{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3752", "width": "2456", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "nnals\\nOF\\nFort\\nMackinac\\nWIGHT H. KELTON,\\nCAPTAIN U. S. ARMY\\nCARTER EDITION", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "DO NOT READ THIS.\\nBUST\\nBUSTUS\\nBUSTUSALL\\nIF WE DON T SELL\\n101,000 OF THE\\nANNALS\\nFORT\\nMACKINAC\\nBY\\nDWIGHT H. KELTON. LL.D.,\\npRiCE,\\nCAPTAIN U. S. ARMY.\\n25c.\\ny\\ngy MAU,\\n30c.\\nJOHN W. DAVIS SON,\\nMACKINAC ISLAND, MICH..\\nGeneral Agents for this Earth and Egypt\\nBUY THE ANNALS.\\nREAD THE ANNALS.\\nKEEP THE ANNALS.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "THE\\nNew Mackinac\\n(Built upon the site of the Mackinae House,* which\\nwas burned in January, 1887.)\\nMackinac Island, Mich.\\nlOO c^oor Feoo:ivr\u00c2\u00ab!^.\\nThis house is well arranged for the comfort of tourists, and is conveniently\\nlocated on the Lake front, and forty feet from the only passenger\\nwharf on the Island. The furniture, carpets, etc., are all\\nNEW. The house is equipped with electric bells,\\nand modern conveniences.\\nSAVE HACK HIRE TO AND FROM YOUR HOTEL.\\nFREO. R. EMERICK, Proprietor and Manager.\\nThis hotel was built for the special comfort of summer boarders.\\nOn arrival each guest will be asked how he likes the situation, and if he says the Hotel\\nought to have been placed upon Fort Holmes or on Round Island, the location of the\\nHotel will be immediately changed.\\nCorner front rooms, up one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electricity, hot and\\ncold water, laundry, telegraph, restaurant, fire alarm, bar-room, billiard table, sewing\\nmachine, piano, and all modern conveniences in every room. Meals every minute, and\\nconsequently no second table.\\nWaiters of any nationalitj- or color desired. Everj waiter wears a button-hole\\nbouquet, full dress suit, and hair parted in the middle.\\nEvery guest will have the best seat in the dining hall.\\nOur clerk was specially educated for The New Mackinac, he wears the original\\nKoh-i-nor diamond, and is prepared to please everybody. He is always ready to sing,\\nmatch worsted, take a hand at draw-poker, play billiards, see a friend, loan his eye-\\nglasses, sharpen your pencil, get the cinder out of your eye, take you out rowing, lead\\nthe german, amuse the children, make a fourth at whist, or flirt with any young lady,\\nand will not mind being cut dead when Pa comes down. He will attend to the telephone\\nand answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa, Volapuk, or any other of the\\nCourt languages of Europe.\\nThe proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is the best in\\nthe country. Special attention given to parties who give information as to how these\\nthings are done in Boston.\\nP. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Our clerk has also had the grip and mugwump fever.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "INDIAN NAMES OF\\nPLACES NEAR THE\\nGREAT LAKES.\\nNEXT TO THE\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nTHIS IS THE BEST SELLING BOOK OF THIS CENTURY.\\nFOR SALE BY JOHN W. DAVIS 4. SON,\\nt. Ipaa llepMican,\\np. D. BISSELL, Editor,\\nSt. Ignace, Mackinac Co., Mich.\\nPUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY,\\nSQ-OO .A. X E^^E", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "FAIRY ARCH.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "ANNALS\\nFort Mackinac\\nDWIGHT H. KELTON, LL.D.,\\nCAPTAIN U. S. ARMY.\\nAUTHOR OF INDIAN NAMES OF PLACES NEAR THE GREAT LAKES.\\nAUTHOR OF INDIAN NAMES AND HISTORY OF THE SAULT STE. MARIE CANAL\\nCORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.\\nCORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.\\nCORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.\\nCORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY.\\nMEMBER OF THE VERMONT STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.\\nMEMBER OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION\\nCARTER EDITION. tH^X\\n1892.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Copyright, 1882, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1883, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1884, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1886, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright. 1887, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1888, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1889, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1890, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nCopyright, 1891, by Dwight H. Kelton.\\nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by\\nDWIGHT H. KELTON,\\nin the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.\\nALL RIGHTS RESERVED\\n-11\\n0/\\nprinted by\\nDetroit Free Press Printing Co.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Beauteous Isle I sing of thee,\\nMackinac, my Mackinac;\\nThy lake-bound shores I love to see,\\nMackinac, my Mackinac.\\nFrom Arch Rock s height and shelving steep\\nTo western cliffs and Lover s Leap,\\nWhere memories of the lost one sleep,\\nMackinac, my Mackinac.\\nThy northern shore trod British foe,\\nMackinac, my Mackinac:\\nThat day saw gallant Holmes laid low,\\nMackinac, my Mackinac.\\nNow Freedom s flag above thee waves,\\nAnd guards the rest of fallen braves.\\nTheir requiem sung by Huron s wavea,\\nMackinac, my Mackinac.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "Arch Rock, Mackinac Island.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "GREETING.\\nFor courtesies received I am under obligations to:\\nMajor Edwin M. Coaxes, U. S. A., Col. Frank J.\\nBramhall, Hon. Benoni Lachance, John W. Daa^s, Es\\nand P. D. Bissell, Esq.\\nThis edition is named in honor of one who has done mucli\\nfor Mackinac Island, Commodore David Carter, of Detroit,\\nMichigan.\\n/^Thir- riLJU^\\nQUINCY, MICHIGAN\\nJULY, 1892.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "From Vol. I of Kelton s Indian Names\\nof Places Near the Great Lakes.\\nChicago. (111.) Zhikagong, the locative case of Bhikago,\\na skunk, also used as a personal naiiiC.\\nEarly French writers mention a cliief named Chicago)/.\\nwho lived near the site of the present city. According to\\ntradition, Chicagou was drowned in the river.\\nWhaiever may have been the occasion for applying that\\nname to the locality, there can be no question about the ety-\\nmology of the word. Algic proper names are very commonly\\nderived from the name of animals by the addition of o.\\nThus Z/iikago, is zliikag used as a man s name and zhikag^\\nor zhigag, is the Mephitis Americana, or skunk. The\\nEnglisli term skunk, itself is a corruption of the Abenaki\\nform of the word, wliich is, sikango.\\nSome have sought to lend dignity to the term, by tracing\\nin its first syllable, the second syllable of kich% great.\\nThis is plainly inconsistent with the Indian pronunciation of\\nthe name.\\nThe origin of the word, however undignified, is plain\\nzhig, is the Latin m.ingere and kag, or gag, though now\\nrestricted to the porcupine species, was originally any horrid\\nlittle beast hence zhi-kag, is equal to hestiola foeda mingens.\\nOthers have had recourse to zhigagawazh wild garlic;\\nbut this does not help matters, for the ugly root zhig, is still\\nthere, followed by -agawazh, a plant hence planta uri-\\nnam redolens.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTE NTS,\\nPAGE.\\nAjicient Micbilimakinac, 89\\n^Vncient Names of Rivers and Lr.kcs, 101\\nAmerican Fur Company, 51\\nAmerican Officers, ,26\\nBattle on Mackinac Island, in 1814, 145\\nBritish Officers, 106\\nCapture of Fort Mackinac, in 1813, 137\\nCollectors of Customs, 48\\nConspiracy of Pontiac, 132\\nCounty Clerks, 49\\nEarly Michigan, 109\\nFort Mackinac, 20\\nFrench Officers, 100\\nGovernors of Michigan, 112\\nHistorical Events, chronologicall}^ arranged, 114\\nIndian Agents, 48\\nLegend of Arch Rock 67\\nLegend of the Giant Fairies, 77\\nLegend of Lover s Leap, 61\\nLegend of Mackinac Island, 71\\nLegend of Mishini-Makinak, 83\\nLegend of Robertson s Folly, 57\\nLight Houses, 50\\nMackinac Island, 15\\nNational Park, 41\\nPostmasters, 49\\nPriests, 45\\nProbate Court, Judges, 48\\nPresidents of the Village, 49\\nSummer Residences, J 159", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "MICHIGAN.\\nEntered accordinK to Act of Congress in 188A, by\\nUH.Kei.ton.\\nScale, 2 inches to 1 Mile.\\nLover \u00c2\u00bb^:^^^Devirs KiicUu\\nPonfiac s DhQ^mife^", "height": "3596", "width": "2368", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "MACKINAC ISLAND. 16\\nMackinac Island.\\nLatitude Jtd\u00c2\u00b0 51 JSTorth.\\nLoiifjltxide 8Jf 36 West of Greenvnch,\\nThis island is situated in the Straits of Mackinac, about\\nfour miles east of the narrowest part; fifteen miles from\\nLake Huron and thirty from Lake Michigan it contains\\n2,221 acres, of which 911 are in the National Park, 103 are\\nin the Military Reservation, and 1,207 are private claims.\\nThe stratums of h mestone which form the base of\\nMackinac Island, are identical with the lower division of\\nthe Ilelderberg series, while the stratums which form the\\nupper portion of the island contain a good many fossils\\ncharacteristic of the Upper Helderberg system, though but\\nfew of them are well preserved.\\nThe rocks on the island give undeniable evidences of the\\nformer prevalence of the water, to the height of 250 feet or\\nmore above the present level of the surrounding waters,\\nthough it is not intended to allege that the water of the\\nlakes, as such, has ever stood at the level of the summit of\\nPyramid Rock; nor do we speak upon the question whether", "height": "3596", "width": "2368", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nthe changes have been caused by the subsidence of the lakes,\\nor the uplift of the island.\\nThe Arched and Pyramid rocks owe their shape and posi-\\ntion to the denuding action of the waters, which during the\\ndrift period swept away the softer and disintegrating\\nmaterial, which surrounded these harder and more com-\\npact brecciated limestones.\\nThe mean surface of the water in the Straits of Mackinac\\nis 581 feet above the mean tide at New^ York. There is a\\nvariation of about five feet in the height of the water in\\nthe Straits.\\nTlie greatest depth of water on the bar between Mackinac\\nand Eound islands is 40 feet on the bar between Kound\\nand Bois Blanc islands, 16 feet between Bois Blanc island\\nand the main-land of the southern peninsula, 84 feet\\nbetween Mackinac Island and St. Ignace, 210 feet.\\nThe greatest depth of water in the Straits is at a point\\nabout midway between St. Ignace and Mackinaw City,.\\nwhere it is 252 feet deep.\\nThe following are the principal fishes which are found\\nin what may be termed, Mackinac waters:\\nBurbot, Lota maculosa; Fresh -Water Drum, Hap-\\nloidonotus grunniens; Great Lake Catfish, Ictalurus\\nnigricans; Lake Herring, Coregonus artedi; Lake Stur-\\ngeon, Acijpenser ruMcundus; Lake Trout, Salvelinus\\nnamaycush; Lake White-Fish, Coregonus clupeiforinis;^\\nMoon-Eye, Hyodon tergistcs; Muskellunge, E sox nohH-^", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "MACKINAC ISLAND.\\nior Pike, Esox lucius Rock Bass, Arriblo^plites\\nrupestris Sun Fish, Le;pomis gibhosus Wail-Eyed\\nPike, Stizostedion vitreum^ White Bass, Roccu.^ chry-\\nsops; Yellow Perch, Perca ameriGana.\\nSeveral of the above have different local names.\\nOf the shell-bearing animals, specimens of three general\\ngroups only are found on the Island viz., land snails fresh-\\nwater snails and fresh- water mussels.\\nThe average temperature of the waters in the. Straits\\nduring the months of June, July, August and September,\\nis 56, 63, 64 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively.\\nThe yearly average of the Maxiviuni and the Minimum\\ntemperatures for the different months is as follows:\\nJanuary, 39, 16 February, 42, 19 March, 45, \u00e2\u0080\u009413\\nApril, 68, 9; May, 78, 30; June, 80, 40; July, 85, 47;\\nAugust, 86, 44; September, 81, 37; October, 73, 25; Nov-\\nember, 62, 14 December, 47, 3 in degrees, Fahrenheit.\\nThe average total precipitation for a year, including\\nmelted snow, is 28 inches.\\nThe average rainfall for the months of June, July,\\nAugust and September, is 2.20; 2.79; 2.31 and 2.12 inches,\\nrespectively.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThe thickness of the ice bridge which is formed across\\nthe Straits in winter, varies with the winter seasons how-\\never, in a very cold winter, ice is formed to the thickness\\nof about four feet.\\nThe following is the height in feet, of the places speci-\\nfied, above tlie mean surface of the water in the Straits\\nFort Mackinac parade ground 133\\nFort Mackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 highest gun- plat fo m 161\\nFort Holmes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the platform 336\\nTop of the Pyramid Rock 285\\nTop of the Chimney Rock 13 5\\nRobertson s Folly 128\\nHighest point of the Arch R ck 150\\nTop of the Arch 14\\nButtress facing the lake at Arch Ror l^ HO\\nTop of the Lover s Leap 145\\nLower Plateau of the Island 150\\nUpper Plateau of the Island .295", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nANNALS OF FOiJT MACKINAO.\\nFort Mackinac.\\nThere are various ways of reaching the Fort from the\\nvillage probably the best is up the steps, the view at\\nthe top being well worth the breath it costs.\\nNow follow us, and we will show you through the Fort.\\nThe old block-house on our left was built in 1Y80-S2, by\\nthe British troops for several years after they were built\\nthe block-houses w^ere used as barracks for the troops, each of\\nthe three stories having been provided with an open fire-\\nplace; beyond, to the left, are two buildings, officers quar-\\nters, built in 1876; passing along toward the flag-staff, we\\ncome to another set of officers quarters, built in 1835, and\\nanother old block-house, the upper story of which contains a\\nwooden tank, into which water is pumped from a spring at\\nthe foot of the bluff, and distributed through pipes into\\nvarious buildings. This innovation on the water-wagon was\\nmade in accordance with a plan devised by, and executed\\nunder the direction of Lieut. Dwight H. Kelton, U. S. A.;\\nwater was first pumped October 11, 1881.\\nWhile reinforcing the flag-staff in 1869, a bottle was taken\\nout of the base, containing a parchment upon which was\\nwritten", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "FORT MACKINAC.\\n21\\nHeadquarters Fort Mackinac,\\nMay S5th, 1835.\\nThis flag-staff erected on the 25th day of May, 1835, by A aud G\\nCompanies, of the 2d Regiment of Infantry, stationed at this post.\\nThe following Officers of the 2d Infantry were present\\nCaptain John Glitz, A Company, Com d g Post\\nCaptain E. Kerby Barnum, G Company.\\nIst-Lieut. J. J. B. Kingsbury, G Company.\\n2d-Lieut. J. W. Penrose. G Company, A.C.3.\\n2d-Lieut. J. V. Bomford, H Company.\\nAsst. -Surgeon Geo. F. Turner, U.S.A.\\nDavid Jones,. Sutler.\\nAbsent Officers:\\nIst-Lieut. J. S. Gallagher, A Company, Adjutant.\\n2d-Lieut. J. H. Leavenworth, A Company, on Special Duty.\\nColonel Hugh Brady, Bvt.-Brig. General, Commanding Left Wing,\\nEastern Department, Headquarters at Detroit.\\nLieut. -Colonel Alexander Cummings, Commanding 2d Regiment,\\nHeadquarters Madison Barracks, Sacket s Harbor, New York.\\nPresident of the United States, Andrew Jackson.\\nBuilder (of flag-staff), John McCraith, Private, A Company,\\n2d Infantry.\\nGoing down the steps to the right, we are brought face to\\nface with one of the historical landmarks of this country,\\nthe building in which this book was written, the old stone\\nofficers-quarters, built in, 1781-2, with walls from two and a\\nhalf to eight feet thick; formerly the windows had iron\\nbars across them. In 1812, the basement of this building\\nand the old block-houses were used as prisons, in which\\nCaptain Roberts detained the men and larger boys of the\\nvillage, after the capture of the Fort, until he decided what", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAO.\\nto do with them. Those who took the oath of allegiance\\nto Great Britain were released and allowed to return to\\ntheir homes the others were sent to Detroit. Mr. Michael\\nDousman was permitted to remain neutral and was not dis-\\nturbed. In 1814, the basement of this building and the block-\\nhouses were used as a place of refuge for the women and\\nchildren of the village, while the vessels containing the\\nAmerican troops were anchored off the island.\\nThe old wooden building on our right, now used as a\\nstorehouse, was built for a hospital in 1828, on the site of\\nthe original hospital built by the British, and it is said to be\\nnightly haunted by the noisy and visible ghosts of some\\nIndians who were in early days the victims of the inquiring\\nmind and deadly knife of a morbidly ambitious surgeon.\\nThe long, low wooden building at the other end of the\\nstone-quarters, formerly officers quarters, is now used as a\\nstorehouse facing it are the barracks, a two-story frame-\\nbuilding, built in 1859, occupied by two companies of\\nsoldiers, one on each floor, with mess-rooms, etc., complete\\nfor each.\\nWe come next to the guard-house, built in 1828 beyond\\nis the south sall3 -port, in which the old gates still remain in\\nplace. Turning toward the north sally-port, on our right,\\nthere was in early days a well more than one hundred feet\\nin depth, which furnished an abundance of good water for\\nthe uses of the garrison the first building on our right is\\nthe office and storehouse of the commissary of subsistence,\\nbuilt in 1877, on the site of the old stone powder-magazine\\nthe first office in the small building adjacent is that of the\\ncommanding officer and the adjutant, and adjoining it is the\\noffice of the quartermaster, which is connected by a covered\\npassage-way with the storehouse beyond, built on the site of\\nthe post-bakery of earlier days; the building beyond is a", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "FORT MACKINAC. 23\\nbath-honse, built in 1885, on the site of the old sutler s store.\\nGoing up the path from the guard-house we will examine\\nthe reveille gun, and take a glimpse at the magnificent\\nview from the gun-platform. Below, at the foot of the\\nbluff, are the government stables, blacksmith shop, and gran-\\nary beyond them the company gardens, where the build-\\nings of the Indian agency stood in earlier days.\\nIn front of us is Round Island, where, for a long time,\\nthere was a large Indian village, the only remnant of which\\nis an Indian burying-ground, on the southeastern part of the\\nisland. There is also an old burying-ground on Bois Blanc\\nIsland. It is a singular fact that all these Indian graves were\\ndug due east and west.\\nWauchusco, a celebrated spiritualist of the Ottawa tribe,\\nlived on Round Island for several years previous to 1 lis death,\\n-which occurred September 30, 1837.\\nTo the left of Round Island is Bois Blanc Island.\\nThe building in our rear is the hospital, built in 1858;\\nleaving it to our right, we pass another old block-house, and\\nover the old north sally-port, just outside of which, on July\\n17th, 1812, the British troops stood in line and presented\\narms while Lieuts. Porter Hanks and Archibald Darragh\\nmarched the American troops out, with arms reversed, to\\nreceive their parole as prisoners of war.\\nPassing on we come to the library, built in 1879.\\nWhen built, the fort was enclosed by a stockade ten feet\\nhigh, made of cedar pickets, into the tops of which were\\ndriven irons with three sharp prongs projecting. Formerly\\nall the buildinsjs belon^fino; to the fort were within this\\nstockade.\\nA better idea of the block-houses as they appeared then,\\nand of the stockade, may be obtained from the illustrations,\\nwhich are reduced from old drawings.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThe flags of three great nations have successively floated\\nover the post at Michilimackinac, which has been the theatre\\nof many a bloody tragedy. Its possession has been disputed\\nby powerful nations, and its internal peace has continually\\nbeen made the sport of Indian treachery and white man s\\nduplicity. To-day, chanting te deums beneath the ample\\nfolds of the fleur-de-lis^ to-morrow yielding to the power of\\nthe British lion, and a few years later, listening to the ex-\\nultant screams of the American eagle, as the stars and\\nst|;ipes float over the battlements on the Isle of the dancing\\nspirits. The historical reminiscences rendering it classic\\nground, and the many wild traditions, peopling each rock\\nand glen with spectral habitants, combine to throw around\\nMackinac an interest and attractiveness unequalled by any\\nother place on the Western Continent.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "View of Fort Mackinac from the Southwest.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nUnited States Army\\nThe following is a complete list of the commissioned offi-\\ncers of the United States Army who have been stationed\\nat Fort Mackinac. The year of their arrival at the Fort and\\ntheir actual rank at that time are ffiven.\\n1796.\\nHenry Burbeck,\\nMajor,\\nArtillerists and EngTS.\\nAbner Prior,\\nCaptain,\\n1st Infantry.\\nSi\\nEbenezer Massay,\\nLieutenant,\\nArtillerists and Eng rs.\\na\\nJohn Michael,\\n1st Infantry.\\n1800.\\nRichard Whiley,\\n1st Lieutenant.\\nArtillerists and Eng rs.\\n1802.\\nThomas Hunt,\\nMajor,\\n1st\\nJosiah Dunham,\\nCaptain,\\nArtillerists and Eng rs.\\nFrancis Le Barron,\\nSurgeon s Mate,\\n1804.\\nJacob Kingsbury,\\nLieut. -Colonel,\\n1st Infantiy.\\n1807.\\nJonathan Eastman,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\nArtillerists.\\n1808.\\nLewis Howard,*\\nCaptain\\nPorter Hanks,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\nArchibald Darragh,\\n2d\\n1810.\\nSylvester Day,\\nGrarrison Surgeon s Mate.\\n1815.\\nAnthony Butler,\\nColonel,\\n2d Rifles.\\nWilloughby Morgan,\\nCaptain,\\nRiflemen.\\na\\nTalbot Chambers,\\nMajor,\\nJoseph Kean,\\nCaptain,\\nJohn O Fallon,\\n(f\\nJohn Heddelson,\\n1st Lieutenant\\nJames S. Gray,\\n2d\\ntt\\nWilliam xlrmstrong.\\n2d\\nt\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\nWilliam Hening,\\nSurgeon s Mate.\\nBenjamin K. Pierce,\\nCaptain,\\nArtillery.\\nRobert McClallan, Jr.,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\nLewis Morgan,\\n1st\\nDied at Fort Mackinac, January 13, 1811.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "UNITED STA ri:8 AKMY.\\n27\\n1815\\nGeorge S. Wilkins,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\nAn\\nillery.\\nJohn S. Pierce,\\n2d\\nThomas J. Baird,\\n3d\\n1816.\\nJohn Miller,\\nColonel,\\n3d:\\n[nfantry.\\nJohn McNeU,\\nMajor,\\n5th\\nCharles Gratiot,\\nEngineers.\\nWilliam Whistler,\\nCaptain,\\n3d Infantry.\\nJohn Greene,\\n3d\\nDaniel Curtis,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n3d\\ntt\\nJohn Garland,\\n1st\\n3d\\nTurby F. Thomas,\\n1st\\n3d\\nc*\\nIt\\nHenry Conway, Jr.\\n1st\\n3d.\\nct\\nJames Dean,\\n2d\\n3d\\ntt\\nAndrew Lewis,\\n2d\\n3d\\nt(\\nAsher Phillips,\\nPaymaster,\\n3d\\ntt\\nEdward Purcell,\\nHospital Surgeon s Mate.\\n1817.\\nAlbion T. Crow,\\nWilliam S. Eveleth,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\nEngineers.\\n1818.\\nEdward Brooks,\\nJoseph P. Kussell,\\n1st\\nPost Surgeon.\\n3d]\\n[nfantry.\\n1819.\\nJoseph Gleason,*\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n5th\\nInfantry.\\nWilliam Lawrence,\\nLieut. -Colonel,\\n2d\\nWilliam S. Comstock,\\nSurgeon s Mate\\n3d\\nt\\nPeter T. Januaiy,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n3d\\nti\\nJohn Peacock,\\n2d\\n3d\\nIt\\nL831.\\nWilliam Beaumont,\\nPost Surgeon.\\nThomas C. Legate,\\nCaptain,\\n2d Artillery.\\nii\\nElijah Lyon,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n3d\\nJames A. Chambers,\\n2d\\n2d\\nJoshua Barney,\\n2d\\n2d\\n1822.\\nJames M, Spencer,\\n1st\\n2d\\n1823.\\nAlexander C. W. Fann:\\ning, Captain.\\n2d\\nWilliam Whistler,\\n3d In f antry.\\nSamuel W. Hunt,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n3d\\nAaron H. Wright,\\n2d\\n3d\\nI*\\nGeorge H. Crosman,\\n2d\\n6th\\ntt\\nStewart Cowan.\\n2d\\n3d\\nIt\\nDied at Fort Mackinac, Marcli 27, 1820.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\n1825.\\nWilliam Hoffman,\\nCaptain,\\n2d Infantry.\\ntt\\nRichard S. Satterlee,\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\nt\\nCarlos A. Wait,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d Infantry.\\nn\\nSeth Johnson,\\n1st\\n2d\\n1826.\\nDavid Brooks,\\n2d\\n2d\\nt*\\n(t\\nAlexander R. Thompson,\\nCaptain,\\n2d\\ntt\\n1827.\\nJames Gr. Allen,\\nEdwin James,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\nAssist. Surgeon\\n5th\\ntt\\nEphraim K. Barnum,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n2d Infantry.\\ntt\\nEdwin V. Sumner,\\n2d\\n2d\\nSamuel T. Heintzelman,\\n2d\\n2d\\n1828.\\nCharles F. Morton,\\n1st\\n2d\\nSullivan Burbank,\\nCaptain,\\n5th\\n(t\\nRobert A. McCabe,\\n5th\\nft\\nWilliam Alexander,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n5th\\ntt\\nAbner R. Hetzel,\\n2d\\n2d\\ntt\\nJosiah H. Yose,\\nMajor,\\n5th\\nIt\\n1829.\\nJames Engle,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n5th\\n(t\\nAmos Foster,\\n2d\\n5th\\n(f\\nEnos Cutler,\\nLieut. -Colonel,\\n3d\\nMoses E. MeiTill,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n5th\\nEphraim Kirby Smith,\\n2d\\n5th\\nti\\nIsaac Lynde,\\n2d\\n5th\\nft\\nCaleb C. Sibley,\\n2d\\n5th\\nWilliam E. Cruger,\\n1st\\n5th\\ntt\\nLouis T. Jamison,\\n2d\\n5th\\ntt\\n1830.\\nHenry Clark.\\n1st\\n5th\\n(t\\n1831.\\nJohn T. Collingsworth,\\n2d\\n5th\\nRobert McMillan,\\nAssist. Surgeon\\nI, Medical Department.\\n1832.\\nGeorge M. Brooks,\\nColonel,\\n5th Infantry.\\nWaddyV. Cobbs,\\nCaptain,\\n2d\\n(t\\nJoseph S. Gallagher,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n2d\\nGeorge W. Patten,\\n2d\\n2d\\nThomas Stockton,\\nBvt. 2d Lieut.,\\n5th\\nAlexander R. Thompson\\nMajor,\\n6th\\nJohn B. F. Russell,\\nCaptain,\\n5th\\n1833.\\nWilliam Whistler,\\nMajor,\\n2d\\nEphraim K. Barnum,\\nCaptain,\\n2d", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES ARMY.\\n29\\n1833.\\nJoseph R. Smith,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n2d\\nc\\nJames W. Penrose,\\n2d\\n2d\\nCharles S. Frailey,\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\nMedical Department.\\nGeorge F. Turner\\n1\\n1834.\\nJesse H. Leavenworth,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d Infantry.\\nJohn Clitz,*\\nCaptain,\\n2d\\n1835.\\nJames V. Bomford,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d\\nJulius J. B. Kingsbury,\\n1st\\n2d\\nMarsena R. Patrick,\\nBvt. 2d Lieut.\\n2d\\n1836.\\nErastus B. Wolcott,\\nAssist. Surgeon\\nMedical Department.\\nJames W. Anderson,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d Infantry.\\n1839.\\nSamuel McKenzie,\\nCaptain,\\n2d Artillery.\\nArnold E. Jones,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d\\n1840.\\nHarvey Brown,\\nCaptain,\\n4th\\nJohn W. Phelps,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n4th\\nJohn C. Pemberton,\\n2d\\n4th\\n1841.\\nHenry Holt,\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\nMedical Department.\\nPatrick H. Gait,\\nCaptain,\\n4th Artillery.\\nGeorge C. Thomas,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n4th\\nGeorge W. Getty,\\n2d\\n4th\\nAlexander Johnston,\\nCaptain,\\n5th Infantry.\\nWilliam Chapman,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n5th\\nSpencer Norvell,\\n2d\\n5th\\nHenry Whiting,\\n2d\\n5th\\nJohn M. Jones,\\nBvt. 2d Lieut.\\n5th\\n1842.\\nRev, John O Brien,\\nChaplain.\\nMartin Scott,\\nCaptain,\\n5th\\n1843.\\nLevi H. Holden,\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\nMedical Department.\\nMoses E. Merrill,\\nCaptain,\\n5th Infantry.\\nWilliam Root,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n5th\\nJohn C. Robinson,\\n2d\\n5th\\n1844.\\nJohn Byrne,\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\nMedical Department.\\n1845.\\nCharles C. Keeney,\\nGeorge C. Westcott,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d Infantry.\\nSilas Casey,\\nCaptain,\\n2d\\nJoseph P. Smith,\\nBvt. 2d Lieut.,\\n5th\\nFred Steele,\\n5th\\nDied at Fort Mackinac. November 7. 1836.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "^0\\nANXALS\\nF FORT MACKI^ AC.\\n1847.\\nFrazey M. Winans,\\nCaptain,\\n15th Infantry.\\nMichael P. Doyle.\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n15th\\nMorgan L. Gage,\\nCaptain,\\n1st Mich. Vols.\\nCaleb F. Davis,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n1st\\nWilliam F. Chittenden,\\n2d\\n1st\\n1848.\\nWilliam N. R. Beall,\\nBvt. 2d Lieut.,\\n4th Infantry.\\nCharles H. Larnard,\\nCaptain,\\n4th\\nHiram Dryer,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n4th\\n1849.\\nJoseph B. Brown,\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\nMedical Department.\\nJoseph L. Tidball,\\nBvt. 2d Lieut.,\\n4th Infantry.\\n1850.\\nCharles H. Laub,\\nAssist. Surgeon, Medical Department.\\n1851.\\nDavid A. Russell,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n4th Infantry.\\n1853.\\nThomas Williams,\\nCaptain,\\n4th Artillery.\\nGeorge W. Rains,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n4th\\nJacob Culbertson,\\n2d\\n4th\\nJoseph H. Bailey,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department.\\n1854.\\nJoseph B. Brown,\\nAssist. Surgeon^\\n1855.\\nJohn H. Greland.\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n4th Artillery.\\n1856.\\nEdward F. Bagley,\\n2d\\n4th\\nWilliam R. Terrill,\\n1st\\n4th\\nJoseph H. Wheelock,\\n1st\\n4th\\nJohn Byrne,\\nAssist. Surgeon\\nMedical Department.\\n1857.\\nArnold Elzey,\\nCaptain,\\n2d Artillery.\\nHenry Benson,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n2d\\nGuilford D. Bailey,\\n2d\\n2d\\n3858.\\nHenry C. Pratt,\\nCaptain,\\n2d\\nHenry A. Smalley,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n2d\\nJohn F. Head,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department.\\n1859.\\nWilliam A. Hammond,\\nGeorge L. Hartsuff,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n2d Artillery.\\n1862.\\nGrover S. Wormcr,\\nCaptain, Stanton Guards, Mich. Vols.\\nElias F. Sutton,\\n1st Lieutenant\\nLouis Hartm3yer,\\n2d\\nJames Knox,\\nChaplain,\\nMich. Vols.\\n(t\\nCharles W.LeBoutillier\\nAssist. Surgeon,\\n1st Minn. Inf y Vols.\\n1866.\\nJerry N. Hill,\\nCaptain,\\nVet. Res. Corps.\\nWashington L. Wood,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n1867.\\nJohn Mitchell,\\nCaptain,\\n43d Infantry.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "UNITKD STATKS ARMY.\\n1867.\\nEdwin C. GaskiU,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n43d Infantry.\\nJulius Stommell,\\n2d\\n43d\\n1869.\\nLesUe Smith,\\nCaptain,\\n1st\\nJohn Leonard,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n1st\\nMatthew Markland,\\n2d\\n1st\\n1870.\\nSamuel S. Jessop,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department.\\n1871.\\nThomas Sharp,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n1st Infantry.\\n1872.\\nWiUiam M. Notson,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department.\\n1873.\\nCarlos Carvallo,\\n1874.\\nCharles J. Dickey,\\n22d Infantry.\\nJohn McA. Webster,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n22d\\nJ. Victor Do Hanne,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department\\n1875.\\nAlfred L. Hough,\\nMajor,\\n22d Infantry.\\n1876.\\nJoseph Bush,\\nCaptain,\\n22d\\nThomas H. Fisher,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n22d\\nFielding L. Davies,\\n2d\\n22d\\n1877.\\nCharles A. Webb,\\nCaptain,\\n22d\\nJohn G. Ballance,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n22d\\nTheodore Mosher, Jr.,\\n2d\\n22d\\nPeter Moffat,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department.\\n1878.\\nOscar D. Ladley,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n22d Infantry.\\n1879.\\nEdwin E. Sellers,*\\nCaptain,\\n10th\\nCharles L. Davis,\\n10th\\nDwight H. Kelton,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n10th\\nWalter T. Duggan,\\n1st\\n10th\\nBogardus Eldridge,\\n2d\\n10th\\nEdward H. Plummer,\\n2d\\n10th\\nGeorge W. Adair,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department.\\n1882.\\nWilliam H. Corbusier,\\n1883.\\nJohn Adams Perry,\\n2d Lieutenant,\\n10th Infantry.\\n1884.\\nGeorge K. Brady,\\nCaptain,\\n23d\\nGreenleaf A. Goodale,\\n23d\\nEdward B. Pratt,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n23d\\nCalvin D. Cowles,\\n1st\\n23d\\nJ. Rozier Clagett,\\n1st\\n23d\\nStephen O Connor,\\n2d\\n23d\\nBenjamin C. Morse,\\n2d\\n23d\\nDied at Fort Mackinac, April 8, 1884.\\n31", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\n1886.\\nWilliam C. Manning,\\nCaptain,\\n23d Infantry.\\nGeorge B. Davis,\\nSd Lieutenant,\\n23d\\n1887.\\nCharles E. Woodruff,\\n1st\\nMedical Department.\\n1889.\\nHarlan E. McVay,\\n1st\\n1890.\\nJacob H. Smith,\\nCaptain,\\n19th Infantry.\\nCharles T. Witherell,\\n19th\\nEdmund D. Smith,\\n1st Lieutenant,\\n19th\\nZebulon B. Vance, Jr.\\n2d\\n19th\\nWoodbridge Geary,\\n2d\\n19th\\nHenry G. Leanard,\\n2d\\n19th\\nEdwin M. Coates,\\nMajor,\\n19th\\n1891.\\nAlexander McC. Guard,\\nCaptain,\\n19th\\nJoseph Frazier,\\n2d Lieutenant.\\n19th\\n1892.\\nEdwin F. Gardner,\\nCaptain,\\nMedical Department", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "1\\n1\\nI -m\\nr\\n1\\nm\\n1 1\\nm\\nm", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE GRIFFON.\\nThe First Vessel on the Upper Lakes.\\nBuilt by LaSalle, 1070.\\nWALK-IN -THE-A?VATER.\\nFirst Steamboat on the Upper Lakes. Built in 1818.\\nAt Mackinac in 1819.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "n\\n^3\\nHi\\nm\\n|^^*f\\n^S\\nlliiyife^y^\\n^^^s", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "INDIAN NAME. 37\\nIndian Name.\\nYe say, they all have passed away.\\nThat noble race and brave,\\nThat their light canoes have vanished\\nFrom off the crested wave;\\nThat mid the forests where they roamed\\nThere rings no hunter s shout;\\nBut their name is on your waters,\\nYe may not wash them out.\\nIn the Chippewa or Ojibwa languao-e, the name of\\nMackinac Island, is Mishinimdkina or Mishinimagina\\nin the locative case, Mishinimakinang^ at the great\\nuplifted bow, at the great hanging arch. Mishi-,\\ngreat, grand nim.-, nima-, lifting up, holding\\nsuspended at the top of something (e. g.^ nmicikonige^\\nhe carries something on a stick nmiashhaigan, a\\ntuft, a plume, a bayonet; Cree nimaskwsin^ he\\nis raised above the ground nimaskioeiv, he carries his\\nweapons; nhnaJaoew, he raises his hand against him;\\nwagina, Cree wakina, (from wah, loag-^ bent, and a\\nsubstantive ending;) a semi-circle, a piece of wood\\nbent in the form of a bow, rib of a canoe, ground\\ntimber of a vessel. The initial ro is dropped, as is usual\\nin compounds {e. g., gimahi^ he looks stealthily; vjoba-\\nhigan^ clay missdbenjakon^ tree-moss instead of\\ngimwabi^ wahioahigan^ and misscibenjioakon).", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThe gesture for nirn-, is the outstretched arm and\\nhand, with the palm downward.\\nThe greatest natural curiosity on Mackinac Island is\\nthe arch rock. It would, then, be rather an excep-\\ntional case, if the Indian name-givers, with their keen\\nsense of the beautiful, and admiration for the extraordi-\\nnary in nature, had not seized upon this feature of the\\nisland, to distinguish it from all other localities known to\\nthem. Still, the meaning of the term is utterly unknown\\nto the Indians of the present day. The whites, too, have\\ninvariably failed in analyzing and explaining the word\\nchiefly, perhaps, in consequence of the faulty division,\\nMichili Mahinac, or MiGhilli Mackinaw, introduced\\nby French and English writers, and the greater hardness\\nwith which the k is now generally pronounced, in that\\nname.\\nC^ iticism of popular interpretations.\\n1. Big Turtle. This rendering would agree well\\nwith an Indian legend, according to which the Island of\\nMackinac, a Manitou, in the shape of an immense turtle,\\nrose from the depths of the lake in the sight of tlie\\nwondering natives, and was finally changed into its pres-\\nent form. Moreover, it is said that Menabosho, the\\nmaker of a new world, was born on the Island of Mack-\\ninac. If, then, its name signified big turtle, this Indian\\nlegend would furnish an interesting counterpart to the\\nAvell-known concept of Asiatic cosmogony, according to\\nwhich the world rests on a giant ttirtle. That the idea\\nis not quite foreign to the Indian mind, appears from the\\nlegends of the Lendpe and other tribes.\\nEtymologically, however, there is little in favor of this", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "INDIAN NAME. 39\\ninterpretation. Big turtle would be mishimikinalx, in\\nthe locative case, mishimikinakong while the name of\\nthe island is mishiriimakina, in the locative mishinimaki-\\nnang. The syllable ni must be accounted for. There\\nare, it is true, words in which ni is affixed to mishi- j\\nbut this changes its meaning from large to many,\\nas, e. g., in mishinogade^ it has many feet mishinoni-\\nkaso^ he has many names m.ishinad^ there is much\\nof it. This is the chief difficulty, though even the\\nchange from tnikinak to makina should not be admitted\\nwithout pressing necessity.\\n2. Island of the Giant Fairies. In a certain\\nsense, this interpretation may be accepted. The Ojibwa\\nand Ottawa speak of a race of people who are never\\nseen, though occasionally heard firing guns in the woods,\\na sort of Indian fairies; and these, whether giants\\nor dwarfs, no one knows, they call Mishinimakinagog\\n(the plural of Mishinimakinago). But this name is evi\\ndently derived from Mishinimakina (as Wiiiihigo from\\nWinibi), and simply means Mishinimakina people; thus\\nleaving the term in question etymologically unexplained.\\nHistorically, a tribe or clan named after the island,\\nexisted until some time after the arrival of the French\\nupon the Great Lakes; and the few who were still living\\nat that period, asserted that they counted thirty towns,\\nand that they had all enclosed themselves in a fort meas-\\nuring one and one-half leagues in circumference, when\\nthe Iroquois came to defeat them, elated as they were by\\ns. victory they had gained over three thousand men of\\nthe tribe (of Mishinimakina) who had carried the war\\ninto the very country of the Mohawks. The name of", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 ANNALS OF FORT :MACKINAC.\\nthis boastful clan would, tlien, after their extinction, seem\\nto have passed into that of Indian forest fairies.\\nAn Ojibwa translation of Island of tlie Giant Fairies\\nwould be Windigoirdmss or Mindbeminiss.\\n3. Island of the Dancing Fairies. This\\nexplanation apparently rests on the presence of the syl-\\nlable ?^^m, in the name of the island. Mishi-^ great\\nnimi, he dances aki, land hence rnishinhnaki^\\nor rather misJmviiyiiwaki {inishinirniidiwaki would be\\nstill better), great dancing land. This appears plausible\\nenough, at first sight, but it will not bear a closer exam-\\nination.\\nThe first suspicious circumstance is the absence of am^\\ntradition as to the fact (apparently implied in this et}^-\\nmology) that the island once served as a meeting place\\nfor Indian dancers. Next, there is no instance of the\\nword aki, land, being used, instead of miniss^ in com-\\npounding the name of an island. Finally, the superfluous\\nending -7ia^ is not accounted for.\\nYe say, their cone -like cabins,\\nThat clustered o er the vale,\\nHave fled away like withered leaves\\nBefore the autumn gale;\\nBut their memory liveth on your hills\\nTheir baptism on your shore,\\nYour everlasting rivers speak\\nTheir dialect of yore.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\n41\\nNATIONAL PAKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ISLAND OF MACKINAC.\\nOn March 11th, 1873, Hon. T. W. Ferry, Senator from\\nMichigan, introduced in the Senate the following:\\nResolved, That so much of the Island of Mackinac, lying in the Straits\\nof Mackinac, within the County of Mackinac, in the (State of Michigan,\\nas is now held by the United States under military reservation or other-\\nwise (excepting the Fort Mackinac and so much of the present reservation\\nthereof as bounds it to the south of the village of Mackinac, and to the\\nwest, north and east respectively by lines drawn north and south, east\\nand west, at a distance from the piesent fort flag-staff of four liundred\\nyards), herebj is reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy,\\nor sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart\\nas a National public park, or grounds, for health, comfort and pleasure,\\nfor the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall\\nlocate or settle upon or occupy the same, or any part thereof, except as\\nherein provided, shall be considered trespassers, and removed therefrom.\\nThat said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Sec\\nretary of War, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make\\nand publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or\\nproper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations\\nshall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber,\\nmineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and\\ntheir retention in their natural condition. The Secretary may, in his\\ndiscretion, grant leases, for building purposes, of small parcels of ground,\\nat such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for\\nthe accommodation of visitors, for terms not exceeding ten years; all of\\nthe proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues derived from any\\nsource connected with said park, to be expended under his direction, in\\nthe management of the same and in the construction of roads and bridle-\\npaths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of game\\nor fish found within said park, and against their capture or destruction\\nfor any purposes of use or profit. He also shall cause all persons tres-\\npassing upon the same, after the passage of this act, to l^e removed there-\\nfrom, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nbe necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this\\nact.\\nThat any part of the park hereby created shall at all times be available\\nfor military purposes, either as a parade or drill ground, in time of peace,\\nor for complete occupation in time of war, or whenever war is expected,\\nand may also be used for the erection of any public buildings or works:\\nProvided, That no person shall ever claim or receive of the United States\\nany damage on account of any future amendment or repeal of this act,\\nor the taking of said park, or any part thereof, for public purposes or use.\\nSenator Ferry did not forget his work or neglect his oppor-\\ntunities, and on March 3d, 1875, after a two years strnggle,\\nhe finally procured the passage of the Act for the Mackinac\\nISTational Park. His regard for this spot his birthplace and\\nboyhood home led him to advocate his park bill at all times\\nand places, until his fellow-members dubbed it Ferry s\\nPark.\\nThe following are the approved Rules and Regulations for\\nthe Park at Mackinac\\nI. Mackinac Park will be under the immediate control and manage-\\nment of the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac, who is charged with\\nthe duty of preserving order, protecting the public property therein, and\\nenforcing these rules.\\nII. All tenants renting under the Act of Congress providing therefor\\nmust conform to, and abide by, such rules and regulations as are pre-\\nscribed for the care of the park, and will be held responsible for a com-\\npliance with the same on the part of the members of their families, their\\nagents and employes.\\nIII. TJie sale of wines and malt or spirituous liquors on the park,\\nwithout special authority from the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac,\\nor higher military authority, is prohibited.\\nIV. No person shall put cattle, swine, horses or other animals on the\\npark, except as follows:\\nThe cows belonging to the residents of the Island of Mackinac may be\\nplaced in a herd, under the care of a herder, and be permitted to graze in", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "NATIONAL PARK. 43\\nsuch parts of the park as may be designated by the commanding-officer\\nof Fart Mackinac,\\nV. Racing or riding and driving at great speed is prohibited.\\nVI. No person shall indulge in any threatening, abusive, insulting or\\nindecent language in the park.\\nVIL No person shall commit any obscene or indecent act in the park.\\nVIII. No frays, quarrels, or disorders of any kind will be permitted\\nin the park.\\nIX. No person shall carry or discharge fire-arms in the park.\\nX. No person shall injure or deface the trees, shrubs, turf, natural\\ncuriosities, or any of the buildings, fences, bridges or other structures\\nwithin the park.\\nXI. No person shall injure, deface or destroy any notices, rules or\\nregulations for the government of the park, posted, or in any other man.\\nner permanently fixed, by order or permission of the authorities of the\\nXII. No person shall wantonly destroy any game or fish within the\\npark, nor capture nor destroy the same for any purposes of use or profit.\\nXIII. Any person wlio shall violate any of these Rules and Regula-\\ntions shall be ejected from the park by military authority, and in case\\nthe person so offending shall have committed anj offence in violation of\\nany of the statutes of the United States, or of the State of Michigan,\\nthe offender shall be proceeded against before the United States or State\\ncourts, according to the laws providing for the same.\\nXIV. The commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac may, at any time,\\nadd to or modify these Rules, subject to the approval of the Secretary of\\nWar.\\nWhen the Pai-k was surveyed, lots were set apart for build-\\ning purposes in the following places: gn the bluff near\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Robertson s Folly; on the bluff on the northwest side of\\nthe island, and on the bluff extending from the old Indian\\nburying-ground along by Pontiac s Lookout.\\nThe price of the leases for Park lots has been fixed at ten,\\nlifteen and twenty-five dollars per year, according to the\\nlocation.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44\\nANNALS UF lOKT MACKINAC.\\nStone Officers Quarters, Built 1782.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PEIE8TS. 45\\nPRIESTS.\\nThe followiDg Priests of the Roman Catholic Cliurch have\\nserved at Michilimackinac\\nThe dates opposite their nanaes indicate tlie lirst and last\\nyear of their stay or, as the case may be, of their visits\\nfor many of them made only occasional visits, having other\\nparishes, or missions, in their charge. Their names are\\nmarked thus\\nThe first church on the main land, north of the Strait,\\nwas built in 1671 the second about 1674 burnt in 1706.\\nThe present church was built in 1838.\\nThe first church on the main land, south of the Strait, was\\nbuilt about 1712, when the post was re-established the\\nsecond, about 1741.\\nThe first church on the island was erel^ted in 1780. It\\noccupied a part of the old cemetery on Astor street. The\\nsecond was erected in 1827, on the site of the present one,\\non land donated by Mrs. Magdalene Laframboise.\\nThe present building was erected in 1873.\\nBeneath the altar are the graves of Mrs. Magdalene\\nLaframboise, her only daughter, and grandson, Langdon\\nPierce (wife and son of Capt. Benjamin K. Pierce, U. S. A.).\\nOn the marble slabs over their graves are the following\\ninscriptions\\nMagdalene Laframboise, died April 14th, 1846, aged 66 years.\\nJosephine Pierce, died November 24th, 1820.\\nIn Ancient Michilimackinac (St. Ignace).\\n1670. Kev. Father Dablon, S. J. (or possibly Marquette.)\\n1671-73. Rev. Father James Marquette, S. J.\\n1673 Rev. Father Philip Pierson, S. J.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\n1674 Rev. Father Henry Nouvel, S. J.\\n1677 Rev. Father J. Enjah-an, S. J.\\n1680-81. Rev. Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan.*\\n16?? Rev. Father De Carheil, S. J.\\n16??-1706. Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J.\\nIn Old Mackln^ao (Lower Michigan).\\n1708 Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J.\\n1741-53. Rev. Father J. B. Lamoriuie, S. J.*\\n1741-65. Rev. Father Du Jaunay, IS. J.\\n1742-44. Rev. Father C. G. Coquarz, S. J.*\\n1758-61. Rev. Father M. L. Lefranc. S. J.\\n1768-75. Rev. Father Gibault, Vic. -Gen. of Illinois.*\\nOn the Island and in Modern St. Ignace.\\n1786-87. Rev. Father Payet, of Illinois.*\\n1794. Rev. Father Ledru, Dominican, of France.*\\n1796. Rev. Father Levadoux, of Detroit, Vic. -Gen. of the Bishop\\nof Baltimore.*\\n1799-1833. Rev. Father G. Richard, Curate of St. Ann, Detroit, and\\nVicar-General.*\\n1801. Rev. Father J. Dilhet.*\\n1816-18. Rev. Father Joseph Crevier, of Canada.*\\n1825-27. Rev. Father Francis Vincent Badiu of St. Joseph s.*\\n1837-30. Rev. P. J. De Jean, of Little Traverse Bay.*\\n1829-31. Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, Bishop of Cincinnati.*\\n1830. Rev. Father Mallon, of Cincinnati.\\n1830-33. Rev. Father Samuel Mazzuchelli, Dominican.\\n1830-38. Rev. Father Frederic Rese, Vic. -Gen. of Cincinnati, Bishop\\nof Detroit, 1834.*\\n1831-65. Rev. Father Frederic Baraga, of Little Traveise Bay.\\nAfterwards (1853-68) Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie and\\nMarquette.*\\n1833. Rev. Father J. Lostrie.\\n1833-34, Rev. Father Francis Hatscher, Redemptorist.\\n1838-43. Rev. Father Santi Santelli.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "PRIESTS.\\n1834-38. Hev. Father F. J. Bonduel.\\n1848-45. Rev. Father C. Skolla, Franciscan.\\n1845. Rev. Father II. Van Renterghem.\\n1845-52. Rt. Rev. P. Lefevre, Bishop of Detroit.*\\n1846-74. Rev. Father A. D. Piret, retired to Chenaux, 1870.\\n1852. Rev. Father Francis Pierz, of Little Traverse Bay.*\\n1854-57. Rev. Father E. L. M. Jahan.\\n1858-61. Rev. Father Patricli B. Murray.\\n1861-67. Rev. Father Henry L. Thiele (two terms).\\n1868. Rev. Fatlier Cliarles Magne.\\n1868-71. Rev. Fatlier Matthias Orth.\\n1869-70. Rev. Father Philip S. Zorn, of Grand Traverse Bay.*\\n1870-71. Rev. Father Nicolas L. Sifferath, of Cross Village.*\\n1871. Rev. Father Charles Vary, S. J., of Sault Ste. Marie.*\\n1871-79. Rt. Rev. Ignatius Mrak, Bishop of Marquette.*\\n1871-72. Rev. Father L. B. Lebouc.\\n1872-73. Rev. Father Moses Mainville.\\n1873-80. Rev. Father Edward Jacker.\\n1875-78. Rev. Father William Dwyer.\\n1878-79. Rev. Father John Braun.\\n1879-81. Rev. Father John C. Kenny.\\n1880-81. Rev. Father C. A. Richard.\\n1880-82. Rt. Rev. John Vertin, Bishop of Marquette.*\\n1881. Rev. Father Bonaventure Frey, Prov. Cap. Order.*\\n1881-82. Rev. Father Kilian Haas, O. M. Cap.\\n1881-82. Rev. Father Isidore Handtmann, O. M. Cap.\\nlb8:3-85. Itcv. l^ uilier .Joliu Chebul.\\n1383. Rev. Father Joseph Niebling.\\n1883-84. Rev. Father P. G. Tobin.\\n1884-87. Rev. Father William Dwyer.\\n1885-86. Rev. Father Francis Xav. Becker.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nCOLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS, AT MACKINAC.\\n1801-6 David Duncan. 1843-49\\n1806-10 George Hoffman. 1849-53\\n1810 Harris H. Hickman. 1853-55\\n1810-15 Samuel Abbott. 1855-61\\n1815-16 William Gamble. 1861-67\\n1816-18 John Rogers. 1867-71\\n1818-33 Adam D. Stewart. 1871-\\n1833-43 Abraham Wendell.\\nSamuel K. Haring.\\nCharles E. Avery.\\nAlexander Toll.\\nJacob A. T. Wendell.\\nJohn W. McMath.\\nS. Henry Lasley.\\nJames Lasley.\\nINDIAK AGENTS.\\nAgents for\\nMackinac and\\nVicinity:\\n1816-24\\nWm. H. Puthuff.\\n1861-65\\nD. C. Leach.\\n1824-33\\nGeorge Boyd.\\n1865-69\\nRichard M. Smith.\\n1833-41\\nHenry R. Schoolcraft.\\n1869\\nWm. H. Brockway.\\n1841-45\\nRobert Stuart.\\n1869-71\\nJames W. Long.\\n1845-49\\nWm. a. Richmond.\\n1871\\nRichard M. Smith.\\n1849-51\\nChas p. Babcock.\\n1871-76\\nGeorge I. Betts.\\n1851-53\\nRev. Wm. Sprague.\\n1876-82\\nGeorge W. Lee.\\n1853-57\\nHenry C. Gilbert.\\n1882-85\\nEdward P. Allen.\\n1857-61\\nAndrew M. Fitch.\\n1885-\\nMark W. Stevens.\\nMACKINAC COUNTY, PROBATE COURT JUDGES.\\n1823-25 William H. Puthuff.\\n1825-29 Jonathan N Bailey.\\n1829-33 B. Hoffman.\\n1833-40 Michael Dousman.\\n1840-44 Bela Chapman.\\n1844-48 William Johnson.\\n1848-53 Bela Chapman.\\n1853-60 Jonathan P. King.\\n1860-65 Bela Chapman.\\n1865 Alexander Toll.\\n1866-73 Bela Chapman.\\n1873-77 George C. Ketchum.\\n1877-79 George T. Wendell.\\n1879-81 Benoni Lachance.\\n1881-85 Thomas CHAM\u00c2\u00abh:us.\\n1885- Peter N. Packard.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "VILLAGE OFFLCEKS.\\n49\\nMACKINAC VILLAGE, PKESIDENTS.\\nWardens or Presidents of the B)i-ough or Village of Mackinac, since ifa\\nincorporation in 1817:\\n1817-31\\n1822\\n1823\\n1824-35\\n1826\\n1827-30\\n1881\\n1832-43\\n1844\\n1845\\n1845\\n1846\\n1848\\nWxM. H. PUTHUFF. 1849\\nGeorge Boyd. 1850-55\\nWm. H. Pothuff. 1856\\nMichael Dousman. 1861\\nJonathan N. Bailey. 1873\\nSamuel Abbott. 1878\\nEdward Biddlb. 1875\\nSamuel Abbott. 1875-76\\nEdward Biddle. 1877-81\\nSamuel Abbott. 1883\\nAbraham Wendell. 1888-84\\nBela Chapman. 1885\\nAugustus Todd. 1886-\\nBela Chapman.\\nAugustus Todd.\\nJonathan P. King.\\nJohn B. Couchois.\\nJohn Becker.\\nWm. Madison.\\nDr. John R. Bailey.\\nEdwin C. Gaskill.\\nWm. p. Preston.\\nHorace A. N. Todd.\\nWm. P Preston.\\nWilliam Sullivan.\\nWm. B. Preston.\\nPOSTMASTEES.\\nPostmasters at Mackinac since the establishment of the Post Office in 1819\\nThe Office was known as Michilimackinac, until 1825.\\n1819-33\\nAdam D. Stewart.\\n1861-66\\nJames Lasley.\\n1822-25\\nJohn W. Mason.\\n1866-67\\nJohn Becker.\\n1825-29\\nJonathan N. Bailey.*\\n1867-77\\nJames Lasley.\\n1829-49\\nJonathan P. King.\\n1877-80\\nGeorge C. Ketchum,\\n1849-53\\nJames H. Cook.\\n1880-85\\nJames Lasley.\\n1853-59\\nJonathan P. King.\\n1885-\\nJames Gallagher.\\n1859-61\\nJohn Biddle.\\nFirst Postmaster at Chicago. Appointed March 31st, 1831.\\nThe first post-office on this side of the Atlantic was established by\\nGov. Lovelace, at New York, in 1673.\\nMACKINAC COUNTY, CLERKS.\\nClerks of the County from its organization in 1818:\\n1818-31\\nThomas Lyon.\\n1855-58\\nJoHN Becker.\\n1832-24\\nF. HlNCHMAN.\\n1859-63\\nWm. M. Johnston.\\n1825-46\\nJonathan P. King.\\n1864\\nCharles O Malley.\\n1847-52\\nP. C. Kevan.\\n1865-86\\nJohn Biddle,\\n1853-54\\nWm. M. Johnston.\\n1886-\\nMichael Hoban.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J9d933(\\n-PB8H JO Livivs\\n:fj\\n:fj\\n5q3U JO ijqSiaH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2!jq3i[ JO japjQ\\nc: o\\na; o\\nCD.\\n1\\n4 IB W\\n0) e3\\nCJ o\\n211\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-a fl\\nOJ\\nC to\\no a\\no o\\ni to a\\n3^ f*\\nfm\\nI CycO 0)\\no HI\\nO 0) 0) Q\\ne-S (C\\nogam\\n-Sod dg\\niffil\\no\\nill\\noi o 3\\nPh fife M\\n03 g\\nll\\nCOS\\n.2\\no\\n73 O\\nSI\\nO c8 H\\n2.S 5\\na ow\\nO\\nfl\\nii (D\\nO-o t-.\\nO m H\\nO fl\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fl M\\n0(-l\\nO O)\\no\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nS\\nfl\\n0) o\\nt3 Q) W\\nfl OX] M\\nPt3*j\\n3 O fe\\no\\nP-e 03 o-s\\n03 ffl !_;\\nfl C tuo\\n0^ O fl\\no\\n3J S\\nS-fl o eS\\no) S S H\\n2.a W\\n_\\nO^\\n5 IS-^^H\\nfl s^\\nCO\\nEHcS\\nw\\n35 C73\\nS \u00c2\u00b03^\\n\u00c2\u00a72\\no\\nSi\\nj3 O\\no\\nOt3\\na\u00c2\u00bb-\\nO\\n02 ^-r\\nrl C\\no\\nSfl.2\\nCL -I\\n-J ui\\nUJ X\\n-I 3\\n-J oj\\nD\\n[50]", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "AMEKICAN FUR COMPANY. 51\\nTHE AMERICAlSr FUR COMPANY.\\nTo notice slightly the origin of the American Fur Com\\npanj, we will say that John Jacob Astor, a German by birth,\\nwho arrived in New York in the year 1784, commenced\\nwork for a bakery owned by a German acquaintance. He\\nwas afterwards assisted to open a toy shop, and this was fol-\\nlowed by trafficking for small parcels of furs in the country\\ntowns, and which led to his future operations in that line.\\nMr. Astor s great and continued success in that branch of\\ntrade induced him, in 1809, to obtain from the New York\\nLegislature a charter incorporating The American Fur\\nCompany, with a capital of a million dollars. It is under-\\nstood that Mr. Astor comprised the company, though other\\nnames were used in its organization. In 1811, Mr. Astor,\\nin connection with certain partners of the old Northwest\\nFur Company (whose beginning was in 1783, and perma-\\nnently organized in 1787), bought out the association of\\nBritish merchants known as the Mackinac Company, then a\\nstrong competitor in the fur trade. This Mackinac Com-\\npany, with the American Fur Company, was merged into a\\nnew association called the Southwest Fur Company. But in\\n1815, Mr. Astor bought out the Southwest Company, and the\\nAmerican Fur Company came again to the front. In the\\nwinter of 1815-16, Congress, through the influence of Mr.\\nAstor, it is understood, passed an act excluding foreigners\\nfrom participating in the Indian trade. In 1817-18, the\\nAmerican Fur Company brought a large number of clerks\\nfrom Montreal and the United States to Mackinac, some of\\nwhom made good Indian traders, while many others failed\\nupon trial and were discharged. Among those who proved\\ntheir capability was Gurdon S. Hubbard, Esq., then a youth", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nof sixteen. later, one of the early settlers of Chicago. He\\nwas born in Windsor, Yt., in 1802, his parents were Elizur\\nand Abigail (Sage) Hubbard. His paternal emigrant\\nancestor was George Hubbard, who was at Wethersfield, Ct.,\\nin 1636. Mr. Hubbard was also a lineal descendant of the\\nclergyman-governor Gurdon Saltonstall (named for Bramp-\\nton Gurdon, the patriot M. P., whose daughter was the grand-\\nmother of the governor), who was the great-grandson of Sir\\nRichard Saltonstall, a firm and efficient friend of early New\\nEngland.\\nMr. Hubbard left Montreal, where his parents then lived,\\nMay 13, 1818, reaching Mackinac July 4:th, and arrived at\\nChicago on the first day of November of that year. In 1828,\\nhe purchased of the Fur Company their entire interest in\\nthe trade of Illinois. Mr. Hubbard died at his home in\\nChicago, September 14, 1886.\\nHaving entire charge of the management of the company in the West,\\nwere Ramsey Crooks and Robert Stuart. To William Matthews was\\nintrusted the engaging of voyageurs and clerks in Canada, with his head-\\nquarters in Montreal. The voyageurs he took from the habitants (farmers)\\nyoung, active, athletic men were sought for, indeed, none but such were\\nengaged, and they passed under inspection of a surgeon. Mr. M. also\\npurchased at Montreal such goods as were suited for the trade, to load his\\nboats. These boats were the Canadian batteaux, principally used in those\\ndays in transferring goods to upper St. Lawrence River and its tributaries,\\nmanned by four oarsmen and a steersman, capacity about six tons. The\\nvoyageurs and clerks were under indentures for a term of five years.\\nWages of voyageurs, $100, clerks from $120 to $500 per annum. These\\nwere all novices in the business; the plan of the company was to arrange\\nand secure the services of old traders and their voyageurs, who, at the\\n(new) organization of the company were in the Indian country, depending\\non their influence and knowledge of the trade with the Indians and as\\nfast as possible secure the vast trade in the West and Northwest, within\\nthe district of the United States, interspersing the novices brought from\\nCanada so as to consolidate, extend and monopolize,* as far as possible,\\nover the country, the Indian trade. The first two years they had sue-", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN FUK COMPANY. 06\\nceeded in bringing into their employ seven-eighths of the old Indian\\ntraders on the Upper Mississippi, Wabash and Illinois Rivers, Lakes\\nMichigan and Superior, and their tributaries as far north as the bound-\\naries of the United States extended. The other eighth thought that their\\ninterest was to remain independent; toward such, the company selected\\ntheir best traders, and located them in opposition, with instructions so to\\nmanage by underselling to bring them to terms.\\nBlock House Built in 1780.\\nAt Mackinac, the trader s brigades were organized, the company select-\\ning the most capable trader to be the manager of his particular brigade,\\nwhich consisted of from five to twenty batteaux, laden with goods. This\\nchief or manager, when reaching the country allotted to him, made\\ndetachments, locating trading-houses, with districts clearly defined, for\\nthe operations of that particular post, and so on, until his ground was fully\\noccupied by traders under him, over whom he had absolute authority.\\nWe will here allude to Mr. Astor s attempt to establish an\\nAmerican emporium for the fur trade at the moutli of the", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nColumbia River, which enterprise failed, through the capture\\nof Astoria by the British in 1814, and the neglect of our\\ngovernment to give him protection. The withdrawal of Mr.\\nAstor from the Pacific coast, left the ITorthwest Fur Com-\\npany to consider themselves the lords of the country. They\\ndid not long enjoy the field unmolested, however. A fierce\\ncompetition ensued between them and their old rivals, the\\nHudson s Bay Company, which was carried on at great cost\\nand sacrifice, and, occasionally, with the loss of life. It\\nended in the ruin of most of the partners of the Northwest\\nCompany, and merging of the relics of that establishment,\\nin 1821, in the rival association.\\nRamsey Crooks was a foremost man in the employ of Mr. Astor in the\\nfur trade, not only in the east, but upon the western coast, and has been\\ncalled the adventurous Rocky Mountain trader. Intimately connected,\\nas Mr. Crooks was, with the American Fur Company, a slight notice of\\nhim will not be out of place. Mr. Crooks was a native of Greenock,\\nScotland, and was employed as a trader in Wisconsin, as early as 1806.\\nHe entered the service of Mr. Astor in 1809. In 1813, he returned from\\nhis three years journey to the western coast, and in 1817 he joined Mr.\\nAstor as a partner, and for four or five years ensuing he was the company s\\nMackinac agent, though residing mostly in New York. Mr. Crooks con-\\ntinued a partner until 1830, when this connection was dissolved and he\\nresumed his place with Mr. Astor in his former capacity. In 1834, Mr.\\nAstor, being advanced in years, sold out the stock of the company, and\\ntransferred the charter to Ramsey Crooks and his associates, whereupon\\nMr. C. was elected president of the company. Reverses, however, com-\\npelled an assignment in 1842, and with it the death of the American Fur\\nCompany. In 1845, Mr. Crooks opened a commission house for the sale\\nof furs and skins, in New York City. This business, which was success-\\nful, Mr. C. continued until his death. Mr. Crooks died in New York,\\nJune 6, 1859, in his 73d year. Mr. Astor died in 1848.\\nWashington Irving, in his Astoria, gives a graphic\\naccount of the occasional meetings of the partners, agents\\nand employes of the old Northwest Fur Company, at Mont-", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN FUK COMPANY.\\n65\\nreal and Fort William, where they kept high days and nights\\nof wassail and feasting of song and tales of adventure and\\nhair-breadth escapes. But of those lavish and merry halls\\nof the old Northwest, we need suggest no comparison\\nwith the agency dwelling of the American Fur Company at\\nMackinac, where the expenses charged for the year 1821\\nwere only $678.49. In that account, however, we notice the\\nfollowing entries 31^ gallons Teneriffe Wine, 4^ gallons\\nPort Wine 10 gallons best Madeira 70^ gallons Red\\nWine 9 gallons Brandy and one harrel of flour", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF ROBERTSON S FOLLY.\\nCaptain Robertson was a gay young English officer and\\na great admirer of the ladies. One pleasant summer even-\\ning, as he was strolling in the woods at the back of the fort\\nenjoying his pipe, he suddenly beheld, a few rods before\\nhim and just crossing his path, a female of most exquisite\\nform, feature and complexion she seemed about nineteen\\nwas simply dressed wore her long black hair in flowing\\ntresses and as for a moment she turned on him her lustrous\\nblack eyes, her whole countenance lighting up with anima-\\ntion, the gallant captain thought he had never before seen\\nso beautiful a creature. He politely doffed his cap and\\nquickened his steps, hoping to engage her in conversation.\\nShe likewise hastened, evidently with the design of escaping\\nhim. Presently she disappeared around a curve in the road,\\nand Robertson lost sight of her.\\nAt the officers quarters that night nothing was talked of\\nbut the young lady and her possible identity. She was\\nclearly not a native, and no vessel had been known to touch\\nat the island for many a week. Who could she be Cap-\\ntain Robertson could hardly sleep that night. A rigid\\ninquiry was instituted in the village. The only effect was\\nto engender as intense curiosity in the town as already\\nexisted -among the garrison.\\nAs the shades of evening drew near, the captain was again\\nwalking in the pleasant groves enjoying the delightful lake\\nbreezes and the whiff of his favorite pipe. He was think-\\ning of last evening s apparition, and blaming himself for\\nnot pressing on more vigorously, or at least calling to the\\n[57]", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nfair spectre. At this moment, raising his eyes from the\\nground, there she was again, slowly preceding him at a dis-\\ntance of scarcely more than thirty yards. As soon as his\\nastonishment would permit, and as speedily as he could\\nframe an excuse, he called to her Mademoiselle, I I beg\\nyour pardon.\\nShe turned on him one glance, her face radiant with smiles,\\nthen redoubled her pace. The captain redoubled his, and\\nsoon broke into a run. Still she kept the interval between\\nthem undiminished. A bend of the road, and again she was\\ngone. The captain sought her quickly, but in vain he then\\nrushed back to the fort and called out a general posse of\\nofficers and men to scour the island, and, by capturing the\\nmaiden to solve the mystery. Though the search was kept\\nup till a late hour in the night, not a trace could be found\\nof her. The captain now began to be laughed at, and jokes\\nwere freely bandied at his expense.\\nTwo days passed away, and the fantasy of Captain Robert-\\nson began to be forgotten by his brother officers, but the\\ncaptain himself maintained a gloomy, thoughtful mood the\\ntruth is he was in love with the woman he had only twice\\nseen, and who he felt assured was somewhere secreted on\\nthe island. Plans for her discovery revolved in his brain\\nday and night, and visions of romance and happiness were\\never flitting before his eyes. It was on the evening of the\\nsecond day that he was irresistibly led to walk again in the\\nshady path in which the apparition had twice appeared to him.\\nIt led to the brow of the precipice at the southeastern corner\\nof the island. He had nearly reached the famous point\\nfrom which we now look down perpendicularly 128 feet into\\nthe placid waters of Lake Huron, when, sitting on a large\\nstone, apparently enjoying the magnificent scene spread out\\nbefore her, he discovered the object of his solicitude. Escape\\nfrom him was now impossible, silently he stole up to her.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "robertscTn s folly. 59\\nA crunching of the gravel iiiider his feet, however, disturbed\\nher, and turning, her eyes met his.\\nPretty maiden, why thus attempt to elude me Who\\nare you? There was no answer, but the lady arose from\\nthe rock and retreated nearer the brink of the precipice, at\\nthe same time glancing to the right and left, as if seeking a\\nloop-hole of escape.\\nDo not fear me, said the captain, I am commander of\\nthe garrison at the fort here. No harm shall come to you,\\nbut do pray tell me who you are, and how you came on this\\nisland!\\nThe lady still maintained a stolid silence, but in the fading\\nlight looked more beautiful than ever. She was now stand-\\ning within three feet of the brink with her back to the\\nterrible abyss. The captain shuddered at the thought of her\\nmakmg an unguarded step and being dashed to pieces on\\nthe rocks below. So he tried to calm her fears lest, in her\\nagitation, she might precipitate a terrible catastrophe.\\nMy dear young lady, he began, I see you fear me,\\nand I will leave you but for heaven s sake do pray tell me\\nyour name and where you reside. Not a hair of your head\\nsliall be harmed, but Captain Robertson, your devoted ser-\\nvant, will go through fire and water to do your commands.\\nOnce more, my dear girl, do speak to me, if but a word\\nbefore we part.\\nAs tlie captain warmed up in his address, he incautiously\\nadvanced a step. The girl retreated another step, and now\\nstood where the slightest loss of balance must prove her\\ndeath.\\nQuick as thought, the captain sprang forward to seize her\\nand avert so terrible a tragedy, but just as he clutched her\\narm, she threw herself backward into the chasm, drawing\\nher tormentor and would-be savior with her, and both were\\ninstantly dashed on to the rocks below.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "(JO\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nHis mangled remains were found at the foot of the preci-\\npice, but, singular as it may seem, not a vestige could be\\nfound of the woman for whose life his own had been sacri-\\nficed. His body alone could be discovered and it was taken\\nup and buried in a shady nook near the middle of the island.\\nHe was long mourned by his men and brother officers, for\\nhe was much beloved for his high social qualities and genial\\ndeportment but by and by it began to be wdiispered that\\nthe captain had indulged too freely in the fine old French\\nbrandy that the fur traders brought up from Montreal, and\\nthat the lady he professed to see was a mere ignis fahtus of\\nhis own excited imagination. But the mantle of charity\\nhas been thrown over the tragedy, and a commonplace\\nexplanation given for the name the- rocky point has acquired,\\nof Robertson s Folly.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF LOVER S LEAP.\\nMany years ago, there lived a warrior on this island whose\\nname was Wawanosh. He was the chief of an ancient\\nfamily of his tribe, who had preserved the line of chieftain-\\nship unbroken from a remote time, and he consequently\\ncherished a pride of ancestry. To the reputation of birth\\nhe added the advantages of a tall and commanding person,\\nand the dazzling qualities of personal strength, courage and\\nactivity. His bow was noted for its size, and the feats he\\nhad performed with it. His counsel was sought as much as\\nliis strength was feared, so that he came to be equally\\nregarded as a hunter, a warrior and a counsellor.\\nSuch was Wawanosh, to whom the united voice of the\\nnation awarded the first place in their esteem, and the highest\\nauthority in council. But distinction, it seems, is apt to\\nengender haughtiness in the hunter state as well as civilized\\nlife. Pride was his ruling passion, and he clung with ten-\\nacity to the distinctions which he regarded as an inheritance.\\nWawanosh had an only daughter, who had now lived to\\nwitness the budding of the leaves of the eighteenth spring.\\nHer father was not more celebrated for his deeds of strength\\nthan she for her gentle virtues, her slender form, her full,\\nbeaming hazel eyes, and her dark and flowing hair.\\nHer hand was sought by a young man of humble parent-\\nage, who had no other merits to recommend him but such as\\nmight arise from a tall and commanding person, a manly\\nstep, and an eye beaming with the tropical fires of youth and\\nlove. These were sufficient to attract the favorable notice\\n[611", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nof the daughter, but were by no means satisfactory to the\\nfather, who sought an alliance more suitable to the rank and\\nthe high pretensions of his family.\\nListen to me, young man, he replied to the trembling\\nhunter, who had sought the interview, and be attentive to\\nmy words. You ask me to bestow upon you my daughter,\\nthe chief solace of my age, and my choicest gift from the\\nMaster of Life. Others have asked of me this boon, who\\nwere as young, as active and as ardent as yourself. Some of\\nthese persons have had better claims to become my son-in-\\nlaw. Have you reflected upon the deeds which have raised\\nme in authority, and made my name known to the enemies\\nof my nation Where is there a chief who is not proud to\\nbe considered the friend of Wawanosh Where, in all the\\nland, is there a hunter who has excelled Wawanosh Where\\nis there a warrior who can boast the taking of an equal num-\\nber of scalps Besides, have you not heard that my fathers\\ncame from the East, bearing the marks of chieftaincy\\nAnd what, young man, have you to boast Have you\\never met your enemies in the field of battle Have you\\never brought home a trophy of victor}^? Have you ever\\nproved your fortitude by suffering protracted pain, enduring\\ncontinued hunger, or sustaining great fatigue? Is yotir\\nname known beyond the humble limits of your native vil-\\nlage Go, then, young man, and earn a name for yourself.\\nIt is none but the brave that can ever hope to claim an\\nalliance with the house of Wawanosh.\\nThe intimidated lover departed, but he resolved to do a\\ndeed that should render him worthy of the daughter of\\nWawanosh, or die in the attempt. He called together\\nseveral of his young companions and equals in years, and\\nimparted to them his design of conducting an expedition\\nagainst the enemy, and requested their assistance. Several\\nembraced the proposal immediately and, before ten suns", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF LOVER S LEAP. 63\\nset, he saw himself at the head of a formidable party of\\nyoung warriors, all eager, like himself, to distinguish them-\\nselves in battle. Each warrior was armed, according to the\\ncustom of the period, with a bow and a quiver of arrows,\\ntipped with flint or jasper. He carried a sack or wallet,\\nprovided with a small quantity of parched and pounded\\ncorn, mixed with pemmican or maple-sugar. He was fur-\\nnished with a Puggamaugun, or war-club of hard wood,\\nfastened to a girdle of deerskin, and a stone or copper knife.\\nIn addition to this, some carried the ancient shemagun^ or\\nlance, a smooth pole about a fathom in length, with a javelin\\nof flint firmly tied on with deer s sinews. Thus equipped,\\nand each warrior painted in a manner to suit his fancy, and\\nornamented with appropriate feathers, they repaired to the\\nspot appointed for the war-dance.\\nA level, grassy plain extended for nearly a in lie from the\\nlodge of Wawanosh along the lake shore. Lodges of bark\\nwere promiscuously interspersed over this green, and here\\nand there a solitary tall pine. A belt of yellow sand skirted\\nthe lake shore in front, and a tall, thick forest formed the\\nbackground. In the center of this plain stood a high, shat-\\ntered pine, with a clear space about, renowned as the scene\\nof the war-dance time out of mind. Here the youths assem-\\nbled, with their tall and graceful leader, distinguished by the\\nfeathers of the bald-eagle, which he wore on his head. A\\nbright fire of pine wood blazed upon the green. He led his\\nmen several times around this fire, with a measured and\\nsolemn chant. Then suddenly halting, the war-whoop was\\nraised, and the dance immediately began. An old *man,\\nsitting at the head of the ring, beat time upon the drum,\\nwhile several of the elder warriors shook their rattles, and\\never and anon made the woods re-echo with their yells.\\nThus they continued the dance for two successive days\\nand nights.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nAt length the prophet uttered his final prediction of suc-\\ncess; and the warriors dropping off, one by one, from the\\ntire, took their way to the place appointed for the rendez-\\nvous, on the confines of the enemy s country. Their leader\\nwas not among the last to depart, but he did not leave the\\nvillage without seeking an interview with the daughter of\\nWawanosh. He disclosed to her his firm determination\\nnever to return, unless he could establish his name as a\\nwarrior. He told her of the pangs he had felt at the bitter\\nreproaches of her father, and declared that his soul spurned\\nthe imputation of effeminacy and cowardice implied by his\\nlanguage. He averred that he could never be happy until\\nhe had proved to the whole tribe the strength of his heart.\\nHe said that his dreams had not been propitious, but he\\nshould not cease to invoke the power of the Great Spirit.\\nHe repeated his protestations of inviolable attachment, which\\nshe returned, and, pledging vows of mutual fidelity, they\\nparted.\\nThat parting proved final. All she ever heard from her\\nlover after this interview was brought by one of his success-\\nful warriors, who said that he had distinguished himself by\\nthe most heroic bravery, but, at the close of the fight, he\\nhad received an arrow in his breast. The enemy fled, leaving\\nmany of their warriors dead on the field. On examining\\nthe wound, it was perceived to be beyond their power to\\ncure. They carried him toward home a day s journey, but\\nhe languished and expired in the arms of his friends. From\\nthe moment the report was received, no smile was ever seen\\nin the once happy lodge of Wawanosh. His daughter pined\\naway by day and by night. Tears, sighs and lamentation\\nwere heard continually. Nothing could restore her lost\\nserenity of mind. Persuasives and reproofs were alternately\\nemployed, but employed in vain. She would seek a seques-\\ntered spot, where she would sit and sing her mournful", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF LOVEr s LEAP. 65\\nlaments for hours together. Passages of these are yet\\nrepeated by tradition, one of which we give\\nTHE LOON S FOOT.\\nI thought it was the loon s foot, I saw beneath the tide,\\nBut no it was my lover s shining paddle I espied\\nIt was my lover s paddle, as my glance I upward cast,\\nThat dipped so light and gracefully as o er the lake I passed.\\nThe loon s foot the loon s foot,\\n*Tis graceful on the sea;\\nBut not so light and joyous as\\nThat paddle-blade to me.\\nMy eyes were bent upon the wave, I cast them not aside,\\nAnd thought I saw the loon s foot beneath the silver tide.\\nBut ahl my eyes deceived me\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for as my glance I cast,\\nIt was my lover s paddle-blade that dipped so light and fast\\nThe loon s foot\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the loon s foot,\\nTis sweet and fair to see;\\nBut, oh, my lover s paddle-blade,\\nIs sweeter far to me.\\nThe lake s wave the long wave the billow big and free,\\nIt wafts me up and down, within my yellow light canoe;\\nBut while I see beneath heaven pictured as I speed,\\nIt is that beauteous paddle-blade that makes it heaven indeed.\\nThe loon s foot the loon s foot.\\nThe bird upon the sea.\\nAh! it is not so beauteous\\nAs that paddle-blade to me.\\nIt was aot lotfig before a small bird of beautiful plumage\\nflew upon the rock on which she usually sat. This mysteri-\\nous visitor, which, from its sweet and artless notes, is called\\nChileeli, seemed to respond in sympathy to her plaintive\\nvoice. It was a strange bird, such as had not before been\\nobserved. It came every day and remained chanting its", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 ANNALS OP FORT MACKINAO.\\nnotes till nightfall and when it left its perch, it seemed,\\nfrom the delicate play of the colors of its plumage, as if it\\nhad taken its hues from the rainbow. Her fond imagination\\nsoon led her to suppose it was the spirit of her lover, and\\nher visits to the lonely rock were repeated more frequently.\\nShe passed much of her time in fasting and singing her\\nplaintive songs. There she pined away, taking little nour-\\nishment, and constantly desiring to pass away to that land of\\nexpected bliss and freedom from care, where it is believed\\nthat the spirits of men will be again reunited, and tread\\nover fields of flowery enjoyment. One evening, her lifeless\\nbody was found at the foot of the rock, but when death\\ncame to her, it was not as ^he bearer of gloom and regrets,\\nbut as the herald of happiness.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF ARCH ROCK.\\nAfter the Gitche Manitou had called into existence the\\nbeautiful Island of Mackinac and given it into the care of\\nthe kindred spirits of earth, air and water, and had told\\nthem it was only to be the abode of peace and quiet, it was\\nso pleasant in his own eyes that he thought, Here will I\\nalso come to dwell, this shall be my abode and my children\\nmay come and worship me here. Here in the depths of the\\nbeautiful forest they shall come.\\nThen calling his messengers, he bade them fly to all lands\\nof heat and noise and troublous insects, and tell the suffering\\nones of every race and clime that in these northern waters\\nwas a place prepared where they could come and rest, leaving\\nall care behind.\\nIn the straits of Mackinac,\\nIn the clear pellucid wave,\\nSitting like an emerald gem,\\nIs the rock-girt Fairy Isle.\\nRound its bold and craggy shore\\nSweep the billows far and wide.\\nWith a gentle sinuous swell,\\nAnd the moan of distant seas.\\nBlue its waters, blue the sky,\\nSoft the west wind from afar\\nMoving o er the scented grass,\\nAnd the many myriad flowers.\\nThe cool invigorating breezes shall bring health and elasti-\\neity to the weak and weary. Here disease shall not dare\\nm", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\ninvade the pleasant glens or beautiful hilltops. Here let them\\ncome and receive my blessing.\\nYe shall also tell the stranger friends, who may come to\\nseek me, that my royal landing is on the eastern shore there\\nshall thej draw up the canoes upon the pebbly beach under\\nthe shadow of the Arched Gateway. Under the Arch\\nwhich they can see from afar, let them come with songs of\\nrejoicing neither night or day shall it be closed to any one\\nwho may seek me. Let them land before it and pass through\\nit and ascend to my dwelling, and worship before me.\\nWhen the great spirit made known his wish to dwell with\\nmen, all nature seemed to rejoice and to make preparations\\nfor his abode.\\nThe tallest trees claimed the privilege of being the poles\\nof his wigwam, and sweet balsam firs laid themselves at his\\nfeet for use.\\nThe birch trees unsheathed themselves and sent their bark\\nin all its soft creamy whiteness to form the outside covering.\\nThe trees of the forest all vied with each other in seeking\\na place in the future home of the Gitche Manitou.\\nScarcely had the poles fitted themselves into their places,\\nand the birch bark unrolled itself and arranged its clinging\\nsheets in orderly rows upon the outside, when the noise of\\ndistant paddles was heard from the lake swiftly and gaily\\nthey drew near, guided by the spirits of earth, air and water.\\nNever had such a sight been witnessed on this earth.\\nThe Gitche Manitou, went to meet them, and stood upon\\nthe Arch and upheld his hands in blessing.\\nAs his children unloaded their offerings of beaver, white-\\nbear and other skins, they marched in procession up to the\\ngateway and fell upon their knees and offered their thanks\\nto the great spirit for the happy privilege of contributing to\\nthe comforts of his earthly hteme.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF ARCH ROCK. 69\\nYes, my children dear, my loved ones,\\nI am here in joy and gladness.\\nHere to live in peace among you.\\nI have come to teach you wisdom\\nIn the arts of love and living.\\nI accept your native offerings,\\nThese white bear, and fox skins silvery,\\nShall a couch of warmth and comfort\\nMake for me when around my fire,\\nI am resting from my labors.\\nOf the beaver skins and otters\\nThey shall line the wigwam smoothly,\\nSo Ka-bi-bo-nok-ka, the north wind,\\nNe er shall peep or whistle thro them.\\nEnter in my gateway proudly,\\nAnd ascend ray staircase slowly.\\nAnd see the home of the Great Spirit,\\nWhere he dwells among his children.\\nTiiey did as he commanded, and when they were about to\\nreturn he thus addressed them:\\nNow, my children, as you leave me,\\nForth to go upon your journeyings.\\nTell to all who know and love me.\\nThat whenever a chieftain\\nWooes and weds a dark-eyed maiden,\\nHe shall bring her here before me.\\nGay with garlands, sweet with roses.\\nWith the sound of music fleeting\\nFar and near from every islet\\nTliat lies sleeping in these waters,\\nIn these glittering, dark green waters.\\nSweetest strains of music blending\\nShall salute them, as the billows\\nOf the mighty lake of wonders\\nBears thera onward to the portals,\\nWhere my blessing will await them,\\nAnd as long as they thus serve me\\nI will dwell upon this island.\\nHenceforth blessing youth and maiden\\nJoined in closest bonds of wedlock.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 LEGEND OF\\nBut, if in the coming seasons,\\nSome foul spirit roams among you.\\nAnd destroys my loving children,\\nThis fair home that I have built\\nShall become a rocky fastness,\\nWhere they all may fly for shelter\\nAnd be safe in my protection.\\nMany, many years have passed. The wigwam ot the\\nGreat Spirit has been transmuted into stone, and is now\\nknown as the Pykamid.\\nThe Arched Gateway can still be seen as in ancient times,\\nwith its portals guarded by tall green sentinels.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF MACKINAC ISLAND.\\nThere once lived an Indian in the north, who had ten\\ndaughters, all of whom grew up to womanhood. Thej were\\nnoted for their beauty, but especially Oweenee, the youngest,\\nwho was very indiependent in her way of thinking. She\\nwas a great admirer of romantic places, and paid very little\\nattention to the numerous young men who came to her\\nfather s lodge for the purpose of seeing her. Her elder sis-\\nters were all solicited in marriage from their parents, and one\\nafter another went off to dwell in the lodges of their husbands,\\nbut she would listen to uo proposals of the kind. At last she\\nmarried an old man called Osseo,who was scarcely able to walk,\\nand too poor to have things like others. They jeered and\\nlaughed at her on all sides, but she seemed to be quite happy,\\nand said to them, It is my choice, and you will see in the end\\nwho has acted the wisest. Soon after, the sisters and their\\nhusbands and their parents were all invited to a feast, and\\nas they walked along the path, they could not help pitying\\ntheir young and handsome sister, who had such an unsuitable\\nmate. Osseo often stopped and gazed upward, but they\\ncould perceive nothing in the direction he looked, unless it\\nwas the faint glimmering of the evening star. They heard\\nhim muttering to himself as they went along, and one of the\\nelder sisters caught the words, Sho-wain-ne-me-shin nosa.\\nPoor old man, said she, he is talking to his father, what\\na pity it is that he would not fall and break his neck, that\\nour sister might have a handsome young husband. Pres-\\n*Pity me, my father.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nently they passed a large hollow log, lying with one end to-\\nward the path. The moment Osseo, who was of the turtle\\ntotem*, came to it, he stopped short, uttered a loud and\\npeculiar yell, and then dashing into one end of the log, he\\ncame out at the other, a most beautiful young man, and\\nspringing back to the road, he led off the party with steps\\nas light as the reindeer. But on turning round to look for\\nhis wife, behold, she had been changed into an old, decrepit\\nwoman, who was bent almost double, and walked with a\\ncane. The husband, however, treated her very kindly, as\\nshe had done him during the time of his enchantment, and\\nconstantly addressed her by the term of ne-ne-moosh-a, or\\nmy sweet-heart.\\nWhen they came to the hunter s lodge with whom they\\nwere to feast, they found the feast ready prepared, and as\\nsoon as their entertainer had finished his harangue (in which\\nhe told them his feasting was in honor of the Evening or\\nWoman s Star), they began to partake of the portion dealt\\nout, according to age and character, to each one. The food\\nwas very delicious, and they were all happy but Osseo, who\\nlooked at his wife and then gazed upward, as if he was\\nlooking into the substance of the sky. Sounds were soon\\nheard, as if from far-off voices in the air, and they became\\nplainer and plainer, till he could clearly distinguish some of\\nthe words.\\nMy son my son, said the voice, I have seen your\\nafflictions and pity your wants. I come to call you away\\nfrom a scene that is stained with blood and tears. The\\nearth is full of sorrows. Giants and sorcerers, the enemies\\nof mankind, walk abroad in it, and are scattered through-\\nout its length. Every night they are lifting their voices to\\nthe Power of Evil, and every day they make themselves\\nbusy in casting evil in the hunter s path. You have long\\nbeen their victim, but shall be their victim no more. The", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF MACKINAC ISLAND.\\nspell you were under is broken. Your evil genius is over-\\ncome. I have cast him down by my superior strength, and\\nthis strength I now exert for your happiness. Ascend,\\nmy son ascend into the skies, and partake of the feast 1\\nhave prepared for you in the stars, and bring with you those\\nyou love.\\nThe food set before you is enchanted and blessed.\\nFear not to partake of it. It is endowed with magic power\\nto give immortality to mortals, and to change men to\\nspirits. Your bowls and kettles shall be no longer wood\\nand earth. The one shall become silver, and the other\\nwampum. They shall shine like fire, and glisten like the\\nmost beautiful scarlet. Every female shall also change her\\nstate and looks, and no longer be doomed to laborious\\ntasks. She shall put on the beauty of the starlight, and\\nbecome a shining bird of the air, clothed with shining\\nfeathers. She shall dance and not work she shall sing\\nand not cry.\\nMy beams, continued the voice, shine faintly on your\\nlodge, but they have power to transform it into the light-\\nness of the skies, and decorate it with the colors of the\\nclouds. Come, Osseo, my son, and dwell no longer on\\nearth. Think strongly on my words, and look steadfastly at\\nmy beams. My power is now at its height. Doubt not\\ndelay not. It is the voice of the Spirit of the stars that\\ncalls you away to happiness and celestial rest.\\nThe words were intelligible to Osseo, but his companions\\nthought them some far-off sounds of music, or birds singing\\nin the woods. Yery soon the lodge began to shake and\\ntremble, and they felt it rising into the air. It was too late\\nto run out, they were already as high as the tops of the\\ntrees. Osseo looked around as the lodge passed through\\nthe topmost boughs, and behold their wooden dishes were\\nchanged into shells of a scarlet color, the poles of the lodge", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nto glittering wires of silver, and the bark that covered them\\ninto the gorgeous wings of insects. A moment more, and\\nhis brothers and sisters, and their parents and friends, were\\ntransformed into birds of various plumage. Some were\\njays, some partridges and pigeons, and others gay singing\\nbirds, who hopped about, displaying their glittering feathers,\\nand singing their song. But Oweenee still kept her earthly\\ngarb, and exhibited all the indications of extreme age. He\\nagain cast his eyes in the direction of the clouds, and\\nuttered that peculiar yell, which had given him the victory\\nat the hollow log. In a moment the youth and beauty of\\nhis wife returned her dingy garments assumed the shining\\nappearance of green silk, and her cane was changed into a\\nsilver feather. The lodge again shook and trembled, for\\nthey were now passing through the uppermost clouds, and\\nthey immediately after found themselves in the Evening\\nStar, the residence of Osseo s father.\\nMy son, said the old man, hang that cage of birds,\\nwhich you have brought along in your hand, at the door,\\nand I will inform you why you and your wife have been\\nsent for. Osseo obeyed the directions and then took his\\nseat in the lodge. Pity was shown to you, resumed the\\nking of the star, on account of the contempt of your\\nwife s sisters, who laughed at her ill fortune, and ridiculed\\nyou while you were under the power of that wicked spirit,\\nwhom you overcame at the log. That spirit lives in the\\nnext lodge, being a small star you see on the left of mine,\\nand he has always felt envious of my family, because we\\nhad greater power than he had, and especially on account\\nof our having had the care committed to us of the female\\nworld. He failed in several attempts to destroy your\\nbrothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, but succeeded at last in\\ntransforming yourself and your wife into decrepit old per-\\nsons. You must be careful and not let the light of his", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF MACKINAC ISLAND. O,\\nbeams fall on you while you. are here, for therein is the\\npower of his enchantment; a ray of light is the bow and\\narrow he uses.\\nOsseo lived happy and contented in the parental lodge,\\nand in due time his wife presented him with a son, who\\ngrew up rapidly, and was the image of his father. He was\\nvery quick and ready in learning everything that was done\\nin his grandfather s dominions, but he wished also to learn\\nthe art of hunting, for he had heard this was a favorite\\npursuit below. To gratify him, his father made him a bow\\nand arrows, and he then let the birds out of the cage that\\nhe might practise in shooting. He soon became an expert,\\nand the very first day brought down a bird, but when he\\nwent to pick it up, to his amazement, it was a beautiful\\nyoung woman with the arrow sticking in her breast. It\\nwas one of his aunts. The moment her blood fell upon\\nthe surface of that pure and spotless planet, the charm was\\ndissolved. The boy immediately found himself sinking, but\\nwas partly upheld, by something like wings, till he passed\\nthrough the lower clouds, and he then suddenly dropped\\nupon a high, romantic island. He was pleased on look-\\ning up to see all his aunts and uncles following him in\\nthe form of birds, and he soon discovered the silver lodge,\\nwith his father and mother, descending with its waving\\nbarks looking like so many insects gilded wings. It rested\\non the highest cliffs of the island, and here they fixed their\\nresidence. They all resumed their natural shapes, but were\\ndiminished to the size of fairies as a mark of homage to\\nthe King of the Evening Star, they never fail, on every\\npleasant evening during the summer season, to join hands\\nand dance upon the top of the rocks. These rocks were\\n(juickly observed by the Indians to be covered, in moonlight\\nevenings, with a larger sort of Puk Wudj Ininees, or little\\nmen, and were called Mish-in-e-mok-vn-ok-ong, or U(,riU", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nspirits, whence the island derives is name. Their shining\\nlodge can be seen in the summer evenings when the moon\\nshines strongly on the pinnacles of the rocks, and those who\\ngo near those high cliffs at night can hear the voices of the\\nhappy little dancers.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE GIANT FAIRIES.\\nLong years before the white man came into these regions^\\nmany fairies lived here, rollicking fairies, who laughed and\\ndanced and sung their lives away.\\nEvery flower and bush and tree, every rock and hill and\\nglen, was thickly peopled with these canny folk, and on\\nmoonlight nights all the Indians in their wigwams sat in\\nbreathless attention\\nThen they hear, now sweet an l low,\\nSounds as of a distant lyre,\\nTouched by fairy hands so light\\nThat the trembling tones scarce are heard.\\nWhat the music none can tell,\\nSo unearthly and so pure,\\nBut it seems as if the notes\\nLoosened all the magic sounds\\nHeld within the tinkling grass,\\nIn the mosses and the ferns.\\nIn the vines which climb and creep,\\nIn the flowers of every hue,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIn the heavy-folded rose,\\nIn the violets at its feet.\\nIn the lily s gentle swing.\\nSweeping o er the lonely streams.\\nThrough the sands on deserts low,\\nThrough the snows on mountains high.\\nThrough the flowers on the plains,\\nThrough the sylvan shady bowers,\\nThrough the forests dark and hoar.\\nThrough the lofty oaks and elms,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nThrough the leaves of tulip trees,\\nThrough catalpas, white with bloom,\\nThrough magnolias kingly crowned,\\nThrough the poplars, amber sweet,\\nThrough the towering cypresses.\\nPendant with the gray old mosses.\\nPatriarchs of the lowlier tribes.\\nWith the sound of laughing brooks,\\nAnd the notes of singing birds\\nSoftened by the cooing dove,\\nBy the plover s gentle dip,\\nBy the lonely, limpid rills,\\nBy the silence, deep, profound.\\nResting o er the wilderness.\\nWith the thunder s distant roar.\\nRolling, rumbling through the sky,\\nOver mountains, hills, and plains,\\nOver rivers, lakes, and seas;\\nChiming with the overture\\nIn its massive undertones.\\nMellowing, melting all its chords\\nInto dulcet harmonies;\\nInto dirge-like requiems;\\nInto rhythmic symphonies;\\nGathering all the breath of song\\nIn its weird and wayward moods;\\nIn its plaintive, touching strains;\\nIn its playful laughing trills;\\nIn its wild and fearful tones;\\nTrancing all the insect tribes,\\nHid in thicket, bush, and grove;\\nButterflies, of every hue.\\nBees, of wondrous skill and lore;\\nBeetles, puzzled, lost, and wild;\\nMites and emmets, flies and gnats,\\nMaddened, ravished, filled with joy,\\nFrenzied with the flush of song.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE IANT FAIRIES. 79\\nBirds, in forest, tree, and copse.\\nIn the jungle, in the grass.\\nNear the lonely stream and lake,\\nOn the wing in winding flocks,\\nWildered with the rapturous sounds,\\nPause to listen, still and mute,\\nTill the tempest rushes past,\\nO, the music O, the sweet\\nBreathing fragrance, breathing song.\\nMingling all of earth and air\\nThat can charm the wakened sense.\\nThus with odors rich and rare.\\nMusic lent its magic power,\\nDirge and requiem, ditty, lay,\\nFugue and march, and waltz and hymn\\nSilver-toned, euphonious, grave;\\nChimes of measured step and grace.\\nDulcet strains of sweetest rhythm,\\nOvertures of matchless sweep,\\nAll that fills the hungry air,\\nAll that wakes the sleeping sense.\\nBlending with the virgin soil;\\nWith the creeping juniper.\\nWith the cedar and the pine.\\nWith the rich magnolia s bloom,\\nWith the jasmine and the grape,\\nWith the scent of early fruits;\\nSuch the music, such the air.\\nSweeping westward o er the lakes,\\naS^cA, the Isle of Mackinac.\\nIt was upon the eastern rock-bound shore that the\\ngiant fairies most loved to congregate. There they skipped\\nup and down their famous stairway, and, flinging themselves\\ninto the water, would disappear in its depths, perhaps to rise\\nagain on the back of some immense sturgeon or whitefish,\\nthe reindeer of the lakes, for a race through, the sparkling\\nwater.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "80 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThese genii lived in the many caves in the rocks. In the\\ndepths of their quiet homes were\\nTables, crowned with daintiest food,\\nWine of berries, rich and sweet\\nBeds of eider-down and moss;\\nCli ambers, opening to the sea.\\nFilled with sparkling stalactites\\nRubies bright, and amethysts,\\nDiamonds flashing, filled with light;\\nMarble halls and palaces\\nCorridors, of awful length.\\nStretching westward toward tUe sun,\\nOpening into distant halls,\\nWildering to the aching sight.\\nWide the pavements covered o er\\nWith the shells of every hue\\nLichens green, and red, and white,\\nSpreading wider, flush and fair,\\nSprinkled with the aureate dust\\nFound within their hidden caves.\\nTheir favorite dancing place was the plateau jnst below\\nwhere the fort now stands, and the entrance to their subter-\\nranean abode was under the immense rock that supports one\\nof the corners of the wall.\\nHere their mystic ring was kept, and on moonlight nights\\nthey gathered from far and near\\nAt twilight on the lonely Isle,\\nMid the rustling of the leaves,\\nAnd the chirp of dainty birds.\\nAnd the notes of whip-poor-wills,\\nOft was heard the mystic dance\\nOf Giant Fairies, lithe of step.\\nMoving in their sinuous sweep\\nTo the sounds of lute and string.\\nNow, where the rippling waters play,\\nOr on the billow s gentle swell,\\nLaughing, rollicking and free,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE GIANT FAIRIES^ 81\\nOr clambering Donan s Obelisk,\\nWith towering leap and sportive romp,\\nWith heyday pranks, and leer, and jest,\\nThey reel, and minuet, and waltz,\\nIn wassail mirth and jollity.\\nUpon Ledyard s lofty Cliffs they perch.\\nIn graceful curves they reach the Arch\\nThat hangs upon the eastern shore,\\nNow gently tripping round its base.\\nThey climb upon its rugged sides,\\nAnd sweeping o er its dizzy height,\\nWith rapid flight and easy grace.\\nThey move around the Pyramid,\\nAnd peep within its secret caves.\\nOr stand upon its star-lit shaft\\nAnd then, away, away, away.\\nThey sweep around the grand plateau\\nThat sits enthroned upon the Isle;\\nWithin Skull Cave they barely peep,\\nRuggles Pillar, they lightly touch.\\nTo Whitney s Point, they hie away.\\nThence, the Lover s Leap they climb.\\nHere the tramping feet were heard\\nOf the Pe-quod-e-nonge dance,\\nWhen the gathering warriors came\\nPlumed and painted for the fight\\nAnd the startling yell was heard\\nO er the Island o er the straits.\\nO er the waters, deep and clear,\\nO er the Huron and its shores.\\nO er the breezy Michigan;\\nSuddenly La Salle s morning gun from the Griffon rang\\nout on the breeze and echoed and re-echoed with many re-\\nverberations from the adjacent shores.\\nWith horrible shrieks and cries and groans they flew from\\nall parts of the island, and entering their cave disappeared\\nevermore from mortal view.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "xB2 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nReluctantly they left the Isle\\nWhen the pale faces touched upon\\nTheir native waters, rocks, and hills;\\nFor only will they deign to dwell\\nWhere the wild hunter seeks his food\\nAnd claims the forest all his own.\\nI sing of the fairies fled,\\nI know not where they are,\\nWhether living, dying, or dead.\\nOn the earth, or some distant star.\\nIn the hollow wastes, or the vacant caves,\\nIn the shadowy, dreamless land,\\nWhere the river of Lethe gently laves\\nIts footless and dusky sand,\\nFar, far away is the spectral band.\\nOver the silent moor.\\nOver the secret dell,\\nOver the waters fresh and pure\\nWith music s magic spell.\\nHither and thither they went,\\nNow rapid, or grave, or slow.\\nTill the drowsy hours were spent\\nAnd the morning began to glow.\\nBut we see them now no more,\\nWe hear them not at even.\\nBy river, or lake, or lonely shore,\\nBeneath the western heaven.\\nAnd thus have the fairies left our shore.\\nTheir beautiful forms we shall see no more;\\nThe caves are forsaken, the mountain and plain,\\nOur Island home shall greet them never again.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF MISHmi-MAKINAC. ^3\\nLEGEND OF MISHINI-MAKmAK.\\nNote There is a tradition that many centuries ago while\\na party of Indians were standing on the bluff where St.\\nIgnace is now located, and looking out over the straits\\nthey saw the present Island of Mackinac rising out of the\\nwater, and beliving it was some animal, from its movements\\nand shape they pronounced it to be a turtle.\\nThe Island was known to the early French visitors as\\nMichilimackinac: popular tradition says that the meaning\\nof the word is Giant Turtle.\\nIn the Ojibwa dialect as now spoken, Mishimikinak\\nsignifies Big Turtle.\\nEdisoked. A story teller; one who repeats and hands\\ndown the tales of Mena-bosho and other kindred legendary\\nlore.\\nEh heh Eh heh is the usual refrain of Indian magic\\nsongs.\\nWhere the restless currents of Michigan\\nThe twin-born Huron embrace,\\nAlong the headland there sat a clan\\nOf the wild Ojibwa race.\\nIn the noontide calm, on the sleepy shore.\\nReposed the lords of the land,\\nWhile the story-teller s mystic lore\\nBeguiled the simple band.\\nThus spake the prattling Edisoked;\\nA wigwam stands in the deep;\\nEnchanted lies in the channel s bed\\nThe Giant Turtle asleep.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84- ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nAround him paddle whitefish and trout,\\nThe slow worm creeping goes;\\nThe sea-gull s scream and the rover s shout\\nBreak not his charmed repose.\\nRise up, rise up, O Turtle grey;\\nRise up, thou chief of the lake,\\nThy cousins call thee, eh heh! eh heh!\\nEnchanted Turtle, awake!\\nThe lake lay calm and the wind was husli d,\\nBut lo! there rose a swell;\\nThe surges over the pebbles rushed\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe song had broken the spell.\\nIt heaves; it eddies. Alack! Alack!\\nThe breakers tower and fall;\\nUnwieldy Mishini-makinak\\nToils up to answer the call.\\nAlready whitens the flood mid-way\\nTwixt shore and shore. On the strand.\\nAlong the headland, in blank dismay\\nThe brown Ojibwa stand.\\nAnd slowly, softly the rounded back\\nEmerging meets the eye,\\nTill all of Mishini-makinak\\nLies basking neath the sky.\\nHe floats, a mammoth in turtle shape,\\nAn overturned bowl, the back;\\nThe dragging tail a fleshy cape.\\nThe jowl a headland black.\\nThe mighty shell like an island lies,\\nAt anchor out in the lake.\\n^Tis not an isle. O strange surprise!\\nTis the Chief uncharmed, awake!\\nUnmoved, alike, by the billow s sweep,\\nBy the tempest s battering shock,\\nSevere and calm in the azure deep.\\nHe stands a towering rock.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "LEGEND OF MI8HINI-MAKINAK. 85\\nBut alert within that frowning form\\nThe spirit blithe and gay,\\nWith fairy sprites, that round him swarm,\\nCommunes by night and day.\\nThe dappled trout and the whitefish come\\nUp-lake, down over the Falls;\\nHis children all from their silent home\\nTo the gay carouse he calls.\\nThe Red Man eager yet doubtful, while\\nThe silver tide runs past,\\nEnticed, bewitched, to the magic isle\\nHis birch bark paddles at last.\\nAnd one there comes in robe of black,\\nWith face so sw:eet and grave.\\nThat frowning Mishini-makinaS:\\nSmiles on him from the wave.\\nWith toilworn feet, a pilgrim quaint.\\nThe holy cross in his hand\\nFrom la belle France he comes, good saint,\\nTo sleep on the pebbly strand.\\nAnd over the waves as the chief grows old,\\nIn storm or sunshine gay,\\nThe Lily, Lion and Eagle bold\\nTheir homage come to pay.\\nOn hoary Mishini-makinak\\nTheir several flags unfurl,\\nWhile wrestling, each from the giant s back\\nThe other seeks to hurl.\\nOh! sure is the flight to the mother bee\\nOf the humming swarms of the hive;\\nBut surer, swifter, from land and sea,\\nThe Chieftain s vassals arrive.\\nFrom prairies far and their burning heat,\\nFrom Hudson s shivering bay;\\nFrom the western peaks, at the Giant s feet\\nThey flock their wealth to lay.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThe skiff, the light canoe, the smack,\\nThe merchant s ship in their wake,\\nAll bound for Mishini-makinak\\nAre plowing river and lake.\\nBright, broken dream! It calls not back\\nThat gay chivalrictime:\\nWilt thou still honor old Makinak,\\nAge of the dollar and dime\\nBehold the answer! Do not these things\\nArabian marvels eclipse?\\nOn comes on comes, as on eagle s wings,\\nA fleet of wingless ships\\nWith panting bosom, with splashing gait.\\nWith dull monotonous roar,\\nThey come, their frolicsome human freight\\nIn the Sorcerer s lap to pour.\\nThere all, in sweet oblivion lost,\\n(The touch of witchery s wand)\\nTheir ailments offer a holocaust\\nAt Giant Tctetle s command.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "J^0^J2^", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 89\\nANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC,\\nMishinimakina, in the locative case, Mishinima-\\nkinang, at the great uplifted bow, at the great\\nhanging arch, is the Indian name of the Island of\\nMackinac. {See Yol. 2, of Kelton s Indian Names\\nof Places Near the Great Lakes.\\nThe term Michilimackinac, or the country of Michili-\\nmackinac, was by the early French applied to a large\\nportion of the eastern half of the Upper Peninsula of\\nMichigan.\\nGradually tlie term was restricted to the French and\\nIndian settlements on either side of the strait, and finally\\nto the Island of Mackinac.\\nThe French La Pointe de St. Ignaee had likewise a\\nbroader signification than the present Point St. Ignaee; it\\nwas applied to the whole of the little peninsula whose base\\nmay be defined by drawing a line due west from the mouth\\nof Carp River to Lake Michigan. Our map shows only\\nthe southern half of it.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nEARLIEST INHABITANTS.\\nThe Ancient-miners of upper Michigan, probably\\nconnected with the Mound-builders of the Mississippi\\nYalley, and with the Toltecs and Aztecs, may have had an\\nagricultural outpost at St. Ignace. The vestiges of a mound\\nhave been traced in the neighborhood of Point La Barbe.\\nIS^o tradition, however, referring to that people is found\\namong our Indians. Tlie earliest inhabitants known to the\\nlatter were the Mishirmnahinago^ i. e.^ tlie people of\\nMishinimahin c^.\\nAccording to the statement of a few still surviving, at the\\ntime of the French occupation, that tribe was nearly exter-\\nminated by the Iroquois, in retaliation for a raid made by\\nthem into the country of the latter.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAG. 01\\nEARLY FREITCH VISITORS, AND TRANSIENT\\nINDIAN SETTLERS.\\nJohn Nicolet, on his remarkable journey from Canada to\\nGreen Bay about 1634 was undoubtedly the first white\\nman that saw the Island of Mackinac, and, coasting around\\nthe little peninsula, entered Lake Michigan.\\nFrom the meagre account left of his journey, nothing can\\nbe gleaned regarding the inhabitants of the Mackinac country\\nat that period.\\nBut whatever Indian population that intrepid traveler may\\nhave met there, the whole neighborhood was deserted twenty\\nyears later, when the ascendancy gained by the Iroquois in\\nconsequence of their destructive onslaught on the Hurons\\n(1649), had compelled all the little Algonquin clans on Lake\\nHuron to seek safer quarters on Lake Superior and Green\\nBay. In 1651, or perhaps the year following, the small\\ntribe of Tionontate Hurons, on their flight before the Iro-\\nquois, reached Mackinac, and deeming the island a safe re-\\ntreat, held it for about two years but being deceived in their\\nexpectation, retreated to the islands at the mouth of Green\\nBay, and later on, to its head.\\nSome of the old clearings which dot the wooded part of\\nMackinac Island may date back to that period, for the Tion-\\nontates were tillers of the soil. In the autumn of 1654, two\\nyoung Frenchmen, convoyed by Indians, passed Mackinac,\\non their way to Green Bay. They repassed the island in the\\nsummer of 1656, with fifty canoes laden with fur for the\\nCanada market, and manned by five hundred Hurons and\\nAlgonquins.\\nThe next Frenchman known to have passed the strait was\\nNicolas Perrot, to whose Memoirs we are indebted for z", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC\\nportion of what we know of those early times. He made\\nhis first journey to Green Bay about 1665. From that date\\ndown to the end of the century, Ferrot was a frequent visi-\\ntor at Mackinac, and on some occasions played a conspicuous\\npart in the transactions between his countrymen and the In-\\ndians at that post. At length the Black Gown arrived.\\nFather Claude Allouez was the first of the Jesuit mission-\\naries who saw the far-famed island. He had left La Pointe\\nda St. Esprit on Lake Superior in the summer of 1669, and\\nstarted from Sault Ste. Marie, November 3rd, with two French\\ncompanions and some Pottawatomie Indians. From Novem-\\nber 5th to 11th, he lay wind and snow-bound on Little St.\\nMartin s Island, to which he probably gave its name, the\\nday of his departure being St. Martin s day. Crossing over\\nfrom Big St. Martin s Island to the opposite shore, he\\nmet two Frenchmen and a few Indians, who endeavored in\\nvain to make him desist from his intended visit to Green\\nBay, so late in the season.\\nWhile coasting along the shore, with the island in view,\\nthe missionary listened with pleasure to the recital, by his\\nIndian companions, of some of the legends which the author\\nof Hiawatha has put into English verse. Hiawatha is the\\nMena-bosho, or Nena-bosho, of the Algonquins and the\\nIsland of Mackinac was considered as his birthplace and\\nagain, after the flood, as the locality where that civilizer of\\nmankind, observing a spider weaving its web, invented the\\nart of fishing with gill-nets. Father Allouez reached the\\nhead of Green Bay after a month s journey full of hardship\\nand peril.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAO. 93\\nTHE MISSION OF ST. IGNATIUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FATHER MAR-\\nQUETTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HIS CHAPEL.\\nIn the fall of 1670, Father Claude Dablon, in his capacitj?\\nas Superior of the Jesuits on the upper lakes, selected the\\npoint north of the strait, then first called La Pointe de St.\\nIgnace^ as the site of a new missionary establishment in the\\nplace of the mission at La Pointe du St Esprit, on Lake\\nSuperior, then on the point of being abandoned. One of\\nthe fathers, most likely Dablon himself, spent the winter on\\nthe spot, in all probability within the limits of the present\\nvillage of St. Ignace, and put up some provisional buildings.\\nA few Indians only, wintered in the neighborhood, but new\\nand permanent settlers were expected first of all the wander-\\ning Tionontate Hurons. Leaving Green Bay, 1656 or 1657,\\nthat remarkable clan, then consisting of about 500 souls, had\\nreached the Upper Mississippi, and after many adventures\\nand reverses, finally settled on the Bay of Shagawamigong\\nnow Ashland Bay, Wis. where Father Allouez met them\\nin 1665. Since the autumn of 1669, they had been under\\nthe care of Father Marquette, who was nofv (1671) to accom-\\npany them back to the Mackinac country.\\nThe party arrived at St. Ignace towards the end of June,\\nat the earliest, for at the great gathering of Indians and\\nFrench in Sault Ste. Marie, June 14th, they had not yet\\nreached the Rapids.\\nThe exact site of Father Marquette s temporary chapel\\nand hut (cabane) is not known. It appears, however, from\\nsome incidental remarks in that Father s report and in a later\\nRelation J that those humble buildings stood at some, thougli\\nnot a very considerable, distance from the Huron fort near\\nwhich the second church was built. On December 8th,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "1)4 ANIMALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\n1672, Joliet arrived with orders from the Governor of New\\nFrance and the Superior of the Jesuits in Quebec for Father\\nMarquette, to accompany him on his journey of discovery.\\nThe party spent the winter in St. Ignace, and started May\\n17th, 1673. At that time the Hurons in St. Ignace num-\\nbered 380 souls.\\nSome 60 Otawas of the Sinago clan had lately joined them.\\nTHE HUEON FORT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SECOND CHURCH.\\nIn the second year of Marquette s stay, the Tionontates\\nbegan to build their fort or palisaded village. According to\\nLaHontan s plan, it occupied about the middle of the level\\nground surrounding East Moran Bay. And there it re-\\nmained until the Hurons departure for Detroit, about 1702.\\nSoon after Marquette s departure. Fathers Henry Nouvel and\\nPhilip Pierson, abandoning the old site, built a substantial,\\nthough small, church and an adjoining residence, protected,\\nafter the fashion of the times, by a palisade enclosure. In\\nthis new church Father Marquette s remains were interred,\\nJune 9th, 1677.\\nThere can be no doubt about its position. The Jesuits re\\nport of 1678 places it in close proximity to the Huron fort.\\nSo does LaHontan, in 1688. His plan shows it south of the\\nfort or village, from which he says It is only separated\\nby a palisade enclosure.\\nAnd there it undoubtedly remained until its destruction\\nby fire, about 1706.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT MIOHILIMAKINAC.\\n95\\nALGON^QUIK TILLAGE AND CHURCH.\\nSoon after Marquette s departure, several clans of Otawas\\nand kindred tribes all comprised by the missionaries under\\nthe name of Algonquins made their appearance and settled\\non the shore of Lake Huron, a little over two miles from the\\nJesuits residence, accordingly near the bluff called by the\\nIndians the She Eabbit, south of the He Rabbit, or\\nSitting Rabbit (Rabbit s Back). Here too a church, and a\\ndwelling house for the Otawa missionary, were built. Ac-\\ncording to Hennepin, who officiated in it, it was covered with\\nbark. In 1679, LaSalle honored it with his visit. Of its\\nlater history nothing is known. Besides a floating popula-\\ntion, sometimes not inconsiderable, the Algonquin village\\ncontained, in 167Y, as many as 1300 souls, the principal elan\\nbeing that of the Kishkako.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC\\nREMOVAL OF THE ALGOXQUm TILLAGE.\\nLaHontan, who visited St. Ignace in the spring of 16SS,\\nis client about that church and settlement, but places an\\nOtawa village in the immediate neighborhood of the Hurons,\\non East Moran Bay, stating at the same time that during liis\\nstay, the Otawas, apprehending some trouble with their\\nHuron friends, began to fortify themselves on a neighboring-\\nbluff. From this it would appear that the Algonquins, or\\nOtawas a name then applied to most of the northwestern\\nAlgonquins had, within the last few years, moved about\\n.two miles south. The former presence of an Indian popula-\\ntion on the bluff above that part of St. Ignace popularly\\ncalled Vide Poche^^ is j^roved by the numerous articles of\\nIndian and French manufacture ploughed up there by some\\nof the present settlers. Tlie local tradition also places a fort\\non that hiofht.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 97\\nTHE OTAWA VILLAGE AT GKOS CAP.\\nIn 1677, or shortly before, another body of Algonquins\\nOtawas properly so called came to swell the Indian popula-\\ntion of St. Ignace.\\nThey settled, it appears, on the shore of Lake Michigan,\\nbetween Point La Barbe and Gros Cap. This assumption\\nseems necessary to reconcile the statements, in the Jesuits\\nreport of 1678, regarding the respective distances between\\ntheir residence (near the Huron village) and the two Indian\\nsettlements, the Algonquin village arid the New Otawa\\nvillage. The existence of a large Otawa settlement near\\nGros Cap, in 1699, is certain from the account given by the\\nMissionary Buisson de St. Come of his journey from Macki-\\nnac to the Lower Mississippi. The party, of which the\\nnoble Tonty was one, sent their canoes around the jpoint to\\nthe Otawa village, and walked themselves across the port-\\nage. The village counted then about 1500 souls.\\nIn 1702, these Otawas followed Cadillac, with the bulk of\\nthe Indian population of St. Ignace, to his new establish-\\nment on the Detroit river, but soon returned to their old\\nquarters, and finally went over to the northwestern shore of\\nLower Michigan, where their descendants are still living. It\\nwas during their second stay on West Moran Bay that the\\nfamous trader who left his name to it lived among them.\\nThe remains of their dead, together with wampum, glass\\nbeads and other articles of Indian and French manufacture,\\nare frequently found in the sandy ground at the head of the\\nlittle Bay.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nST. FRANCIS BORGIA S CHAPEL.\\nFor the accommodation of the two settlements the\\nAlgonquin Tillage on Lake Huron, and the new Otawa\\nVillage on Lake Michigan Father Henry JSTouvel built a\\nchurch of bark at a distance of about two and a half miles\\nfrom the residence and church of St. Ignatius; and, in\\nhonor of the first general of the society who sent mission-\\naries to America, named it the church of St. Francis Borgia.\\nThere, with Father Enjalran, he passed the winter of 1677-8,\\nin a wigwam adjoining the chapel, receiving and instructing\\ndaily frequent visitors from both villages. We do not know\\nhow long that chapel remained in use.\\nDuluth, who spent the winter of 1680-1 in St. Ignace,\\nstill gives Father Enjalran the title of missionary of St.\\nFrancis Borgia.\\nThe (surmised) removal of the Algonquins from the Rab-\\nbit Buttes must have made the position of the chapel isolated,\\nas it was no longer on the thoroughfare between the two\\nsettlements.\\nTHE FRENCH TILLAGE.\\nThe presence of French settlers at St. Ignace, is first men-\\ntioned at the occasion of Father Marquette s burial. Accord-\\ning to the report of the following year (1678), the singing at\\nthe church of St. Ignatius was alternately in Latin, Huron and\\nFrench. The fur and corn trade kept pace with the increase\\nof the Indian population. LaSalle s arrival on the Griffon\\n(1679), caused quite astir in the commercial metropolis of", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 99\\nthe West, for nothing less than that the village of St. Ignace\\nwas, and remained, until supplanted by Detroit. Hennepin,\\nwho wintered at the post (1680-1), mentions his enrolling\\nforty-two traders into a religious confraternity. LaHontan\\nlocates the houses of the French settlers in two or three rows\\nalong the bend of the shore, south of the Jesuits residence.\\nAs a matter of course, the whole French population, with the\\nexception of a few lawless coureurs de hois, disappeared\\nwith the removal of the Indians to Detroit.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT NAMES OF RIVERS, LAKES, ETC.\\nLake Ontario. Champlain called it Lac St. Louis\\nCount de Froutenac, in 1674, called it Ontario on San-\\nson s map, 1679, it appears Ontario ou Lao de St. Louis\\nit had also the name Frontenao Hennepin called it\\nOntario or Frontenae Tonti and Father Membre call it\\nLake Frontenae on De L Isle s maps, 1700 and 1703, it\\nappears as Lao Ontario.\\nLake Erie. This name, says Mr. Baldwin, was derived\\nfrom the tribe of Fries, on the south shore the same tribe\\nwas also called the Cat nation. Hennepin called it Erie^\\nalso Conty; and Sanson s map, 1679, gives it Erie Lac;\\nMembre called it ^de Conty;^^ De L Isle s maps give it\\nLac Erie:\\nLake Huron. Champlain called it Mer Douce\\nFather Membre, as well as Hennepin, called it Lake\\nOrleans;^ De L Isle maps, 1703 and 1718, give it Z\u00c2\u00abc\\nHuron ou Michigam^e on his map of 1700, it appears as\\nL. des Hurons.^\\nLake Superior. Marquette s map gives it Lac Su/perieur\\nou de Tracy Hennepin called it Lake Conde; on De\\nL Isle s maps it is Lac Superieur Senex s map, 1719,\\nand Coxe s of 1721, call it NadouessiansP\\nLake Michigan. Marquette, Dablon, and LaSalle, called\\nit the lake of the llinois; Claude Allouez, in 1676,\\nreached this lake on the eve of St. Joseph he said we\\ngive it the name of that great Saint, and shall henceforth\\ntioi]", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\ncall it Lake St. Joseph; Allouez was the first to give\\nit the name of ^Lake Machihiganing LaSalle and Father\\nMembre call it Lake Dauphin St. Cosme called it\\nMiesitgan,^^ and also Missigan Marest was one of the\\nfirst to call it Lake Michiga/n.\\nKoTE. The name as spelled by Allouez comes nearest the\\nIndian pronounciation, which is Mashiiganing or Mishii-\\nganing, the double i being pronounced e-e.\\nThe term signifies a clearing, and was first applied to\\nthe north-western shores of Lower Michigan where there\\nwere large ancient clearings.\\nLake St. Glair. Hennepin wrote it St. Clare on the\\nmap of De L Isle, of 1700, it is L. de Ste. Claire f on his\\nmaps of 1703 and 1718, it appears Lao Ganatchio ou Ste.\\nClaire? Shea says it received its name in honor of the\\nfounder of the Franciscan nuns, from the fact that LaSalle\\nreached it on the day consecrated to her.\\nMississippi River. One or more of the outlets of this\\nriver was discovered in the year 1519, by the Spanish officer,\\nDon Alonzo Alvarez Pineda he named the river Rio\\ndel Espiritu SantoP De Soto named it El Rio Gram de\\ndel Florida. Marquette, on his map, gave it the name\\nde la Conception he also used the name Missipi.\\nLaSalle, Membre, Hennepin, and Douay called it the (7 9Z-\\nhert; Joutel said the Indians called it Meechassippi\\nbut he called it the Colbert or Mississippi f^ on De L Isle s\\nmap it is Mississippi^^ and S. Louis f Allouez first speaks\\nof it as Messipi and again as the Messi-sipi St. Cosme\\ncalls it Micissipi?^\\nNote. The name of the river, in the principal Algonquin\\ndialects, is Mishisihi (pronounced Me-she-se-he) meaning\\nlarge river.\\nThe translation Father of Waters is a poetical license.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT NAMES OF RIVERS, LAKES, ETC. 103\\nMissouri River. Marquette called it the PekitanoUi,^^\\nmeaning muddy water; the Recollects called it the River\\nof Ozages;^ Membre called it the Ozage; on De L lsle s\\nmaps, 1703, 1718, it is le Missouri ou de R. PeJcitanoni;^^\\nCoxe called it Yellow River, or River of the MassoritesP\\nOhio River. Marquette called the lower Ohio Ouahous-\\nkigou;^^ Joutel called it Douo or Abachaf* from the mouth\\nof the Ohio to the Wabash and up that stream was known\\nas the Ouabachey^ so it was called by Membre, St. Cosme,\\nand LaHontan. Above the Wabash, the Ohio was more\\nparticularly known as Ohio ou Belle Riviere,^^ the river\\nis so called on De L Isle s map, 1703. Evans, in 1755, calls\\nit Ohio or Alleghany or La Belle.\\nIllinois River. Marquette speaks of it, but gave it no\\nname on Franquelin s map it appears Riviere des Ilinois\\nou Macopinsf^ LaSalle called it the Seignlaif Fathers\\nHennepin and Membre the Seignelay f Dabloii not only\\napplied to one of the upper branches of the Illinois (the\\nDesplaines) the name St. Louis^ but to the continuation,\\nthe Illinois itself Coxe called it the Chioagouf De L Isle s\\nmap, 1718, gives it Riv. des llinoisP\\nDes Plaines River. LaSalle, in 1680, called the Des-\\nplaines the Divine River Membre and Charlevoix did\\nthe same. La Salle afterward, however, called it the Clie-\\ncagou,^^ Dablon called it St. Louis River, including,\\nperhaps, the continuation, the Illinois; Franquelin s map,\\n1684, gives it Peanghichia^ The river was frequently\\ncalled the Chicagou; see De L Isle s map, 1718, and\\nD Anville s, 1755.\\nChicago, cmd River. Marquette called it Portage\\nRiver LaSalle applies the name Gheoago to this\\nlocality, but his Ghecago River was generally the Des-", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 ANNALS OF FORT MAOKINAO.\\nplainest Franquelin s map, 1684, gives to this locality or\\nriver the name of Cheagoumeinan^ and to another stream\\njS. Chekagouf^ Tonty, in 1685, says that he arrived at the\\nFortof Checagou: St. Cosme calls it Ghihagou, Chi-\\ncagu^^ Chicagw^ and also diicagSP LaHontan, 1703,\\nhas it ChegalcouP Senex, 1710, gives it ^Checagoitf De\\nL Isle s maps have it Ghecagou^ also GMcagou f^ Moll,\\n1720, gives it Ghelcahou; Charlevoix, Gliicagour\\nCol. De Peyster speaks of it as ^Escliecagou^ and again\\nas Eschicagou^ a river and Fort at the head of Lake\\nMichigan. Popple s atlas, 1733, has it Fort Miamis\\nou Ouamisf^ Mitchell, 1755, R. and Port GMcagou^ and\\nSayer Bennett s map, 1797, says Point Ghicago Piver\\nSandusky Pay. On De L Isle s map, 1718, it appears\\n^*ZaG San-dou-skeP\\nSaginaw Pay. On De L Isle s maps, 1703 and 1718, it\\nappears Paye de Saguina^ and Paye Saguinamf Coxe\\ncalled it the SaTcinamP\\nNote. Osaginang^ or Osakinang^^^ is the Indian\\nname, derived from Osagi,^^ or OsaTti.^\\nThe Sacs lived on the Saginavr and Titibewasse before\\nremoving to Wisconsin.\\nPatterson^ s Point. A rocky point of land on the north\\nshore of Lake Michigan, some sixty miles from Mackinac, is\\nBO-called, from the fact that Mr. Charles Patterson, one of\\nthe principal members of the IS orthwest Fur Company, with\\nall his crew, was there drowned about the year 1788.\\nMarquette Piver. On De L Isle s map, 1703, it is i?.\\nMarquet Charlevoix called it Piver Marquette^ or\\nPiver of the Plack PoleP\\nIsle Poyal^ Lake Superior.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On De L Isle s maps, 1700\\nand 1703, it appears I. Monong Coxe calls it MinongP\\nNote. Minong is the Indian name.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT NAMES OF RIVERS, LAKES, ETC. 105\\nMichilimaclcinac. Marquette called it MichiUmalci-\\nnong Hennepin and Membre speak of it as Mieeili-\\nmakinaki Joutel called it Micilimaquinay De L Isle s\\nmap, 1703, calls it Isle et Habitation de Missilimakinac.\\nNote. Marquette came nearest the Indian pronunciation\\nof the word, which is MisMniTYiahinang T\\nThe change of n into Z, by the French, is frequent\\nin Indian names.\\nGreen Bay. Marquette called it Bay of the Fetid;\\nHennepin and Membre did the same. Marquette says the\\nIndians called it Salt Bay St. Cosme called it Bay of\\nPitants on De L Isle s maps, 1700 and 1718, it appeai-e\\nas Baye des Puoais?\\nMilwaukee River. Membre calls it MellenJci St.\\nCosme termed it Melwarik on De L Isle s map, of 1718,\\nit is called MelleUr\\nNote. Minewag is the Indian name.\\nFox River of Illinois. Joutel, on his map, gives it P^-\\ntesGOuyi^^ St. Cosme calls it Pistrui Cliarlevoix calls it\\nPisticoui?\\nWisconsin River. Father Marquette called it the Mes-\\nconsing Hennepin quotes the Indians as calling it the\\nOuscoivsin or Misconsin. Membre called it the Mes-\\nGoncing St. Cosme, the Wesconsin?\\nNote. The Indian name is Wishkosing^ the having\\nthe nasal sound of the French onP", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nFRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS.\\nThe following named officers were at Fort Michilimackinae\\non the dates given their names are the only ones (of French\\nand British officers) which appear in the old and official\\nrecords\\n1742, 12th August.\\nMONS. DE BlAINVILLB,\\nCommandant of Michilimackinae.\\n1744, 6th January.\\nMONS. DE ViVEHEVET,\\nCommandant of Michilimackinae.\\n1744, 11th July.\\nDE RaMELIA,\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Nepigon.\\n1745, 11th July, and 1747, 23d May.\\nDUPLESSIS DE MORAMPONT,\\nKing s Commandant at Cammanettigsia.\\n1745, 25th August, and 1746, 29th June.\\nNOYELLE, Jr.,\\nSecond in Command at Michilimackinae.\\n1745, 25th August.\\nLouis de la Corne,\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Michilimackinae.\\n1747, 7th February, 20th June and 1st September.\\nMONS. DE NOYELLE, Jr.\\nCommandant of Michilimackinae.\\n1748, 28th February, 1749, 11th March and 2l8t June.\\nMoNS. Jacques Leqardeur de St. Pierre,\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Miehilimackinac.\\n1749, 27th January.\\nLouis Legardeur,\\nChevalier de Repentigny,\\nSecond in Command at Michilimackinae.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "FRENCH AND BKITISH OFFICEBS. lOf\\n1749, 29th August.\\nMONS. GODEFROY,\\nOflacer of Troops.\\n1750, 24th March, and 1752, 4th June.\\nMoNS, DuPLEssis Faber,\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Michilimackinac.\\nKnight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louia\\n1761, 8th October.\\nMoNS. DuPLESsis, Jr.,\\nSecond in Command at Michilimackinac.\\n1752, 4th June.\\nMoNS. Bbaujeu de Villemonde,\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Camanitigousa.\\n1753, 18th July, and 1754, 15th August.\\nMoNS. Marin,\\nKing s Commandant, Post of La Bale.\\n1758, 18th July; 1754, 8th May; 1758, 23d February. 29th June, 16th July\\nand 17th October; 1759, 30th January; 1760, 25th May and 8tb\\nSeptember.\\nMONS. DB BeAUJBU DE ViLLEMONDB,\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Michilimackinac.\\n1764, 8th July, and 1755, 25th May.\\nMoNs. Herein.\\nCaptain and King s Commandant at Michilimackinac\\n1765 Sth January.\\nLouis Legardeur,\\nChevalier de Repentigny,\\nKing s Commandant at the Sault\\n1765 E4th August,\\nLouis Legardeur,\\nChevalier de Repentigny,\\nLieutenant of Infantry,\\n1766. 28th April.\\nCharles de L Anglade,\\nOfficer of Troops.\\n1766, \u00c2\u00bb9th June.\\nMoNS. Hertelle Bbaubaffin,\\nKing s Commandant at i", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAO.\\n1766, 19th July.\\nMONS. CODTEROT,\\nLieutenant of Infantry.\\n1768, 2d July.\\nMoNs. DE L Angladb,\\nSecond in Command at Michilimackinac.\\n1758. 18th July.\\nLouis Legardeur,\\nChevalier de Repentigny,\\nOflacer at Michilimackinac.\\n1774 to 1779.\\nA. S. De Peyster,\\nMajor Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies.\\n1779 to 1782.\\nPatrick Sinclair.\\nMajor and Lieutenant-Governor,\\nCommanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies.\\n1782 to 1787, 10th May.\\nDaniel Robertsox,\\nCaptain Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies.\\n1784, 31st July.\\nPhil. B. Fry,\\nEnsign 8th, or King s Regiment.\\n1784, 31st July,\\nGeorge Clowes,\\nLieutenant 8th, or King s Regiment\\n1791, 15th November.\\nEdward Charleton,\\nCaptain 5th Regiment Foot,\\nCommanding Michilimackinac.\\n1791, 15th November.\\nJ. M. Hamilton,\\nEnsign 5th Regiment Foot.\\n1791, 15th November.\\nBenjamin Rocha\\nLieutenant 5th Foot.\\n1791, 15th November.\\nH. Headowe,\\nEnsign 5th Foot.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "EARLY MICHIGAN\\nThe first European Settlement within the limits of the\\nState of Michigan was bj the French.\\nIn 1641, Fathers Charles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues,\\nupon the invitation of the Ojibwa, visited the rapids of the\\nSt. Mary s Kiver. Untoward circumstances prevented the\\nestablishment of a mission.\\nThe first white men who passed the rapids, entered Lake\\nSuperior, and coasted along the whole extent of the south-\\nern shore of Lake Superior, were Des Groseillers (famous\\nfor his later exploits on Hudson Bay) and another young\\nFrenchman. They spent the winter of 1659-60 in Northern\\nWisconsin and Eastern Minnesota, and in the following sum-\\nmer returned to Canada with three hundred Indians and\\n200,000 livres worth of fur.\\nFather Kenatus (Rene) Menard was the first Jesuit who\\nlabored for some time among the Indians in Upper Michigan.\\nHis stay on Keweenaw Bay lasted from October 15th^\\n1660, to July 13th, 1661. About a month later he perished\\nduring an attempt to reach the Huron Settlement on the\\nheadwaters of the Black River (Wisconsin).\\nIn 1665, Father Allouez coasted along the south shore of\\nLake Superior on his way to Shagawamigong (Chegoime-\\ngong), where he founded a mission. Its site was at the head\\nof Ashland Bay, Wisconsin.\\nIn 1668, Father James Marquette reached the Sault, where\\nbe was joined by Father Claudius Dablon. The settlement\\nof Micliigan begins at this period.\\n[109]", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nUnder the French and British dominion, the territory was\\nassociated with the Canadas, but became part of the territory\\nof Virginia at the close of the war of independence, although\\nit was not formally occupied by the United States until 1796.\\nVirginia had in the meantime ceded to the United States all\\nof her territory northwest of the Ohio E-iver, and Congress,\\nby the historical Ordinance of 1787, passed July 13th of\\nthat year, provided for its government as the Northwest\\nTerritory.\\nThe first seat of government of the Northwest Territory\\nwas at Chillicothe, Ohio. By act of Congress of May 7th,\\n1800, the territory was divided, preparatory to the admission\\nof Ohio into the Union as a State, and the Indiana Terri-\\ntory was erected, with the seat of government at Vincennes,\\nIndiana. By act of January, 1805, the Territory of Michi-\\ngan was set off from the Indiana Territory, the seat of gov-\\nernment being established at Detroit. By this act, the\\nsouthern boundary of Michigan was fixed by a line drawn\\ndue east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michi-\\ngan until it intersects Lake Erie, and the western boundary\\nthrough Lake Michigan and thence due north to the north-\\nern boundary of the United States. This included on the\\nsouth a strip of territory, now forming a part of the State\\nof Ohio, and did not include the northern or Upper Penin-\\nsula of the now State of Michigan.\\nIn the year 1835, the people of Michigan took steps for\\nforming a State Government. The admission of the State\\ninto the Union was delayed until 1837, chiefly in consequence\\nof a disagreement in regard to the southern boundary the\\nState of Ohio laying claim to the strip of territory previously\\nreferred to, which it was claimed on the other hand was\\nwithin the Territory of ]\\\\Iichigan, and which embraces within\\nits limits the present City of Toledo. The dispute at one\\ntime threatened an armed collision, and military forces were", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "EARLY MICHIGAN. Ill\\nmustered on both sides, in what is popularly known as the\\nToledo war. The difficulty was settled by the act of\\nCongress of June, 1836, fixing the disputed boundary in\\naccordance with the claim of Ohio, giving to Michigan,\\ninstead, the territory known as the Upper Peninsula.\\nThe seat of government remained at Detroit until 1847,\\nwhen it was removed to Lansing.\\nThe land area of the State comprises two natural divisions\\nknown as the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, and the adjacent\\nislands.\\nThe Upper Peninsula contains 14,451,456 acres.\\nThe Lower Peninsula contains 21,677,184 acres.\\nThere are 179 islands included within the boundaries of\\nthe State, varying in area from one acre upward, their total\\narea being 404,730 acres.\\nBois-Blanc Island contains 21,351 acres.\\nRound Island contains 180 acres.\\nMackinac Island contains 2,221 acres.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nGOYEKNORS OF MICHIGAi^.\\nunder french dominion.\\nSamuel Champlain, 1622-1635\\nM. DE MONTMAGNY, 1636-1647\\nM. d Aillebout, 1648-1650\\nM. DE Lauson, 1651-1656\\nM. DE Lauson (son), 1656-1657\\nM. d Aillebout, 1657-1658\\nM. d Argenson, 1658-1660\\nBaron d Avaugour, 1661-1663\\nM. DE Mesey, 1663-1665\\nM. DE COURCELLE, 1665-1672\\nCount de Frontenac, 1672-1682\\nM. DE LA Barre, 1682-1685\\nMarquis de Denonville, 1685-1689\\nCount de Frontenac, 1689-1698\\nM. DE Callieres, 1699-1703\\nM. DE Vaudreuil, 1703-1725\\nM. de Beauharnois, 1726-1747\\nM. DE Galissoniere, 1747-1749\\nM. de la Jonquiere, 1749-1752\\nM. Du QuESNB, 1752-1755\\nM. DE Vaudreuil de Cavagnac, 1755-176S\\nunder BRITISH DOMINION.\\nJames Murray, 1763-1767\\nGuy Carleton, 1768-1777\\nFrederick Haldimand, 1777-1785\\nHenry Hamilton, 1785-1786\\nLord Dorchester, 1786-1796\\nterritorial governors.\\nNorthwest Territory.\\nArthur St. Clair, 1796-1800", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "EAKLV MICHIGAN.\\n113\\nIndiana Territoi^y.\\nWilliam Henry IIarkison,\\n1800-180.5\\nMichigan Territory.\\nWilliam Hull,\\nLewis Cans,\\nGeorge B. Pujitek,*\\nSteven s T. Mason, c-i- (///fW(9,\\n1805-1813\\n1813-1831\\n1831-1834\\n1834-1835\\nUNDi:ri state authority.\\nStevens T. Mason\\nWilliam Woodbiiidgk;,\\nJ. WllIGIIT GOKDOX,f\\nJohn S. Barry,\\nAlpheus Felch,\\nWilliam L. Greenly.!\\nEPAPHIiODITUS EaNSOM,\\nJohn S. Barry,\\nRobert McClelland.\\nAndrew Parsons,!\\nKinsley S. Bingtl\\\\m.\\nMoses Wisner,\\nAustin Blair,\\nHenry H. Ckapo,\\nHenry P. Baldwin,\\nJohn J. Bagley.\\nCharles M. Crosweli.,\\nDavid H. Jerome,\\nJosiAH W. Begole,\\nRussell A. Alger,\\nDied while in oflBce, July 6, 1834, and was succeeded\\n\u00c2\u00abhe Territory, Stevens T. Mason.\\nt Lieutenant-Governor acting as Governor.\\n1835-1840\\n1840-1841\\n1841-1842\\n1842-1846\\n1846-1847\\n1847-1848\\n1848-1850\\n1850-1852\\n1852-1853\\n1853-1855\\n1855-1859\\n1859-1861\\n1861-1865\\n1865-1869\\n1869-1873\\n1873-1877\\n1877-1881\\n1881-1882\\n1883-18S4\\n1885-1886\\nby the then Secretary of", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKLNAO.\\nHISTORICAL EVENTS,\\nCHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.\\n1534. James Cartier, a Frenchman, discovered the St.\\nLawrence River.\\n1608. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec.\\n1634. John Nicolet passes the straits on his way to and\\nfrom Green Bay.\\n1642. The city of Montreal founded.\\n1650-51. The Indian settlers of the neighborhood to-\\ngether with large numbers from Manitoulin, Thunder Bay\\nand Saginaw, mostly Otawas, intimidated by Iroquois prowess\\nretire to Green Bay.\\n1653. Eight hundred Iroquois warriors pass the strait.\\nFailing to take the Huron fort on Green Bay after a pro-\\ntracted siege, they break up, one division marching south, the\\nother sailing northward. The former are cut down by the\\nIllinois, the latter routed by the Ojibwa, Missisaki and Nigik\\n(Otter) Indians, on Lake Huron.\\n1654. Two French traders pass St. Ignace, on their way\\nto Green Bay, they return in 1656 with a large trading party\\n60 canoes) of Hurons and Otawas.\\n1665, or earlier. IN icolas Perrot passes on his first visit to\\nthe Pottawatomi, on Green Bay.\\n1669. November 11th, Father Allouez passed Point St.\\nIgnace, on his journey from Sault Ste. Marie to Green Bay\\nhe relates the following Indian tradition\\nThey say that this island is the native country of one of their gods, called\\nThe Great Hare, who created the earth, and that it was on this\\nisland that he invented the nets for taking fish, after having attentively", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 115\\nconsidered a spider while constructing its web for catching flies. They\\nbelieve that Lake Superior is a pond made by the beavers, the banks of\\nwhich were double the first, at the place which we call the Sault. the\\nsecond, five leagues lower down. In coming up the river, they say, this\\nsame god first encountered the second embankment, which he tore entirely\\naway and for this reason there are no falls or turbulent waters at these\\nrapids as for the first, being in a hurry, he only walked over it and\\ntrampled it to pieces, in consequence of which there still remain large\\nfalls and boiling waters.\\nThis god, they add, while pursuing a beaver in the upper lake, crossed\\nat a single step, a bay eight leagues in width. In view of so powerful an\\nenemy, the beavers thought it best to change their place and consequently\\nwithdrew to another lake; from thence they afterward, by aid of the rivers\\nthat flow from it, arrived at the North Sea, intending to pass over to\\nFrance; but finding the water bitter (salt), they lost heart, changed their\\nintentions, and spread themselves among the rivers and lakes of this\\ncountry.\\nThis is the reason why there are no beavers in France, and why the\\nFrench have to come here in search of them.\\n1670-71. Father Dablon, or another Jesuit (possibly\\nMarquette), winters at Michilimackinac, laying the founda-\\ntion of the Mission of St. Ignatius.\\n1671. End of June, or later. The Tionontate Hurons,\\nwith Father Marquette, arrive from Shagawamigong (Ash-\\nland Bay, L. S.)\\nAutumn. The Otawas of Manitoulin, on the war-path\\nagainst the Sioux, arrive with a large supply of arms\\nand ammunition lately obtained in Montreal. Joined by\\nthe Hurons of the new settlement, and on Green Bay\\nby the Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, they march through\\nnorthern Wisconsin a well-armed body of a thousand war-\\nriors\u00e2\u0080\u0094and confidently attack the Sioux in the St. Croix\\nValley. Utterly defeated, they reti^eat through the snow-\\ncovered woods, amidst sufferings and privations that lead to\\nacts of cannibalism. The heavy loss sustained by the\\nHurons, who bravely covered the rear, accounts for the\\ndiminished numbers of the tribe, as stated by Marquette.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\n1672. The Hurons build their fortified village on East.\\nMoran Bay. December 8th, Joliet arrives and winters at\\nSt. Ignace.\\n1673. May 17th, Joliet and Marquette, with ^ve other\\nFrenchmen, start on their voyage of discovery.\\n1673 or 74. A large body of Otawas and other Algon-\\nquins, principally Kishkakos, coming from Manitoulin and\\nthe opposite shore settle near Rabbit s Back. Father Henry\\nNouvel, Superior of the Otawa Missions, takes charge of\\nthem. Father Philip Pierson becomes pastor of the Hurons.\\n1674-75. The second and permanent church of St. Igna-\\ntius and the Jesuits residence are built at the side of the\\nHuron village.\\n1675. November 8th, Father Nouvel, with two French\\ncompanions, starts on a journey to Saginaw Bay and the\\ninterior of Lower Michigan. He arrives near the head\\nwaters of Chippewa River, December 7th, builds a chapel\\n(the first on the Lower Peninsula), and winters with the\\nhunters of the Amik (Beaver) Clan.\\n1676. or thereabouts. Another large body of Otawa\\narrive and settle near Gros Cap, on Lake Michigan.\\n1677. June 7th, The Kishkako Indians, accompanied by\\na number of Iroquois, bring Father Marquette s remains to-\\nSt. Ignace, where they are interred, on the following day,.\\nwithin the Jesuits chapel.\\nOctober. Father Enjalran arrives to assist Father Nouvel\\nin the Otawa Mission.\\n1677-78. Father Nouvel builds the chapel of St. Francis\\nBorgia in the woods, between Rabbit s Back and Gros Cap.\\nHimself and Father Enjalran winter there. The French\\nand Indian trade begins to assume larger proportions.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 117\\nLASALLE, HENNEPIJSr AND HENRY DE TONTY\\nARRIYE AT MICHILIMACKINAC, ON\\nTHE GRIFFON.\\n1679. LaSalle, on his first expedition to Illinois, arrives\\nand spends some days at the settlement.\\nTlie most remarkable character among the explorers\\nof the Mississippi Yalley, in the latter half of the seven-\\nteenth century, was Robert Cavelier de LaSalle. Yiewed\\nin the light and sense of worldly enterprise, he is to be con-\\nsidered as surpassing all others in lofty and comprehensive\\naims, in determined energy and unyielding courage, both\\nmoral and physical. He faltered at no laborious undertak-\\ning; no distrust by nerveless friends, no jealous envy or\\nschemes of active enemies, no misfortune damped the ardor\\nof his plans and movements. If there was a mountain in\\nhis track, he could scale it if a lion beset his path, he could\\ncrush it. Nothing but the hand of the lurking assassin\\ncould quench the fire of that brave heart. We may briefly\\nsay, that LaSalle was born in the city of Rouen, France,\\nNovember 22, 1643. The name LaSalle was borrowed from\\nan estate, in the neighborhood of Rouen, belonging to his\\nfamily, the Caveliers. Robert was educated at one of the\\nJesuit seminaries, and as one of that order he continued a\\nshort time but in 1666, he came to America, and it is said\\nthat he made early exploration to the Ohio, and was possibly\\nnear the Mississippi before Joliet and Marquette s voyage\\nhither. We can here only allude to a few items and facts in\\nLaSalle s career. It was a marked incident, and so appears\\non the historic page, when LaSalle, in 1679, voyaged to\\nGreen Bay on the Griffon, the first sail vessel of the lakes\\nabove the Falls, and which he had built on the bank of", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nCayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara. But that busi-\\nness trip was a mere pleasure excursion when compared with\\nthe efforts required of him to engineer and bring about cer-\\ntain indispensable preparations, involving ways and means,\\nbefore the keel of that renowned craft should be laid, and\\nbefore she spread her wings to the breeze and departed out-\\nward from Buffalo Harbor of the future. And what an\\nunhesitating morning-walk was that of his, in 1680, when\\nhe set out on foot from the Fort which (not him) they termed\\nBroken Hearty where Peoria now is, to go, some twelve\\nhundred miles perhaps, to Fort Frontenac, where Kingston\\nnow is, at the lower end of Lake Ontario. His unyield-\\ning purpose was not to be delayed, but accelerated, by\\nthe avalanche of misfortune which had fallen on him.\\nHe could not wait for railroads, nor turnpikes, nor civil-\\nization he could not even wait for a canoe navigation,\\nfor it was early spring in the month of March when\\nthe ice still lingered by the lake shores, and was running\\nthickly in the streams. So, with one Indian and four\\nwhite men, with a small supply of edibles, yet with a\\nlarge stock of resolution, he took his way. The journey\\nwas accomplished, and he was back on Lake Michigan\\nin the autumn ensuing. It has been suggested that his\\nown endurmg, iron nature, as it might be called ^unbending\\nas it was in its requirements of others served, perhaps, to\\ncreate enmities and to occasion the final catastrophe. It\\nmay have been so but whatever view may be taken, the\\ndoings of LaSalle must be called wonderful, his misfortunes\\nnumberless, and his death sad. The day on which LaSalle\\nwas killed is said to have been March 19, 1687.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1 L9\\nHENKY DE TONTY.\\nThere is much of romantic interest in tlie life of Henry\\nde Tonty which will ever attract attention to the story of\\nhis experience in the wilds of America. He was born in\\nNaples, Italy, in or near the year 1650. In a memoir, said\\nto be written by him in 1693, he says After having been\\neight years in the French service, by land and by sea, and\\nhaving had a liand shot off in Sicily by a grenade, I resolved\\nto return to France to solicit employment. It was at the\\ntime when LaSalle had returned from America, and was\\ngetting recruits and means for his Western enterprise. The\\nprime minister of Louis XI Y., he that was called the great\\nColbert, knowing the soldier Tonty well, specially provided\\nthat the important project to be undertaken by LaSalle should\\nhave the benefit of the personal aid of Tonty, who, though\\nmaimed and single-handed, was yet ready to go forth to dare\\nand to do. Tonty says: We sailed from Eochelle on the\\n14th of July, 1678, and arrived at Quebec on the 15th of\\nSeptember following. We can not, of course, attempt to\\nfollow the brave and capable lieutenant of LaSalle in his\\nvarious movements, even if we had a knowledge of them\\nyet we may say, that if a trustful agent or manager was\\nneeded for any adventure by LaSalle, Tonty was the man to\\nfill the requirement. If a fort was wanted, he was the\\narchitect and overseer to construct it; if a peaceable envoy to\\nthe Indians was required, he was the gifted embassador if a\\ntribe needed chastisement in battle, he was the able captain\\nof the forces. We need not cite examples. Tonty was pro-\\nvided with some sort of a metallic arrangement as a substi-\\ntute for the loss of part of an arm; and he was known, it is\\nsaid, far and near, among the tribes of red men, as Le Bras", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nde Fer, or, The man loith the iroii arm. If we rightly\\nremember, more than one tale has been constructed by novel-\\nwriters, with its scenes laid in the Far West, presenting Tonty\\nas the principal character. In long time past, an island at\\nthe lower end of Lake Ontario was known as, and called, the\\nIsle of Tonty, being named after our hero the man with\\nthe iron arm but the name was afterward changed to that\\nof Amherst. Whatever the deserts of the titled General\\nJeffrey Amherst may have been, Henry de Tonty was the\\ngreater man of the two. Tonty died at Fort St. Louis, on\\nMobile Bay, in the year 1704:.\\nLOUIS HENNEPIN.\\nLouis Hennepin, a Recollect of the order of St. Francio,\\nwas born at Ath, France, in 1645. He sailed for Canada\\nin 1675, on the Saint Honore. LaSalle was, also a pas-\\nsenger on the same vessel.\\nHennepin left Quebec in 1678, and set out with LaSalle to\\nexplore the country lying south and west of Lake Michigan.\\nOn Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara Kiver, into\\nwhich it empties from the American side, five miles above\\nthe Falls, LaSalle built the Griffon, upon which they\\nembarked, setting sail August 7th, arriving atMichilimackinac\\nAugust 27th, 1679.\\nFrom his minute description of the bay, the shore, etc., the\\nKev. Edward Jacker says The Bay where the Griffon\\nanchored is that which is overlooked by two steep and rocky\\nbluffs famous in Indian tradition, and called by the Indians\\nHe and She Rabbit. The former is known as Rab-\\nbit s Back. The Kiskakon Otawas were there in 1677.\\n1679. They arrived at Green Bay September 22d, and\\nfrom there LaSalle sent the Griffon back, and it is sup-", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVEMTS.\\n121\\nNorth Sally.Port.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nposed to have been wi-ecked off the entrance to Green Bay,\\nas a severe storm arose, and it did not reach Michilmackinac.\\nAfter various misliaps Hennepin reached the Mississippi,\\nwhich he ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony, in the spring\\nof 1680.\\n1680. Duluth and Hennepin arrive from the Upper Mis-\\nsissippi, by way of Green Bay. They winter at St. Ignace.\\n1681. LaSalle passes St. Ignace on his second journey to\\nIllinois. M. De Yilleraye is appointed commandant by\\nFrontenac about this time.\\n1683. The fur trade declines in consequence of the\\ndanger of transportation, occasioned by Iroquois hostility.\\nHence distress among the traders, and dissatisfaction among\\nthe Indians.\\n1684. Mons. De La Durantaye in command at Michili-\\nmackinac. The French and Indian forces commanded by\\nDe La Durantaye, with Duluth as lieutenant, and Perrot as\\nmanager of the Otawas, set out to join in De La Barre s\\ninglorious expedition against the Iroquois.\\nThe Indian estimation of French power and valor is on the\\nwane. During De La Durantaye s absence. M. De La Yal-\\ntrie acts as commandant.\\n1685. All the French in the Upper Lake region are placed\\nunder the authority of the commandant of Michilimackinac\\n(M. De La Durantaye). This measure remaining in force\\nuntil the abandonment of the post. Michilimackinac, already\\nthe commercial emporium of the Northwest, becomes also its\\nmilitary centre.\\nNicolas Perrot arrives with orders from the governor, pro-\\nhibiting the Otawas to march against the Foxes on Green\\nBay. He succeeds in restoring peace between the two tribes\\nthrough the intermediation of an Ojibwa chief, whose daugh-\\nter (a captive among the Foxes) he saves from the stake and\\nrestores to her father.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS.\\n123\\n1686. Dissatisfaction among the Indians. Most of the\\nclans are leaning towards the Iroquois and the English, as the\\nstronger party and better able to supply their wants. The\\nEnglish endeavor to bring about a rupture by forwarding\\nsupplies and liquor to Michilimackinac.\\n1687. De La Durantaye sets out with the French force to\\ntake part in Denonville s expedition against the Senecas. He\\narrests, in the neighborhood of the settlement, thirty English\\ntraders, and as many more on Lake Erie. The timely arrival\\nof Perrot with the Green Bay Indians obviates the necessity\\nof the commandant returning with the prisoners, too numer-\\nous for his safety, in a hostile neighborhood. He proceeds\\nto I^iagara, where the Otawas and Hurons, marching over-\\nland from Lake Huron, join him they take part in a victori-\\nous attack on 800 Iroquois (July). The capture of those\\nEnglish parties probably prevented the massacre of the\\nFrench in Michilimackinac, by the Hurons and Otawas.\\n1688. May. LaHontan arrives with a small force (from\\na fort near the outlet of Lake Huron), and spends a month in\\nthe settlement. He obtains with difficulty a supply of corn.\\nThe Otawas, distrusting the Hurons, fortify themselves on\\nthe Bluff, north of East Moran Bay. Joutel, Cavelier, and\\nother survivors of LaSalle s expedition to Texas (having\\nwintered on Green Bay) pass the settlement on their way to\\nQuebec and France. Kondiaronk, or Le Rat, the great\\nHuron chief, departs at the head of one hundred men against\\nthe Iroquois, but plots with them the destruction of the Ota-\\nwas by stratagem. The plot proves abortive, in consequence\\nof Perrot and the missionaries gaining knowledge of it\\nLe Eat confesses his guilt. Perrot, returning from the Mis-\\nsissippi with three female Ojibwa prisoners delivered to him\\nby the Foxes, snatches five Iroquois warriors from the stake^\\nto which they were condemned by the Otawas, in spite of the\\ncommandant s and the missionaries remonstrances.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\n1689-90. The Otawas, at the instigation of the Hurona,\\nresume their project of effecting a reconciliation with the\\nIroquois. Thej send back to the Senecas the prisoners taken\\nfrom them, and make arrangements for a meeting in the fol-\\nlowing year. Father De Carheil, being informed of their\\nplan, warns the governor by a messenger sent in the winter.\\nFrontenac prepares a large convoy to reinforce Michilimack-\\ninac.\\n1690. Spring. The Otawas take steps towards an alli-\\nance with the Iroquois, and as a token of good will medi-\\ntate the massacre of the French traders.\\nEnd of June or beginning of July. The post is saved by\\nthe arrival of M. De La Porte Louvigny (who relieved Du-\\nrantaye as commandant), with Perrot, and with an Iroquois\\nprisoner, the evidence of a victory gained on the Otawa\\nRiver over a waylaying party (June 2d). The prisoner is\\ngiven, for execution, to the vacillating Hurons, who, dreading\\na final breach with the Iroquois, are disposed to spare him\\nbut yielding to the commandant s peremptory order, brain\\nhim after a short torture.\\nPerrot, boldly haranguing the chiefs, assembled at the\\nJesuits residence, reproaches them with their treachery, and\\nendeavors to show them the folly of doubting the power\\nof the French. Tliey promise to amend.\\n1691. De Courtonianche and De Repentigny arrive with\\nthe news of the French victory over the English fleet before\\nQuebec.\\n1692. Otawa and Huron warriors co-operate in driving\\nthe Iroquois from the St. Lawrence, and in the invasion of\\ntheir territory by detached parties.\\nAugust. Two hundred Otawas from Michilimackinac\\narrive at Montreal in quest of munition.\\n1693. A great amount of fur is waiting transportation\\non account of the Iroquois infesting t))e Otawa, the Indians", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "II rST( )KIC A L EVENTS.\\n125\\nSouth Sally.Port.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nwill not venture the journey without a sufficient escort.\\nFrontenac being informed, despatches the Sieur d Argenteuil\\nwith orders for the commandant to send all the French he\\ncan spare down with the convoy.\\nAugust 4th. Two hundred canoes from Michilimackinac,\\nfreighted with 80,000 francs worth of beaver, arrive at\\nMontreal, together with the principal chiefs of the western\\ntribes. A great council is held, and the Indians return\\ncharmed with the governor s manner, and laden with\\npresents.\\n1694. July. De Louvigny leaves for the colony with a\\ngreat convoy of furs.\\nThe Hurons contemplating a removal, are again suspected\\nof treacherous intentions. Opposed in their purpose by the\\ncommandant and the Otawas, one half of the tribe consent\\nto stay; the other half go to live with the Miamis on the\\nSt. Joseph River. (M. Tilly De Courtemanche commandant\\nthere, since 1693.)\\nDe La Porte Louvigny is superseded by De La Motte\\nCadillac, the last commandant of Ancient Michilimackinac.\\n(Louvignj^ becomes afterwards [1712] first commandant of\\nN^ew Michilimackinac, commonly called Old Mackinac\\n1695. Cadillac advises the governor of the necessity of a\\ngrand expedition against the Iroquois in order to prevent\\nthe defection of the western tribes. Frontenac contents\\nhimself with harassing the enemy, in which he is aided by\\nMichilimackinac Indians, who return with a great number\\nof prisoners.\\nAt a great meeting of western chiefs in Montreal, Fron-\\ntenac emphatically gives them to understand that they must\\nlook upon every French officer, residing among them, as sub-\\nject to the orders of the one in command at Michilimackinac.\\nThe officers in command at the several posts, at that\\nperiod, are: Tilly De Courtemanche, D Ailleboust De Mantet,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 127\\nD Ailleboust D Argenteuil, De Lisle, Yincennes, La De-\\ncouverte, and Perrot.\\nLe Baron, a Huron chief, concludes a treaty with the\\nIroquois. Cadillac with difficulty succeeds in suspending\\nits execution. An Indian deputation goes to Montreal to\\ninsist (as advised by the commandant) on a reduction in the\\nprices of goods. Frontenac partly satisfies them.\\nThe French court unable to cope with the evils springing\\nfrom the system of trading licenses, ineffectually orders the\\nevacuation of the post and the return into the colony of all\\nsoldiers and traders {coureurs de hois), in the West.\\n1696. The Hurons and some Otawas are already hunting\\nwith the Iroquois.\\nCadiUac dispatches a war party, consisting chiefly of\\nPottawatomies and Algonquins. The Iroquois, though warned\\nby the Hurons, lose thirty scalps, and thirty-two prisoners,\\nwho are brought to Michilimackinac. Some Hurons found\\namong them are restored to their tribe.\\nIn consequence of the Hurons machinations, but few\\nMichilimackinac Indians take part in the campaign against\\nthe Onondago and Oneida.\\nD Argenteuil starts with 50 Frenchmen, but arrives too\\nlate.\\nLe Baron, with thirty Huron families, goes to settle near\\nAlbany. Kondiaronk, now permanently gained over to the\\nFrench cause by Father de Carheil, prevents the rest of the\\ntribe from following them.\\n1697. Frontenac, in reply to the king s order (of 1695,\\nreceived late in 1696), insists on the posts of Michilimacki-\\nnac and St. Joseph being retained, with a garrison sufficient\\nto keep off English traders (twelve or fifteen soldiers with\\nan officer), and on twenty-five canoe loads of goods being\\nannually sent to each place. His advice prevails in the king p\\ncouncil.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nRumors of an impending war with England arriving^\\nCadillac starts with a great number of Frenchmen, and three\\nhundred Sacs, PottawRtomies, Otawas and Hurons. They\\narrive in Montreal towards the end of August.\\n1700, September 8th. Kondiaronk and a deputy of the\\nfour Otawa clans sign a provisional treaty of peace with the\\nIroquois, at Montreal.\\nDe Courtemanche and Father Enjalran go to visit the\\nother western tribes and persuade them to accede to the\\ntreaty.\\n1701. Otawa hunters fight a party of Iroquois who tres-\\npass on their grounds, and bring the chief to Michilimacki-\\nnac as a prisoner.\\nDe Courtemanche and Father Enjalran, greatly aided by\\nKondiaronk, bring their negotiations with the tribes to a suc-\\ncessful issue. Father Enjalran leaves Michilimackinac in\\nJune, with two liberated Iroquois prisoners. Courtemanche\\nsto.rts after the arrival of the Indian delegates, with a fleet\\nof 14:i canoes.\\nSieur De La Motte Cadillac founded the present city of\\nDetroit, building Fort Pontchartrain, near the present Jeffer-\\nson avenue, Shelby and Wood bridge streets.\\nAt the great meeting convened at Montreal, August 1st,\\nfor the conclusion of peace between the Iroquois, and the\\nFrench and their allies (Illinois, Miamis, Kickapoos, Foxes,\\nWinnebagos, Pottawatomies, Menomonees, Otawas, Ojib-\\nwas, Hurons, Algonquins, Abenakis and others, being repre-\\nsented), Kondiaronk, almost in a dying state, makes a last\\nspeech of great effect. He dies the following night, and is\\nburied, with great demonstrations of respect, in the principal\\nchurch of Montreal.\\nAugust 4th. At the last general assembly (1,300 Indians\\nbeing present), the treaty is signed by thirty- eight deputies.\\nThe Otawas of Michilimackinac ask for Father Enjalran", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "HISTOKICAL EVEJVJTS.\\n129\\nREV. FATHER EDWARD JACKER,\\nDiscoverer of Marquette s Grave.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "J30 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nand ITicolas Perrot, and insist on the prohibition of the.\\nliquor trade in their country.\\n1702-3. The Hurons and a part of the Otawas, upon\\nCadillac s pressing invitation, remove to Detroit.\\n1705. The remaining Otawas having broken the peace,\\nDeLouvigny comes to bring them to reason. He returns to\\nthe colony with Iroquois prisoners given up to him by the\\nOtawas. De Yincennes follows with the chiefs. They apolo-\\ngize to the Iroquois, and peace is restored.\\nNot a single Christian Indian remaining the Otawas,\\nsince the departure of the Hurons proving unmanageable,\\nand the licentiousness of the bush-lopers {coureurs de hois)\\nexceeding all bounds, the missionaries (De Carheil, Marest,\\nand perhaps Enjalran) burn the church and house, and leave\\nfor Quebec. Governor General de Yaudreuil sends orders\\nto all the French at Micliilimackinac to come down to the\\ncolony.\\n1712. Governor General de Yaudreuil sent De Louvigny\\nto re-establish Fort Michilimackinac, which he did, but on\\nthe south shore.\\n1721. Peter Francis Xavier Charlevoix at Michilimack-\\ninac.\\n1728. Sieur Marchand De Lignery s expedition at Mich-\\nilimackinac.\\n1730. Sieur De Buisson in command at Michilimackinac,\\n1759. July 24th. Fort Niagara surrendered to the\\nBritish.\\nSeptember 18th. Quebec, the capital of New France\\n(Canada), surrendered.\\n1760. September 8th. Montreal, and all the French-\\nCanadian territory, surrendered to the British.\\n1761. September 28th. British troops first arrived at\\nMichilimackinac. Captain Belfour, of the 80th Regiment,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 131\\narrived from Detroit with a detachment of the 60th and\\n80th Kegiments. Leaving Lieutenant Leslie, of the Royal\\nAmerican or 60th Regiment, with one sergeant, one corporal,\\none drummer, and twenty-five privates of the same regiment.\\nCaptain Belfour and his party, on October 1st, proceeded to\\nGreen Bay, Wis.\\nAlthough the British occupied and controlled Canada, it\\nwas not formally ceded to Great Britain until 1763.\\nThe preliminaries of peace were signed at Fontainebleau,\\nNovember 3d, 1762, between the courts of France, Spain\\nand Great Britain. By the definitive treaty signed at Paris,\\nFebruary 10th, 1763, by these three great powers, together\\nwith Portugal, Canada was ceded to Great Britain.\\nGreat Britain restored to Spain the territory she had con-\\nquered in the Island of Cuba and in consequence of this\\nrestitution, Spain ceded to Great Britain, Florida with Fort\\nSt. Augustin and the Bay of Pensacola, and all the Spanish\\npossessions on the continent of North America, east of the\\nMississippi River. In 1783, Great Britain retroceded Florida\\nto Spain. By a treaty made in 1819 (ratified in 1821), be-\\ntween the United States and Spain, Florida was ceded by\\nSpain to the United States, the latter paying $5,000,000.\\nFrance, by an act passed at Fontainebleau, November 3d,\\n1762, ceded the country then known as Louisiana, to Spain.\\nThe cession was accepted by an act passed at the Escurial,\\nNovember 13th, of the same year. Spain retroceded Louisi-\\nana to France, by a treaty of St. Ildefonso, October 1st, 1800.\\nFrance ceded Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the\\nlatter paying $15,000,000.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAa\\nCOISTSPIEAOY OF PONTIAC.\\n1763. Under this conspiracy eleven posts were attacked^\\nand eight captured.\\nJune 2d. Fort Michilimackinac was captured. The gar-\\nrison consisted of Captain Etherington, Lieutenants Jamet and\\nLeslie, and about thirtj-five men. A band of Chippewas^\\nwhile playing a game of ball just outside of the Fort, knocked\\nthe ball, as if by accident, so that it fell inside the stockade;\\nthe players rushed after it, and seizing their weapons from\\nsquaws, who had them concealed under their blankets, and\\nhad previously entered the Fort as a part of the plot, they\\nraised the war-whoop and fell upon the garrison. Lieutenant\\nJamet and fifteen men were killed. Captain Etherington and\\nLieutenant Leslie, who were watching the game of ball, and\\nthe rest of the garrison were taken prisoners they were after-\\nwards ransomed by Lieutenant Gorell and his command from\\nthe Fort at Green Bay.\\n1779. At iiuon Sunday, Oct. 3d, the new Fort at Detroit\\nwas named Fort Lenault.\\nOct. 4. Lieut.-Governor Patrick Sinclair arrived at\\n01d Mackinaw.\\nOct. 15. Major Arent Schuyler DePeyster left Old Mack-\\ninaw at 5 p. M. for Detroit, on board His Majesty s armed\\nsloop Welcome, Alexander Harrow, Master.\\nOct. 20. Major DePeyster arrived at Detroit at 8 a. m.\\nSaturday, Nov. 6. Lieut.- Go v. Sinclair sent a detach-\\nment of artificers to live and work upon Mackinac Island..\\nThe timbers of a house for their use were carried over with\\nthem, on the sloop Welcome.\\nMajor DePeyster with a view of building a Fort there-\\nupon and removing there with the garrison from Old", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 133\\nMackinaw, as a measure of safety from, the Americans, had\\npreviously secured a title to the Island from the Chippewa\\nchief Kitchienago, who occupied it with his band.\\n1780. Early in the year the timbers of tlie Catholic\\nchurch at Old Mackinaw were hauled over the ice to Mack-\\ninac Island and the church re-erected in what is now the old\\ngraveyard on Astor street.\\nOct. 22. John Donald, one of the crew of the sloop\\nWelcome, while on watch, fell from the wharf at the island\\nand was drowned. He was buried Oct. 24:th, at Old Mack-\\ninaw.\\nThe first Government wharf at the island was about sev-\\nenty feet west of the present one, and on the prolongation\\nof the line of the old roadway which runs from in front of\\nthe south sally-port down through the present Fort gardens.\\nThe bay in front of the Fort was called Haldimand Bay.\\nNov. 4. Lieut.-Gov^ Patrick Sinclair removed from Old\\nMackinaw to Mackinac Island.\\nThe history of Modern Mackinac properly begins at\\nthis date.\\nNov. 30. The sloops Welcome and Angelica and the\\nschooner DePeyster were laid up for the winter at the island\\nwharf.\\nDec. 21. The sloop Archangel was moored astern of the\\nAngelica.\\nDuring several of the previous winters some of the Gov-\\nernment vessels were laid up in the Cheboygan River, where\\nthere was a house which was built for the use of the party\\nin charge of the boats.\\nThere was also during the same period a hay camp on\\nthe Cheboygan River, where hay was cut for use at the Fort.\\n1781. Jan. 5. The crews of the vessels removed from\\nthe Welcome into a block-house which they had built upon\\nthe island.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThis block-house was located near the site of the present\\nvillaore schoolhouse. It was made of cedar timbers which\\nwere sawn over saw-pits dug in the woods.\\nWhen practicable in the winter of 1780-81, the troops\\nwere engaged in hauling over the ice from Old Mackinaw to\\nthe island the barracks and other buildings belonging to the\\nGovernment. These buildings were made of cedar timbers.\\nThe doors, windows, bricks, provisions, et cetera^ were\\ntransported in boats in the fall of 1780 and in the spring\\nand summer of 1781.\\nDuring the winter of 1780-81 a detachment of soldiers\\nwintered at the Pinery, a camp on Pine River about 15\\nmiles north of St. Ignace, where the British had a hay and\\nwood camp.\\nDuring the winter of 1780-81 the traders made prepara-\\ntions for removing from Old Mackinaw, and in the spring of\\n1781 made rafts of the timbers of their buildings and floated\\nthem to the island, transporting their goods, et cetera^ by\\nboats.\\n1781. Thursday, May 24. First occupation of the Fort\\nconstructed upon the Island of Mackinac (a part only of the\\ntroops moving in).\\nThe Fort was on the site of the present one, and portions\\nof it are still in a good state of preservation.\\nThe garrison was not entirely withdrawn from Old Mack-\\ninaw until the summer of 1781, when all the Government\\nproperty had been moved to the island.\\n1783. By the definitive treaty of peace between Great\\nBritain and the United States, made and signed at Paris, Sep-\\ntember 3d, 1783, by David Hartley on the part of Great\\nBritain, and by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John\\nJay on the part of the United States, the post of Michili-", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "HISTOEICAL EVENTS. 35\\nmackinac fell within the boundary of the United States, but\\nunder various pretenses the English refused to withdraw their\\ntroops, and occupied it with other lake posts.\\n1794. Bj the second article of the treaty of amity, com-\\nmerce and navigation, between Great Britain and the United\\nStates, concluded at London, England, !N ovember, 19th, 1794,\\nand signed by Baron Grenville, on the part of Great Britain,\\nand by Hon. John Jay, on the part of the United States\\n(ratifications exchanged October 28th, 1795, and proclaimed\\nFebruary 29th, 1796), it was stipulated that from all posts\\nwithin the boundary lines assigned, by the treaty of peace to\\nthe United States, the British troops should be withdrawn on\\nor before June 1st, 1796.\\n1795. By stipulation 13, article 3, of a treaty of peace\\nbetween the United States and the tribes of Indians called\\nthe Wyandots, Delawares, Sliawnees, Otawas, Chippewas,\\nPottawatomies, Miamis, Eel E-ivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Pinke-\\nshaws and Kaskaskias, made at Greenville, Ohio, on the 3d\\nof August, 1795, and signed by General Anthony Wayne, on\\nthe part of the United States, and by the Sacliems and War-\\nchiefs of the said tribes, the Indians ceded to the United\\nStates the post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the\\nisland on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent,\\non w^iich the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or\\ngrants, to the French or English Governments and a piece\\nof land on the main to the north of the island, to measure\\nsix miles, on Lake Huron, or the strait between Lakes Huron\\nand Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water\\nof the lake or strait and also, the island Bois Blanc, the\\nlatter being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa\\nnation.\\n1796. October. Two companie-s of United States troops,\\nunder the command of Major Henry Burbeck, with Captain\\nAbner Prior and Lieutenants Ebenezer Massay and John", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nMichael, arrived and took possession of the post of Michili-\\nmackinac.\\n1802. In the year 1800 the Connecticut Missionary So-\\nciety sent Rev. David Bacon (father of the late Rev. Dr.\\nLeonard Bacon, of New Haven, who was born in Detroit in\\n1802) as a missionary to our frontier; he arrived at Detroit\\nAugust 11th, 1800, where he was entertained at the house of\\ntlie commandant, Major Thomas Hunt, U. S. A.\\nMr. Bacon left Detroit, with his family, and came to\\nMackinac in June, 1802, where he remained, teaching and\\npreaching until August, 1804, when he was recalled.\\nRev. David Bacon was the^^^^ Protestant who preached\\nat Mackinac.\\n1812. June 18th, war with Great Britain was declared by\\nthe Congress of the United States by a vote of 79 to 40 in\\nthe House, and 19 to 13 in the Senate. June 19th, war was\\nformally proclaimed by President Madison.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. ]37\\nSITEKENDER OF FORT MICIIILIMACKUSTAC.\\nDetroit, August 4th, 1812.\\nSir I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint Your Excellency of\\nthe surrender of the garrison of Michilimackinac, under my command, to\\nhis Britannic Majesty s forces under the command of Captain Charles\\nRoberts, on the 17th ultimo, the particulars of which are as follows: On\\nthe 16th, I was informed by the Indian Interpreter that he had discovered\\nfrom an Indian that the several nations of Indians then at St. Joseph (a\\nBritish garrison, distant about forty miles) intended to make an imme-\\ndiate attack on Michilimackinac.\\nI was inclined, from the coolness I had discovered in some of the prin-\\ncipal chiefs of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations, who had but a few days\\nbefore professed the greatest friendship for the United States, to place\\nconfidence in this report.\\nI immediately called a meeting of the American gentlemen at that time\\non the island, in which it was thought proper to dispatch a confidential\\nperson to St. Joseph to watch the motions of the Indians.\\nCaptain Michael Dousman, of the militia, was thought the most suitable\\nfor this service. He embarked about sunset, and met the British forces\\nwithin ten or fifteen miles of the island, by whom he was made prisoner\\nand put on his parole of honor. He was landed on the island at day-\\nbreak, with positive directions to give me no intelligence whatever. He\\nwas also instructed to take the inhabitants of the village, indiscriminately,\\nto a place on the west side of the island where their persons and property\\nshould be protected by a British guard, but should they goto the Fort,\\nthey would be subject to a general massacre by the savages, which would\\nbe inevitable if the garrison fired a gun. This information I received\\nfrom Doctor Day, who was passing through the village when every person\\nwas flying for refuge to the enemy. I immediately, on being informed\\nof the approach of the enemy, placed ammunition, etc., in the Block\\nhouses; ordered every gun charged, and made every preparation for\\naction. About 9 o clock I could discover that the enemy were in posses-\\nsion of the heights that commanded the Fort, and one piece of their artil-\\nlery directed to the most defenceless part of the garrison. The Indians\\nat this time were to be seen in great numbers in the edge of the woods.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nAt half -past 11 o clock the enemy sent in a flag of truce, demanding a sur-\\nrender of the Fort and island to his Britannic Majesty s forces. This, Sir.\\nwas the first information I had of the declaration of war; I, however, had\\nanticipated it, and was as well prepared to meet such an event as I pos-\\nsibly could have been with the force under my command, amounting\\nto 57 effective men, including officers. Three American gentlemen, who\\nwere prisoners, were permitted to accompany the flag: from them I ascer-\\ntained the strength of the enemy to be from nine hundred to one thousand\\nstrong, consisting of regular troops, Canadians and savages that they\\nhad two pieces of artillery, and were provided with ladders and ropes for\\nthe purpose of scaling the works, if necessary. After I had obtained this\\ninformation, I consulted my officers, and also the American gentlemen\\npresent, who were very intelligent men; the result of which was, that it\\nwas impossible for the garrison to hold out against such a superior force.\\nIn this opinion I fully concurred, from the conviction that it was the only\\nmeasure that could prevent a general massacre. The Fort and garrison\\nwere accordingly surrendered.\\nThe enclosed papers exhibit copies of the correspondence between the\\nofficer commanding the British forces and myself, and of the articles of\\ncapitulation. This subject involved questions of a peculiar nature; and\\nI hope, Sir, that my demands and protests will meet the approbation of\\nray government. I cannot allow this opportunity to escape without ex-\\npr^gsing my obligation to Doctor Sylvester Day, for the service he ren-\\ndered me in conducting this correspondence.\\nIn consequence of this unfortunate affair, I beg leave, Sir, to demand\\nthat a Court of Inquiry may be ordered to investigate all the facts con-\\nnected with it; and I do further request, that the court may be specially\\ndirected to express their opinion on the merits of the case.\\nI have the honour to be. Sir, etc.,\\nPORTER HANKS,\\nLieutenant of Artillerp\\nHis Excellency General Hull,\\nCommanding the N. W. Army.\\nP. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The following particulars relating to the British force were o\\\\\\ntuined after the capitulation, from a source that admits of no doubt:", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 23^\\nRegular troops 46 including 4 oflicers\\nCanadian militia 2G0\\nTotal 300\\nSavages,\\nSioux 56\\nWinnebagoes 48\\nMenomonees 39\\nChippewas and Ottawas 572\\n715 Savages.\\n300 Whites.\\nTotal 1021\\nIt may also be remarked, that one hundred and fifty Chippewas and\\nOttawas joined the British two days after the capitulation.\\nP. H.\\nHkights ABOVE MiChilimackinac, 17th July, 1812.\\nCAPITULATION\\nAgreed upon between Captain Charles Roberts, commanding Ms Britannic\\nMajesty s forces, on the one part, and Lieutenant Porter Hanks,\\ncommanding the troops of the United States of America,\\non the other.\\nARTICLES.\\nI. The Fort of Michilimackinac shall immediately be surrendered to\\nthe British forces. Granted.\\nII. The garrison shall march out with the honours of war, lay down\\ntheir arms, and become prisoners of war, and shall be sent to the United\\nStates of America by his Britannic Majesty, not to serve in this war\\nuntil regularly exchanged; and for the due performance of this article\\nthe otficers pledge their word and honour. Granted,\\nIII. All the merchant vessels in the harbour, with their cargoes, shall\\nbe in the possession of their respective owners. Granted.\\nIV. Private property shall be held sacred so far as in my power.\\nGranted.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nV. All citizens of the United States of America who sliall not take the\\noath of allegiance to his Britannic Majesty, shall depart with their prop-\\nerty from this island in one month from the date hereof. Granted.\\n(Signed) CHARLES ROBERTS.\\nCaptain Commanding H. B. Majesty s Forces.\\nPORTER HANKS,\\nLieutenant Commanding the Forces of the\\nUnited States at Fort MicJiilimackinac.\\nNotes. Dr. Sylvester Day, U. S. A., was the Surgeon at the\\nFort. He and his family resided at the time on Astor street, in\\na house belonging to Samuel Abbott, which stood on the site of\\nthe house built in 1886 by Patrick Donnelly. Michael Dousman\\nwent to the house and told the inmates of the presence of the\\nBritish on the island. Dr. Day immediately arose, and taking\\nhis family (one of whom, his son, is now Gen. Hannibal Day,\\nU. S. A.), went to the Fort and warned the garrison of the\\napproach of the foe.\\nOn July 15th, Captain Charles Roberts, of the Tenth Royal\\nVeteran Battalion, in command of a detachment of his regiment\\nat St. Joseph s Island, St. Mary s River, received letters by express\\nfrom Gen. Brock, informing him that war had been declared, and\\nordering him to adopt the most punctual measures.\\nLeaving an officer and six privates to take care of the build-\\nings, Captain Roberts, at ten o clock on the morning of the 16th,\\nembarked his few men with about one hundred and eighty\\nCanadian engagees half of them without arms, about three hun-\\ndred Indians and two iron six-pounders, in ten batteaux, seventy\\ncanoes, and on the N. W. Go s ship Caledonia.\\nThe boat arrived at the place since then known as British\\nLanding, at three o clock on the morning of the 17th, and\\nthrough the exertions of the Canadians, one of the guns was\\ntaken to a height commanding the Fort.\\nThe American troops numbered sixty-three persons, including\\nfive sick men and one drummer boy.\\nThere were nine vessels in the harbor, having on board forty-\\nseven men. After the capitulation two other vessels arrived,\\nwith seven hundred packs of furs.\\nThe prisoners were sent to Detroit, arriving there August 4th,\\nthence to Fort Fayette, where Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, now", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "H ISTORIC A L EV ENTS.\\n141\\nstands, where a roll shows them to have been mustered on\\nthe 17th daj of November, 1812.\\nLieutenant Hanks was killed August 16, while still on\\nparole, by a shot fired from the Canadian side, while he was\\nstanding in the vestibule of the quarters occupied by Captain\\nSamuel T. Dyson and Lieutenant William Whistler, in the\\nfort at Detroit.\\nThe citizens sought refuge in an old distillery, which was\\nsituated under the bluff nearthe old Indian burying ground^\\nwest of the village. The British sent a guard there immedi-\\nately after landing.\\nThe three American gentlemen (prisoners) referred to bj\\nLieutenant Ilanks, went from the distillery to Captain Rob-\\nerts command. Tliey were Samuel Abbott, John Dousman\\nand Ambrose R. Davenport, all prominent citizens of the\\nvillage, and well calculated to comprehend the true state of\\naffairs.\\nFort Holmes was built while the British held possession of\\nthe island, in 1812 and 1814. The inhabitants of the village\\nwere all forced to contribute labor.\\nIt was called by the British Fort George, in honor of the\\nBritish king afterward rechristened by the Americans in\\nhonor of Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, who was killed\\nAugust 4, 18i4.\\nThe old ditches can be plainly seen the parapet was pro-\\ntected by cedar pickets, so planted as to render scaling im-\\npossible without a ladder. The covered ways, constructed\\nto shelter the troops, have fallen in. In the centre of the\\nenclosure there was a building used as a block-house and\\npowder magazine. It was removed by the Americans, and\\nis now used as the government stable.\\nThe platform that now crowns the summit, and com-\\nmands a magnificent view of the Straits and the surround-\\ning country, was built in 1886. As you stand on this\\nplatform, three jjundred and thirty-six feet above the", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "242 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nlevel of the surrouuding water, facing toward the flag-staff\\nin the Fort, on your right is Point St. Ignace, four miles\\ndistant, the southern extremity of the northern peninsula of\\nMichigan nearly in front of yon lies Mackinaw City eight\\nmiles distant, on the northern point of the southern penin-\\nBlock House. Built in 1780.\\nsula, a little to the right, is where old Fort Michilimackinac\\nstood, where the massacre of June 2d, 1763, took place a\\nlittle farther to the left Cheboygan, eighteen miles distant,\\nand off to the left, where the northern shore and the water\\nseem to mingle and disappear together, is the mouth of the\\nSt. Mary s River, thirty-seven miles distant.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HISTORIOAL EVENTS. -j^g\\nNAVAL BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE.\\n1813. September 10th, the hostile fleets of Great Britain\\nand the United States, on Lake Erie, met near the head of\\nthe Lake, and a sanguinary battle ensued. The British fleet\\nconsisted of six vessels, carrying sixty-four guns, under com-\\nmand of the veteran Commodore Barclay, and the fleet of\\nthe United States consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-\\nfour guns, under command of the young and brave Commo-\\ndore Oliver H. Perry. The result of this important conflict\\nwas made known to the world in the following laconic dis-\\npatch, written at 4 p. m. of that day\\nDeab General: We have met the enemy, and they are ours. Two\\nships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop.\\nWith esteem, etc.,\\n*0. H. PERRY.\\nGeneral William H. Harrison.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144:\\nANNALS OF FORT MAtKINAC.\\nBlock House, Built in 1780-81.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "AJMiSALS OF FUliT MACKINAC. 145\\nBATTLE OF MICHILIMACKINAC.\\nREPORT OF COL. GEORGE CROGHAN.\\nU. S. S. War Niagara, off Thunder bat,\\nAugust 9th, 1814. f\\nSir\u00e2\u0080\u0094 We left Fort Gratiot (head of the straits St. Clair) on the 12th\\nalt. and imagined that we should arrive in a few days at Malshadash Bay.\\nAt the end of a week, however, the commodore from the want of pilots ac-\\nquainted with that unfrequented part of the lake, despaired of being able to\\nfind a passage through the island into the bay, and made for St. Joseph s,\\nwhere he anchored on 20th day of July. After setting fire to the Fort of St.\\nJoseph s, which seemed not to have been recently occupied, a detachment\\nof infantry and artillery, under Major Holmes, was ordered to Sault St.\\nMary s, for the purpose of breaking up the enemy s establishment at that\\nplace.\\nFor particulars relative to the execution of this order, I beg leave to\\nrefer you to Major Holmes report herewith enclosed. Finding on my\\narrival at Michilimackinac, on the 26th ult, that the enemy had strongly\\nfortified the height overlooking the old Fort of Mackinac, I at once de-\\nspaired of being able with my small force, to carry the place by storm,\\nand determined (as the only course remaining) on landing and establish-\\ning myself on some favorable position, whence I could be enabled to\\nannoy the enemy by gradual and slow approaches, under cover of my\\nartillery, in which I should have the superiority in point of metal. I was\\nurged to adopt this step by another reason, not a little cogent could a\\nl^osition be taken and fortified on the island, I was well aware that it\\nwould either induce the enemy to attack me in my strongholds, or force\\nhis Indians and Canadians (the most efficient, and only disposable foice)\\noff the island, as ihey would be very unwilling to remain in my neigh i^or-\\nhood after a permanent footing had been taken. On enquiry, I leariied\\nfrom individuals who had lived many years on the island, that a position\\ndesirable as I might wish, could be found on the west end, and therefore\\nimmediately made arrangements for disembarking. A landing was\\neffected on the 4th inst., under cover of the guns of the shipping, and\\nthe line being quickly formed, had advanced to the edge of the field\\nspoken of for a camp, when intelligence was conveyed to me, that the", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nenemy was ahead, and a few secouds more brought us a fire from his\\nbattery of four pieces, firing shot and shells. After reconnoitering his\\nposition, which was well selected, his line reached along the edge of the\\nwoods, at the further extremity of the field and covered by a temporary\\nbreast work I determined on changing my position (which was now two\\nlines, the militia forming the front), by advancing Major Holmes battal-\\nion of regulars on the right of the militia, thus to outflank him, and by a\\nvigorous efiTort to gain his rear. The movement was immediately ordered,\\nbut before it could be executed, a fire was opened by some Indians posted\\nin a thick wood near our right, which proved fatal to Major Holmes and\\nseverely wounded Captain Desha (the next officer in rank). This unlucky\\nfire, by depriving us of the services of our most valuable oflacers, threw\\nthat part of the line into confusion from which the best exertions of the\\nofficers were not able to recover it. Finding it impossible to gain the\\nenemy s left, owmg to the impenetrable thickness of the woods, a charge\\nwas ordered to be made by the regulars immediately against the front.\\nThis charge although made in some confusion, served to drive the enemy\\nback into the woods, from whence an annoying fire was kept up by the\\nIndians.\\nLieut. Morgan was ordered up with a light piece to assist the left, now\\nparticularly galled the excellent practice of this brought the enemy to\\nfire at a longer distance. Discovering that this disposition from whence\\nthe enemy had just been driven (and which had been represented to me\\nas so hJgh and commanding), was by no means tenable, from being inter-\\nspersedl with thickets, and intersected in every way by ravines, I deter-\\nmined HO longer to expose my force to the fire of an enemy deriving\\nevery advantage which could be obtained from numbers and a knowledge\\nof tho position, and therefore ordered an immediate retreat towards the\\nshipping. This affair, which cost us many valuable lives, leaves us to\\nlament the fall of that gallant officer, Major Holmes, whose character is\\nso well known to the war department. Captain Van Home, of the 19th\\nInfantry smd Lieut. Jackson of the 24th Infantry, both brave intrepid\\nyoung men fell mortally wounded at the head of their respective com-\\nmands.\\nThe conduct of all my officers on this occasion merits my approbation.\\nCaptain Desha, of the 34th Infantry, although wounded, continued\\nwith his command until forced to retire from faintness througli loss of\\nblood. Captains Saunders, Hawkins and Sturges, with every subaltern", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. liT\\nof that battalion, acted in the most exemplary manner. Ensign Bryan,\\n2ad Rifle Regiment, acting Adjutant to the battalion, actively forwarded\\nthe wishes of the commanding oflScer. Lieuts. Hickman. 28th Infantry,\\nand Hyde of the U. S. Marines, who commanded the reserve, claim my\\nparticular thanks for their activity in keeping that command in readiness\\nto meet any exigency. I have before mentioned Lieut. Morgan s activity;\\nhis two assistants, Lieut. Pickett and Mr. Peters, conductor of artillery,\\nalso merit the name of good oflBcers.\\nThe militia were wanting in no part of their duty. Colonel Cotgreave,\\nhis officers and soldiers, deserve the warmest approbation, My acting\\nassistant Adjutant General Captain N. H. Moore, 28th Infantry, with\\nvolunteer Adjutant McComb, were prompt in delivering my orders.\\nCaptain Gratiot of the engineers, who voluntered his services as Adju-\\ntant on the occasion, gave me valuable assistance. On the morning of the\\n5th, I sent a flag to the enemy, to enquire into the state of the wounded\\n(two in number), who were left on the field, and to request permission to\\nbring away the body of Major Holmes, which was also left, owing to the\\nunpardonable neglect of the soldiers in whose hands it was placed. I\\nam happy in assuring you, that the body of Major Holmes is secured,\\nand will be buried at Detroit with becoming honors. I shall discharge\\nthe militia to-morrow, and will send them down, together with two regu-\\nlar companies to Detroit.\\nWith the remaining three companies I shall attempt to destroy the\\nenemy s establishment in the head of Naw-taw-wa-sa-ga River, and if it\\nbe thought proper, erect a post at the mouth of that river.\\nVery respectfully, I have the honor to remain, sir, your obedient\\nrierfant.\\nG. CROGHAN,\\nLieut.-Col. Snd Riflemen.\\nTo Hon. J. Armstrong,\\nSecretary of War.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC.\\nREPORT OF KILLED, WOUNDED AND MISSING, ON\\nAUGUST 4th, 1814.\\nOn board the U. S. Sloop of War Niagara,\\n11th August, 1814. f\\nArtillery wounded, three privates.\\nInfantry 17th Regiment killed, five privates; wounded, two sergeants,\\ntwo corporals, fifteen privates. Two privates since dead. Two privates\\nmissing.\\n19th Regiment wounded, one captain, nine privates. Captain Isaac\\nVan Home, Jr., since dead one private since dead.\\n24th Regiment killed, five privates; wounded, one captain, one lieu-\\ntenant, three sergeants, one corporal, one musician, five privates. Cap-\\ntain Robert Desha severely; Lieut. Hezekiah Jackson since dead\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one\\nsergeant since dead.\\n33nd Regiment killed, one major. Major Andrew Hunter Holmes.\\nUnited States Marines wounded, one sergeant.\\nOhio Militia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 killed, two privates; wounded, six privates\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one private\\nsince dead of his wounds.\\nGrand total\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one major and twelve privates killed; two captains, one\\nlieutenant, six sergeants, three corporals, one musician and thirty-eighl,\\nprivates wounded. Two privates missing.\\nThe above return exhibits a true statement of the killed wounded and\\nmissing in the affair of the 4th instant.\\nN. H. MOORE,\\nCaptain 28th Infanti y,\\nActing Assistant Adjutant-Genei aL", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150\\nANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nREPORT OF CAPTAIN SINCLAIR.\\nUnited States Sloop of War Niagara, I\\nOff Thunder Bay, August 9th, 1814.\\nSrit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I arrived off Michilimackinac on the 26th July; but owing to a,\\ntedious spell of bad weather, which prevented our reconuoitering, or\\nbeing able to procure a prisoner who could give us information of tlie\\nenemy s Indian force, which, from several little skirmishes we had on an\\nadjacent island, appeared to be very great, we did not attempt a landing\\nuntil the 4th inst. and it was then made more with a view to ascertain\\npositively the enemy s strength, than with any possible hope of success;\\nknowing, at the same time, that I could effectually cover their landkig\\nand retreat to the ships, from the position I had taken within 300 yards\\nof the beach. Col. Croghan would never have landed, even with this\\nprotection, being positive, as he was, that the Indian force alone on the\\nisland, with the advantages they had, were superior to him, could he\\nhave justified himself to his government, without having stronger proof\\nthan appearances, that he could not effect the object in view. Mackinac\\nis, by nature, a perfect Gibraltar, being a high inaccessible rock on every\\nside, except the west, from which to the bights, you have near two miles\\nto pass through a wood, so thick that our men were shot in every direc-\\ntion, and within a few yards of them, without being able to see the\\nIndians who did it; and a height was scarcely gained before there was-\\nanother within 50 or 100 yards commanding it, where breastworks were\\nerected and cannon opened on them. Several of those were charged and\\nthe enemy driven from them; but it was soon found the further our\\ntroops advanced the stronger the enemy became, and the weaker and\\nmore bewildered our forces were; several of the commanding officers\\nwere picked out and killed or wounded by the savages, without seeing\\nany of them. The men were getting lost and falling into confusion,\\nnatural under such circumstances, which demanded an immediate retreat,\\nor a total defeat and general massacre must have ensued. This was con-\\nducted in a masterly manner by Col. Croghan, who had lost the aid of\\nthat valuable and ever to be lamented officer. Major Holmes, who, with\\nCaptain VanHorn, was killed by the Indians.\\nThe enemy were driven from many of their strongholds; but such was", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 151\\nthe impenetrable thickness of the woods, that no advantage gained could\\nbe profited by. Our attack would have been made immediately under\\nthe lower fort, that the enemy might not have been able to use his Indian\\nforce to such advantage as in the woods, having discovered by drawing a\\nfire from him in several instances, that I had greatly the superiority of\\nmetal of him; but its site being about 130 feet above the water, I could\\nnot, when near enough to do him an injury, elevate sufficiently to batter\\nit. Above this, nearly as high again, he has another strong fort, com-\\nmanding every point on the island, and almost perpendicular on all sides.\\nCol. Croghan not deeming it prudent to make a second attempt upon this\\nplace, and having ascertained to a certainty that the only naval force the\\nenemy have upon the lakes consists of one schooner of four guns, I have\\ndetermined to despatch the Lawrence and Caledonia to Lake Erie\\nimmediately, believing their services in transporting our armies there will\\nbe wanting; and it being important that the sick and wounded, amount-\\ning to about 100, and that part of the detachment not necessary to further\\nour future operations here, should reach Detroit without delay. By an\\nintelligent prisoner, captured in the Mink, I ascertained this, and that\\nthe mechanics and others sent across from York during the winter were\\nfor the purpose of building a flotilla to transport reinforcements and sup-\\nplies to Mackinac. An attempt was made to transport them by the way of\\nMatchadash, but it was found impracticable, from all the portages being\\na morass; that they then resorted to a small river called Nautawasaga,\\nsituated to the south of Matchadash, from which there is a portage of three\\nleagues over a good road to Lake Simcoe. This place was never known\\nuntil pointed out to them last summer by an Indian. This river is very\\nnarrow, and has six or eight feet water in it about three miles up, and is\\nthen a muddy, rapid shallow for 45 miles up to the portage, where their\\narmada was built, and their storehouses are now situated. The naviga-\\ntion is dangerous and difficult, and so obscured by rocks and bushes that\\nno stranger could ever find it. I have, however, availed myself of the\\nmeans of discovering it; I shall also blockade the mouth of French River\\nuntil the fall; and those being the only two channels of communication\\nby which Mackinac can possibly be supplied, and their provisions at this\\ntime being extremely short, I think they will be starved into a surrender.\\nThis will also cut off all supplies to the Northwest Company, who are now\\nnenrly starving, and their furs on hand can only find transportation by\\nthe wny of Hudson Bay. At this place I calculate on falling in with", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 ANisALS OF FOliT MAUXmAC.\\ntheir schooner, which, it is said, has gone there for a load of provisions,\\nand a message sent to her not to venture up while we are on the Lake.\\nVery respectfully, I have the honor to remain, Sir,\\nYour obedient servant,\\nARTHUR SINCLAIR.\\nTo Hon. Wm. Jones,\\nSecretary of the Nany.\\nNotes. Col. Croghan landed with his troops at what is\\nnow called British Landing, so named from the fact that\\nthe British landed there on the night of the 16th and 17th\\nof July, 1812, when they snccessfnllj surprised Fort Mack-\\ninac.\\nOn entering the gate on the road leading to British Land-\\ning, after passing through the narrow belt of timber, you\\ncome to a slight ridge which crosses the road, passing diagon-\\nally through an orchard, on the left.\\nOn the south side of this ridge the British troops were\\nconcealed, having four field pieces the line was protected by\\na hastily constructed abattis^ and the left by an entrenchment,\\nthe remains of which can be seen in the orchard some 250\\nyards to the left of, and nearly parallel to, the road.\\nThe British forces were under the command of Lieut.-Col\u00c2\u00ab\\nRobert McDouall, Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles, then\\nin command at Fort Mackinac.\\nMajor Holmes body was put on board a schooner and sent\\nto Detroit, where it was buried in the old cemetery on the\\ncorner of Larned street and Woodward avenue, on land\\nbelonging to The First Protestant Society. In 1834 when\\nexcavating for the building of The First Protestant Church\\nthe remains of Major Holmes were found with six cannon\\nballs in the coffin. The balls were placed in the coffin for\\nthe purpose of sinking the body if in danger of being cap-\\ntured by the British while on its way to Detroit. The\\nremains were placed in a box and buried in the Protestant\\nceTnetery near Gratiot, Beaubien and Antoine streets.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 153\\n1815. Bj the treaty of peace and amity between Great\\nBritain and the United States, concluded at Ghent, Belgium,\\nDecember 24t]i, 1814, and signed by Lord Gambler, Henry\\nGonlbourn and William Adams, on the part of Great\\nBritain, and by Jolm Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard,\\nHenry Clay, Jonathan E-ussell and Albert Gallatin, on the\\npart of the United States (ratifications exchanged February\\n17th, and proclaimed February 18th, 1815), the post of\\nMichilimackinac was again restored to the United States.\\nOn March 2Stli, Lieut.-General Sir Gordon Drummond\\nsent a despatch from York (now Toronto), Canada, to Lieut.-\\nColonel Kobert McDouall, of the Glengarry Light Infantry\\nFencibles, commanding Fort Mackinac and Dependencies,\\nannouncing the restoration of peace between Great Britain\\nand the United States. This despatch reached Mackinac\\nMay 1st, and of it Col. McDouall in a letter of May 5th, to\\nColonel Anthony Butler, 2d Eifles, commanding Michigan\\nTerritory and District of Upper Canada, said, this was the\\nfirst official communication I had received from my Govern-\\nment, announcing the termination of hostilities and the res-\\ntoration of the blessings of peace.\\nUpon the receipt of the above despatch, Col. McDouall\\nsent a detachment of troops to Drummond s Island to pre-\\npare for the removal thither, of the Mackinac Garrison.\\nThe efforts made at all times by Col. McDouall to protect\\nAmerican citizens and their property from the Indians,\\ndeserve mention.\\nOn the same day and by the same conveyance that brought\\nGeneral Drummond s despatch, Col. McDouall received a\\nletter from Col. Butler, dated Detroit, April 16th, in refer-\\nence to the reoccupation of Fort Mackinac by U. S. troops.\\nCol. McDoualPs reply, dated May 5th, was conveyed to Col.\\nButler by Lieut. Worley, of the Royal Navy.\\nThe details connected with the restoration of Fort Macki-", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nnac to the United States, and of Fort Maiden, Amherstburg\\nand Isle aux Bois Blanc to Great Britain, were arranged\\nbetween Col. Anthony Butler, on the part of the United\\nStates, and Lieut.-Colonel W. W. James, of the British\\nInfantry, on the part of Great Britain.\\nThe United States troops were withdrawn from Fort Mai-\\nden, Amherstburg and Isle aux Bois Blanc, at noon on the\\nfirst day of July.\\nBritish troops, Col. McDouall in command, occupied Fort\\nMackinac until noon July 18th, when they were relieved by\\nUnited States troops, consisting of tvro companies of Kifle-\\nmen (Captains Willoughby Morgan and Joseph Kean), and\\nhalf J^ company (Captain Benjamin K. Pierce s), of artillery,\\nunder command of Colonel Anthony Butler.\\nThese troops with supplies for six months, left Detroit\\nJuly 3d, in four vessels (commanded by Lieut. Samuel\\nWoodhouse, U. S. N)., viz.: the U. S. sloop of war Niagara,\\nthe U. S. schooner Porcupine, and two private vessels char-\\ntered for the trip. William Gamble, Collector of Customs\\nfor Mackinac, accompanied the troops.\\nThe British withdrew to Drummond s Island in the St.\\nMary s River, where they established a post.\\nColonel Butler immediately returned to Detroit, leaving\\nCaptain Willoughby Morgan in command at Fort Mackinac\\nCaptain Morgan changed the name of Fort George to Fort\\nHolmes, and for a short time garrisoned it with a small\\ndetachment. He also appointed Michael Dousman, a resi-\\ndent citizen, Military Agent for Mackinac.\\nMajor Talbot Chambers, of the Riflemen, arrived at Fort\\nMackinac, August 31st, and took command, relieving Cap-\\ntain Morgan, who was ordered to Detroit.\\n1816. Two companies of Rifles left Fort Mackinac,\\nunder the command of Colonel John Miller, and established\\nFort Howard, at Green Bay, Wis.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 155\\n1819. First steamboat at Makinac, the Walk-in-the-\\nWater.\\n1821. June 21st. In the west end of the basement of\\nthe cottage on the corner of Astor and Fort Streets (then\\nused as the retail store of the American Fur Co.), occurred\\nan accident the result of which is known to the medical\\nfraternity throughout the world. We refer to the acci-\\ndental shooting, in the left side, of Alexis St. Martin, a\\nCanadian, eighteen years of age, in the employ of the\\nAmerican Fur Company.\\nSt. Martin was not more than a yard from the muzzle of\\nthe gun, which was loaded with powder and duck-shot. To\\nbe brief, a hole was made into the stomach, which healed\\nbut never closed. Through this aperture, the action of the\\nstomach, on various kinds of food, was observed. These\\nexperiments, extending through a series of years, gave\\nmuch valuable information. Dr. Wm. Beaumont, at that\\ntime the Post-Surgeon, attended the wounded man and\\nafterward made the experiments.\\n1823. Eev. William Montague Ferry, by direction of the\\nUnited Foreign Missionary Society, established a mission\\nfor the Indians of the Northwest at Mackinac Island, this\\nlocation being chosen because it was the center of the fur\\ntrade in tlie JS orthwest.\\nMr. Ferry arrived at Mackinac October 19th, and opened\\nschool November 3d, with twelve Indian children. At one\\ntime there were twenty-four assistants, and one hundred and\\neighty scholars. The children from the village attended as\\nday scholars, and those from the several tribes as boarders.\\nThey were trained in habits of industry, and taught trades,\\nand how to cultivate the soil, besides receiving a common\\nschool education. The school was first held in the old Court\\nHouse. In 1825, the building now known as the Mission\\nHouse,** was erected for missionary and school purposes.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "15( ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\nThomas White Ferry, ex U. S. Senator, was born in the\\nMission House, June 1, 1827.\\nThe building known as the Mission Church, was erected\\nin 1830. It was consecrated March 4th, 1831.\\nMr. Ferry was relieved August 6th, 1834. He then settled\\nat Grand Haven, Mich., where he lived for thirty-three\\nyears, highly esteemed and eminently useful. He died De-\\ncember 30th, 1867. In 1837 the Mission was discontinued.\\n1839, October 14th. Fort Mackinac evacuated.\\n1840, May 18th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. H,\\n4th Artillery.\\n1856, October 12th. Fort Mackinac evacuated.\\n1857, May 25th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. E, 2nd\\nArtillery.\\nAugust 2d. Fort Mackinac evacuated.\\n1858, June 6th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. G,\\n^nd Artillery.\\n1861, April 28. Fort Mackinac evacuated.\\n1862. May 10th, the steamer Illinois arrived at\\nMackinac from Detroit, having on board Co. A, Stanton\\nGuards, Michigan Yolunteers, Capt. Grover S. Wormer, of\\nDetroit, commanding (afterwards, Lieut.-Col. and Col. 8th\\nMichigan Cavahy, and Brevet Brigadier-General United\\nStates Yolunteers,) with First Lieutenant Elias F. Sutton,\\nSecond Lieutenant Louis Hartmeyer, Chaplain James Knox,\\nand Dr. John Gregg, having in charge the following dis-\\ntinguished gentlemen from Tennessee, who were State prison-\\ners of war Gen. William G. Harding, Gen. Washington Bar-\\nrows, and Judge Joseph C. Guild.\\nFor six days after their arrival, the prisoners were allowed\\nto remain at the Mission Hotel, under a guard, while quar-\\nters were being prepared in the Fort. The three sets of\\nofficers quarters in the wooden building between the stone\\nquarters and the guard house, were assigned to them.\\nGen. Harding occupied the set in the west end, or nearest\\nthe stone quarters. Gen. Barrows, the middle set, and Judge\\nGuild, the set in the east end. The rooms were comfort-\\nably furnished by the prisoners, who remained hero until\\nSeptember 10th, 1862, when the Fort was again evacuated,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL EVENTS. 15T\\nthe prisoners taken to Detroit, and thence to Johnson s\\nIsland, Lake Erie.\\n1866. August 3d. Fort Mackinac re-occupied by the 4th\\nIndependent Company, of the Veteran Reserve Corps.\\nAugust 26th. Fort Mackinac evacuated.\\n1S6T. August 22d. Fort Mackinac re-occupied by Co. B^\\n43d United States Infantry.\\n1877. Fathej- Marquette s grave discovered at St. Ignace^\\nby Very Tieverend Edward Jacker.\\n1879. Saturday, May 31. Co. C, 10th U. S. Infantry,\\n(Lieuts. Kelton and Plummer) arrived at Fort Mackinac\\nfrom Fort McKavett, Texas.\\n1882. The Protestant Episcopal Church on Fort Street.\\nbuilt through the efforts and under the direction of Rev.\\nMoses C. Stanley.\\nOn the 18th day of September the County seat was trans-\\nferred from Mackinac Island to St. Ignace.\\nThe first building erected on Hubbard s Annex.\\n1883. A cable was laid by the Western Union Telegraph\\nCo. to Mackinac Island from St. Ignace. (The latter place\\nis connected by cable with Mackinaw City.) The line was\\nopened July 13th.\\n1885. Three cottages, the first erected on building lots\\nin the Mackinac National Park, were built by Mrs. Phoebo\\nB. Gehr, Mrs. Charlotte R. Warren, of Chicago, and Col.\\nJohn Atkinson, of Detroit.\\n^\\\\\\\\Qji7 st lease of a building lot in the Park was to Mrs.\\nGehr, the lease bearing date of April 1st, 1885.\\n1887. The Grand Hotel built. It was first opened to\\nthe public on the 15th day of July.\\nThat eminent philologist and world-renowned student of\\nthe Indian languages, the Very Reverend Edward Jacker,", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC.\\ndied at Marquette, Mich., on the first day of September. He\\nwas born at Ellwangen, in Wiirtemberg, Germany, on\\nSeptember 2, 1827.\\n1888. April 10th. First arrival in Mackinac waters of\\nthe new transfer steamer St. Ignace.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "ANNALS OF FOirr MACKINAC.\\n159\\nSummer Residences.\\nTlie following persons iiave cottages on Mackinac Island\\nCharles H. Bradley,\\nCharles L. Ames.\\nJohn H. Batten,\\nDr. Truman W Brophy,\\nEdward O. Brown,\\nRobert Clark,\\nJohn Cudahy,\\nMichael Cudahy,\\nMrs. Phebe B. Gehr,\\nAlexander D. Hannah,\\nFranklin S. Hanson, (3)\\nNoah P. Harrison,\\nJohn R. Hoagland,\\nDavid Hogg,\\nMrs. Gurdon S. Hubbard, (3)\\nHenry W. Leman,\\nJ)r. L. D. McArthur,\\nWalter C. Newberry,\\nGen. Geo. W. Smith,\\nMrs. James Walsh,\\nMajor Daniel W. Whittle,\\nHon. Hugh McCurdy,\\nMiss Annie E. Morrison,\\nCharles C. Bowen,\\nCornelius Corbett,\\nRt. Rev. Thos. F. Davies,\\nCol. Henry M. Duttteld,\\nWilham H. Dunning,\\nMrs. Jacob S. Farrand,\\nEdward A. Gott\\nBay City, ]Mich.\\nChicago, 111.\\nCorunnu, Mich.\\nDelaware, Ohio.\\nDetroit, Mich.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160\\nANNALS OF FUKT MACKINAC.\\nHon. S. B. Grummoiid, (2)\\nH. L. Jenness,\\nMrs. Jane Owen,\\nAlanson Sheley,\\nJohn P. Sullivan,\\nGilbert E. Bursley,\\nHenry R. Freeman,\\nMontgomery Hamilton,\\nR. S. Taylor,\\nDelos A. Blodgett,\\nWilliam F. Bulkley,\\nCol. E. Crofton Fox,\\nWilliam D. Gilbert,\\nWilliam O. Hughart,\\nLyman D. Norris,\\nThomas J. O Brien,\\nWilliam J. Stuart,\\nEdwin F. Sweet,\\nT. Stewart White,\\nCharles W. Caskey,\\nMrs. Amanda Belden,\\nFrank M. Clark, (2)\\nM. H. Lane,\\nFrank B. Lay,\\nWilliam H. McCourtie,\\nTheodore P. Sheldon,\\nGeorge E. Stockbridge,\\nMrs. H. G. Wells,\\nEzra P. Barnard,\\nCharles E. Anthony,\\nMajor Clifford M. Anthony,\\nRev. Meade C. Williams,\\nHon. John Edget,\\nMajor George C. Harrington,\\nT. F. Spangler,\\nMackinac Island Club,\\nDetroit, Mich.\\nFort Wayne, Ind.\\nGrand Rapids, Mich.\\nHarbor Springs, Mich.\\nKalamazoo, Mich.\\nMenominee, Mich.\\nPeoria, 111.\\nPrinceton, 111.\\nSaginaw, Mich.\\nWatseka, 111.\\nZauesville, Ohio.\\nMichigan.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "E P. FOLEY.\\nR P FOLEY\\nFoley Brothers,\\nmackinac island, mich.\\nIndian Goods, Bark Work Relic!\\nOur Line of LAKE SUPERIOR AGATE JEWELRY\\nand SPECIMENS Is Unsurpassed.\\nSTEAM\\nAGATE\\nWORKS\\nFOR SHAPING AND POLISHING AGATES.\\nFOLEY S ART CALLER\\nHEADQUARTERS FOR\\nPhotographic Views\\nArtists will go with Parties to any Point on or off Macl\\nIsland, to make Special Views, for a\\nreasonable compensation.", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3601", "width": "2248", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3726", "width": "2488", "jp2-path": "annalsoffortmack00keld_0172.jp2"}}