\\nGlover, H. Mrs., 662.\\nGnau, John, 58, 211, 212, 213\\nGoadby, H., 676, 703.\\nGoebel, A., 74, 101, 138, 317,\\nGodard, Mrs., 651.\\nGodard, A., 755.\\nGoddard, Curtis, 580.\\nGodet, Jacques, 20.\\nGodet, M., 35.\\nGodet, called Marantette, 337.\\nGodez, 538.\\nGodfrey, 13.\\nGodfrey, J., 164, 166, 936.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1048.jp2"}, "1049": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\n997\\nGodfrey, Joseph, loo, 144, 51S.\\nGodfrey. M. H., 689.\\nGodfrey, 533, 777.\\nGodfroy, Columbus, 721.\\nGodfroy, Gabriel, 95, 149, 280,\\n285, 313, 531, 532, 644, 915,\\n^933. 981, 982.\\nGodfroy, (Jabriei, Jr., 179, 314.\\nGodfroy, Jacques, 236, 240,982.\\nGod f roy, Marante tte Peter,\\nMrs.), 943.\\nGodfroy, Peter, too^ 123, 130,\\n534, 941, 944. 982.\\nG jrf, John, 715.\\nGoff, John Mrs., 715.\\nGotTinet, James, 487, 654.\\nGoforth, 95.\\nGoldner, Charles, 941.\\nGoldsmith, George, 212.\\nGoldsmith, J. H., 732,\\nGonnesse, 539.\\nGoodale, D. C, 486.\\nGoodale, George P., 687.\\nGoodale, G. S., 757.\\nGoodell, D., 100, 131, igS.\\nGoodell, E., 126, 520.\\nGoodell, E. J., 126.\\nGoodell, H. G., 935.\\nGoodell, Jonas, 131.\\nGoodell, L,, 198, 209, 210, 795,\\n935-\\nGoodell, Nathan, 625.\\nGoodin, Achsah, 594.\\nGooding, M., 143, 164, 513, 740,\\n798.\\nGooding, William, 921.\\nGoodman, A., 484.\\nGoodman, L., 100, 131.\\nGoodman, S., 605.\\nGoodner, W. M., 578.\\nGoodnow, 482,\\nGoodrich, A. H., 486.\\nGoodrich. I., 164, 165, 900.\\nGoodsell, 300, 492.\\nGoodwin, 300. 301.\\nGoodwin, Abigail, 594.\\nGoodwin, D., 90, 91, 176, J87,\\n^194-\\nGoodwin. Edwin W., 559, 562,\\n563, 716.\\nGoodwin. Harris A., 647.\\nGoodwin, Lucretia, 594.\\nGordon, G. C, 126.\\nGordon, G. W,, 577.\\nGordon, Henry, loi, 144.\\nGordon, J. Wright, 91, 92.\\nGordon, W. H., 809.\\nGore, Arthur, 917.\\nGore, E. C, 356, 744.\\nGore, J., 211.\\nGorman, David, 758.\\nGorman, Thomas, 166, 935.\\nGorton, 695.\\nGorton, J. C, 50, 59, 144, 308,\\n757-\\nGoslin, 236.\\nGottschalk, 354.\\nGough, John B., 709, 840, 963.\\nGouie, Robert, 982.\\nGouin, 236.\\nGouin, Charles, 21,940,977,980.\\nGouin, Charles Nicholas. Jr.,g8i.\\nGouin, Francois, 977.\\nGouin, Nicholas, 21, 977.\\nGouin, Robert, 644.\\nGould, Jay, 906.\\nGould, W. J., 788.\\nGower, Cornelius A., 93.\\nGoyan, 333:\\nGrabau, John, 621.\\nGrabau, William, 620.\\nGradwell. 677.\\nGraham, James D., 918, 919.\\nGrandy, Levi, 940.\\nGrandy, William, 600.\\nGranger, 827, 872.\\nGranger, David, 126.\\nGranger, H. W., 922.\\nGranger, Joseph, 144.\\nGranger, Lyman, 100.\\nGrant, A., 146, 165, 758, 979.\\nGrant, Captain. 238, 350.\\nGrant, Commodore, 262, 908.\\nGrant, Peter, 715,\\nGrant, Thomas L., 758.\\nGrant, U. S., 102, 104, 105, 106,\\n228, 339, 940, 962, 963, 968,\\n969. 975.\\nGrant. William, 94.\\n(iratiol, Charles, 940.\\n(jratton, 558.\\nGraul. Charles, 357.\\nGraverat, G., 173, 244, 767, 837,\\n846.\\nGraves, 492, 493.\\nGraves, H. F.. 188, 976.\\nGraves, H. W., 484, 486.\\nGraves, J. O., 165, 210, 872.\\nGraves, John. 175, 176.\\nGraves, William, 92.\\nGravier, J. B., 162.\\nGravier, Jean B. R., 654.\\nGray, 497.\\nGray, Asa, 709.\\nGray, Alfred A., S32.\\nGray, Francis D., 895.\\nGray, D. W., 796.\\nGray, Elliot, 125, 142, 929.\\nGray, George T., 654.\\nGray, H., 130, 209,\\nGray, P. C, 106.\\nGray, W., 486, 732.\\nGray, William, 141, 192, 199,\\n75\u00c2\u00bb, 757, 962.\\nGray. W. A., 892,\\nGrayson, John B., 317, 569,\\nGrading, P., 621.\\nGreely, Aaron, 22, 28, 37, 977,\\n978, 979, 9S0, 981, 982.\\nGreeley, Horace, 708, 709, 962.\\nGreen, 256.\\nGreen, A. R., 577.\\nGreen, Andrew C, 941.\\nGreen, John, 577.\\nGreen, P. L., 862.\\nGreen, S., 210.\\nGreen, S. D., 677,\\nGreen, S. M., 99, 187, i83.\\nGreene, G. W., 67.\\nGreenfield, John, 164.\\nGreenly, William L., 92.\\nGreenman, Martin, 198.\\nGreenup, 267.\\nGreenwood, John, 80.\\nGregoire, 329.\\nGregoire, Bartholomew, 326.\\nGregoire, Mme., 19.\\nGregoire, Marguerite de, 328.\\nGregoire, Marie. 329.\\nGregoire, Nicholas, 329.\\nGregoire, Pierre, 329.\\nGregory, John :^L, 93, 63S, 676,\\nGregor Uriah, 732.\\nGregory, W. H., loi.\\nGregory, Wm. S., 100.\\nGregorv-, W. S., 648.\\nGreiner, Michael, loi.\\nGrelling, G.. 145.\\nGrenell, Judson, 680, 681.\\nGrenell, Z.. 606, 712.\\nGreusel, J., 57, 79, 100, loi,\\n161, 162. 756.\\nGreusel, Joseph, 687.\\nGreusel, N., 71, 507.\\nGreusel, N,, Jr., 143, 303, 317,\\n318, 798.\\nGriffard, Laurent, 979.\\nGriffard, Louis, Jr., 980.\\nGriffard. Pierre. 979.\\nGriffin, H. A., 680. 690.\\nGriffin, John, 96, 178, 179, 180,\\n35, 186, 553.\\nGriffin. T. ^L, 51.\\nGriffin, J. S., 58.\\nGriffin, L. T., 711, 758.\\nGriffin, T. J.. 145.\\nGriffith, A. A.. 703.\\nGriffith. J. H., 606, 639, 661.\\nGriffith, Thomas, 161.\\nGriffith, T. H.. 940.\\nGriffith, William, 313.\\nGriffiths, John E., 901.\\nGrigg, S.. 496.\\nGrimes Joseph, 165.\\nGrimes, J. Stanley, 708.\\nGrimm. C., 575.\\nGrinold. D. T., 718.\\nGrist, William, 798, 799.\\nGriswold, 491.\\nGriswold, A. ^L, 683.\\nGriswold, Captain, 300.\\nGriswold, G. R., 40, 9:^, loo,\\n126, 143, 194. 673.\\nGriswold, James F., 313,\\nGriswold, John, 480.\\nGriswold. Roger, 940,\\nGriswold, Silas P., 710.\\nGriswold, Stanley, 23, 88, 95,\\n134, ^50, 183, 198, 226, 316,\\n^3\u00c2\u00bb7. 785. 953-\\nGroh, Louis, 130.\\nGrosfield, A., 145, 758.\\nGross, Henry, So, 145, 146.\\nGrosvenor, Ebenezer O., 92.\\nGrout, J. K., 940.\\nGruenlich, A., 143.\\nGnimmond, S. B,, 138, 140, 162.\\nGuard, Thomas, 709.\\nGuenther, F., 317.\\nGuenther, Peter, ig6, 198.\\nGuido, 360.\\nGuiness, H. Grattan, 966.\\nGuiney, D., 145, 146, 161, 162,\\n934.\\nGulley, Alfred B., 101.\\nGulley, O. S.. 674, 682.\\nGundert, H.. 622,\\nGunn, John M., 874.\\nGunn, Closes, 50, 676,\\nGunning, H., 194.\\nGunning, James, 58, 100.\\nGustin, Wm. C, 734.\\nGuthard, Jacob, 145, 168, 648.\\nGutowski, Paul, 543.\\nGuyon, Denis, 327.\\nGuyon, Marie Therese, 326, 529.\\nGuyotte, Frank, 212.\\nGuyotte, Wm., 212, 213.\\nHaass, C, 617.\\nHaas, Charles D., 688.\\nHaas, J. B., 167, 934.\\nHackett, Bernard, 13a\\nHackett Ross, 484.\\nHaddock, Ray, 126,684, 792-\\nHadley, T. G., 482.\\nHaggenbach. J,, 486.\\nHaggerty, H., 130.\\nHaigh, W. A., 703.\\nHailmann, W. N., 703. 758.\\nHailmann, W. N., Mrs., 665.\\nHais, John, 617.\\nHaischer, A,, 162,\\nHaldiraand, Frederick, 78, 84,\\n174, 223, 242, 243, 244, 246,\\n250, 251, 255. 257, 264, 952.\\nHale, David, 613.\\nHale, John, 142, 492, 770, 863,\\nHale, John P., 709, 941.\\nHale, W., 736.\\nHr.Ie, Wm., 92, 100, 144, 187,\\nlyi, 210, 482.\\nHaley. Wm.. 211.\\nHalf King, Huron Chief, 263,\\n550-\\nHall, A. T., 140, 143, 162, 577,\\n897.\\nHall, B. F., 851.\\nHall, Edmund, 753, 756, 757,\\n759, 760-\\nHall, Er\\\\ in, 597, 598.\\nHall, G. B., 757.\\nHall, L C, 749.\\nHall, James, 888.\\nHall, John, 972.\\nHall, Joseph, 669.\\nHall, J. W., 703.\\nHall, Newman, 709, 971,\\nHall, R. H., 493.\\nHall. S., 625.\\nHall. Shelomith S., 50.\\nHall, T. P., 176, 711. 866.\\nHall, Thomas, 164, 755.\\nHaller, L, 145, 146, 161, 165.\\nHallock, Horace, 16, 346, 595,\\n642, 710, 738, 838, 851, 900.\\nHalloran, Thomas, 798.\\nHamilton, Sister, 725.\\nHamilton. David, 871.\\nHamilton, Henry. 7, 78, 84, 94,\\n172, 173, 223, 242, 243, 244,\\n245, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252,\\n253. 254* 855. 259, 2^. 334i\\n368, 952.\\nHamilton, J. B., 486.\\nHamilton, M. I)., 787, 792.\\nHamilltm, Robert, 798.\\nHamilton, W. P., 871.\\nHamilton, William R., 56,\\nHamilton, \\\\V. S., 99.\\nHamlin, A. E.j 146, 162, 758.\\nHamlin, Hannibal, 789.\\nHamlin, M. C. W., Mrs., 316,\\n703-\\nHamlin, 1 559.\\nHammer, Clemens, 537.\\nHammond, C. G., 92, 339, C13,\\n756. 785.\\nHammond, E. P., 642, 968.\\nHammond, George H., 360, 362,\\n870, 871, 941.\\nHammond. George H., Mrs. ,666.\\nHammond, Henry L., 613, 642.\\nHammond. W. W., 608.\\nHamtramck, J. F., 52, 53, 54,\\n128, 223, 227, 266, 267, 268,\\n490\u00c2\u00bb 953. 979-\\nHamtramck, Julian, 979.\\nHannaford, J. M., 487.\\nHanchett, Joseph, 559, 562.\\nHancock, John, 941.\\nHancock, W, S., 230.\\nHand, G. E., loi, 176, 190, 191,\\n199. 604, 710, 756, 786, 839,\\n897.\\nHand, S. S., 903.\\nHandy, T. P., 339.\\nHanks, Captain, 277, 955.\\nHanks, Mrs., 491.\\nHanks, Porter. 183, 184.\\nHanks, Thomas, 934.\\nHanmer, J., 58, 142, 164, 483,\\n648, 934.\\nHanscum, A. H., 303.\\nHansen, William. 621.\\nHappe, John, 167, 935.\\nHarbaugh, D. E., 100, 141. 159,\\n195, 196, 198, 210, 302, 711,\\n755, 844. 941-\\nHarding, F. A., 100, 191. 682.\\nHardin, M. D., 228.\\nHardrat, Emil, 623.\\nHargreaves Manufacturing Co.,\\n828.\\nHargreaves. George, Mrs., 574.\\nHarlow, Alonzo, 647,\\nHarmer. General, 265, 952, 954.\\nHarmon, H. A., 758.\\nHarmon, J. H., 140, 143, 685,\\n686, 692. 785. 967.\\nHarmon, R. O.. 686.\\nHarmon. Thomas, 555.\\nHarper, lohn L., 361, 362, 872,\\n873-\\nHarper, Jonas, 341.\\nHarper, Thomas, 198.\\nHarper, Waller, 657, 658, 941,\\n966, 968.\\nHarrah, A. M., Miss. 665.\\nHarrigan. David, 267.\\nHarring, S. K., 481, 4S2.\\nHarrington, C, 88, 851.\\nHarrington, D. B., 678.\\nHarrington, Ebenezer B., 99,\\n191.\\nHarrington, M. W., 692.\\nHarris, Alfred, 131.\\nHarris, F. H., 113, 165, 192, 198,\\n851.\\nHarris, George H., 56.\\nHarris. G. W., 606. 674.\\nHarris, L. D., 126.\\nHarris, Samuel S., 361, 592, 703,\\n974-\\nHarris, T. W., 101.\\nHarris, William. 299.\\nHarris, William J., 584. 587.\\nHarrison, 641.\\nHarrison, George, 341.\\nHarrison, James S., 566.\\nHarrison, Joseph, 58, 501, 933,\\n978-\\nHarrison. William H., 48, 86,\\n87, 95, I02, 103, 108, 120, 121,\\n221, 227, 229, 273, 278, 281,\\n282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 297,\\n372, 490, 554. 941, 942. 954,\\n955, 961.\\nHarryman, rhomas, 130.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1049.jp2"}, "1050": {"fulltext": "998\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nHarsha, William, 125, 130, 166,\\n673. 675. 696. 713.\\nHarsha, Walter S., 175, 197.\\nHart, De Wilt C, 165.\\nHart, Gilbert, 820.\\nHart, Henry, 33.\\nHart, Richard, 756.\\nHarter, L F., 684.\\nHarting, F., 167.\\nHartman, 617.\\nHartman, John M., 575.\\nHartness, J., 499.\\nHartshorn, A., 143, 164, 737, 738.\\nHartt, 491.\\nHartwell. T. H., 141, 752, 757.\\nHartz, H., 924.\\nHartzell, 488.\\nHartzell, J. H., 585.\\nHarvel, Colonel, 302.\\nHarvey, John, 134, 179, 184,\\n210, 489, 502, 633, 941, 978.\\nHarvey, John, Mrs., 106, 655.\\nHarvey, Mrs., 250.\\nHarvie, Andrew, 100, loi, igr,\\n732-\\nHarwood, F., 921.\\nHaskell, Samuel, 606.\\nHasset, Dr., 676.\\nHasslinger, Martin, 538.\\nHastings, C., 649.\\nHastings, E. P., 55, 92, 162,\\n164, 176, 195, 226, 359, 504,\\n594, 601, 636. 641, 651, 652,\\n67Z, 716, 736, 740, 859, 860,\\n896, 941.\\nHastings, E. P., Mrs., 651, 652.\\nHastings, Samuel, 641.\\nHatch, Joseph, 791.\\nHatch, J. C, 792.\\nHatch, Rufus, 770.\\nHatch, 852.\\nHatchey, Jean Baptiste, 535.\\nHatfield, R. M., 379, 575.\\nHatie, C, 211, 798.\\nHathaway, Gilbert. 704.\\nHathon, A. E., 28, 29, ;ii, 71,\\n696, 716, 935, 940.\\nHaug, J. M., 578.\\nHaven, E. O., 571, 572, 579,\\n676, 708, 969.\\nHaven, Gilbert, 708.\\nHavens, R., 941.\\nHaviland, James, 8S4.\\nHawley, Elijah, Jr., loi, 126,\\n131, igo, 648.\\nHawley, James H., 799.\\nHawley, John G 106, 210, 703.\\nHawley, Richard, loi, 106, 14 j,\\n161, 703.\\nHawley, R., Mrs., 662.\\nHawley, T., 499.\\nHawley, Thomas D,, loi, 106,\\n1371 M5i 639. 689, 757.\\nHawes, G. W., 696.\\nHawkins, B. Waterhouse, 709.\\nHawkins, S. S., 710, 770.\\nHaxton, B. F., 827.\\nHay, Jehu, 242, 243, 252, 255,\\n766.\\nHay, Lieutenant, 223, 237, 238.\\nHayek, M., 357.\\nHayes, F. W., 868, 873.\\nHayes, I. I., 709.\\nHayes, J. D., 162, 598, 868, 904.\\nHayes, Patrick, 935\\nHayes, R. B., 106, 362, 974.\\nHayes, Mrs. R. B.. 106.\\nHayes, Solomon, 820.\\nHayne, William H., 709.\\nHays, John G., 8116.\\nHays, Michael, 798.\\nHayward, D., 795.\\nHayward, Emma, Miss, 665.\\nHaywood, T. J., 497.\\nHaywood, William H., 131.\\nHazard, 498.\\nHazelton, E. H.. 872.\\nHazeur, 546.\\nHeadley, D. S., 486.\\nHealy, P. W., 716.\\nHeames, Henry, 137, 145, 646.\\nHeart, Edward, 577.\\nHeath, Horace, 481, 482, 483.\\nHeaton, A. S., 50, 51.\\nHeavenrich, 497.\\nHeavenrich, S., 646, 868.\\nHebden, George, 210.\\nHebbard, C. B., 162.\\nHeck, Henry, 146.\\nHeckenwaelder, 550, 551,\\nHecker, Frank J., 805.\\nHecker, Joseph, 173.\\nHedges, C. A., 675.\\nHeffron, John, 54, 549, 868,\\nHeineman, E. S., 41, 360,\\nHeineman, E. S. Nlrs., 657,\\nHeintzelman, S. P., 230.\\nHekking, J. A., 361.\\nHellvvig, George F., 687.\\nHelwig, Charles, 575.\\nHelm, Captain, 250, 251.\\nHenderson, 494.\\nHenderson, C. R., 608.\\nHenderson, David, 281.\\nHenderson, Davis, 646.\\nHenderson, Henry, 577.\\nHenderson, J. F., 910.\\nHenderson, M., 934.\\nHenderson, I hoinas, 145.\\nHenderson, Walter, 131.\\nHenderson, William, 638.\\nHendricks, Samuel T., 130,\\nHendrie, George, 162, 589.\\n865. 871. 888, 891, 941.\\nHenkel, Peter, 144, 161,\\n518.\\nHenley, Samuel, 223, 224,\\n269.\\nHennaert, P., 535, 539.\\nHennepin, Louis, 325, 527,\\n941.\\nHennesey, J. A., 539, 540-\\nHenrion, George, 74.\\nHenry IV, 33. 333.\\nHenry, igi, 250, 922.\\nHenry, Alexander, 240, 703,\\nHenry, Ann. 594.\\nHenry, A. M., 138, 871.\\nHenry, D. Farrand, 67, 71,\\n703 714.\\nHenry, (leorge M., 648.\\nHenry, James, 26, 95, 123,\\n190, igS, 335, 345, 491,\\n856, 858, 953.\\nHenry, John, 150, 4S7.\\nHenry, Patrick, 251, 252.\\nHenry, Stephen C, 50, 59,\\n491, 551.. 558, 594-\\nHenry, William A., 797.\\nHenry, W. G.. Mrs., 655.\\nHensien, J. P., 161, 162.\\nHepburn, James H., 211.\\nHeriot, George, 707.\\nHerlihy, P., 162, 935.\\nHerman, F., 617.\\nHermant, 535.\\nHermon, G., 726.\\nHeron, George, 58.\\nHerr, William, 566, 580.\\nHerrick, G. W., 145, 146.\\nHerrick, John L, 695, 696.\\nHerrington, Caleb, 100.\\nHerrington, D. B., 678.\\nHerrington, Mark W., 709.\\nHerron, A. H., 689.\\nHerschel. John, Sir, 362.\\nHprtzer, Charles G., 575.\\nHerzog, Charles F., 647.\\nHerzog, F., 317.\\nHerzog, H., 212.\\nHespelein, J. B., 538.\\nHess, Charles, 355, 676, 703,\\nHess, John, 155.\\nHeth, 258.\\nHethrington, 679.\\nHewitt, Cyrus, g^.\\nHewitt, E., 638.\\nHeyerman, Charles F., 38.\\nHibbard. A. G., 627.\\nHibbard, D. 11., 197.\\nHibbard, J. R., 626.\\nHickcock, Joseph, 198.\\nHickcox, Joseph, 554. 555,\\n562.\\nHickcox, T. H., 492.\\nHickcox, William, 559, 562,\\nHickey, James, s8.\\nHickey, J. A., 758.\\nHickey, M., 561, 571, 572,\\n580.\\nHickey, W., 482.\\nHickman, H. H., 176, 190, 272,\\n273. 97^-\\nHickox, A. N., 210.\\n707. Hicks, 521.\\nHicks, Daniel, 303.\\nHicks, J. A., 864.\\nHickson, Joseph, 895.\\nHidden. O. M., 822.\\n629. Higgins, J. C., 573.\\nHiggms, Justin, 21L,\\nHiggins, P.. 717.\\nHiggins, P. C, 196, 523.\\nHiggins, S. W., 143, 351, 569,\\n755. 935-\\nHill, Colonel, 269.\\nHill, F., 901.\\nHill, G., 492.\\nHill. Horace. 584.\\nHill, Hugo, Mrs., 657.\\nHill, I. G., 492.\\nHili. H., 58, 164.\\nHill, Peter, 145.\\nHill, Rodney D., 192, 756.\\nHill, R. H., 903.\\nHill, T., 161, 162, 929.\\nHilliard, R., 860.\\nHills, B. C. 486.\\nHilsendegen, J., 166,\\nHilsendegen, T., 934.\\nHilton, Robert, 595.\\nHimes, L. J., 717.\\nHinchman, Felix, 140, 190.\\nHinchraan, Ford D. C, 825.\\nHinchman, G. F., 145.\\nHinchman, J. B., 745.\\nHinchman, J. W., 798.\\nHinchman, T. H., 6t. 100, 374,\\n518, 523, 772, 781, 787, 868.\\nHinds, S. D., 132.\\nHinman, 498.\\nHinsdale, B. A., 624.\\nHinsdale, E.C., 167, 176,639,640.\\nHintz, Carl, 355.\\nHirscli, 494, 628.\\nHirschman, Fannie, Mrs., 657.\\nHitchcock, Horace, 639.\\nHitchcock, J. N., 130\\nHitchcock. R., 702.\\nHobart, John H., 581.\\nHobbs, A. J., 106, 624.\\n142, Hobert Terhiine, 484.\\nHochgraef, Max, 317, 318.\\nHock, J., 143, 144, 308.\\nHocquart, ig.\\nHodge, Samuel F., 71.\\nHodges, Charles C, 360.\\nHodges, H. C, 162.\\nHodgkin, Robert, 796.\\nHodgkinson, B,, loi, 131, 648.\\nHuff, H., 621.\\nHoffman, Charles Fenno, 708.\\nHoffman, E., 355.\\nHoffman, George, 23, 38, 314,\\n883, 979.\\nHoffman, G. W., 604, 665.\\nHoffman, Varian Mnie., 354.\\nHogan, John, 935.\\nHogan, M. v., 161, 162.\\nHogarth, William, 599, 604, 638,\\n639. 971-\\nHogg, John, 596.\\nHoke, A. F., 59*647* 733-\\nHolbrook, B., ig8, 299, 770.\\nHolbrook, D. C, 126, 141, 194,\\n3ti. 494, Q41.\\n963. Holbrouk. Henry B., 130.\\nHolbrook. H. D., 198.\\nHolbrook, J. M., 797.\\nHolcomb, Henry W.. 941.\\nHolden, E. G., 684, 687.\\nHolden, E. G. Mrs., 361, 362.\\nHolden, E. G. D., 92.\\nHolden, Theodore G., 941.\\nHoldereid, A., 797.\\nHolihan, James, 125, 130, 145.\\nHolly, James, 590.\\n55g, Holland, J. G., 709.\\nHolley, Thomas, 166.\\nHolland, W. J., 702.\\nHolmes, 492, 493.\\nHolmes, Captain, 284.\\nHolmes, Ensign, 234,\\n57S, Holmes, J. C, 33, 674, 703, 713,\\n7Mi 755, 756.\\n734.\\n499t\\n267,\\ng6i.\\n793,\\nHolmes, Marj J.. 709.\\nHolmes, Ninian, 554.\\nHolmes. S. M,, 92, 346, 638,\\n682, 683.^\\nHolmes, William, 513.\\nHolt, Henry H., 92.\\nHolton, Byron D 212.\\nHood, General, 106.\\nHooker, C. S., 198.\\nHooker, Joseph, 230, 969, 973.\\nHooper, G. W., 645.\\nHooper. W. H., 130.\\nHope, Henry, 84. 223, 243, 255,\\nHopkin, Robert, 360, 361, 494.\\nHopkins, 679.\\nHopkins, Captain, 237, 238.\\nHopkins, C. C, 187.\\nHopkins, George H.. loi.\\nHopkins, James, 978.\\nHopkins, Mark, 616, 708.\\nHopkins. P., 7 .8.\\nHopkins, Silas, 554.\\nHopkins, S. P., 165.\\nHopkins, S. V,, 934.\\nHopper, 681.\\nHopper, H. S., 832.\\nHopper, J. S., 832.\\nHopson, R., 165.\\nHorn, John, 145, 973.\\nHornbogen, John, 166.\\nHornell, George, 595.\\nHorner, Archibald, 149.\\nHorner, H. F 131.\\nHorner, John S., 88, 89. 99, 300,\\n959-\\nHorr, R. G., 339.\\nHorsford, Oramcl, 93.\\nHorton. 941.\\nHorton, Joseph D., 941.\\nHosford, T. H., 687.\\nHosie, J. R., 648.\\nHosie, R., 654, 872.\\nHosmer, 626, 718.\\nHosmer, Artemas, 130, 131, 198,\\n933-\\nHosmer, John, 756. 757, 866.\\nHosmer, Rufus, lo. 682, 683.\\nHosmer, W. S., i^i.\\nHough, G. B., 358.\\nHough, G. W., 137, 145.\\nHough, Ira M., 648.\\nHough, L. C, 872.\\nHough, Olmstead, 38.\\nHoughton, Douglass, 50, 103,\\n104, 140, 359, 703, 710. 711,\\n746. 752, 830, 862, 941, 962.\\nHoughton, Harriett, 941.\\nHoughton, Jacob, 61, 71, 703.\\n936-\\nHouse, James, 227.\\nHoward, 240, 300, 301, 963.\\nHoward, A., 639,\\nHo^ward, A. K., 303.\\nHoward, Hronson, 358,687,703.\\nHoward, Charles, 71, 140, 712,\\n785, 862. 865.\\nHoward, Charles M., 642.\\nHoward, Cyrus, 101, 131, 192,\\n194, 198.\\nHoward, Henry, 92. T40, 142,\\n475. 838.\\nHoward, Jacob M., 92, 100,102,\\n103, 106, 141, 308, 310, 675,\\n710, 736, 840, 873, 883, 067,\\n968.\\nHoward, John, 210.\\nHoward, Joshua, 100, 131, 176,\\n209, 226, 851, 941.\\nHoward, Mark, 943.\\nHoward, Warren, 130, 210.\\nHoward, W. A., 103, 141, 167,\\n306, 661, 711, 732, 755, 839,\\n872, 883, 967.\\nHowarih, J. B., 833.\\nHowe, Amos, 131.\\nHowe, Eleanor E., Miss, 661.\\nHowe, (1. W.. 143.\\nHowe, J. B.. 717.\\nHowe, Joseph, 798.\\nHowe, U T.. 355, 521, 650, 703,\\n711, 756, 786.\\nHowe, Wm. B., 144, 145, 695.\\nHowell. Andrew. 99.\\nHowell, Charles B., 6gi, 703.\\nHowell, C. P., 488.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1050.jp2"}, "1051": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\n999\\nHowell, R. R., 2IO.\\nHowland, Job F., 142.\\nHowland, \\\\V. 58, 210, 211.\\nHowlett, Samuel, 934.\\nHoyt, 6i8.\\nHoyt, I O., 51.\\nHoyt, rhoinas A., sgg.\\nHoyt, \\\\V. C, 10;.\\nHubbard, 978.\\nHubbard, Amos C, 57.\\nHubbard, Bela, 10, 31, 57, 75,\\n362, 447, 497, 650, 673, 700,\\n703, 711, 907, 941.\\nHubbard, Hela, Mrs., 310, 70^.\\nHubbard, C. B., lor, 714.\\nHubbard, H. G., 16, 300, 83Q\\nHubbard, _|. S., 892.\\nHubbard, barah, 594.\\nHubel. F. A., 822, 823, 824.\\nHubbell, 697.\\nHubbell, Levi, 883.\\nHubbell, N. J., 780.\\nHuber, Andrew, 798.\\nHuber. John, 79S.\\nHubert, t8.\\nHubert, John Francis, 546.\\nHubert, Pierre, 535.\\nHubert, Thomas, 212.\\nHudson, 8.\\nHudson, B. B., Mrs., 842.\\nHudson, E. H., 487.\\nHudson, E. W., 57, 470, 586, 941.\\nHudson, Helen, 633.\\nHudson, Jonathan, 101.\\nHudson, J. L., 871.\\nHudson, J. S., 180.\\nHudson, Sarah E., Mrs., 941.\\nHudson, William, 56.\\nHuegli, J. A., 618, 663.\\nHueston, James, 100.\\nHuff, George, 62.\\nHuff, James, 935.\\nHuff, Robert D., 167.\\nHughes, F. W,, 140, 648, 753,\\n756, 757-\\nHughes, Thomas E., 552.\\nHughes, T. F. 145.\\nHughes, W. H., 688.\\nHulbert, 740.\\nHulbert, C. E., 628.\\nHulbert, John, 642, 753, 755.\\nHulbert, John, Mrs,, 652.\\nHull, Abijah, 28. 472.\\nHull, Abram, 150.\\nHull, A. F., 184, 277, 313.\\nHull, C. B., 778, 781, 826.\\nHull, Jacob, 155.\\nHull, John, 143, 654.\\nHull, L. C, 749.\\nHull, Mrs.. 855, 856.\\nHull, William, 25, 26, 27, 28,\\n87, 88, 95. 97, i2r, 134, 221,\\n224, 227, 264, 268, 271, 272,\\n2741 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,\\n289, 29a, 291, 292, 293, 294,\\n295, 296, 297, 298, 313, 314,\\n315. 3^6, 318, 323, 34S, 472i\\n480, 490, 694, 854, 855, 857,\\n858, 871, 954, 955.\\nHumboldt, Alexander, 321, 941,\\n956, 970.\\nHumes, Porter S., 191.\\nHumphrey, Levi S., 176.\\nHumphrey, William, 92.\\nHunt, 79, 695, 977.\\nHunt, Anna, 594.\\nHunt, Charles C. P.. 770.\\nHunt, Cleaveland, 101, 757.\\nHunt, Cleaveland, .Mrs., 655.\\nHunt, George, 652.\\nHunt, Henry F., 314.\\nHunt, H. L, 48, 62, 95, 135, 138,\\n140, 163, 192, 227, 282, 285,\\n335 502. 503. 552, 555i 556.\\n557 558, 631. 641. 651, 652,\\n730 73*1 770. 859.\\nHunt, James, 212.\\nHunt, Jed, 198, 202, 210.\\nHunt, John, 135, 185, 186, 558,\\n7301 731-\\nHunt, John E.. 281.\\nHunt, Mary, 594.\\nHunt, Melicent, 594,\\nHunt, Ronaldson, 354.\\nHunt, Rowena, 944.\\nHunt, Sarah, Miss, 718, 963.\\nHunt, Thomas, 38, 227.\\nHunt, William B., 125, 130, 193,\\n594, 648\\nHunter, H., 499.\\nHunter. Isaac C., 564.\\nHunter, John M., 710.\\nHunter, Closes, 557, 587.\\nHuntington, B., 123, 209.\\nHuntington, Joseph, 313.\\nHuntington, William, 739.\\nHurd, Abner, 718.\\nHurd. Charles L. Mrs., 943.\\nHurd, E., 50, 649.\\nHurd, Henry, 130.\\nHurd, J. L., 787.\\nHurd, Matilda, 594.\\nHurlbut, C, 61, 71, 143, 311,\\n4 Ji, 506, 513, 520, 523, 713,\\n785, 867.\\nHurlbut, George, 6og.\\nHurlbut. H., 674.\\nHurlbut, Melvina A., Miss, 737,\\n738.\\nHurlbut, Miss, 718.\\nHurley, J., 8gi.\\nHurley, T., 891.\\nHurst, J. F., 579, 709.\\nHurst, T., 924, 934.\\nHustis, D. D., 58, 211.\\nHuston, John, 131.\\nHuston, Reuben, 58.\\nHutchins, G. B., 826.\\nHutchins, John, 866.\\nHutchins, M. P., 143.\\nHutchins, Payson, 792.\\nHutchinson, B. P.. 839.\\nHutton, George, 654.\\nHutton, W. H. H., 924.\\nHuyser, P., 166, 167.\\nHyde, 496.\\nHyde, B. D., 523.\\nHyde, B. F., loi, 144, 196.\\nHyde, Oliver M., 140, 143, 216,\\n494. 785^ 910. 964-\\nIngersoll, 494. 970.\\nIngersoll, Walter, 165, 862, 941.\\nIngersoll, Walter Mrs., 310.\\nIngersoll, Elias T., 132.\\nIngersoll, L W., 143.\\nIngersoll, John N.. 675, 676.\\nIngersoll, Julia. Mrs., 941.\\nIngersoll, Justus, 740, 755.\\nIngersoll, Robert U., 709.\\nInglis, David, 50, 5 6, 676, 733.\\nInglis, James, 606, Cio, 611, 674,\\n676, 704.\\nInglis, Richard, 51, 611.\\nIrvin, David, 186.\\nIrvine, J, B., 228, 229.\\nIrvine, Paulus Emelius, 84.\\nIrvine, William, 259, 261.\\nIrving, Charles J., iy8.\\nIrving, Washington, 675, 746,\\n9^1.\\nIrwin, Charles F., f 3, go.\\nIrwin, Robert, 502, 712, 713.\\nIrwin, W. W., loi, 130.\\nIsbell, Nelson G., 92, 785.\\nIsham, Warren, 673, 674, 677,\\n704.\\nIvers, John. 80.\\nIves, A., 41, 143, 161, 648, 872,\\n941.\\nIves, C, 130, 311, 638, 872.\\nIves, J. T. L. M., 486.\\nIves, L. T.. 360, 361, 362.\\nIves, Percv. 361.\\nIves, S. H. 872\\nIves, William. 126. 130.\\nIzard, General, 285.\\nJack, C. S., 758.\\nJackson, 808.\\nJackson, Andrew, 102, 746, 848,\\n849. 949.\\nJackson. C. 6t, 65, 142, 194,\\n342, 713- 936.\\nJackson, C. C, 143. 176, 191,\\n494, 739, 756.\\nJackson, C. W., 58, 61, 143, 204.\\nJackson, Captain, 209.\\nJackson, Henry, 329, 888.\\nJackson, Hiram, 796.\\nJackson, Morris, 210.\\nJackson, S. S., 355, 744.\\nJackson, Thomas. 145, 146.\\nJackson, W. A., 885.\\nJacob, J. C, 145, 146.\\nJacobs, A. P., 704.\\nJacobs, H. F., 633, 637.\\nJacobs, J., 647.\\nJacobs, Harris, 80. 798.\\nJacobs, N. P., 137, 144.\\nJacokes. D. C, 571, 572.\\nJaeger, J., 212.\\nJames, 482, 611.\\nJames, Benjamin, 767.\\nJames, C, NIrs., 719.\\nJames, Charles B., 757.\\nJames, J., 503, 866.\\nJames, W., 287, 503.\\nJames, W. v., 645.\\nJameson, Mrs., 4, 581, 606, 708,\\n710, 916, 960.\\nJamieson, R. A., 51, 647, 733.\\nJamison, L. J., 228.\\nJanauschek, 358.\\nJanes, E. S., 579.\\njanney, L. T., 795.\\nJanvier, R., 531, 535.\\nJapes, 499.\\nJapes, John, 162.\\nJarves, Deming, 938.\\nJarves, Deming, Mrs., 940.\\nJaunay, Father du, 237.\\nJay, John, 266, 941, 953.\\nJefferson, Thomas, 253, 254,\\n255. 2571 259, 298, 329, 358,\\n746, 941, 957.\\nJeffries, R., 577.\\nJenks, E. W., 51, 678.\\nJenks, G. C, 680.\\nJenks, J. W., 68o._\\nJenkins, Charles E., 939,\\nJenkins, J. G., 641.\\nJcnness, J. S., 56, 164.\\nJenney, William, 92.\\nJennings, A. F., 58.\\nJennings, Charles G., 733.\\nJennings, Robert, 519.\\nJennison, Wm., 176, 177, 188,\\n183, 194. 704. 757.\\nJepkins, Charles, 798.\\nJerome, Jean B., 280, 313.\\nJerome, D. H., 92, 974.\\nJerome, E., 716.\\nJerome, Edwin, Jr., 196.\\nJerome, Franklin H., 941.\\nJerome, George, 100, 176, 615,\\n785, 865, 936, 942.\\nJessup, Thomas S., 291, ,294.\\nJewell, Marshall, 4.\\nJewell, T. B., 190.\\nJewell, W. F., 733.\\nJewett, George, 132.\\nJobin, Joseph, 313.\\nJobson, F. J., 579.\\nJogues, 527.\\nJohannes, N., 796.\\nJohns, H. W., 559, 562.\\nJohnson, 492.\\nJohnson, Andrew, 106, 969.\\nJohnson, A. S., 872.\\nJohnson, Captain, 301.\\nJohnson, D., 1R7, 188.\\nJohnson, E., 860.\\nJohnson, George K., 866.\\nJohnson, Guy, 234.\\nJohnson, Hugh, 835, 836.\\nJohnson, H. R., 468, 484.\\nJohnson, James D., 34. 697.\\nJohnson, John, 234, 240, 263,\\n264.\\nJohnson, J. G., 647. 733.\\nJohnson, Morgan, 792.\\nJohnson. M. F., 860.\\nJohnson, O. C, 709.\\nJohnson, R. A., ^77.\\nJohnson, R. D., 486.\\nJohnson, R. M., 103, 108, 283,\\n961.\\nJohnson, S. M., 686.\\nJohnson. S. W., 695.\\nJohnson, T. C, 610.\\nJohnson, Sir William, 232, 234,\\n236, 240, 243, 323, 349, 760,\\n879. 951-\\nJohnson, William, 37.\\nJohns m, W. M., 866.\\nJohnson, W. M., Mrs., 661.\\nJohnson, W. W., 210.\\nJohnston, 806.\\nJohnston, George Washington,\\n946.\\nJohnston, James. 746, 758.\\nJohnston, John W., 41, 446, 576,\\n941, 943.\\nJohnston Optical Co., 836.\\nJohnstone, 688\\nJohnstone, R. F., 674, 679, 682.\\nJoliet, Sieur. 325.\\nJoncaire, see Chabert.\\nJoncaire, 150, 190, lyi.\\nJoncaire, Charles 1 Cliabert,\\n94, 123, 313.\\nJoncaire, Francis Chabert, 978.\\nJoncaire, Francois de, 24.\\nJon^s, 916, 979, 981.\\nJones, n. C., 924.\\nJones. Catharme, 594.\\nJones, Czar, 484.\\nJones, David, 551, 953.\\nJones, De Garmo. 8, 89, 100,\\n140, 142, 143. 473, 474 557i\\n558, 631, 636, 716, 770, 859,\\n860, 896, 926. 941.\\nJones, Klisha, 704.\\nJones, Enoch, 142, 851.\\nJones, George W., 102.\\nJones, G. F., 74.\\nJones, G. H., 506, 851.\\nJones, H. G., 719, 758.\\nJones, Isaac, 134.\\nJones. J. R., 86, 87.\\nJones, Myra M., 744.\\nJones, Richard, 2to.\\nJones, K. H., 281. 857.\\nJones, Watson, 680, 691.\\nJones, Whitney. 92.\\nJones, William, 281.\\nJones, W. A., 487.\\nJonquire, Marquis de la, 83,\\n330-\\nJoos, Edward, 547.\\nJordan, T., 210.\\nJoslin, T. J., 572.\\nJouett, C, 17, 24. 34.\\nJouira, Jacob de iMarsac dil\\nDesroches, 18.\\nJourdon, Andrew, 313.\\nJoy, Hartford. 343.\\nJoy, Hiram, 933.\\nJoy, James, 80.\\nJoy, J. F., 101, 195, 306, 360,\\n374. 737. 797 864, ^67, 891,\\n901, 903, 941, 967.\\nToy, J. F.. Mrs, 662.\\nJoyce, T.. 165, 935.\\nJudd, Philo E., 697.\\nJung, C. 608, 610.\\nJung, Michael, 551.\\nJungblut, N., 80.\\nJungman, 551.\\nKaichcn, Arnold, 38, 226.\\nKaiser, 498.\\nKaiser, Augustus, 146, 647.\\nKalisch. I., 628, 704.\\nKallman. E. Mrs., 657.\\nKaminsky, Anthony, 687.\\nKamminski, Charles, 798.\\nKanady, S. C, 870. 942.\\nKane, K., 50, 646, 676.\\nKane, E. E., ig6.\\nKanter, E., 101. 165, 218, 360.\\n646, 867, 868, 869. 942.\\nKanter, Edward, Mrs., 310.\\nKanter, H. L.. 162. 869.\\nKaple, John H., 190, 677, 870.\\n872, 883.\\nKapple, James, 559. 562. 563,\\n564.\\nKarpeles. R. Mrs., 657.\\nKarrer, Aaron. 868.\\nKarrer, S. C, 145. 146, 758.\\nKatus, Alois. 166.\\nKatus, J., 317.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1051.jp2"}, "1052": {"fulltext": "1000\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nKeith, J. W., 648.\\nKell ;y, John, 146.\\nKt-iltv, Patrick. 535.\\nKelley, P. D., 535.\\nKellogg, 354.\\nKellogg, A. H., 599.\\nKellogg, A. S., 30, 785, 839.\\nKellogg, C, 868, 872, 922.\\nKellogg, J. W., 572.\\nKellogg, M. C, 885.\\nKellogg, R. R., 597, 613, 638.\\nKellogg, R. R. Mrs., 652.\\nKellogg. W, P., 791.\\nKelly. Jane, 534.\\nKelly, Michael, 492.\\nKelly, William, 210.\\nKelsey, J, W,, 165, 924.\\nKelso, S. J,. 704.\\nKelton, D. H., 709.\\nKennedy, George, 654.\\nKennedy, Michael, 12^.\\nKenny, John, 537.\\nKenzie, John, 981.\\nKendall, D., 935.\\nKendall. John, 566, 757.\\nKendrick, 539.\\nKendrick, S. N., 674, 756.\\nKenealy, M., 935.\\nKent, C. A., 758.\\nKent, John P., 555, 558.\\nKenton, Simon, 249, 250.\\nKercheval, B. B., go, 142, 770,\\n^864,865, 8g6.\\nKermott, J. \\\\V., 161, 162.\\nKern, C, 543.\\nKern, H., 357.\\nKerr, J. A.. 695.\\nKerr, Theodore F., 51, 59, 647,\\n649, 67S. 758.\\nKerrlge, J. M., 574.\\nKershaw, C. J.. 910, 965.\\nKersting, David, 543.\\nKertk, Louis, 83.\\nKessler, John, 146, 165.\\nKetaukah, 180, 957.\\nKetchum. Sidney, 849.\\nKeusch, J., 132, 165.\\nKeusch, James, 132.\\nKeveny, Ann, Mrs,, 539.\\nKeveny. John, 130.\\nKewaubis. 180, 957,\\nKean, M. B., 661, 721. 866.\\nKearney, James, 918.\\nKearsley, E. R., 317, 520, 523.\\nKearsley. Jonathan, 23, 38, 59,\\n103, 13S, 140, 186, 195, 198,\\n30^1 359, 492. 636, 641. 672,\\n716, 730^ 731, 736, 796, 942.\\nKeatmg, Prof.. 957.\\nKeavy, Joseph. 906.\\nKeavey, William, Mrs., 665.\\nKeeney, Benjamin, 71.\\nKeeney, J 491.\\nKiah, J. G., 921.\\nKibbee, H. C, 226, 756, 867,\\n872.\\nKibbee, Porter, 93.\\nKiddoo, J. B., 228.\\nKidder, D. P., 708.\\nKiefer, H., 102, 646, 757, 761,\\n869, 970.\\nKieler, 498.\\nKies, W. v., 645.\\nKilburn, Joseph, 978.\\nKillen, James, 934,\\nKilroy, Lawrence, 537.\\nKilroy, L. F., 696.\\nKindeman, John, 621.\\nKinderkins, J., 535,\\nKing, 496, 497, 590. 641, 965.\\nKing, George E., 612.\\nKing, Harvey, 61, 487, 496,\\n936-\\nKing, John, 935.\\nKing, Joseph, 933.\\nKing, J. L., 457.\\nKmg, J. L. Mrs., 203.\\nKing, R. W., 144, 161, 162, 523,\\n639, 65S, 659, 711, 752, 757,\\n792.\\nKing, S. B., 4S4.\\nKing, T. Starr, 709.\\nKing, Mrs. Gen., 361.\\nKingsbury, B., 113, 673.\\nKingsbury, F. J., 818.\\nKingsbury, Jacob, 227, 368.\\nKingsley, 486.\\nKinkel, Dr., 963, 964.\\nKinney, John M., Sirs., 716.\\nKinney, O. L., 758.\\nKinnicut, Delos, 619.\\nKinousaki, Chief, 334.\\nKinzie, John, 179.\\nKinzie, J. H.,Mrs., 707.\\nKirby, Alice, 980.\\nKirby, E. P., Miss. 664.\\nKirby, P rank E., 911.\\nKirby. F. A., 911.\\nKirby, George, 57, 718, 770, 772,\\n864.\\nKirby, John, 130, 198.\\nKirby, R. M., 132.\\nKirby, S. R., 911.\\nKirby, Z., 492.\\nKirchner, Olto, 93.\\nKirchner, S., 162.\\nKirkenoeld, ]\\\\L, 603.\\nKirkland, C. M. Mrs., 652, 704.\\nKirtcland, William, 345, 716.\\nKiskauko, 161.\\nKitchell, H. D., 613, 614, 638,\\n64^ 675, 704.\\nKitchell, Robert, 704.\\nKlei, H., loi, 137, 145, 146,\\nKlein, P., loi, 646, 649, 687,\\n688.\\nKleine, John A., 575.\\nKling, Philip, 145,\\nKloppenburg, Julius S., 469.\\nKlump, Frederick, 578.\\nKnaggs, 10, 531.\\nKnaggs, James, 313.\\nKnaggs, Thomas, 313.\\nKnaggs, Whitmore, 183, 313,\\n978.\\nKnapp, B. F., 130.\\nKnapp. D., 145, 86g.\\nKnapp, Smith. 165, 202. 795.\\nKnapp, Thomas, 565.\\nKnapp. T. S., 163. 209, 860.\\nKnapp. William B.. 126.\\nKnight, H. C, 137, 144, 638,\\n676, 753i 757, 840, 841.\\nKnight, L. P., 869, 902.\\nKnoll. S. L., Mrs., 657.\\nKnowles, Henry. 935.\\nKnowles, William H.. 934.\\nKnowlton. Thomas, 210, 795.\\nKnox, C. H., 176.\\nKnox, General, 264.\\nKnox, Robert, 167, 799.\\nKoch, Christian, 942.\\nKoch, C. G., 578.\\nKoehler. F. C, 609.\\nKoehler, John, 797.\\nKoenig, John A., 539.\\nKoernerj W., 543.\\nKohler, K., 628.\\nKoiin, Joseph, 167.\\nKolasinski, D. H.. 542.\\nKontrovich, Laser, 629.\\nKopp, W., 355.\\nKramer, I\\\\L. 676.\\nKramer. Philip, 688.\\nKrapp, William, 935.\\nKrecke, P 196, 198, 718.\\nKreit, U.. 166, 167.\\nKremer, A., 799, 934.\\nKremer, F. 144, 145,317.\\nKrill, Henry, 576.\\nKrolik, H. A., Mrs., 657.\\nKronberg, A. G., 146.\\nKrug, J. G., 695.\\nKuemmel, H., 167, 934, 935.\\nKuhn, Ferdinand, 647.\\nKuhn, Herman, 19S.\\nKuhn, J., loi, 145, 161, 196,\\n19S, 718, 757, 870.\\nKull, C. K., 798.\\nKuUman, A., 541.\\nKulnan, Joseph, 167.\\nKummer, Nicholas, 935.\\nKundig, Martin, 49, 532, 537,\\n538, 648, 650, 651.\\nKunze, George E.. 71.\\nKupp, Anton, 537, 538.\\nKurth, F. W. A., loi.\\nKurtz, J, A., 145, 844.\\nKurtz, Joseph, 162.\\nKydd, W., 166, 167.\\nLaas, Gustavus, 576.\\nLabadi, Alexis, 977.\\nLabadi. Alexis Descontis, 979.\\nLabadi, Charles, 978.\\nLabadi, Pierre I)., 977.\\nLabadie, 337, gi6.\\nLabadie, J. A., 680.\\nLabadie, ^lonique, Miss, 720.\\nLabadie, Pierre, 20.\\nLa Balm, Colonel, 257.\\nLabrosse, Dominique, 942. 979.\\nLa Butte, I\\\\L, 236, 237, 333, 337.\\nLacey, H. A., 140.\\nLacey, Samuel S., 93.\\nLacey, Walton, Walker, 67.\\nLaclede, 334.\\nLacroix, 18.\\nLacroix, E. N., 19, 40, 144, 165,\\n654, 674, 675, 694, 756, 965.\\nLacroix, Pierre Hubert, 313, 337,\\n529-\\nLadd, T. M., 492, 681, 682.\\nLaderoot, Eli, 202.\\nLaderoot, Peter, 80.\\nLadouceur, 337, 716, 979.\\nLaderoute, 333, 337.\\nLaderoute, Joseph, 982.\\nLa Devoute, Oliver, 766.\\nLadue, A., 198.\\nLadue, A. T., 143.\\nLadue, John, 140, 345.\\nLadue, J. C, Mrs., 495.\\nLadue, William N., 757, 758.\\nLafayette, Marquis de, 329,942.\\nLa Ferte, 337. 797, 979.\\nLa Ferte, Daniel, 333, 690, 734.\\nLafferty, 979.\\nLaflerty, Clement, 144, 162, 942.\\nLaffrey, Auguste, 501.\\nLa Fleur. 337.\\nLafleur, N,, 210.\\nLafontaine, Francois, 942, 978,\\n979-\\nLa Forest, 19, 325.\\nLa Foy, Lambert, 285.\\nLa Harpe, 330.\\nLa Hontan, Baron de, 325, 707,\\n951.\\nLaible, Eugene, 144, 145.\\nLaidlaw, R., 654.\\nLaidlaw, R. J., 599, 604, 704.\\nLaitner, Aloys, 826.\\nLa Joy, Hyacinth, 313.\\nLally, J. E., 318.\\nLambert, Wm., 348, 494.\\nLambie, F., 633, 639, 704, 788,\\n942.\\nLamoirine, 535.\\nLa Mothe, 173, 250, 252, 253,\\n255.\\nLamson, Darms, 142, 520, 860.\\nLanctot, Mederic, 678.\\nLane, John, 799.\\nLane, G. M Mrs., 662.\\nLane, M. T., 196, 198, 648.\\nLandsberg, A. Mrs., 657.\\nLangan, A., 281.\\nLange, Alexander, 621.\\nLangdon, Augustus, 276, 335.\\nLangdon, George C, 75, 106,\\n140, 162, 666.\\nLangdon, W. W., 903.\\nLangley, Henry, 757.\\nLangley, William H., 137, 144,\\n145. 475, 936, 942.\\nLanglois, 18,\\nLanigan, D., 166, 795, 798.\\nLankford, W. S., 577.\\nLanman, Charles James, 1S6,\\n859.\\nLanman, James H., 707.\\nLanning, Gideon, 555.\\nLansing, E. A., 143.\\nLansing, H. L., 862.\\nLansing, John, gi.\\nLansing, R. R., 758.\\nLaparle, Joseph, 979.\\nLapham, 695.\\nLapham, H. S., 496.\\nLapierre, 979.\\nLappan, John C, 681.\\nLappen, Charles, 798.\\nLaporte, i\\\\I, L., 542, 724.\\nLargy, John, 481.\\nLaRiviere, Jean Baptiste de,\\n535-\\nLamed, 52, 285, 887.\\nLarned, B. F.. 642, 651, 652,860.\\nLarned, Charles, 135. 176, 186,\\n190. 210, 359, 558. 559, 562,\\n641, 710, 711, 716, 730, 731,\\n735, 838, 942.\\nLarned, George B., 711,\\nLarned, Sylvester, 633, 788.\\nLasalle, A., gjg.\\nLasalle, F,, 979, 981.\\nLasalle. Francis, 123.\\nLasalle, Francois, 26.\\nLasalle, Jacques, 978, 979, 980,\\n981.\\nLa Salle, Chevalier de, 325, 447,\\n527, 707, 907, 942, 9.SI,\\nLa Salle, James, 314.\\nLa Salle, Jean, 333.\\nLa Salle, Jean Baptiste, 311.\\nLa Salliere, 720.\\nLaselle, A., 266, 981.\\nLasselle, Francois, 313, 978.\\nLaser, A., 628.\\nLastrie, P.. 535.\\nLathrop, H. B 143. 851.\\nLathrop, W. H., 51, 647, 678.\\nLatimer. G. W., 57, 856, 87a.\\nLattimer, W. Irving, 92.\\nL Auberiviere, Francis Louis de\\nPourroy de, 546.\\nLauder, James B., 145.\\nLauderdale, E., 58, 646, 924,\\n942.\\nLaumet, Jean, 326.\\nLaurense, Leonard, 4gg, 601,\\n63g.\\nLauson-Charny, Charles de, 83.\\nLauson, Jean de. 83.\\nLauzon, Francois, 20.\\nLavinder, R. H., 166.\\nLaw, T. v., 647.\\nLawrence, Amos, 215,\\nLawrence, E., 188.\\nLawrence, F. C, 942.\\nLawrence, S. J.. 132.\\nLawrence, Prosper, 131, ig8.\\nLeadbeater, A.. 484.\\nLeadbeater. K. S., 165, 166, 167.\\nLedbeter, Thomas, 61, 756.\\nLeach, C. C, 131.\\nLeach, D, C, 324\\nLeach, Elisha, 50, 647.\\nLeach, E. C. 872.\\nLeahey, E., 963.\\nLeary, Peter,\\nLeavenworth, F. H 811.\\nLeavitt, A. E., 162, 574, 942,\\n971.\\nLebeau, Jean Baptiste, 979.\\nLebot, Enos, 144, 166, 799, 934,\\n935-\\nLebot, Louis, 798.\\nL Ecuyer, 272.\\nLecuyer, P., 40, 126, 192, 730,\\n859-\\nLeddy, James. 756, 757.\\nLederle, Anthony, 218.\\nLeduc, Louis, 981.\\nLed yard, Henry, 56, 71, 100,\\n140, 143, 755. 864, 926, 942,\\n962.\\nLedyard, H. B., 871, 901.\\nLee, A. H., 872.\\nLee, Asenath, 594,\\nLee, Charles, 569.\\nLee, E. Smith, 176, 191, 192,\\n195. 197-\\nLee, G. L., 8S4.\\nLee, G. W,, 102, 324.\\nLee, John IVL, 131.\\nLee, Luther, 708.\\nLee, Thomas, 210.\\nLee, William, 513.\\nLee, Robert E., 309.\\nLeetch, A. J., loi.\\nLeeth, John, 250.\\nLe Fa vou r, Ed ward, 38, 144,\\n217. 475, 711-\\nLefeverc, Peter Paul, 54, 532,\\n535, 539, 547, 661, 694, g6i,\\n963, 969.\\nLoggett, W. W., 360,", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1052.jp2"}, "1053": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\nlOOI\\nLe Grand, Philip. 172, 237.\\nLegrand, Gabriel Christopher.\\n50-\\nLegras. 85.\\nLeib, Emily, Mrs,, 651.\\nLeib, John L 98, 192, 19S, 491,\\n730. 977-\\nLeighion, R. \\\\V., 132.\\nLeiich. 856.\\nLeiand, A. L., 50. 942.\\nLeiand. C. P., 901.\\nLeiand, W. H., 486.\\nLcnicke, H., 646.\\nLemlcie, F. A., 196, 198.\\nLemkie, J., 798.\\nLemmer, A., 146.\\nLemmer, Henry, 799.\\nL Enfant, Major, 29.\\nLennox, L. F.., 573.\\nLenlz, Matthias, 166, 798.\\nLeoXJII.. 547.\\nLeonard, Bonavenltire, 529, 535.\\nLeonard, C. H., 679, 690, 704,\\n734-\\nLeonard, Hattie, Miss, 361.\\nLeonard, L., 719.\\nLeonard, M., 679.\\nLeonard, R. H.. 94a.\\nLeonard Glass Works, 836.\\nLeopold, Prince, 974.\\nL Epinay, M. de, 330.\\nLernoult, Richard Beringer,\\n222, 223, 227, 244, 246, 952.\\nLe Roy, Daniel, 92, 176, 192,\\n730-\\nLe Roy, H. H., 4, 73, 143, 144,\\n64. 493. 513* 52it 652, 713,\\n936-\\nLery, Joseph GaspardChausse-\\ngros de, 32.\\nLesher, George H., 196.\\nL Esperance, Antoine Billow\\ndit, 337, 981-\\nL Esperance, F., 798.\\nLesHc, Lieutenant, 234, 550.\\nLe Tendre, Genevieve, 529.\\nL Etourneau, M-. F., 537.\\nLett, D. G., 607.\\nLetleker, John. 549.\\nLevadoux, Michael, 535.\\nLevering, C. H., 355, 357.\\nLevings, Noah, 569.\\nLevington, John, 572, 578, 704.\\nLevis, Antoine de, 535.\\nLevy, H.. 314.\\nLewis, 173, 280.\\nLewis, Alexander, 114, 140, 205,\\n761, 788. 702, 843, 844, 972.\\nLewis, A. M., 584.\\nLewis, Amr\u00c2\u00bbs, 483, 492.\\nLewis, C. B., 686, 704.\\nLewis, E.. 58.\\nLewis, G. F., 872.\\nLewis, H. N. F., 674.\\nLewis, J. O., 33, 34, 138, 162.\\nLewis, R. N., 845.\\nLewis, Robert P.. 559, 562, 563,\\n564.\\nLewis, S., 785, 786, 787, 864.\\nLewis, Thomas, 100, loi, 130,\\n198, 404, 713.\\nLichtenberg, A., 796.\\nLichtenbcrg. F. \\\\VilIiam, 218.\\nLichtenberg, William, 145.\\nLichty, Edward, 647, 649.\\nLiggt^ J. D., 683, 719, 974.\\nLiggett, J. v., 758, 760, 874.\\nLiggett. R. A., 126, 145. 318.\\nLightner. Milton C, 582, 586,\\n587. 591.\\nLigneris, M. de, 233.\\nLillibridge, G. R., 890.\\nLillibridge. W. M., 757, 758.\\nLimberg, Isabella Roest Von,\\n942.\\nLimbocker, T. G., 125.\\nLimpens, G. E. ^L. 541.\\nLincoln, Abraham, 104, 309,\\n718, 746. 942, 968.\\nLincoln, Benjamin, 265.\\nLincoln, Tad, 104.\\nLinctot, M., 261.\\nLindsay, A. G., 757, 758, 870.\\nLindsay, A. G., Mrs., 652, 653.\\nLingeman, A., 144, 318, 496.\\nLingeman, J., 145, 146.\\nI,inn, 495, 497.\\nLinn, A. R., 786.\\nLinn, Robert, 654.\\nLinn, Thomas, 654.\\nLinn, W. F., 786.\\nLinn, W. F.. Mrs., 665.\\nLisk, Robert, 654.\\nLitchfield. E. C, 862.\\nLittle, 492.\\nLittle, John, 979.\\nLittle, William, uo, 198.\\nLittlefield, Louis B., 146.\\nLittlefield, S. S., 695.\\nLivandiere, Sieur de, Hugues\\nJacques Pean, 227.\\nLivermore, C. F., 901,\\nLiverraore, C. F., Mrs., 691.\\nLivermore, Frank, 51.\\nLivermore, Isaac, 901.\\nLivernois, Francis, 942,\\nLivernois, Joseph, 981.\\nLivernois, Joseph, Jr., 979.\\nLivingston, William, loi, 785,\\n792, 871.\\nLloyd, G. W., 57, 885.\\nLobdejl, J. F., 487.\\nLochbihler. L., 680.\\nLochrey, .Archibald, 259.\\nLocke, D. R. (Petroleum V.\\nNasby), 709.\\nLocke. E. F., 737.\\nLocke, J., 58.\\nLockhart, William, 654.\\nLockwood, 564.\\nLockwood, C. T., 357.\\nLockwood, T. W,, 101, 199, 711,\\n786.\\nLodge, E. A., 677, 688,704.\\nLoebenstein, A., 575.\\nLogan, John, 87, 323.\\nLogan, John A., 976.\\nLognon, 978.\\nLomasney, W. I\\\\L, 696.\\nLommesprou, Jacob de Marsac\\nde. 333.\\nLong. 493. 495. 957-\\nLong, James W., 324.\\nLong, John, 934.\\nLong, John B., 203, 934.\\nLong, William, 935.\\nLong, W. H., 924.\\nLongueuil, Juseph Lemoyne,\\nChevalier de, 12, 83, 227, 334.\\nLongyear, John W., 175.\\nLooker, O. R., 874.\\nLoonier, George W., 146.\\nLoomis, 605, 733.\\nLorain, Joshua, Widow of, 978.\\nLoranger, 980. 981.\\nLoranger, Joseph, 161, 162.\\nLoranjey, -Alexis, 313.\\nLord, 173, 227.\\nLord, C. P.. 487.\\nLord, H. W., 103, 704.\\nLorman, C, A., 942.\\nLorme, Francois Faford de, 17,\\n20.\\nLoskiel, 550.\\nLoson, Antoine, 982.\\nLossing, Benson J., 289, 708.\\nLothrop, 493.\\nLothrop, George V. N., 92, 191,\\n195, 199, 218, 339, 360, 362,\\n666, 711, 761, 788, 867. 940,\\n942, 968.\\nLothrop, G. V. N., Mrs,, 655.\\nLothrop, H. B., 652.\\nLotz. Charles, 166.\\nLoudon, 190.\\nLoughton, John, 244.\\nLouis XIII.. 83.\\nLouis XIV., 19. 83, 328, 329,\\n331. 370. 37 765.\\nLouis XV., 19, 83.\\nLouis Philippe, 707.\\nLouise, Princess, 974.\\nLoundsberry, E., 732.\\nLove, J., 799.\\nLove, James, 211, 212.\\nLove, John, 757.\\nLovelt, 406. 827.\\nLovetl, W. E., 942.\\nl^ivigny, M. de, 330.\\nLowe, E. S., 780.\\nLowe, G. W., 573.\\nLowe, Tobias, 143.\\nLowry, James, 494.\\nLowry, J. A., 574.\\nLowry, J. T., 138.\\nLoyola, Sister, 651, 653.\\nLucas, 299.\\nLucas, Ben., 285.\\nLucca, 354.\\nLucker, H., 357.\\nLucretia, Sister, 651.\\nLudden, Cornelia, Mrs., 310.\\nCudden, H. D., 936.\\nLudden, N. T., 142, 492, 851,\\n942.\\nLudlow, 95.\\nLudlow, b., loi.\\nLuff, 486.\\nLugenbeel, Pinckney, 228.\\nLum, C. M., 318.\\nLundi, John Stow, 183, 184.\\nLundy, Charles J., 704, 733, 734.\\nLuther, Martin, 556.\\nLutticke, Henry, 935.\\nLyell, James L., 653, 872, 942.\\nLyford, C. P., 211\\nLymbruner. 336.\\nLynch, C, 318, 799.\\nLyndon, Samuel, 872.\\nLyon, Anson E., 211.\\nLyon, Arch, 281.\\nLvon, Edward, 143, 311, 482,\\n583. 657.\\nLyon, F., 482.\\nLyon, G. G., 567.\\nLyon, Isaac L.. 871.\\nLyon, J. D., 482..\\nLyon. Lucius, 37, 102, 103, 1S6,\\n7 2. 73\\nLyon, Martha, 583.\\nLyon, T. T., 648.\\nLyons, A. B., 51, 678, 714.\\nLyons. Elizabeth, 720.\\nLyons, Lord, 308.\\nLyons, Samuel, 757.\\nLyster, Ellen E., 584.\\nLysier, Henry F., 51, 59, 646,\\n647, 678, 690, 733, 758.\\nLyster, W. N., 583, 584.\\nM\\nMabley, C. R., 360, 362, 469,\\n574. 770-\\nMabley, C. R.. Mrs., 360.\\nMac Adam, Alexander, 654.\\nMacauley, 695.\\nMacauley, C. 627.\\nMacauley, Richard, Mrs., 662.\\nMacfarlane, John W,, 696.\\nMacGregor. Thomas, 654.\\nMachcn. W. H., 361.\\nMack, 15, 181, 215.\\nMack, A., 100, 481, 685, 767,\\n770. 785. 958.\\nMack. Fanny, 594.\\nMack, Jesse, 205.\\nMack, John M,, 130, 943.\\nMack, Stephen, 103, 135, 557,\\nMack, leraperance, 594.\\nMackay, E., 907.\\nMackenzie, A., 919.\\nMackenzie, Ale.\\\\ander, 704.\\nMackenzie. J. W., 885.\\nMackey, Neucas, 228.\\nMaclean, General, 263.\\nMacomb, 36, 324, 333, 369, 371,\\n372, 491, 651.\\nMacomb, Alexander, 229, 669,\\n694. 837, 846. 859, 942.\\nMacomb, David, 35, 978, 981.\\nMacomb, David B., 198.\\nMacomb, D. R., 285.\\nMacomb, General, 103, 182, 271,\\n532. 534. 704. 88a, 957.\\nMacomb, John. 35, 978, 981.\\nMacomb, John IC., 225,339,918.\\nMacomb, Sarah, 554, 859, 978,\\n980, 981.\\nMacomb, \\\\V.. 7, 34, 35, 78. 94,\\n281, 669, 694, 767, 769, 848.\\nMacy, J. C, pj.\\nMadden. A. O., 165, 755.\\nMadigan, P., 167, 935.\\nMadison, James, 28, 274, 287.\\n289, 291, 298, 314, 315, 490,\\n858. 942-\\nMadison, R., 258.\\nMadi.son, William S., 180.\\nMaentz, Henry, 576.\\nMaes, C. P., 547, 704.\\nMaffit. John N., 569.\\nMagnan, 18.\\nMagoun, President, 616.\\nMahon, L., 756.\\nMahoney, D., 202, 211.\\nMahoney, T., 80, 145, 211,799,\\n935-\\nMahoney. W. C, 130.\\nMaichens, Bernard, 19.\\nMaier, M.. 498.\\nMain. John, 904.\\nMaire, L. E., 733.\\nMaisonville, Alexis, 172, 238.\\n255-\\nMajens, T. 538.\\nMalctte. 18.\\nMallary. R. DcWitt. 615.\\nMallory, N. C, 606.\\nMaione. 1\\\\ H.. 901.\\nMaloney, J. T., 758.\\nMaltz, E., 935.\\nMaltz. G. L., 318.\\nMandeM, Addison, 38, 141, 175,\\n176. 197-\\nMandlebaum. Antoinette. 937.\\nMandlebaum. Mary E., 583.\\nMandlebaum, S., 937, 938, 970.\\nMann, F., 923. 940.\\nMann, Horace, 675.\\nManning, Randolph, 92, 188,\\niqi, 862.\\nManning, Thoitias, 145, 146.\\nMansfield. S. M. 921.\\nMaples, William C, 131.\\nMarchand, 535.\\nMarchand, J. B., 920.\\nMarche, L)ominique de la. 529,\\n535-\\nMarcus S., 628.\\nMarcy, Mar 943.\\nMarcy, R. B., 708.\\nMario. 354.\\nMarion, Kazaire, 166.\\nMarion. Francis. 129.\\nMark, John. 868.\\nMarkham. F. P.. ;86. 494, 695.\\nMarkey, Christian, 943.\\nMarkey. M., 100, loi.\\nMarquette, Father, 324, 477,\\n527. 943-\\nMarr, John, 499.\\nMarryatt, Frederick, 708, 929.\\n960.\\nMarsac, Francois. 980. 981.\\nMarsac, Jacques. 982.\\nMarsac, J. B., 979.\\nMarsac, Louise de, 333.\\nMarsac, Rene. 981.\\nMarsac, Rnberl. 980.\\nMarschalk. Captain, 268.\\nftlarsh, 494.\\nMarsh, Albert, 143, 14^, 166,\\n202, 216.\\nMarsh, Alfred. 469.\\nMarsh, (Jeorge P., 708.\\nMarsh, J. A., 695.\\nMareh. Si. H., Mrs.. 665.\\nMarsh, O., 717.\\nMarsh, Selh, 131.\\nMarshall, H.. 708.\\nMarston, Is:iac. 93, 188, 943.\\nMartello. G., 663.\\nMartin, 837.\\nMartin, Anderson, 281.\\nMartin, Ann (Nancy), Mrs. 657.\\nMartin, Clara Barnes, Mrs., 329.\\nMartin, George, 101, 132, 187,\\n188.\\nMartin, George B., 142.\\nMartin, George H., 486.\\nMartin, Hugh B., 979.\\nMartin, H. M., 718.\\nMartin, J., 757, 758.\\nMartin, Jacques, 313.\\nMartin, John, 100.\\nMartin, J. E., 360.\\nMartin, John F., 646.\\nMartin. J. J., 758.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1053.jp2"}, "1054": {"fulltext": "1002\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nMartin, Stephen, 6i, loi, 143,\\n144. 198, 645, 756, 943.\\nMartin, S. E., 904.\\nMartin, S. J., 166, 198.\\nMartin, T. P., 126, 132.\\nMartin, T. W.. 844.\\nMartin, William, 934.\\nMartin, W. S.. 904.\\nMartinean, 232.\\nMartineau, Harriet, 481, 708,\\n959-\\nMartiney, 355.\\nMartz, 499.\\nMartz, M.. 71, 162.\\nMarum, J. Haramil, 353.\\nMarvin, F., 868.\\nMarx, Geor^fe, 132.\\nMarx, John, 144, 355.\\nMarxhausen, Aug., 76, 688.\\nMarxhausen, C, 680, 683.\\nMason, 794.\\nMason, L. B., 599,\\nMason, Edward, 704.\\nMason, George D,, 479.\\nMason. John, 934.\\nMason, John T., 89.\\nMason, Josiah, 95.\\nMason, L. M., loa, loi, 102, 205,\\n218, 862. 867.\\nMason, 0., 566.\\nMason, Paschal, 58.\\nMason, R., 132, 796.\\nMason, R. S.. 871.\\nMason, Stevens T., 88, 8g, go,\\n91, 112, 113, 142, 299, 3\\n301, 302, 317, 359, 838, 839,\\n958, 959. 961-\\nMass, E. T., 212, 213.\\nMatcher, F. P., 21. 977.\\nMaterna, Frau, 076.\\nMather, A. E., 164. 611.\\nMather, A. T.. 100.\\nMather, H. N., 680.\\nMatthew, Father, 969.\\nMatthews, 254, 264.\\nMatthews, Charles H., 916.\\nMatthews, Edward C. 863.\\nMatthews, E. R., 318, 757, 78S.\\nMatthews, John, 606, 608, 61:.\\nMatthews, J. L., 799.\\nMatthews, R,, 227.\\nMatthews, Salmon S., 176.\\nMatthews, Thomas, 56.\\nMatthews, Thomas P., loi.\\nMattoon, E. S., 355, 357.\\nMatzen, C, 167.\\nManrepas, Count, 18, 332.\\nMaury, M. F., 709.\\nMaxfield, T. R., 924.\\nMaxson, C. B., 167.\\nMaxwell, 532.\\nMaxwell, J. M., 485.\\nMaxwell, T., 033.\\nMaxwell, William, 66g.\\nMav. Charles P., 689.\\nMay, Charles S., 92,683.\\nMay, Dwitjht, 92.\\nMay, F. W., 570.\\nMay, James, g, Sg, 95, loi, iii,\\n130. 133. M9t 174. 176, 179.\\nigo, 191, 198, 214, 224, 262,\\n268, 272, 313, 315, 316, 317,\\n341, 473, 481, 490. 501, 644,\\n715, 729, 859, 908, 915, 927,\\n928.\\nMay, John, 211.\\nMay, Paul, str.\\nMaybury, Thomas, 585, 799,\\n943-\\nMaybury, William C, 103, 141,\\n733\u00c2\u00bb 734-\\nMayhew, Francis, 143, 144,\\nMayhew, Ira, 93, 704, 732.\\nMaynard, Aaron B., 176.\\nMazarin, 83.\\nMazurette, S., 357.\\nMcAfee, Robert B., 2S7.\\nMcArthur, A., 202, 210.\\nMcArthur, Duncan, 224, 227,\\n274. 275, 276, 277, 278, 283,\\n285, 286, 287, 291, 293, 296,\\n2.17, 879, 955.\\nMcReath, George, 837.\\nMrlirath, John, 250,255.\\nMcBratney, Robert, 683.\\nMcBride, J., 164, 165.\\nMcBrvd, Betty, Mrs., 1S4.\\nMcCabe, C. C, 637.\\nMcCabe, J. P. B., 697, 937,947.\\nMcCain, H., 499.\\nMcCall, M. G., 484.\\nMcCann, W. P.. 920.\\niMcCarroll. I., 587.\\nMcCarthy, Justin, 709,\\nMcCarthy. P., 757.\\nMcCarthy, T., 58,198, 211,212.\\nMcCarty, Edward, 97S.\\nMcCarty, J. H.. 567, 704.\\nMcCarty, William, 554, 559,\\n562.\\nMcCaul, J. C, S44.\\nMcCauley, Richard, 360.\\nMcChesney, M. H., 357.\\nMcChesney, Robert, 787.\\nMcClean, Captain, 272.\\nMcClellan, George B., 943.\\nMcClelland, Robert, gi, 92, 102,\\n103, 106, 851.\\nMcCloskey, James, 29, 8g, 95,\\n98, 103, 123, 135, 859.\\nMcClure, 300.\\nMcClure, H., 839.\\nMcComb, see Alacomb.\\nMcConnell, C. S., 670.\\nMcCook, Henry C, 602.\\nMcCook, John J., 586.\\nMcCool, D., 905.\\nMcCorkle, W. A., 596, 598.\\nMcCormick, D., 496.\\nMcCormick, P., 162.\\nMcCormick, Lieutenant, 234.\\nMcCosh, James, 709.\\nMcCoskry, S. A., 310, 581, 582,\\n592. 657, 704.\\nMcCoskry, Wm., 50, 272, 313,\\n335, 502.\\nMcCrackcn, H. A., 602.\\nMcCracken, S. B., 196, 19S, 677,\\n678, 704., 757-\\nMcCrae, T., 133, 149, 209.\\nMcCreary, L. A., 483.\\nMcCreery, William B., 92,\\nMcCuIloch, Hugh, 339.\\nMcCuUough. 586.\\nMcCune, James N. M., 943.\\nMcCurdy, John, 164.\\nMcDermott, John, loi, 318.\\nMcDermott, O., 798.\\nMcDonald, 249, 695.\\nMcDonald, B., 210, 797.\\nMcDonald, Daniel, 721.\\nMcDonald, D. J., 691, 6g2.\\nMcDonald, E., 71, 143, 674.\\nMcDonald, F., 71, 7g5.g34, 935.\\nMcDonald, James, 344.\\nMcDonald, J. C, 648.\\nMcDonald, John, 286, 721.\\nMcDonald, P., 795.\\nMcDonald, R., 484, 485, 654.\\nMcDonald, William A., 647.\\nMcDonnell, John, 88, 90, 98,\\n142, igo, 192, igS, 277, 281,\\n300, 491, 672, 770, 7S5.\\nMcDonnough, William, 720.\\nMcDougall, igi, 236, 238, 715.\\nMcDougall, George, 77, 89, 94,\\n^35* ^40, *86, i8g, 190, 198,\\n209, 273, 274, 284, 285, 288,\\n313. 316, 317, 502, 770, 943.\\nMcDougall, John Robert, 977.,\\nMcDowd, J. B., 6gi.\\nMcDowell, E., 613.\\nMcDowell, Peter, 212.\\nMcEldowney, J., 571, 580.\\nMcEiroy, Hugh, 599.\\nMcEntee, T. M., 141, 311.\\nMcFarlane, Alexander, 900.\\nMcFarlane, James, loi, 131.\\nMcFarlane, J. N., 797.\\nMcFarlane, William A., 131.\\nMcFarren, A.. 641, 642, 676, 695.\\nMcGee, E.. 591.\\nMcGill, James, 978, 980, 982.\\nMcGinnis, P., loi, 144,202,673,\\n790. 943.\\nMcGinnity, Robert, 144.\\nMcGonegal, James, loi, 144,\\n308.\\nMcGowan, Thomas, 935.\\nMcGrath, J., 799.\\nMcGrath, J. R., 757, 758.\\nMcGrath, T., 757, 758.\\nMcGraw, A. C, 492, 658, 713,\\n733, 772t 785. 900.\\nMcGraw, Edward M., 71, 673.\\nMcGraw, M., 318.\\nMcGraw, Theo., 162.\\nMcGraw, Theodore A,, 51, 59,\\n678, 6go, 733.\\nMcGraw, Thomas, 713, 827, 868,\\n870. 87s, 943.\\nMcGregor, 249, 325, 499.\\nMcGregor, Gregor, 209, 837, 980.\\nMcGregor, James, 804.\\nMcGregor, John, 138, 654.\\nMcGuire, J.. 51. 795.\\nMcHenry, James, 24, 267, 269,\\n270, 887.\\nMcHugh, J. J., 212.\\nMcHugh, L., 934, 935.\\nMcHutcheon, Wm., 934.\\nMcIIvaine, Bishop, 5gi, 592, 959.\\nIMcIntosh, Angus, 490, 577,767.\\nMcintosh, I. S.. 228.\\nAlclntosh, William, 86.\\nMcintosh, General, 249, 252,\\nMclvor, J. K., 792.\\nMcKay, 300.\\nMcKee, Alexander, 243, 262,\\n263, 265. 266, 281.\\nMcKenney, 369.\\nMcKenzie, 492.\\nMcICenzie, Alexander Slidell,\\n287.\\nMcKenzie, George, 695.\\nMcKenzie, James, 212.\\nMcKibbin, R. P., 228.\\nMcKinney, J,, 713.\\nMcKinney, John, 92.\\nMcKinney, Jacob, 210.\\nMcKinney, Thomas L., 707.\\nMcKinstry, 16, 113, 887.\\nMcKinstry, D. C, 59, go, 98,\\n102, 142, 163, 164, 351, 474,\\n502, 513, 645. 672, 770, 799,\\n916, 933.\\nMcKinstry, J. P., 920.\\nMcKinstry, O. P., 943.\\nMcKnight, Sheldon, 101, 674,\\n685, 692, 883.\\nMcLane, David, 795.\\nMcLaren, W. E., 592, 600.\\nMcLaughlin, H., 797.\\nMcLaughlin, John, 936.\\nMcLaughlin, M., 165.\\nMcLean, A., 654,\\nMcLean, Arch., 937, 943.\\nMcLean, David, 21a, 281.\\nMcLean, Donald, 709.\\nMcLean. D., 934.\\nMcLean, John, 175.\\nMcLellan, 858.\\nMcLennan, A., 872.\\nMcLellan, John, 596.\\nMcLeod, A. I., 196.\\nMcLeod, Duncan, 59, 734.\\nMcLeod, James, 602.\\nMcLeod, Norman, 837.\\nMcLojjan, P.. 196.\\nMcLouth, William W., 696.\\nMcManus, George, 167,\\nMcMichael, J., 210, 211.\\nMcMillan, 95, 285.\\nMcMillan. Mrs., 481.\\nMcMillan, Archv, 285.\\nMcMillan, (i., 658, 776.\\nMcMillan, Hugh, 340, 360, 600,\\n804, 806, 825, 871, 905.\\nMcMillan, James, 76, 360, 362,\\n508, 600, 804. 806, 865, 867\\n885. 905, 943.\\nMcMillan, J., 161, 162, 933,934.\\nMcMillan, Jesse, 492.\\nMcMillan, John W., 40.\\nMcMillan. Mary, 594.\\nMcMillan, Robert, 50, 523, 657,\\n863.\\nMcMillan, Thomas T., 654.\\nMcMillan, William, 102.\\nMcNally, C. H., 228.\\nMcNatli, -A.. 131, 198.\\nMcNeall. William. 767.\\nMcNiff, Peter, 37, in, 174, 191,\\n198.\\n143-\\nMcNiff, Robert, 490.\\nMcNoah, P. M., 756.\\nMcPharlin, E. J., 647.\\nMcReynolds, A. T., 100, 143,\\n176, 191, 210, 303, 317, 740,\\n755, 851, 887.\\nMcReynolds, John, 492,\\nMcReynolds, J.,\\nMcTavish, 980.\\nMcTavish, Simon, 837,\\nMcVey, Henry, 313.\\nMcVey, William, 285.\\nMcVicar, John, 68g.\\nMcVittie, A., 911.\\nMcWilliams, 614, 837.\\nMcWilliams, P. H., 479-\\nMead, J. M., 130. 143.\\nMeade, George G., 918, 919,\\nMeagher, 964.\\nMeans, James, 597.\\nMeany, E. J., 717.\\nMedbury, L. R., Mrs., 587, 591,\\nMedbury, S., 587, 866, 943.\\nIVIeddaugh, E. W., 91, 1S8, 360,\\n757-\\nMediH, Samuel, 130.\\nMeek, J., 578.\\nMeier, Felix, 362.\\nMeigs, General, 15.\\nMeigs, M., 732.\\nMeigs, M. C. 339.\\nMeigs, Return Jonathan, J78,\\n265, 274, 275, 282.\\nMeir, Henry, 620.\\nMelchers, G. J., 361.\\nMeldrum, George, 21, 133, 314,\\n942, 977, 980, 981.\\nMeldrum, James, 285.\\nMeldrum, John, 98, 130, 165,\\n202, 2S5, 313, 767,^ 770, 795.\\nMeldrum, John T., 144, ig6,\\n757.\\nMeldrum, William, 209, 210, 285.\\nMelick, J. O., 198.\\nMelitzer, Charles, 575,\\nMellen, W. R. G., 627.\\nMellon, Charles, 228.\\nMelius, Christian, 144, 145, 495.\\nMelius, P., 495.\\nMeloche, M., 237.\\nMeloche, Pierre, 20.\\nMembre, Zenobe, 907.\\nMenard, 527.\\nMenard. Joseph, 149, 313.\\nMenneviUe, Marquis Duquesne\\nde, 83, 327..\\nMenzies, William, 50.\\nMercer, L. P.. 626, 704.\\nMerceron, F. F., 203.\\nMercerson, Prof., 355.\\nMcrcier. Jean, 535.\\nMerdian, H.. 146.\\nMeredith, W. N., 734.\\nMerrell, Charles, 132.\\nMerrell, Harvey, 126.\\nMerrick, E. G.. 787. 866.\\nMerrick, L M-. 943-\\nMerrill, Bishop, 709.\\nMerrill, Alonzo, 142, 595.\\nMerrill, B. W., 793.\\nMerrill, H. A., 573, 574, 579.\\nMerrill, Joseph C, 132.\\nMerrill, Robert, 132.\\nMerrill, William. 739.\\nMerritt, Adna, 202, 210, 795.\\nMerritt, W. Hamilton, 903.\\nMerwin, W. R., 704.\\nMeserve, Lincoln R., 205.\\nMessmore, 043.\\nMetcalf, 469.\\nMetcalf, Richard, 626.\\nMette, Felix, 982.\\nMettez, Theophiliis, 501, 669.\\n694, 795.\\nMetz, Henry, 677.\\nMetz. T. C. 758.\\nMetzgar, G. A.. 355.\\nMeyer, A., 576.\\nMeyer, Charles, 165.\\nMichael the Archangel, Sister,\\n663.\\nMichael. D 165.\\nMichels, J,. S08. 8og.\\n^iiddleb^^ok, Edward E,, 8zo.\\nMieje, 539.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1054.jp2"}, "1055": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\nloot\\nMiijnauU, J. B. K., 646.\\nMilburn, J., 709.\\nMiles, Gforgt:, 187.\\nMillar, M- J. E.. Mrs., 662, 665,\\n679.\\nMillar, O. P., 624.\\nMillard, Georsf, 486.\\nMillard, W. R., 679.\\nMilli r, 227. 276.\\nMiller, Albert, 356.\\nNliller, Charles, 202, 677.\\nMiller, C. C, 51.\\nMiller, Charles H., 892.\\nMiller, Geofite, 125. 143, 144,\\n202, 210, 492, 499, 826.\\nMiller, H., 144, 603, 617.\\nMiller, H. T., 5^8, 903.\\nMiller, I. N., 920.\\nMiller. Isaac S., 826.\\nMiller, James, 274, 276, 277, 27S,\\nZ91, 297.\\nMiller, J. F., 943.\\niM., 161,\\n694\\nMiller, Jaraes I\\n670, 671,\\nMiller, Joseph, Jr., 176.\\nMiller, Lydia, 656.\\nMiller, L. M., 822.\\nMiller, O. W., 103, 135, 167.\\nMiller, Robert, 162.\\nMiller, Sidney D., 33, 176, 205,\\n657. 7 733i 757. 818, 865.\\nMiller, T. C., 638, 683, 826.\\nMiller, Thomas K., 677.\\nMiller, William, 244, 576.\\nMillette, P. C. 717.\\nMilligan, Frank, 905.\\nMilligan, George McBeth, 597.\\nMills, C. H., 758.\\nMills, M. B., 816, 827.\\nMills, M. I., 76, 140, 162, 310,\\n827, 866, 867.\\nMillspaugh, Hiram, 101.\\nMiUvard, Henry, 318.\\nMinard, C. A., 798.\\nMinchener, George H., 657, 780.\\nMinckler. F. R., 809.\\nMiner, John, 196.\\nMiner, J. L., 942, 943.\\nMiner, Louis, 942.\\nMinnis, Adam, 100.\\nMinnock, E., 197.\\nMinor, J. L., 483.\\nMinty, R. H. G.,\\n307-\\nMitchell, 497, 7:7. 957, 964,\\nMitchell, E. A. Mrs., 943.\\nMitchell, E. C. 625.\\nMitchell, J. I., 40, 145.\\nMitchell, Joseph, 555.\\nMitchell, Nichol. 654, 870, 936.\\nMitchell, S. L., 956.\\nMitchell, William, 554.\\nMitchem. J., 577.\\nMitchie, .\\\\iexander, 125.\\nMizner, Henry R., 176.\\nMizner, Lansing B., 191.\\nMizner, Lorenzo B., 38.\\nModjeska, 358, 974.\\nMoebs, George, 934.\\nMoffat. Hugh, 75, 140, 468, 496,\\n521, 654, 794, 843, 930, 972.\\nMohigan, 235.\\nMoir, Melville, 718.\\nMoliere. T., 172.\\nMoll, K. L 619.\\nMoUoy, Edward, 318.\\nMoloney, D. E., 212.\\nMoloney, J. B., 197.\\nMoloney, W. E., 137, 146.\\nMome, 330.\\nMonaghan, J., 54. 145, 146,757.\\nMonaghan, J. W., 647. 649.\\nMonaghan. William, 934.\\nMondery, H., 934.\\nMonds, J., 355.\\nMonette, IVllchael, 189, 210.\\nMonforton, G., 172, 174.\\nMonier, 18.\\nMonk. 173.\\nMononcus, 564.\\nMonroe, James, 103, 287,935, 94^\\nMonroe. W. C, 590,607, 750.\\nMontcalm, Marquis de, 943.\\nMonteitli, John, 556, 557, 558,\\n602, 631, 633, 64J, 728, 729,\\n730t 955-\\nMontgolfier, 546.\\nMontgomery, A., 482.\\nMontgomery, D. L., 228.\\nMontgomery, George W. 647.\\nMontgomery, Richard, 943.\\n^Iontgomery, W. R., 758.\\nMontgomery, W. S., 166.\\nMontmagny, 83.\\nMontmorenci, Admiral, 83.\\nMontmorenci, Francis de Laval\\nde, 544.\\nMontour, Captain, 234.\\nMontour, Henry, 2^0.\\nMont|)asiint, Captain, 172, 327.\\nMonls, M. de, 83.\\nMoody, D. L., 600, 637, 969.\\nMoody, E. H., 640.\\nMoon, 16, 491.\\nMoon, Matthew, 916.\\nMoon, William, 795.\\nMoore, B. B., 71, 143, 493.\\nMoore, Charles, 680, 692.\\nMoore, C. W., 131.\\nMoore, D. D. T., 674.\\nMoore, F., 492, 781, 785, 864,\\n867.\\nMoore, George F., 362.\\nMoore, George H., 470.\\nMoore, George W., loi, 811.\\nMoore, James, 780.\\nMoore, John, 483, 486.\\nMoore, Joseph B., 54, 145, 549,\\n646, 943.\\nMoore, Joshua, 558, 796.\\nMoore, J. A., 904.\\nMoore, J. N., 757.\\nMoore, J. W., 756, 917.\\nMoore, William, 164, 493.\\nMoore, William A., 76, 205, 311,\\n360, 362, 711, 733. 752. 753.\\n756, 757, 868, 869.\\nMoore, W. T,, 624.\\nMoore, Foote Co., 477.\\nMoorman, A. P., 101, 756, 757.\\nMoors, H. C, 61.\\nMoors, Jeremiah, 143, 163, 165,\\n342, 712, 713, 735.\\nMoran, 20, 300, 739.\\nMoran, Charles, 26, 90, loc, 123,\\n130, 142, 143, 150, 164. 174,\\n192, 194, 198, 214, 285, 731,\\n933. 943. 977-\\nMoran, Charles. 98.\\nMoran, George, 58, loi, 130,\\n132.\\nMoran, J. V,, 218, 340.\\nMoran, L., 130, 179, 285, 977.\\nMoran, Maurice, 977, 979.\\nMoran, M., 173.\\nMoran, W. B., 76, 162, 165, 549,\\n661, 733, 816, 868.\\nMoras, 233.\\nMoras, Antoine, 21, 980.\\nMoras, Antoine, Widow of, 978.\\nMorass, Victor, 284.\\nMorell, George, 186, 187, 194,\\n359-\\nMorell, George W., 176.\\nRforey, 301.\\nMorey, Peter, 92, 731.\\nMoray, Piatt B., 555.\\nMorgan, C. W. 493.\\nMorgan, George, 256.\\nMorgan, Harrison, 569.\\nMorgan, John, 132.\\nMorgan. P. B., 593.\\nMorgan, W. J., 895.\\nMorhous, 497.\\nMorhous, George, 752.\\nMorin, Louis, 982.\\nMorley, Frederick, 38, 683, 684,\\n695.\\nMornay, Louis Francis Duples-\\nsis, 546.\\nMoross, 496.\\nMoross, Christopher, 721,\\nMoross, Ignace. 373.\\nMorrell, F., 868.\\nMorris, 240, 492, 888.\\nMorris, George S., 709.\\nMorris, Jefferson, 89.\\nMorris, Lewis, 248.\\nMorris, Robert, 709.\\nMorris, Rowley, 738.\\nMorris, Thomas, 704.\\nMorrison, 183.\\nMorrison, Alexander, 684.\\nMorrison, Thomas, 100. 101.\\nMorrow, H. A., 137, 195, 196,\\n306, 307, 308, 311. 785, 967,\\n968.\\nMorse Brother, 33.\\nMurse, C, 695, 903.\\nMorse, C. R., 355.\\nMorse, Elbridge, 851.\\nMorse, EHhu, 90.\\nMorse, E. S., 798.\\nMorse, J., 707.\\nMorse, L. L., 685, 695.\\nMorse, R. S., 707.\\nMorse, S. B., 143, 144, i55. 363*\\nii83, 94^, 944-\\nMorton, Eurotas, 100.\\nMorton, J. D., 71, 718, 943.\\nMorton, J. J., 589.\\nMorton, Maria Wesson, Mrs.,\\n943-\\nMorton, W. D., 862, 867, 872.\\nMoscowitz, B., 629.\\nMosely, George, 638.\\nMoss, H. O., 865, 866.\\nMothersill, P., 758.\\nMott, John T., 943.\\nMott, Linus, 50, 649.\\nMott, Mary, 943.\\nMountfort, J., 228.\\nMoutard, C., 536.\\nMoynaghan, J., t66.\\nMrak, Ignatius, 547.\\nMueller, J. B., 6go.\\nMueller, J. F., 578.\\nMueller, George, 709.\\nMuer, J., 798.\\nMuir, Adam, 183, 184.\\nMuir, James H., 604, 633, 639.\\nMuir, W. K.. 646. 818, 865. 895.\\nMulheron, J. J., 647, 678, 690.\\nMullane, D., 755.\\nAfuUaney, R., 646, 757.\\nMullen, Margaret C, 656.\\nMullett, John, 22, 33, 36, 59,\\n78, 126, 142, 164, 665, 713,\\n905. 935. 938. 942, 979i 980.\\nMullett, Catharine, 938.\\nMulligan, Colonel, 305, 967.\\nMulry, John, 166, 757.\\nMumford, 497. 832.\\nMumford, B. P., 161, 778, 832.\\nMumford, S. R., 360, 362, 870.\\nMumford. T. J.. 626.\\nMundy, Edward, 92, 187.\\nMunger, Daniel, 140, 686, 704.\\nMunger, William, 100, loi.\\nMunro, Robert, 490, 502.\\nMunroe, J. F., 28, 29, 33.\\nMunson, James D., 51, 734.\\nMurphy. Francis, 132, 844, 973.\\nMurphy, M. J. Co., 832.\\nMurphy, S. J., 57, 360, 627,\\n868, 870.\\nMurphy, Timothy, 563.\\nMurphy, William, 981.\\nMurray, A., 920.\\nMurray, A. J., 519.\\nMurray, A. J., Sirs., 842.\\nMurray, A. Y., 58, 90, 100, loi,\\n131, 851.\\nMurray, Daniel, 58.\\nMurray. James, 84.\\nMurray, John, 484.\\nMurray, J. E., 212.\\nMurray, Rufus, 584.\\nMurtagh, W., 681.\\nMusche, 496.\\nMylcr, W. H., 205.\\nN\\nNachtrieb, George, 575,\\nNagle, J., 146, 538.\\nNaglee, H. A., 492,\\nNail, C. J.. 705. 943.\\nNail, James, 705.\\nNantay, J. Bie., 210,\\nNatus, John, 744.\\nNavarre, 238. 371.\\nNavarre, Catharine, 859.\\nNavarre, Francis, 190. 191, 198,\\n3 3-\\nNavarre, Isidore, 313, 350.\\nNavarre, Jacques W., 313.\\nNavarre, Jean, 333.\\nNavarre, ftlariana, 550.\\nNavarre, P., 210, 314.\\nNavarre, Robert, 20,21, 35, 172,\\n198, 333. 977-\\nNay, S. Mrs., 665.\\nNay, W. K., 624.\\nNcale, Leonard, 546.\\nNeale, Selak, 198.\\nNear, J. L., 100, 130.\\nNeasmith, James M., 93.\\nNcfl, Cady, loi.\\nNeill, Henry, 597, 599, 638.\\nNellis, 6go.\\nNelson, 492.\\nNelson, Jonathan, 982.\\nNesbit, W. J., 318.\\nNeuschafer, J., 798.\\nNevin, Frank, 656, 827.\\nNewberry, H., 142, 164, 645.\\nNewberry, H. R., 138, 804.\\nNewberry, H. W,, 523.\\nNewberry, John S.. 103, 360,\\n600, 704, 757. 804, 867, 943.\\nNewberry, John S., Mrs., 664.\\nNewberry, O., 142, 477, 493, 770,\\n896, 909, 958.\\nNewberry, Samuel, 731.\\nNewberry, W. L., 89, 142, 712,\\n7x6.\\nNewby, A. J., 744.\\nNewcomb, C. A., 360, 362, 778.\\nNewell, 357.\\nNewell, jnhn, 001.\\nNewell. Minur S., 93.\\nNewhall, C. W., 917,\\nNewland, Henry, 646.\\nNewland, H. A., 711, 7S5. 884.\\nNewman, 496.\\nNewman, F. N., 677, 679.\\nNewman, J. P., 708.\\nNewman, L K.. 64 t.\\nNewton, Richard. 709\\nNewton, R. Heber, 976\\nNewton. William, 210.\\nNeyon, ^L. 240.\\nNichol, Robert, 210.\\nNichols, 717.\\nNichols, John F.. 744, 746,752.\\nNicholson Emery. 486.\\nNicholson, J., 162. 218. 758.\\nNicolao. Joseph, 355.\\nNicolay, 104.\\nNiehoff, John, 621.\\nNiemcyer. G., 603.\\nNiepoth. F. C, 80, 798.\\nNiles, George, 144. 486.\\nNilsson, Christine. 3C4, 976.\\nNinde, W. X., 567, 572.\\nNoah, F. A., 101, 196.\\nNoble, 705.\\nNoble, Charies, 37, loi, 131,\\n873.\\nNoble, Charies W., 943.\\nNoble, Elizabeth. 594.\\nNoble, F. W., 935.\\nNoble, Israel. 58, 202, 559, 562,\\n563. 564, 795, 798.\\nNoble, JohnC., 89^.\\nNolan, Edward, 211, 212.\\nNolan, Luke, 934.\\nNolan, Michael, 798.\\nNolan, P. W.. 318.\\nNolin, Gregory, 934.\\nNonville, M. de, 221.\\nNoonan, D. E., 799.\\nNoonan, John, 934, 935.\\nNormandin, J., 80.\\nNorris. John, 935.\\nNorris, J. J., 163.\\nNorris, Mark. 896.\\nNorris, P. W., 4.\\nNorthrop, 494.\\nNorthrop, D. B., lor.\\nNorthrup, J., 798, 799.\\nNorton, E. K.. 792.\\nNort()n, Miss Helen, 200.\\nNorton, John, 143.\\nNorton, John, Jr., 849, 863.\\nNorton. John F., 71.\\nNorvcll, Dallas, 130.\\nNon-ell, Freeman, 752, 753, 758.\\nNon-ell, John, 88, 100, 102, 176,\\n177, 187, 746, 880, 883.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1055.jp2"}, "1056": {"fulltext": "I004\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nNnwland, H. R., 40, 58, 190.\\nNowland, Moses R., 101, 131.\\nNourse, Thorndike, 360, 695,\\n779-\\nNoyan, Pierre Poyen de, 227.\\nNoyelle, Charles Joseph, Sieur\\nde, 227.\\nNever, Joseph, ig8.\\nNoyes, Abram, 934.\\nNoyes, Alexander G., 226.\\nNoyes, Bethuel, loi.\\nNoyes, Edwin, 901.\\nNoyes, H. A., 90, 100, 136, 19S,\\n851.\\nNoyes, James F., 51.\\nNoyes, S. E.,Mrs., 655.\\nNoyes, Thomas J., 226.\\nNoyes, W. R., 71, 143, 164, 943-\\nNufer, N., 575.\\nOakes, William, Mrs., 661.\\nOakley, Henry A., 944.\\nOakley, J. J., 50.\\nOakley, Thomas, 513.\\nOaks, Patrick, 934.\\nOaks, Peter, 58.\\nO Beirne, Hugh, 166, igS, 648,\\n,795-\\nO Brien, 262.\\nO Brien, Dennis, 717.\\nO Brien, E., 690.\\nO Brien, James, 705.\\nO Brien, M. W.. 549. 868, 875.\\nO Brien, \\\\V*m. Smith, 964, 966.\\nO Callaghan, \\\\V., 317, 498, 755.\\nO Cavanagh, Bernard, 537.\\nOchs, J., 211.\\nOckford, C, 210.\\nOcobock, H. N., lor.\\nO Connell, J., 211, 212, 756,\\n798.\\nO Connor, Daniel, 721.\\nO Connor, J., 496\\nO Connor, Minnie, Miss, 744.\\nO Connors, John, 687.\\nOdin, John M., 547.\\nO Donovan, M., 539, 541.\\nO Flynn, C. 31, loi, 141, 190,\\n199 677, 883.\\nO Flynn, C. J., 54. 549.\\nOgden, Lieutenant, 234.\\nO Grady, B.. 497, 7SS.\\nO Hara, Daniel, 676.\\nO Hare, 269.\\nOhiert, Peter, 799.\\n0 K.et;fe, A., 145, 799.\\nO^Keefe. Ellen, 651.\\n0 K.eefe, George A., 100, 142,\\n190. 198.\\nO Keefe. J., 318.\\nOlds, C. C, 569. 638.\\nOiewine, George W., 144, 145.\\nOlin, R. C, 51.\\nOliver, Matthew, 61.\\nOliver, Robert, 94.\\nOlmstead, Frederick Law, 76.\\nOIney, Edward, 709\\nO Neil, 679.\\nO Neil, Charles, 166, 167.\\n0[NeiI, James, 758.\\nO Neil, Thomas, 167.\\nOrd, Edward O. C, 230, 969.\\nO Rtiliy. B., 146.\\nO Reilly, Henry, 8S4.\\nOrleans, Duke of, 83.\\nOrmsby, 345.\\nO Rourke, Sister, 725.\\nOrr, E., 164.\\nOrth, Adam, 166.\\nOrth. Rudolph, 935.\\nOsborn, G. W., 523, 757, 916.\\nOsborne, N., 475.\\nOsmun, G. R., 689.\\nOtis, Amos, 126.\\nOtis, A. H., 88, loi, 125, 131.\\nOtis, Charles R., 86g, 944.\\nOtis, E. S., 228, 229.\\nOtis, N. P.. 869, 943.\\nOule, John Marie. 183.\\nOulette, Joseph A., 678.\\nOwen, Alfred, 608.\\nOwen, F. B., 705.\\nOwen, F. W., 649, 734.\\nOwen, G. W., 167.\\nOwen, John, 56, 71, 92, 142,\\ni43i 225. 305, 310, 311, 506,\\n520, 523, 565, 566, 567, 641,\\n652, 718, 73it 733. 736. 738,\\n739, 746, 785, 839, 860, B62,\\n863, 911, 936.\\nOwen, John, Mrs., 310, 312.\\nOwen, Mary, 594.\\nOwen, O. W., 6go, 733.\\nOwen, T. J., 164, 648, 929.\\nOwen, W, A., 145, 146, 758.\\nPackard, C. C, 691.\\nPaddock, B. H., 583, 592, 639.\\nPage, Amos, 638.\\nPage, C. R., 80.\\nPage, David, 896.\\nPage, George A., 212.\\nPage, L. L., Mrs., 662.\\nPage, William, 595,\\nPaige, D. O., 810.\\nPaine. R. W., 491.\\nPaldi, A., 318.\\nPallister, Thomas, 944.\\nPalmer, 504.\\npalmer, A. B., 50, 676, 709.\\nPalmer, Charlotte, 939.\\nPalmer, C. B., 358.\\nPalmer, Ervin. 176, 197, 757,\\nPalmer, Friend, 695.\\npalmer, F. T., 770.\\nPalmer, Jane, 594.\\nPalmer, Jane N., 736.\\nPalmer, Jolin, 40, 131, 142, 143,\\n164, 376. 481, 492. 738, 739,\\n770, 864, 874. 887.\\nPalmer, J., 770.\\nPalmer, John, Mrs., 310.\\nPalmer, John P... 711, 756, 7S7.\\nPalmer, Julia, 942.\\nPalmer. J. J., 131.\\nPalmer, Mary W., 572, 651, 652,\\n94c, 942.\\nPalmer, Mason, 164, 645, 755.\\nPalmer, Mason, Mrs., 652.\\nPalmer, Thomas, 135, 142, 163,\\n164. 2151 359 457. 474. 49i.\\n558, 716, 770, 849, 934, 939,\\n942. 944.\\nPalmer, T. W., 100, 102, 161,\\n312, 339, 360, 361, 362, 572,\\n868, 869, 944, 975.\\nPalmieri, P., 663.\\nPalms, Francis, 218, 360, 362,\\n816, 868, 875.\\nPalms, F. F., 868.\\nPanlonski, Leopold, 540.\\nPannel, Henry, 935.\\nPapineau, Seth L., 563.\\nPapineau, S. L., ^Irs., 659.\\nParcher, W. K., 827.\\nPardee, R. G., 708.\\nPardington, R. S., 57, 572.\\nParent, 766.\\nParent, Joseph, 9, 887.\\nPark, 767, 980. 981.\\nPark, Andrew, 715.\\nPark, Benjamin, 87.\\nParke, H. C, 657, 820, 821, 823,\\n868.\\nParker, 695, 855, 858.\\nParker, A. S., 733.\\nParker, Bernard, 313.\\nParker Charles M, 691, 692.\\nParker, John, 911.\\nParker, Joseph, 614.\\nParker, T. A., 535, 944.\\nParker, W., 493. 657.\\nParkinson, J.. 58, 167.\\nParkinson, Wm., 165, 166, 167.\\nParkman, Francis, 70S.\\nParks, Beaumont, 552.\\nParks, Olive, 552.\\nParmelee, J. B., 626.\\nParudi, Theresa, 354, 521, 963.\\nParshall, J.. 487.\\nParsons, 357.\\nParsons, Alanson, 58.\\nParsons, Andrew, 92.\\nParsons, Philo, 57, 145, 360, 711,\\n733. 792. 811, 866, 867, 872,\\n944. 968.\\nParsons, S. H., 86, 178.\\nParton, James, 708.\\nParton, James, Mrs. (Fanny\\nFern), 706, 708.\\nPartridge, Asa, 210, 795, 798.\\nPartridge, Benjamin h 93.\\nPartridge, G. W., 701,\\nPatchin, Jared, 126, 194, 210.\\nPatenode, Nicholas, Sr., gSo.\\nPaton, Ale.\\\\ander, 798.\\nPaton, Wm., 165, 756, 944.\\nPatrick, 483.\\nPatrick, J. A., 648.\\nPattee, Elias, 564.\\nPatten, 695.\\nPattengil, O. R., lor.\\nPattengill, G. R., 872.\\nPatterson, Florence, 940.\\nPatterson, George A., 940.\\nPatterson, Tames, 281.\\nPatterson, Philo M., 718.\\nPatterson. William, 740, 755.\\nPatti, Adelina, 354, 966.\\nPatti, Amalie, 963.\\nPatti, Carlotta, 354, 975.\\nPattison, Miss, 715,\\nPattison, G. W., 203, 676, 677,\\n6S3, 686, 696, 705.\\nPatton, John, 125, 140, 143, ig8,\\n2og, 217, 513, 523, 603.\\nPatton, J. T., 875.\\nPaul, Col., 283.\\nPaulin, L. J., 675.\\nPaull, 648.\\nPaull, G., 143, 164, 645, 795.\\nPaulus, Augustus, 166.\\nPaxton, Captain, 842.\\nPayee, 532.\\nPayet, S., 535.\\nPayn, Colonel, 302.\\nPayne (or Peyn), 715.\\nPayne, Chauncey S., 712.\\nPayne, Douglas, 778.\\nPavne, D. A., 976.\\nPayne, M. M., 228.\\nPeale, 360.\\nPean, Hugues Jacques, 227,\\n233-\\nPearce, W. H., 571.\\nPearl, J. F.,- 718.\\nPearl, P. D., 101.\\nPeavey, Frank, 705, 758.\\nPechagut, Jean, 326.\\nPeck, George, 360, 870.\\nPeck, George W., 92.\\nPeck, J. T., 579, 7og.\\nPeck, W. G., 7og.\\nPeine, A., 80, 935.\\nPelfresne, Hyacinthe, 535.\\nPelgrim, 4g7.\\nPelham, B., 6gi.\\nPelham, R., 691.\\nPelouze, L. H., 944.\\nPeltier, Baptiste, 210, 501.\\nPeltier, Charles, 126, 162, 198,\\n648, 755, 977.\\nPeltier, Jacques, 9.\\nPeltier, James, 133, 778.\\nPeltier, John, 194.\\nPeltier. Phillis, 21, 977.\\nPenfield. W., 798.\\nPenfield, W. S.. 523.\\nPenniman, E. J., 130, 872.\\nPenniman, G. H., 197.\\nPenniman, J. A., 626.\\nPenny, C. W., 710, 711, 839.\\nPenny, J. T., 167, 645.\\nPenny, O. W., 486.\\nPentecost, George F., 643, 974.\\nPeoples, Hugh S., 482, 975.\\nPepin, Bazile, 979.\\nPeqiiise, Francois, 149.\\nPerkins, 224.\\nPerkins, A. D., 922.\\nPerkins, Mary Baldwin, 944.\\nPerkins, Paul B., 705.\\nPerkins, William, Jr., 4S4, 870.\\nPerrault, 546.\\nPerrez, Charles, 640.\\nPerrine, William H., 571.\\nPerry, G. C, 287.\\nPerry, H. E., 194, 934.\\nPerry, J. J.. 571.\\nPerry. Oliver Hazard, 8, 283,\\n287, 908, 938, 955.\\nPeter the Great, 3.\\nPeters, Francis H., 537.\\nPeters, G. E., 585, 588, 589, 591.\\nPeters, W. G., 496.\\nPeterson, J. G., 38, loi.\\nPeto, Samuel JNIorton, 708.\\nPetit, Theodocia C., 594.\\nPetit, W. W., 190, 191, 198, 559.\\nPettie, John, 654.\\nPetty, C. J., 8q2.\\nPetty, D., 58. 481.\\nPetty Hawley, 481.\\nPetz, A., 54.\\nPetz, Francis, 54.\\nPfeiffer, Nicholas, 646.\\nPhelan, Michael. 352.\\nPhelps, F. B., 137, 144, 217, 308.\\nPhelps, Ralph, goo.\\nPhelps, Ralph, Jr., 138.\\nPhelps, S., 638.\\nPhelps, William, 57, loi, 144,\\n145. 492, 496, 569, 641, 739.\\nPhilbrick, H. H., 355, 744.\\nPhillips, 494, 408. 6gs.\\nPhillips, John, 798.\\nPhillips, Philip, 354.\\nPhillips, P. M.. 144.\\nPhillips, Wendell, 709.\\nPhyn Ellice, 344.\\nPiatt, John H., 859.\\nPicardj 766.\\nPickermg, 321.\\nPickermg, John, 695.\\nPickering, Timothy, 265.\\nPierce, Ansel B., 131.\\nPierce, A. C, 4g2.\\nPierce, D. R., 807.\\nPierce, E. J., 904.\\nPierce, Frankhn, 102, 106, 944,\\n.967-\\nPierce, John D., 93, 731, 736.\\nPierce, O. O., loi.\\nPierce, P. R. L., 695.\\nPierson, Arthur T., 598, 602,\\n604, 640, 642, 705.\\nPierson, B., loi.\\nPitcher, E. H., 554, 566, 572,\\n575. 580, 705.\\nPilet, Jacques, 36,\\nPillard, George F., 125, 131.\\nPindar, E. W., 80.\\nPingree, F. C, 833.\\nPingree, H. S., jo6. 833, 834.\\nPipe, a Huron Chief, 263.\\nPipp, George, 934.\\nPiquette, Angelique, 944.\\nPiquette, J. Bte., 133.\\nPitcher, Zina, 50, 59, 104, 140,\\n141. 359i 508, 646, 649, 676,\\n712. 731. 739. 740. 746, 752,\\n825, 864, 924, 944.\\nPitkin, Annie, Miss, 361.\\nPitkin, C. S., 691.\\nPitkin, T. C, 339, 582.\\nPittman, J. E., 205, 218, 303,\\n305, 318, 470, 583, 638, 711,\\n787, 865.\\nPittman, S. E., 496, 753, 867.\\nPitts, Samuel, igr, 4g3.\\nPitts, Thomas, 360.\\nPius IX., g70.\\nPlass, Henry Jr., 40, 166, ig7,\\n758.\\nPiatt, M. T.. 696.\\nPiatt, Zephaniah, 92.\\nPlantz, A. P.. 166.\\nPluddeman, R., 576.\\nPlumb, H., 132.\\nPlummer, S. A., 138, 162, 944,\\n971.\\nPlympton, E. O., 564.\\nPoe, O. M., giQ, 921.\\nPohle, L. R., Mrs., 941.\\nPoindexter, 182.\\nPolhemus, E., 486.\\nPoll, P., 663.\\nPolk, James K., 108.\\nPolk, R. L., 6q6, 697.\\nPollard, Edmund, 767.\\nPollard, Richard, 553.\\nPomerville, Joseph. 977, gSo.\\nPomeroy, George E., 676, 683,\\n892.\\nPond, 639.\\nPond, Ashley, 91, igg, 871.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1056.jp2"}, "1057": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\nIOO\\nPond, A. A. S. P., 486.\\nPontbriancl, Henri Marie Du-\\nbreuil de, 530, 546, 951.\\nPout chart rain, Count, 3, 330,\\n332. 720, 765, 766, 837, 944,\\nPontiac. 231, 234, 237, 240, 241,\\n323. 369, 708, 8\u00c2\u00bb6, 951.\\nPool, Henry, 681.\\nPoole, R., 7g6.\\nPoole, William F., 85. 86.\\nPoole, W. H., 572, 593, 705.\\nPope, F., 688, 69a.\\nPope, W. S., 805.\\nPoquette, Francis, 272.\\nPorieous, John, 344, 767, 837.\\nPorter, 49, 491, g77.\\nPorter, A. L., 50, 712.\\nPorter, A. S., 102, 140, 195, 645,\\n6S2, 712, 736, 874. 903, 944.\\nPorter, Benjamin, 851.\\nPorter, F. B., 197, 683.\\nPorter, F. D., 51, 924.\\nPorter, Georjiie, 615.\\nPorter, George li., 88, 944, 958,\\n959-\\nPorter, George F., 346, 737, 861,\\n864, 8g8. 935.\\nPorter, Gove, 695.\\nPorter, H., 482.\\nPorter, James B., 92,\\nPorter, Moses, 227, 268, 269,\\n271, 944.\\nPorter. Phil., 51.\\nPorter, P. B., 295.\\nPorter, Rose, 944.\\nPorter, S. Humes, 176.\\nPorter, W. G., 131, 648.\\nPost, Edward C, 820.\\nPost, Hoyt, 188, 665, 679, 705.\\nPost, Samuel, 226.\\nPoste, Louis de la, Sieur de\\nLovigny, 227.\\nPothier, Father Louis Antoine,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e8. 32. 530. 952.\\nPotter, Henry C., 976.\\nPotter, H. S., 689.\\nPotter, H. Z., 198, 757, 758.\\nPotts. J. H., 690, 705.\\nPouchot, 233.\\nPound. J. H., 197.\\nPoupard, Charles, 501, 532, 981.\\nPoupard, S., 125, 164.\\nPouzarges, Noble Francis de,\\n328.\\nPowell, 223. 956.\\nPowell, Ann, Miss, 350.\\nPowell. A. C, 164, 645.\\nPowell, Wm., 166.\\nPowell, William Dunmore, 174.\\nPower, Pliny. 50, loi. 649.\\nPowers, Hiram, 360.\\nPowers, H. P., 130.\\nPowers. Thomas, 269, 270, 271,\\n953-\\nPramstaller, F., 140, 756.\\nPratt, 481.\\nPratt, A., 187, 188.\\nPratt, Henry. 901.\\nPratt, John, 798.\\nPratt, L., 9^3, 934.\\nPrell, B., Mrs.. 657.\\nPrentice, G. I)., 709.\\nPrentis, B. T., 197,677, 757.\\nPrentis. E,, 164, 756.\\nPrentis. G. H., 197.\\nPrentiss, George, 944.\\nPrentiss. Sarah, 660.\\nPrentiss, Solon, 612.\\nPrescott, 321.\\nPrescott, A. B., 709.\\nPrescott, W. H., 944.\\nPreston, David, 145, 311, 360,\\n461, 566, 567. 571, 575, 640,\\n677, 872. 944.\\nPreston, David, Mrs., 661, 664.\\nPreston, E. C, 875.\\nPreston, E. C., ^Irs., 665.\\nPrevost, George Sir, 290, 295.\\nPrice, 907.\\nPrice, L. D., 571.\\nPrice, P. L, 470.\\nPrice, T., 577.\\nPridgeon. John, 71.\\nPriest, Erastus, 131,\\nPrieur, 337.\\nPrime, G. W., 600, 639.\\nPrince, 302.\\nPrince, E., 595.\\nPnndle. J. J., 131.\\nPritchard, B. D., 92, 93.\\nPritchette, K., 92,300,301,852.\\nPriltie, 468.\\nProctor, Henry, 182, 278, 279,\\n280, 281, 282, 283, 287, 292,\\n^297, 847. 955.\\nProctor, Richard A., 709.\\nProphet, Tlu-, 323, 955.\\nProsser, J. W., 589.\\nProuty, X.. 143, 485, 571.\\nProvencal, Mrs., 115.\\nProvost, 496.\\nPrussolino, A., 663.\\nPuddcfoot, Charlfs, 822.\\nPulchtr. J. C. 132, 541.\\nPulis, J. D., 610.\\nPulk-n, A. J., 131.\\nPullen, D. J., 131.\\nPullen, J. F.. 198.\\nPullen, N. W. loi, 131.\\nPulling, H. P., 866.\\nPullman, H., 575.\\nPulte, A., 162, 868.\\nPunshon, William Morley, 709.\\nPurcell, W., loi, 144, 145, 162,\\n204, 936.\\nPurdie, C. F., 811.\\nPurdy, James, 130.\\nPurdy, S. P.. 126. 198.\\nPurdy, W. T., 186, 2x1,\\nPuthuff, W. H., 224, 227. 730,\\n^955.\\nPutnam, 695.\\nPutnam, G. C., 132.\\nPutnam, G. P.. 703.\\nPutnam, Israel, 238, 240, 944.\\nPutnam, Rufus, 178.\\nPutnam, T, R., 71.\\nQ\\nQuinby, D. F., 638. 675.\\nQuinby, Theo.. 687.\\nQuinby, William E., 686,\\nQuinlan, 496,\\nQuinn, Michael, 470.\\nQuinn, W,. 537.\\nQuirk, D. L., 125.\\nR\\nRabineau, A. A., 164, 165, 167,\\n657.\\nRademacher, Joseph, 944.\\nRalph, Peter J., 144, 145, 146,\\n921 922.\\nRalston, S72.\\nRamsey, Elisha W., 198.\\nRamsay, John, 559, 562, 563,\\n564-\\nRamsay, W. W., 567.\\nRand, Ben., 341.\\nRandall, 944,\\nRandall, C. C, 360.\\nRandall. J. A.. 197.\\nRandolph. A. D. F., 702.\\nRandolph, Beverly, 265.\\nRandolph, John, 345, 858, 944.\\nRandolph, Captain, 258.\\nRang. Charlotte S., 737.\\nRankin, 494,\\nRankin, Arthur, 306.\\nRankin, James. 837.\\nRansom, Amariah, 198.\\nRansom, E.. 92, 187.\\nRansom. Russell. 198.\\nRanspach, Ernest, 130.\\nRanspach, John, 944.\\nRaphael, 360.\\nRapp. Philip, 166.\\nRapperat, Joseph, 629.\\nRaseman, C, 757, 758.\\nRathbone, 791,\\nRaligan, P., 543.\\nRattcnbury, T,. 166.\\nRatienbury, William T., 131.\\nRawdon, Wright, Hatch, 155.\\nRawies, Aaron B., 710.\\nRawson, N. L, 682.\\nRay, A. T., 58, 166.\\nRay, Eleazer. 210.\\nRay, J. O., 650.\\nRaymbault, 527.\\nRaymond, F., 311,492,507,633,\\n642, 695, 736.\\nRaymond, Henry, 130,\\nRaymond, H. J., 709.\\nRaymond, Pe(er, 211.\\nRaytnond, W. A., 360, 638, 650.\\nRayne, M. L., Mrs., 687, 705,\\n944.\\nRaynolds, William F., 918, 919.\\nRaynor.A H 138, 145,146.\\nReardon, M. J., 499.\\nReaiime, 13.\\nReaume, Pierre, 20, 766.\\nReaume, R., 144, 164, 165, 798,\\n935-\\nRebecca, Sister, 653.\\nRecours, 715.\\nRedfield, A. H., 162, 164.\\nRedfield, George, 92.\\nRedfield, M. H,, 6gi.\\nRedman, R., 691.\\nRedmond, W. J., 21c.\\nReed, 267. 671, 692.\\nReed, C. F., 802.\\nReed, E., 873.\\nReed, Ebenezer, 98, 672, 712.\\nReed, George W., 944.\\nReed, James L., 559, 562, 564.\\nReed, John, 671.\\nReed, Alary, 656.\\nReed, Seih, 566, 571.\\nReed, Seth, Mrs., 661.\\nReed, Governor, 257.\\nReeder, Edwin, 573, 818, 944,\\n^978-\\nReekie, Alexander, 654.\\nRees, E. H., 71.\\nReese, A. H., 905.\\nReese, Thomas J., 506.\\nReeve, Christopher, 756.\\nReeve, David B., 633.\\nReeve, Xancy, Mrs., 633.\\nReeves, H. L., 486.\\nRegal, Eli, 624.\\nRegerny, J., 796.\\nReid, Duncan, 165, 202, 210,\\n281, 770. 795.\\nReid. John, 54,\\nReid, J. J., 80.\\nReidy, Edward, 868, 904.\\nReif, H., 695, 758.\\nReighley, C, 585, 718, 839.\\nReighley, Mrs. C., 718.\\nReilly, B., 80.\\nReilly, Charles, 361, 540, 549.\\nReilly, C J.. 194, 711,757,\\nReilly, J., 211.\\nReilly, J. AL, 780.\\nReilly. O., 470.\\nReilly, Pat., 680.\\nRemick, George B., lor, 360.\\nRenaud, George F.. 487.\\nReneau, Antoine, 979.\\nReneau, Gabriel, 981.\\nReneau, Louis, g79.\\nReno, John, 101, 164, 166, 210,\\n756.\\nRentz, Theodore, 138, 162.\\nRese, Frederick, 532, 547, 648,\\n721. 959-\\nReuter, George A., S75. S76.\\nRc.xford, E. L., 627.\\nReynolds, 268, 277, 280,\\nReynolds, A. N., 633.\\nReynolds, H. A., 844, 973.\\nReynolds, J,, 934.\\nReynolds, R. N., 904,\\nReynolds, Thomas N., 733.\\nRhines, James, 903.\\nRhy, M., 257.\\nRibourdc, Gabriel de la, 907.\\nRice, A. W.. Mrs., 662.\\nRice, D. E.. Afrs., 572.\\nRice, George W., 176.\\nRice, John D., 488.\\nRice, Justin, 50, 163, 594. J\\nRice, Niary, 594.\\nRice, Paul, 198.\\nRice, R. X., 901.\\nRice, R. S.. 40, $1^ 50, 59, 167,\\n300. 359, 492, 494. 646, 710.\\nRice, Versal, 794, 798.\\nRich, b8i.\\nRich, Charles A., 828, 821;-, 1^.14.\\nRich, G. M., 104, 125, 143, 165,\\n687,757, 864.\\nRich, Sylvester, 945.\\nRichard, Gabriel, 53, 98, 102,\\nIII. 150. 288. 313, 357. 477.\\n490, 531, 533, 535, 547, 670,\\n94, 70s. 720, 728, 729, 730,\\n^,^7, 953. 958.\\nRichardie, C. de la, 8, 530, 535.\\nRichards, John, 348.\\nRichards, j. D., 58.\\nRichards, R. R.. 569.\\nRichardson, D. M,, 57, 100, 161,\\n496, 757. 828. 869, a-i^.\\nRichardson, D. M., Airs., 665.\\nRichardson, J. P., 967.\\nRichardson, Origen D., 92.\\nRichelieu, Cardinal, 83.\\nRichings, Caroline, Miss, 521.\\nRichmond, 679.\\nRichmond, Dean, 895, 910.\\nRichmond, W. A.. 324.\\nRichter, Henry Joseph, 547.\\nRichter, Leonard, 166.\\nRicker, R. E., 902.\\nRiddle, 78.\\nRidette, George, 80.\\nRigaud, Pierre de, 83.\\nRikey, E. A. P., 734.\\nRiley, Bcnnet, 228, 229.\\nRiley, B. Miss, 752.\\nRiley, James, 285, 494.\\nRiley, John, 285.\\nRiley, Peter. 285.\\nRingnolt, J. C, 851.\\nRiopcl, Ambrose, 978.\\nRiopelle, 977.\\nRiopeile, C. N., 101.\\nRiopelle, D., 143, 944,\\nRiopelle, Hyacinthe F., 131.\\nRiopelle, H. W., 101.\\nRiopelle, Joseph, 285.\\nRipley, Captain, 300.\\nRischert, C., 758.\\nRisdon, Orange, 697,\\nRistori, 358, 969.\\nRivard, Antome, 944, 979.\\nRivard, Charles, 531, 720, 980.\\nRivard, Francois, 313, 720, 979,\\nRivard, Jean Baptiste, 981.\\nRivard, Michel, 980.\\nRivard, Nicholas, 981.\\nRivard, Pierre, 981.\\nRoach, M. C, 901.\\nRobb, (ieorge, 108, 192, 197,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e753. 755-\\nRobbins. Obadiah, 550, 767.\\nRobert, H. M., 919.\\nRoberts, 969.\\nRoberts, D. P., 577.\\nRoberts, E. J., 176, 191, 198,\\n673, 755-\\nRoberts, E. K., 137, 146, 872.\\nRoberts, E. V., 99,\\nRoberts, Griffith, 165, 202.\\nRoberts, H. S., 40, 140, 756.\\nRoberts, John. 142, 163, 317,\\n492, 713. 755. 795, 900, 935,\\n957-\\nRoberts, Moses, 130.\\nRoberts, Robert E., 71. 140, 168,\\n506, 520, 523, 705, 757, 758.\\n839, 929.\\nRoberts, R. R., 579.\\nRoberts, W. J., 586, 589.\\nRoberts. William P., 166.\\nRobertson, 690.\\nRobertson, John, 705.\\nRobertson, J. W., 51, 733.\\nRobertson, W,, 281.\\nRobinson, 236, 837.\\nRobinson, Agnes, 633.\\nRobinson, Asa M., 192.\\nRobinson, Eugene, 32, 33, 76,\\n^705. 871, 935.\\nRobinson, Frank F.., 692.\\nRobinson, G. O.. 757.\\nRobinson, James, 164.\\nRobinson, John, Jr., 343.\\nRobinson. John C, 228, 230, 305.\\nRobinson, J. E.. 687.\\nRobinson, L. G., 676.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1057.jp2"}, "1058": {"fulltext": "ioo6\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nRobinson, M. T,. 484.\\nRobinson, Russl-U, 797.\\nRobisun, George F., 197.\\nRobison, John, 172, 210, 633,\\n767- 934-\\nRobison. William, 979.\\nRobson, John, 795.\\nRoby, 8.\\nRobv, Hannah, 594.\\nRoby, H. M.. 523, 710-\\nRoby, John S., 98, 712, 770,\\n908, 933.\\nRoche, Thomas, 58.\\nRockwell, Maria, Miss, 718.\\nRocoux, Jean Baptiste, 354,\\n720.\\nRodgers, Fred., 920.\\nRodgers, G. D., 210.\\nRoerWilliam, 268.\\nRocdigLT, Henry, 166, 167.\\nRoehin, 944.\\nRoeh.n, J. F., 871.\\nRogers, 234, 767, gog.\\nRogers, Andrew J., 205.\\nRogers, Kbenezer H., 192.\\nRogers, F. H., 825, 873.\\nRogers, John. 251, 252.\\nRogers, Randolph, 312, 357.\\nRogers, Robert, 227, 234. 238,\\n707.\\nRohe, C. H., 620, 663.\\nRohns, Augustus, 7^8.\\nRolshoven, J. C., 361.\\nRoiner, I^eu, 718.\\nRomeyn, James W., 100, lot,\\n^3 \u00c2\u00a32. 757, 758, 760.\\nRomeyn, Theodore, 106, 162,\\nigg, 301, 306, 308, 310, 839,\\n851, 944, 9 ^2, 967, 96S.\\nRood, A. H., 895.\\nRood. C. C, 738.\\nRood, Ezra, 38.\\nRood, G. F., 69s, 755.\\nRood, G. L., 696.\\nRood, Sidney L., 695, 696.\\nRooks, I homas, 80.\\nRoos, Philip, 167.\\nRoot, 486.\\nRoot, Charles, 784, 867, 868.\\nlioot, Roswell, 100, 130, ig8.\\nRose, 346.\\nRose, D. R.. 198.\\nRose, Lester A., 680.\\nRose, L. C, 50.\\nRose, P. B., 709,\\nRose, Wm. C, loi.\\nRosecrans, William S., 229.\\nRosenfield, M., 497.\\nRosenthal, L., 212.\\nRosenthal, S., 212, 213.\\nRoss, K. U., 677.\\nRoss, James, iig, 270.\\nRoss, M. K., 733.\\nRoss, R. li., 689.\\nl-io-si, Walter, 944.\\nRois. W., 198.\\nRossiter. 300, 360.\\nRoth. William, 499.\\nRuthweiler, Jacob, 575,\\nRoubidon, 766.\\nRouleau. Charles, 978, 981.\\nRouquette, 225.\\nRouse. W. H., 51, 705.\\nRousseau, C. M., 40, 145, 146,\\n654.\\nRousson, Baptiste, 978.\\nRowe, 494, 632, 715.\\nRowe, Jonas, 820.\\nRowland, David H., 100, 101.\\nRowland, Isaac S., 126, 303,\\n317-\\nRowland, John P., 145.\\nRowland, P. A., 799.\\nRowland, Thomas, 30, 41, 92,\\n135. 138, 140, 142, 167, 176,\\nigo, 192, ig8, 226, 278, 502,\\n558, 642, 68r, 712, 731, 755,\\n847. 881. g44.\\nRowley, B., 130, 933.\\nRowley, N. B 58, 792, 797,\\nRowlsnn. H. B., 60, 684.\\nKoy, Pierre, 18.\\nRi.ys, J. A., 695.\\nRucker, John A.. 130, igS.\\nRiidd, E. H., 588, 591.\\nRuelile, 306.\\nRuehle, rrederick, 144, 145.\\nRuehle, F., 317,687, 756,936.\\nRiiehle, J. V., 71, 79, loi, 143,\\n303. 3171 318, 967.\\nRuehle. Valentine, 617.\\nRugard, Francis, 799.\\nRuggles, Isaac W., sgs.\\nRuhl, Charles, 482.\\nRuland, Israel, 313.\\nRuland, John, 285. 313.\\nRumney, Alice. 737.\\nRumney, W. V., 168, 757, 758,\\n792-\\nRimge, J. B., 212.\\nRuoff, A., 146.\\nRussel Wheel Co., 805.\\nRussel, G. B., 50, 218, 646, 658,\\ngi7.\\nRussel, George H., 805.\\nRussel, Henry, 711.\\nRussel, John R., 805.\\nRussel, Walter 805.\\nRussell, Alfred, 176.\\nRussell, Alfred, Mrs., 361.\\nRussell, C. P., 677, 691.\\nRussell, Frank G., 141, 145, 205,\\n705.\\nRussell, George P., 176.\\nRussell, H. T., 210.\\nRussell, John, 569, 573, 675,\\n677, 679.\\nRussell, J. A., 549.\\nRussell, W., 164, 281, 335, 565,\\n944.\\nRussell, W. H., 483, 616, 709.\\nRust, J. J.. 822.\\nRyan, C. 885.\\nRyan, K. W., 571.\\nRyan, Henry, 554, 580.\\nRyan, Jolin B., 145, 146.\\nRyan, Michael, 211.\\nRyan, Timothy. 74.\\nRyan, William, 166, 167. 756.\\nRyan, W. W., 46, 705, 965.\\ns\\nSt. Andre, 20.\\nSt. Armour, J. B., 533, gi6,\\nSt. Aubin, 18, 333, Q77.\\nSt. Aubin, dil Casse, 337.\\nSt. Aubin, Francis, 166, 945.\\nSt. Aubin, F. C loi, 144, g35,\\nSt. Aubin, Jean Cass, 20.\\nSt. Aubin, Mme., 235.\\nSt. Barnard. 533.\\nSt. Barnard, Henry, g8i.\\nSt. Bernard, Hypolite, 720.\\nSt. Bernard, Louis, 313.\\nSt. Clair, Arthur, 53, 86, iig,\\n172, 178, 221, 248, 264, 265,\\n26g, 272, g45, gs3.\\nSt. Clair, Arthur, Jr., 178, 285.\\nSt. Cosme. Pierre, 172.\\nSt. Jean, dit Joseph Cerre, 313,\\n720, 978.\\nSt. John. E. F., 872.\\nSt. John. John P., 976.\\nSt. Martin, 20, 35, 371.\\nSt. Martin, Jacques, 238, 669.\\nSt. Martin, Miss, 340.\\nSt. Pierre, M. de, 231.\\nSt. Obin. Gabriel. 979.\\nSt. Valier, John Baptist de la\\nCroi.x Chevrieres de, 546.\\nSabin, 872.\\nSabin. O. T. Mrs., 310.\\nSabine, J. C-. 795.\\nSabine, W. C, 638.\\nSabrevois, Jacques Chas., 19,\\n227,\\nSacker, Herman, 167.\\nSackett, David, loi, 125, 126,\\n131, 64S.\\nSaenger, Alex. A., 141,\\nSafford, James, 125, 131, igS,\\n648.\\nSafford, James A., 131.\\nSaffrey-Mesy, Chevalier de, 83.\\nSagard, 527.\\nSager, Abraham, 50.\\nSale, L. D., ig6.\\nSales, William, 125, 7g7.\\nSallenauve, J. B., 530.\\nSalsbury, 492.\\nSalter, M., 165. 210, 211, 484.\\nSalvignac, Pierre. 32S.\\nSanborn, James W., 93.\\nSanborn, Oscar, 132.\\nSanborn, O. W., 570.\\nSanders, Jacob, 40.\\nSanderson, Henry, 502,558,860.\\nSanderson, Lydia. 594.\\nSands. George, goo.\\nSanford, Miss, 717.\\nSanford, Miles, 674.\\nSanfiird, Thomas, 757.\\nSanger, Henry E., 85g.\\nSanger, H. K., 38, 787, 792,\\n862.\\nSanger, H. P., 781.\\nSanguinet, Simon, 172.\\nSard, 7gi.\\nSargeant, H. E., goi.\\nSargeant, John, 555.\\nSargeant, Thomas, 555.\\nSargent, Winthrop, 85, 86, 118,\\n119, 197, 198. 945.\\nSartwell, George B., 867.\\nSastaretsi, 371,\\nSaunders, Harry, 100, loi, 125,\\n130.\\nSaunders, I. S., 198.\\nSaunders, Joseph, 6S0, 6gi.\\nSaunders, P. E., 922.\\nSaurs, 499.\\nSavage, James, 537. 541.\\nSavage, William 688.\\nSawyer, Franklin, 93, 113. 300\\n68g, 692, 710, 711.\\nSawyei*, Joseph, 780, 921.\\nSaxby, E. A., 680.\\nSa.\\\\e, J. G., 709.\\nSaxton, Charlotte Hart, 939.\\nSay, Prof,, 957.\\nSavles, Harry F., 643.\\nScadin, R. C, 58.\\nScanlon, George L., 211.\\nSchaad, M., 617.\\nSchadow, Charles, 620.\\nSchaff, P., 702.\\nSchaller, J. M. G., 618.\\nSchamaden, Thomas, g34.\\nSchantz, J. P., 578.\\nSchantz, N., 719.\\nSchatz, C. F., 619.\\nSchebosch, 551.\\nSchefHer, A., 538.\\nSchehr, Adam, 162.\\nScheller, George, 486.\\nScherer, 628, 6;;g.\\nScheu, Albert, ig6, ig8.\\nSchick, John B., 104, 125, 755,\\n756.\\nSchiefBin, Jonathan, 94, 191,\\n252. 255. 953. 979-\\nSchimmei, F., 687, 688.\\nSchimmel, W., 688.\\nSchindler, Jonas, 173.\\nSchloss, S., Mrs,, 657.\\nSchmemann, Karl, 677.\\nSchmid, F,, 617.\\nSchmidt, Charles, 80.\\nSchmidt, J. J.. 622.\\nSchmidt, Traugott, 869.\\nSchmitt, E. L., 162.\\nSchmitt, John, 145.\\nSchmittdiel, A. H., 144.\\nSchmittdiel, H. A., 196.\\nSchmittdiel, J. B., 145, 687.\\nSchmittdiel. John S., 167, 758.\\nSchneider, John. 165.\\nSchneider, John S., 576.\\nSchneider, Peter F., 575.\\nSchnelzer, J., 212.\\nSchoaff, 4S5.\\nSchober, E., 6go.\\nSchober, F. A., 677.\\nSchoolcraft, .Abram S., 58, 863.\\nSchoolcraft. Henry A., igi.\\nSchoolcraft, H. R., 16,321,324,\\n705, 712, 839, 907, 945.\\nSchoolcraft, John L., 864.\\nSchooler, T. E., ig8.\\nSchrick. M.. 798.\\nSchroeder, Christian. 57.\\nSchroeder, Edward, 646.\\nSchuffart, Chas., 132.\\nSchuh, H. J., 620.\\nSchulenburg, 498.\\nSchulte, Adam, 58.\\nSchulic, August, 145.\\nSchulte, Anton. 934.\\nSchulte, Caspar, 646. 647, 649.\\nSchulte, C, 499, 758.\\nSchulte, Joseph, 54, 826.\\nSchulte, Brothers, 826.\\nSchultz, J. C, 80. 167.\\nSchumacher, H.. 355.\\nSchumm, Charles E., 757,\\nSchurz, Carl, 684.\\nSchutjes, H. J. H., 547,\\nSchwabe, J. P., 617.\\nSchwankoosky, Conrad, 618.\\nSchwartz, George, 712.\\nSchwartz, John, 721.\\nSchwartz, John E., 89, 90, 100,\\nloi, 215, 341, 346, 481, 713,\\n770. 958.\\nSchwartz, J. G., 770.\\nSchwartz, N., 799.\\nSchweim, William, 934.\\nSchweinfert, John, 575.\\nSchweitzer, G., 934.\\nSchwinn, George, 575.\\nScerl, Gottlieb, 935.\\nScott, 272.\\nScott, Misses, 495.\\nScott, Annie, Miss, 717.\\nScott, L)red, 9^9.\\nScott, D. W., 133.\\nScott. Eleanor, Miss, 717.\\nScott, G. H., 920.\\nScott, Hester, Mrs.. 717.\\nScott, Isabella, Miss, 717.\\nScott, James, 944.\\nScott, J., 65, 100, 143, 163, 202,\\n475. 934-\\nScott, J. P., 603. 679.\\nScott, J. R., 710.\\nScott, Le\\\\ i, 579.\\nScott, Mary J-, 594.\\nScott, V. J., 654, 872.\\nScott, William, 40, 553, 569.\\nScott, W. H., 498.\\nScott, William M., 272, 281, 502.\\nScott, Wm. McDowell, 62, 150,\\n176, 183, 190, igi, ig8, 214,\\n314. 553. 669.\\nScott, Winfield, lor, 130, 131,\\n229, 271, 299, 301, 302, 303,\\n945. 956, 958, 960.\\nScotlen, Daniel, 4, 57, 496, 827,\\n945-\\nScotten, Orren, 827.\\nScovel, J, B., 50, 646, 649.\\nScovel, Edward, 354.\\nScoville, D. J., 945.\\nScripps, J. Annie, 705.\\nScripps, George H., 361, 362,\\n689.\\nScripps, James E., 361, 362, 669,\\n6S3. 684, 688, 692, 6g6, 705,\\n871.\\nScripps, W. A., 486.\\nSeage, John, 640.\\nSeager, 566.\\nSearle, Addison, 226, 581.\\nSeaman, Ezra C, 705.\\nSears, Charles, 730.\\nSears, O. A., 945.\\nSecord, W. W., 6gi.\\nSeefred, S. S., 781.\\nSeek. Conrad, 133, 210, 2S1, 313.\\nSeek, Lieutenant, 184.\\nSeely, Merritt, 892.\\nSeereiter, John, 352.\\nSeguin, Gaetan, dit Lederout,\\n20.\\nSegur, Hiram, 131.\\nSeitz, C. B., 497, 49S, 499.\\nSeitz, F. L., 71, 686, 872.\\nSelden, Joseph, 130.\\nSelden, Samuel L., S84.\\nSelkirk, Lord, 278, 956, 939.\\nSelkrig, Charles, 486.\\nSelkn g, C. V., 40.\\nSelleck, A., 353, 6g5.\\nSene, J. B., g8i.\\nSenfeman, 550, 551.\\nSenninger, N., 145, 161, 167.\\nSequin, dit Chene, 337.\\nSerrier, 715.\\nSessions, Alonzo, 92.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1058.jp2"}, "1059": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\nlOO\\nSeverance, L., 131.\\nSeward, William H., 110, ^ocj,\\n708, 900, 945, q66.\\nSextoD, Daniel, 934.\\nSexton, Jared, loi, 132.\\nSexton, Jared A., 131, 209, 871.\\nSeymour, 957.\\nSeymour, Charles, 863.\\nSeymour, F. H., 519, 706.\\nSeymour, Horatio, 973.\\nSeymour, Joseph. 672, 692.\\nSeymour, J. C. W., 493, 862.\\nSeymour, J. W., 696.\\nSeymour, Sophia, 594.\\nShaler, Charles, 274.\\nShanahan, D., 145, 146, 64S,\\n799-\\nShanahan, P., 799, 934.\\nShanklin, Lieutenant, 26S.\\nShappooton, M., 222.\\nSharp, John, 165, 166.\\nShattuck, Lemuel, 557.631,632,\\n^633, 705, 730.\\nShaumberg, Bartholomew, 267,\\n270.\\nShaw, 695.\\nShaw, O. L., 80.\\nShaw, D. R., Mrs., 653.\\nShaw, H. W. (Josh Billings),\\n709.\\nShaw, James, 580.\\nShaw, John, 869.\\nShaw, William, 482, 483, 484,\\n485-\\nShawe, M. E. K., 537, 539.\\nSheaf, Lanij, 640,\\nSheahan, Jeremiah, 125, 126,\\nSheahan, P. J., 196, 318.\\nShearer, J., 648.\\nShearer, James, 61, 144, 475.\\nShearer, Jonathan, 91, iod, ioi,\\n123, 130.\\nShearer, L. D., 872.\\nShearman, Francis W., 93.\\nSheehan, D., 198, 799.\\nShefTcrly, 49g.\\nShelby. Isaac. 2S3, 285, 286,\\n287. 945.\\nShelden, Allan, 361, 362, 733,\\nS67.\\nSheldon, 496.\\nSheldon, C. A., 792.\\nSheldon, E. M., Mrs., 33, 369,\\n633, 654, 675, 677, 705,\\nSheldon, George, 595.\\nSheldon, G- T., 1761 192, 755,\\n756.\\nSheldon, John P., 98, 123, 135,\\n142, 152, 558, 671, 672, 685,\\n692, 694, 697, 712, 713, 847.\\n958.\\nSheldon, T. C, 209, 492, 635.\\nSheldon, T. F., 100.\\nSheldon Graves, 485.\\nSheldon Reed, 692.\\nSheldon Wells. 692.\\nSheley, Alanson, 61, 100, 144,\\n165, 346, 460, 595, 641, 648,\\n840, 841, 851, 867.\\nShepard, 716.\\nShepard, E.. 143, 731, 756.\\nSheridan. Phil., 945.\\nSherlock. E. T.. 166. 676.\\nSherman, Murray, 132.\\nSherman, W. I 106, 945, 968.\\nSherwood, 4S1.\\nSherwood, Samuel, 795.\\nSherwood, T. C, 872.\\nSherwood. T. R., 188.\\nShields. James, 798.\\nShier, W. H.. 572.\\nShillaber, B. P. (Mrs. Parting-\\nton), 709.\\nShippen. Ku^h, R., 626.\\nShoemaker, Michael, 785.\\nShoemaker, W. 945.\\nShorter, J. P., 976.\\nShotwell. C. B.. 825.\\nShourd, Lieutenant, 250.\\nShove, J., 697.\\nShroeter, A.. 621,\\nShucH, Anthony, 934.\\nShulte, John. 868.\\nShuman, F. A., 132.\\nShurley, E. L., 51, 690, 705, 733.\\nSibley, 277.\\nSibley, Ebcnezer S., 729, 859.\\nSibk-y, E. S., Mrs., 939.\\nSibley, F. IJ., 865.\\nSibk-y. F. T., 355.\\nSibley, H., 884.\\nSibley, H. H., 339, 941.\\nSibley, Sarah A. Miss, 310,311.\\nSibley, Solomon, 15, 29, 41. 89,\\n94, 102. 103, 133, 134, 135, 140,\\nI49\u00c2\u00bb 176, 185, 186, 273, 274,\\n284, 313. 325. 470, 49\u00c2\u00bbi 729.\\n730, 858. 859. 884. 945, 953.\\nSibley, Solomon, Mrs., 356.\\nSibley, Sylvester, 935.\\nSicarl, 19,\\nSigourney, Lydia H., 595.\\nSihier, G, B., 356.\\nSilber, W. B., 706.\\nSilberman, 494, 628.\\nSill, J. M. B., 637.714.718,75=.\\n^.753. 757-\\nSilsbee, 626.\\nSilsby, 511.\\nSilver, Abiel, 93, 705.\\nSimcoe, Lieutenant-Governor,\\n7, 94, 118, 264, 266, 953.\\nSimmons, 181, 958.\\nSimmons, William, 565, 580.\\nSimonds, S. D., 566, 675.\\nSimons, John, 58.\\nSimpson, Adam, 758.\\nSimpson, E. W., 146, 479.\\nSimpson, James, 577,\\nSimpson, John, 19S.\\nSimpson, .\\\\L, 567, 579, 709.\\nSimpson, T. H., 808.\\nSinclair, Patrick, 13. 242. 260.\\nSingleton, Geo. F., 885.\\nSistare, Geo. K., 873.\\nSitgraves, 267.\\nSitgreaves, Lorenzo. 919.\\nSizer, H. H., S60. 862.\\nSkiff, Walter C, 640.\\nSkinner, E. C, 39. 714.\\nSkinner, E. C., Mrs., 361, 362.\\nSkoUa, 538.\\nSlater, George H., 661.\\nSlaughter. T.. 961.\\nSlaymaker. J. A.. 143, 756.\\nSloan, Captain, 275.\\nSloan, S., 901.\\nSlocum, Elliott T., 100.\\nSlocum, G. B., 7, 130.\\nSloman, L., Mrs., 657.\\nSlosser, Ensign, 234.\\nSmart, David. 131, 167, 492,\\n493. 504. 523* 864.\\nSmart, CJeorge, 210.\\nSmart, J. S., 570. 573, 705.\\nSmart, Robert, 281, 645,\\nSmead, D. W., 198.\\nSmith, 95, 103, 275, 494, 505,\\n760, 872. 955. 959.\\nSmith, Alexander, 212.\\nSmith, Andrew, 654.\\nSmith, Jr., 360.\\nSmith, A. E., 901.\\nSmith. Andrew J., 93.\\nSmith, Bradford, 206, 207, 633,\\n639, 640.\\nSmith, Charles, 889.\\nSmith, C. C. IOI.\\nSmith, Charles H., 833. 834.\\nSmith. David, 198.\\nSmith. D., 130.\\nSmith, Elijah, 71, 145.\\nSmith, Eugene, 733.\\nSmith, E..B.. 678, 682, 695.\\nSmith, E. K., 228\\nSmith, Eugene T., 317, 674.\\nSmith, E. Willard. 61, 901, 936,\\nSmith. Geo.. 165, 580, 933.\\nSmith, G. W.. 131.\\nSmith, H., 799.\\nSmith, H. A., 649.\\nSmith, Hamilton E., 59, 647.\\nSmith, Henry, 934. 935.\\nSmith, Howard, 606.\\nSmith. Hugh, 581.\\nSmith, H. H. Crapo\u00c2\u00bb Mrs., 361,\\n362.\\nSmith, Isaac S., 50.\\nSmith, Jack, 285.\\nnith, Jesse, 864.\\nnith. Job, 100, 125, 132.\\nnith, John, 227, 491, 937.\\nSmith, Jesse, 864.\\nSmit\\nSn\\nSmith, j. B.,\\nSmith, John E., 131.\\nSmith, J. H.. 798.\\nSmith, J. Hyatt, 705.\\nSmith, Joshua L., 343.\\nSmith, J. W., 844.\\nSmitli, L. A., 772, 776.\\nSmith, Lyman B., 211.\\nSmith, Mortimer L., 361.\\nSmith, Moses 615.\\nSmith, M. S., 57, 75, 205, 360,\\n362, 364, 468, 733, 826, 867,\\n868, 86g, 976.\\nSmith, R. C, 140, 143, 164, 600,\\n638, 674, 900,\\nSmith, R. D., 198.\\nSmith, R. M., 324.\\nSmith, Seth, 126, 131.\\nSmith, Sheldon, 217.\\nSmith, S. B., 131.\\nSmith, Thomas, 8, 26, 29, 32,\\n37, 174. 214. 262, 769, 799, 978.\\nSmith, Ulysses G., 673.\\nSmith, Watson G., 756.\\nSmith, William, 133, 210, 211,\\n860.\\nSmith, William A., 91, 131.\\nSmith, W. B.. 639.\\nSmith, William F., 919.\\nSmith, W. H., 131, 666.\\nSinolk. A., 934.\\nSmulders, E.. 543.\\nSinythe, Richard, 40, 89. 95, 98,\\n125, 130, 133, 135, 183. 198,\\n209. 273, 314, 315, 316, 317,\\n480, 712.\\nSnelling, 276, 277. 291.\\nSnclling, H. H., 673, 705.\\nSnelling, Mrs. Col., 372.\\nSnow, 695, 884.\\nSnow, H. A., 500.\\nSnow, Josiah, 40, 673, 675, 683,\\n884.\\nSnow, William D., 884.\\nSnyder, George, 674.\\nSnyder, John, 165.\\nSocier, Joseph, 981.\\nSoffers. B. J 536.\\nSoldan, C. F., 617, 718.\\nSolges, 355.\\nSolis, A. B., 80.\\nSolis. D. H., 675.\\nSolyer, C. G., 210.\\nSothern, 358.\\nSoule, Bishop, 579.\\nSowden, 499,\\nSpalding, v., 140, 198.\\nSparks, H. S., 675.\\nSparling, B., 211.\\nSparling, F. W., 646.\\nSpaulding, 531.\\nSpaulding, Oliver L., 92.\\nSpears, John, 610.\\nSpeckhard, G., 662.\\nSpeed, F., 318.\\nSpeed, J. J., Joi, 177, 193, 194,\\n75S.\\nSpeed. J. J.. Jr., 883. 884.\\nSpeed, William J., 141.\\nSpeek, M., 578.\\nSpeil. R., 357.\\nSpcnce, 1 hos. R., 101.\\nSpencer, 733.\\nSpencer, C. B., 57^.\\nSpencer, Deborali Seldcn, Mrs.,\\n945.\\nSpencer, Elizabeth (Mrs. Cass),\\n945-\\nSpencer, G., 71, 125, 164, 198,\\n713-\\nSpencer, Joseph, 281, 938. 945.\\nSpencer, Martha Brainerd,Mrs.,\\n938.\\nSpencer, O. M., 262.\\nSpies, E., 621.\\nSpinning, D. J., 80.\\nSpitzley, Henry, 479.\\nSprague, Ara, 130, 198.\\nSprague, A. W., 58. an, 799.\\nSprague, Henry, ig8.\\nSpr.igue, J. B.,\\nSprague, R. A.,\\n678.\\nSprague, Thomas S., 361, 798.\\nSprague, William. 324.\\nSpranger, F. X.. 51. 646, 734.\\nSpringer, S. J., 131, 872.\\nSproat, Ebcnezer, 945.\\nSprole, W T., 615.\\nStacy, William, 554.\\nStadler, C. 211.\\nStadler, John B., 202, 211.\\nStager, H. W\u00e2\u0080\u009e 640.\\nStalker. Thomas, 572.\\nStandart, J. ti., 822.\\n.Standisb, 497.\\nSiandish, J. D,, 162, 164, 6ic,\\nStange, Charles, 145, 275.\\nStanley, D. S., 228.\\nStanley. J. M.. 359, 945.\\nStanton, 980.\\nStanton, Edwin M., T04.\\nStanton, Francis, 940.\\nStanton, Henry, 937, 940. 945.\\nStanton, Stephen K., 205, 355,\\nr- 945-\\nStapleton, 681.\\nStark, F. X., 945.\\nStarkey, Henry. 71, 140, 523.\\nStarkey, Jennie O., Miss, 687.\\nStarkey, L. F.. 50\\nStarkey. Richard, 140.\\nStarkweather, C. C. 205.\\nStarkweather, George H., 101,\\n130.\\nStarkweather, I. N., 872.\\nStarkweather, John F., 211.\\nStead, 62.\\nStead, B., 631, 712, 730, 859.\\nStead, William, 164, 1C6, 936.\\nStearns, Willard E., 143, 740,\\n755-\\nStearns, Frederick. 36: 468,\\n497, 676, 691, 714, 822, 823,\\n970.\\nStearns, F. H.. 739.\\nStebbins, Calvin, 627.\\nStcbbins. Dwight D., 646.\\nStebbins, G. B., 705.\\nStebbins. N. D., 50,\\nStebner, H.. 80.\\nStecher, Martin. 945.\\nSieckel, G. L. R., 166, 167.\\nSteel, 270.\\nSteele, Archibald, 256.\\nSlehfast, H., 935.\\nStein, Charles. 355. 357.\\nSteinbeck, John, 978.\\nSteinfeld, 468.\\nStella. Mary, 651, 6f2.\\nStellwagen, Cieorge IL, 125,\\ni3\u00c2\u00bb-\\nStenton, Goff. 945.\\nStephens, John, 718. 867.\\nStephens, J. A., 798, 934.\\nStephens, Roe, 356, 690.\\nStephens, W. C, 895.\\nStephenson, Captain, 227. 323.\\nStephenson, William, 597.\\nStern, Jabez, 210.\\nSterling, 238, 907.\\nSterling, James, 37, 172, 244,\\n^837.\\nSterling. Jesse, 167.\\nSterling. John, 76.\\nSterling, J. T., Mrs. Colonel,\\n362.\\nSteuben, Baron, 258, 264, 952.\\nStevens, 494. 6 )5. 696.\\nStevens, Am\u00c2\u00ab)s. 88, joi, 131, 198.\\nStevens, Daniel, 40.\\nStevens, F. H.. 374, 863.\\nStevens, Gideon B., 191.\\nStevens, H. P., 483. 485.\\nStevens, James, 521.\\nStevens, James A.. 132.\\nStevens, John, 485.\\nStevens, Kat\u00c2\u00ab: E., Miss, 3x0.\\nStevens, M., 143.\\nStevens, Sears, 191, 199.\\nStevens, T. H., 920.\\nStevens, William, 888.\\nStevens, William C., 92.\\nStevenson, Captain, 766.\\nStevenson, Charles S., 677.\\nStevenson, James, 227.\\nSteward, Charles, 125, 131, 132,\\n3\u00c2\u00bb3.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1059.jp2"}, "1060": {"fulltext": "ioo8\\nINDEX OF NAMES.\\nStewart, 494.\\nStewart, A., 165, 934.\\nStewart, Charles Henry, 346.\\nStewart, D.. 166.\\nStewart, Duncan, 306, 654, 787,\\n788, 792, 867, 967.\\nStewart, G. D., 647.\\nStewart, James, 71, loi, 143,\\n513. 737 739. 811.\\nStewart, James h., 357.\\nStewart, John, 167, 576, 654,\\n935-\\nStewart, Morse, 162, 218, 650,\\n706.\\nStewart, Morse, Mrs., 310, 361,\\n362, 660, 661, 666, 706, 842.\\nStewart, Morse, Jr., 51, 138.\\nStewart, M. P., 50.\\nStewart, N. P., 895.\\nStewart, Robert, 860,\\nStewart, Wm., 144, 164.\\nSteyskal, Chas., 167.\\nSteyskal, M., 162, 357.\\nStickney, B. F., 300.\\nStickney, J. L., 685.\\nStillson, 113.\\nStilzer, Louis, 132.\\nStimson, B. G., 162, 683, 945.\\nStirling, James, 344, 349, 767.\\nStirling, James, Mrs,, 349.\\nStirling, John, 666.\\nStocking, C. H. W.. 587.\\nStocking, William, 6S4, 701.\\nStockton, John, 96.\\nStockton, Thos., 227.\\nStockton, T. B. W., 303, 305.\\nStockwell, A., 131.\\nStodd-ird, C. M., 486.\\nStoddard. Rodman, 198, 485.\\nStoflt^t, H. L., 131.\\nStoflet, William, 130.\\nStokes, F. A., 706.\\nStoll, Julius, 161, 162, 196, 198,\\n870.\\nStone, Hiram H., loi.\\nStone, James H., 159, 684, 701.\\nStone, Nathan, 485, 486.\\nStone, \\\\V., 691.\\nStone, William L., 249.\\nStorey. W. F., 674, 686, 692.\\nStork, J., 80.\\nStorkdale, R., 165.\\nStorrs, 616,\\nStorrs, H. A., 680.\\nStory, A. L., Mrs., 652.\\nStory, -M., 164.\\nStoughton, William L., 92, 176.\\nStoutenburgh, J. B., 711, 936.\\nStowe, C. E., 603, 708, 839.\\nStowe, Harriet Beecher, 945.\\nStowe, Lyman E., 706.\\nStowell, A. H., 100, 143, 164,\\n202, 493, 496, 695.\\nStowell, C. H., 709.\\nStraight. D., 131.\\nStraight, Oscar S. 131.\\nStrang, James J., 963.\\nStrange, John, 555, 580.\\nStratton, 733.\\nStraw, 695.\\nStreeter, W. L., 162, 166.\\nStriker, Daniel, 92.\\nStriker, David, 6T7.\\nStringer, Abram, 131.\\nStrong, Colonel, 270.\\nStrong, D., 227.\\nStrong, George \\\\V., 922.\\nStrong, Isaac, 132.\\nStrong, John, 100, loi, 131.\\nStrong, J. M., 637.\\nStrong, J. W., 198, 318, 758,\\n787.\\nStrong, W. B., 901.\\nStrubel, H., 798.\\nStuart, David, 210, 721.\\nStuart, Charles. Mrs.. 651, 652.\\nStuart, George H., 311.\\nStuart, Robert, 92, 324, 645, 651,\\n73S, 839.\\nStuart, W. A., 212, 213.\\nSiurgis, John, 198.\\nSturgis, L. B., 30.\\nSturgis, Russell, 854.\\nSturm, N., 934.\\nSturmer, J., 622,\\nStutte, A., 198, 718, 757.\\nSucker, Herman, 695.\\nSuits, W. H., 845.\\nSullivan, D K,, 211.\\nSullivan, R,, 80, 945.\\nSullivan, Thomas, 756.\\nSuite, Benjamin, 709.\\nSumner, W. P 8og.\\nSumter, Thomas, 129.\\nSutherland, Duke of, 709.\\nSutherland, Geo., 145.\\nSutherland, James, 58.\\nSutherland. J. B., 868.\\nSutherland, T. J., 301, 302.\\nSutliff, Richard, 131.\\nSutton, 360, 491, 494, 964.\\nSutton, B. F., 832.\\nSutton, James W., 144, 506, 51S,\\n832, 934.\\nSutton, Joseph D 758.\\nSutton, Noah, 64, 65, 80, 164,\\n167, 513-\\nSutton, W. C, 100.\\nSutton Manufacturing Co 832.\\nSwain, Albert, 680.\\nSwain, Isaac N., 945.\\nSwan, E. S., 202, 210,\\nSwayne, N. H., 175.\\nSwearingen, J. S., 908, 953.\\nSweeny, Bernard, 212.\\nSweeney, Edwarvl, 146.\\nSweeney, Elizabeth, 656.\\nSweeney, T. JNI., 131.\\nSweeney, W. A., 681.\\nSweetland, M., 585.\\nSwegles, John, Jr., 92.\\nSwift, 780, 842.\\nSwift, Alvah, 198.\\nSwift, E. Y., 57, 361.\\nSwift, F. W., 138, 318. 633, 883.\\nSwift, (ieorge S., 196, 197, 657.\\nSwift, George W., loi.\\nSwift, John M., loi.\\nSwift, Marcus, 131, 198.\\nSwift, Morrison, 648.\\nSwinscoe, C, 355.\\nSwinscoe. H. H., 144, 196.\\nSymmes, John Cleves, 178, 956.\\nT\\nTabor, A. B., 485.\\nTaft, B., 155.\\nTaft, Levi B., 176.\\nTaft, Stephen K., 145.\\nTafft, William, 125, 130.\\nTaggart, C. M., 626.\\nTaggart, J. W., 606.\\nTalbot, 68 r.\\nTalbot, John L., 96, 176, 191,\\n711.\\nTallman, 300.\\nTallman, Theophilus E., 88,\\n126.\\nTalmage. T. DeWitt, 709.\\nTandy, Thomas, 895.\\nTaney, Roger B., 84S, 939.\\nTanguay, Cyprian, 709.\\nTankard, 767.\\nTanner, Edward, 956.\\nTanner, John, 956.\\nTappan, 717.\\nTappan, Henr P., 709, 746.\\nTarbell, Horace S., 93.\\nTurquand, E. L., 586, 589.\\nTaylor, 840, 964.\\nTaylor, Bayard, 709.\\nTaylor, Charles H., 92, 686.\\nTaylor, Charlotte Ann, Miss,\\n584-\\nTaylor, E. B., 592.\\nTaylor, E. W.. 756.\\nTaylor, Elisha, 38, 141, 1S7,\\n191, 197, 226, 604, 650, 740,\\n755-\\nTaylor, F. D,, 639, 640, 642.\\nTaj lor, F. S., 901.\\nTaylor, George, 310, 311, 569,\\n571, 706, 840.\\nTaylor, George H., 687.\\nTaylor, Israel, 281.\\nTaylor, James, 291, 293.\\nTaylor, J., 485, 496.\\nTaylor, John, 167.\\nTaylor, John L., 585, 586.\\nTaylor, Joseph, 104, 303, 804.\\nTaylor, M., 60S.\\nTaylor, N. T., 71. 870, 872.\\nTaylor, Philo, 130. 198.\\nTaylor, William, 708.\\nTaylor, Wm. H., 146.\\nTaylor, Zachary, 50, 104, 129,\\n^303t 963-\\nTeagan, Jonathan, 164.\\nTecumseh, 8, 275, 277, 323, 955,\\n961.\\nTeelson, H., goi.\\nTefft, B. F., 675.\\nTefft, W. H., 361, 814, 827, 867.\\nTeller, P., 494.\\nTen Brook, Andrew, 606, 674,\\n706.\\nTen Eyck, 300.\\nTen Eyck, A., 104, 176, 187,\\nigi, 194.\\nTen Eyck, Conrad, 88, loi, 125,\\n131, 135. 176, 281, S51, 855.\\nTen Eyck, J. V. R., 126, 140,\\n190.\\nTen Eyck, Martha, 594.\\nTenny, 676.\\nTerhune, Robert, 492.\\nTernes, Anthony, 131.\\nTenies, Peter, 101, 126, 131.\\nTerry, A. R., 50. 343, 706.\\nTerry, F. B., Mrs., 662.\\nTerry, H. D., 305.\\nThayer, A. P., 131.\\nThayer, G. W., 486.\\nThayer, Hiram B., 125, 130,\\n131-\\nThayer, Lyman M., 874.\\nThayer, N. P., 100, 131, 648.\\nThayer, .S. B., 30, 675, 676.\\nThelan, N., 126.\\nTheller, E. A., 50, 301, 302,\\n673, 706.\\nThibeau, Prosper, 313.\\nThibeaut, Joseph, 149.\\nThiebault, Catharine, 981.\\nThierr James, 945.\\nThomas, 106, 976.\\nThomas, Aaron, 980.\\nThomas, Alexander M., 721.\\nThomas, D. E., 690.\\nThomas, F. J., 358, 706.\\nThomas, G. R., 758.\\nThomas, Isaiah, 670.\\nThomas, J., 577.\\nThomas, Joel, 198.\\nThomas, L. H., 336, 567.\\nThomas, M. I., 176.\\nThome, P. M., 229.\\nThompson, 301. 744, 979,\\nThompson, B. H., 143, 210.\\nThompson, C. H., 356.\\nThompson, Daniel, 209.\\nThompson, David, 71, 202, 210,\\n946.\\nThompson, David, Mrs., 663,\\n664.\\nThompson, Duncan, 792.\\nThomson, Edward, 566, 570,\\n675. 706, 736, 970.\\nThompson, J., 494.\\nThompson, James, 659.\\nThompson, Joseph, 837.\\nThompson, Mortimer M., 682,\\n706.\\nThompson, O. C, 613, 616, 872.\\nThompson, O. C., Mrs., 652,\\n653-\\nThompson, T. S., 706.\\nThompson, W., 494.\\nThompson, illiam, 975.\\nThompson, W. B., 624.\\nThompson, W. C, 137.\\nThompson, William G., 75, 140,\\n145, 161, 871.\\nThompson, William H., 684,\\n689.\\nThompson, W. M., 709.\\nThorns, S., 608.\\nThon, John F. W., 125.\\nThon, J. J., 132.\\nThorpe, W., 904.\\nThrombley, Charles J., 946.\\nThroop, Enos T., 126.\\nThroop, Geo, B., loi, 755.\\nThroop, Montgomery H., 706.\\nThroop, Washington, Mrs 310\\nThroop, W. A., 168, 353, 6,5.\\nThuener, Aloys, 647, 649\\nThurber, Horace, 895.\\nThurston, Daniel, 860.\\nThurston, Jason, 130.\\nTibbetts, John R., 482.\\nTlbbetts, John S., loi, 125, 130,\\n131, 70)5.\\nTichy, 543.\\nTierney, Jas., 212.\\nTiffin, Edmund, 15.\\nTilick, Wenceslaus, 543.\\nTillinghast, W. R., 585, 592.\\nTillman, J. W., 306, 945.\\nTillottson, 883.\\nTilton, Theodore, 709.\\nTimm, Wm., 211.\\nTinham. Alex., loi.\\nTinker, A. P., 598.\\nTinker. I. W., 868.\\nTinnette, J., 355.\\nTisler, N., 211, 212, 213.\\nTitlow, George, 211, 212.\\nTitus, Jonas, 888,\\nTitus, J. H., 738.\\nTitus, Marian, 737.\\nTitus, Silas, 710.\\nTitus, S. W., 609.\\nTobitz, A., 80.\\nTocqueville, Alexis de, 707,958.\\nTodd, 280, 495.\\nTodd. C. S., 286. 287.\\nTodd, Isaac, 767, 980.\\nTodd, John. 85, 251.\\nTodd, W. E., 146.\\nTodenbier, John B., 758.\\nTodt. Max, 934.\\nToepel, J. H., 618.\\nToll, Alexander, 198.\\nTomlinson, N., 143.\\nTompkins, John W., 62, 502.\\nToms, Robert P., 56, 67, 199,\\n362, 656, 657.\\nTonty, 18, 19, 171, 221, 325,\\n327. 332i 340. 489, 527, 707.\\n766, 951.\\nTonty, Sieur Alphonse de, 226.\\nTonty, Henri, 227.\\nTorbert, Samuel, 198.\\nTorrance, 596.\\nTorrey, Abel R., 145.\\nTorrey, H. A., 59.\\nTorrey, Joseph. 195.\\nTorrey, Joseph W., 98, 190, 945.\\nToser, Eliza, 739,\\nTowle, S., Mrs., 718.\\nTowne, B. P\\\\. 210,\\nTowne, T. M.. 355, 744.\\nTownsend, 492, 493,\\nTownsend, E. D., 945.\\nTracy, D. B., go6.\\nTracey, Uriah, 272, 552.\\nTrain, George Francis, 709.\\nTrainor, W. H., 871.\\nTramer, C, 578.\\nTrask, Francis, 940.\\nTrask, J. S., 569.\\nTraub, 496.\\nTraver, G. M., 490.\\nTraynor, W. J. H., 680, 689,\\n690, 691.\\nTreadway, A., 639.\\nTreadwell, Seymour B., 93.\\nTregaskis. Richard, 163,\\nTregent, Helen, Mrs., 941.\\nTregent, P., 938, 940, 941.\\nTrehey, T., 165, 166, 756.\\nTremble, Ambroise. 982.\\nTremble, Francois, 313.\\nTremble, Francois Ambroise,\\n981.\\nTremble, Joseph Lionard, 980.\\nTremble, Joseph Louis, 977,\\n9S0.\\nTremble, Louis, Sr., 980.\\nTremble, Pierre, 981.\\nTremble, Thomas. 313,\\nTreuschel, Charles. 575.\\nTrevan, William C, 577.\\nTrincano, Sister, 725\\nTripler. C. S., 50, 706.\\nTripp, 468.\\nTrollope, Anthony, 708.\\nTrombley, David, 132.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1060.jp2"}, "1061": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF NAMES.\\n1009\\nTrombly, C. K., 758.\\nTrust, A., 162.\\nTrounstine, M., Mrs., 657.\\nTrowbridge, C. A., lo6, 355.\\nTrowbridge, Charles C, 41, 49,\\n56. 112, 113, 142, I53i l8ot\\n186, 197, 258, 277, 3\u00c2\u00b0=. 3 2.\\n339, 470. 475i 506, 583. 5841\\n590, 592, 641, 051, 052, 657,\\n666, 706, 712, 716, 730, 731,\\n746, 785, 838. 859, 864, 887,\\n895. 907. 926, 962, 975-\\nTrowbridge, C. C., Mrs., 583,\\n590, 631, 652.\\nTrowbridge, E. S., Miss, 651,\\n652, 716.\\nTrowbridge, L. H., 689.\\nTrowbridge. Luther S., 159, 163,\\n63S, 711. 733. 758.\\nTroy. William, 607.\\nTrua.\\\\, 961.\\nTrua.x, .A.. C, 130, 198, 277, 767.\\nTruax, John. 851, 863.\\nTrua.x, J. L., 357.\\nTruckey, N., 144.\\nTrudeau. 18.\\nTrudell. Samuel, 130.\\nTrudelle, Francois, 979.\\nTruesdail, W., 787, 864.\\nTrumbull, John, 706. 945.\\nTrumbull, Squire, 210.\\nTryon, James E., 519.\\nTubman, R., 904.\\nTucker, 255.\\nTucker, G., 486.\\nTucker, Joel, 716.\\nTucker, J. D., 487.\\nTunis, W. E., 497, 695.\\nTurk, 482.\\nTumbull, 236.\\nTumbull, George, 172, 227.\\nTumbull, J. L.. 892.\\nTumbull, Robert, 603, 605, 606,\\n631, 706, 839.\\nTurner, 964.\\nTurner, Alvin 130.\\nTurner, George, 178.\\nTurner, Horace, 499, 901.\\nTurner, H. M., 976.\\nTurner, Josiah, i83.\\nTurpin, A. H.. 577-\\nTurpin, Jean Baptiste, 333.\\nTurring, Chaplain, 550, 952.\\nTuttle, 184, 226.\\nTuttle, .Abram, 143.\\nTuttle, Christopher, 313.\\nTuttle, C. S., 706.\\nTuttle, C W., 58, 211, 872.\\nTuttle, W., 131.\\nTuttle, Warner, 90.\\nTurtle, Warren, loi, 198, 648.\\nTwain, Mark, 709.\\nTwiggs, Colonel, 48.\\nTworably, L. C, 318.\\nTyler, 493, 494-\\nTyler. Jason, 198.\\nTyler, John W., 215.\\nTyler, .Moses Coit, 6y. 675, 706.\\nTyler, M. G., Mrs., 654.\\nTyler, R. U, 211.\\nTyler. Sarah, 656.\\nTyrrell, 485-\\nTyrrell, Aaron W., 145.\\nXT\\nUbelhoer, F.. 212.\\nUde. J. C, 578.\\nUliman, Isaac J.. 481.\\nUllman, L. T., 770.\\nUmberhine, D. W.. 697.\\nUlrich, Charles, i8o.\\nUlrich. Henry, 196.\\nUlry, Captain, 275,\\nUpson, Charles, 92.\\nUpton, G. B., 901.\\nUtley, H. M., 684, 753-\\nVail, 498. 83s. 883, 973-\\nVail, E. J.. Miss, 717.\\nVail Crane, 835.\\nValentine, A., 758,\\nVallee, J. B., 164, 755-\\nValliant, Francois, 537,\\nValue, 189.\\nVan Aiken, 695.\\nVan .Mm, I)., 837.\\nVan .Mstyne, J. S., 818, 872.\\nVan .\\\\lter, John, 195.\\nVan Anden, 481.\\nVan Anden, J. O., 8c8.\\nVan .\\\\rmaii, John, 303.\\nVan Baalen, J.. 496.\\nVan Burcn, Martin, 102, 103,\\n129, 606, 849, 961.\\nVan Campenhaudt, Francis,\\nS4\u00c2\u00b0-\\nVance, 961.\\nVance, David, 94.\\nVan Cleve, H. P., 130.\\nVan Cleve, John VV., 268.\\nVan Damme, Peter, 167, 757.\\nVandendricssche, Amandus,\\nS44\\nVandenhoff, George, 709.\\nVan Dcpoelc, Charles J., 362,\\n463.\\nVanderbilt, C, ooi.\\nVanderbilt, W. H., 901.\\nVanderburg, Henrj-, 94, 17S.\\nVanderhoof, S., 215.\\nVanderpoel, 531, 532, 533. 721-\\nVanderwarker, 495.\\nVan Duzcr, A. ^I., 487-\\nVan Dyke, 374. 979-\\nVan Dyke, Ernest, 539, 542.\\nVan Dyke, James 71, 140,\\n141, 143, 210, 360, 512, 520,\\n521. 523, 711.\\nVan Dvke, J. .A. Mrs., 651.\\nVan Dyke, J. H., 569.\\nVan Dyke, Philip J. D., 210,\\n654, 66i, 758.\\nVan Emstedc, F. N., 538.\\nVan Est, 486.\\nVan Every, 080.\\nVan Every, Peter, 88, 100, 130,\\nig8.\\nVan Fleet, J. A., 706.\\nVan Fossen, General, 896.\\nVan Horn, T. B., 275, 29t, 297.\\nVan Husan, Caleb, 56, 71, 164,\\n165, 311, 650, 7t8, 733, 874.\\nVan Husan, C, Mrs., 655.\\nVan Husen, Theodore V., 923.\\nVan Ingcn, Harriet M., Miss,\\n737. 73^-\\nVan Miller, W., 872.\\nVan Xortwich, Ira, 710.\\nVan Pamel, F., 541.\\nVan Renssel-aer, Jeremiah, 126,\\n140. 176, 191.\\nVan Rensselaer, Solomon, 225,\\n294. 957-\\nVan Riper, J. J., 93-\\nVan Riper, J. W., 130.\\nVan Schaack, Henry, 767.\\nVan Schoick, J. H., 500, 713.\\nVan Sickle. George, 872.\\nVan Stan, John, sit.\\nVarney, A. C, 706.\\nVarnum, James H., 86.\\nVarnum, J. M.. 178.\\nVaudreuil, 18, 83, 84, 171, 233,\\n234. 33 7^5. 837-\\nVaughan, J. C, too, 132.\\nVaughn. V. C, 709.\\nVencloir.e, Antoine Due de, 333.\\nVenn, James A., 757, 816.\\nVerhulst, Sister, 725.\\nVermulen, Fred., 798, 935.\\nVemet, M., 40.\\nVernier, J. B., 337, 716, 979.\\nVernor, B., 310, 311, 519, 523,\\n638. 657, 868, 946.\\nVernor, J. S., 162, 311, 523.\\nVertin. John. 547.\\nVetterling, H. C, 626.\\nVhay, 787.\\nVictoria, 829.\\nViger, Ale-vander E., 54.\\nViger, Andre, 979.\\nViger, Jacques, 32.\\nVigo, Pnincis, 251.\\nVincent, Francis, 535.\\nVincent, J. E., 137, 146, 165.\\nVincent, J. H., 708.\\nVindevogcl, Sister, 721.\\nVisgar, 272.\\nVisgar, Peter E., 313.\\nVisger, 767, 846.\\nVisger, E., 131, 648.\\nVisger, J., 131, 837.\\nVisger, Jacob, 94, 123, 189, 191,\\n198, 313, 915, 978. 981.\\nVisger, James A., 125, 130, 131,\\n946.\\nVisger, Joseph, 285.\\nV^isgcr, Wundert, 837.\\nVisiere, see Laferte, 337, 797,\\n979-\\nVoigt, E. W., 362, 871.\\nV olney, C. F., 707.\\nVon Brandis, 360.\\nVoorhees, 499.\\nVoyer, Joseph, 981.\\nVoyez, Joseph, 190.\\nV^eeland, D. C., 130.\\nVreeland, James H., 130.\\nVrooman. John A., 132.\\nVrooman, J. J., 132, 648.\\nV rooraan, John L., 131.\\nVrooman, Alartin, 131.\\nWabouse. an Indian, 179.\\nWade, William. 844.\\nWadlei.gh, G. F. R., 486.\\nWait, Obed, r42. 474, 713.\\nWager, Henr\\\\ 131.\\nWalbach, John B.. 229.\\nWalbridge, David S., 884.\\nWalcott, A. H., 892.\\nWales, .\\\\ustin, 481, 482, 493.\\nWales, E. A., 191, 192, 482, 6S2,\\n686, 692.\\nWales, Prince of, 483, 966.\\nWalker, 24S, 315, S27, 744.\\nWalker, Bryant, 714.\\nWalker, C. I., 32, 56, 57, 75,\\n162, 194, 199, 306, 307, 476,\\n642, 635, 707, 7it, 712, 760,\\n752. 75*. 757. 965. 967. 969-\\nVValker, C. I., Mrs., 652.\\nWalker, David, 126, 131.\\nWalker, Edward C, loi, 311,\\n362, 638, 650, 683, 711, 732,\\n753. 75*. 839.\\nWalker, G. O., 80, 798, 799.\\nWalker, Hiram, 161, 162, 362,\\n683, 6S4, 733.\\nWalker, Henry L., 656.\\nWalker, Henry N., 92, loi, 141,\\n176, 191, 686, 839, 864, 874,\\n880, 883, 895, 897, 898, 903,\\n946.\\nWalker, H. O., 51, 647, 649,\\n690, 733.\\nWalker, Jason F., 627.\\nWalker, John, 281.\\nWalker, J no. G., 934.\\nWalker, Leverett B., 756.\\nWalker, S. W., 648.\\nWalker, \\\\Vm., 198, 978, 980.\\nWalker, Willis E., 361.\\nWalker. Barns Co., 692.\\nWall, Surgeon-General, 300.\\nWallace, John B., 101, 131.\\nWallace, L. W., 872.\\nWallace, R. W., 615, 616.\\nWallen, Elias, 79, 133, 149, 202,\\n209.\\nWalsh, John, 799, 904.\\nWalshe, J. G., 539-\\nWaltz, Joseph, loi, 131.\\nWanbeq, 496.\\nWanless, Andrew, 606, 707.\\nWappenhans, C. F. R., 923.\\nWard, C. H., 577.\\nWard, Ebcr, 867.\\nWard, E. B., 102, l6t, 359, 683,\\n684. 71S, 867, 9H.\\nWard, Henry A., 714.\\nWard, John, 757, 859.\\nWard, L., 482.\\nWard, Milton, 587.\\nWard, T. M. D., 976.\\nWard, William, 641, 681, 682,\\n707, 712, 716, 859.\\nWarin, 269, 270.\\nWaring, A., 820.\\nWarlop, 532,\\nWarner, 872.\\nWarner, C. E., 758.\\nWarner, Jared C, 165, 210, 481,\\n482, 756.\\nWarner, M. W., 486.\\nWarner, S P., 572, 574.\\nWarner, William, 101, 707, 756,\\n757.\\nWarner, W. E., 40, gi, 100, 101,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a232.\\nWarren, 492.\\nWarren, Charles A., 871, 901,\\n903.\\nWarren, George P., 829.\\nWarren, H. D., 641.\\nWarren, Henry W., 709.\\nWarren, Isaac, 211, 797.\\nWarren, John, 202.\\nWarren, John A., 577.\\nWarren, John L., 146, 362.\\nWarren, Joseph, 678, 683, 946.\\nWarren, Joseph A., 829.\\nWarren, Philip, 559, 563, 564,\\n579-\\nWarren, S. E., 572, 573.\\nWarriner, WiUiam E., 146, 165,\\n657.\\nWarns, Anton, 575.\\nWashburn, W. W., 572, 575,\\n580.\\nWashington, George, 232, 254,\\n255. 256, 257. 258, 259, 261,\\n264, 267, 317, 362. 633, 746,\\nWaterman, 872.\\nWaterman, D. .A., 612, 901.\\nWaterman, Daniel C., 946.\\nWaterman, Fanny Davenport,\\n660.\\nWaterman, J. W., 475, 586, 707.\\nWaterman, Lucius, 589.\\nWalkins, 493.\\nWatkins, VV., 713.\\nWatson, 859.\\nWatson, Andrew, 895.\\nWatson, Elkanah, 707.\\nWatson, F. J., 757.\\nWatson, George, 360, 361, 6S1.\\nWatson, James, 942.\\nWatson, James B., 176, 191,\\n796.\\nWatson, James v., 566, 641, 707.\\nWatson, John, 133, 192, 310,\\n739. 755-\\nWatson, John, Mrs., 651.\\nWatson, John B., 176, 198.\\nWatson, Joseph, 30, 40, 96, 946.\\nWatson, J. C, 709, 920.\\nWatson, Robert, 80.\\nWatson, S. C, 138, 162.\\nWatson, Samuel G., 176, 192.\\nWatson, Thos. P., 192.\\nWattles, 481.\\nWatts, VV. H., 585.\\nWaugh, Beverly, 579.\\nWay, F. B.. 683, 692.\\nWayman, W. A., 577.\\nWayne, Anthony, 119, 120,225,\\n227, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269,\\n270, 27t, 481, 551, 946, 953.\\nWayne, J. B., 806.\\nWeaver, Joseph, 210, 979.\\nWeaver, S., 486.\\nWeaver, William, 554.\\nWebb, 492.\\nWebb. B. L., 162, 470, 475, 785.\\nWebb, J. Russell, 709.\\nWebb, James Watson, 339, 357,\\n706.\\nWebb, William, 348.\\nWebber. N. W., 51, 690, 733.\\nWeber, George, 798.\\nWeber, Henry, 494, 498, 944,\\n971, 972.\\nWeber, John, 198.\\nWeber, J. F., 971, 972.\\nWeber. Otto, 944.\\nWebster, Daniel, 108, 708, 746,\\n849, 946, 960, 964.\\nWebster, Daniel F., 108, 708,\\n849.\\nWebster, Jesse T., 586, 587, 588,\\n679.\\nWebster, M. Howard, 144, 494\\nWebster, M. H., Mrs., 655, 661", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1061.jp2"}, "1062": {"fulltext": "lOIO\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nWebster, Noah, 706.\\nWebster, S. C, 795, 798.\\nWeed, J. S., 717.\\nWeeks, David, 164, 795, 798.\\nWeeks, H., 625.\\nWeeks, J. W., 697.\\nWeese, John, 795.\\nWcichslcr, Carl, 934,\\nWeiler, G., 575.\\nWeier, J. D., icx), 126, 137, 144,\\n145, J 90, 757.\\nWeisenstein, C, 935.\\nWeitz, W. T., 212, 213.\\nWeitzcl, Godfrey, 67, 919, 975.\\nWelch. Charles .\\\\I., 145, 946.\\nWelch D., 934.\\nWelch, James M., 168, 734, 757.\\nWelch, Peg, 961.\\nWeld, Isaac, 707, 799.\\nWellman, J. E., 675.\\nWelliiiii, James H., 697, 739.\\nWellington, I. M., 749.\\nWells, 492, 581. 892.\\nWells, Ashbel S., 594, 730.\\nWells, Charles, 735, 736.\\nWells, H. H,, 191, 496, 506,\\n523-\\nWells, John A., 862.\\nWells, Noah M., 594, 595, 602,\\n641, 730.\\nWells, Ralph, 637,969.\\nWells, Rufus, 63.\\nWells, Stephen, 681, 682, 692,\\n695.\\nWells, W. A., 710.\\nWells, Wm. P., 101, 753, 757,\\n760.\\nWelton, A. W., 558, 730.\\nWendell, 491.\\nWendell, A., 131;, 167, 770\\nWendell, C. K., 884.\\nWendell, Emory. 866, 867, 936.\\nWendell, J., 770.\\nWendell, J. H., 711, 792.\\nWendell, iMary S\u00e2\u0080\u009e 736.\\nWendell. Tunis S., 142, 164,\\n770, 860.\\nWenzell, 495,\\nWerniers, B. J., 541.\\nWerthmann, A., 166.\\nWesley, John, 946.\\nWesley, Solomon, 144.\\nWessernian, A., 618.\\nWesson, Cutler, 939.\\nW^esson, H. E., 6S0, 681.\\nWesson, Lysander, 942.\\nWesson, W. B., 41, 100, 466,\\n523. 733i 810, 828, 867, 869,\\n937, 938, 939. 941, 942, 943,\\n,,944, 940-\\nWesson, W. B., Mrs.\u00c2\u00bb 939, 944.\\nWest, Benjamin, 360.\\nWest, N., 600, 718.\\nWestaway, James, 640.\\nWestcolt^ John W., 146.\\nWeston, Allyn, 677, 682.\\nWeston, Amos, i8g.\\nWettlaufer, F., 146.\\nWetmore, C. H., 355, 711,\\nWetmore, E. W., 640.\\n\\\\Veygand, 551.\\nWeyle, Charles, 211,\\nWharton, Carpenter, 344.\\nWheaton, William W., 140.\\nWhedon, D. JJ.. 675, 709.\\nWheeler, J. B., 919.\\nWheeler, Lyman, 354.\\nWheeler, R. O., 639.\\nWheelock, Rebecca, 946.\\nWheian, iM., 318.\\nWhipple, 315, 481, 695, 955.\\nWhipple, A. W., 919.\\nWhipple, Charles W., 40, 100,\\n1S7, 191, 685, 736.\\nWhipple, Henry L., 92.\\nWhipple, James B., 126.\\nWhipple, John, 40, 123, 183,\\n189, 335-\\nWhipple, S. A., 361.\\nWhipple, William L., 946.\\nWhistler, 275. 291, 299, 335.\\nWhistler, G. W., 953.\\nWhistler, John, 227, 953.\\nWhistler, John, i\\\\lrs.,953.\\nWhistler, William, 228.\\nWhitacre, William, 126, 131.\\nWhitcomb, C. D,, 910.\\nWhite, 300, 475, 492, 965.\\nWhite, Alfred. 894. S95.\\nWhite, Alpheus, 49, 88.\\nWhite, A. D., 709.\\nWhite, A. E. F., 633.\\nWhite, H. K., 8it, 868.\\nWhile, J. C, 318.\\nWhite, S. Warner, 874.\\nWhitehouse, Henry J., 591.\\nWhiting, Henry, 141, 226, 286,\\n641, 651, 652, 706, 712, 958.\\nWhiting, Henry, Mrs., 652.\\nWhiting, J. Hill, 804.\\nWhiting, John L., 49, 59, 140,\\n163, 299. 355, 492, 513, 7\\n712, 770. 946.\\nWhiting, Joseph, 706.\\nWhiting, J. P., 143, 202, 210,\\n318, 486.\\nWhitla, Martha, 975.\\nWhitman, Frank, 162.\\nWhitman, Hiram, ig8.\\nWhitman, P. O., 210.\\nWhitmore, O., 571, 68g, 690.\\nWhitmore, O. W., 198.\\nWhitney, 946.\\nWhitney, A. G., 30, 40, 48, 8g,\\n96, 98, 135, 176, 195, 631, 859.\\nWhitney, C. J., 356, 678.\\nWhitnev, David, Jr., 361, 811,\\n868. 875.\\nW^hitncy, G. L., 672, 673, 681,\\n682, 692, 696.\\nWhitney, G. B., 845.\\nWhitney, O., 4S6.\\nWhittaker, H., 176.\\nWhittemore, 6go.\\nWhittemore, Bernard C., 92.\\nWhittemore, Gideon O., 92.\\nWhittemore, J. H., 357.\\nWhittemore, J. P., 141.\\nWhittenmeyer, John, 303.\\nWhittle, 643, 972.\\nWhittle, D. W., 637.\\nWhittlesey, H. M., 40, 305.\\nWhitwood, D. C, 56, 162, 869,\\n946.\\nWickware, C, 165, 167.\\nWidman, J. T., 167.\\nWieczorck, Simon, 542.\\nWiehle, 355.\\nWiencke, Weise, 680.\\nWieser, Charles J., 146.\\nWight, Buckminster, 100, 143,\\n376, 658, 683, 840, 900, 946.\\nWight, E. B., 869,\\nWight. H. A., 497, 498.\\nWight. H. A., Mrs., 600.\\nWight, J. Ambrose, 602.\\nWight, James T., 469,\\nWight, O. W., 59, 361, 707.\\nWight, S. G., 71, 101, 143, 497,\\n523. 713, 868, 869.\\nWightman, H., 131.\\nWightman, oiney, 131,\\nWilbor, A. D., 566,\\nWilby, R. C, 691.\\nWilcox, Charles, 135, 164.\\nilcox, David B., 210, 872.\\nWilcox, Edwin, 795.\\nWilcox, George A., 177, 756.\\nWilcox, Levi A., 146.\\nWilcox, W. W., 143, 164, 493,\\n495i 713. 726, 756, 936.\\nWillcox. 675, 691.\\nW illcox, Almira, 594.\\nWillcox, Eben N., 307, 523, 755,\\n756.\\nillcox, Lyman G-, 38,\\nWillcox, Orlando B., 73, 230,\\n305. 307, 310, 707, 711,967, 969-\\nWilder, A. A., 364, 797.\\nWilder, E. C, 63S.\\nWilder, J. L., 486.\\nWildes, George D., 976.\\nWiley, 579, 709.\\nWiley, A. S., 810.\\nWiley, Jefferson, loi, 218, 708,\\n808, 869.\\nWiley, Jefferson, Mrs., 665.\\nWilkes, George, 145, 161.\\nWilkie, Andrew, 934.\\nWilkie, John A., 212.\\nWilkins, 90, 239, 240,492.\\nA\\\\ ilkins, Alvan, 707.\\nWilkins, John, 24. 223, 879,887.\\nWilkins, Ross, 31, 90, 175, 186,\\n195, 3\u00c2\u00b03 3*^5, 642. 946, 961.\\nWilkins. T. D., 675.\\nWilkins, William D., 24, 175,\\n176, 303; 3051 746, 752. 756,\\n75S, 760, 761.\\nWilkinson, A. H., igo, 612, 757.\\nWilkinson, James, 227, 267, 268,\\n270, 271, 953.\\nilkinson, John, 902.\\nWilkinson, Joseph, 58, 133, 184,\\n785-\\nWilks, Charles, 132.\\nWillard, Frances E., 709.\\nWillard, L. B., 165. 645, 755, 756.\\nWillard, L. B., Mrs., 310.\\nWilleniin, Desire B., 196, 198,\\n212.\\nWilletts, Wellington, 571,\\nWiUetls, J.,63S.\\nWilliams, 252, 495, 503, 506, 772,\\n773-\\nWilliams, Albert, 92.\\nWilliams, Alfred, S94, 895.\\nWilliams, A. S., 103, 143, 190,\\n195, 203, 299, 303, 305, 317,\\n318, 359, 682, 683, 692, 756,\\nS64, 883, 946.\\nWilliams, Mrs. A. S., 112.\\nWilliams, Charles W., 739, 755.\\nWilliams, Eleazer, 581, 956.\\nW illianis, Elizabeth, Miss, 720,\\n721, 940.\\nWilliams, Ezra, 198.\\nWilliams, Ferdinand, 940.\\nWilliams, G. Mott, 126, 203,\\n493, 586, 589. 590, 591, 730,\\n736, 756, 874.\\nWilliams, Gurdon O., 144, 357,\\n486. 865, 895, 965.\\nWilliams, G. O., Mrs 486.\\nWilliams, G. Watsun, 681.\\nWilliams, Harvey, 502.\\nWilliams, H. Dwight, 839.\\nWilliams, Isaac, 173, 577.\\nWilliams, J., 153.\\nWilliams, James, 123, 130, 142,\\n192, 933.\\nWilliams, James M., 303.\\nWilliams, John, 133, 313.\\nWilliams, John B., 458.\\nWilliams, John C, 131, 167, 488,\\n941, 946.\\nWilliams, Jt hn C, Mrs., 937,\\n939-\\nWilliams, J. C. D., 144, 174,\\n303, 721-\\nWilliams, John R., 40, 88, 89,\\n99, 114, 123, 135, 138, 140,\\n174, 192, 274, 359, 502, 534,\\n6S5, 730. 731, 740. 752, 770.\\n786, 859, 860, 863, 933, 939,\\n945, 946.\\nWilliams, John R., Mrs., 943.\\nWilliams, John S., 267.\\n^\\\\\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ilIiams, Joseph R., 92.\\nWilliams, Julian, 145.\\nWilliams, Levi, 198.\\nWilliams, Miss, 717.\\nWilliams, Morris L., 871.\\nWilliams, M. M., 695.\\nWilliams, Nathan, 78, 191, 198.\\nWilliams, Nathaniel, 174.\\nWilliams, N. G., 711, 868.\\nWilliams, N. H., 481, 485, 4S7.\\nWilliams, Oliver, 135, 730.\\nWilliams, Theodore, 40, 100,\\n126, 142, 143, 144, 167, 172,\\n194, 5 3. 945-\\nWilliams, Theodore G., 945.\\nW illiams, Thomas, 174, 198, 66g,\\n767.\\nWilliams, William C, 734, 871.\\nWilliams, William G.. giS.\\nWilliamson, David, 261, 952.\\nWiUigan, M., 541.\\nWillis, Alexandrine M., Mrs.,\\n937, 946.\\nWillis, Blanche, 938.\\nWillis, Nathaniel, 66g.\\nWillis, Nathaniel P., 66g, 675,\\n706.\\nWillis, Richard Storrs, 361, 549,\\n669, 706, 938.\\nWillis, Richard Storrs, Mrs.,\\n361, 362.\\nWillis, H. O., 845.\\nWillis, J. P., 607, 610.\\nWiUyoung, John, 679. 695.\\nWilniarth, Asa H., 126, 131.\\nWilmarth, Hiram, 64, 198, 696.\\nWilmarth, O. B., 799.\\nWilmor, James T., 554.\\nWilmot, Allen C, 313.\\nWilmot, William, 145.\\nWilson, A. A., 577.\\nWilson, E. H. C, 188.\\nWilson, George, 716, 717, 736.\\nWilson, Henry, 144.\\nWilson, H. H., 577.\\nWilson, James, 248.\\nWilson, John, 879.\\nWilson, John B., 654.\\nWilson, John M., 209, 210, 346,\\n795.\\nWilson, Lewis, 228.\\nWilson, M. L., 681.\\nWilson, William, 281.\\nWilson, W. Warne, 586.\\nWinans, F. M., 303.\\nWinchell, Alexander, 676, 709.\\nWinchell, John, 738, 739, 755.\\nWinchester, General, 279, 280.\\nWinckler, J. F., 620.\\nWinder, D. K., 707.\\nWinder, John, 140, 167, 175, 176,\\n186, 187, 191, 194, 197, 940, 946.\\nWinder, John, Mrs., 633, 652.\\nWing, go8.\\nWing, A., 165, 798.\\nWing, Austin E., 30, 40, 98, 102,\\n103, III, 135, 176, 181, 187,\\n188, 2og, 210, 558, 631, 730,\\n839, 946.\\nWing, Franklin ^L, 71 ,126, 144.\\nWing, Nelson H., 946.\\nWing, Warner, 194, 210.\\nWinkleman, J. C, 131.\\nWinn *It Emery, 482.\\nWinterhalter, John, 318.\\nWise, Daniel (Francis Forres-\\nter). 579. 708.\\nWiseman, Major, 227.\\nWisner, George W., 682, 755.\\nWisner, Moses, 92.\\nW^iswell, III.\\nWitbeck. C. S., 483.\\nW itcher, James E., 737.\\nWitherell, B. F. H., 90, 100,\\n141, 152, 180, :S8, 190, 192,\\n194, 195, 196, 198, 210, 493,\\n558, 563. 564, 565, 641, 706,\\n712, 716, 731, 737, 902.\\nWitherell, James, 89, 95, 96,\\n98, 179, 185, 186, 214, 273,\\n274, 285, 296, 559, 562, 605,\\n735. 858, 946, 947, 960, 979,\\nWitherell, J. B., 141.\\nWitherspoon, J., 161, i6z.\\nWitherspoon, W. W., 212.\\nWithington, W. H., 307.\\nWixom, A. J., 131.\\nWolcott, Alexander, 907.\\nWollouski, John, 542.\\nWood, A. B., 910.\\nWood, A. G., 675, 681.\\nWood, A. T., 875.\\nWood, De Volsen, 709.\\nWood, G., 755.\\nWood, James, 255.\\nWood, John, 130.\\nWood, J. B., 162.\\nWood, John E., 225, 229.\\nWood, Lorenzo, 738.\\nWood, Martin B., 883. 884.\\nWood, Matthew, 198.\\nWood, O. C, 162.\\nWood. William S., 682.\\nWoodbridge, Dudley B., 939.\\nWoodbridge, William, 23, 29,\\n88, 91, 102, 130, 142, 180, 186,\\n372, 558, 585, 631, 641, 697,\\n706, 711, 730, 731, 785, 859,\\n908, 909. 938, 946, 947. 967.\\n977. 979-\\nWoodbridge, William Leverett,\\n144, 942.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1062.jp2"}, "1063": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nlOI I\\nWoodbury, 848.\\nWoodcock. C, 757.\\nWoodhains, Lizzie, Miss, 311.\\nWoodluill, H. D., 674.\\nWoodruff, A. S., 131.\\nWoodruil, lienjamia J., 198.\\nWoodruff, E., 851.\\nWoodruff, L. M., 606.\\nWoods, .Mrs., 883.\\nWoodward, Augustus B., 25,\\n27, 28, 40, 73, 95, 96, 97, 134,\\n179, 180, 181, 182, 183, iS5,\\n186, 215, 26S, 272, 273, 276,\\n278, 280, 281, 287, 313, 491,\\n559. 563. 695. 7o6t 711. 71=.\\n720, 728, 847, 855, 856, 857,\\n559. 927. 946, 947-\\nWoodward. John, 186.\\nWoodworth, Benjamin, 40, 58,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00c2\u00b03. M3. 63. 181, 209, 317,\\n357. 472. 480, 493. 502. 558,\\n793. 855, 388, 916, 933, 944.\\nWoodworth, Samuel, 955, 961.\\nWoolley, K., 872.\\nWooliey, S., 872.\\nWoolley, Smith R., 145, 161,\\n707. 874.\\nWoolfenden, Fredenck, 593,\\n714. 871.\\nWoolsey, 616.\\nWoolscy, H. L., 202.\\nWoolsey, J. W., 594.\\norcc-stcr, 497.\\nWorhofsky, A., 167.\\nWork, D. P., 695.\\nWorkuin, L). J., 629, 758.\\nWurmer, C. C, 808.\\nWorincr, G. S., 309, 808.\\nWorrall, M. H.. 609.\\nWurih, Colonel, 301.\\nWorihinyton, 87.\\nW orthington, George, 586, 591.\\nWorlley, J. C, 571.\\nWucrges, N., 034.\\nWray, W. J., 471.\\nWright, 872.\\nWright, H. F., 687.\\nWright, Frank F., 828.\\nWright, Horatio G., 229.\\nWright, P. P., 903.\\nWright, Richard, 007.\\nWright, R. C, 795-\\nWright, R. H., 204.\\nWright, R. W.. 496.\\nWudner, L., 528.\\nWuerth, Alois, 198, 676, 756.\\nWunderlich, E., 576.\\nWunsch, Henry, 167.\\nWunsch, Wni., i66, 167.\\nWyckoff, K. W., 689.\\nWyley, Ann, 173,952.\\nWyinan, Hal C, 734.\\nWyncoop, Wm., 211.\\nWyndhain, Charles, 358.\\nYarndlcy, 355, 357.\\nYates. F., 6S3.\\nYax, John, 981.\\nYax, Michel, 980.\\nYax, Pierre, 980.\\nYax, Simon, 980.\\nYenians, C. C., 59, 567, 640,\\n649. 705. 734-\\nYerkes, W., 198.\\nYerkcs, W, P., 190, 311.\\nYoumans, E. L., 709.\\nYoung, 497, 533.\\nYoung, Abram P., lOi.\\nYoung, Ambrose P.. 131.\\nYoung, Hugh A., 961.\\nYoung, H. J., 577.\\nYoung, John H., 707.\\nYoung, Peter, 654, 711, 792,\\nYouDg, T., 716.\\nYoung, Wm. T., 191, 197, 198,\\n286, 67s, 707.\\nYoungblood, 695.\\nYoungblood, Bernard, 125, 145.\\nYoungblood, Jacob, 165.\\nz\\nZane, Elizabeth, 249.\\nZander, W. T., 578.\\nZant Zinger, K. A., 228.\\nZeisberger. 550, 551, 707.\\nZeiss, Henry, 167.\\nZender, George, 940.\\nZendcr, Henry, 144, 756, 934,\\n945, 946.\\nZender, Henry Mrs., 940.\\nZeus, Peter, 798.\\nZerrahn, Carl, 354.\\nZiegler, J. J. T., 131.\\nZiegler, Paul, 583, 585, 587,\\n589, 590, 719.\\nZimmerman, J., 211, 798.\\nZinger. Franz, 718.\\nZink, Lucicn, 114,935.\\nZinn, Justus, 934.\\nZirndorf, H., 628,\\nZug, Samuel, 125, 713.\\nZundel, John, 355, 707.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nAbstracts of title, 39.\\nAcademy granted for common\\nschools, 735.\\nAcadia included Quebec, 327.\\nAcadiansfind homes in Detroit,\\n334-\\nAccounts kept in beaver skms,\\n846.\\nAccounts, method of keeping,\\n769.\\nActresses and actors, visits of\\nnoted, 358.\\nAdrian, railroad from, to Tole-\\ndo first opened, goi.\\nAdrian, railroad to, first opened\\nfrom Monroe, 902.\\nAdjutant-Cienerals of Territory\\nof Michigan. 89.\\nAdvertising, different modes of,\\n779-\\nAfrica, 8ti, 826.\\nAgriculture, progress of, 12, 16,\\n334. 335. 338.\\nAinsworth, railroad to, first\\nopened, 902.\\nAlarm on account of Indians,\\n284, 285.\\nAlarms, reward for fire, 505.\\nAlaska, 810.\\nAlbany, once called Orange,\\n776.\\nAlbion, railroad to, first opened,\\n897.\\nAldermen at large, 142, 143.\\nAldermen as supervisors, 142,\\n933-\\nAlderraen, names and times of\\nservice, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146.\\nAle by the hogshead, 837.\\nAlexandri.i, the home of Judge\\nWoodward, 29.\\nAlgonquins, 3, 321, 322.\\nAlleys, pavecf, 930.\\nA]m3nac. 6q6.\\nAlumni of High School, 750.\\nAmbulance, free, 733.\\nAmerica, its first inhabitants,\\n321.\\nAmerican Board of Commis-\\nsioners for Foreign Missions,\\n556.\\nAmencan Express Company,\\n892.\\nAmerican Eagle Tobacco Com-\\npany, 820.\\nAmerican State Papers, map of\\nDetroit in, 29.\\nAmericans first occupy Detroit,\\n263.\\nAmherstburg Baptist Associa-\\ntion, 607.\\nAmusement meetings at Young\\nMen s Hall, 352.\\nAngelus, ringing of the, 237,\\nAnimals, domestic, at Detroit,\\n334.\\nAnn Arbor convention on ad-\\nmission of Stale, 90.\\nAnn Arbor, railroad to, first\\nopened, 897.\\nAnn Arbor, university at, 731.\\nAnnals of Detroit, 951.\\nAnn, seizure of schooner, 301.\\nAnti-Slavery Society organized,\\n346.\\nAppendix A, 977.\\nApples, peculiar varieties, 13.\\nArbeiter Hall, 478.\\nArchitectural iron work, manu-\\nfacture of, 806.\\nArgentine Republic, 828.\\nArkansas, 820.\\nArmistice between Gen. Dear-\\nborn and Sir George Provost,\\n295. 296.\\nArmy chaplain. Gen. Wayne s,\\n551-\\nArmy, surrender of Lcc s, 309.\\nArpent, the same as Acre, 17.\\nArrests, number of, by police,\\n207.\\nArsenal erected in city, 224.\\nArsenal, corner stone laid at\\nDearborn, 226.\\nArt, artists, and inventors, 358.\\nArt loan exhibition, 360, 361,\\n362.\\nAssessments, special, 165.\\nAssessors, names and terms,\\n133. 163. 164.\\nAstronomical clock, 302,\\nAsylums, sec Charitable Insti-\\ntutions.\\nAthcna:um of Detroit organ-\\nized. 710.\\nAthletic and aquatic amuse-\\nments, 352.\\nAtlanta, celebration of capture\\nof, 308.\\nAtlantic cable laid, 885.\\nAttack of the Leopard upon\\nthe Chesapeake, 274.\\nAttorney-Generals of lilichigan,\\n92. 93-\\nAttorneys, United States, 175.\\nAuctioneers of Territory, 770.\\nAuction sale of Michigan lands.\\nAuditors of city, 162.\\nAuditor-Generals of ^lichigan,\\n92.\\nAuditors, Board of County, 124.\\nAuditors of Territory of Jlichi-\\ngiin. 89.\\nAugusta, Ga., 811.\\nAustralia, 804, 811, 814, 829.\\nAustria, 829.\\nAuthors carnival, 640.\\nAuthors, citizen, 700, 701, 702,\\n703. 704* .705.\\nAuthors, visiting, 707.\\nAutumns, mild and prolonged,\\n45-\\nAxemen and bagmen, 502.\\nAztecs or Aztecas, 321.\\nBail, commissioners of, 107.\\nBall at dedication of Firemen s\\nHall, 521.\\nBall, a, on the king s birth-\\nday. 349.\\nBaltimore, 811, 826.\\nBaltimore, diocese of, 546.\\nBaltimore, oysters from, 890.\\nBaltimore, tobacco shipped to,\\n15-\\nBands, 357.\\nBank capital, 873.\\nBank commissioners, 851.\\nBanking law, general, of State,\\n853-\\nBank notes, discount on, 853.\\nBank notes, rooms papered\\nwith, 852.\\nBankrupt law, S50, 854.\\nBanks and Bankers\\nAmerican National, 867.\\nAndrews Waterman, 872.\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Vustin Co., 872.\\nBratshaw, Black, Co., 873.\\nBrown, Warner, Lee, 872.\\nButler, W. A. Co., 868.\\nBank of the Dwights, 859.\\nBank of Michigan, 858.\\nBank of St. Clair, 859, 864.\\nCity Bank, 870.\\nCommercial National, 871.\\nCampbell, W. P.. 872.\\nCargill. O. F. Co., 872.\\nCobb, E. M., 872.\\nCoc Coit, 872.\\nCromwell Ralston, 872\\nDetroit Bank, 854.\\nDetroit City, 851.\\nDetroit National, 867.\\nDetroit Savings, 864.\\nDime Savings, 871.\\nDarling, T. S., 872.\\nDey, A. H.. 872.\\nDuncan, Kibbee, Co.,_ 872.\\nExchange Bank of W. B.\\nMitchell, 872.\\nEnsign, B. P., 872.\\nFarmers Mechanics*, 860.\\nFirst National, 859. 866.\\nFirst National, of Plymouth,\\n872.\\nFisher Preston, 872.\\nGerman American, 868-\\nGranger Sabin, 872.\\nGraves, J. O., 872.\\nHarper, John L. Co., 872.\\nHazelton, E. H. Co., 872.\\nHosie, Robert, 872.\\nHoward Smith Co., 872.\\nIves, A. Son, 872.\\nIves, C. A., 872.\\nIves, S. H. Co., 872.\\nJohnson. A. S., 872.\\nKaple, J. H., 872.\\nKellogg Sabin, 872.\\nLewis, G. F., 872.\\nLyell, J. L.. 872.\\nMarket Bank, 871.\\nMechanics Bank. 868.\\nMerchants and Manufactur-\\ners 868.\\nMichigan Insurance Co., 862.\\nMichigan Savings. 870.\\nMichigan State, 863.\\nNational Insurance, 862.\\nMcLcllan Anderson, 872.\\nMorris, B. B., 872.\\nMorton, W. D., 872.\\nPeninsular, 865.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1063.jp2"}, "1064": {"fulltext": "IOI2\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nBanks and Bankers Cont^d.\\nPeople s Savings, 868.\\nPontiac Bank, 893.\\nParsons Fisher, 872.\\nParsons, Philo, 872.\\nPreston, D. Co., 872.\\nRoberts, Austin, Co., 872.\\nRoberts, E. K. Co., 872.\\nSecond National, 867.\\nState, 859.\\nStale Bank of Michigan, S63,\\n866.\\nState Savings. 871.\\nScott, V. J.. 872.\\nSeitz, F. L. Co., 872.\\nSistare s, George K., Sons,\\n873.\\nTaylor, N. T., 872.\\nThompson. O. C, 872.\\nTuttle, C. W., 872.\\nUnited States, 848.\\nWayne County, of Plymouth,\\n851.\\nWayne County Savings, 869.\\nWyandotte Savings, 872.\\nWallace, L. W. X o., 872.\\nWooley, E. S., 872.\\nWright, Andrews, Co., 872.\\nBanks and currency, 846.\\nBanks, suspension of, 853.\\nBanner Tobacco Factory, 827.\\nBanquet, complimentary, to C.\\nC. Trowbridge, 339.\\nBaptism of child on day of sur-\\nrender, 554.\\nBaptisms of savages registered,\\n529-\\nBaptist chaplain of Wayne s\\narray, 551.\\nBarbarities of British and In-\\ndians, 280.\\nBarbecue, democratic, io8.\\nBardstown, diocese of, included\\nDetroit, 546.\\nBar Iron, manufacture of, 81S.\\nBar Library, 199.\\nBarns Hall, 479.\\nBarnum s Wire Works, 811.\\nBarracks fired by the British,\\n224.\\nBarrels cheaply made at De-\\ntroit, 802.\\nBars in public houses, 840.\\nBarstow School Building open-\\ned, 745.\\nBaskets, manufacture of, 811,\\n833-\\nBattles-\\nFort Stevenson, 282.\\nGettysburgh, 308.\\nRaisin, 280.\\nThames, 283.\\nTippecanoe, 273.\\nBattering rams for use of fires,\\n502.\\nBattle Creek, railroad to, first\\nopened, 897.\\nBattle flags presented to the\\nSlate, 310.\\nBay City, railroad to, first\\nopened, 901.\\nBay windows introduced. 376.\\nBears and deer in city, 11.\\nBear baiting and goose shoot-\\ning, 351.\\nBeaver skins, accounts kept in,\\n846.\\nBeehive bonnets, 338.\\nBeets, large, 16.\\nBelgium, 826, S2S.\\nBelle Isle, 7.\\nBelle Isle, a picnic on, 350.\\nBelle Isle bridge or tunnel, S91.\\nBelle Isle, different names for,\\n78.\\nBelle Isle Park, 75, 76, 77, 78.\\nBell of church rings Angelus,\\n530-\\nBerthelet Market, 793, 794.\\nBerthelet Wharf, 63.\\nBethel Society, 641.\\nBible in the schools, 740, 741.\\nBible societies, 641.\\nBilliard table burned in 1S05,\\n352.\\nBirmingham, railroad to, first\\nopened, 893.\\nBirths, number of, in different\\nperiods, 333.\\nBishop of Detroit consecrated,\\n547-\\nBishop of Quebec in Detroit,\\n53\u00c2\u00b0-\\nBishop of Quebec consecrated,\\n546.\\nBishops and dioceses, Roman\\nCatholic, 543-546.\\nBismarck, 806.\\nBisons or buffaloes at Detroit,\\nII.\\nBlack Hawk War, 48.\\nBlacks, legislation against, 345.\\nBlacksmithing, cost of Cadil-\\nlac s permit for, 766.\\nBlocks, names of, and date of\\nerection. 460.\\nBloody Bridge, 238, 239.\\nBloody Run, g, 302.\\nBlasphemy, law against, 554.\\nBlast furnace machinery, manu-\\nfacture of, S06.\\nBoard of Aldermen, 137.\\nBoard of Councilmen. 137.\\nItoard of County Auditors, 124.\\nBoard of Boulevard Commis-\\nsioners, 79,\\nBoard of Commissioners of Po-\\nlice, 204.\\nBoard of Commissioners on\\nPlan of City, 935.\\nBoard of Education, 740.\\nCapitol building in their pos-\\nsession, 745.\\nCommittees of, 755.\\nFinancial resources, 753.\\nHouses owned by, 746, 747,\\n748.\\nMeetings of. 754, 755.\\nMessenger of, 752.\\nNames of Inspectors, 755,\\n756. 757. 758.\\nReports of, 755.\\nPresidents of, 752.\\nSecretaries of, 752, 753.\\nSuperintendent of Repairs,\\nSuperintendent s clerk, 752.\\nBoard of Estimates, 74, 75, 161.\\nBoard of Fire Commissioners,\\n518, S19.\\nBoard of Health, 59, 794.\\nBoard of Internal Improve-\\nments, 896.\\nBoard of Poor Commissioners,\\n645, 646.\\nBoard of Public Works, 936.\\nBoard of Review, 164.\\nBoard of School Inspectors, 754.\\nBoard of Supervisors, 123, 142.\\nBoard of Trade, 785-792.\\nBoard of Water Commissioners,\\n71-\\nBoat clubs, 353.\\nBoating and yachting, 7.\\nBoiler plate, manufacture of,\\nS18.\\nBoilers, manufacture of, 806,\\n807.\\nBoilers, number of, inspected,\\n471.\\nBois Blanc Island, 8.\\nBolt and Nut Co., The Michi-\\ngan, 836.\\nBonds, city, first sale of, 154.\\nBonded debt of the city, 156.\\nBonded warehouses. 783.\\nBonfires and fire-balls, no.\\nBook of sections approved, 28.\\nBooks and booksellers, 694.\\nBooks first printed at Detroit,\\n694.\\nBoonsboro, 249.\\nBoots and shoes, manufacture\\nof, 835.\\nBoston, Mass., 811, 816, 81S,\\n826, S27, 835.\\nBoundary Line Commission,\\n269.\\nBoulevard, 79.\\nBounties to soldiers, 306, 311.\\nBox material abundant at De-\\ntroit, 802.\\nBrady Guards, go, 303, 317.\\nBrandy, influence of, on sur-\\nveys, 22.\\nBrandy, early sale of, 837.\\nBrass and Copper Rolling Mill,\\n836.\\nBrass castings, manufacture of,\\n807.\\nBrazil, 811. 827, 828.\\nBread, regulations as to loaves,\\n797-\\nBrevoort Farm, 52.\\nBrewers, National convention\\nof, 845.\\nBrick clay, excellent, near De-\\ntroit, 802.\\nBrick-yards in Springwells, 4.\\nBridge and iron works, S05.\\nBridges, manufacture of, 805.\\nBridgeport, Conn., 808.\\nBridging Detroit River, 891.\\nBridle paths, 887.\\nBritish and Indians defeated\\nby Wayne, 266.\\nBritish and Indians repulsed in\\n1812, 276.\\nBritish build Fort Miami, 265.\\nBritish conciliating Indians,\\n264.\\nBritish evacuate Detroit, 224,\\n267.\\nBritish flag hauled down at\\nDetroit, z63.\\nBritish flag hoisted at Detroit,\\n268.\\nBritish fur traders oppose sur-\\nrender of Western posts, 264.\\nBritish government respected\\nFrench titles, 20.\\nBritish in possession of Wash-\\nington, 27.\\nBritish outrages in 1812, 272.\\nBritish presents to savages, 272.\\nBritish reinforcements for De-\\ntroit, 264.\\nBritish treatment of prisoners.\\nBronze Company of Detroit,\\n811.\\nBronzed goods, manufacture of,\\n822.\\nBroom carrying by Fire Com-\\npanies, 507.\\nBrush Electric Light intro-\\nduced, 468.\\nBrushes, manufacture of, 811,\\nS26.\\nBrush farm, 34-36.\\nBrush, The Detroit Co., 836.\\nBuckeye tree, 86.\\nBuffalo, 814, 816.\\nBuilding inspectors, 478.\\nBuildings outside of stockade,\\n367-\\nBurial of paupers, 644.\\nBurials and sextons, 55, 56, 57.\\nBurlington, 805.\\nBurning of Col. Crawford, 261.\\nBurnt district in 1848, 493.\\nCabacier s Creek, 9.\\nCabinet officers, 102.\\nCabs, first two-wheeled, 888.\\nCages, manufacture of, 811.\\nCalcutta, 4.\\nCalifornia, 810, 820. 826. 836.\\nCampau farm, church on, 530.\\nCamp Backus, barracks at, 306.\\nCampus Martius, 74, 475.\\nCampau s River, 9.\\nCanada, 83, 811.\\nCanada, passes to, in war time,\\n307-\\nCanada, Protestants in, 550.\\nCanada surrendered to Eng-\\nland, 83, 234.\\nCanadian preparations against\\nPatriots, 302.\\nCanadians punished for aiding\\nPontiac, 240.\\nCanadian lighthouses in Detroit\\nRiver, 919,\\nCanadian voyageurs, 907.\\nCanal, Desjardins, 903.\\nCanal about Niagara Falls, 790.\\nCandles, manufacture of, 826.\\nCandles, primitive kinds, 468.\\nCandles put in windows at time\\nof a fire, 503.\\nCannibal Indians at Detroit,\\n322.\\nCannon captured by Perrj 477.\\nCanoes, bateaux, and pirogues,\\n907.\\nCantonment, the, 224.\\nCapital located at Lansing, 91.\\nCapital punishment abolished,\\n181.\\nCapitol building at Detroit, lay-\\ning of corner-stone, 474.\\nCapitol building at Detroit, first\\nused, 475.\\nCapitol, last session of legisla-\\nture in Detroit, 475.\\nCapitol building occupied for\\nschools, 475.\\nCapitulation of Detroit. 234.\\nCapsule factory, Hubel s, 824.\\nCaptive boy exchanged for a\\ntankard. 767.\\nCarbon Works, Michigan, 836.\\nCar Co. and Car Wheel Co.,\\nThe Michigan, S04.\\nCard money, first issued, 846.\\nCarnival, authors 640.\\nCaroline, the steamboat, 301.\\nCarriage factory, Johnson s,\\n836.\\nCarriages first used, 8S7.\\nCarriages taxed, 149.\\nCar sheaves, manufacture of,\\n805.\\nCarts, low two-wheeled. S87.\\nCar Wheel Co., Griffin. 836.\\nCar wheels, manufacture of,\\n805.\\nCar Works, The Pullman. 836.\\nCar Works, Peninsular, 805.\\nCassina, a poem, 369, 370, 371,\\n372-\\nCass Farm, 34. 35. 36, 41, 473.\\nCass House demolished, 369.\\nCass Market, 795.\\nCatholepistemiad created, 728.\\nCatholic Bishops, names and\\nterms, 543-546.\\nCatholic cemetery, 52.\\nCattle and fowls introduced,\\n338.\\nCayugas, 322.\\nCelebration of Emancipation,\\n348.\\nCelebration of taking of Vicks-\\nburg, 308.\\nCelebration of victory at Atlan-\\nta, 308.\\nCeleron Island, 8.\\nCemeteries\\nCatholic, 52.\\nCity. 55-\\nElmwood, 56.\\nEnglish, 55.\\nIndian, 52.\\nJewish. 57.\\nLutheran, 57.\\nMilitary, 52.\\nMount Elliott, 53, 54.\\nProtestant, 55.\\nWoodmere, 5, 56, 57.\\nCensus of Detroit for various\\nyears, 334, 335, 336.\\nCensus in 1750, 333.\\nCensus in 1773, 334.\\nCensus in 1805, 335.\\nCensus of children in 1S38, 737.\\nCensus of slaves in Michigan,\\n345-\\nCentral vegetable market, 794.\\nCentres of business, 773.\\nChair and spring-bed factory of\\nM. J. Murphy Co., 832.\\nChairs, manufacture of, Sii,\\n832.\\nChampion tire bender, manu-\\nfacture of, 806.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1064.jp2"}, "1065": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nlOl\\nChanges in street names, 946-\\n948.\\nCharcoal, price 01, at Detroit,\\n802.\\nCharitable institutions\\nCity Mission Board. 650.\\nConvent of the tJood Shep-\\nherd, 666.\\nDetroit Association of Chari-\\nties, 666.\\nHarper Hospital, 657.\\nHome of the Friendless, 659,\\n660.\\nHouse of Providence, d z.\\nIndustrial School, 654.\\nItalian Benevolent Society,\\n663.\\nLadies Protestant Orphan\\nAsylum, 651.\\nLadies Society for support of\\nHebrew Widows and Or-\\nphans, 657.\\nLittle Sisters Home for the\\naged poor, 663.\\nLutheran Orphan Aid So-\\nciety, 662.\\nMichigan Retreat for the In-\\nsane, see St. Joseph s Re-\\ntreat.\\nNursery and Kindergarten\\nAssociation, 665.\\nSt. Anthony s Male Orphan\\nAsylum, 66i.\\nSt. Joseph s Retreat, 655.\\nSt. Luke s Hospital, Home\\nand Orphanage, 656.\\nSt. Mary s Hospital, 6^3.\\nSt. Vincent s Female Orphan\\nAsylum, 650, 651.\\nSt. Vincent s Hospital, see\\nSt. Mary s Hospital.\\nThompson Home for Old La-\\ndies, 660, 663.\\nWomen s Hospital and\\nFoundlings Home, 661.\\nWorking Woman s Home,\\n664.\\nZoar Orphan Asylum, 665.\\nCharters of Detroit, 983.\\nCharts of lake sur\\\\ ey, 918.\\nChattanooga, Tenn., 835.\\nCheese safes, manufacture of,\\n809, 810, 811.\\nChemical fire engrines, 516.\\nChcmin de ronde, 927.\\nChemists, ma nu f^act u ring,\\nParke, Davis, Co., 823.\\nChemists, F. Stearns Co.,\\nCherries in Grosse Point, 5.\\nCherry trees, 13.\\nChesne farm, now Jones or\\nCrane, 34.\\nChicago, Sii, 814, 816. 826.\\nChicago colonized from Detroit,\\n908,\\nChicago burned, 47.\\nChicago, railroad to, first open-\\ned, 899.\\nChicago road, 925.\\nChildren, number of in 1838,\\n737-\\nChili, 828.\\nChillicothe. 15.\\nChillicoihe convention, 86.\\nChillicothe made seat of gov-\\nernment, 95.\\nChimney, ancient, remains of,\\nfound, 368.\\nChimney sweeps, 500.\\nChimneys to be burned out, 500.\\nChina, 811, S18, 827, 829.\\nChippewas, 78, 321, 322, 323,\\n324.\\nCholera, visitations of, 49, 50.\\nCholera, mortality from, 650.\\nChorister of the parish mar-\\nried, 354.\\nChurch on Campau Farm, 530.\\nChurch on Melchcr Farm, 532.\\nChurches and Missions\\nBaptist.\\nCass Avenue, 606, 607.\\nClinton .Avenue, 610.\\nEighteenth Street, 609.\\nBaptist\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C \u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab/V.\\nFirst, 605, 606, 607.\\nFirst French, 610.\\nFirst German, 608.\\nLafayette .Avenue, 608.\\nPark Street (extinct), 611.\\nSecond German, 609, 610.\\nSecond, colored, 607.\\nShiloh, colored, 610.\\nTabernacle (extinct), 601.\\nTwelfth Street, 609.\\nZion, colored, 609.\\nCon i^rcgat tonal.\\nFirst. 6i3.\\nHarper Avenue, 616.\\nMount Hope, 616.\\nSecond Church. 614.\\nSpringwells, 615.\\nTrumbull .Avenue, 615.\\nChristian.\\nChurch of Christ, 625.\\nFirst Christian, 624.\\nHoward Street Church of\\nChrist, 611.\\ny elvish.\\nBeth El Society, 628.\\nShaary Zedec Society, 629.\\nLutheran.\\nBethlehem German Evangeli-\\ncal, 618.\\nImmanuel, 6ig.\\nSt. John s German Evangeli-\\ncal, 617.\\nSt. John s Independent, 623.\\nSt. Luke s German Evangeli-\\ncal. 622.\\nSt. Mark s German Evangeli-\\ncal, 6i8.\\nSt. Matthew s Evangelical,\\n620.\\nSt. Paul s Evangelical, 619.\\nSt. Paul s German Evangeli-\\ncal, 617.\\nSt. Peter s German Evangeli-\\ncal, 621.\\nSalem German Evangelical,\\n622.\\nTrinity Evangelical Lutheran\\n618.\\nZion Evangelical Lutheran,\\n619.\\nZion German Reformed, 621.\\nMethodist Episcopal.\\nAsbur Mission Chapel, 575.\\nBethel Evangelical Associa-\\ntion, 578.\\nCass Avenue, 574.\\nCentral Church, see First.\\nCongress Street, 569.\\nDelray, 574.\\nEbenezer, African, 577.\\nFirst, 559.\\nFirst German, 575.\\nFort Street, 572,\\nFrench (extinct), 578.\\nJefferson Avenue, 572.\\nJunction, 573.\\nLafayette Street African, 576.\\nPalmer Memorial, 572.\\nPine Street Protestant (ex-\\ntinct), 578.\\nSimpson, 571, 57a.\\nSixteenth Street, 573.\\nTabernacle, 570.\\nThirty-second Street, Ger-\\nman, 576.\\nWalnut Street, see Simpson,\\nWesley, 574.\\nZion African, 577.\\nProtestant Episcopal\\nAll Saints* Chapel. 588.\\nChrist, 583.\\nEmanuel Memorial, 5S7.\\nEmanuel Reformed Episco-\\npal (extinct), 693.\\nEpiphany Reformed Episco-\\npal, 592.\\nGrace, 586.\\nHoly Trinity, 592.\\nHoly Trinity Hussion, 590.\\nMariner s, 584.\\nMission of the Good Shep-\\nherd, 589.\\nMission of the Messiah, 588.\\nProtestant Episcopal Confd.\\nSt. Alban s Anglo -Catholic\\n(extinct), 592.\\nSt. Barnabas s Mission, 589.\\nSt James s, 58S.\\nSt. John s. 585.\\nSt. Joseph s MemorialChapel,\\n591-\\nSt. Luke 3 Memorial Chapel,\\n590-\\nSt. Mark s (extinct), 591.\\nSt. Mary s Slission, 589.\\nSt. Matthew s (colored), 590.\\nSt. Paul s, 41, 581.\\nSt. Peter s, 584.\\nSt. Stephen s, 587.\\nSt. Thomas s Mission, 589.\\nTrinity (extinct), 591.\\nPresbyterian.\\nUnited, 602.\\nCalvary, 600.\\nFirst Presbyterian, 594.\\nFort Street, 597.\\nFrench Presbyterian (extinct),\\n603.\\nJefferson Avenue, 598.\\nMemorial, 601.\\nReformed Church of America\\n603.\\nScotch, or Central Presby-\\nterian, 596.\\nTrumbull Avenue, 602.\\nUnion, 600.\\nWestminster, 599.\\nRoman Catholic.\\nHoly Redeemer, 543.\\nHoly Trinity, 536, 649.\\nOur Lady of Help, 541.\\nSacred Heart, French see St,\\nJoachim.\\nSacred Heart, German, 542,\\nSt. Albert s, 542.\\nSt, Aloysius*, 542.\\nSt. Anne s, 50 527.\\nSt. Anthony s, 540.\\nSt. Eonaventure, 543.\\nSt. Boniface, 541.\\nSt. Cassimer s, 543.\\nSt. Joachim s, 542.\\nSt. Joseph s, 539.\\nSt. Mary s, 537.\\nSt. Patrick s, 540,\\nSS. Peter and Paul, 539,\\nSt. Vincent de Paul, 540.\\nSt. Wenceslaus, 543.\\nMiscclla neous.\\nNew Jerusalem, 625.\\nThird Avenue Slission, 627.\\nUnitarian Church, 626.\\nUniversalist, Church of Our\\nFather, 627.\\nChurches, statistics of, 629, 630.\\nCider a century ago. 13.\\nCigar factory, Burk, Rich,\\nCo., 828.\\nCigarettes, manufacture of, 828.\\nCincinnati, 95, 669, 826.\\nCincinnati, Detroit in diocese\\nof, 547.\\nCincinnati, formerly Losanti-\\nville, 9^.\\nCincinnati made seat of justice,\\n94.\\nCircuit Court Commissioners,\\n97-\\nCisterns, number of, in Detroit,\\n518.\\nCitizens protest to Proctor, 281.\\nCitizens meetings, t6i.\\nCitizens meeting about park,\\n74-\\nCitizens meeting to levy poll-\\ntax, 151.\\nCitizens, nationalities represent-\\ned, 336.\\nCity Omcers\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCity Accountant, 162, 163.\\nCity Assessors, 163, 164.\\nCity Attorneys, 141.\\nCity Auditors, 162.\\nCity Clerk, 140.\\nCity Collectors, 165.\\nCity Comptrollers, 162.\\nCity Counsellor, 141.\\nCity Directors of Poor, 644,\\nCity Officers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C*j\u00c2\u00ab/ rf.\\nCity Engineer, 936.\\nCity Gas Inspector, 469, 470.\\nCity Historiographer, 141.\\nCity Marshal, 202, 644,\\nCity Physicians, 646.\\nCity Printers, 692.\\nCity Registers, 40.\\nCity Sexton, 57, 58.\\nCity Supervisors, 933.\\nCity Surveyors, 035.\\nCity Treasurers, 167.\\nCity bids account, 158.\\nCity debt, 156.\\nCity cemetery, 55.\\nCity charges account, 158.\\nCity charters of Detroit, 114,\\n983-\\nCity Council, 137.\\nCity depositor 158, 159,\\nCity directories, 697,\\nCity elections, 114.\\nCity expenses, by decades, 1C5.\\nCity tax estimates, how obtain-\\ned, 157.\\nCity Halls, 136, 475, 476.\\nCity Hall, or Central Market,\\n794.\\nCity of Detroit incorporated.\\n.^34.\\nCity Librar\\\\ established, 710.\\nCity limits, 34.\\nCity seals, 138.\\nCity taxation and finances, mi.\\nCity taxes, amount of, by de-\\ncades, 156.\\nCity taxes, when and how\\npayable, 57.\\nCity Tract Societies, 641.\\nClaimants of French Farms. 977,\\n978. 979, 980, 981, 982.\\nClaims. Private, in Wayne\\nCounty, 977.\\nClaims, Surveyor-General to\\nsur\\\\ ey, 22.\\nClamer s journal metal, manu-\\nfacture of, 806.\\nClay and Frelinghuysen meet-\\ning, no.\\nClearing-house system. 846.\\nCleveland, steamboats to, 899.\\nClimate, 45.\\nClinton Park, 55, 73.\\nClock, The astronomical, 362.\\nClubs and club-houses, 340.\\nCoal, introduction and use of,\\n470.\\nCoal, price of, 902.\\nCode, Cass, 98.\\nCode, Witherell, 97.\\nCoin, circulation of Spanish,\\nFrench, and Portuguese, 847.\\nColdwater, railroad to, first\\nopened, 902\\nCollectors of town. 133.\\nCollectors of Customs, names\\nand terms, 785.\\nColleges, see Schools.\\nColonists l ecome like Indians,\\n337-\\nColored children admitted to\\npublic schools, 751.\\nColored missionary to the Wy-\\nandoties, 576.\\nColored people, legislation\\nagainst, 345.\\nColored persons vote for first\\ntime, 113.\\nColored regiment from Michi-\\ngan, 307.\\nColored schools established,\\n738.\\nCommandants, American, 227.\\nCommandants as chief magis-\\ntrates, 172.\\nCommandants at weddings, etc.\\nCommandants, British, 227.\\nCommandants, French, 226.\\nCommandants, plenary powers\\nof, 171.\\nCommanding officers at I etroit\\nbarracks, 228.\\nCommanding officers at Fori\\nShelby, 227.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1065.jp2"}, "1066": {"fulltext": "IOI4\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nCommanding officers at Fort\\nWayne, 228.\\nCommanding officers, Head-\\nquarters of, 22Q.\\nCommercial agencies, 779.\\nCommercial Mutual Associa-\\ntion, 874.\\nCommercial structures, 459.\\nCommissioners, Circuit Court,\\n197.\\nCommissioners of Bail, 197.\\nCommissioners of Common\\nSchools, 735.\\nCommissioners of Grades, 936.\\nCommissioners of Land Tax,\\nCommissioners of Public Li-\\nbrary, 761.\\nCommissioners of State Land\\nOffice, Michigan, 93.\\nCommissioners of Trade, 766.\\nCommissioners of U. S. Courts,\\n176.\\nCommon Council, 136, 137,\\nCommon Council, name of\\nchanged, 137.\\nCommon Council, rules, com-\\nmittees, 137.\\nCommon field, 24.\\nCommons, public, 25.\\nCompany of the Colony of Ca-\\nnada, 765.\\nCompiled Laws, 99.\\nConcessions of land, conditions\\nof, 19.\\nConnecticut, missionary from,\\n552-\\nConnecticut s claims to terri-\\ntory, 85.\\nConnor s Creek, 4.\\nConundrum, local, 458.\\nConspiracy, Pontiac s, 235.\\nConstables, 210-213.\\nConstantinople, 4, 820,\\nConstitutional Conventions, 88,\\ngi. III.\\nConstitution, State, word white\\nvoted out of. 348.\\nConverted Indians, 564.\\nCoon pens, 108.\\nCopper and Brass Rolling Mill,\\nDetroit, 836.\\nCopper, Detroit L. S- Co., 4,\\n818.\\nCopper, Ingot, manufacture of,\\n818.\\nCopper Mines, 362.\\nCopper, purity and yield of,\\n802.\\nCordwood, prices of, 802.\\nCorktown, 928.\\nCorn, early shipments of, 12.\\nCoroners of County, 58.\\nCoroner s jury, 58.\\nCorps of Engineers of the Army,\\n918, 919.\\nCouncil Houses, 472, 473.\\nCountries supplied from De-\\ntroit, see Shipments.\\nCounty Officers,\\nCounty Auditors, 124.\\nCounty Clerk, 125, 126.\\nCounty Commissioners, 123.\\nCounty Coroners, 58.\\nCounty Physicians, 649.\\nCounty Registers, 39, 40, igo.\\nCounty Superintendents of\\nSchools, 126.\\nCounty Surveyors, 126.\\nCounty Treasurers, 125.\\nCounty Insane Asylum, 649.\\nCounty of Illinois, 85, 118.\\nCounty of Kent, 118.\\nCounty poor, 647.\\nCounty Poor-house, 648.\\nCoureurs de bois, 201, 331, 337.\\nCourt-house, 481.\\nCourthouse Avenue, 947.\\nCourt-martial and sentences,\\n316.\\nCourts\\nBankruptcy, 177.\\nChancery, 191.\\nCircuit, 192.\\nCircuit of United States, 174.\\nCourts Confd.\\nCommon Pleas, 191.\\nCounty, 1Q2.\\nDistrict, 189.\\nDistrict Criminal, 194.\\nDistrict of U. S., 175.\\nDistrict of Territory of Michi-\\ngan. 189.\\nMayor s, 195.\\nNorthwest Territorial, 178.\\nOf Proofs, 1S9.\\nOf Quarter Sessions, 133,190,\\n838.\\nOi Trustees, 174.\\n)rphans 189.\\nl*olice, 196.\\nQuarter Sessions, igo.\\nRecorder s, 195.\\nSuperior, ig6, 197.\\nSupreme of Indiana Terri-\\ntory, 178.\\nSupreme of Michigan Terri-\\ntory, 178.\\nSupreme of State of Michi-\\ngan, 186.\\nCourtship of Judge Woodward,\\n182.\\nCoyl s Hall, 478.\\nCracker factory, Vail Crane s,\\n835.\\nCranberries, indigenous, 12.\\nCrimean war, 787.\\nCrime, prevalence of, in 1863,\\n204.\\nCriminals whipped and sold,\\nigo.\\nCroghan, Fort, 226.\\nCrosswalks, 931.\\nCrusade, Woman s, 842.\\nCrozat, A., commerce of Lou-\\nisiana granted to, 330.\\nCurrency, New York, 769.\\nCurrency of trading posts, 846.\\nCurry s Corner, 457,\\nCustom-house and Collectors,\\n781.\\nCustoms receipts, imports, 783,\\n784.\\nCut money, 846. 848.\\nCyclone, date of, 47.\\nDakota Territory, 835.\\nDances, Indian, 322.\\nDark day, 46.\\nDauphin Island, Cadillac and\\nfamily arrive at, 530.\\nDearborn, corner-stone of arse-\\nnal laid at, 226,\\nDearborn, arms stolen from,\\nduring Patriot war, 301.\\nJDearborn. arms forwarded to,\\nduring Patriot war, 302.\\nDeath, first at Detroit, 333.\\nDeath-rate in Detroit, 48.\\nDebt, imprisonment for, 177.\\nDeeds, mortgages, and titles,\\n39-\\nDeer and bears within city lim-\\nits, II.\\nDefeat of British and Indians,\\n266.\\nDefeat of Gen. Braddock, 233.\\nDefeat of Gen. Harmer, 265.\\nDefeat of Gov. St. Clair, 265.\\nDelaware, 832.\\nDelawarts massacred by Ameri-\\ncans, 261.\\nDelawares, De Peyster s letter\\nto, 261.\\nDelegates to Congress, Act pro-\\nviding for. III.\\nDelegates to Congress, 102.\\nDelray, in Springwells, 4.\\nDemocratic barbecue on the\\nCass Farm, 108.\\nDenver, 811, 818.\\nDepot, M. C. R. R., burned,\\n494.\\nDeposit Banks, 848.\\nDesjardins Canal, 903.\\nDestitutiun in Michigan Terri-\\ntory after War of 1S12, 287.\\nDetroit a British military post,\\n242.\\nDetroit a commercial colony,\\n765.\\nDetroit Cleveland Steam\\nNavigation Co., 010.\\nDetroit L. S. Copper Co., S18.\\nDetroit Bank, 96.\\nDetrfiit barracks, 226.\\nDetroit, boundaries at different\\ntimes, 34, 35.\\nDetroit Bridge and Iron Works,\\n805.\\nDetroit Bronze Co., Sii.\\nDetroit Brush Co., 836.\\nDetroit Carriage and Express\\nCo.. 889.\\nDetroit City Glass Works, 836.\\nDetroit City Railroad Co., 932.\\nDetroit Copper and Brass Roll-\\ning Mill, 836.\\nDetroit Electrical Works, 836.\\nDetroit Emery Wheel Co., 820.\\nDetroit File Works, 820.\\nDetroit and Lake Superior Cop-\\nper Co.. 818.\\nDetroit Lead Pipe and Sheet\\nLead Works, 836.\\nDetroit Linseed Oil Co., 825.\\nDetroit Locomotive Works, 806.\\nDetroit Safe Co., 810.\\nDetroit Stamping Co., 822.\\nDetroit Steam Forge, 805.\\nDetroit Stove Co., 811.\\nDetroit Steel and Spring Works,\\n804.\\nDetroit White Lead Works. 825.\\nDetroit established by Cadillac,\\n^33\u00c2\u00b0-\\nDetroit evacuated by English,\\n223.\\nDetroit, expedition against, 256,\\n259.\\nDetroit first incoporated, 133.\\nDetroit Fish Hatchery, 16.\\nDetroit, Fort of, 1S3, 222, 234.\\nDetroit founded, 17.\\nDetroit Fund, 30, 31.\\nDetroit Grays, 318.\\nDetroit, importance as a mili-\\ntary post, 231.\\nDetroit included in the diocese\\nof Cincinnati, 547.\\nDetroit Lancers, 317.\\nDetroit, location of, 3.\\nDetroit made a port of entry,78i.\\nDetroit, maps of, 32.\\nDetroit militia, 233,\\nDetroit, names of. 3.\\nDetroit Opera House lot, sale\\nof, 41.\\nDetroit Public Library, 760.\\nDetroit reinforced by British,\\n264.\\nDetroit River, description of, 6.\\nDetroit surrendered to the\\nEnglish, 234.\\nDetroit, surroundings of, 4.\\nDetroit the centre of Indian\\ntrade under the English, 766.\\nDetroit transferred to diocese\\nof Baltimore, 546.\\nDetroit Zouaves, 318.\\nDetroit Transit Railroad. 933.\\nDetroit Union Railroad Station\\nand Depot Co., 906.\\nDistrict telegraph system be-\\ngun, 885.\\nDexter, railroad to, first opened,\\n897.\\nDirectories of city. 697.\\nDistricts, City divided into Fire,\\n505-\\nDistrict School Inspectors, 736.\\nDiamond Fanning Mill Com-\\npany, 836.\\nDickering was the rule, 770.\\nDiocesan Fund, Protestant\\nEpiscopal, 592.\\nDiocese of Bardstown included\\nDetroit, 546.\\nDiocese of Detroit, Catholic,\\ncreated, 547.\\nDiocese of Grand Rapids, Cath-\\nolic, created, 547.\\nDiocese of Marquette and Sault\\nSt. Mary, Catholic, created,\\n547-\\nDiocese of Michigan, P. E.,\\ncreated, 591.\\nDiocese of New France, Catho-\\nlic, created, 543,\\nDirector of the poor, 644.\\nDisciples, Campbellites, Chris-\\ntians, 624.\\nDiseases, Doctors, Medical So-\\ncieties, 48.\\nDiseases, prevalent, 48.\\nDispensatory, free, 51, 653, 733.\\nDistress after War of 1812, 287.\\nDistrict of Hesse, 174.\\nDistrict of Sargent, 149.\\nDistrict Supervisors, 933.\\nDitches as boundaries of farms,\\n18.\\nDoctors, 50.\\nDog licenses and dog pounds, 80.\\nDomain of Cadillac, 17.\\nDominion of Canada, 828,832.\\nDonation files, 28.\\nDonation lots, 27, 28.\\nDoor Knob Co., Union, 822,\\nDouaquec, 329.\\nDraft, first in war with South,\\n308.\\nDrays first used, 891.\\nDrain commissioners, 126, 130.\\nDrains and sewers, 59.\\nDramatists and dramas, 358.\\nDress, changes brought by the\\nEnglish, 337.\\nDrill Sergeant, The, a poem,\\n248.\\nDrinking fountains, 71.\\nDrinking song of firemen, 509.\\nDriving Park in Hamtramck, 4.\\nDruggists tin-ware, manufac-\\nture of, 822.\\nDrum beating and publishing,\\n669.\\nDrummers or traveling agents,\\n777-\\nDry Dock Engine Works, 836,\\nDry docks, 4, qio, 911.\\nDucksand duck hunting. 11,13.\\nDue bills issued by private\\nfirms, 847.\\nDue-bills, issue of, prohibited,\\nI53\u00c2\u00bb 154-\\nDue-bills, laborers paid in, 151.\\nDue-bills, loan to redeem, 152.\\nDue-bills of county, 123,\\nDug-outs, 907.\\nDu Luth, Fort, 221.\\nDuquesne, Fort, 12, 233.\\nDwights, bank of, 859.\\nEagle Iron Works, 808.\\nEarly visitors, 324.\\nEarthquakes, 46, 976.\\nEclipse of 1806, observations\\nat Detroit, 315, 954.\\nEducation, advice to French-\\nmen concerning, 715, 716.\\nEducation, board of, take pos-\\nsession of old capilol, 745.\\nEducation of early settlers, 333.\\nEducation, meeting to discuss\\nfree schools, 740.\\nEducation, society for female,\\n716.\\nEducation, see Board of,\\nElba Island, 7.\\nElections, no.\\nElection days, saloons to be\\nclosed on, 844.\\nElection districts, 115, 116.\\nElection preliminaries, 108,\\nElections, city. 114.\\nElections held for two days,\\nIII, 112, 113.\\nElections, how conducted, 116,\\n117.\\nElections, local, almost unani-\\nmous, 114,\\nElections, times of opening and\\nclosing polls, 114.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1066.jp2"}, "1067": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nlOl\\nElections, remarkable incidents\\nconnected with, 114.\\nElections under Michigan Ter-\\nritory, III.\\nElectrical Works, Detroit, 836.\\nElectric Lights, 362, 468, 469.\\nElevators in stores and olfices,\\n45 3-\\nElevator machinery, manufac-\\nture of, 806, 820.\\nEllsworth Zouaves, 318.\\nElinwood cemetery, 56,521.\\nEl Paso, S32.\\nEmancipation celebration, 348.\\nEmery Wheel Co., Detroit, 820.\\nEmerv grinders, manufacture\\nof. 820.\\nEmigration, rush of, 7^0.\\nEmigration to St. Louis, 334.\\nEnactments pertaining to De-\\ntroit, 985.\\nEngine, building for, author-\\ni/,ed. 504.\\nEngine Works, Dry Dock, 836.\\nEngine house, first, 502.\\nEngine houses, where located,\\n514.\\nEngines, hose, etc., exempted\\nfrom execution, 507.\\nEngines, manufacture of, 806,\\n807. 808.\\nEngland, 8it, 8t8, 826, 828.\\nEngland and France, peace be-\\ntween, 237.\\nEngland obtains Canada, 234.\\nEngland, treaty with, 262.\\nEnglish captured on the way to\\nMackinaw, 325.\\nEnglish capture Quebec, 83.\\nEnglish Cemetery, 55.\\nEnglish designs agamst Detroit\\nand Niagara, 233.\\nEnglish evacuate Detroit, 223.\\nEnglish Governors, 84.\\nEnglish instigate Indian attacks\\non Detroit, 231.\\nEnglish laws repealed, 95, g6.\\nEnglish plans for inciting sav-\\nages, 248.\\nEnglish rule, 133.\\nEnglish take Niagara, 233.\\nEnvelopes first used, 881.\\nEpidemic in war of 1812, 48.\\nEpiscopalian bisliops, dioceses\\nand conventions, 591.\\nEpitaph of Hamtramck, 54.\\nEpizootic disables street car\\nhorses, 933.\\nEquinoctial storms, 45.\\nErie Canal completed, 889.\\nErie, Lake, 3.\\nEstimates, Hoard of, created,\\n161.\\nEstimates of city expenses, how\\nobtained, 157.\\nEureka, Cal., 808.\\nEureka Iron Steel Works,\\n818.\\nEurope, 814, 816, 820, 826.\\nEurope, vessels sail for, 910.\\nEvacuation of Detroit by Brit-\\nish, 267, 283.\\nEvangelical Alliance of the U.\\nS., meeting of, 642.\\nExcommunication by Father\\nRichard, 531.\\nExempted from execution, fire\\nengines, hose, etc., 507,\\nExempted. Kinds of property,\\nfrom taxation, 158.\\nExemption of firemen from\\nmilitary and jury duty, 504.\\nExpedition against Detroit, 256.\\nExpedition against Vincennes,\\n250.\\nExpedition to Mackinaw fails,\\n283.\\nExpedition to the upper lakes\\nin 1820, 907.\\nExpenses of the city by de-\\ncades, 1 55,\\nExporting flour, 15.\\nExports of fish and cider, 13.\\nExports, see shipments.\\nEx post facto law, 180.\\nExecution, fire engines, hose,\\netc., exempt from. 507.\\nExpress companies. 892.\\nExpress Co., package and bag-\\ngage, 8gi.\\nExpress from Niagara, S79.\\nEye meter, patent dioptric, 836.\\nFactories, see Manufacturing\\nFirms.\\nFair held by Ladies Free School\\nSociety, 736.\\nFair in aid of Female Associa-\\ntion, 650.\\nFamilies, large, 33^.\\nFamilies, number of, in Detroit,\\n337-\\nFamine and small pox at De-\\ntroit, 334.\\nFamine threatens the colony,\\n12, ,13-\\nFanning Mill Co., Diamond,\\n836.\\nFartner s map of Detroit, 33.\\nFarmer s map of Michigan and\\nWisconsin, 697.\\nFarming, old time methods of,\\n338.\\nFarmington, proposal to obtain\\nwater from, 64.\\nFarms, French, why narrow, 21.\\nFarms, French, how bounded,\\n18.\\nFast day, observance of, 301,\\n305.\\nFashion, devotees of.\\n337-\\nFemale education, society in-\\ncorporated for, 716.\\nFemale Seminary, 716, 717.\\nFences used for firewood, 284.\\nFentonville, railroad to, first\\nopened, 895.\\nFerries, number of, tonnage.\\nFerries, regulations for, 915.\\nFerry boats, railroad, 890, 904.\\nFerry, horse boat, gi6.\\nFerry licenses and fares, 915,\\n917.\\nFerry, Riding on the poem,\\n916.\\nFiat money, 847.\\nFighting Island, intrenchments\\non, 7.\\nFile Works, Detroit, 820.\\nFinancial methods and accoimts\\nof city, 158.\\nFires, list of noted, 489.\\nFire-alarm boxes, 517.\\nFire-alarms, reward for, 505.\\nFire-alarm telegraph. 513, 516.\\nFire bags to put goods in, 501.\\nFire buckets and ladders, 501.\\nFire commission created, 513.\\nFire commission, chief engi-\\nneers of, 519.\\nFire commissioners first meet-\\ning, 518.\\nFire commissioners, names of,\\nFire commission, secretaries of.\\nFire companies for steam en-\\ngines, 519.\\nFire companies mottoes, 50S.\\nFire companies, speaking trum-\\npets given to, 508.\\nFire companies, unworthy\\nmembers of, 511.\\nFire company named Ham-\\ntramck Spouters, 511.\\nFire Company No. 1 disbanded,\\n507-\\nFire Company No. 2 organized,\\n504-\\nFire Company, ofticers of a, 506.\\nFire Department Society, 520.^\\nFire Department, chief engi-\\nneers of, 513.\\nFire Department, condition of,\\nin 1851, 509.\\nFire Department Society, con-\\nstitution adopted, 520.\\nFire Department managed on\\nmilitary principles, 513.\\nFire Department, paid, organ-\\nized, 512.\\nFire Department, property of,\\n^.5^3-\\nFire Department, steam, 513.\\nFire Department, volunteer,\\nsupplanted, 512.\\nFire Department, yearly ex-\\npenses of, 513.\\nFire districts, city divided into,\\n-SOS-\\nFire engine repaired in 1798,\\n-SO\\nFire engines carrying thebroom,\\n507.\\nFire engines, chemical, 516.\\nFire engines, hand and steam,\\ncompared, 511.\\nFire engines, hose cut, 507.\\nFire engines, names of steam-\\ners, 516.\\nFire engine to be procured by\\nlottery, 502.\\nFire escapes, manufacture of,\\n809,811.\\nFire extinguishers, earliest, 501.\\nFire, getting the first stream on,\\n_5io.\\nFire hooks, 502.\\nFire hydrants and cisterns,\\nnumber of, 517.\\nFire, ill paved streets hinder\\nengines, 510.\\nFire limits, 500.\\nFires, losses year by year, 499.\\nFiremen, provision for dis-\\nabled and indigent, 520.\\nFiremen, endurance of, 506.\\nFiremen exempted from mili-\\ntary and jury duty, 504.\\nFiremen, leave of absence for,\\n519-\\nFiremen, number employed, 519.\\nFiremen offended, 510.\\nFiremen open a reading-room,\\n506.\\nFiremen s parades, 507.\\nFiremen, political power of, 507.\\nFiremen, qualifications for, 519.\\nFiremen, refreshments fur-\\nnished to, 508.\\nFiremen, salaries of, 519.\\nFiremen, uniform of, 519.\\nFiremen, visiting, 507.\\nFiremen, volunteers sometimes\\nunreliable, 510.\\nFiremen s drinking song, 509.\\nFiremen s Fund Association in-\\ncorporated, 519.\\nFiremen s Hall, 478, 506, 520,\\n521.\\nFiremen s lot in Elmwood, 521.\\nFiremen s review, first, 504.\\nFiremen s song, That old Ma-\\nchine and Hose, 511.\\nFire Marshal, 500.\\nFire of 1703, 489.\\nFire of 1805, 489, 490, 491, 729.\\nFire of 1848, 493.\\nFire ordinance, 501.\\nFire, the cry of, 503.\\nFire Wardens, 147, 505.\\nFirst American occupation of\\nDetroit, 268.\\nFirst Colonists, character of,\\n332-\\nFirst Evangelistic Society or-\\nganized, 556.\\nFirst Protestant Cemetery, 55.\\nFirst Protestant Society be-\\ncomes Presbyterian, 581.\\nFirst Protestant Society incor-\\nporated, 558.\\nFirst sale of city bonds, 154.\\nFirst white traveler through the\\nDetroit, 325.\\nFiscal year of the city, 158.\\nFish hatcheries, 16.\\nFish Island, 7.\\nFive Million Loan, 889, 896.\\nFlag, Uritish, hoisted, 268.\\nFlag, British, hauled down, 268.\\nFlag raising in war time, 305.\\nFlag-staff, stump of, found, 225,\\nFlat heads, 233.\\nFlour from Pontiac, 15.\\nFlour, manufacture of, 15.\\nFlowers, native to Detroit, 12.\\nFog signals and buoys, 919, 920.\\nFog trumpets, 920.\\nFood, cheapness of, 804.\\nForestalling, 796.\\nForge, the Detroit Steam, 805.\\nFort Street opened to Cass\\nFarm, 473.\\nForts and Defenses, 221.\\nCroghan, 226.\\nDetroit, 783, 222, 234.\\nDu Luth, 221.\\nDuquesnc, 12, 233.\\nHenry, 249.\\nLawrance, or I^urens, tso.\\nLernoult, 34, 222, 223, 224.\\nMackinaw. 221, 709.\\nMaiden, 183.\\nMarchand, 12.\\nMcintosh, 256.\\nMeigs, 108.\\nMiami, 265.\\nMayer, 922.\\nNonsense, 226.\\nPitt, 233.\\nPontchartrain, 17,18,24,221,\\n231, 232, 234.\\nPresque Isle, 12.\\nRiviere de Boeuf, 12.\\nSt. Joseph, 221.\\nShelby, 8, 36, 52, 222, 224,\\n225, 283.\\nStevenson, 282.\\nSumter, 853.\\nWayne, 225, 228, 305.\\nFounding and growth of De-\\ntroit, 331.\\nFoundry and Wheel Co., Rus-\\nset, 805.\\nFountains, public drinking, 71,\\nFowls first brought to Detroit,\\n338.\\nFox Indians, 231, 321.\\nFrance. 811. 8i8. 826. 828. 829.\\nFrance and England, peace be-\\ntween, 237.\\nFrance and Spain allied, 269\\nFrance, Cadillac returns to, 18.\\nFrankfort (Germany), 814.\\nFree delivery of goods, 777.\\nFree delivery system of Post-\\nofiice, 882.\\nFree dispensary, 51, 733.\\nFree lodging house opened,\\n650.\\nFree schools, meeting in inter-\\nest of, 740.\\nFreezing process of Mr. Davis.\\n362.\\nFreights and passengers, 890.\\nFrench and English rule, 83.\\nFrench and Spanish intrigues,\\n269.\\nFrench dress described\u00e2\u0080\u0094 poem,\\n337-\\nFrench Farms in Wayne Coun-\\ntyi 977i 982.\\nFrench garrison at time of sur-\\nrender of Detroit, 234.\\nFrench government, form of,\\nin America, S3.\\nFrench maltreated by Indians\\non Grosse Isle, 232.\\nFrench names .Anglicised, 337.\\nFrench ponies, 887.\\nFrench possession, evidences of,\\n232.\\nFrench regime, 133.\\nFrench supremacy, 171.\\nFrench take possession of re-\\ngion, 325.\\nFrench trust in Indians, 323.\\nFuel, and where procured, 470.\\nFugitive Slave Act passed, 346,\\nFulton Iron Engine Works,\\n806.\\nFunerals, tolling of bell at, 57,\\nFuneral usages, 57.\\nFunke s Hall, 479.\\nFur trade, importance of, 767,\\n768.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1067.jp2"}, "1068": {"fulltext": "ioi6\\nINDEX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MISCELLANEOUS.\\nGalveston, 8ii.\\nGames, Indian, 322.\\nGamewell fire-alarm apparatus,\\n516.\\nGardens, unexcelled, 15.\\nGas companies, 468, 469.\\nGas inspector, 469.\\nGazetteers, effect on immigra-\\ntion, 697.\\n(iazetteer of Michigan first is-\\nsued, 6g6.\\nGeneral Gage, the brig, 907.\\nGerman shooting grounds in\\nHaratramck, 4.\\nGermany. 818,828,829.\\nGentlemen by occupation, 338.\\nGettysburg, news of battle of,\\n308.\\nGhent, treaty of, 269.\\nGirls admitted to High School,\\n749-\\nGlass Works, Detroit City, S36,\\nGlass Works, Leonard, 836.\\nCilobe Tobacco Factory, 827.\\nGnaden-huetten, Moravian sta-\\ntion, 551,\\nGold, greenbacks, and national\\nbank notes uf equal value, 854.\\nGold pens first used, 364.\\nGold^ enormous premium on,\\n854.\\nGood Templars, Grand Lodge\\nin session, 842, 844.\\nGood Templars Hall, 479.\\nGothic houses, early, 374.\\nGovernor and Judges, appoint-\\nment of, 134.\\nGovernor and Judges arrive at\\nMarietta, 94,\\nGovernor and Judges assume\\ncontrol of commons, 25.\\nGovernor and Judges author-\\nized to convey lands, 27.\\nGovernor and Judges control\\nproperty after establishment\\nof city government, 31.\\nGovernor and Judges criticised,\\n28.\\nGovernor and Judges, miscon-\\nduct of, 96, 97.\\nGovernor and Judges, mysteri-\\nous transactions of, 27.\\nGovernor and Judges of Michi-\\ngan hold first session, 95.\\nGovernor and Judges Plan, 24,\\n26, 36.\\nGovernor and Judges render no\\naccount of moneys, 150.\\nGovernor and Judges, rule of,\\n134-\\nGovernment, a patriarchal, 171.\\nGovernors, English, 84.\\nGovernors of ^lichigan, 91, 92.\\nGovernors of Michigan Terri-\\ntory, 88.\\nGovernors of New France, 83.\\nGrades, Commissioners of, 936.\\nGrain, inspection and grading\\nof, 791.\\nGrand Circus, 73.\\nGrand Haven, railroad to, first\\nopened, S95.\\nGrangers, origin of societies,\\n^854.\\nGrand Rapids, diocese of, 547.\\nGrand Rapids, railroad to, first\\nopened, 895.\\nGrand Trunk Junction, 4.\\nGrand Trunk Junction, lots\\nsold at, 41.\\nGraves in Jefferson Avenue, 53.\\nGravestones and graves, 52.\\nGreat Turkey Island, 7.\\nGreece, 811.\\nGreely s surveys confirmed, 22.\\nGreenback party, the, S54.\\nGreenbacks, origin of name,\\n854-\\nGreen Bay, seventh legislative\\ncouncil at, 99.\\nGreenfield, 4, 5.\\nGreenfield, part of, added to\\ncity, 34.\\nGreenville, treaty of, 121.\\nGriffon, The, an armed vessel,\\n325, 907. _\\nGrmdstone quarries in Michi-\\ngan, 802.\\nGrist mill on May s Creek, 9.\\nGriswold Street, peculiarities\\nof, 928.\\nGrosse Isle, Indians on, 232.\\nGrosse Isle, Indian shot on, 285.\\nGrosse Isle, occupied by Wm.\\nMacomb, 7.\\nGrosse Isle, railroad ferry at,\\n901.\\nGrosse Isle, tunnel at, 891.\\nGrosse Pointe, a summer re-\\nsort, 5.\\nGrave of Dalyell, 239.\\nGrotto of the Blessed Virgin,\\n543-\\nH\\nHack licenses and charges, 888.\\nHair buyer, title applied to\\nGov. Hamilton, 251.\\nHair trunk safe, 154.\\nHalf-breeds, 340.\\nHalifax currency, 846.\\nHalifax Gazette, first issued,\\n669.\\nHallock s Corner, 457.\\nHamtramck, township of, 4,\\nHamtramck, part of, added to\\ncity, 34.\\nHamtramck Spouters, name of\\nFire Co., 511.\\nHanging of an Indian woman,\\ni7i._\\nHannibal, Mo., S06,\\nHarbor and river improvement\\ndistricts, 921.\\nHarbor, formed by Detroit\\nRiver, 917.\\nHarbor ftlaster, 207, 917.\\nHardware Co., The Clark, 836.\\nHard wood, prices of at Detroit,\\n802.\\nHarmonic Hall, 478.\\nHarper s Ferry raid organized,\\n348.\\nHarrow, Gale Sulky Co., 836.\\nHavana, 4,\\nHay chopped and boiled for\\nfood, 287.\\nHay markets, 798.\\nHealth officer, 59.\\nHearses, first use of, 57,\\nHeights, The, 928.\\nHenry, Fort, 249.\\nHesse, district of, changed to\\nWestern District, 174.\\nHiawatha Tobacco Co., 827.\\nHickory Halls, 110.\\nHillsdale, railroad to, first\\nopened, 902.\\nHog Island, 16, 78, 236.\\nHolden Road, 4.\\nHolly, railroad first opened\\nfrom Northville, 905.\\nHomoeopathic Free Dispensary,\\n51-\\nHoney, 12.\\nHong Kong, China, 823.\\nHonolulu, 827.\\nHook and ladder company or-\\nganized, 504.\\nHopkins Journals, manufacture\\nof, 806.\\nHorseback ride to Washington,\\n887.\\nHorse-boat ferry, 916.\\nHorse distemper, 892.\\nHorses for steam fire engines,\\n515-\\nHorses, Parent to shoe those of\\nCadillac, 887.\\nHose company organized, 504.\\nHose, cutting of fire engine,\\n507-\\nHospitals, see Charitable Insti-\\ntutions.\\nHotels, see Taverns and Hotels.\\nHouse and store numbers, 467.\\nHousebreaking and thieving,\\n203.\\nHouse occupied by Gen. Cass,\\n3^-\\nHouse of Correction, 55, 216,\\n217, 218.\\nHouse, remains of an ancient,\\nfound, 368.\\nHouses and barns, number of\\nin 1773, 368.\\nHouses, average number of oc-\\ncupants, 376.\\nHouses, fine and numerous, 376.\\nHouses, Gothic, first, 374.\\nHouses, manner of building,\\n373. 374.\\nHouses, method of construction\\nin 1778, 368.\\nHouses, number in i860, 374.\\nHouses, number within stock-\\nade in 1766, 368.\\nHouses of ill repute demolished,\\n201, 202.\\nHubbard Farm, 20.\\nHubel s Capsule Factory, 824.\\nHumbug Island, why so named.\\nHunters lodges, 301.\\nHunting and fishing, 349.\\nHurons, 3, 12, 231, 232, 322, 530.\\nHuron territory, attempt to\\norganize, 89.\\nHuron village on Bois Blanc\\nIsland, 8.\\nHydrants, 517.\\nHydraulic companycstablished,\\n63, 64.\\nIce, 6.\\nIdol broken by Galinee, 325,\\nImmersion, first baptism by. In\\nDetroit, 605.\\nImmigration at various times,\\n37. 333.. 335, 697, 909.\\nImportation of slaves forbidden,\\n345-\\nImportations, direct, 772.\\nImpHsonment for debt, 177.\\nIncome tax, 159.\\nIndian Tribes\\nAlgonquins, 321, 322,\\nCayugas, 322.\\nChippewas, 78, 321, 322, 323,\\nT^324-\\nDelawares, 261.\\nFlatheads, 233.\\nFoxes, 231, 321.\\nHurons, 3, 12, 231, 232, 322,\\n53\u00c2\u00b0-\\nIroquois, 322, 324, 332.\\nKickapoos, 231, 240.\\nMascoutins, 531.\\nMenominees, 231, 321,\\nMiamis, 231, 322.\\nMississauguas, 239.\\nMohawks, 322.\\nOlmecs, 321.\\nOnondagas, 232, 322.\\nOneidas, 322.\\nOttawas, 12, 78, 231, 321, 322,\\n324-\\nOuendats, 321, 324,\\nOutagamies, 231.\\nPotowatamies, 21, 52, 231,\\n235, 238, 322.\\nPoux, 322.\\nSacs, 321.\\nSauteux, 323,\\nSenecas, 234, 322.\\nToltecs, 321.\\nTuetle, or Tntelos, 321.\\nTuscaroras, 322.\\nWyandotts, 3, 7, 234, 238, 321,\\n3-2, 3=3. 324-\\nIndianapolis, railroad to, first\\nopened from Ypsilanti, 003.\\nInhabitants of Detroit, person-\\nal appearance, 338.\\nIndian alarm, 284, 285.\\nIndian attack expected on day\\nof eclipse, 315.\\nIndian and African slaves, 344.\\nIndian agents, 324.\\nIndians as British allies, 247.\\nIndian attacks, 231.\\nIndian burial places, 52.\\nIndian councils, 234, 243, 263,\\n552.\\nIndian dances, 322.\\nIndians defeated at Tippeca-\\nnoe, 273.\\nIndian forays instigated by\\nEnglish, 242,\\nIndian games, 322.\\nIndian grants invalid, 21.\\nIndian intrcnchmentson Fight-\\ning Island, 7.\\nIndian life described, 322.\\nIndian mounds, 321.\\nIndian outrages, 226.\\nIndian plot to massacre the\\nFrench, 232.\\nIndian raid, 285.\\nIndian shot on Grosse Isle, 285.\\nIndian skeletons and relics, 52.\\nIndian summer, 45.\\nIndian thoughtfulness, 350.\\nIndian titles to lands extin-\\nguished. 324.\\nIndian trade, everybody en-\\ngaged in, 338.\\nIndian trails and bridle paths,\\n887.\\nIndians as beggars, 323,\\nIndians carry their furs to the\\nEnglish, 766.\\nIndians conciliated by British,\\n264.\\nIndians converted, 564.\\nIndians defeated by Wayne,\\n266.\\nIndians, disbursements to, 323.\\nIndians, drunken, 838.\\nIndians, favor sought by gifts,\\n323-\\nIndians, French trust in, 323.\\nIndians generally cheated, 767.\\nIndians, habits and condition,\\n323-\\nIndians hung, 317.\\nIndians, intermarriage with,\\n331-\\nIndians kept good-natured by\\ngifts, 766.\\nIndians, number of, in Michi-\\ngan, 324.\\nIndians on Bois Blanc Island\\nestranged, 8.\\nIndians, pestilence among, 281.\\nIndians set fire to Fort Pont-\\nchartrain, 231, 489.\\nIndians settled near French\\nforts, 322.\\nIndians, supplies for, 243.\\nIndians to be taught, 331.\\nIndians throng at Detroit, 260.\\nIndictment of Gov. Hamilton,\\n173-\\nInhabitants renew oath of alle-\\ngiance, 240.\\nInk rain, 46.\\nInsane Asylum of County, 649.\\nInspectors of liquors, 84:.\\nInspection of meats, 797.\\nInspection of oils and liquids,\\n797-\\nInspectors of schools to be\\nelected on general ticket, 754.\\nInspector of steamboats, 921,\\nInspection of weights and\\nmeasures, 797,\\nInspection of wood, 797.\\nInsurance companies, 873, 874,\\n875-\\nInsurance Co. Bank, S62.\\nInsurance, State commissioner\\nof, 875-\\nInternal improvements project-\\ned, 889, 890, 8y6.\\nInternal revenue taxes, 159.\\nInternational convention of\\nBoards of Trade, 789.\\nInternational convention of Y.\\nM. C. A., 639.\\nIntrigues of France and Spain,\\n269.\\nInventors and inventions, 362.\\nIonia, railroad to, first opened\\n895.\\nIron and brass bedsteads, man-\\nufacture of, 811.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1068.jp2"}, "1069": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nlOI\\nIron and Bridge Works, 805.\\nIron and Steel Works, Eureka,\\n81S.\\nIron Works, Buhl, S06.\\nIron Company, Malleable, 808.\\nIron fencing, manufacture of,\\nBog, Six.\\nIron Works, Fulton, 836.\\nIron stairs, manufacture of, Bog,\\nIron water pipe, manufacture\\nof, 807.\\nIron Works, Eagle, 808.\\nIroquois, 322, 324, 332.\\nIslands in river, 7, 8.\\nItaly, 829.\\nJackson, railroad to, first open-\\ned, Sgj.\\nJackson s specie circular, 849.\\nJacksonville, Florida, 835.\\nJails, 214, 215, 216, 481.\\nJail, scrip issued to contractors,\\n475-\\nJails, use of, to detain slaves,\\n347-\\nJanitors of school buildings,\\n746.\\nJapan, 809, 811, 829.\\nJefferson Avenue extended\\nthrough church ground, 531.\\nJesuits, 324.\\nJesuits oppose selling brandy\\nto savages, 837.\\nJesuits unfriendly to Detroit,\\n,76s.\\nJewish Cemetery, 57.\\nJonesville, railroad to, first\\nopened, 902.\\nJournal bearings, manufacture\\nof, 806.\\nJournal boxes, manufacture of,\\n806.\\nJourneying, 887.\\nJudge Advocates of Territory\\nof Michigan, 89.\\nJudicial misconduct, i8r.\\nJurors, grand and petit, 193,\\nJurors of Circuit Court, 193.\\nJurors for U. S. District Court,\\n175-\\nJurors in Police Court, 196.\\nJury, Coroners 58.\\nJustice in the olden time, 171.\\nJustices authorized to perform\\nmarriage ceremony, 340.\\nJustices of the Peace, 197.\\nK\\nKalamazoo, railroad to, first\\nopened, S97.\\nKa-ron-ta-en, Huron name for\\nDetroit, 3.\\nKaskaskia, 111., 24.\\nKent County, Upper Canada,\\nDetroit formerly in, 94.\\nKentucky, Bird s expedition\\nagainst, 260.\\nKentucky Gazette, issued at\\nLexington, 669.\\nKentucky, Governor of, honor-\\ned, 283.\\nKerosene oil used in making\\ncoal gas, 364.\\nKerosene oil introduced, 468.\\nKickapoos, 231, 240.\\nKidnapping of ^Ir, Poquettc,\\n272.\\nKing s clothing store, 458.\\nKing s corner, 457,\\nKing s surveyor, 37.\\nKing s wharf, 8.\\nKittelberger s Hall, 479.\\nKnagg s windmill, 10.\\nKnight Templar procession,\\n343-\\nKnow-Nothing party, J14.\\nLaboratory, Parke, Davis,\\nCo. s, 823.\\nLaboratory, F. Stearns Co.,\\n823.\\nLaborator Hubel s, 823.\\nLacquers, manufacture of, 826.\\nLadies Academy established,\\n720,\\nLake Erie, 3.\\nLake Erie, steamers on, seized\\nby rebels, 30S.\\nL.ake Erie, storm on, 239.\\nLake Ste. Claire, 5.\\nLake Ste. Claire, origin of the\\nname, 907.\\nLake Superior Copper Co., 818.\\nLake Survey, The, 918.\\nLake travel, why decreased, 910.\\nLamplighters, 469.\\nLand commissioners, 20.\\nLand Board, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31.\\nLand, French, patents con-\\nfirmed, 19, 20.\\nLand granted for public schools,\\n736.\\nLand grants, conditions of, 17.\\nLands granted to Cadillac in\\nMaine, 32S.\\nLand Office at Detroit, 37.\\nLand speculation of 1837, 850.\\nLands, amount cleared in 1708,\\n333-\\nLands claimed by Cadillac s\\ndescendants, 328.\\nLansing, railroad to, from De-\\ntroit, first opened, 905.\\nLansing made the Capital, 91.\\nLapeer, railroad to, first opened,\\n901.\\nLa Porte, railroad to, first open-\\ned, 902.\\nLast factory of Mumford, Fos-\\nter Co., 832, 833.\\nLatitude of Detroit, 4.\\nLatakia, in Asia, 818.\\nLaw against blasphemy, 554.\\nLaw and Order party, 843.\\nLaw Libraries, 200.\\nLawn mowers, introduction of,\\n376.\\nLawrance, Fort, 120.\\nLaws of State, form of publi-\\ncation, 99.\\nLaws pertaining to Detroit, 983.\\nLawyers, 199.\\nLead Pipe and Sheet Lead\\nWorks, 836.\\nLecturers, names and dates of\\nvisits, 709.\\nLeeville, in Hamtramck, 4.\\nLee s army, surrender of, 309.\\nLegal tender notes, 854.\\nLegends respecting Indian\\nmounds, 321.\\nLegislative council. 98, iii.\\nLegislative council, first ses-\\nsion in Capitol, 475.\\nLegislature, sessions of, 99.\\nLegislatures and laws, 94.\\nLeopard, attack of, on the\\nChesapeake, 274.\\nLernoult, Fort, 34, 222, 223,\\n224.\\nLetter boxes first provided, 882.\\nLetter carriers, 882.\\nLetter of Gen. Brock demand-\\ning surrender of Detroit, 276.\\nLetter to Col. Campbell about\\ntaxes, 222.\\nLetters, McKee s, to Col. Eng-\\nland, 265.\\nLexington, Gazette of, 669.\\nLibrar of Mechanics* Society,\\n713-\\nLibrary, The Bar, 199, 200.\\nLibrarj City, established, 710.\\nLibrary Commissioners, 761.\\nLibrar The Firemen s. 521.\\nLibrary, The Public, 759 to 762.\\nLibrary of Young Nfcn s So-\\nciety, 711.\\nLicenses, City, collection of,\\n207.\\nLicenses for newsboys, 692.\\nLicenses for trucks, drays, etc.,\\n891.\\nLicenses, Territorial^ 150, 769.\\nLicenses to dealers m liquors,\\n838, 839, 840.\\nLieutenant-Governors of Mich-\\nigan, 92.\\nLife savmg service, 920, 921.\\nLight Guards, Detroit, organ-\\nized for war with South, 318.\\nLighthouse Engineer, 919.\\nLighthouse first erected at Fort\\nGratiot, 919.\\nlighthouse keepers, 920.\\nLighthouses, location of, 919.\\nLighthouses on the Detroit\\nRiver, 920.\\nLighthouses, construction, re-\\npair, and inspection of, 919,\\n920.\\nLighting and heating, 467.\\nLime burned on Campus Mar-\\ntins, 475.\\nLimekiln i near stockade, 367.\\nLimestone, price of, plentiful\\nin vicinity of Detroit, 802.\\nLinden Park, in Hamtramck, 4.\\nLinseed meal, manufacture of,\\n326.\\nLinseed Oil Co., Detroit, 825.\\nLiquor dealers, number of, in\\ncity and county, 845.\\nLiquor dealers, state meeting\\nof, 843.\\nLiquor not to be sold to Indi-\\nans, 17.\\nLiquor selling, restrictions on,\\n.837.\\nLiquors, none sold at Franklin\\nHouse, 481.\\nLiquor tax law passed, 843.\\nLiquor traffic and temperance\\nefforts. 837.\\nLisbon. Spain, 820.\\nLiterary societies, 710.\\nLocal government, revival of,\\n135-\\nLocalities, designations of, 927.\\nLocal option law of 1845, 839.\\nLocomotive Works, Detroit,\\n806.\\nLocomotive obtained from Phil-\\nadelphia, 893.\\nLog cabins, 180.\\nLog houses within stockade,\\n367-\\nLondon, 6, 814, 827.\\nLondon edition of Free Press,\\n687.\\nLongitude of Detroit, 4.\\nLosantiville, origi.i of name, 94.\\nLost children, notice of, 669.\\nLottery to buy a fire engine,\\n502.\\nLottery to promote literature,\\n710.\\nLots, changes in numbers of, 31.\\nLouisiana, 83, 820.\\nLouisiana, Cadillac appointed\\ngovernor of, 18.\\nLouisiana, commerce of, grant-\\ned to A. Crozat, 330.\\nLouisiana placed under Indiana\\nterritorj*, 87.\\nLouisville, Ky., 811.\\nLoyalists and renegades at-\\ntracted to Detroit, 244,\\nLumber, prices at Detroit, 802.\\nI^utheran Cemeterj 57.\\nLyceum of Detroit organized,\\n711.\\nLyceum of Michigan organized,\\n712.\\nLyons, N. Y., 811.\\nM\\nMackinaw, 121, 221, 237, 242,\\n285, 325. 709. 781. 837, 90s.\\nMcintosh. Fort, 256.\\nElaine, 328, 8to.\\nMaine Law of Michigan,\\n840. 841.\\nMagazines, see Newspapers and\\nPeriodicals.\\nMamajuda Island, 7.\\nMail, fourteen days to NcwYork,\\n880.\\nMail from Washington, three\\nweeks on the road, S80.\\nMail conveyed on horseback\\nand on foot, 879.\\nMails, first regular, 879, 880.\\nMails slow and irregular, 879.\\nMaiden, Fort, 183.\\nMalleable Iron Co., Michigan,\\n808.\\nManitoba, 820.\\nManners and customs, 337.\\nMansard roofs introduced, 376.\\nMantels, manufacture of, 832.\\nManufacturing advantages, 802.\\nManufactures list of. 804.\\nManufactures of Detroit\\nArchitectural iron work, 806.\\nBar iron, 818.\\nBaskets, Sii. 833.\\nlilast furnace machinery, 806.\\nBoik-r plate, 818.\\nBoilers, 806, 807.\\nBoots and shoes. 835.\\nBrass castings, 807.\\nBridges, 805.\\nBronzed goods, 822.\\nBrushes, 811, 826.\\nCages, 8n.\\nCandle 826.\\nCapsules, 823. 824.\\nCarriages, 836.\\nCars, 804, 805.\\nCar sheaves and wheels, 805.\\nChairs, 811, 832.\\nChampion tire bender, 806.\\nCheese safes, 809, 810, 8n.\\nCi.yars and cigarettes, 828.\\nCopper, ingot, 818.\\nCounter supports, 810.\\nCrackers, 833.\\nClamer s journal metal, 806.\\nDoor knobs, 820,\\nDrugs. 82^.\\nDruggists tinware, 822.\\nElevators, 820.\\nElevator machinery, 806.\\nEmery grinders and wheels,\\n820.\\nEngines, 806, 807, 808.\\nFiles, 820.\\nFire escapes, 809. 811.\\nHangers, 808, 820\\nHopkins journals. 806.\\nIron and brass bedsteads. 811.\\nIron fencing and stair^ 809,\\n811.\\nIron water-pipe, S07.\\nJournal bearings and boxes,\\n806.\\nLacquers, 826.\\nLasts, 833.\\nLinseed mral, 826.\\nLinseed oil. 825.\\nMalleable iron castings, 808.\\nMantels. 832.\\nMatches, 828.\\nMedicated wines, 823.\\nMedicinal syrups, 823.\\nMining machinery, 806.\\nMouldings. 828.\\nOil cake. 826.\\nOrgans, 829.\\nPails, 832.\\nPaints, 825,\\nPig iron, 818.\\nPills, 823.\\nPins, 820.\\nPulleys. 808, 820.\\nRailroad turn-tables, 805.\\nRoller skates. 811.\\nRoof cresting, 810, 811.\\nSafes, fire-proof. 810.\\nShafting, 808, 820.\\nShow stands, 811.\\nSieves, 8og, 811.\\nSoaps, 826.\\nSpectacles, 836.\\nSpring beds, 832.\\nSprings, locomotive and car,\\n804.\\nSpring steel, 804.\\nStable fixtures, 810,\\nStamped ware, 822.\\nSioddart s tire upsetter, 806,\\nStoves, 814. 816.\\nStreet lanterns, 822.\\nTinware, 822.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1069.jp2"}, "1070": {"fulltext": "ioi8\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nManufactures of Detroit C(7k,\\nTobacco, 826, 827. S28.\\nTraps, 811.\\nUpholstered ware, 832.\\nVarnish, 826.\\nViaducts, 805.\\nWeather vanes, 810.\\nWhite bronze goods, 811.\\nWhite lead, 825.\\nWillow ware, 833.\\nWindow and dnor screens, 809.\\nWindow guards, 810.\\nWire cloth, 80^. 811.\\nWire counter railings, 810.\\nWire lathing and fencing,\\n810. Sii.\\nWire signs, 810, 811.\\nWood-working machines, 809.\\nManufacturing Firms\\nAmerican Eagle Tobacco Co.,\\n820.\\nBagley s Mayflower Tobacco\\nFactory, 836.\\nBanner Tobacco Factory, 827.\\nBarnum, E. T., Wire Iron\\nWorks, 811.\\nBerry Brothers Varnish Man-\\nufactory, 826.\\nBoydell Brothers White Lead\\nWorks. 825.\\nBuhl Iron Works, 806.\\nBurk, Rich, Co., Cigar-\\nmakers, 828.\\nClark Hardware Co., 836.\\nClough Warren Organ Co.,\\n829.\\nDetroit Lake Superior\\nCopper Co., 818.\\nDetroit Bridge Iron Works,\\n805.\\nDetroit Bronze Co., 811.\\nDetroit Brush Co., 836.\\nDetroit City Glass Works. 836.\\nDetroit Copper Brass Roll-\\ning Mill. 836.\\nDetroit Electrical Works, 836.\\nDetroit Emery Wheel Co.,\\n820.\\nDetroit File Works, 820.\\nDetroit Lead Pipe and Sheet\\nLead Wi)rks, 836.\\nDetroit Linseed Oil Co.. 825.\\nDetroit Locomotive Works,\\n806.\\nDetroit Safe Co., 810.\\nDetroit Stamping Co.. 822.\\nDetroit Steam Forge, 805.\\nDetroit Stove Co.. 811.\\nDetroit White Lead Works,\\n825.\\nDiamond Fanning Mill Co.,\\n836.\\nDondero s Detroit Willow\\nWare Factory, 833.\\nDry Dock Engine Works, 836.\\nEagle Iron Works, 808.\\nEureka Iron Steel Works,\\n818.\\nF. A. Hubel s Capsule Lab-\\noratory, 823.\\nFrederick Stearns Pharma-\\nceutical ManufacturingCo.,\\n823.\\nFrost s Wooden Ware Works,\\n836.\\nFulton Iron Engine Works,\\n806.\\nGale Sulky Harrow Manufac-\\nturing Co., 836.\\nGlobe Tobacco Factory, 827.\\nGray Baffy. Manufactur-\\ning Upholsterers, 832.\\nGriffin Car Wheel Co., 836.\\nHargreaves Manufacturing\\nCo., 828.\\nHugh Johnson s Carriage Es-\\ntablishment, 836.\\nJohnston Optical Co., 836.\\nLaboratory of Parke, Davis,\\nCo., 823.\\nLeonard Glass Works, 836.\\nMichel s Wood-working Ma-\\nchinery Establishment, 809.\\nMiddlebrook Post Manu-\\nfacturing Co,, 820.\\nManufacturing Firms Con.\\nMichigan liolt and Nut Co.,\\n836.\\nMichigan Car and Car Wheel\\nCo., 804.\\nMichigan Carbon Works, 836.\\nMichigan Malleable Iron Co.,\\n808.\\nMichigan Stove Co., 816.\\nMichigan White Lead and\\nColor Works. S24.\\nM. J. Murphy Co. s Spring\\nBed and Chair Factory. 832,\\nMumford, Foster, Co. s\\nLast Factory. 832.\\nNational Pin Co., 820.\\nNational Wire and Iron Co.,\\n809.\\nParke, Davis, Co., Manu-\\nfacturing Chemists, 823.\\nPeninsular Car Works, 805.\\nPeninsular Stove Co., 816.\\nPingree Smith s Shoe Fac-\\ntory, 833.\\nPullman Car Works, 836.\\nRichardson Match Factory,\\n828.\\nRussel Wheel Foundry\\nCo., 805.\\nSchulte Brothers Soap Fac-\\ntory, 826.\\nScotten s Hiawatha Tobacco\\nFactory, 827.\\nSteel Spring Works, 804.\\nSutton Manufacturing Co.,\\n832.\\nUnion Door Knob Co., 822.\\nVail Crane s Cracker Fac-\\ntory, S35.\\nMaps of Detroit, 32, 33, 34.\\nMap of Detroit River, 270.\\nMap of Michigan and Wiscon-\\nsin, Farmer s, 697.\\nMaps and Gazetteers as aids to\\nimmigration, 335, 697.\\nMaple sugar, 12, 337.\\nMarine Hospital, 923, 924.\\nMarket. The Berthelet, 794.\\nMarket building schemes, 794.\\nMarket receipts, 797.\\nMarket, The Cass, 795.\\nMarket, The Central Vegetable,\\n794-\\nMarket Clerks, 202, 795.\\nMarkets, regulations for, 793,\\n796.\\nMarkets on Sunday, 201, 796.\\nMarkets reached from Detroit,\\nsee Shipments.\\nMarriage ceremony may be per-\\nformed by justices, 340.\\nMarriage contracts and permits,\\n340-\\nMarriage, first, by a Protestant\\nclergyman, 550.\\nMarriage, first French, 333.\\nMarriage, second French. 333,\\nMarriage in the Catholic\\nChurch, 341.\\nMarriage in the Hebrew con-\\ngregation, 341.\\nMarriage laws, 340.\\nMarriages, Commandant at, 171.\\nMarriages, record of, 341.\\nMarchand, Fort, 12.\\nMarietta, Governor and Judges\\narrive at, 94.\\nMarquette, diocese of, 547.\\nMarquette, railroad to first\\nopened from Mackinaw, 905.\\nMarshall. 133, 897.\\nMarshal. City, 202.\\nMarshal, U. S., 176.\\nMartial law proclaimed, 242.\\nMascoutins, 231.\\nMasonic and Odd Fellows So-\\ncieties. 341.\\nMasonic Hall, 478, 479.\\nMasons Mutual Benefit Asso-\\nciation, 343.\\nMassachusetts, 85. 835.\\nMassacred at the River Raisin,\\n280.\\nMassacre at Wyoming, 249.\\nMassacre of Dalyell s force, 238.\\nMassacre of Delawares by Am-\\nericans, 261.\\nMassacre of James Fisher and\\nfamily, 236.\\nMassacre of prisoners at Ruddle\\nStation, 260.\\nMassacre of settlers on the Mo-\\nhawk, 233.\\nMassacre of TurnbuU family,\\n236.\\nMasters in chancery. 176, 191.\\nMatch Factory, Richardson,\\n828.\\nMatches introduced. 467, 468.\\nMaumee valley invaded, 282.\\nMayor, powers of, under Act of\\n1S06, 134.\\nMayors, 140.\\nMayor s Court, 142.\\nMay s Creek, called Campau s\\nRiver, 9.\\nMayflower Tobacco Factory,\\n836.\\nMaypole, penalty for not plant-\\ning, 18.\\nMeats, inspection of, 59, 797.\\nMedical societies, 50.\\nMedicine men, 50.\\nIMedicines, non-secret, 823.\\nMeigs, Fort, 108.\\nMelcher Farm church, 532.\\nMeldrum warehouse used as a\\nchurch, 531.\\nMelons raised by Indians, 12.\\nMembers of Congress, 102.\\nMemoirs of Gen. Hull, 289.\\nMemorial tablet, Trinity\\nChurch, 537.\\nMemorial to Congress for pro-\\ntection from Indians, 273.\\nMemorial window to Father\\nRichard. 531.\\nMenominees. 231, 321.\\nMerchandise for Indian pre-\\nsents, 247.\\nMerchants and trading, 765.\\nMerchants Exchange and\\nBoard of Trade, 785.\\nMerchants Express Co.. 892.\\nMerchants Mutual Fire Insur-\\nance Co., 875.\\nMerchants of the past, 767.\\nMerchants police, 204.\\nMerchants wharf, 8.\\nMerino sheep, Hull s doings\\nwith. 278. 279.\\nMerrill Hall, 478.\\nMethodist ministers, first at\\nDetroit, 553.\\nMethodist presiding elders, 580.\\nMethodist Quarterly Confer-\\nence, old time methods, 565.\\nMetropolitan Police Commis-\\nsion, 204, 841.\\nMexico, 4, 303, 330, 810, Sii,\\n826.\\nMiami, Fort of, built by Brit-\\nish, 265.\\nMiamis, 231. 322.\\nMichel s Woud-working Ma-\\nchinery, 8og.\\nMichigan. Bank of, 838.\\nMichigan Bolt Nut Co.. 836.\\nMichigan Carbon Works. S36.\\n^Michigan Car and Car Wheel\\nCo., 4, 804.\\nM. C. R. R. depot burned, 494.\\nMichigan, derivation of name,\\n321.\\nMichigan Essay. The, 694.\\nMichigan Fire Marine Insur-\\nance Co., 875.\\nMichigan formed from Indiana\\nTerritory, 87.\\nMichigan Garden, 351.\\nMichigania a poem, 335, 336.\\nMichigan included in Upper\\nCanada, 84.\\nMichigan, Indians in. 324.\\nMichigan Malleable Iron Co.,\\n808.\\nMichigan, Slate Bank of. 863,\\n866.\\nMichigan, State of, admitted to\\nUnion, 89.\\nMichigan Stove Co.. 816.\\nMichigan Territory created, 95,\\n121.\\nMichigania, University of. 728.\\nMichigan White Lead Colur\\nWorks. 824.\\nMilitary Cemetery. 52.\\nMilitary convention, when held,\\n517-\\nMih tary court and sentences,\\n316. 317.\\nMilitary drill introduced into\\nHigh Scho j!, 749.\\nMilitary Hall. 136. 473.\\nMilitary reserves, 29, 36, 151,\\n225.\\nMilitia and Military Compa-\\nnies\\nBrady Guards, 317.\\nCass Guards. 317.\\nCity Guards. 317.\\nDetroit City Grays. 318.\\nDetroit City Guards, 318.\\nDetroit Light Guards, 318.\\nDetroit Light Infantry, 318.\\nDetroit Town Company, 317.\\nEmmet Rifles, 318.\\nGrayson Light Guards, 317.\\nHolt Guards, 318.\\nJackson Guards. 318.\\nLafayette Guards, 317.\\nLegionary Corps, names of\\nofficers, 313, 314.\\nLyon Guards, 318.\\nMichigan Hussars, 318.\\nMontgomery Guards, 317.\\nMontgomery Rifles, 318.\\nNational Dragoons, 318.\\nNational Guards, 318.\\nSarsfield Guards, 318.\\nScott Guards, 317.\\nScottish Guards, 318.\\nSherman Zouaves, 318.\\nShields (Juards, 318.\\nWolverine Rifles, 318.\\nYager Guards, 31S.\\nMilitia called out by Croghan,\\n284.\\nMilitia, Negro Company organ-\\nized, 315. 345.\\nMilitia drills, disagreeable fea-\\ntures of, 316.\\nMilitia, jurisdiction over, on\\nthe borders of Virginia and\\nPennsylvania. 258.\\nMilitia laws of Indian Terri-\\nti^ry, 313.\\nMilitia laws of the Northwest\\nTerritory, 313.\\nMilitia, number in 1778, 244.\\nMilitia, number in 1805. 313.\\nMilitia of the Territory. 296,\\n313-\\nMilitia on duty at execution of\\nIndians. 317.\\nMilitia, State encampment of,\\n317-\\nMilitia under the French and\\nEnglish, 313.\\nMilitia uniforms, officers ar-\\nrested for want of, 315,\\nMilitia uniforms prescribed by\\ncommander-in-chief, 313.\\nMilitia uniforms, protected\\nagainst in 1806, 315.\\nMills, 9. 10. 18.\\nMilwaukee Junction in Ham-\\ntramck, 4.\\nMinneapolis, Minn., 811.\\nMinnesota, S20.\\nMiracles performed through\\nDel Halle, 529.\\nMississauguas, 239.\\nMississippi River, control of.\\n269.\\nMississippi Valley, English\\nseeking to obtain. 264.\\nMission buildings, see Churches,\\n^lission to the Hurons, 530.\\nMission-Sunday schools, 653.\\nKlissionary from Connecticut,\\n552-\\nMissionaries and priests, 527.\\nl^Iissionaries, Moravian, brought\\nto Detroit, 550.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1070.jp2"}, "1071": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLAXEOUS.\\nIOI9\\nMobile, Cadillac and family\\narrive near, 310.\\nMococks for liolding sugar, 12,\\nMohawks, 322.\\nMohawk settlers massacred, 233.\\nMoney, earliest of New France,\\n846.\\nMoney orders of post-office, 881.\\nMonguagon, 128, 367.\\nMonroe County, go.\\nMonroe, railroad to, first opened\\nfrom Detroit, 902.\\nMonroe railroad, first opened to\\nPetcrsburgh, 902.\\nMontreal, 836.\\nMontreal, criminals sent to, 172.\\nMontreal jealous of Detroit,\\n765-\\nMontreal, provisions from, 12.\\nMontreal, reinforcements from,\\n232.\\nMonument to soldiers dedi-\\ncated, 312.\\nMoravian missionaries, 550, 551.\\nMortgages, 39.\\nMottoes of Fire Companies, 508.\\nMouldings, manufacture of,\\nS28.\\nMound, Prairie, 4.\\nMounds, origin of, 321.\\nMount Elliott Cemetery, 53, 54.\\nMount Desert island described,\\nMount Desert island granted to\\nMme, Gregoire, ig.\\nMulberry trees, grown in De-\\ntroit, 961.\\nMurder of a trader, 171.\\nMurder of Charles Moran, 174.\\nMusical Association, Detroit,\\norganized, 355.\\nMusical compositions and com-\\nposers, 357.\\nMusic and dancing, 349.\\nMusic and the Drama, 354.\\nMusicians and music teachers,\\n355-\\nMuseum of Scientific Associa-\\ntion, 714.\\nMuseums, 351.\\nMuskingum mission on, broken\\nup, 261.\\nMutual Benefit Association,\\nMasons. 343.\\nMyer, Fort, 922.\\nN\\nNames of streets, changes in,\\n946-948.\\nNankin, poor farm in, 649.\\nNaptha for street lamps, 469.\\nNashua, N. H., 818.\\nNational banks, excellence of,\\n354.\\nNationalities represented in\\nDetroit, 336.\\nNational Commercial Conven-\\ntion held, 790.\\nNational Convention of Brew-\\ners, 845.\\nNational Convention of Wo-\\nmen s Christian Temperance\\nUnion, 845.\\nNational Pip Co., 820.\\nNational Wire Iron Co., 809.\\nNaval depot of the West, De-\\ntroit the, 243.\\nNavarre Farm deeded by Poto-\\n\\\\vatamics. 52.\\nNavigation on Lakes and Riv-\\ners, 907.\\nNavy Island, near Buffalo, for-\\ntified, 301.\\nNegro militia company organ-\\nized, 345.\\nNegro not, because of arrest of\\nslaves, 345.\\nNegroes, rfot against, 348.\\nNewark, now S iagara, 94.\\nNew IJriinswick, 814, 836.\\nNew City Hall, 477\\nNew Buffalo, railroad to, first\\nopened, 899.\\nNew France, money of, 846.\\nNew Hampshire, 835.\\nNew Mexico, 828.\\nNew Orleans, 4, 269. 829, 832.\\nNewsboys and bootblacks, 692.\\nNewspaper graveyard, 670.\\nNewspapers and Periodicals\\nAbend Post, 688.\\nAdvertiser and Tribune, 682,\\n683, 692.\\nAvjricullural and Horticul-\\ntural j[ournal, 688.\\nAllgemeine Zeitung, 687.\\nAmerican Citi;:en, 674.\\nAmerican Gleaner, 675.\\nAmerican Homceopalhic Ob-\\nserver, 688.\\nAmerican Meteorological\\nJournal, 692.\\nAmerican Vineyard, 674.\\nAmerican Workman and\\nTrade Reporter, 680.\\nAmphion, 6go.\\nAnglo-Catholic, 679.\\nAnti-Roman Advocate, 678.\\nAshlar, 677.\\nBaptist Tidings, 678.\\nBetter Age, 673.\\nBoy of the Period, 679.\\nBrown s Reporter, 677.\\nCapitol, The, 679.\\nCatholic Vindicator, 676.\\nCentinel. 669.\\nCentral Mirror, 569.\\nChaff, 691.\\nChristian Unionist, 677.\\nCincinnati Gazette, 669.\\nCitoyen, 675.\\nClinic, 690.\\nCommercial, 691.\\nCommercial Advertiser, 688.\\nCommercial Bulletin, 676,\\n679, 686.\\nCommercial Law News, 681.\\nCommonwealth of Pitts-\\nburgh, 670.\\nConstitutional Democrat, 674.\\nCourier, 680, 681.\\nCraftsmen of Michigan, 673,\\nDay Book, 673.\\nDemocrat and Enquirer, 683.\\nDemocratic Free Press, 685.\\nDetroit Illustrated, 681.\\nEcho, 689.\\nEglantine, 673.\\nEnquirer, 683.\\nEvangelical Obser\\\\*er, 675.\\nEvening News, 675, 677, 688,\\n692.\\nEvery Saturday, 691.\\nExpress, 682.\\nFamilien Blaetter, 688.\\nFamily Circle, 690.\\nFamily Herald, 691.\\nFamily Journal, 680.\\nFarmer s Companion and\\nHorticultural Gazette, 674.\\nFireman s Journal, 677.\\nFreeman s Journal, 66g.\\nFree Democrat, 682.\\nFree Press, 685, 686.\\nFree Union, 683.\\nFroth, 677.\\nGazette, 671, 6;r4, 681.\\nGazette Francaise, 672.\\nGazette of Halifax, 66g.\\nGazette of Lexington, 669.\\nGazette of Pittsburgh, 669.\\nGazette of Quebec, 669.\\nGazette of Sciota, 669.\\nGraphic, 680.\\nGuardian, 676.\\nHerald, 675, 677, 680.\\nHerald and Torchlight, 689.\\nHerald of Literature and\\nScience, 672\\nHome Messenger, 660, 6qi.\\nHotel Reporter and Railway\\nGuide, 690.\\nHousehold, 686.\\nIndex, The, 690.\\nIndicator, 691.\\nJefferson ian Democrat, 673.\\nJournal, 68r, 691\\nJournal and Advertiser, 681,\\n683.\\nNewspapers and Periodicals\\na\\nJournal and Courier, 682.\\nJournal de Detroit, 680.\\nJournal of Commerce, 677,\\n678.\\nJournal of Education, 673.\\nI.abnr Review, 681.\\nL Ami de la Jeunesse, 674.\\nLancet, 690.\\nLeonard s Illustrated Medical\\nJournal, 690.\\nLever, The, 680.\\nL Ktnile Canadienne, 678.\\nLiberty Hall and Cincinnati\\nMercury, 669.\\nL lmpart ial, 678.\\nLittle People, 679.\\nLittle Wolverine, 677.\\nLiving Church, 679.\\nMail, 681.\\nMagazine, 674.\\nMagazine of Travel, 677.\\nManufacturer and Inventor,\\n691.\\nMarine News, 691.\\nMarine Record, 680.\\nMedical Advance, 690.\\nMedical Age, 6go.\\nMedical Independent, 676.\\nMedical Journal, 678.\\nMechanic and Inventor, 678.\\nMedium, The, 675.\\nMichigan Agriculturist, 673.\\nMichigan A. O. U. V/. Her-\\naki, 691.\\nMichigan Catholic, 688.\\nMichigan Christian Advo-\\ncate, 689.\\nMichigan Christian Herald,\\n674, 689.\\nMichigan Democrat, 677, 687.\\nMichigan Edition of North-\\nwest Reporter, 679.\\nMichigan Essay, 694.\\nMichigan Farmer and State\\nJournal of .Agriculture. 688.\\nMichigan Farmer and West-\\nern Agriculturist, 673.\\nMichigan Free Democrat,\\n683.\\nMichigan Herald, 672.\\nMichigan Home Journal,\\n688.\\nMichigan Homosopathic\\nJournal, 676.\\nMichigan Homestead, 680.\\nMichigan Journal and Her-\\nald, 688.\\nMichigan Journal of Educa-\\ntion and Teachers Maga-\\nzine, 676.\\nMichigan Journal of Homeo-\\npathy, 675, 679.\\nMichigan Observer. 673.\\nMichigan Organ of lemper-\\nance, 683.\\nMicliigan Railroad Guide, 6go.\\nMichigan St.iats Zeitung, 688.\\nMichigan State Register, 672.\\nMichigan Literary Gem, 674.\\nMichigan Medical News, 6go.\\nMichigan Mirador and Good\\nTemplar, 691.\\nMichigan i emperance Advo-\\ncate, 68^.\\nMichigan Trade Review, 681.\\nMichigan Tribune, 687.\\nMichigan Truth Teller, 679.\\nMichigan Vnlks Zeitung, 680.\\nMichigan Weekly Sun, 680.\\nMirror of the Lakes, 673.\\nMonitor, 678.\\nMonthly Hesperian and Odd\\nFellows Literary, Maga-\\nzine, 675.\\nMoore s .\\\\iasonic Messenger,\\n680.\\nMorning Post and Craftsman,\\n113. 673.\\nMystic Star, 679.\\nNational, 680.\\nNational People, 68 1.\\nNational Republican and\\nOhio Political Register, 669.\\nNewspapers and Periodicals\\nConr tf.\\nNew Idea, 6lji,\\nNew Jerusalem Messenger,\\n675.\\nNew Preparations, 690.\\nNews, The, 675, 677, 688, 69a.\\nNew World, 678.\\nNorthwestern Advocate, 675.\\nNorthwestern Journal, 681.\\nN Tthwestern Musical Her-\\nald, 676.\\nNorthwestern Review, 681.\\nOur Yankee Land, 679.\\nOur Mutu.1l Friend, 678.\\nOur Diocese, 679.\\nOur Churches, 681.\\nOur Catholic Voulh, 681.\\nOdd Fellows Wreath, 678.\\nOakland County Chronicle,\\n685.\\nPeninsular and Independent,\\n676.\\nPeninsular Fountain, 676.\\nPeninsular Freeman, 683.\\nPeninsular Herald, 677.\\nPeninsular Journal of Medi-\\ncine, 676, 678.\\nPenny Times, 680.\\nPlaindealer, 691.\\npopular Appeal, 678.\\nPopular Era, 680.\\nPost, The, 673, 684.\\nPost and Craftsman, 673.\\nPost and Tribune, 681, 684,\\n692.\\nPreston s United States Bank\\nNote Reporter. 677.\\nPrice Current, 678, 679.\\nProgress of the Age, t88.\\nPublic Leader, 689.\\nPublic Spirit, 680.\\nPulpit, 679.\\nPursuivant, The. 681.\\nRadicale Democrat, 677.\\nRat Gazette, 674.\\nRed and White Ribbon, 680.\\nRegister, 675.\\nRepublican. 676.\\nReview of Medicine and\\nPharmacy, 678.\\nRose s Nose, 680.\\nSt. John s Chronicle, 586.\\nScientific Manufacturer, 678.\\nShrajmel, The, 677.\\nSocialist, The, 680.\\nSociety News, 691.\\nSong Journal, 678.\\nSontag Zeitung, 680.\\nSpectator, The, 691.\\nSpectator and Literary Ga-\\nzette, 673.\\nSpirit of 76, or Theller s\\nDaily Republican Advocate\\n673.\\nSpirit of the Week, 677.\\nSpy in Michigan, 673.\\nStaats Zeitung of Michigan,\\n687.\\nStar, The, 679.\\nStimme der Wahrheit, Die,\\n690.\\n.Students Offering, 676.\\nSun, The, 677.\\nSunday G lest, 679.\\nSunday Herald. 680.\\nSunday Sun, 681.\\nSunday Times. 678.\\nSupreme Court Decisions,\\n679.\\nTelegram, 681.\\nTelegraph, 672.\\nTherapeutic Gazette, 690.\\nTimes, The, 674, 676, 680,\\n681, 692.\\nTorchlight, The, 689.\\nTranscript, The, 677.\\nTravelers Ilhistrated Official\\nRailway Reporter, 679.\\nTribune, The, 683.\\nTrue Democrat, 677.\\nTruth for the People, 679.\\nUnion, 689.\\nUnion Co.. 692.\\nUnionist, 681.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1071.jp2"}, "1072": {"fulltext": "I020\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nNewspapers and Periodicals\\nConCd.\\nVoice of the Fugitive, 346,\\nVolksblatt, 6S8.\\nWashingtonian, 674.\\nWaymarks in the Wildernei^,\\n676.\\nWayne County Courier, 69\\nWellman s Literary Miscjl-\\nlany, 675.\\nWestern Catholic, 678.\\nWestern Catholic Register,\\n674.\\nWestern Era, 680.\\nWestern Evangelist, 676.\\nWestern Excelsior, 675.\\nWestern Farmer, 673.\\nWestern Home Journal, 683.\\nWestern Land Guide, 691.\\nWestern Literary Cabinet,\\n675-\\nWestern Literary Miscellany,\\n675.\\nWestern Medical Advance\\nand Progress of Pharmacy,\\n678.\\nWestern Newspaper Union,\\n691.\\nWestern Odd Fellow, 678.\\nWestern Rural. 674.\\nWestern Spy and Hamilton\\nGazette, 66g.\\nWolverine Messenger, 679.\\nWorld, The, 673.\\nWyandotte Enterprise, 690.\\nYoung Men s Journal and\\nAdvocate of Temperance,\\n677.\\nNewspapers at Vincennes and\\nSt Louis, 670.\\nNew Year s Calls, 339.\\nNew York, 4, 811, 818, 820, 826,\\n832, 835, 880.\\nNew York and New England\\nsettlers, 3^5.\\nNew York city, 6, 823.\\nNew York currency, 769.\\nNew York, documents of, 3.\\nNew York s claims to territory,\\n85.\\nNew Zealand, 8ri, 828.\\nNonsense, Fort, 226.\\nNoon prayer meetings, 642.\\nNorris in Hamtiamck, 4.\\nNorth Chicago, 807.\\nNorthville, railroad to, first\\nopened from Wayne, 905.\\nNorthwest Territory divided,\\n86.\\nNotaries, 172, 198, 199.\\nNova Scotia, 836.\\nNiagara, 94, 233. 237, 879.\\nNiagara Falls, 728, 790.\\nNight watch, how kept up, 202,\\n203.\\nN lies, railroad to, first opened,\\n899.\\nNursery and Kindergarten\\nopened, 665.\\nOath of allegiance renewed,\\n246.\\nOdd Fellows Lodges, 343.\\nOffices of the Lake Survey, 918.\\nOffices of the Poor and Park\\nCommissions, 794.\\nOffices on Griswold Street, 459.\\nOfficers of Indiana Territory,\\n87.\\nOfficial year of city, 138.\\nOhio, 242, 820, 832.\\nOhio admitted as a State, 86,\\nOhio boundary, see also Toledo\\nwar, 89, 90, 299.\\nOhio currency, 847.\\nOhio Life and Trust Co., 853.\\nOhio, or Beautiful River, 233.\\nOhio orchards, 86.\\n(_)!iio river claimed as the Brit-\\nisli boundary, 264,\\nOhiu troops, 279.\\nOhio valley claimed by English\\nand P rench, 232.\\nOil cake, manufacture of, 826.\\nOld City Hall granted for Pub-\\nlic Library, 760.\\nOld fire department, 501.\\nOlmecs, 321.\\nOmnibus line started, 888.\\nOneidas, 322.\\nOuendots, 321.\\nOnondagas, 232, 322.\\nOntario, 4, 820.\\nOpening days introduced, 778.\\nOpera houses and public halls,\\n477-\\nOptical Co., Johnston, 836.\\nOrange, now called Albany,\\n766.\\nOrder for evacuation of Detroit,\\n267.\\nOrdinance of 1787, 85. 735.\\nOrdinances of city, 138.\\nOriginal inhabitants, 321.\\nOrgan Co., Clough Warren,\\n829.\\nOrgan pipes removed by Indi-\\nans, 357.\\nOttawas, 12, 78, 231, 321, 322,\\n324-\\nOtter Lake, railroad to, first\\nopened. 901.\\nOutagamies, 231.\\nOverseer of Highways, 934.\\nOverseers of the poor author-\\nized, 644.\\nOwosso, railroad to, first open-\\ned, 895.\\nOxford, railroad to, first opened,\\ngoi.\\nOysters, only twenty days from\\nBaltimore, S90.\\nPails, manufacture of, S32.\\nPaintings, exhibition of noted,\\n360.\\nPaints, manufacture of, 825.\\nPalo Alto, victory of, 303.\\nPanic of 1837, 849.\\nPanic of 1857, 853.\\nPanic of 1873, 854.\\nPaper cities, 37, 849.\\nPapier-mache stereotyping first\\nused in Michigan. 687.\\nParent s Creek named Bloody\\nRun, 9.\\nParent s Creek tragedy, 238.\\nParis. 6.\\nPardon of Gen. Hull, 289.\\nParade of firemen, 507.\\nPark commissioners, 75, 76.\\nPark lots and ten-thousand\\nacre tract. 25.\\nPark lots sold at auction, 40, 41.\\nParks and Ijoulevard, 73, 74.\\nParty, The Democratic, loS.\\nParty, The Democratic Repub-\\nlican, 108.\\nParty, The Know-Nothing. 114.\\nParty, The Republican, no.\\nParty, The Whig, 108.\\nPassengers and freights. S90.\\nPastures and pounds, 79.\\nPatents for land. 38.\\nPatriots encamped near Bloody\\nRun, 302.\\nPatriots on Bois Blanc, 8.\\nPatriot War. 301, 302, 303.\\nPatrol guards provided, 272.\\nPatrolmen to cry Fire 503.\\nPaving of streets commenced,\\n929.\\nPaw Paiv, railroad to, first\\nopened, 899.\\nPeace between England and\\nFrance. 237.\\nPeaches, immense, 16.\\nPear, apple, and cherry trees,\\nPeche, Isle la, 7.\\nPeddler s Point, 928.\\nPeninsular Car Works, 805.\\nPeninsular Stove Co., 816,\\nPensions and pension agents,\\n226.\\nPennsylvania, 258, 832.\\nPeople of the lakes, 321.\\nPeoria Chamber of Commerce\\nvisits Detroit, 790.\\nPeriodicals, see newspapers.\\nPerry s fire pump, 502.\\nPerry s victory at Put-in-Bay,\\n285.\\nPestilence among the Indians,\\nz8i.\\nPestilence among the soldiers,\\n284.\\nPetersburgh, railroad to, first\\nopened from Monroe, 902.\\nPhiladelphia, 818, 826, 832.\\nPhiladelphia, locomotive from,\\n893-.\\nPhcenix Fire Company No. 5\\norganized, 507.\\nPhotographic work, 360\\nPiano first brought to Detroit,\\nPic-nic described by Miss Pow-\\nell, 350.\\nPic-nic grounds, 351.\\nPiety Hill, 351, 92S.\\nPigeons killed with walking\\nsticks, II.\\nPig iron, production of. 802.\\nPills, manufacture of, 823.\\nPin Co., National, 820.\\nPitt, Fort, 233.\\nPittsburgh, 829.\\nPittsburgh Commonwealth, 670,\\nPittsburgh paper, official no-\\ntices in, 179.\\nPittsburgh, J he Gazette of,\\n669.\\nPlaning machines.Wilder s, 364.\\nPlank road Act passed, 925.\\nPlank sidewalks provided for,\\n931-\\nPlaster, price of. quantities of,\\nin Michigan, 802.\\nPlat of the city, 30.\\nPlums of large size, 16.\\nPlumbers, 70\\nPlymouth, First National Bank\\nof, 872.\\nPlymouth, Wayne Co. Bank of,\\n851.\\nPoem by De Peyster, on a bon-\\nnet, 338.\\nPoem by De Peyster, on sugar\\nmaking, 12.\\nPoem by De Peyster, The\\nDrill Sergeant, 248.\\nPoem on Whitefish, 16.\\nPolacktown, 928.\\nPolice, 202.\\nPolice Commissioners, 205.\\nPolice Commission created, 204.\\nPolice, duties of, 205, 206.\\nPolice Life and Health Insur-\\nance Fund, 208.\\nPolice, sanitary, 206.\\nPolice stations, location of, 20S.\\nPolitical parties and campaigns,\\n108.\\nPolitical power of firemen, 507.\\nPonies, French, 887.\\nPontchartrain, Fort, 3, 17, 18,\\n24, 221, 231, 232, 334.\\nPontiac s Conspiracy, 235.\\nPontiac, railroad to, first open-\\ned, 893.\\nPontiac road, now Woodward\\nAvenue, 947.\\nPontiac, first fiour shipped\\nfrom, 15.\\nPoor Commission, 645.\\nPoor-house farm, 648, 649.\\nPoor, vaccination of the, 59.\\nPort Huron, railroad to, first\\nopened, 904.\\nPortrait of J. A. Van Dyke, 521.\\nPortland, Me., 811, S35.\\nPortland, Or., S27.\\nPortugal. 829,\\nPost boy s horn. The, 880.\\nPost coaches, 888.\\nPostmasters, names and terms.\\nPost-office and mails, 879.\\nPost-office carriers, 882.\\nPost-office established, 879.\\nPost-office, locations of, 182.\\nPost-office money orders, 881.\\nPost-office receipts, 881.\\nPost-office street letter boxes,\\n882.\\nPostage rates, 880, S81.\\nPostage stamps as currency,\\n853-\\nPostage stamps introduced, 881.\\nPostal cards first used, 881.\\nPostal currency, 853.\\nPostal system under the Eng-\\nlish, 879.\\nPost road, first, in Michigan,\\n879.\\nPotato, a large, 16.\\nPotowatamies, 21, 52, 231. 235,\\n238, 322-\\nPotomac, The, 928.\\nPound-keepers, the oldest offi-\\ncers. 79, 80.\\nPoux, 322.\\nPoverty and its relief, 644.\\nPowder magazine built for U.\\nS., 36.\\nPrayer meeting. Union morn-\\ning, 642.\\nPresbytery of Detroit created,\\n594-\\nPresidential electors, 102.\\nPresidential visits to Detroit,\\n103.\\nPresiding elders, 580.\\nPresque Isle, Fort. 12.\\nPresque Isle, death of Gen.\\nWayne at, 269.\\nPrinting, first book in Detroit,\\n694.\\nPrinting press, first, 670, 694.\\nPrinting first by steam, 686.\\nPrinting press, first power, 686.\\nPrices of articles at various\\ntimes, 799.\\nPrices of land, past and present,\\nPriest killed by Indians, 529.\\nPrimary school fund, first\\nmoney from, 738.\\nPrisoners, ransoming of, 280,\\n2S1. 282.\\nPrivate bankers, 872.\\nPrivate claims in Wayne Co.,\\n977-\\nPrivate claims. sur\\\\ ey of, 37.\\nProclamation of Gov. Hamilton\\nto rebels, 249.\\nProfanity, prevalence of, 201.\\nProfessorships in university,\\n728.\\nPropeller wheel, invention of,\\n364-\\nProsecuting attorneys, 209, zio,\\nProtestant Cemetery, 55.\\nProtestant Church, ground ask-\\ned for, 553.\\nProtestant clergyman, first mar-\\nriage by, 550.\\nProtestants in Canada, 550.\\nProtestant Society becomes\\nPresbyterian, 594.\\nProtest of citizens against exile,\\n281.\\nProvisions from Ohio and New\\nYork, 338.\\nProvisions, scarcity of; letter\\nof Henly to Wilkins, 223.\\nPublic domain, 24.\\nPublic exhibitions discouraged,\\n351-\\nPublic drinking fountains, 71.\\nPublic lands appropriated for\\nschools, 735.\\nPublic library, 759, 760, 761.\\nPublic schools, colored children\\nadmitted to, 751.\\nPublic schools, first text books,\\n740.\\nPublic surveys, 37.\\nPublic Works, Board of, estab-\\nlished, 936.\\nPublishing, early methods of,\\n669.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1072.jp2"}, "1073": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nI02I\\nI\\nPulleys, manufacture of, SoS,\\n820.\\nPumpkins, large product, 15.\\nPupils, number of, in public\\nschools, 742, 743.\\nPupils in schools in 1834, 717.\\nPupils, non-resident, 742.\\nPut-in-Bay, Perry s victory at,\\n283.\\nQuails and turkeys plentiful, 11.\\nQuaint business signs, 778.\\nQuarter centennial of Congre-\\ngational Church, 614.\\nQuartermaster-General of the\\nTerritory of Michigan, 8g.\\nQuebec, 3.\\nQuebec Act, The, 84.\\nQuebec, arrest of Cadillac at,\\n766.\\nQuebec, Cadillac goes to, 332.\\nQuebec captured by the Eng-\\nlish, 83.\\nQuebec Gazette, first issued, 669.\\nQuebec restored to France, 83.\\nQuebec, voyage of Cadillac s\\nwife from, 327.\\n8uebec within Acadia, 327.\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.lebeis, or Quelibec, 3.\\nQuince, a large, 16.\\nQuincy, 806.\\nRacing between Indians and\\nCanadians, 349.\\nRailroad conspiracy case, 494.\\nRailroad ferry, S90.\\nRailroad turn-tables, manufac-\\nture of, 805.\\nRailroads, 893.\\nChicago Canada Southern,\\n900, 901,\\nChicago, Detroit, Canada\\nGrand Trunk Junction, 904.\\nCincinnati, Hamilton, Day-\\nton, 905.\\nDetroit Bay City, 900, 901.\\nDetroit, Butler, St. Louis,\\n792, 906.\\nDetroit, Grand Haven, Mil-\\nwaukee Railway Co., 893,\\n895-\\nDetroit, Hillsdale, South-\\nwestern, 903.\\nDetroit, Lansing, North-\\nern, goo, 905.\\nDetroit, Mackinaw, Mar-\\nquette, 905.\\nDetroit, Romeo, Port Hu-\\nron, 890.\\nDetroit St. Joseph, 895.\\nDetroit Toledo, 902.\\nErie Kalamazoo, 901.\\nFlint Pere Marquette, 900,\\n904.\\nGreat Western, 890, 903, 904.\\nLake Shore Michigan\\nSouthern, 901, 902.\\nMichigan Central, 859, 897,\\n899.\\nNew Albany Salem, 899.\\nNew York Central, 890.\\nOakland Ottawa, 895.\\nPontiac Detroit, 893.\\nShelby Detroit, 890.\\nRailroad Aid Bonds, 905,\\nRailroad conspiracy, 900.\\nRailroad ferry-boats, 901, 904.\\nRailroad bridges and gates, 906.\\nRailroad coaches, 893.\\nRailroads equalize prices, 800.\\nRailroad freight cars, 893.\\nRailroads reduce lake travel,\\n910.\\nRailroads sold by the State, 897.\\nRailroad surveys by War De-\\npartment, 895.\\nRailroad strike, 901.\\nRailroad tracks torn up, 894.\\nRailroads, wooden rails and flat\\nbars for, 893.\\nRailroads, State management\\nof, 897,\\nRailway track cleaner and\\nsnow-plow, 364.\\nRain-fall, 45.\\nRaisin, escort of 200 men sent\\nto, 275.\\nRaisin, battle of, 280.\\nRandolph Street, first wharf at,\\nX. 793-\\nRansoming prisoners, 280, a8i,\\n282.\\nRear concessions provided for,\\n22.\\nRebels, Hamilton s proclama-\\ntion to, 249.\\nRebel plot to burn Detroit, 309.\\nReceivers of Taxes, 167, 168.\\nReciprocity treaty, 790.\\nRecorder, office of, created, 195.\\nRecording of deeds and mort-\\ngages, 39.\\nRecreations and amusements,\\n349-\\nRed Chapel burned, 530.\\nRed ribbon reform movement,\\n844.\\nRedemption fund of city, 158.\\nRederaptorist order, 538.\\nRefreshments furnished to fire-\\nmen, 508.\\nReform Hall, 479.\\nRegattas, 7, 353.\\nRegents of the University, 731.\\nRegister in Bankruptcy, 177.\\nRegister of Probate, obsolete\\nduties, 39.\\nRegistration law, 115.\\nRegistry system of post-office\\nintroduced, 881.\\nRegulations as to bread, 797.\\nRelics from fire of 1805, 533.\\nRent paid to the French crown,\\n149.\\nRents, range of house, 376.\\nRe-occupation of Detroit, 286.\\nReporters of Chancery Courts,\\n191.\\nRepresentatives, names of, Leg-\\nislative, 100.\\nRepublican partyorganized,iio.\\nRepublicans, large campaign\\nmeeting of, 110.\\nReservoir on Dequindre Farm,\\n65.\\nRestaurant of Woman s Chris-\\ntian Temperance Union, 842.\\nReview, first firemen s, 504.\\nRevised Statutes of 1846, gg.\\nRevivals and revivalists, 642.\\nRevolutionary War, 242.\\nRichardson s Match Factory,\\n828.\\nRichmond, fall of, 309.\\nRichmond, Va., 827.\\nRide and tie system, 887.\\nRiflemen, mounted, 285.\\nRink, first skating, 352.\\nRiot against negroes, 307, 308.\\nRiot by negroes, caused by ar-\\nrest of slaves, 202, 345.\\nRiot of 1833, troops called to\\ncity, 341.\\nRiot of 1863, 348,497-\\nRiver, CoUot s map of, 270.\\nRiver front, improvement of, 8.\\nRiver, islands in, 78.\\nKiver, never low, never over-\\nflows. 802.\\nRivL-r Raisin, massacre at, 280.\\nRiver transportation, 88g.\\nRoads, gravel, 926.\\nRoads, military, 925.\\nRoads, plank, 925, 926.\\nRochester, 826.\\nRogation days, 534.\\nRoller skates and velocipedes,\\n352.\\nRoller skates, manufacture of,\\n811.\\nRome, 4, 6.\\nRome, death of Bishop Resc at,\\n5-*7-\\nRoof cresting, manufacture of,\\n810, 811.\\nRoofs, first gravel, 374.\\nRound house and reservoir, 65.\\nRoyal Oak, railroad to, first\\nopened, 893.\\nRuddle s Station, 260.\\nRussel Wheel and Foundry Co.,\\n805.\\nRussell House guests, 483.\\nRussia, 818, 829.\\nS\\nSt. Andrew s Hall, 478.\\nSt. Clair. Bank of, 859. 864.\\nSte. Claire, I^ke and Kiver, 3,\\n907.\\nSt. John s, railroad to, first\\nopened, 895.\\nSt. Joseph, 806.\\nSt. Joseph, Fort of, 221.\\nSt. Louis, 334, 670, 826, 906.\\nSt. Martin s Day, 18.\\nSt. Mary s Falls Ship Canal\\nopened, 890.\\nSt. Nicolas de la Grave, 326,\\n33\\nSt. Paul, 811,835.\\nSabbath breaking, 201.\\nSacramento, 816.\\nSacs, 321.\\nSaengcrbund, meeting of North\\nAmerican, 356.\\nSafe Co., Detroit, 810.\\nSafe Deposit Co., 870.\\nSafes, fire-proof, manufacture\\nof, 810.\\nSaginaw Chief, suicide of, 161.\\nSaginaw turnpike, now Wood-\\nward Avenue, 947.\\nSaline, railroad to, opened from\\nYpsilanti, 903.\\nSailing vessels go direct to Eu-\\nrope, 910.\\nSaloons closed on election day,\\n114, 841, 844.\\nSalt Lake City, 818, 829, 832.\\nSand abundant in Wayne\\nCounty, 802.\\nSand Beach, life-saving station\\nat, 920.\\nSandusky Bay, 282.\\nSandusky or St. Duski, 173.\\nSandwich, Hull crosses to, 275.\\nSandwich Islands. 826, 828, 836.\\nSan Francisco, 811, 818, 835.\\nSanitary police, 59, 206.\\nSault Ste. Marie, 323.\\nSauteux, 523.\\nSavages, English alliances with,\\ndenounced, 245.\\nSavages, English plans for in-\\nciting, 248.\\nSavings Bank, Dime. 871.\\nSavings Bank, Michigan, 870.\\nSavings Bank, People s, 868.\\nSavings Bank, State, 871.\\nSavings Bank, Wayne Co., 869.\\nSavings Bank, Wyandotte, 872.\\nSavoyard, 8, 9, 60, 74.\\nScalping knives for savages,\\n213.246.\\nScalping parties to spare neither\\nmen, women nor children, 253.\\nScalps and prisoners, number\\nof, 246.\\nScalps as merchandise, 232.\\nScalps, bounty for human, 244,\\n=53-\\nScalps, Indian methods of ob-\\ntaining, 280,\\nScalps, number of taken by In-\\ndians between 1783 and 1790,\\n261.\\nScavengers, 59, 61, 206.\\nSchenectady, 344.\\nSchools and Colleges\\nAcademy granted for a com-\\nmon school, 73^.\\nAcademy, Ladies estab-\\nlished, 720.\\nAcademy of the Sacred Heart,\\n724.\\nBarstow School opened, 745.\\nBible in public schools, 740,\\n741.\\nBrothers of the Christian\\nSchools, 721, 722, 723.\\nSchools and Colleges Cont d,\\nCatholic schools in 1808, 720.\\nCensus of children of school\\nage. 753.\\nChurch barm school, 720.\\nChurch schools 719-727-\\nCollege, Detroit, organized,\\n725.\\nCollege, Homeopathic, open-\\ned, 734.\\nColored school established,\\n738.\\nColored schools, 750, 751.\\nCommercial colleges, 732.\\nCommissioners of common\\nschools, 735.\\nContagious diseases, precau-\\ntions against, in schools,\\n743-\\nCounty Superintendent of\\nschools, 126.\\nDetroit College, 725.\\nDetroit P eraale Seminary,\\n718.\\nDetroit Homoeopathic Col-\\nlege. 734.\\nDetroit Medical College, 733.\\nDirector of the Christian\\nSchools, 720.\\nDirectors and moderators in\\n^.1837. 738.\\nDirectors and statistics lor\\n1838, 737.\\nDistricts formed, 737.\\nDistrict schools, close of, 739.\\nEnglish academy with kin-\\ndergarten, 719.\\nEvening schools, 742.\\nExpense per capita of public\\nschools, 743.\\nFair of Ladies Free School\\nSociety, 736.\\nFirst common school, 735.\\nFree School Society, 735, 736.\\nFunds from State, 738.\\nFunds not to be divided\\namong religious sects, 754.\\nHigh School, admission to,\\n749-\\nHigh School Alumni Associ-\\nation, 750.\\nHigh School, beginnings of,\\n748, 749.\\nHigh School cadets, 749.\\nHigh School text-books, 742.\\nHoly Redeemer School, 524.\\nHoly Trinity Anglo-Catholic\\nSchool, 719.\\nHomoeopathic College, 51,\\n734-\\nHours for school, 743.\\nImmanuel Evangelical Luth-\\neran School, 726.\\nIndustrial School, 654.\\nInspectors, district, elected,\\n736-\\nInspectors of schools, names,\\nterms, 755-758.\\nInspectors to be elected at\\nlarge, 754.\\nJanitors of schools, 746.\\nKindergarten School, 665.\\nLancasterian Schools, 730,\\n73\u00c2\u00bb-\\nLaw of 1837, 736.\\nLocation of, in 1838, 737.\\nMedical colleges, 50.\\nMichigan College of Medi-\\ncine, 733.\\nNumber ofschoolsin 1841,739.\\nPrimary school fund, 739.\\nPrivate schools, 715.\\nPublic lands granted for\\nschools, 736, 785.\\nPublic school system attack-\\ned, 114.\\nPupils, attendance of, 742,\\n743.\\nPupils in 1834, 717.\\nPupils in High School, 750.\\nPupils, non-resident, 742.\\nRooms rented for schools,\\n744-\\nSabbath schools, buildmgs\\nused for, 745.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1073.jp2"}, "1074": {"fulltext": "I022\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nSchouls and Colleges Confd,\\nSacred Heart German School,\\n724.\\nSt. Anthony s School, 724.\\nSt. Albert s School, 724.\\nSt. Boniface s School, 723.\\nSt. Cassimer s School, 724.\\nSt. Joachim s, formerly Sa-\\ncred Heart French School,\\n724.\\nSt. John s German Evangeli-\\ncal School, 726.\\nSt. Joseph s School, 723.\\nSt. Paul s Lutheran School,\\n727.\\nSt. Mark s German Evangeli-\\ncal School, 726.\\nSt. Mary s German Schools,\\n722.\\nSt. Matthew s Lutheran\\nSchool, 726.\\nSt. Paul s Second German\\nEvangelical Schools, 727.\\nSt. Peter s German Evangeli-\\ncal School, 727.\\nSS. Peter and Paul Schools,\\n722.\\nSt. Philip s College, 720, 721.\\nSt. Vincent de Paul School,\\n723-.\\nSt. Vincent s Seminary, 921.\\nStilem Lutheran School, 726.\\nSchool of Our Lady of Hulp,\\n723-\\nSeminary, Female, discon-\\ntinued, 717.\\nState primary school fund, 799.\\nStatistics for 1839, 738.\\nStatistics for 1840, 739.\\nStatistics, general, 751.\\nStatistics of Catholic Schools,\\n725-\\nSunday Schools, 631.\\nSunday School conventions\\nand celebrations, 636.\\nSunday School, iirst notice\\nof, 631.\\nSunday School Missions, 653.\\nSunday School statistics, 634,\\n635. 636-\\nSunday School Union, 633.\\nSuperintendents of public\\nschools, 126, 752.\\nSuperintendents of public\\nschools, 126, 752.\\nTaxation for schools, 753.\\nTerms and vacations, 743,\\n744-\\nlext-books, changes in, 741,\\n742.\\nText-books, uniformity in,\\n737.\\nTrinity Evangelical Lutheran\\nSchool, 726.\\nTrinity Svhools, 721.\\nTrowbridge School, 752,\\nZion Evangelical Lutheran,\\n727.\\nZion German Reformed Lu-\\ntheran, 726.\\nSchooner Gladwin sent to Ni-\\nagara, 237.\\nSchooner Swan brings first\\ntroops under United States\\nflag, 908.\\nSciota Gazette, 669.\\nSchooner Ann seized, 301.\\nScotland, 826, 828.\\nScrip issued by Governor and\\nJudges, 475, 847.\\nSealer of weiglitsand measures,\\n797-\\nSeal of Northwest Territory,\\n86.\\nSeal of iMichigan Territory, 87.\\nSeal of State of Michigan, go,\\n91-\\nSeals of City, 13S.\\nSealers of leather, 89.\\nSeamless copper and brass\\ntubes. 364.\\nSearch, right of, 274.\\nSecretary of Board of Trustees,\\n140.\\nSecretary of Detroit, 133,\\nSecretaries of State of Michi-\\ngan, 92.\\nSecretaries of the Territory of\\nMichigan, 88.\\nSecretary of War, letter to\\nHull, 274.\\nSeed business, increase of, 776.\\nSenecas, 234, 322.\\nSenatorial districts (Legisla-\\ntive), 100.\\nSenators, State, names of, 100.\\nSentinels and patrols, 202.\\nSettlers, bounties offered to, in\\n1749. 333-\\nSettlers first arrive at Detroit,\\n332*\\nSettlers from the East, 335.\\nSettlers m need of wives, 334,\\nSeventh Legislative Council at\\nGreen Bay, 99.\\nSexton s duties, 57, 58.\\nShafting, manufacture of, 808,\\n820.\\nSheriffs, 209.\\nSheriff s residence erected, zi6.\\nShelby, Fort, 8, 36, 52, 222, 224,\\n225, 283.\\nShinplasters issued by city, 154,\\n-^55\\nShinplasters, or small bills,\\nlargely circulated, 847.\\nShinplasters to aid in building\\nSt. Anne s, 533.\\nShip building, 907, 908.\\nShip building by the Detroit\\nDry Dock Co., 914.\\nShip canal at Sault Ste. Marie\\nasked for, 918.\\nShipments are made from De-\\ntroit to\\nAfrica, 811, 826.\\nAlaska, 810.\\nArgentine Republic, 828.\\nArkansas, 820.\\nAugusta, Ga,, 811.\\nAustralia, 804, 811, 814, 829.\\nAustria, 829.\\nBaltimore, Sii, 826.\\nBelgium, 826, 828.\\nBismarck, 806.\\nBoston, 811, 816, 818, 826,\\n^827,835.\\nBrazil, 811, 827, 828.\\nBridgeport, Conn., 808.\\nBritish Dominions, 829.\\nBuffalo, 814, 816.\\nBurlington, 805.\\nCalifornia, 810, 820, S26, 836.\\nCanada, 8ii, 818.\\nChattanooga, Tenn., 835.\\nChicago, 811, 814, 816.\\nChili, 825.\\nChina, Sii, 818, 827, 829,\\nCincinnati, 826.\\nConstantinople, 820.\\nDakota, 835.\\nDelaware, 832.\\nDenver, 811, 818.\\nEl Paso, 832.\\nEngland, 811,818, 826, 828.\\nEureka, Cal., 808.\\nEurope, 814, 816, 820, 826.\\nFrance, 811, 818, 826, 828,\\n829.\\nFrankfort, Germany, 814.\\nGalveston, 811.\\nGermany, 818, 828, 829.\\nGreece, 811.\\nHannibal, Mo., 806.\\nHong Rung, China, 823.\\nHonolulu, 827.\\nIllinois, 820.\\nIndiana, 820, 832.\\nItaly, 829.\\nJacksonville, Fla., 835.\\nJapan, 809. 811, 829.\\nLatakia in Asia, 818.\\nLisbon, Portugal, 820.\\nLondon, 814, 827.\\nLouisiana, 820.\\nLouisville, Ky., 811.\\nLyons, N. v., 811.\\nMaine, 810.\\nManitoba, 820.\\nMaryland, 832.\\nShipments are made from De-\\ntroit to\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cont d.\\nMassachusetts, 835.\\nMexico, 810, 811, 826.\\nMinneapolis, Minn,, 811, 820.\\nMontreal, 836,\\nNashua, N. H., 818.\\nNew Brunswick, 814, 836.\\nNew Hampshire, 835.\\nNew Mexico, 828.\\nNew Orleans, 829.\\nNew York, 811, 818, 820, 823,\\n826. 832, 835.\\nNew Zealand, 811, 825.\\nNova Scotia, S36.\\nOhio, 820, 832.\\nOntario, 820.\\nPennsylvania, 832.\\nPhiladelphia, 818, 826.\\nPittsburg, 829.\\nPortland, Me., 811, 835.\\nPortland, Or., 827.\\nPortugal, 829.\\nQuincy, 806.\\nRichmond, Va., 827.\\nRochester, S26.\\nRussia, 818, Szg.\\nSacramento, 816.\\nSandwich Islands, 826, 828,\\n836.\\nSan Francisco, 811, 818, 835.\\nSt. Joseph, 806.\\nSt. Louis, 826.\\nSt. Paul, 811, S35.\\nSalt Lake, 818, 829, 832.\\nScotland. 826.\\nSouth Africa, 828.\\nSouth America, 804, 807, 811,\\n826, 829.\\nSpain, 828.\\nStockholm, Sweden, 814.\\nTexas, 820.\\nTroy, N. v., 816.\\nUtah, 828.\\nWashington, 835.\\nWest Indies, 811, 829, 833.\\nWinnipeg, 832, 836.\\nWinstun, N. C, 827.\\nWyoming Tcr., 828.\\nShipyard on the Rouge, now\\nWoodmere Cemetery, 23,908.\\nShips of war on the lakes and\\nriver, 958.\\nShoe Factory of Pingree\\nSmith, 833.\\nShow windows, 458, 777.\\nSide and cross-walks, 930, 931.\\nSieves, manufacture of, 809, 811.\\nSignal Service, 922. 923.\\nSilk-worms, advertisement of\\nexhibition, 961.\\nSilversmiths and goldsmiths,\\n.358, 359-\\nSinking fund of city. 156, 157.\\nSinking fund for water works,\\nSistersofSte. Claire, 49, 653, 721.\\nSkating and coasting, 351, 352.\\nSkins as currency, 846.\\nSlaves, 28.\\nSlavery and the colored race,\\n344-347-\\nSlaves not to be held by S\\nAnne s Church, 532.\\nSleeping cars, 900.\\nSlocum s Island, 7.\\nSloop Beaver wrecked, 239.\\nSmall-pox prevalent, 334.\\nSmart s Block, when erected,\\nSmithsonian Institute, 351.\\nSnow apples, 13.\\nSoap Factory of Schulte Bros.,\\n826.\\nSoap making a novelty, 338.\\nSocieties\\nAgricultural Horticultural,\\n16.\\nAnti-slavery, 346.\\nAssociation for the Suppres-\\nsion of Intemperance, 838.\\nBar Association, 199.\\nBar Library Association, 199.\\nBaptist Social Union, 612.\\nBible, 641.\\nSocieties Coni^d.\\nBoard of Trade, 788.\\nBoys Branch of Y. ^L C. A.,\\n640.\\nCarson League for Wayne\\nCo., 840.\\nCatholic Female Association,\\n49. 650.\\nCatholic Union, 548.\\nChurch Association of Michi-\\ngan, 592.\\nCity Library, 710.\\nConcordia, 355.\\nDetroit Academy of Medi-\\ncine, 51.\\nDetroit Athenaeum, 710.\\nDetroit City Tract Associa-\\ntion, 642.\\nDetroit Medical and Library\\nAssociation, 51.\\nDetroit Merchant s Exchange\\nCo., 786.\\nDetroit Musical Association,\\n355-\\nDetroit Reform Club, 844.\\nDetroit Scientific Associa-\\ntion, 714.\\nDetroit Temperance Society,\\n838.\\nDetroit Young Men s, 710.\\nEvangelical Alliance, 642.\\nEvangelical Lutheran Or-\\nphan Aid, 662.\\nEvangelistic, 556.\\nFire Department, 520.\\nFiremen s Fund Association,\\n520.\\nFirst Evangelistic, 556.\\nFirst Protestant, 558.\\nFree School, 735.\\nFelony, Society to suppress,\\nHarmonic, 355.\\nHebrew Relief, 629.\\nHibernian, 666.\\nHigh School Alumni Associa-\\ntion, 750.\\nHistorical Society of Michi-\\ngan, 710, 7^12.\\nHomceopathic College of\\nPhysicians and Surgeons,\\n51-\\nIndustrial School, 654.\\nItalian Benevolent. 663.\\nLadies Christian Unions, 661.\\nLadies Free School, 735, 736.\\nLadies Society for Support\\nof Hebrews, 657.\\nLafayette Benevolent and\\nMutual Help, 654.\\nLutheran Orphan Aid, 662.\\nLyceum of Detroit, 711.\\nLyceum of Michigan, 712.\\nMasons Mutual Benefit, 343.\\nMechanics 712, 713.\\nMerchants I\\\\Ianufacturers\\nExchange, 780.\\nMichigan Liquor Dealers\\nProtective Association, 845.\\nMichigan State Temperance\\nAlliance, 841.\\nMichigan Temperance, 838.\\nMichigan Total Abstinence,\\n839.\\nMichigan Tract, 642.\\nMinisterial Union, 6a2.\\nMonument Association, 312.\\nMoral and Humane, 650.\\nMusical, Detroit, 355.\\nOrder of the White Cross,\\n845.\\nPioneer, 713.\\nPolice Relief, 208.\\nPresbyterian Alliance, 599,\\n604.\\nRoman Catholic Beneficial,\\n666.\\nRefugee Home, 345.\\nSt. Andrew s, 653.\\nSt. Boniface, 666.\\nSt. Jean Baptiste, 666.\\nSt. Joseph s, 666.\\nSt. Patrick s, 666.\\nSt. Vincent de Paul, 666.\\nScientific Association, 714.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1074.jp2"}, "1075": {"fulltext": "INDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1023\\nSocieties Canted.\\nSoldiers Relief, 310.\\nSons of Temperance, 843.\\nSydenham Medical, 51,\\nTerritorial S. S. Union, 636.\\nUnion Bethel, 641.\\nU. S. Christian Commission,\\nWayne County Homoeopathic\\nInstitute, 51,\\nWayne County Medical, 51.\\nWayne County Pioneer, 713.\\nWoman s Christian Temper-\\nance Alliance, 842.\\nWorkin.vjinen s Aid, 654.\\nYouns Men s, 710, 7ij,\\nYoung Men s Catholic Union,\\n549-\\nYoung Men s Christian\\nUnion. 216, 638.\\nYoung Men s Henevolenl.650.\\nYoungMen s FatherMatthcw\\nTemperance, 842.\\nYoung Men s Red Ribbon\\nClub, 844.\\nYoung Men*s State Temper-\\nance, 839.\\nYoung Men s Temperance,\\nYoung Women s Christian\\nTemperance Union, 844.\\nZither Club, 356.\\nSociety of Detroit, character\\nof, 539-\\nSolar compass, mvented at De-\\ntroll, 362.\\nSoldiers and Sailors Monu-\\nment, 311, 312.\\nSoldiei s desert for want of pay,\\n332-\\nSoldiers fare at Sandusky Bay,\\n282.\\nSoldiers withdrawn in 1709, 333.\\nSongs, firemen s, 509, 511.\\nSoubriquets, 337.\\nSouth Bend, railroad to, first\\nopened, 902.\\nSpain, 828.\\nSpain and France in alliance,\\n269.\\nSpeaking trumpets given to\\nFire Companies, 508.\\nSpecial taxes, 157.\\nSpecie circular, 849.\\nSpecie payments, suspension\\nof, 849.\\nSpectacles, manufacture of, 836.\\nSpinning wheels and looms,\\n338, 720.\\nSporting organizations, 352, 353.\\nSpring and Steel Works, 804.\\nSpring Bed and Chair Factory\\nof M. J. Murphy Co., 832.\\nSpring Hill Farm rented for\\nchurch purposes., 531.\\nSprings for locomotives and\\ncars, manufacture of, 804.\\nSpringwells, 4, 5, 10.\\nStages, first public, 888.\\nStamped paper, 159.\\nStamping Co., Detroit, 822.\\nStandard Life and Accident In-\\nsurance Co., 875-\\nState and county taxes, 150.\\nState Commissioner of Insur-\\nance, 875.\\nState Constitution adopted, 88.\\nState Constitutions, differences\\nbetween first and second, 91.\\nState Fish Commission, 16.\\nState Gazetteers, 696.\\nState officers, 93.\\nState scrip, issue of, 852.\\nState seal, 90.\\nState treasurers, 92.\\nSteam boilers subject to inspec-\\ntion, 471.\\nSteam Forge, The Detroit, 805.\\nSteam first used for heating\\nbuildings, 470.\\nSteam Mill Co., 8.\\nSteam printing, the first, 686.\\nSteam mad roller procured, 930.\\nSteam whistles, 920.\\nSteamboat Atlantic sunk, 910.\\nSteamboat Caroline, 301.\\nSteamboat, first arrival of, 908.\\nSteamboat Mayflower sunk, 810.\\nSteamboat .Michigan described,\\n909.\\nSteamboat racing and low fares,\\n910.\\nSteamboat times and fares, 909.\\nSteamboat Walk-in-lhe- Water\\nwrecked, 009.\\nSteamboat Windsor burned, 917.\\nSteamboats, increase in number\\nof, 909.\\nSteamboats, inspection of, 921.\\nSteamboats to Cleveland, 899.\\nSteamer Great Western burned,\\n909.\\nSteamer Henry Clay brought\\ntroops, 48.\\nSteamers, number on the lakes,\\n909.\\nSteamers seized on Lake Erie,\\n308.\\nSteamer Superior, the second\\non the lakes, 909.\\nSteamships run in connection\\nwith railroads, 895,\\nSteam fire companies, how or-\\nganized, 519.\\nSteam fire engine, first, 511.\\nSteam fire engines, horses for,\\n515.\\nSteam fire engines, names of,\\n516.\\nSteam fire engines, weight and\\ncost, 514.\\nSteam Fire Department, 513.\\nSteam Supply Co. organized,\\n470.\\nSteel Sl Iron Works, Eureka,\\n818.\\nSteel Spring Works, 804.\\nSteelyards, large, 798.\\nStereotyping by papier-mache\\nprocess. 687.\\nStevenson, Fort, 282.\\nStockade, limekiln near, 367.\\nStockholm, Sweden, 814.\\nStoddard s tire upsetter, manu-\\nfacture of, 806.\\nStolen property found by\\npolice, 208.\\nStone for building from Mon-\\nguagon, 367.\\nStores and business buildings,\\n457-\\nStove Co., Detroit, 811.\\nStove Co., Michigan, 816.\\nStove Co., Peninsular, 816.\\nStoves first used, 470.\\nStrawberry festivals, 640.\\nStrawberries of large size, 16.\\nStreams and mills, 8.\\nStreet and road oft icers, 933.\\nStreet cars, influence (\u00c2\u00bbf, 376.\\nStreet cleaning and repairing,\\n930-\\nStreet Commissioners, 927, 935.\\nStreet cries, 773.\\nStreet lighting, 469.\\nStreet names, more care requir-\\ned in, 948.\\nStreet names, changes in, 946,\\n947, 948.\\nStreet names lost in the fire,\\n946.\\nStreet paving, 929, 930.\\nStreet paving, the earliest, 929.\\nStreet railroads, 931, 932, 933.\\nStreets, 926.\\nStreets, former condition of,\\n928.\\nStreets, length of paved, 930.\\nStreets, opening of, 927.\\nStreets, supervision of by Board\\nof Public Works, 927.\\nStreets, vacating of, 927.\\nStreets, width of, 927.\\nStreets, worked by pris4\u00c2\u00bbners,\\n929.\\nStreet scenes. 926.\\nStreet-sweeping machines, 930.\\nStump tail currency, 853.\\nSturgis, railroad to, first open-\\ned, 902.\\nSugar making, a poem on, 12.\\nSugar making taught to In-\\ndians, 12.\\nSuicide of Kiskauko, 161.\\nSulky Harrow Co., Gale, 836.\\nSumter, Fort, 853.\\nSunday amusements, 349.\\nSunday arrests, 201.\\nSunday, laws passed on, 95.\\nSunday markets, 201, 796.\\nSunday ordinance, 841, 842.\\nSunday School for people of\\ncolor, 632.\\nSunday School morning mis-\\nsion, 569.\\nSunday School, the first, 631,\\nSuperintendent of the Poor,\\n645-\\nSuperintendent of Public In-\\nstruction, 93.\\nSuper\\\\ isor, name changed to\\nOverseer, 934.\\nSupervisors, Board of, 123.\\nSupervisors for each ward, 934.\\nSupervisors of roads, 9;j3.\\nSupervisors of townships, 130,\\ni3\u00c2\u00bb- 132.\\nSurrender by Gen. Hull, 224,\\n277.\\nSurrender of Detroit in 1760,\\n222.\\nSurrender of Lee s army, 309.\\nSurrender of western posts, 264,\\nSurvey of State completed, 35.\\nSurveyor of city,office created,\\n935-\\nSurveyor-General at Chillico-\\nthe, 15.\\nSurveyor-General soffice moved\\nto Detroit, 37.\\nSwill Point, 928.\\nSynod of the West, convention\\nheld, 603.\\nTable supplies, 338.\\nTallahassee, death of Wood-\\nward at, 185.\\nTaverns and Hotels\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\inerican, 480.\\nAmerican Temperance House,\\n486.\\nBagg s Hotel, 484.\\nBernard House, 487.\\nBiddle House, 485.\\nBiindbury s Hotel, 486.\\nBrighton House, 487.\\nBrunswick House, 487.\\nBuena Vista House, 303, 485.\\nCass House, 485.\\nCentral Railroad House, 484.\\nCity Hotel, 485.\\nCommercial Hotel, 484.\\nCoyl House, 484.\\nDetroit Cottage, 483.\\nDodemead House, 480.\\nEagle Hotel, 482.\\nEisenlord House. 487.\\nFinney House, 487.\\nFranklin House, 481, 482.\\nCiarrison House, 486.\\nGoodman House, 484.\\nGrand River House, 484.\\nGriswuld House, 486.\\nHotel Goffinet, 487.\\nHotel Henry, 487.\\nHotel Renaud, 487.\\nHoward House, 486.\\nIndiana House, 484.\\nJohnson s Hotel, 448.\\nKirkwood House. 488.\\nLamed House, 486.\\nLeland House, 486.\\nMadison House, 486.\\nMansion House, 481, 483.\\nMerchants* Exchange, 486.\\nMichigan Exchange. 482.\\n.Michigan Hotel, 480.\\niichigan Railroad Hotel,\\n484.\\nTaverns and Hotels Confd.\\nNew York and City Ho tcl,\\n481.\\nNew ork i Ohio House, 482.\\nNorthern Hotel, 484.\\nPeninsular Hotel, 486,\\nPierson House, 486.\\nPurdy s Hotel, 486.\\nRailroad Exchange, 487.\\nRailroad Hotel, 483.\\nRevere House, 486.\\nRice s Hotel, 487.\\nRussell House, 482.\\nSagina Hotel. 480.\\nSt. Charles Hotel, 486.\\nSt. Joseph House, 483.\\nSmyth s Hotel, 480.\\nStandish House, 487.\\nTremont House, 486.\\nUnited Slates Hotel, 483.\\nWales Hotel, 480.\\nWaverly House, 486.\\nWestern Hotel, 484.\\nWoodworth s Hotel, 480-\\nVankce Boarding House, 481.\\nTaxable property, increase of,\\n156.\\nTaxation authorized for schools,\\n753-.\\nTaxation, Frencli and English,\\n149.\\nTaxation of M. C. R. R., 898.\\nTax, The first town, 151.\\nTa-x for Public Library, 761.\\nTax for repairing wharf, 8.\\nTax on incomes, 159.\\nTax -payers, delinquent, 149,\\n150.\\nTax rolls, how prepared, 157.\\nTax titles, 39.\\nTaxes, Letter to Col. Campbell\\nabout, 222.\\nTaxes on liquor dealers, 156,\\n844, 845.\\nTaxes, United States Internal\\nRevenue, 159.\\nTerritorial taxes, 149.\\nTelegraph and Irishman, 884.\\nTelegraph, American Union\\nLine, 883.\\nTelegraph, Atlantic and Pacific\\nLine, S85.-\\nTelegraph, Bankers and Mer-\\nchants Line, 885.\\nTelegraph cable laid across De-\\ntroit River, 884, 885.\\nTelegraph Company, New\\nYork and Mississippi Valley\\nPrinting, 884.\\nTelegraph, District, charges and\\nmessengers, 885.\\nTelegraph fire alarm tested,\\n513-\\nTelegraph, first dispatch sent,\\n883.\\nTelegraph Line, Atlantic, Lake\\nMississippi, 884.\\nTelegraph, .\\\\Iutual Union Co.,\\n885.\\nTelegraph, Northern Michigan\\nline, 884.\\nTelegraph, O Reilly line, 884.\\nTelegraph, Snow line, 884.\\nTelegraph, Western Union Co.\\norganized. 884.\\nTelegraph, United States Co.,\\n885.\\nTelephones, first exhibition,\\n885.\\nTem perance and total absti-\\nnence, 839.\\nTemperature, 45.\\nTen-Thousand- Acre Tract, 22,\\n26, 27.\\nTerrritory, The Northwest, 85.\\nTerritory of Indiana, 86, 87.\\nTerritory of Michigan, 87.\\nTerritory of Iowa, 99.\\nTerritory of Wisconsin, 99.\\nTeuchsa Grondie, 3.\\nTexas, 820.\\nText- books in public schools,\\n737. 740. 742.\\nThames, battle of, 283.", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1075.jp2"}, "1076": {"fulltext": "I024\\nINDEX MISCELLANEOUS.\\nTheatres, 357, 358.\\nTinware, manufacture of, 822.\\nTippecanoe and Tyler too,\\n108.\\nTippecanoe, Indian defeat of,\\n327-\\nTitles to lands, 39.\\nTobacco business, growth of,\\n826.\\nTobacco Co., American Eagle,\\n820.\\nTobacco Factory, Bagley, 836.\\nTobacco Factory, Banner, 827.\\nTobacco Factory, Globe, 827.\\nTobacco Factory, Hiawatha,\\n827-\\nTobacco to Baltimore, 15.\\nToghsaghrondie, 3.\\nToltecs, 321.\\nToledo, Michigan troops in,\\n300.\\nToledo, railroad from, to Adri-\\nan, first opened, goi.\\nToledo, arrests in, by Monroe\\nsheriff, 300.\\nToledo war, 89.\\nToil-gates 926.\\nTolling bell at funerals, 49, 57.\\nTomahawks consecrated, 246.\\nTombstone of Ensign John\\nGage, 52.\\nTomato catsup, revenue from,\\nfor schools, 736.\\nTombstone of Hamtramck, 52.\\nTorch-bearers, 110.\\nTowers, Brush light, 469.\\nTown Crier, The, 66g.\\nTown elections, when held, 129,\\n130.\\nTownship constables appointed,\\n202.\\nTownship officers, 129.\\nTownship supervisors, 130, 131,\\n32-\\nTownships and boundaries,\\n127, 128.\\nTract societies, 641.\\nTrade, extent of, see Shipments.\\nTrails, g^.\\nT rails, first use of in Michigan,\\n894.\\nTransportation, 889.\\nTraps, manufacture of, 811.\\nTraveling on horseback, 887.\\nTreasurers of city, 167.\\nTreasurers of the Territory of\\nMichigan, 89.\\nTreasurers of State of Michi-\\ngan, 92.\\nTreaty of Ghent, 269.\\nTreaty of Greenville, 121.\\nTreaty of Paris, 21.\\nTreaty of Paris, or Versailles,\\n83-\\nTreaty, The Jay, 266.\\nTreaty, with England. 262.\\nTreaties with England and\\nSpain, 269.\\nTrees, kinds indigenous to De-\\ntroit, II, 12.\\nTrees, numerous in Detroit,\\n376.\\nTrial of General Hull, 289.\\nTroops at Detroit in 1779, 223.\\nTroops called to Detroit in riot\\nof 1833, 346.\\nTroops entirely withdrawn from\\ncity, 225.\\nTrowbridge School, 752.\\nTroy, N. Y., 816.\\nTrustees of Detroit, 133.\\nTrustees of water works, 65.\\nTuebor, meaning of word, 91.\\nTuetie, or Tutelos, 321.\\nTunnelling Detroit River, 891.\\nTurkeys and quails numerous,\\nII.\\nTuscaroras, 322.\\nTwo day elections, iii, 112.\\nTypographical Union, 674.\\nTyranny of (.lovernor Hamil-\\nton, 173.\\nTyschsarondia, 3.\\nUniforms, proclamation of Hull\\nconcerning, 314.\\nUniforms, protest of grand jury\\nagainst, 315.\\nUnion Depot Co., 906.\\nUnion Door Knob Co., 822.\\nUnion meetings, religious, 642.\\nUnion of political parties, 110.\\nUnion religious societies, 638.\\nUnited States Attorney, 175.\\nUnited States Express Co., 892.\\nUnited States Lake Survey, 918.\\nUnited States Land Office, 37.\\nUnited States land patents, 22.\\nUnited States Marshal, 176.\\nUnited States Representatives,\\n102, 103.\\nUnited States Sanitary Com-\\nmission, 658.\\nUnited States Senators, 102.\\nUnited States Zouave Cadets,\\n318.\\nUniversity of Michigan, 728,\\nUniversity act repealed, 730. _\\nUniversity, branch at Detroit,\\n7?^ 732-\\nUniversity lot, sale of, 41.\\nUpper Canada, 84.\\nUpper lakes, expedition to, in\\n1820, 907.\\nUtah, 828.\\nTaccinating the poor, 59.\\nValuation of city by decades,\\n156.\\nVan De Poele electric light ex-\\nhibited, 468.\\nVarnish Factory, Berry Bros.,\\n826.\\nV^assar, railroad to, first opened,\\n901.\\nVersailles the model for Wash-\\nington, 29.\\nVessels entering or clearing the\\nport of Detroit, yearly lists,\\n915.\\nVessels, yearly list of first arri-\\nvals and departures, 914, 915.\\nVicksburg, celebration in honor\\nof capture of, 308.\\nVictory of Gen. Wayne, 266.\\nVictory of Palo Alto, 303.\\nVincennes, 85. 94, 242, 250, 251,\\n252, 670, 837, 951.\\nVirginia, 85, 2^ 252, 258.\\nVoting by soldiers, no.\\nVotes, number of, cast in De-\\ntroit 1820 to t88o, 117.\\nVoters, qualifications for elec-\\ntions, III, 112, 113.\\nVoters, ladies as, 115.\\nVoters, importation of, 108.\\nVoters, colored, n^.\\nVoters, acts respecting, 114, 115.\\nw\\nWa-be-no, an Indian society,\\nmet annually, 50.\\nWagons, first at Detroit, 888.\\nWampum money, manufacture\\nof. 846.\\nWar and death-whoops, 262.\\nWar influences stimulate the\\nuse of liquor, 841.\\nWar material to be collected,\\n273-\\nWar parties sent out by English,\\n249.\\nWar songs of the British Gov-\\nernor, 246.\\nWard collectors, 165.\\nWardens, fire, 505.\\nWard s casts of fossils, 714.\\nWards, their establishment and\\nboundaries, 147, 148.\\nWars\\nBlack Hawk, 299.\\nBritish and Indian, 262.\\n1812, 274.\\nFrench and English, 231.\\nIndian, 231, 272.\\nMexican, 303.\\nPatriot, 300.\\nPontiac, 235.\\nRevolutionary, 242.\\nSeven Years 231.\\nToledo, 299.\\nWith South, 305.\\nWashington, 27, 29, 305, 835,\\n880, 887.\\nWashington Market, 794.\\nWashtenaw County, 121.\\nWater and Water Works, 62.\\nWater Commissioners, 65, 71.\\nWater of Detroit River ana-\\nlyzed, 69, 70.\\nWater-melons, large, 15.\\nWater meters, 71.\\nWater rates, 70.\\nWa-we-a-tun-ong, an early\\nname for Detroit, 3.\\nWayne County, 86.\\nWayne County, French farms\\nin, 977.\\nWayne County, its establish-\\nment and boundaries, 118,\\nI20v 121.\\nWayne, Fort, 225, 228, 305.\\nWayne, railroad from, first\\nopened to Northvjlle, 905.\\nWebster s speech on Cass Farm,\\n108.\\nWeighmasters, 798, 799.\\nWeights and measures, 797.\\nWelland Canal opened, 889.\\nWells built by Governor and\\nJudges, 62.\\nWestern Confederacy, efforts to\\nform, 269.\\nWestern posts, English opposi-\\ntion to surrender, 264.\\nWest Indies, 811, 829, 833.\\nWharves and docks, 8.\\nWheat crop, extent of, 15.\\nWheat elevators, 891.\\nWheat from France, 12.\\nWheel and Foundry Co., Rus-\\nsel, 805.\\nWheeling, 249.\\nWhig party buying votes, 108.\\nWhigs, State meeting of, 108.\\nWhipping and selling of crimi-\\nnals, igo.\\nWhipping of Loudon, a black\\nman, igo.\\nWhirlwind, 47.\\nWhite bronze goods, manufac-\\nture of, 811.\\nWhite, tlie word voted out of\\nState Constitution, 348.\\nWhite s Grand Theatre, for-\\nmerly Music Hall, 479.\\nWhitney s Grand Opera House,\\n478.\\nWhitefish, large catch of, 16.\\nWhite Lead Works, Boydell\\nBros. 825.\\nWhite Lead Works, Michigan,\\n824.\\nWhite Pigeon, railroad to, lust\\nopened, 902.\\nWhortleberries, indigenous, 12.\\nWide-Awakes, no.\\nWild cat banking. 850.\\nWillow-ware Factory, Donde-\\nro s, 833.\\nWillows, best kind grown at\\nDetroit, 802.\\nWindmill, The Knaggs, 10.\\nWindmill Point, lighthouse at, 5.\\nWindmills, 6.\\nWindow and door screens, man-\\nufacture of, 809.\\nWindsor, Bibb s paper published\\nat, 346.\\nWindsor, G. W. railroad to, first\\nopened, 904.\\nWinnebagoes, 322.\\nWinnipeg, 832, 836.\\nWinston, N. C, 827.\\nWinter amusements, 350.\\nWinter dress, 350.\\nWintergreen tea, 337.\\nWire Iron Co., National,\\n809.\\nWire Iron Works, Barnum,\\n811.\\nWisconsin, State of, created, 8g.\\nWiiherell Farm included in city,\\nWitherell Street, now Wood-\\nward Avenue, 947.\\nWives wanted, 334.\\nWolves, bounties for killing, 11.\\nWoman s Christian Temper-\\nance Union, 842, 845.\\nWomen s Crusade. 842.\\nWoman suffrage denied, 114.\\nWomen voting, 113.\\nWood markets, 797, 798.\\nWood working machinery,\\nMichel s, 809.\\nWoodenware Works, Frost s,\\n836.\\nWoodmere Cemetery, 5, 56, 57.\\nWoodward Avenue, former\\nnames, 947.\\nWoodward Avenue Market, 793.\\nWool, wasted and unused, 338.\\nWorld s End, 57.\\nWyandoites, 3, 7, 234, 238, 321,\\n323 324.\\nWyandotte village, missionary\\nat, 576.\\nWyoming destroyed by a party\\nfrom Detroit, 249.\\nWyoming Territory, 828.\\nYerkes Lake, fish in, 16.\\nYon-do-ti-ga, 3.\\nYork currency first issued, 846.\\nYoung Men s Christian Associ-\\nation, 47S, 638.\\nYoung Men s Hall, 478.\\nYpsilanti, M. C. R. R. first\\nopened to, 896.\\nZoological garden, 352.\\nl: O O.", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1076.jp2"}, "1077": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1077.jp2"}, "1078": {"fulltext": "I? D 5 7 IK", "height": "2724", "width": "1932", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1078.jp2"}, "1079": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1971", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1079.jp2"}, "1080": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2810", "width": "2122", "jp2-path": "historyofdetroit01farm_1080.jp2"}}