{"1": {"fulltext": "EARLY MACKINAC.", "height": "3606", "width": "2347", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "y\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap.!...-ppyri\u00c2\u00a7}it N\\nShell.\\nIt JNO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n7\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "(/I D\\no C\\na\u00c2\u00bb\\nw\\n1 1\\nx:\\nw .J.\\nw o\\no\\no\\no\\nre w\\nU (J\\nw .5\\nii c\\no o\\nU Q.\\nn\\nO (L)\\n-J _J\\no\\n00 J\\n(V!\\ny", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Early Mackinac\\nTHE FAIRY ISLAND.\\nA SKEZTOH\\nBY vVr.-\\nMeade C Williams,\\nName.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian Legends.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Indian Character.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 French\\nEnglish and A^ierican Flags.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Fort.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mili-\\ntary History, and War op 1812.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fur Trade.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Early Village Life.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Christian Mis-\\nsions and Churches.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Natural At-\\ntractions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Antiquities.\\ntju\\nBUSCn. ^RT BU;JS., PRINT.\\nST, LiOUI3, MO.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0M/L l^/J\\nCOPYRIGHT, 1897,\\nBY MEADE C. WILLIAMS", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "TO ALL THOSE\\nWHO HAVING ONCE KNOWN\\nTHE ISLAND OF THE STRAITS\\nSTILL REMEMBER ITS CHARM,\\nAND REMAIN UNDER THE POWER OF ITS SPELL,\\nTHIS BOOK IS DEDICATED.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPHGE.\\nPreface G\\nCHAPTER I.\\nThe Islands name Its etymology\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Its sacredness in the Indian s\\nmind Indian legends Poetic vein in Indian nomenclature\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\npassing of the Indian 7\\nCHAPTER II.\\nEarly settling under the French flag\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pioneer military post on\\nnorthern mainland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 La Hontan s visit\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Removal to Detroit and\\nreturn\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Post established on southern mainland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 English sway-\\nDiscontent of the Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ball game and massacre\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alexander\\nHenry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wawatam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Skull Cave 15\\nCHAPTER III.\\nRemoval to the island proposed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Transfer effected\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Major Sinclair\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Captain Robertson (Robinson)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rum\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Building the fort 25\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nAmerican Independence achieved\u00e2\u0080\u0094 England s delay in surrendering\\nMackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A second treaty required to secure American oc-\\ncupation\u00e2\u0080\u0094Greenville treaty vrith the Indians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fur trade-\\nWashington Irving s description of Macldnac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Another picture. 33\\nCHAPTER V.\\nWar of 1812 opens\u00e2\u0080\u0094 British Landing Fort Mackinac captured by\\nthe British\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of great importance to British interests\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Official\\nreports\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Building of Fort Holmes (Fort George) 42\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nAmerican expedition to recover Mackinac\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Effects entrance at\\nBritish Landing The battle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Major Holmes killed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ameri-\\ncan forces withdraw- Destroy British supplies in Georgian Bay-\\nBlockade effected\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Blocade raised\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mackinac again ceded to\\nUnited States in 1815\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old cannon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early officers at the fort-\\nFort given over to State of Michigan 50\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nEarly citizens of the island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ramsey Crooks as connected with the\\nfur trade\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Robert Stuart, resident partner in the Astor Fur Co.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Henry R Schoolcraft, government agent, scientist and ex-\\nplorer\u00e2\u0080\u0094His literary works and character, 64", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. 5\\nCHAPTER VIII. PHQE.\\nJesuit missions\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mai-quette\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ctiurcli of St. Ann at Old Mackinac,\\nand on the island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trinity Church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mission School and Old\\nMission Church\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Story of Chuska\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Church restored 73\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nExceeding beauty of the island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Woods\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vegetation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Water\\nviews\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Curiosities in stone\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Arch Rock\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sugar Loaf Robinson s\\nFolly and its legends 87\\nCHAPTER X.\\nThe island s celebrity as a place of resort Early day visitors\\nBooks of description\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Countess Ossoli (Margaret Fuller)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A New\\nYork doctors visit in 1835\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Captain Marryatt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mrs. Jameson-\\nMiss Harriet Martineau 99\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nBird s eye view of Mackinac Island Frontispiece\\nLa Hontan s Sketch, 1688 10\\nFort Mackinac 32\\nMackinac Beach 41\\nHenry R. Schoolcraft 69\\nOld Mission Church 81\\nSugar Loaf 91\\nArch Rock 93\\nTangle wood 101}\\nOne of the Drives 106", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nI have had thirteen summers at Mackinac. Fellow visi-\\ntors there have often suggested that I should furnish, in\\nwritten form, some studies of the island.\\nWhile it is believed this sketch may have interest for the\\ngeneral reader, it at the same time carries a local coloring\\nwhich miy more particularly appeal to those who know the\\nplace. As the charm of the locality is due, in no small\\ndegree, to that halo of antiquity which hangs over it, I have\\nfelt warranted in restricting myself to early Mackinac, with\\nbut slight allusion to anything short of sixty years ago.\\nThis sketch embodies the result of considerable research\\namong books and documents. Some fifty different works\\nhave been consulted. Generally, though not always, these\\nare indicated in the narrative. As the reader will preceive, I\\nam greatly indebted to the various writings of Henry R.\\nSchoolcraft. I would also express my special sense of\\nobligation to the valuable series of Collections and Research-\\nes, a work carried on by the 3]ichigan Pioneer and Historical\\nSociety. These Collections, at present, number twenty-six\\nvolumes. The use they make of the important Haldimand\\nPapers of Canada, brings to hand much of the early military\\nhistory of the Straits and of the Island fort. Instead of a\\nfoot-note reference in every case, I make here a general\\nacknowledgement.\\nDuring the progress of my work have had great satis-\\nfaction in a correspondence with Col.Wm. Montague Ferry, of\\nPark City, Utah, a son of the Rev. Wm. M. Ferry, of the\\nIsland Mission work of long ago, and who well remembers\\nMackinac as the home of his childhood days.\\nS^^ Louis, Mo., {Inghneuk,\\nJune, 1897. Mackinac Island.)", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "EARLY MACKINAC.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nMichilimackinac was the old-time name, not\\nfor our beautiful island alone, but for all the\\ncountry round about us, north to Lake Superior and\\nwest to the head of Green Bay. It was the island\\nonly that was first thus called. The word grew\\nout of it, and, small bit of land though it is, it\\nthrew its name over a vast territory\\nThe name has been variously spelled. In old\\nhistories, reports, and other documents, I have\\nfound Mishlimakina, Missilimakinac, Mishilmaki,\\nMichilimachina, Missilimakina, Michiliakimawk;\\nwhile in one standard history, when this region is\\nspoken of, it invariably appears as Michilimaki-\\nnaw.* In its abbreviated form it has been writ-\\nten Mackinack, Macina, Maquina, Mackinac, Mack-\\ninaw. In all the earlier periods following the set-\\ntlement of the island by the whites, in books of\\ntravel and of history, the two ways of writing it\\nwere used interchangeably, though the form Mack-\\ninaw/; was most commonly adopted. Also in many\\nof the early maps and atlases it is so given. Steam-\\nboat companies running boats to the island, gener-\\nally advertised them as of the Mackinaw Line,\\nand likewise business firms here so wrote the word\\n*Henry Adams History of the United States, 7", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "y EARLY MACKINAC.\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u0094at least as frequently as the other form. So this\\nwas quite general during all that time, except that\\nthe official name of the military post held to the\\ntermination ac. But since the railroad compan-\\nies built their modern terminal town across the\\nstraits and called it Mackinaw City, for the sake of\\nconvenience in distinguishing, the name of the island\\nis now uniformly written Mackinac. In pronuncia-\\ntion, however, without attempting to settle the\\nquestion by the laws of orthoepy, it may be re-\\nmarked that it is considered very incorrect; and to\\nthe ears of residents, and old habitues and lovers of\\nthe island, it is almost distressful to hear it pro-\\nnounced anything else than Mackinaw. A com-\\npromise may perhaps be allowed by taking the\\nname as if it bore the termination ah, and giving\\nit a sourd between the flat and the very broad.\\nThe c must never be sounded.\\nThe origin of the word is in some obscurity.\\nAll agree that the first part of it, Michi, means\\ngreat. It is preserved in the name of the State,\\nMichigan, and in the name of the Lake, Lake\\nMichigan meaning great v/aters. The French\\ntook it up, spelling it Missi; hence the name of the\\nriver Mississippi great river, the father of waters.\\nConcerning the remainder of the name which fol-\\nlows the Michi, we are not so sure. The common\\nview is that the form of the island, high-backed in\\nthe center, as it rises above the waters, and hand-\\nsomely crowning the whole, suggested to the\\nIndian fancy the figure of a large turtle. Hence\\nthat it became known as the land of the Great\\nTurtle.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN OF THE WORD.\\nSchoolcraft, who is the best authority on all\\nquestions pertaining to the Indian language, as well\\nas to the customs and characteristics of that race,\\nsays that the original name of the island was\\nMishi-min-auk-in-ong, and that it means the place\\nof the great dancing spirits these spirits being of\\nthe more inferior and diminutive order, instead of\\nbelonging to the Indian collection of gods; a kind\\nof pukwees, or fairies, or sprites, rather than\\nManitous.\\nHeriot, an English traveler in North America,\\nand who published his Travels through the\\nCanadas, in 1807. touched at Mackinac and reports\\nas the origin of the name that the island had been\\ngiven, as their special abode, to an order of spirits\\ncalled Imakinakos, and that from these aerial\\npossessors it had received the appellation of Mich i-\\nlimackinac.\\nPerhaps these different views can in a manner\\nbe combined. The turtle was held in great rever-\\nence by the Indians. In their mythology it was\\nregarded as a symbol of the earth and addressed as\\nmother. The fancied physical resemblance of the\\nisland could easily work in with their mythical\\n*Anclrew Lang iu his Myths, Ritual and Rehgious, (Vol. 1, p. 182),\\nmentions certain of the Indian tribes as holding the fancy that the\\nearth grew out of the tortoise. One form that the legend took was\\nthat Atahenstic. a woman of the upper world, had been banished from\\nthe sky, and falling, dropped on the back of a turtle in the midst of the\\nwaters. The turtle consulted with the other aquatic animals and one\\nof them, generally said to have been the musk-rat, fished up some soil,\\nand fashioned the earth. Here the woman gave birth to twins and thus\\nbegan the peopling of the globe Thus iu the crude fancy of the\\nWestern Indians do we find a reflection or fragment of the ancient\\nmyth which once prevailed in the oriental mind that the world rested\\non the back of a turtle.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "10 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nidea of the turtle, apart from its having any ety-\\nmological connection. And thus whatever way the\\nname is studied it becomes associated with some\\nIndian conception of spirit. All singular or strik-\\ning formations in the work of nature objects that\\nwere of an unusual kind or very large and impos-\\ning, as lofty rocks, overhanging cliffs, mountains,\\nlakes and such like these poor untutored children\\nlooked upon as the habitations of spirits. Our\\nisland therefore, physically so different from the\\nother islands and the mainland about it, with its\\nglens and crags, and its many remarkable and\\nstrange looking stone formations, would easily be\\npeopled for them with spectres and spirits. They\\nregarded it as their sacred island, and a favorite\\nhaunt of their gods, and cherished for it feelings\\nakin to awe; and from the surrounding regions\\nwould bring their dead for burial in its soil. The\\nisland seems to have been rather their place of\\nresort and temporary sojourn than of permanent\\nabode.\\nThere is something very fascinating in the\\nfragments of early Indian fancies and traditions\\nand legends which are associated with our island.\\nIt is interesting, too, to note how the legends and\\nthe mythology of the Indians and their dim\\nreligious Ideas so often took a poetic form. For\\ninstance, in their pagan and untutoi-ed minds they\\nthought of the island as the favorite visiting place\\nof Michibou, the great one of the waters, their\\nManitou of these lakes. That, coming over the\\nwaters from the sunrise in the east, he would touch\\nthe beach at the foot of Arch Rock; that the large", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "LEGENDARY. 11\\nmass of stone which had fallen from the face of the\\ncliff in the long ago, causing the arch above, was\\nManitou s Landing Place; that the arch was his\\ngateway through which, ascending the hill, he\\nwould proceed in stately step to Sugar Loaf,\\nwhich in fancy they made to be his wigwam, or\\nlodge the cave on the west side, known to all to-\\nday, being his doorway. Then again, the Sugar\\nLoaf stone and others of that conical, pyramidal\\nshape such as the one which stands in St. Ignace\\nand in different parts of the northern peninsula, and\\nyet others which formerly stood on the island\\nthat these strange, uncanny looking rock forma-\\ntions, by a modification of fancy, they would\\npersonify with great giants or monsters who tower-\\ned over them as sentinels to note whether they\\nmade due offerings and sacrifices to Manitou, their\\nsuccess in the hunting and tra^^ping being condi-\\ntioned on this kind of religious fidelity.*\\nThe Indians, so spontaneously recognizing the\\nworld of spirits, were fruitful in ideas and sentiments\\nof reverence. We are told there were no profane\\nwords in their vocabulary. Think of a people who\\ndid not know how to swear because they had no\\n*Schoolcraft noted a curious fact among the Chippe was\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that they\\nfancied the woods and shores and islands were inhabited by innumerable\\nspirits who during the summer season were wakeful and quick to hear\\neverything that was spoken, but during the winter existed only in a\\ntorpid state. The Indian story tellers and legend mongers were there-\\nfore very free in amusing their listeners with fanciful and mysterious\\ntales during the winter, as the spirits were then in a state of inactivity\\nand could not hear. But their story telling was suspended the moment\\nthe piping of the frog announced that spring had opened. That he had\\nendeavored, but in vain, to get any of them to relate this sort of\\nimaginary lore at any other time than in the winter. They would always\\nevade his attempts by some easy or indifferent remark.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12 EARTHY MACKINAC.\\nwords for it It is said tluit the nearest they ap-\\nproached to cursing a man was to call him a bad\\ndog. So too in tlie nomenclature of wild or un-\\ncouth looking objects of nature w^hile our white\\npioneers and prospecting miners and avani couriers\\nof civilization in the west have so often attached to\\nsuch objects the name of the devil, as Devil s\\nLake, Devil s Slide, Devil s Half-acre,\\nDevil s Scuttle-hole, and such like, the Indians\\ngenerally gave them some expressive and harmoni-\\nous poetic name. On the island we have the\\nDevil s Kitchen, but w^e may feel sure that was\\nnot of the Indian s naming. The writer of this\\nsketch was told by an old resident who had passed\\nthe whole of an extremely long life on the island,*\\nthat once, long ago, shoemaker took up his abode\\nin that cavern and did his cobbling and his cooking\\nthere. Possibly that gave rise to the name.\\nIn this habit of nomenclature which linked\\ntheir ideas with the phenomena of physical nature,\\nwe see a beautiful though often rude and childish\\nvein of poetry. Their name for the great cataract\\nof Niagara was Thunder of the Waters, as that\\nfor the gentle falls now within the limits of the\\nCity of Minneapolis was Minnehaha, or Laughing\\nWaters. The familiar white fish of these regions\\nwas the Deer of the waters. To the horizon\\nlimit when they looked out on the lake to where\\nthe thread-like line of blue water loses itself in the\\nclouds and sky, they gave a name which signified\\nthe Par off sight of water. Their name for\\nGeneral Wayne, who did so much to overthrow\\n*Ignace Pelotte, died Ftb. 1897.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "POETIC VEIN 13\\ntheir power in the west, was Strong Wind; while\\nthe American soldiers from their use of the sabre\\nand sword in battle, were knov^n as the Long\\nKnives. Their conception of a fort with its\\nmounted cannon was The high-fenced house of\\nthunder, while the discharge was The arrow that\\nflies out of the big gun. A little son of Mr.\\nSchoolcraft, when he was Government agent at the\\nSault, was admiringly called by the Chippewas,\\nPenaci, or Tlie Bird; and the English authoress,\\nMrs. Jameson, when visiting there, after shooting\\ntiie rapids with the Indian guides, was re-named\\nThe woman of the Bright Foam. As their whole\\nlife and range of observation was constantly asso-\\nciated with tempests, forests, waters and skies, and\\nall the various phenomena of physical nature, this\\ngave shape to their conceptions and their question-\\nings. It has always seemed very significant that\\nwhen John Eliot, the pioneer missionary to the\\nIndians in New England, two hundred and fifty\\nyears ago, began his instructions among them, he\\nwas met at once by their eager and long pent-up\\nquestions of wonder: What makes the sea ebb\\nand flow? What makes the wind blow? What\\nmakes the thunder?\\nParkman represents the Jesuit missionaries\\nin Canada, two centuries since, as testifying tliat\\nthe Indians had a more acute intellect than the\\npeasantry in Prance. At his best, however, the\\nred man was but the Child of the forest, and in\\nthe presence of the pale faces was not destined to\\nendure. They are a doomed and a passing race.\\nMany reasons, or causes, might be assigned for", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nthis. One reason is that which was giv^en by a\\nvery thoughtful Indian in a speech on a certain\\noccasion long ago, before a company of government\\nagents here on our island beach. Said he, very\\nre flectively The white man no sooner came than\\nhe thought of preparing the way for his posterity;\\nQie red man never thought of that. In this pro-\\nfound observation is embodied one of the latest de-\\nductions in social philosophy.\\nOf course, in thus speaking of the Indians,\\nreference is had to manifestations of their mental\\ncharacter as seen in earlier days, and not to Indian\\nlife of the present, as seen in the western reserva-\\ntions.*\\n*Catlin, who ranks next to Schoolcraft in his study of the Indians, in\\nan extensive *lassiiication of quahties, contrasts their original character\\nin their primitive and disabused state with their secondary character\\nafter being beaten into a sort of civilization. From being handsome\\nhe says they had become ugly; from free, enslaved; from affable, re-\\nserved; from bold, timid; from warlike, peaceable; from proud, humble;\\nfrom independent, dependent; from healthy, sickly; from sober,\\ndrunken; from increasing, decreasing; from landholders, beggars.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nThe annals of our island since its discovery\\nand occupation by the whites carry us back to an\\nearly day. Explorers from France and settlers\\nfrom Canada were here two hundred and fifty\\nyears ago. Traces of French and Indian mixture\\nare everywhere seen. Indian wars and massacres\\nhave reddened these shores. Stories of English\\npower victorious over French, in far back colonial\\ntimes, have a part in the history of this region.\\nIn a later day the island had its stirring incidents\\nin our own war with Great Britain, in 1812. Here\\nwas the headquarters of the Mackinaw Fur Company\\nand the Southwest Fur Company, and afterwards\\nof the powerful American Fur Company, of which\\nJohn Jacob Astor was the chief proprietor, and\\nwhich made our island for the time the largest seat\\nof com merce in the western country. Christianity,\\ntoo, has had here its early enterprises, at the\\nhands first of the French Jesuit missionaries of the\\n17th Century, and afterwards of Protestantism.\\nIn regard to early military annals, history\\npoints to the fact that with the exception of the\\nbrief abandonment by the French forces from about\\n1701 to 1714, this region of the straits had been a\\nseat of continuous military occupation from the\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Detroit. Vincennes, St. Louis, Lake Winnipeg. Lake of the Woods,\\nand other far distant points were but dependencies of MichUimackinac,\\nas the metropolis of the Indian trade.\\n15", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "16 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nlast quarter of the 17th century down to 1895, when\\nto the surprise and regret of all who knew the\\nisland s history, the United States Government\\nabolished the jDost. Three different flags have\\nfloated over a fort in these Straits of Mackinaw\\nduring this long period j^ast. These have been in\\nthe order of French, English and American. The\\nFrench were the pioneers. They established Fort\\nMichilimackinac, over where now tlie town of St.\\nIgnace stands, four miles across on the northern\\npeninsula. This was about two hundred and\\ntwenty-live years ago.\\nBaron La Hontan, who had come from France\\nto Canada at an early age and afterwards became\\nLord Lieutenant of a French Colony in Newfound-\\nland, visited our Mackinac neighborhood in 1688.\\nIn a publication of his travels in North America he\\ngives three letters from the Michilimakinac settle-\\nment of that day.* As accompanying his picture\\non the adjoining page he thus writes: You can\\nscarce believe what vast sholes of white fish are\\ncatched about the middle of the channel, between\\nthe continent and the isle of Missilimakinac. The\\nOiitaouas\\\\ and the Hiirons could never subsist\\nhere, without that fishery; for they are obliged to\\ntravel about twenty leagues in the w^oods befoi e\\nthey can kill any harts or elks, and it would be an\\ninfinite fatigue to carry their carcasses so far over\\nland. This sort of white fish, in my opinion, is the\\nonly one in all these lakes that can be called good;\\n*The book was first published in French, 1705. Aft^rwarcls au en-\\nlarged edition appeared in English form, 1735.\\ntOttawas.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "X\\nJ\\n:i|;|\\n7.\\nr^\\na\\n3\\n.y o\\nQ. (0\\na. c\\nc\\nJ. 0)\\nI/l 3", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "LA hontan s letter. 17\\nand indeed it goes oeyond all other sorts of river\\nfish. Above all, it has one singular property,\\nnamely, that all sorts of sauces spoil it, so that it\\nis always eat either boiled or broiled, without any\\nmanner of seasoning.\\nIn the channel I now speak of, the currents\\nare so strong that they sometimes suck in the nets,\\nthough they are two or three leagues off. In some\\nseasons it so falls out that the currents run three\\ndays eastward, two days to the west, one to the\\nsouth, and four northward; sometimes more and\\nsometimes less. The cause of this diversity of\\ncurrents could never be fathomed, for in a calm\\nthey will run, in the space of one day, to all the\\npoints of the com^Dass, i. e., sometimes in one way,\\nsometimes another, without any limitation of time;\\nso that the decisioQ of the matter must be left to\\nthe disciple of Copernicus.\\nHere the savage catch trouts as big as one s\\nthigh; with a sort of fishing-hook made in the\\nform of an awl, and made fast to a piece of brass\\nwire, which is joined to the line that reaches to the\\nbottom of the lake. This sort of fishery is carried\\non not only with hooks, but with nets, and that in\\nwinter as well as in summer.\\nThe Outaouas and the Huron s have very\\npleasant fields, in which they sow Indian corn,\\npease and beans, besides a sort of citruls and\\nmelons. Sometimes these savages sell their corn\\nvery dear, especially when the beaver hunting\\nhappens not to take well; upon which occasion\\nthey make sufficient reprisals upon us for the e^\\ntniviigant price of our commodities,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "18 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nFor a short interval the French Government,\\nunder the instigation of the post Commander,\\nCadillac, withdrew the garrison (as already men-\\ntioned) and abandoned this region as a military\\nseat in favor of the new settlement at Detroit.\\nTliat was about the opening of last century. But\\nthis vacating was soon seen to be bad policy, and\\nin 1714 the fort was re-established. When, how-\\never, the restored fort becomes known again in\\nhistory it is found located on the Southern Penin-\\nsula, across the Straits, where now stands the\\nrailroad town, Mackinaw City. Whether on the\\nreturn from Detroit the military at once located the\\nfort there, or first resumed the old site at St.\\nIgnace, and removed to the other Peninsula at some\\nlater period, is not definitely known. At any rate\\nit Avas the same military occupation, and the same\\nFort Michilimackinac, irrespective of the time of\\nchange in the site. It stood about half a mile from\\nthe present Light House, and southwesterly from\\ntlie railroad station; and was so close to the water s\\nedge that when the wi)id was in the west tlie waves\\nwould often break into the stockade. Its site is\\nplainly visible to-day, and visitors still find relics\\nin .the sand.\\nAfter the conquest of Canada by the English,\\nin the deciding battle of Quebec on the heights of\\nAbraham in 1759, all this country around came un-\\nder the English flag. The Indians, however, liked\\nbetter the French dominion and their personal re-\\nlations with the French people than they did the\\nEnglish sway and English associations, and they\\ndid not take kindly to the transfer, One reason", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PONTIAC S CONSPIRACY. 19\\nfor this preference is said to have been that the\\nP^-ench were accustomed to pay respect to all the\\nIndians religious or superstitious observances,\\nwhereas an Englishman or an American was apt,\\neither to take no pains to conceal his contempt for\\ntheir superstitions or to speak out bluntly against\\nthem. To this can be added the well known fact of\\nthe greater readiness of the French to intermarry\\nand domesticate with the Indian.*\\nThis strong feeling of discontent under the\\nchange of empire, on the part of the Indians, was\\nfanned and skillfully directed by that great leader\\nand diplomate, Pontiac;t and The Conspiracy of\\nPontiac is the well-known title of one of Park-\\nman s series of North American history. This\\nconspiracy was no less than a deep and compre-\\nhensive scheme, matured by this most crafty\\nsavage chief, for a general Indian rising, in which\\nall English forts, from the south to the upper\\nlakes, were to be attacked simultaneously, and the\\nEnglish rule forever destroyed. The Indians would\\nvauntingly say, You have conquered the French,\\nbut you have not conquered us. Oat of twelve\\nforts, nine were taken, but not long held.\\nWhen the French arrived at this place, said a Chipfpewa Chief at\\na council once held at the Sault, they came and kissed us. They called\\nus children and we found them fathers. We lived like brothers in the\\nsame lodge. Schoolcraft, in an address before the Michigan Historical\\nSociety in 1830.\\nIn force of character, subtlety, eloquence and dariufr, Pontiac\\nwas perhaps the most brilliant man the Indians of North America have\\nproduced. -.4 History of Canada, by Chas. G. D. Roberts. Schoolcraft\\nrated him in the same way. Drake, in his Indians of the No \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Vi west\\nsays of him: His fame iu his time was not coufined to his own coulinent\\nbut the gazettes of Europe spread it also.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nWhile this sclieme was, of course, a failure in\\nits larger features, t1ie plot against the old post of\\nAlichilimackhiac across the water succeeded only\\nloo well. The strategy and horrors of that capture\\nread like a tale of fiction. The story is old, but lo\\nrepeat it in this sketcli will not be amiss. It may\\nbe introduced under the title of\\nAN HISTORIC BALL GAME.\\nIn 1763 a band of thirty-five English soldiers\\nand their officers formed its garrison. Encamped\\nin the woods not far off was a large number of In-\\ndians. One morning in the month of June, with\\ngreat show of friendliness, the Indians invited the\\nsoldiers to witness their match game of ball, just\\noutside the stockade. The Chippewas were to play\\nthe Sacs. Then, as now, ball playing had great\\nfascination. And as this was the birtliday of the\\nKing of England, and the men were in the celebra-\\nting mood, some indulgence was shown, discipline\\nfor a time relaxed, gates were left ajar and the\\nsoldiers and officers carelessly sauntered and look-\\ned on, enjoying tlie sport. In the course of play,\\nand as a part of the pre-concerted stratagem, the\\nball was so struck that it fell within the stockade\\nline of the fort. As if pursuing it, the players\\ncame rushing to the gate. The soldiers, intent in\\nw^atching the play, suspected nothing. The Indians\\nnow had an open way within, and instantly turned\\nfrom ball-players into warriors, and a terrifying\\nwhoop was given. The squaws, as sharing in\\nthe plot, were standing near with tomahawks con-\\ncealed under their blankets. These were seized,\\n*Baggativvay was their kiod vf ball game,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER HENRY. ^1\\nand then followed a most shocking massacre. The\\nsurprise of the fort and the success of the red men\\nwere complete.\\nThe details of this dreadful event are vivid-\\nly and harrowingly given by the English trader,\\nAlexander Henry, sojourning at the time, with his\\ngoods, within the stockade, and who was a partici-\\npant in the dreadful scenes and experiences. The\\nhumble Henry may well be called the Father of\\nHistory, like another Herodotus, as far as this\\nepisode is concerned. Excepting the very meagre\\nreport of the humiliating capture made by Captain\\nEUierington, the officer in command, there seems\\nto be nothing but the narrative of this English\\ntrader. His description of the fort, the purpose it\\nhad been serving, the movements of the Indians\\npreceding the affair, as well as the minute descrip-\\ntion of the stratagem and its success, and the terri-\\nble scenes enacted, is the chief source of informa-\\ntion; and one can take up no history of this period\\nand this locality without seeing how all writers are\\nindebted to his plain and simple narrative.\\nWhen the fort was captured by the savages,\\nhe himself was hidden for the first night out of\\ntheir murderous reach, but was discovered the\\nnext day. Then followed a series of experiences\\nand hair-breadth escapes and turns of fortune very\\nremarkable, while all the time the most barbarous\\nfate seemed impending, the suspense in which made\\nhis sensations, if possible, only the moj*e distress-\\nful and torturing. It was not enough that his\\ngoods were confiscated and his very clothes strip-\\nped off his body, but his savage captors thirsted", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nfor his blood. They said of liim and their other\\nprisoners, that they were being reserved to make\\nEnglish broth. After four days of such horrors\\nthere came a turn Avhich Henry saj s gave a new\\ncolor to my lot. During his residence at the post\\nbefore the massacre, a certain Chippewa Indian\\nnamed Wawatam, who used to come frequently to\\nhis house, had become very friendly and told him\\nthat the Great Spirit pointed him out as one to\\nadopt as a brother, and to regard as one of his own\\nfamily. Suddenly, on the fourth day of his cap-\\ntivity, Wawatam appeared on the scene. Before a\\ncouncil of the chiefs he asked the release of his\\nbrother, the trader, at the same time laying down\\npresents to buy off wliatever claims any may have\\nthought they had on the prisoner. Wawatam s\\nrequest, or demand was granted, and taking Mr.\\nHenry by the hand he led him to his own lodge\\nwhere he received the utmost kindness.\\nA day or two afterwards, fearing an attack of\\nretaliation by the English, the whole body of\\nIndians moved from the fort over to our island as\\na place of greater safety. They landed, three hun-\\ndred and fifty fighting men. Wawatam was among\\nthem, with Henry in safe keeping. Several days\\nhad passed, when two large canoes from Montreal,\\nwith English goods aboard, were seized by the\\nIndians. The invoice of goods contained among\\nother things, a large stock of liqnor, and soon mad\\ndrunkenness prevailed. The watchful and faithful\\nWawatam told Henry he feared ho could not pro-\\ntect him when the Indians were in liquor, and\\nbesides, as he frankly confessed, he could not", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER HENRY. 23\\nhimself resist the temptation of joining his com-\\nrades in the debauch. He therefore took him up\\nthe hill and back in the woods, and hid him in a\\ncave, where he was to remain hidden until the\\nliquor should be drank. After an uncomfortable\\nand unrestful night, Henry discovered next morn-\\ning, to his horror, that he had been lying on a heap\\nof human bones and skulls. This charnel-house\\nretreat is now the well-known Skull Cave of the\\nIsland, one of the regular stopping places of the\\ntourists carriages.\\nBut we cannot follow trader Henry s fortunes\\nfarther. In a relation between guest and prisoner,\\nand generally treated with respect, moving with\\nthe band from one place to another, following the\\noccupation of a hunter, and taking up with Indian\\nlife and almost fascinated by it, he at length finds\\nhimself at the Sault, where soon an opportunity\\nopened for his deliverance and his return home.\\nSubsequently he made another trip to the country\\nof the upper lakes and remained for a longer time.\\nOf his good friend Wawatam, it is a sad tradition\\nthat he af terAvards became blind and was accidental-\\nlyburned in his lodge on the island at the Point,\\nformerly known as Ottawa Point, in the village,\\nthen as Biddle s, and more recently as Anthony s\\nPoint.\\nIt may be that some have felt incredulous in\\nrespect to Henry s thrilling tale. But there is\\nreason to think it entirely trustworthy. It is con-\\ntained in a book which he wrote, entitled Travels\\nand Adventures in Canada and the Indian Teri i-\\ntories, between 1760 and 1766. It was first pub-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nlished in 1808, and is dedicated to Sir Joseph\\nBanks, Baronet of his Majesty s Privy Council\\nand President of the Royal Society. Some copies\\ncontain the author s portrait. It has long been\\nout of print, and copies of it to-day are very rare\\nand command a high price. Mr. Henry s residence\\nin his latter years was at Montreal, and he was\\nstill living as late as 1811, an old man past eighty\\nyears of age, hale and cheerful looking. He bore\\na good name and an unquestioned reputation for\\nveracity among those who knew him. I have\\nalready named him the Herodotus of this particular\\nperiod of history. By another person, an enthu-\\nsiastic English visitor at Mackinac, over sixty\\nyears ago, he was called also the Ulysses of these\\nparts; and of his book it was said it bore the rela-\\ntion to the Michilimackinac shores and waters\\nwhich the Odyssey does to the shores of Sicily.*\\n*The chronological order in which early travelers and visitors, who\\nhave left any annals of their journeys, came to this region, may be\\nstated as follows: Niccollet, in 1C34; Marquette, 1671; LaSalle and\\nHennepin, IfiTi): LaHoutau. 1G88; Charlevoix, 1721: Alexander Henry. 17C2:\\nCapt. John Carver, 1766.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nThe victory of the Indians over at the old fort\\non the Southern mainland was nothing beyond a\\nshocking- and atrocious massacre. It was utterly\\nbarren as regards any permanent res^-ilts, and the\\nstatus of supremacy was not changed. The stock-\\nade had not been destroyed, and British troops\\nsoon came and resumed possession. Subsequently,\\nliowever, the question of transferring the military\\nseat of the Michilimackinac region across tho\\nStraits to our island came up, and was duly con-\\nsidered. Major Sinclair made a careful prelimi-\\nnary examination. In a letter written in October,\\n1779, he says: I employed three days from sun to\\nsun in examining the Island of Mackinac, on which\\nI found great quantities of excellent oak, elm,\\nbeech and maple, with a vein of the largest\\nand finest cedar trees I ever saw. The\\nsoil is exceedingly fine, with abundance of lime-\\nstone. The situation is respectable, and con\\nvenient for a fort. He also mentions that he\\nfound on the island a run of water, sutficient for\\na saw mill.\\nHe submitted drawings and cuts of the island,\\nand plans for fortification, to Gen. Haldimand, the\\nofficer in command of the department, and whose\\nheadquarters were at Quebec. The superiority of\\nthe island, as a strong position against Indian\\nattacks, and Indian threats and insults, was pointed\\n25", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nout; also its advantages in having one of the best\\nharbors in tlie upper country, and as respects the\\nfishing interests lil^ewise. It is thought, too,\\nthat the transfer Avas somewhat connected, in the\\nBritish mind, with the American war of the Revo-\\nlution, which was then in progress. Sinclair spoke\\nof the liability of being attaclved by the Rebels,\\nat the old fort, and that the place might justly be\\nlooked upon as the object of a separate expedi-\\ntion. Asa precautionary measure, he made every\\ntrader take oath of allegiance to the king, and to\\nhold in detestation and abhorrence the present\\nunnatural and horrid rebellion. At any rate, the\\ngarrison did not feel safe in a mere stockade of\\ntimbers on the mainland. Gen. Haldimand ac-\\ncordingly gave orders for the removal. The fol-\\nlowing letter on the subject was written by him,\\nApril 16, 1780, to Major DePeyster, formerly in\\ncommand of the old Mackinac fort, but who had\\nbeen transferred, the year before, to the command\\nat Detroit.\\nSir Having long thought it would be expedi-\\nent to remove the fort, etc., from its present\\nsituation to the Island of Michilimackinac, and\\nbeing encouraged in this undertaking by advanta-\\nges enumerated by Lt. Gov. Sinclair, that must\\nresult from it, and the earnest desire of the traders.\\n*Ma3or DePeyster was of American bii-th, and had served in the\\nBritish army in various parts of this country, besides commanding at\\nMackinac, and afterwards at Detroit. He held a commission for 77\\nyears, and lived to the age of 96. He spent his latter years in Dumfries,\\nScotland, the early home of his wife. During his residence there, he\\nand the poet Burns were great friends. Burns addressed one of his\\nfugitive poems to DePeyster,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "REMOVAL TO THE ISLAND. 27\\nI have given directions that necessary preparations,\\nby collecting materials, etc., be made with as much\\nexpedition as possible, as the strength of that post\\nwill admit of. I am sure it is unnecessary to\\nrecommend to you to furnish him every assistance\\nhe may require, and that Detroit can afford, in for-\\nv^arding this work, farther than by giving you my\\nsanction for the same, which I do in the fullest\\nmanner.\\nA government house and a few other buildings\\nwere at once erected on the site of the present\\nvillage; the old block houses were built, and His\\nMajesty s troops took possession on the 13th of\\nJuly, 1780, Major Sinclair commanding, though\\nthe entire removal was only gradually effected.\\nThe Indians, as proprietors of the land, had\\nbeen first consulted about this occupancy, and\\nagreement and treaty terms were obtained. The\\nconsideration was \u00c2\u00a35,000. Two deeds were\\nsigned, with their mark, by four chiefs, in behalf\\nof themselves aiid all the Chi^^pewas. One was to\\nbe lodged with the Governor of Canada, and one to\\nremain at the island post; while the chiefs engaged\\nto preserve in their villages a belt of wampum\\nseven feet long, to be a memorial of the trans-\\naction. But it seems that after the work was\\nunder way and the post established, the Indians\\nshowed discontent, and threatened the troops; and\\nso serious was the hostility manifested, that\\nSinclair sent in. great haste to Detroit for cannon.\\nThe vessel was back in eight days, bringing the\\nguns, and as soon as she touched on the harbor she\\nfired a salute, and that speaking out by the", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 EARLY MACKINAC.\\ncannon s mouth at once settled the question, and\\nthe poor Indians had no more to say.\\nThe old site being abandoned (since ^^hen it is\\noften referred to as Old Mackinaw, and the\\ngarrison removed, the families of the little settle-\\nment, could not do otherwise than follow the fort.\\nMany of the houses were taken down and trans-\\nported piecemeal across the straits, and set up\\nagain as new homes on the island. And hai dly\\nwere the settlers thus re-established before they\\naddressed a petition to the government, asking for\\nremuneration to compensate for the loss and ex-\\npense incurred, on the ground that their removal\\nwas in the interest of the State and the public wel-\\nfare. What response was made to this petition I\\nhave found no record which tells.\\nThe tirst commandant of the island. Major\\nSinclair, was also known as Lieutenant Governor.\\nIt appears that he had been appointed inspector\\nand superintendent of the English forts, and bore\\nsome general civic position as representative of\\nthe government, besides his military rank; also as\\nhaving charge of Indian affairs. Hence he is fre-\\nquently spoken of in the records as Gov. Sinclair, as\\nwell as Major. It seems to have been on this ac-\\ncount, as an officer with a more embracing scope,\\nrather than as of higher military rank, that he\\nsuperseded Major DePeyster, in command at old\\nMackinac, in 1779. After the transfer he remain-\\ned two years in charge of the new post. Sinclair\\nappears, from the style of his letters and reports, a\\nmore cultured and better educated man than some\\nof his cotemporaries among the officers of that", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CAPTAIN ROBERTSON. 29\\nperiod. But his services as a post commandant\\nand general manager of affairs, seem to have been\\nunsatisfactory, because of his lavish expenditures,\\nand because of abuses and neglects in different\\nshapes, as it was said. He was continually being\\ncautioned from headquarters in regard to his\\nfinancial transactions. For half a century and\\nmore, after he left the post, the inhabitants con-\\ntinued to talk about his extravagance; and one of\\nthe stories long current on the island, was that he\\nhad paid at the rate of one dollar per stump for\\nclearing a cedar swamp in the government fields\\nat the w^est end of the village. It subsequently\\nappears that, on his return to England, this reck-\\nlessness in expenditure wiiile on the island led to\\nhis imprisonment for debt. He speaks himself, in\\none of his letters, of being liberated upon paying\\nthe Michilimakinac bills protested.\\nMajor, or Governor, Sinclair was succeeded by\\nCaptain Daniel Robertson, who seems to have been\\nin command from 1782 to 1787. This Robertson is\\nalso called Robinson, and is the one whose name\\nwill probably be always associated with the island,\\nand a figure mark in the guide books and the\\ntraditionary stories for when will Robinson s\\nFolly cease to be visited and talked about?\\nThe official annals of that time show a great\\nmany of Captain Robinson s letters, written wiiile\\nhe was commandant of the post. He seems to have\\nbeen a rough-and-ready, enei-getic officer; not v^ery\\nelegant in his style of composition or his orthogra-\\nphy, iDrosaic and practical, and perhaps not quite\\nfulfilling the sentimental and romantic ideal which", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "so EARLY MACKINAC,\\nsome of the legends and stories, connecting his\\nname with the Polly, would suggest. In one of\\nhis reports of this i\\\\nn\\\\ a very good plat is given,\\nshowing the contour of the island and the location\\nof the fort, and the harbor bearing the iiame,\\nHaldimand s Bay, named, presumably, in honor\\nof the English couimander of the province. In a\\nletter of April, 17(S3, the Captain commends the\\nclimate of Mackinac as preferable to any in\\nCanada, and very healthy; but he says it is an\\nexpensive place. He tells in 178-4 of the wharf\\nbeing broken to pieces by the ice, so that no kind\\nof craft could be loaded or unloaded, but that he\\nset men to work and got it in repair. He adds:\\nIt was a very troublesome job. He wants to\\nknow, he says, in one of his letters, whether or not\\nhe is to have any rum; and again he says, he is\\nat a loss to know how he is to act at this post\\nwithout that liquor, and he is sorry he is obliged\\nto cringe and borrow rum from traders on account\\nof Government. At another time he writes, I\\nhave had no rum this season, and you know it is\\nthe Indian s God. And yet again he pours forth\\nhis complaint: Rum is very much w^anted here\\nfor various purposes, particulai ly for Indians, and\\nI have had only seven barrels this twelve month.\\nHowever, it is but due to the Captain to say\\nthat, unfortunately, he was not alone in this\\nopinion of the indispensableness of rum in the re-\\nlations of the whites and the military with the\\n*The name Avas evidently given up after the island changed its flag\\nIn the early days, subsequent, it was familiarly designated by the island\\npeople as The Basin.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE FORT GRADUALLY BUILT. 31\\nIndians. We find Major Sinclair, his predecessor,\\nas commandant of the fort, writing to General\\nHaldimand in 1781, as follows: The Indians can-\\nnot be deprived of nearly their usual quantity of\\nrum, however destructive it is, without creating\\nmuch discontent. There is a sad vein running\\nthrough all this early history, made by rum; first\\nas one of the government supplies to the Indians,\\nand next as an article of traffic. The poor red\\nmen facetiously called it The English Milk; but\\ntheir more serious name for it was the truer one,\\nFire water.\\nRobertson, (Robinson) was in command from\\n1782 to 1787. There are intimations of his having\\nbeen disapproved at Gen. Haldimand s head-\\nquarters. Captain Scott succeeded him sent in\\nthe room of Robertson, as the record reads. It is\\nreported of Scott, that he gained infinite credit\\nat Mackinac but, poor fellow, his pocket had paid\\nfor it. He was followed by Captain Doyle, who\\nseems to have remained in command of the post\\nimtil its delivery to the United States.\\nThe fort was not built complete at once, but\\ngradually took on its dimensions and its strength.\\nIn 1789, after an inspection by the Engineer s\\nDepartment, the fortifications, as originally design-\\ned, were reported as being only in part executed,\\nand that the work had been discontinued for some\\n*H. M. Robinson in liis interesting booli, The Great Fur Land,\\ndescriptive of the regions of the Hudsons Bay Company, says of the\\nIndian s liquor, It must be strong enough to be inflammable, for he\\nalways tests it by pouring a few drops in the fire.\\nThe effects of ardent spirits in the lodge, are equal to the appear-\\nance of a grizzly bear amongst th^m. Schoolcraft.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nyears, and that in the mean time a strong picket-\\ning had been erected around the untiuished works.\\nAnd again, as late as 1792, the plans were reported\\nas not yet finished; the officers stone quarters were\\nonly about half completed; the walls w^ere up the\\nfull height and the window frames in, but the roof\\nand floors w^anting. (Sharp criticism was made,\\ntoo, by the officer then inspecting, on the wdiole\\ndesign of the fort.) And yet again, in 1793, the\\ncommandant, Captain Doyle, writes concerning the\\nruinous state of the fort, but says he purposed\\nsending to the saw mill for planks, and would\\ngive the Barracks a thorough repair, having re-\\nceived orders from His Excellency, Maj. Gen.\\nClarke, to that purpose;* also asking for an\\nengineer and some artificers to render the misera-\\nble fortress in some degree tenable\\nIt is not a fort of to-day s construction. It is\\na military structure of a century ago, a memento\\nof the past, and replete in historic reminiscence.\\nAs a fortification, it is a curious mixture of Ameri-\\ncan frontier post and old-Avorld castle. Its thick\\nwalls and sally-ports, and bastions and ditch,\\nalong wnth its old block-houses of logs, loop-holed\\nfor musketry; its sloping path down to the village\\nstreet, buttressed along the hillside with heavy\\nmasonry, above wiiich grow grass and cedars up\\nto the foot of the overlooking old officer s quar-\\nters all this makes it a striking and picturesque\\nobject, a sort of mountain fortress, and certainly\\nsomething unique in tliis country,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nAlthough the war of the Revolution had been\\nfought, and American independence acknowledged;\\nand the Treaty of Paris in 1783 had secured all this\\nupper lake country on the same boundary lines as\\nwe have them to-day, yet it was thirteen years\\nafterwards before the American flag floated over\\nthe island fort. It was the same also in respect to\\nfour or five other posts which were situated on the\\nAmerican side of the lakes. Washington, then\\nPresident, sent Baron Steuben to Gen. Haldimand,\\ncommissioned to receive them; but Haldimand re-\\nplied he had no instructions from his government\\nto make the delivery, and that he could not even\\ndiscuss the subject. The Government, too, by\\nJohn Adams, our minister to England, had insisted\\non the same, but without effect. England urged\\nin explanation of her course, that it was due to an\\nimperfect fulfillment on our side of some of the\\ntreaty stipulations. It required another treaty\\n(this matter, however, being only one of many\\npoints embraced in it) before the tardy transfer of\\nthese stations on the confines was effected. It was\\nthen agreed that on June 1st, 1796, they should\\nbe evacuated by the English. Owing to delays on\\nthe part of Congress, our occupation of the posts\\nwas deferred beyond that date. As Washington\\nsaid in his address to Congress, December, 1796:", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nThe period during the kite session, at wliicli the\\nappropriation was passed for carrying into effect\\nthe treaty of amity, commerce and navigation, be-\\ntween tlie United States and His Britannic Majesty,\\nnecessarily procrastinated the reception of the\\nposts stipulated to be delivered, beyond the date\\nassigned for that event. He adds: As soon,\\nhowever, as the Governor General of Canada\\ncould be addressed with propriety on the subject,\\narrangements were cordially and promptly con-\\ncluded for their evacuation, and the United States\\ntook possession of them, comi^rehending Oswego,\\nNiagara, Detroit, MichilimackinacandPt. Miami.\\nIn the case of Fort Mackinac, it was not until\\nOctober 2nd, of that year, that the actual transfer\\nwas made.\\nBut, besides negotiating with the English in\\nthe recovery of Mackinac, the American govern-\\nment had to deal with another class of proprietors\\nthe original possessors of the soil. Accordingly,\\nwhile the delivery of the island and post was still\\npending, Gen. Wayne s treaty with the Indians,\\n(Treaty of Greenville) was made in August, 1795,\\nby which a tract of land was ceded on the main,\\nto the north of the island on which the post of\\nMichilimackinac stands, to measure six miles on\\nLakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three\\nmiles back from the waters of the lake on the\\nstrait. t Bois Blanc, or White Wood Island, was\\nalso ceded as the voluntary gift of the Chippewas.\\nThe Indians were to receive $8,000 annually, besides\\n120,000 then distributed.\\n*American State Papers. tHolmes Amevicuu Aunals, Vol 2, p. 402.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "REPAIRS ORDERED. 35\\nPerhaps the unfinished state of the post, as\\nreported in 1792, and the complaint made of its\\ncondition in 1793, and its sore need of repairs,\\n(referred to above), may be explained on the\\nground that the English authorities, well knowing\\nit was within American lines, and apprehending\\nthat it must soon pass out of their control, deemed\\nit unwise to incur any large expenditure on it.\\nIn fact, we find Captain Robertson saying in a\\nletter, as early as 1784, that in compliance with\\norders he had received, no more labor was given\\nto a post which by treaty had been ceded to the\\nAmericans, than was necessary to command some\\nrespect for the safety of the garrison and traders,\\nsurrounded as I am by a great number of Indians\\nnot in the -best humor. It is probable, therefore,\\nthat when at length it came into our hands it was in\\nneed of considerable attention, for we find Washing-\\nton, in the same address to Congress just quoted\\nfrom, saying of these posts that such repairs and\\nadditions had been ordered as appeared indispen-\\nsable. It is also probable that the American\\nforce sent to occupy tlie post at the departure of\\nthe British soldiers was quite imposing, as we have\\nTimothy Pickering, Washington s Secretary of\\nWar, in his report of February, 1796, saying: To\\nappear respectable in the eyes of our British\\nneighbors, the force with which we take possession\\nof these posts should not be materially less than\\nthat with which they now occupy them. This\\nmeasure, he adds, is also important in relation\\nto the Indians, on whom first impressions may\\nhave very beneficial effects. Accordingly, the\\n-\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ameiican btaLe Piipers,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nfirst detachment to occupy Mackinac, as an Ameri-\\ncan garrison, consisted of four officers, one com-\\npany of Artillery and Engineers, and one company\\nof Infantry, Major Henry Burback being in com-\\nmand of the wliole force. The British retired to\\nthe island of St. Joseph, on the Canada side a little\\nabove Detour, and established a fort there.\\nFollowing tlie change of liag and sovereignty,\\nnothing very stirring seems to have developed in\\nthe island history during the years immediately\\nsucceeding. It soon became, however, a great\\ncommercial seat and emporium in the wilderness.\\nThe chief commodity was furs. From an early\\nday this liad been a business carried on by the\\nindividual traders who went among the Indians.\\nLater many of those engaged in it combined, and\\nabout 1787 formed the famous Northwest Corn-\\npan 3^ which became a most powerful organization,\\nand which held a lordly sway over the wintry\\nlakes and boundless forests of the Canadas, almost\\nequal to that of the East India Company over the\\nrealms of the Orient. Its headquarters was Fort\\nWilliam, on Lake Superior, and the fields of\\noperation lay principally in far northern latitudes.\\nThe success of this company led to similar enter-\\nprises in the territory lying south and west, with\\ncur island as the head-center. There was a\\nMackinaw Company, and a Southwestern\\nCompany, which, uniting under John Jacob Astor,\\nbecame the American Fur Company. This,\\ntogether with other lines of traffic which it stimu-\\nlated, made the island for many years a great com-\\nmercial seat. It is reported, for instance, for the", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRVING S SKETCH. 37\\nyear 1804, that the goods entered at the Mackinac\\nCustom House yielded a revenue to the United\\nStates of about ^60,000.\\nWhile at this time our island was United States\\nterritory, and the fort with its ever floating flag\\nwas a visible token of its Americanism; the village\\nas a whole, with its Indian and French population\\nand its style of construction much of its archi-\\ntecture being a kind of cross between the white\\nsettler s hut and the Indian s birch bark lodge\\nperhaps did not appear so characteristically\\nAmerican. Let us look at its picture as drawn by\\nWashington Irving in his Astoria. It is Mackinac\\nas seen in 1810. He is describing an expedition\\nunder way for the far north w^est and the head\\nwaters of the Missouri, in the interest of Mr.\\nAstor s enterprises. The party had fitted out in\\nMontreal, under Wilson P. Hunt, of New Jersey;\\nand in one of the large canoes, thirty or forty feet\\nlong, universally used in those days in the schemes\\nof commerce, had slowly made their way up the\\nOttawa river, and by the old route of the fur traders\\nalong a succession of small lakes and rivers, to our\\nisland. Here the party remained about three\\nw^eeks, having stopped for the purpose of taking\\non more goods and to engage more recruits.\\nIrving thus describes the place:\\nIt was not until the 22nd of July that they\\narrived at Mackinaw, situated on the island of the\\nsame name, at the confluence of Lakes Huron and\\nMichigan. This famous old French trading post\\ncontinued to be a rallying point for a multifarious\\nand motley population. The inhabitants were", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 EARLY MACKINAC.\\namphibious in their habits, most of them being or\\nhaving been voyageurs or canoe- men. It was the\\ngreat place of arrival and departure of the south-\\nwest fur trade. Here the Mackinaw Company had\\nestablished its principal post, from whence it com-\\nmunicated with the interior and with Montreal.\\nHence its various traders and trappers set out for\\ntheir respective destinations about Lake Superior\\nand its tributary waters, or for the Mississippi,\\nthe Arkansas, the Missouri, and the other regions\\nof the w^est. Here, after the absence of a year or\\nmore, they returned with their peltries, and settled\\ntheir accounts; the furs rendered in by them being\\ntransmitted, in canoes, from hence to Montreal.\\nMackinaw was, therefore, for a great j^art of the\\nyear, very scantily peopled; but at certain seasons,\\nthe traders arrived from all points, with their\\ncrew\\\\s of voyageurs, and the place swarmed like a\\nhive.\\nMackinaw, at that time, was a mere village,\\nstretching along a small bay, with a fine broad\\nbeach in front of its princijml row of houses, and\\ndominated by the old fort, which crowded an\\nimpending height. The beach w^as a kind of pub-\\nlic promenade, wiiere were displayed all the\\nvagaries of a seaport on the arrival of a fleet from\\na long cruise. Here voyageurs frolicked away\\ntheir wages, fiddling and dancing in the booths\\nand cabins, buying all kinds of knick-knacks,\\ndressing themselves out finely, and parading up\\nand down, like arrant braggarts and coxcombs.\\nSometimes they met with rival coxcombs in the\\nyoung Indians from the opposite shore, who would", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRYING S SKETCH. ^0\\nappear on the beach, painted and decorated in\\nfantastic style, and would saunter up and down, to\\nbe gazed at and admired, perfectly satisfied that\\nthey eclipsed their pale-faced competitors.\\nNow and then a chance party of North-\\nwesters appeared at Mackinaw from the rendez-\\nvous at Fort William. These held themselves up\\nas the chivalry of the fur trade. They were men\\nof iron, proof against cold weather, hard fare, and\\nperils of all kinds. Some would wear tlie north-\\nwest button, and a formidable dirk, and assume\\nsomething of a military air. They generally wore\\nfeathers in their hats, and affected the brave.\\nJe suis nn liomme dih nord!^ I am a man of the\\nnorth, one of these swelling fellows would exclaim,\\nsticking his arms akimbo and ruffling by the South-\\nwesters, w^honi he regarded with great contempt,\\nas men softened by mild climates and the luxurious\\nfare of bread and bacon, and whom he stigmatized\\nwith the vain-glorious name of pork eaters.\\nThe little cabarets and sutlers shops along the\\nbay resounded with the scraping of fiddles, with\\nsnatches of old French songs, with Indian whoops\\nand yells.\\nBut the reader must not think there was no\\nother side to the social life of the early Mackinac\\nof that period. Irving s picture is only that of the\\nwharves, and the floating population, such as the\\nmanager of a water expedition, stopping over but\\na little while, would be the most likely to see.\\nAlthough the resident population was very small,\\nthere were, at the same time, the families of\\nsettled homes, and with the social interests and", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nsympathies and pleasures common to American\\nvillage life subject of course to many inconven-\\niences and privations incident to their remoteness\\nin a wilderness world. I find a pleasing descrip-\\ntion written by a lady, who was taken to the island\\nwhen a child, in the year 1812, just before the\\nw^ar opened and who spent the years of her girlhood\\nthere.\\nThe houses of the village at that time, she\\nsays, were few, quaint and old. Every house had\\nits garden enclosed with cedar pickets. These were\\nkept whitewashed, as also the dwellings and the\\nfort. There were but two streets in the village.\\nOne ran from point to point of the crescent harbor,\\nand as near the water s edge as the beach would\\npermit the pebbles forming a border between the\\nwater and the road. (It w^ill be remembered that\\nthe water s edge in earlier years was considerable-\\nmore inland than now.) A foot path in the middle\\nwas all that was needed, as there were no vehicles\\nof any description, except dog-trains or sleds in\\nthe winter. There were no schools, no physician,\\nand no resident minister of religion. Occasionally\\na priest would come on visitation to the Catholic\\nflock. In winter the isolation was complete.\\nNavigation closed usually by the middle of October,\\nand about eight months were passed in seclusion\\nfrom the outer world. The mail came once a month\\nwhen it did not miss. There were no amuse-\\nments other than parties. The children, however,\\n*Mrs. H. S. Baird, who published her Reminiscences in a Green Bay\\nNewspaper, 1882, and found in the Wisconsin Historical Collections,\\nVol. 9,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "V\\n^i", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "ANOTHER EARLY DESCRIPTION. 41\\nmade houses in the snow drifts, and coasted down\\nhill. Spring always came late, and as it was the\\ncustom to observe May day they often planted the\\nMay pole on the ice. Once she records, for the SUi\\nof May, Ice in the Basin good. She relates that\\nin tlie autumn of 1823, the ice formed very enrly,\\nbut owiiig to high winds and a strong current it\\nwould break up over and over, and be tossed to and.\\nfro, until it was piled to a great height in clear,\\ntoweriijg blue masses; and all that met the eye\\nacross to the oj^posite island were bcaulirul\\nmountains of ice. The soldiers and fishermen cut\\na road t!i rough. Tliis made a winter s high way for\\nthe dog sleds, the passage winding between high\\nwalls of ice, with nothing to be seen but the sky\\nabove. Again, in other seasons, the ice would be\\nperfectly smooth. The exciting times on the Island,\\nshe says, were when Le Caneau du Novel came. As\\nthe canoes neared the town there would come\\nfloating on the air the far-famed Canadian boat\\nsong. The voyageurs landing, the Indians would\\nsoon follow and the little island seemed to overflow\\nwith human life. These exciting times would last\\nfor six or eight weeks. Then would follow the\\nquiet, uneventful, and to some, dreary days, yet to\\nmost, days that passed happily.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nThe year 1812 brought our second war with\\nthe mother country. In it our little island played\\na part, and indeed it may be said to have opened\\nthe ball. The very first scene of the war was\\nenacted here. The two governments had been\\nunder strained relations for some time before, and\\non the 19lh of June, of that year, the state of war\\nwas declared by President Madison. It was a\\nmystery at the time, and something wliich excited\\nclamor and, in the frenzy of the hour, even insinu-\\nations of treachery against high officials at Wash-\\nington, that the English commanders in Canada\\nknew the fact so much in advance of our own.\\nOne explanation is that our very deliberate Secre-\\ntary of War ti usted to the ordinary postal medium\\nin communicating with the frontier troops, while\\nthe agents of the .English government sent the\\nnews by special messengers. General Hull, com-\\nmander of the department of Michigan, said ho did\\nnot receive information of the fact until fourteen\\ndays after war was declared; while General Brock,\\nthe British commander opposite, had official\\nknowledge of it four or five days sooner. And\\nlikewise Lieutenant Hanks, of our island post, was\\nin blissful ignorance of the fact, until he saw the\\nBritish cannon planted in his i-ear, just four weeks\\nafter war had been determined upon.\\n43", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE FORT SURPRISED 43\\nThe English officer, Captain Roberts, com-\\nmanding at the Island of St. Joseph, on the near-by\\nCanada border, had received orders immediately to\\nimdertake the capture of the strategic point of\\nMackinac. He gathered a force, consisting of\\nCanadian militia (the English Pur Co s voyageurs\\nand other emj^Ioyees), and a large number of In-\\ndians, besides having the regular soldiers of\\nthe garrison. The expedition was admirably\\nmanaged. An open attack in front would have\\nbeen impossible of success. So, secretly sailing\\nfrom St. Joseph, they landed, unperceived, on the\\nnorthwest side of the island, at 3 o clock in the\\nmorning, on the spot known ever since as British\\nLanding. The troops had an unobstructed march\\nacross the island and were soon in position with\\ntheir cannon on the higher ground commanding\\nthe fort in the rear, the Indian allies establishing\\nthemselves in the woods on either flank.\\nThe American commandant and his little hand-\\nful of men then learned, at the same moment, the\\ntwo facts, that the United States and Great Britain\\nwere at war, and that the surrender of Fort\\nMackinac was demanded. Resistance was impos-\\nsible, and thus again the flag was raised over its\\nwalls that had first floated there. Pothier, an\\nagent of the Northwest Fur Company, who ac-\\ncompanied the expedition and commanded a jypA t\\nof the force, thus laconically reported it to Sir\\nGeo. Prevort: The Indian traders arrived at St.\\nJosei: h with a number of their men, so that we were\\nnow enabled to form a force of about two hundred\\nand thirty Canadians and three hundred and", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 Early mackinac.\\ntwenty Indians, exclusive of the garrison. With\\nthat force we left St. Joseph on the IGlh, at eleven\\no clock A. M., landed at Michilimackinac at three\\no clock the next morninof, summoned the garrison\\nto surrender at nine o clock, and marched in at\\neleven just twenty-four hours after setting forth\\non their hostile errand. He adds further, that\\nthere were between two and three hundred other\\nIndian Avarriors who had expected to join the ex-\\npedition, but failed; that two days after llie capitu-\\nlation, they came. But he intimates that this band\\nw^as in an undecided state of mind and partly inclin-\\ned to favor the Americans.\\nCaptain Roberts, in his report to General\\nBrock, dated the day of the capture (July 17lh),\\nsays: We embarked with two of the six pounders\\nand every man I could muster, and at ten o clock\\nwe were under weigh. Arrived at three o clock\\nA. M. One of those unwieldy guns w^as brought\\nup with much difficulty to the heights above the\\nfort and in readiness to open about ten o cloct?:, at\\nwhich time a summons was sent in and a capitula-\\ntion soon after agreed on. I took immediate\\npossession of the fort and displayed the British\\ncolors.\\nAs presenting an American account of the\\nsurprise and capture, the official report of Lieut.\\nHanks is herewith given. It was made to Gen.\\nHull, his commaiiding officer, and was issued from\\nDetroit, whither the officers and men of the cap-\\ntured garrison had been sent on parole:", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "LIEUT. HANKS REPORT. 45\\nDetroit, August 12th, 1812.\\nSir: I take the earliest opportunity to ac-\\nquaint Your Excellency of the surrender of the\\ngarrison of Michilimackinac, under my command,\\nto His Britannic Majesty s forces, under the com-\\nmand of Captain Charles Roberts, on the 17th\\nultimo, the particulars of which are as follows:\\nOn the 16th, I was informed by the Indian interpre-\\nter that he had discovered from an Indian, that the\\nseveral nations of Indians then at St. Joseph (a\\nBritish garrison, distant about forty miles) intend-\\ned to make an immediate attack on Michilimack-\\ninac.\\nI immediately called a meeting of the Ameri-\\ncan gentlemen at that time on the island, in which\\nit was thought proper to dispatch a confidential\\nperson to St. Joseph, to watch the motions of the\\nIndians.\\nCaptain Michael Dousman, of the militia, was\\nthought the most suitable for this service. He\\nembarked about sunset, and met the British forces\\nwithin ten or fifteen miles of the island, by whom\\nhe was made prisoner and put on his parole of\\nhonor. He was landed on the island at daybreak,\\nwith positive directions to give me no intelligence\\nwhatever. He was also instructed to take the in-\\nhabitants of the village, indiscriminately, to a place\\non the west side of the island, where their persons\\nand property should be ^jrotected by a British\\nguard, but should they go to the fort, they would\\nbe subject to a general massacre by the savages,\\nwhich Avould be inevitable if the garrison fired a", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "46 EARTHY MACKINAC.\\ngun. This information I received from Dr. Day,*\\nwho was passing through the village when every\\nperson was flying for refuge to the enemy. I\\nimmediately, on being informed of the apjn oach of\\nthe enemy, placed ammunition, etc., in the block\\nhouses; ordered every gun charged, and made\\nevery preparation for action. About nine o clock\\nI could discover that the enemy were in possession\\nof the heights that commanded the fort, and one\\npiece of their artillery directed to the most defense-\\nless part of the garrison. The Indians at this time\\nwere to be seen in great numbers in the edge of\\nthe woods.\\nAt half past eleven o clock the enemy sent in\\na flag of truce demanding a surrender of the fort\\nand island to His Britannic Majesty s forces, f\\nThis, Sir, was the first information I had of the\\ndeclaration of war. 1, however, had anticipated it,\\nand was as well prepared to meet such an event\\nas I possibly could have been with the force under\\nmy command, amounting to fifty-seven effective\\nmen, including officers. Three American gentle-\\nmen, who were prisoners, were permitted to ac-\\ncompany the flag. From them I ascertained the\\nstrength of the enemy to be from nine hundred to\\n*The Post surgeon.\\ntAs to the difference in the hour whicli appears in these thi-ee\\nofficial statements, it is probable each writer had in mind some\\ndifferent stage of the event. The question of the surrender of the\\nisland had its preliminary stage at an earlier hour in the morning at the\\nold distillery at the western end of the village, between some of the\\nBritish officers and certain of the citizens, while the formal demand on\\nthe po.st was not made until later in the day. And, again, Captain\\nRoberts may have noted the time of writing his demand at his own\\nheadquarters and Lieut. Hanks the time it reached his hands.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "LIEUT. HANKS REPORT. 47\\none thousand strong, consisting of regular troops,\\nCanadians and savages; that they had two pieces\\nof artillery, and were provided with ladders and\\nropes for the purpose of scaling the works, if\\nnecessary.* After I had obtained this information\\nI consulted my officers, and also the American\\ngentlemen present, who were very intelligent men;\\nthe result of which was, that it was impossible for\\nthe garrison to hold out against such a superior\\nforce. In this opinion I fully concurred, from the\\nconviction that it was the only measure that could\\nprevent a general massacre. The fort and garri-\\nson were accordingly surrendered.\\nIn consequence of this unfortunate affair, I\\nbeg leave. Sir, to demand that a Court of Inquiry\\nmay be ordered to investigate all the facts con-\\nnected with it; and I do further request, that the\\nCourt may be specially directed to express their\\nopinion on the merits of the case.\\nPorter Hanks,\\nLieutenant of Artillery.\\nHis Excellency Gen. Hull,\\nCommanding the N. W. Army.\\nIt is not necessary to discuss the question\\nwhether the surrender at Fort Mackinac, without\\na show of resistance, was justifiable. The garrison\\nwas but a handful of men. By no fault of his, the\\n*A discrepancy in the estimate of troops as made by opposing sides,\\nespecially in reports from the battle field, is very common. A recent\\nHistory of Canada, however, (published in 1897), is inexcusably out of\\nthe way, when it makes Captain Roberts attacking force less than two\\nhundred, as far as voyagcurs and regulars were concerned, and makes\\nno mention whatever of the large number of Indian allies.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "48 ExVRLY MACKINAC.\\nLieutenant in command liad been taken entirely\\nunawares. The enemy were in overwhelming\\nnumbers and occupying a position with their\\ncannon which commanded the fort. Their Indian\\nallies were waiting in savage eagerness for the\\nattack, and had tlie fighting once begun it would\\nhave been beyond the power of the officers to re-\\nsti ain them.*\\nThe capture of Mackinac, the lirst stroke of\\nthe war, was of the highest importance to the\\nBritish interests. Valuable stores of merchandise,\\nas well as considerable shipping which stood in the\\nharbor, were secured. It gave them the key to the\\nfur trade of a vast region, and the entire command\\nof the upper lakes. It exposed Detroit and all\\nlower Micliigan. It greatly terrified General Hull,\\nwho commanded the department of Michigan. It\\narrested his operations in Canada. He said: The\\nwhole northern hordes of Indians will be let down\\nupon us. His surrender, just one month later,\\nwas in part due to the panic it caused one histor-\\nian of that day, saying: Hull was conquered at\\nMackinac.\\nOn the island, the British proceeded at once to\\nstrengthen their position. In order to guard against\\nany approach in the rear, like the successful one\\nthey themselves had made, they built a very strong\\nearth- work on the high hill, a haif mile, or little\\nmore, back of the post, which they called Fort\\nGeorge, in honor of the King of England. This\\nfortification still remains, now known to all visitors\\n*John Askin, of the British storelveeping department, and present\\nwith the besieging force, said, that had the soldiers of the fort tired u\\ngun, he firmly believed not a soul c t -^-rm woulcl have been scvcd.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CONSTRUCTING FORT HOLMES. 49\\nas Fort Holmes. In its construction the citizens of\\nthe village were impressed, every able bodied man\\nbeing required to give three days in the pick and\\nshovel work.\\nA common error prevails that this ancient\\nearth-w^ork was actually constructed the very night\\nthe British arrived, and that it made part of\\nthe formidable investment of Fort Mackinac which\\nled to its speedy surrender. A moment s reflection\\nw^ill show^ this could not have been the case. The\\ninvading force only landed at three o clock that\\nmorning and then, with all their trappings, had to\\nmarch two miles to get into position, and yet were\\nready by ten o clock to open fire. It is probable\\nthis hill was the heights above the fort, to\\nwhich, as Captain Roberts says in his report, one\\nof those unwieldy guns w^as brought up with much\\ndifficulty; and that far the Fort Holmes site\\nfigured in the demonstration against Lieut. Hanks\\ncommand. The fortification itself, however, being\\nthe scientific work of military engineers, and in-\\nvolving a protracted period of hard labor, was con-\\nstructed afterw^ards at the British commandant s\\nleisure. The other one of Captain Roberts two\\nsix-pounders, together with the great bulk of his\\nmen, including his Indians, w^e may suppose, oc-\\ncupied the ridge of ground, part open and part\\nwooded, betw^een the hill and the post, just beyond\\nthe old parade ground, which lies outside the\\npresent fort fence.\\nCaptain Roberts was relieved, September 1813,\\nand Captain Bullock api)ointed in his 2: lace. Col.\\nMcDonall assumed cliarge in the spring of 1814.\\nThis oiilcer s name often appears as McDouall.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nBy Commodore Perry s victory on Lake Erie,\\nand General Harrison s victorious battle of the\\nThames, the autumn of 1813 found the Americans\\nin possession of Lake Huron, and nearly all of\\nMichigan. The re capture of Mackinac was deter-\\nmined on. In the early spring- of 1814, an expedi-\\ntion for this purpose was planned, wiiich, however,\\ndid not get under sail until July 3rd, embarking\\nfrom Detroit that day. It was a joint naval and\\nmilitary force. There were seven w^ar vessels un-\\nder Commodore Sinclair, and a land foi-ce of 750\\nmen, under command of Col. Croghan. The object,\\nbesides the retaking of Mackinac, was also to\\ndestroy the English post at St. Joseph, and to in-\\nflict whatever damage it could on the military\\nstores and shipping of the enemy on the neighbor-\\ning border of Canada. These war brigs and other\\nvessels of the squadron were the largest ever seen,\\nup to that time, on the w^aters of St. Clair and\\nHuron. The commanders, instead of sailing at\\nonce to Mackinac, concluded to first dispatch their\\nother errands. They found St. Joseph already\\nabandoned by the British, but they captured some\\nEnglish schooners and supplies. They then turned\\nback for Mackinac Island, wdiere they arrived on\\nthe 25th of July. But no success awaited them\\nthere.\\nThe English fully appreciated the great value,\\n50", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "REINFORCING THE POST. 51\\nstrategically and commercially, of Mackinac and\\nwere determined to hold it. They took strong\\nmeasures for its defense. Col. McDonall, who had\\nbeen sent there in May of that year as the new\\ncommandant, was a very energetic and skillful\\nsoldier. He brouglit with him fresh troops from\\nCanada, ammunition and provisions, and other\\nthings needful. Besides this fact, the garrison\\nwere by no means ignorant of the expedition in\\ntheir northern waters, and of its object; and there\\nwas no possibility of a surprise attack. One of the\\nofficers belonging to the reinforcement which had\\nbeen sent to the j)ost thus wrote: After our ar-\\nrival at the island all hands were employed\\nstrengthening the defences of the fort. For up-\\nwards of two months half the garrison watched at\\nnight against attack. The Indians from the sur-\\nrounding country, and Canadians here and there,\\nwere called in for aid. Besides the additional fort\\nwhich they had built. Fort George, (now Fort\\nHolmes, and already referred to) batteries w^ere\\nplaced at various points outside the walls which\\ncommanded the approaches to the beach. One\\nwas on the height overlooking the ground in front\\nof the present Grand Hotel, another on the high\\nknoll just west of the fort, w^hile others lined the\\neast bluff betw^een the present fort grounds and\\nRobinson s Folly.\\nOur American officers at first thought of erect-\\ning a battery on Round Island and shelling the fort\\nfrom there. A yawl w^as sent with a squad of men\\nto reconnoitre, and a spot fixed upon. This w^as\\nseen by the English commander and he immediately", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nsent over a large detachment of Indians, who\\nforced the little party to flee. One of the men,\\nhowever, waited too long, tempted by the berries\\nwhich grew at his feet, and missed the boat and\\nwas captured. The Indians rowed in with their\\nprisoner, chanting the death dirge and expecting\\nto dispose of liim on the shore in their nsual\\nbarbaric manner; and in their wild frenzy of delight,\\nsome of the squaws, before the canoe had touched\\nthe beach, rushed into the water, waist deep, with\\nwhetted knives raised aloft, to begin at once the\\nwork of savage torturing. But the officer of the\\nfort, divining their object, had sent a squad of\\nsoldiers to protect the hapless prisoner.\\nThe extended level ground just west of the\\nvillage streets, was also considered as a point\\nwhere a landing could be made, and the taking of\\nthe fort be attempted, under cover of the guns of\\nthe vessels. But Captain Sinclair, who described\\nthe fort hill as a perfect Gibraltar, found that\\nhis vessels would only be exposed to a raking fire\\nfrom the heights above w^ithout his being able to\\nelevate the guns sufficiently; for return shots.\\nAfter hovering about the island for a week it\\nwas concluded there w^as no other way than to\\nimitate the plan of the successful enemy, two years\\nbefore. So they sailed around to British Land-\\ning and disembarked, August 4th, and marched as\\nfar as the Dousman farm (now Early s farm). But\\nthe conditions were entirely different from those of\\ntwo years ago, and the movement was ill-starred,\\nand a melancholy failure. According, however, to\\nthe reports made by the joint commanders of the", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "FAILURE OP THE ATTACK. 53\\nexpedition, it was not so much their plan to at-\\ntempt the storming of the works, as to feel the\\nenemy s strength and to establish a lodgment from\\nwhich by slow and gradual approaches, and by\\nsiege, they might hope for success. All such ex-\\npectations were soon dissipated. Facing the open\\nfield on the Dousman farm w^ere the thick woods.\\nThis w^as a perfect cover to the Indian skirmishers,\\nwho, concealed in their vantage points, hotly at-\\ntacked our soldiers; to say nothing of an English\\nbattery of four pieces, firing shot and shells.\\nThere could be neither advance nor encamping.\\nThe only wise thing was to retreat to the vessels\\nThis was done and the expedition left the island,\\nhaving lost fifteen killed and about fifty wounded.\\nMajor Andrew Hunter Holmes, next in command\\nto Colonel Croghan, was one of the slain in this\\nmost unfortunate and fruitless action. He fell\\nw^hile leading his battalion in a flank movement on\\nthe right. One story is that the gun which pierced\\nhis breast with two balls was fired by a little Indian\\nboy. Another tradition is that the Major had\\nbeen warned that morning, by a civilian aboard the\\nvessel, not to wear his uniform which w^ould make\\nhim a target, but that he declined the friendly ad-\\nvice saying, that if it w^as his day to fall he w^as\\nready.*\\nMajor Holmes w^as a Virginian, an intelligent\\nand promising young officer who enjoyed the\\nfriendship of Thomas Jefferson. He had already\\ndistinguished himself in a battle near Detroit, and\\nhad performed well a special service assigned him\\n-Charles J. Ingersoll in \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Sketch of the Second War. Vol. 2.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "54 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nin this same expedition, when at the Sault St.\\nMarie. In the official reports of the Mackinac\\nbattle he was referred to as that gallant officer,\\nMajor Holmes, whose character is so well known\\nto the war department; and again as the valuable\\nand ever-to-be lamented officer. His body had\\nbeen carried off the field and secreted by a faithful\\nnegro servant, and the next day was respectfully\\ndelivered to the Americans by Colonel McDonall\\nand taken to Detroit for burial. A very fitting\\ntribute to his memory was it, that when in the\\nfollowing year the island again came under our\\nflag, the name of the new fort on the summit\\nheights, which had been built by the English, was\\nchanged from Fort George to Fort Holmes.\\nThe fort being found impregnable by assault,\\nno further attempts at capture were made, and the\\nexpedition returned down the lake to Detroit, the\\nmost of the soldiers being sent to join General\\nBrown s forces on the Niagara.\\nBut the ambition to regain the island was not\\nyet abandoned. It was thought to starve out the\\ngarrison and thus force a surrender. English\\nsupplies could now come only from Canada through\\nthe Georgian Bay. Near the mouth of the Not-\\ntawasaga river at the southeast corner of that bay,\\nnear a protecting block house, was the schooner\\nNancy loaded with six months supplies of pro-\\nvisions intended for the Mackinac fort. A de-\\ntachment of the American troops landing there\\nblew up the block house and destroyed the\\nschooner and her supplies. There remained now\\nnothing more to do than to so guard the waters", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS. 55\\nthat the destitution of the island could not be re-\\npaired. Two of the vessels, the Tigress and the\\nScorpion, were left to maintain a strict blockade.\\nThis was proving very effective, and provisions ran\\nso low in Mackinac, that a loaf of bread would sell\\nfor a dollar on the streets, and the men of the\\ngarrison were killing horses for meat.\\nThe following extract from a letter written by\\none of the English officers depicts the situation\\nwithin the fort at this time: After the failure of\\nthe attack, the Americans established a blockade by\\nwhich they intercei^ted our supplies. We had but\\na small store of provisions. The commander grew\\nvery anxious. The garrison was put on short al-\\nlowances. Some horses that happened to be on\\nthe island were killed and salted down, and we oc-\\ncasionally were successful in procuring fish from\\nthe lake. To economize oar means the greater\\npart of the Indians were induced to depart to their\\nhomes. At length we saw ourselves on the verge\\nof starvation with no hope of relief from any\\nquarter.\\nDiiring all the summer we find Colonel Mc-\\nDonall in his letters to the department begging and\\nentreating for supplies.\\nThere were yet other embarrassments. Al-\\nthough thoughout the whole period the Indians of\\nthe Mackinac region were allies of the British, the\\nalliance was not without its difficulties. Many of\\nthem showed an indecision when success was\\ndoubtful, as one of the English agents wrote, and\\na predilection in favor of the Americans seemed\\nto influence them. About the island they be-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 EARLY MACKINAC.\\noame very clamorous, another officer said. And\\nCol, McDonall spoke of them as an uncertain\\nquantity that they were fickle as the wind and\\nit was a difficult taslv to keep them with us. He\\nwas embarrassed, too, by their flocking to the\\nisland and requiring to be fed.\\nBut relief, and that by their own sagacity and\\ndaring, was at hand for the beleaguered garrison.\\nWhen the Nancy and the block house on the\\nNottawasaga were destroyed, the officers in charge\\nof that supply of stores, Lieut. Worsley, with\\nseventeen sailors of the Royal Navy, had managed\\nto escape and effect a passage in an open boat to\\nthe fort at Maclvinac and had reported the loss of\\nthe stores. Forced by the necessity of the situ-\\nation, a bold and desperate project was undertaken\\nthat was, the capture of the two blockading\\nvessels. Batteaux were fitted out and equipped at\\nMackinac, manned under Lieut. Worsley with his\\nseamen and by volunteers from the garrison and\\nIndians, making in all about seventy men. Tliese\\nset forth on the bold errand. The Scorpion and\\nTigress were tlien cruising in the neighborhood of\\nDetour. On a dark night, rowing rapidly and in\\nsilence, they approached first the Tigress, which\\nlay at anclior off St. Joseph, and taking it entirely\\nby surprise, leaped aboard and after a hand to\\nhand struggle soon had possession. Its crew were\\nsent next day, as prisoners to Mackinac. The\\nTigress s signals were in the hands of the captors,\\nand the American pennant was kept flying at the\\nmast-head. On the second day after, the Scorpion\\nwas seen beating up towards her com^^anion ship", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "BRITISH APPRECIATION OP MACKINAC. 57\\nunaware of its change of fortune. Night comhig\\non she anchored some two miles off. About day-\\nlight the Tigress set all sail, sw^ept down on her,\\nopened fire and boarded and captured her. Sad\\nfate, indeed, for these two w^ar vessels, wiiich only\\na year before had honorably figured in Commodore\\nPerry s victory on Lake Erie. I prefer not to\\ndwell on the mortifying bit of history, except to\\nsay that candor and justice comj^el our highest\\nadmiration for this English feat of daring and\\nprowess.\\nThis ended all attempts to dislodge the Eng-\\nlish from our island. It remained under their flag\\nuntil terms of peace and settlement w^ere secured\\nby the treaty of Ghent, February 1815. Mackinac\\nwas ever a favorite point in the eyes of the British,\\nand all along an object of their strong desire; and\\nthey were loath to give it up. Col. McDonall,\\nthe able and successful commandant, si:)oke with\\nstrong feeling of the unfortunate cession of the\\nfort and the island of Michilimackinac to the\\nUnited States. It had been a matter of official\\ncomplaint and criticism in the province of Upper\\nCanada, that after the first war it had been in-\\njudiciously ceded by the English government.\\nJohn Jay, our American i-epresentative in the con-\\nference of the treaty and the boundary lines,\\nfound that the commissioners of the Crown were\\nmore interested in an extended commerce than in\\nthe possession of a vast tract of wilderness. The\\nfur trade at that time was the main thing and\\nMackinac w^as the gatewa^^ to all the fur traffic of\\nthe west and south w^est fields. And again, it ap-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "58 EARLY MACKINAC.\\npears in negotiating the treaty of 1815 that the com-\\nmissioners of the crown, even when feeling obliged\\nto forego a large part of their demands, still held\\nont for the island of Mackinac (and Fort Niagara)\\nas long as possible.* Thirty-two years had now\\npassed since the American right to the island had\\nbeen acknowledged by thetreaty of 1783. Of these\\n3^ears only three had been years of war. But for\\none-half of that whole period the British flag had\\nbeen flying over Port Mackinac. In the complete\\nsense, therefore, the destiny of the northwest ^vas\\nnot assured mitil the treaty of Ghent.f With that\\ntreaty the question was finally and conclusively\\nsettled.\\nThe posts of the English which had been captur-\\ned by us, and ours here and there, which they had\\ntaken, were to be restored by each government to\\nthe other. In connection with this mutual delivery\\nis an interesting fact mentioned in a private\\nletter which Colonel McDonall wrote to his friend\\nand fellow officer of the English army. Captain\\nBulger. He says that in the equipment of Fort\\nMackinac, at the time he was making the transfer,\\nwere cannon bearing the inscrii:)tions: Taken at\\nSaratoga; Taken from Lord Cornwallis, and\\nother such, and he speaks of his chagrin in being\\nobliged to include, in his restoration of the fort,\\nguns which told of English defeat and humiliation\\nin the Revolutionary war; and that as an English-\\nman he felt a strong temptation to a breach of\\n*Henry Adams History of the United States vol. 9, p. 34.\\ntHiasdale s -Old Northwest/ p. 185.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORIC CANNON. 59\\nthat good faith which in all public treaties it is in-\\nfamy to violate,\\nSurely it adds to our antiquarian and patriotic\\ninterest in the old fort to know tliat guns, captured\\nfrom Burgoyne and from Cornwallis in the battles\\nof the Revolution, once held position on these ram-\\nparts.\\nWe do not know how these honorable trophies\\nof the Revolution ever found their way to our re-\\nmote pioneer out-230st. We do know, however, that\\nour loss of the fort, three years before, explains\\nhow they got back, temporarily, to their former\\nEnglish ownership. And now in their alternations\\nof estate, after taking pari in keeping off American\\ntroops from the island, and thus, as it were, re-\\ndeeming themselves in English eyes from the bad\\nfortune incurred in our war for independence, they\\nagain fell to our hands. And we can appreciate\\nCol. McDonall s sense of regret at having to give\\nthem u-p. It was the same sentiment which Capt.\\nMcAfee, in his narrative of that war in which he\\nhimself had a part, tells us was exhibited by some\\nof the British officers when by Hull s surrender\\nseveral brass cannon fell to their hands which our\\nforces had captared in the war of the Revolution\\nthey saluted them with tears.\\nIt is vain to surmise the history of those in-\\nteresting guns subsequent tol815. How long they\\nremained at the island post, and whether in time\\nthey were sent to the smelter s furnace, or are still\\nin honorable preservation somewhere with other\\nwar relics, we cannot say. In this connection it\\nHisiory of the Late War in the Western Cotmtry.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "60 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nmay be well to renicirk concerning that old fashion-\\ned cannon which has been lying in position on the\\nvillage beach in front of the fort garden, a\\nfamiliar object for generations past. The story is\\nthat the gun figured in Com. Perry s battle on\\nLake Erie, though whether one of his own guns in\\nthe action or a British gun which h 3 captured is\\nuncertain; that it was left here long ago by one of\\nthe government revenue vessels. Tliat it was put\\nin charge of the Mackinac Custom House, and that\\nit used to serve on 4th of July and other national\\noccasions which called for celebration at the\\ncannon s mouth.\\nUpon their withdrawal from Mackinac, the\\nEnglish garrison established themselves on Drum-\\nmond s Island in the northern end of Lake Huron,\\nand maintained a strong post there. It w^as after-\\nwards decided, however, by the joint commission\\ners in settling the boujidary lines between the\\nUnited States and Canada, that that part of the\\nlake in which Drummond s Island lay belonged to\\nthe United States side of the line. Accordingly in\\n1828 the British garrison removed, and the island\\nwas turned 07 er to our government.\\nCol. Anthony Butler was the American officer\\nto whom the fort was delivered July, 1815, but he\\nremained only until the arrangements for evacu-\\nation were completed, when he withdrew to\\nDetroit, and Captain Willoughby Morgan became\\nthe first commandant under the restored American\\nregime. From that time on there was a long\\nsuccession of regular army soldiers and officers,\\ninhabiting the old quarters and barracks. Many", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "SOME OF THE FORT S EARLY OFFICERS. 61\\nof the officers who afterwards acquired hii^li ranlc\\nand distinction during our civil war, 1861-1865,\\neither in the Union Army or Southern, had been in\\nservice here as young Captains or Lieutenants.\\nAmong them were Gen. Sumner, Gen. Heintzel-\\nman. Gen. Kirby Smith, Gen. Sihis Casey, and\\nGen. Fred Steele, for whom a fort in the west has\\nbeen named. General Pemberton was once a\\nmember of the garrison, and in a private letter\\nwritten by one of the citizens in 1840, w^hen the\\nlittle island was ice-bound and there w^as a dearth\\nof news, it is incidentially mentioned that Lieut.\\nPemberton in the fort is engaged in getting up a\\nprivate theatre, in an endeavor to ward off winter\\nand solitude, the young officer little dreaming of\\nthat more serious drama in w^hich he w^as to act,\\ntwenty- three years later, as commander of Vicks-\\nburg, with Grant s besieging army around him.\\nDuring the civil w^ar, all troops being needed\\nat the front, the soldiers were withdrawn from our\\nfort. This was but temporary, however, and did\\nnot mean its abandonment. Its flag and a solitary\\nSerjeant w^ere left to show that it was still a military\\npost of the United States. This faithful soldier\\nremained at the fort for many years after the w^ar,\\nand was known to the visitors as the Old Serjeant.\\nFor a period during the ^vi^ar it was made the place\\nof confinement of some of theConfederate prisoners,\\nprincipally notable officers who had been captured,\\nat which time Michigan volunteer troops held it.\\nAt the close of the war the fort resumed its old\\n*Occasionally at other times, also, the garrison would be tempor-\\narily sent elsewhere, but this never meant the giving up of the post.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "G2 EARLY MACKINAC.\\ntime service as a garrison post, generally about\\nlifty or sixty men of the regular army, with their\\nofficers, composing the force. A detachment would\\nserve a few years, then be transferred and another\\nwould take its place, to enjoy in its turn the recup-\\nerative climate of the summer, and to endui-e the\\nrigors and the isolation of the winters. So the old\\nfort continued in use, with its morning and evening\\ngun, its stirring bugle notes, its daily guard\\nmount, its pacing sentry, its drill, its inspection\\ndays, until 1895. Then the sharp and decisive\\nvoice of authority called halt to the long march\\nof military history in the straits of Mackinaw.\\nThe United States government, by formal act of\\nCongress abandoned the fort, and gave it over,\\ntogether with the National Park of eleven hundred\\nacres, to the State of Michigan. The fort w^as dis-\\nmantled, the old cannon were removed from the\\nwalls, and every soldier withdrawn. We do not\\nquestion the fact, that as a fort constructed in\\nprimitive times it was un suited to the days of\\nmodern warfare; nor the fact that with the numer-\\nous other well equipped posts, the department is\\nmaintaining for its troops, this old-fashioned one\\nw^as not an absolute necessity. Nor do we ques-\\ntion for a moment the propriety of making the\\nState of Michigan the legatee and successor to this\\nproperty, if the general government was determin-\\ned to dispossess itself of it. It could not have been\\nmore suitably bestowed, if it had to i^ass into other\\nhands. The commissioners, to whose charge it is\\nnow committed, appreciate and will cherish that\\nhistoric and patriotic interest which attaches to the", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "ITS MILITARY HISTORY CEASES. 63\\nold fort, and will keep the grounds intact and care-\\nfully guard the buildings. They will aim likewise\\nto preserve the trees and the drives of the park in\\nthat natural beauty which has so long given them\\nsuch charm. But while thus assured, it is at the\\nsame time a matter of deep regret that the national\\ngovernment should have forsaken the island. For\\nsentimental reasons alone, even had there been no\\nother, the old fort should have been retained as a\\nUnited States post. A military seat which has two\\nhundred years or more of history behind it, is not\\noften to be found in the western world. Indeed,\\nwith the possible exception of Fort Marion, the\\nold Spanish fortification at St. Augustine, Fla., it\\nis doubtful if there be another on this whole conti-\\nnent, which could boast of so long a period of con-\\ntinuous occupation as old Fort Michilimackinac,\\nwhich was established first at St. Ignace in the\\n17th century, then removed to old Mackinaw, and\\nsince 1780 has been located on our island.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nEarly Mackinac had among its citizens, sparse\\nthough its pojHilation was, a number of men of\\nstrong character and great business enterprise.\\nAmong them, not to speak of all, were Michael\\nDo jsman, John Dousman, Edward Biddle, Gurdon\\nS. Hubbard, Samuel Abbot and Ambrose Daven-\\nport. John Dousman, Abbott and Davenport were\\nthe deputation of three gentlemen referred to by\\nLieut. Hanks, in his report of the surrender of the\\nfort, as having accompanied the flag of truce in the\\nnegotiations between Captain Roberts and himself.\\nAfter the English came into possession, the citizens\\nwere required to take the oath of allegiance to the\\nking. Of those then living on the island, five are\\nreported as refusing to do this Messrs. Daven-\\nport, Bostvvick, Stone, and the two Dousmans.*\\nWith the exception of Michael Dousman, who was\\npermitted to remain neutral, they were obliged to\\nleave their homes and their property until the\\nclose of the war. Besides these, there were after-\\nwards three men in particular who figured in large\\ns]3heres, and were in reputation in other parts of\\nthe land as well as in this remote wilderness point.\\nThese were Ramsey Crooks, Robert Stuart and\\nHenry R. Schoolcraft.\\nMr. Crooks came to America from Scotland, as\\na young man. His cancer was an active and\\n*Biddle and Hubbard were not then residents of the island. Ci", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "RAMSEY CROOKS. 65\\nstirring one. He was known in connection with\\nthe fur trade, it is said, from the Atlantic to the\\nPacific. His business involved much of perilous\\njourneying and startling adventure in the north\\nand in the far west. He was with Hunt s expedition\\nacross the Rocky Mountains and to the Pacific\\ncoast, as far back as 1811, and again the next year\\nhe made the same overland journey back to the\\nEast. He was an educated, intelligent man, well\\nexperienced in human nature, and highly rated for\\nhis judgment, his enterprise and his integrity.\\nHe was one of Mr. Astor s right hand men in the\\nextensive business of the fur company. In the\\nAmerican expedition against the island in 1814, in\\nthe attempt to dislodge the English, he, together\\nwith Davenport and John Dousman, had ac-\\ncompanied the squadron the latter two as expatri-\\nated citizens, well acquainted with the waters, to\\nhelp as guides; and Crooks to w^atch, as far as he\\ncould, the interests of Mr. Astor.* He did not\\nmake Mackinac his permanent residence during the\\nwhole time of his connection with the business,\\nbut was more or less on the island and engaged in\\nits office work. New York, afterwards, was his\\nhome; and on Astor s selling out, he became chief\\nproprietor and the president of the company. It is\\nsaid of him that he concentrated, in his remi-\\nniscences, the history of the fur trade in America\\nfor forty years. He died in New York in 1859.\\n*Schoolcraft speaking of Davenport, (who, he says, was a Virginian),\\nrefers to his thus -sailing about the island and in sight of his own\\nhome. He remarks, too. that for his sufferings and losses, he ought\\nto have, been remunerated by the Government", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nRobert Stuart was also a native of Scotland.\\nborn in 1784. He came to America at the age of\\ntwenty -two years, and illustrated the same spirit of\\nenterprise and adventure. He first lived in Mon-\\ntreal, and served with the Northwestern Fur Co.\\nIn 1810 he connected himself, together with his\\nuncle, David Stuart, with Mr. Astor s business,\\nand was one of the party that sailed from New\\nYork by the ship Tonquin to found the fur trade\\ncity of Astoria, on the Pacific Coast. In 1812, it\\nbeing exceedingly important that certain papers\\nand dispatches be taken from Astoria to Now\\nYork, and the ship in the meantime being destroy-\\ned, and there being no way of making the trip by\\nsea, Stuart was put at the head of a party to under-\\ntake the journey overland. Ramsey Crooks was\\none of the band. This trip across the mountains\\nand through the country of wild Indians, and over\\narid plains, involved severe hardships and peril,\\nand illustrated the nerve, and vigor, and resources\\nof the young leader. The party was nearly a year\\non the way. In 1819 he came to Mackinac and be-\\ncame a resident partner of tlie American Fur\\nCompany, and superintendent of its entire business\\nin the west. He was remarkably energetic in\\nbusiness, a leader among men, and a conspicuous\\nand forceful character wherever he might be\\nplaced. In the lack of hotel accommodations his\\nhome was constantly giving hospitable welcome\\nand entertainment to visiting strangers. He dwelt\\non the island for fifteen years, and when the\\ncompany sold out in 1834, removed to Detroit. He\\nwas afterward appointed by the Government as", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ROBERT STUART. 67\\nIndian Commissioner for all the tribes of the north-\\nwest, and guarded their i)iterests with paternal\\ncare. The Indians used to speak of him as their\\nbest friend. He also served as State treasurer,\\nand at the expiration of his term of office was\\ntrustee and secretary of the Illinois and Michigan\\nCanal Board. Active in great commercial and\\nl)ublic interests, he was also, subsequent to his\\nconversion on the island in 1828, zealous and j)rom-\\nnent in church work and always bore a high\\nChristian character. He died very suddenly at\\nChicago, in 1848. His body was taken by a vessel\\nover the lakes to Detroit for burial. In passing\\nMackinac the boat laid awhile at the dock, and all\\nthe people of the village paid their respects to the\\ndead body of one who had been in former years a\\nresident of the island, so well known and so greatly\\nesteemed.\\nIn connection with the Fur Company work of\\nthe island, which these two men did so much to\\npromote, it may be well to quote from Mrs. John\\nKinzie, the wife of a Chicago pioneer, who with\\nher husband was here in 1830. In her interesting\\nbook Wau-Bun, the Early Day in the North-\\nwest, she thus writes, speaking of that period:\\nThese were the i^almy days of Mackinac. It was\\nno unusual thing to see a hundred or more canoes\\nof Indians at once approaching the island, laden\\nwith their articles of traffic; and if to these was\\nadded the squadron of large Mackinaw boats con-\\nstantly arriving from the outposts with the furs,\\npeltries and buffalo robes collected by the distant\\ntraders, some idea may be formed of the extensive", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68 EARLY MACKINAC.\\noperations and the important position of the\\nAmerican Fur Company, as well as of the vast\\ncircle of human beiugs either immediately or re-\\nmotely connected with it.\\nHenry R. Schoolcraft lived on the island from\\n1833 to 1841. He was a native of the State of New\\nYork. He was a student, an investigator into the\\nfacts and phenomena of nature, a remarkable\\nlinguist, a great traveler and explorer, and a\\nprolific writer. He was given to archaeological\\nresearches; he explored the valley of the\\nMississippi; he investigated the mineral resources\\nof much of the west, particularly of Missouri; and\\nlie discovered the source of the Mississippi river.\\nHis great w^ork, and by which lie is most known,\\nwas that in connection with the Indian race, having\\nspent thirty years of his life in contact with them.\\nBesides his travels among the tribes throughout\\nthe west and northwest, where his pursuits led\\nhim, he was the Government agent in Indian affairs,\\nfirst at Sault Ste. Marie for eleven, years, and then\\nat Mackinac for eight years. He mentions that\\nat one time over four thousand Indians were en-\\ncamped along the shores of tlie island for a month;\\nand that the annuities he paid that year amounted\\nto ^370,000 in money and goods. He also served\\nin the negotiation of treaties for the Government\\nwith the tribes. While living at the Sault, he\\nmarried a half-blood Indian girl. Her father, Mr.\\nJohn Johnston, was an Irish gentleman of good\\nstanding, who, dwelling in the ^^ilderness country\\nof Lake Superior, had found a wiTe in the daughter\\nof an Indian Chief. Thisdaughter, Miss Joh::ston,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT. 69\\nhad been sent to Europe while a young girl to be\\neducated under the care of her father s relatives,\\nand she became a refined and cultivated Christian\\nlady.\\nMr. Schoolcraft in his eight years residence\\non the island, lived in the house kiiown to all\\nHENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, LL D.\\nreaders of Miss Woolson s Anne as the Old\\nAgency.* Rewrites on his arrival: We found\\nourselves at ease in the rural and picturesque\\ngrounds and domicile of the United States Agency,\\noverhung, as it is, by impending cliffs and com-\\nmanding one of the most pleasing and captivating", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nviews of lake scenery. Every subject of scien-\\ntific interest, all the physical phenomena of the\\nisland, and its antiquities and historic features, and\\nall questions pertaining to the Indians and their\\nrace characteristics, their habits and customs, their\\nlanguage, their traditions and legends, their\\nreligion, and especially all that might lead to their\\nmoral and social improvement these were matters\\nof his constant study. At the same time he kept\\nabreast of the general literature of the day, read-\\ning the books of note as they appeared and himself\\nmaking contributions to literature by his own\\nbooks and review articles and treatises, which\\nwere published in the East and in England. In his\\nremote island home, ice-bound for half the year\\nand largely shut out from the world, he was yet\\nwell known by his writings in the highest circles of\\nlearning. Visitors of note, from Europe as well as\\nfrom the Eastern States, coming to the island, were\\nfrequently calling at his house with letters of intro-\\nduction. He was voted a complimentary member-\\nship in numerous scientific, historical and antiqua-\\nrian societies, both in this country and in the old\\nworld. He had correspondents among scholars\\nand savants of the highest rank. His opinions and\\nviews on subjects of which he had made a study\\nwere greatly prized. The eminent Sir Humphrey\\nDavy, of England, for instance, expressed the\\nhighest appreciation of certain contributions of\\nscientific interest which Mr. Schoolcraft had pre-\\n*In the minds of some now livin on the island he has been confused\\nwith his brother, Jj,mes Schoolcraft, who also lived in the village and\\nwas murdered by a John Tanner, in IS ,16.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT. 71\\npared in his island home; and Charles Darwin, in\\nhis work, The Descent of Man, quotes with ap-\\nproval some opinion he had expressed, and calls\\nhim a most capable judge. Prof. Silliman, also\\nex-Presidents John Adams, Thos. Jefferson and\\nJames Madison, wrote him letters of marked ap-\\nprobation respecting a contribution he had written\\nfor the American Geological Society. Bancroft\\nconferred with him before writing those parts of\\nhis History of the United States, which pertain\\nto the Indians, and was in frequent correspondence\\nwith him; and Longfellow, in his Hiawatha Indian\\nnotes, expresses his sense of obligation to him.\\nSome of Schoolcraft s lectures were translated into\\nFrench, and a prize was awarded him by the National\\nInstitute of Prance. Among his frequent corres-\\npondents, as he was an active Christian and in\\nsympathy with all church interests, were the\\nsecretaries of different missionary societies in the\\nEast, seeking his opinion and his counsel in refer-\\nence to the location of stations and the methods of\\nwork among the Indian tribes. The amount of\\nliterary work he accomplished was remarkable,\\nespecially in view of his public services, which\\noften required extensive journeys in distant wilder-\\nness regions, and much of camp life. He w^as of\\nremarkable physical vigor and industry, however,\\nand it is said of him, that he had been known to\\nwrite from sun to sun almost every day for many\\nyears.\\nMr. Schoolcraft removed from the island to\\nNew York in 1831, and after an extensive travel\\nthrough Europe, devoted himself principally to", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "72 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nliterary work. He published about thirty different\\nbooks. These largely pertained to his explorations,\\nand to scientific subjects. The chief products of\\nhis pen in respect to the Indians were his Algic\\nResearches, and later his very extensive Ethno-\\nlogical Researches among the Red Men, which\\nwas prepared under the direction and patronage of\\nCongress. It is in six large volumes with over\\n300 colored engravings, and was issued in the best\\nstyle of the printer s art. It is a thesaurus of in-\\nformation, and furnishes the most complete and\\nauthentic treatment the subject has ever received.\\nFor nearly twenty years Mr. Schoolcraft lived at\\nWashington, and died there in December, 1864.\\nThe Rev. Dr. Sunderland, for over forty j^ears a\\nPresbyterian pastor in that city, has said of him:\\nHe was a noble Christian man, and his last years\\nwere spent in tlie society of his friends and among\\nhis books a modest, retiring, unostentatious\\nman, but of deep, sincere piety and greatly interest-\\ned in the welfare of mankind.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nWith the explorer, the trader and the soldier,\\nin the early days of the French occupation, there\\ncame also the missionary. More than two\\ncenturies ago pioneer Jesuit priests planted the\\ncross in these wilds of the upper lakes; first at\\nSault Ste. Marie, as early as two hundred and fifty\\nyears since, and then in 1671 in our Micliilimackinac\\nregion of St. Ignace,* on the northern mainland,\\nfour miles across from the island. The latter work\\nis associated particularly with Marquette, who\\nfounded it, and who w^as one of the most heroic and\\ndevoted of the early missionaries who came to this\\ncontinent from France. He was a scholar and a\\nman of science, according to the attainments of that\\nday. It is said he was acquainted with six different\\nlanguages. He was held in reverent esteem, both\\nby the savages of the woods and by the traders and\\nofficers of the settlements. To his culture, his re-\\nfinement and his siDirituality were added the en-\\nthusiasm and daring of the explorer. He w^entout\\nto find new countries as also to preach in the pagan\\nwilds. In 1673, accompanied by Joliet, he set\\nforth from St. Ignace with a small company in two\\nbark canoes, on a long voyage of discovery. He\\nstruck out into Lake Michigan, thence into the\\nrivers of Wisconsin, and thence into the Mississippi,\\nand floated down that great river as far as to a\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Point Iroquois, as it was first known. 73", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74 EARLY MACKINAC.\\npoint some thirty miles belo\\\\v the mouth of the\\nArkansas river, ahnost to the Louisiana line.\\nTil ere the southern journey was ended and the re-\\nturn trip was begun ascending the Mississippi,\\nentering the Illinois and thus reaching Lake\\nMichigan again. But for Marquette the trip was\\nnever finished. He died at a point on the eastern\\nshore of that lake, about midway between its upper\\nand lower ends, and was buried there by his ever\\nfaithful and devoted Indian companions. Two\\nyears afterwards his body was exhumed and\\nreverently taken back for interment at the St.\\nIgnace Mission, which he had longingly desired\\nagain to reach, but had died without the sight.\\nThe discovery of his grave in the present town of\\nSt. Ignace, in the year 1877, has given new interest\\nto that locality.\\nFollowing the temporary abandonment of the\\nFrench post of Michilimackinac in 1701, and the re-\\nmoval of the settlement to Detroit, as already\\nreferred to, the St. Ignace Mission was given up,\\nand the church burned by tlie priests themselves\\nin fear lest it should be sacrilegiously destroyed by\\nthe savages. Subsequently, on the re-establish-\\nment of the fort on the southern peninsula opposite,\\nthe Catholic mission was revived and the Church\\nof St. Ann was organized the church and the\\nentire settlement of families, as well as the garrison,\\nbeing within the palisade enclosure. When in\\n1780 the fort was removed to the island and the\\nsettlers following\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the church was also removed,\\nits logs and timbers being taken down sepai^ately\\nand then rejointed and set up again. It stood on", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "MADAM LA FRAMBOISE. 75\\nthe old burying lot south of the present Astor\\nHouse. Subsequently it was removed to another\\nsite. An addition was made extending its length,\\nand the old church continued to stand until it gave\\nway to the present large edifice, built on the sam.e\\nspot, in 1874. As an organization, however, the\\nchurch dates far back to the early days over at\\nold Mackinaw. The ground on w^hich the building\\nnow^ stands was a bequest to the parish by a Madam\\nLa Framboise, who lived near by, with the stipula-\\ntion that at death her body should be buried under\\nthe altar, in case the church should be removed to\\nthe place indicated. This being done, the condi-\\ntions of the will were fulfilled. This Madam was\\nof Indian blood, and the widow of a French fur\\ntrader. She is reported to have been a woman of re-\\nm^arkable energy and enterprise, and on the death of\\nher husband ably managed the business he had left.\\nShe acquired the rudiments of education after her\\nmarriage, being taught by her husband, and in\\nlater years made it a custom to receive young-\\npupils at her house to teacli them to read and write,\\nand also to instruct them in the principles of her\\nreligion. Her daughter became the wife of Lieut.\\nJohn S. Pierce, a brother of President Pierce, who\\nv/as an ofiicer at the garrison in the earl} days,\\n1815-1820.\\nIn the early times, the island being so remote\\na pioneer point, and its j^opulation meagre, this\\nparish did not always have a resident priest, and\\nfor much of the time could only be visited by one\\nat irregular and often distant intervals. In 1782,\\na petition signed by the merchants and other in-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "76 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nhabitants of the village, was addressed to General\\nHaldimand, the English Governor General of the\\nProvince, asking that the Government take steps\\nto aid in securing a cure, or minister of religion,\\nfor the stated maintenance of services. There ap-\\npears nothing to show that this was granted. The\\nfur trade brought an element of population of a\\nvery mixed character. There were the educated\\nofficers and clerks of the company, and the\\nvoyageurs and trappers, who spent most of their\\ntime in the woods and on the water, with Mackinac\\nas their place of resting and wage-payment, and\\nthe place of the reckless wasting of their hard,\\nearned money. One who knew well the early\\ncharacter of the island, said of it, that few places\\non the continent had been so celebrated a locality\\nfor wild enjoyment; that the earnings of a year\\nwere often spent in the carousals of a week or a\\nday; that the lordly Highlander, the impetuous\\nson of Erin, and the proud and indei^endent\\nEnglishman, did not do much better on the score\\nof moral responsibilities than the humble\\nvoyageurs and courier des hois; that they broke gener-\\nally, nine out of the ten commandments without a\\nwince, but kept the other very scrupulously, and\\nwould flash up and call their companions to a duel\\nwho doubted them on that point!\\nProtestant Missions in the west gradually took\\nshape as the settlement of the country advanced\\nfrom the sea-board. The Rev. David Bacon, of the\\nConnecticut Missionary Society, the father of the\\nlate Dr. Leonard Bacon, preached on the island for\\na short time as far back as 1802; not, however, es-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "EPISCOPAL CHURCH ORGANIZED. i\\ntablishing a mission or organizing a church. Then,\\nin 1820 the Rev. Jedidiah Morse, D.D., a Congre-\\ngational minister, the father of the inventor of the\\ntelegraph system, visited the island, and made a\\nshort stay. The same Dr. Morse was the author of\\nMorse s Geography, once extensively used in\\nour schools, and still well remembered. In earlier\\nyears the fort was a chaplaincy post, and the\\nclergyman in charge, the Rev. Mr. O Brien, from\\n1842 until the opening of the ci\\\\il war in 1861,\\nconducted stated services of the Episcopal form of\\nworship, which acconanodated the people of the\\nvillage as well as the soldiers. Out of this work\\ngrew the Trinity Episcopal Church, organized in\\n1873, under the ministration of the Rev. Wm. G.\\nStonex, who continued for some years the resident\\nclergyman. For a time the parish held its Sunday\\nservices in the fort chapel; then the old Court\\nHouse building was used, and in 1882 the present\\nTrinity Church building w^as erected, under the\\nleadership of the Rev. M. C. Stanley. This re-\\nmains still the only organized Protestant church\\non the island. It has, gejierally. a resident clergy-\\nman in charge. The Rt. Rev. Thomas F. Davies,\\nD.D., bishop of the diocese of Michigan, being a\\nsummer cottager on the island, frequently officiates\\nduring the visitors season.\\nTo go back again to our earlier period. At the\\ntime of Dr. Morse s visit to the island, he was\\nunder commission by the U. S. government on a two\\nyears tour of observation and inspection among\\nthe various Indian tribes with a view to devise\\nthe most suitable ]3lan to advance their civilization", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "78 EARLY MACKINAC,\\nand happiness. He arrived at the island, June\\n16th, hi the evening, and writes of the view that\\ngreeted his eye in the morning the fort look-\\ning down from the high bluff, and a fleet of Indian\\ncanoes drawn up on the beach, along which were\\npitched fifty or one hundred lodges cone-shaped\\nbark tents filled with three or four hundred\\nIndians, men, women and children, come to receive\\ntheir annuities from the United States Government\\nand to ti-ade. He remained a little over two weeks\\nand preaclKKl in the Court House to large and at-\\ntentive audiences. A week-day school and a\\nSabbath -school were formed for the children, and\\narrangements effected for Bible Society and Tract\\nSociety work. On his return to the East, the\\nUnited Foreign Missionary Society, learning of the\\nsituation, took steps to plant a mission at Mackinac.\\nThe island was considered a strategic point for\\nsuch operations, even as previously it had been a\\nstrategic situation from a military point of view.\\nIt was a central gathering place for the Indians for\\nhundreds of miles away as well as from near at\\nhand. The mission was established in 1823. The\\nRev. Wm. Ferry, a Presbyterian minister from the\\nEast, was appointed superintendent.\\nThe Mission was designed chiefly as a school\\nfor the training of Indian youth. It opened with\\ntwelve pupils. The second year it numbered\\nseventy. Two years after the opening of the\\nenterprise the large school building and boarding\\nhouse, now the hotel at the east end of the island,\\n*From lettei- of instructions written him by John C. Calhoun, Secre-\\ntary of War, Feb. 1820.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "GOOD WORK OF THE SCHOOL. 79\\nand bearing the original name Mission House,\\nwas built. In 1826 the Society which had begun\\nthe work and maintahied it for three years, was\\nmerged with the American Board of Commissioners\\nfor Foreign Missions. Henceforth, until it closed,\\nthe Mackinac Mission was the work of that Board\\nwith headquarters in Boston. For several years\\nthe attendance at the school averaged about one\\nliimdred and fifty a year. Major Anderson, of the\\nGovernment service, writing in 1828, says that\\nwhen this mission building was erected it w^as\\nthought to be large enough to accommodate all\\nwho might desire its privileges, but such was the\\nthirst for knowledge, that the house was then full;\\nand that at least fifty more had sought admission\\nthat season who could not be received for lack of\\nroom.\\nBesides the rudiments of English education,\\nthe boys were taught the more useful sort of handi-\\ncraft and trades, and the girls were taught sewing\\nand housework. They were at all times under\\nChristian influence, and were sj^stematically in-\\nstructed in the truths of the Gospel. In the\\nBiography of Mrs. Jeremiah Porter, who before\\nher marriage was Miss Chappelle, and who spent\\ntwo years (1830-32) on the island, is given an ex-\\ntract from her diary, in which she speaks of visit-\\ning the Mission House and hearing the young\\nIndian girls, at their evening lesson, repeat\\ntogether tlie 23d Psalm and the 55th chapter of\\nIsaiah, paid of hearing a hymn sung by sixteen\\nsweet Indian voices which was particularly touch-\\ning. Thomas L. McKenney, of the Indian Depart-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "80 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nment, gives another interesting glimpse of llie\\nschool in his book, Sketches of a Tour to the\\nLakes, published in 1827. He had been sent out,\\nthe year before, from Washington as joint com-\\nmissioner with General Cass in negotiating a treaty\\nwith tlic Indians of the North. Having touched at\\nMackinac he describes his calling, in company with\\nMr. Robert Stuart, at the Missionary establish-\\nment in charge of Mr. Ferry. The school family\\nwere at supper, and he writes, we joined them in\\ntheir prayers, which are offered after this meal.\\nOn another day he again visited the school, and re-\\nported of it: The buildings are admirably adapt-\\ned for the object for which they were built. They\\nare composed of a center and two wings the center\\nis occupied chiefly as the eating department and\\nthe olhces connected therewith. The western wing\\naccommodated the family. In the eastern wing\\nare the school rooms, and below, in the ground\\nstory, are apartments for shoemakers and other\\nmanufactures. In the girls school were seventy-\\nthree, from four to seventeen years old. In\\npersonal cleanliness and neatness, in behavior, in\\nattainments in various branches, no children, white\\nor red, excel them. The boys school has about\\neighty, from four to eighteen. One is from Fond\\ndu Lac, upwards of seven hundred miles. Another\\nfrom the Lake of the Woods. How far they have\\ncome to get light Referring to the Superin-\\ntendent, Mr. Ferry, he speaks of him in terms of\\nunqualitied approbation. Few men possess his\\nskill, his qualification, his industry and devotion\\nto the work. Such a pattern of practical industry", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE MISSION CHURCH. 81\\nis without price in such an establishment. Indeed,\\nthe entire mission family appeared to me to have\\nundertaken this most interesting- charge from the\\npurest motives. He makes mention of Mrs.\\nRobert Stuart as an excellent, accomplished and\\nintelligent lady, whose soul is in this work of\\nmercy. This school is in her eyes, the green spot\\nof the island. With her influence and means she\\nhas held up the hands that were ready, in the\\nbeginning of this establishment, to hang down.\\nShe looks upon Mr. Ferry and his labors as being\\nworth more to the island than all the land of which\\nit is composed; whilst he, with gratitude, mentions\\nher kindness, and that of her co-operating hus-\\nband,\\nMrs. John Kinzie, already referred to as being\\non the island in 1830, visited the Mission, and in\\nher book makes similiar testimony concerning it,\\nsaying among other things; Through the zeal\\nand good management of Mr. and Mrs. Ferry, and\\nthe fostering encouragement of the congregation,\\nthe school was in great repute.\\nA church for the island soon grew out of the\\nschool. It was Presbyterian in name and foi^m.\\nIt was a branch of Mr. Ferry s work, and he was\\nthe pastor during the whole time he remained on\\nthe island. A church building, the historic Old\\nMission Church, still standing in its original\\ndimensions and appearance, was built in 1829-30.\\nMackin^ic in those days shared with Detroit in\\ndistinction, the two towns being almost the only\\nplaces of note in the State of Michigan. The Far\\nCompany s business, together with the general", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "82 EARLY MACKINAC.\\ntrading interests which centered here, brought to\\nthe island a considerable population. .Thus large\\nand interesting congregations were furnished for\\nthis church. Besides the teachers and their\\nfamilies, and the pupils of the mission school,\\nthere were many families of the village, officers\\nand clerks of the company, traders, native Indian\\nconverts and others, who were members in regular\\nattendance. The military post, too, used to be\\nrepresented officers and men coming down the\\nstreet on Sunday mornings in martial step. The\\nsoldiers would stack their guns outside in front of\\nthe church; one of the men would be detailed to\\nstand guard over the arms, while the others would,\\nfile into the pews set apart for their accommoda-\\ntion.\\nThe whole number of members enrolled during\\nthe history of the church was about eighty, exclu-\\nsive of the mission family. As a pioneer church on\\nthe wilderness frontier, it was remarkable in\\nliaving on its membership roll, and among its office\\nbearers as Ruling Elders, two men of such stand-\\ning and public name as Robert Stuart and Henry\\nR. Schoolcraft.\\nThe Mackinac experiment of mission work,\\nunfortunately, was not continued long enough to\\nshow the largest results. ^Changes took place on\\nthe island which seriously affected the situation.\\nIt ceased to be the great resort for the Indians it\\nhad been at first. The Michigan lands were\\ncoming in demand for settlement; and the Govern-\\nment was deporting some of the tribes to reserva-\\ntions farther West. Mr. Astor retired from the", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "STORY OF CHUSKA. 83\\nFur Company, and that business lost its former\\nmagnitude. This involved the loss of many\\nfamilies and a change in social conditions. In\\n1834, Mr. Ferry removed from the island,* as did\\nMr. Stuart, the same year. Thus, for a variety of\\nreasons the place ceasing to be an advantageous\\npoint for the work, it was deemed best to dis-\\ncontinue it; and about 1836 the land (some twelve\\nacres) and the buildings thereon were sold, and in\\n1837 the Mission was formally given up. During\\nthe brief history of the school, however, not less\\nthan five hundred children of Indian blood and hab-\\nits acquired the rudiments of education, and were\\ntaught the pursuits and toils of civilized life, and\\nmany became Christians. The American Board at\\nthat time considered that the Mackinac Mission\\nhad been very successful, especially in its out*\\nreaching influence throughout the surrounding\\nregions.\\nOne instance of remarkable conversion in the\\nwork of the Mission, was that of an old Indian\\nnecromancer or medicine man. His name was\\nWazhuska, or more popularly, Chuska. For 40 years\\nhe had been famous on the island in the practice of\\nthat mysterious occultism which has often been\\nfound among low and barbarous races. He was\\nsupposed by his people to have supernatural\\npower, and indeed the instances which liave been\\nreported of his strange facility, seem remarkable.\\nA sorcerer he might have been called, or, as such\\nhave also been designated, a practitioner of the\\n*Mr. Ferry settled at what became Gi-and Haven, iu Michigan,\\nhimself founding the city and also its Presbyterian Church, and coe^-\\ntinued to reside there until his death in 1867.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nblack art. He embraced the Christian faith with\\nclear perception of its essential truths, and with\\ngreat simplicity of spirit; and entirely renounced\\nall his hidden works of darkness, together with\\nthe vice of drunkenness to which he had been lam-\\nentably addicted, and after a year of testing and\\nprobation was admitted to membership in the\\nMission Church. He died in 1837, and was buried\\non Round Island. This story of Chuska and his\\nconversion by the power of divine grace, was con-\\nsidered of such interest that we find it related by\\nSchoolcraft in tliree of his books his Personal\\nMemoirs, his Oneota, (a collection of miscellany\\nwhich tells of Chuska under the heading The\\nMagician of the Manitouline Islands, and in his\\nelaborate six volume work published by act of\\nCongress. In his account of the case as given in\\nthe last named publication he furnishes represen-\\ntations of the crude pictographic charms, and\\ntot(.Mns and symbols, which Chuska was accustomed\\nto use in liis pagan incantations, and which at the\\ntime of his conversion he had surrendered to Mr.\\nSchoolcraft. The tale of Chuska is also told by\\nMrs. Jameson in the narrative of her visit to\\nMackinac in 1835; and in Strickland s Old Mack-\\ninaw.\\nThe Mission given up, the school closed, the\\nteachers and their families gone, the trade and em-\\nporium character of the village falling away, the\\nchurch organization did not long survive. There\\nwas no successor of Mr. Ferry in the pastorate.\\nMr. Schoolcraft, as an office bearer in the church,\\nand always actively interested in its welfare, did all", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE OLD CHURCH. 85\\nthat a layman, so fully occupied as he, could do for\\nits maintenance, often conducting a Sabbath service\\nand reading a sermon to the people from some good\\ncollection. But so largely losing its families by\\nremoval, and unable under existing conditions to\\nsecure a pastor, the church organization became\\nextinct. The church building, however, the Old\\nMission Church as it is familiarly known to this\\nday, has survived for sixty years the lapse of the\\norganization. It is probably the oldest Protestant\\nChurch structure in tlie whole Northwest. And\\nwhile other ancient church buildings have been en-\\nlarged and changed in the course of years; an ex-\\ntension put on, or a front or a tower added, or other\\nmaterial alterations made; this one, from end to end,\\nand in its entire structural form, remains the same\\nas at the time of its early dedication. It has stood\\nfour square to all the winds that have blown, as\\nsolid as the faith of those who built it, unchanged\\nfrom its original style and its bare and simple ap-\\npearance, with its old weather-vane and its wond-\\nerfully bright tin- topped belfry a mute memorial\\nof a most worthy history of two generations ago.\\nDespite its disuse and its increasing dilapidation, it\\nhas long been an object of tender interest, and has\\nbeen visited by hundreds every season. It is gratify-\\ning, therefore, to know that a number of the summer\\ncottagers and other visitors, joined by some of the\\nisland residents, have purchased the old church,\\nand repaired and restored it so as to present the\\nold-time appearance in which it had been known\\n*Miss Woolson s \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Anne.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nfor well nigh seventy years.* The gray weather-\\nworn exterior is purposely left unpainted. The\\nsame old high-up pulpit, the plain square pews\\nwith doors on them, the diminutive panes of glass\\nin the windows, the quaint old-fashioned gallery at\\nthe entrance end all these features appear as at\\nthe first. The property is held in trust for the\\npurchasers by a board of seven trustees, five of\\nwhom are to be visitors who own or rent cottages,\\nand two to be residents of the village. There is\\nno ecclesiastical organization in connection with\\nthe building, nor any denominational color or con-\\ntrol. The motive in the movement has been, first,\\nto preserve the old sanctuary as a historic relic of\\nthe island and memorial of early mission work; and,\\nsecond, to use it as a chapel for union religious\\nservices during the few weeks when summer\\ntourists crowd the island.\\n*Repaired and restored in 1895.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nOur Island in its dimensions is three miles east\\nand west, and two miles north and south. It has a\\ncrescent shaped harbor, which gives the same out-\\nline to the village nestling on the rounded beach.\\nThere can be few places so small and circumscribed\\nthat can furnish so many pleasing impressions. In\\nits antiquarian interest, in its unlikeness to the out-\\nside world, in its dim traditions, and in its entranc-\\ning charms of natural scenery there is found every\\nvariety for the eye, the taste and the imagination.\\nWhile small enough to steam around it in an hour\\non the excursion boats, it is yet large enough to ad-\\nmit of long secluded walks through its quiet, gentle\\nwoods. In the three score years or more that visi-\\ntors have been coming here, there have grown up\\nfor it such tributes and terms of admiration as^\\nGem of the Straits, Fairy Isle, Tourists Paradise,\\nPrincess of the Islands, and such like.\\nRising almost perpendicularly out of the water,\\none hundred and fifty feet high, with its white\\nstone cliffs and bluffs, and twice that height back\\non the ci-est of the hill, and covered with the\\ndensest and greenest foliage, it is an object of\\nsight for many miles in every direction. Through-\\nout we find that development and variety of beauty\\nwhich nature makes when left to herself. The trees\\nare the maple, and pine, and birch, and old beeches\\nwith strait and far-reaching branches and with\\n87", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "88 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nru^^ged trunks, on which can be seen initials and\\ndates running back many years the mementos of\\nvisitors of long ago. The hardy cedar abounds also,\\nand the evergreen spruce, larch and laurel, and\\ntamarack. Throughout the woods running in\\ndifferent directions, are winding roads, arched and\\nshaded by the overhanging tree-tops, as if they\\nwere continuous bowers, and bewitching foot-\\npaths and trails; the fragrance of the fir and the\\nbalsam is everywhere, and a buoyancy in the\\natmosphere which invites to walking the whole\\ntract being safe, always, for even children to\\nwander in. You come upon patches of the delicate\\nwild strawberry with its aromatic flavor, the wild\\nrose, the blue gentian, profuse beds of daisies,\\nsaid to be of the largest variety in America, the\\ncurious Indian ^lipes, luxuriant ferns in dark\\nnooks, forever hidden from the sun, and thickest\\ncoverings of moss on rocks and old tree trunks.\\nThen always, from every quarter and in every\\ndirection, are to be seen the great waters of the\\nlakes, so many seas of sweet water, as they were\\ndescribed by Cadillac, the early French cominander\\nin this region Huron to the east and Michigan\\non the west, with the Mackinac Straits between,\\nand all so deep, so pure, so beautifully colored;\\nand whether in the dead calm, when smooth as a\\nfloor, or shimmering and glistening in the sunshine,\\nor in the silvery sheen of tlie moon at night, or\\nagain tossing and billowing in the storm always\\nexercising the power of a spell upon the beholder.\\nEver in sight, too, are the neighboring islands,\\nstanding out in the midst as masses of living green;", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CURIOSITIES IN STONE. 89\\nand the light-houses with tiieir faithful, friendly\\nnight work; and the young cities on the two\\nmainlands in opposite directions; and always the\\ni: icturesque old fort. Then, scattered over the\\nislands ai e glens, and dells, and springs, and fan-\\ntastic rock formations, rock-osities they were\\nsometimes facetiously called in early days.) Many\\nof these formations are Interesting in a geological\\npoint of view as well as for their marked appear-\\nance and their legendary associations; and two of\\ntliem, Sugar Loaf and Arch Rock, have been much\\nstudied by scientists, and are pictured in cei tain\\ncollege text books to illustrate the teachings of\\nnatural science.\\nOn the eastern part of the island you come on\\ncertain openings which the earlier French term-\\ned Grands Jardins. Schoolcraft says no resident\\npretended to know their origin; that they had\\nevidently been cleared for tilling purposes at a\\nvery early d a,j, and that in his time there were\\nmounds of stones, in a little valley near Arch Rock,\\nwhich resembled the Scotch cairns, and which he\\nsupposes w^ere the stones gathered out in the\\npreparation of these little fields. These openings\\ncontinued, at times, to be utilized for planting\\nIDurposes to a period within tlie memory of persons\\nnow living on the island. For a long time j^ast,\\nhowever, they have been left alone, and nature has\\nbeautifully adorned them with a very luxuriant and\\ngraceful growth of evergreen trees and parterres\\nof juniper in self -arranged grouping and order,\\nmaking each such place appear as if laid out and", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "90 EARLY MACKINAC.\\ncultivated on the most artistic plans of landscape\\ngardening.\\nFor summer comfort that is, for the escape of\\nheat and the enjoyment of sifted, clean, delicious\\nair there can be no place excelling. As an old-\\ntime frequenter once said of it: It must be air\\nthat came from Eden and escaped the curse.\\nThe immense bodies of water in the necklace of\\nlakes thrown about the island become the regula-\\ntor of its temperature. The only complaint that\\nvisitors ever make of the climate, is that it is not\\nquite warm enough, and that blankets can not be\\nput away for the summer, but are in nightly\\nrequisition, and that the family hearthstone\\nclaims July and August as part of its working\\nseason. Malaria and hay fever are unknow^n. Dr.\\nDaniel Drake, of Cincinnati, an eminent medical\\nauthority in his day, thus wrote from the island:\\nTo one of jaded sensibilities, all around him is re-\\nfreshing. A feeling of security comes over him,\\nand when, from the rocky battlements of Fort\\nMackinac, he looks down upon the surrounding\\nwastes, they seem a mount of defense against the\\nhost of annoyances from wdiich he had sought\\nrefuge the historic associations, not less than the\\nscenery of the island, being well fitted to maintain\\nthe salutary mental excitement.\\nThe island has its legends, and folk-lore, and\\ntraditionary^ tales of romance and tragedy. There\\nis not so much of this, however, as many suppose.\\nTreatise on the Principal Diseases of North America. p. 348.\\nHygeia, too, should place her temple here; for it has one of the\\npurest, driest, cleanest and most healthful ataxosphares. Schoolcraft.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "SUGAR LOAF.\\n91\\nIt is small in area and its scope for scenes, and\\ntales, and associations is limited. Reference has\\nalready been made to Arch Rock as the gateway of\\nentrance, in the Indian mind, for their Manitou of\\nthe lakes, when he visited the island, and to Sugar\\nSUGAR LOAF-\\nLoaf as his fancied wigwam, and to other rock\\nformations which towered above the ground and\\nw^ere personified into watching giants. The Devil s\\nKitchen, on the southwest beach, has also been\\nmentioned, but as divested of all mystery and as-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "92 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nsociation with the dim and early past. Ciiimney\\nRock and Fairy Arch are but appropriate names\\nfor interesting natural objects. The lofty, jutting\\ncliff known as Pontiac s Look-out, is undoubtedly\\nan admirable look-out spot, and is often so used\\nnow, as it probably often was in the days of Indian\\nstrifes when canoes of war parties went to and fro\\nover the waters of the Straits. But we can not\\nvouch for its ever having been Pontiac s watch-\\ntower; for although the influence of that chieftain\\nwas felt in these remote parts, his home was near\\nDetroit, and while w^e read of his travelling to the\\nEast and the South, and as having had part in the\\nbattle of Brad dock s defeat near Pittsburgh, we\\nfind nothing to show that he had ever been so far\\nnorth as our island, or at least had ever sojourned\\nthere. Lover s Leap, rising abruptly 145 feet\\nabove the lake, is too good a pinnacle, and too\\nsuitable for such sadly romantic purpose, as far as\\nprecipitous height and frightful rocks beneath are\\nconcerned, not to have suggested the tale of the\\ntoo faithful, heart-sore Indian maiden. The story\\nof Skull Cave has already been told; and although\\na piece of history, as far as the name of Henry the\\ntrader fi^^urosin it, should be justly regarded w^ith\\nas much interest as if it belonged to myth and\\nfable. But at the same time, with all the modifi-\\ncations which a sober realism may demand, there\\nis begotten in the mind of every one who breathes\\nthe soft and dreamy air, and surrenders himself to\\nthe witchery of the little island, an impression of\\nthe w^ierd, and the mystical, and the poetic, however\\nlittle defined and embodied it may be. This im-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "ARCH ROCK.\\n93\\npression is increased in the sense of charm impart-\\ned by the dim and shadowy past of a noble but un-\\ntutored race of nature s children in connection with\\na spot of such rare attractiveness, and which, dis-\\nARCH ROCK.\\nsimilar in formation and character from all the\\nother land about, seems as though it were separate\\nfrom the ordinary seats of life.\\nArch Rock has long been celebrated. It ap-", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "94 EARLY MACKINAC.\\npears as if hanging in the air, a)id as a caprice of\\nnature. It is a part of the precipitous cliff- side,\\nand stands a hundred and forty feet above the\\nwater s edge. It has been accounted for by the\\nmore rapid decomposition of the loAver than of the\\nupper parts of the calcareous stone bank which\\nprocess, however, it used to be thought, was fast\\nextending to the whole. McKenney in his Tour\\nof the Lakes, published in 1827, thus writes:\\nThis arch is crumbling, and a few years will\\ndeprive the island of Michilimackinac of a curiosity\\nwhich it is worth visiting to see, even if this were\\nthe only inducement. The latter remark is most\\ntrue but we are glad he was so mistaken in the\\nfirst part of his sentence. The arch has survived\\nthe unfortunate ^irophecy for seventy years, and\\nbids fair still to hold on. It is true, however, that\\nsome portions may have fallen, and the surface of\\nthe cross-way been reduced, since the days when\\nboys played on it, and when, according to an early\\ntradition, a lady rode hor e-back over the span.\\nSugar Loaf is another curiosity in stone;\\nconical in shape, like the old-fashioned form in\\nwhich hard, white sugar used to be prepared. In-\\ncluding the plateau out of which it rises, it is two\\nhundred and eighty- four feet high, erect and\\nrugged, in appearance somewhat between a pyra-\\nmid of Egypt and an obelisk. Like the Arch,\\nit is a survival of the fittest the softer sub-\\nstance about it being worn away and carried off\\nin the process of geological changes, and leaving\\nit solitary among the trees.\\nRobinson s Folly is the lofty, broad and blunt", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "ROBINSON S FOLLY. 95\\nprecipitous cliff at tlie East end of the island, one\\nhundred and twenty-seven feet above the beach.\\nThe origin of the name is uncertain, save that it is\\nassociated in some way with the English Captain\\nRobinson (Robertson) who belonged to the fort\\ngarrison for seven years, and, as already mentioned,\\nwas its commandant from 1782 to 1787. There are\\nno less than five traditionary stories, or legends, in\\nexplanation of the name. These stories vary from\\nthe prosaic and trifling, to the very romantic and\\ntragical. A common account is that he built a\\nlittle bower house on the very edge of the cliff\\nwhich he made a i^lace of resort, and revelry may-\\nhap, in summer days; and that once, either by a\\ngale of wind or by the crumbling of the outer\\nledge of stone, the house fell to the beach below.\\nOne version of the legend has Robinson himself in\\nthe house at the time, and, like a devoted sea\\ncaptain going down with his ship, dashed to\\ndeath in the falL Another is that on one occasion\\nwhen a feast and carousal were projected on the\\ncliff, and when the things of good cheer were all in\\nreadiness, and the partici^Dants, led by their host,\\ndelaying for a little their arrival, some lurking\\nIndians, watchful and very hungry, stole a march\\non the company and devoured all that was in\\nsight.\\nThe other tales are of a ditferent hue. One is,\\nthat once w^alking near this spot the Captain\\nthought he saw just before him, and gazing at him,\\na beautiful maiden, in attempting gallantly to\\napproach her, she kept receding, and walking\\nbackwards as she moved she came dangerously", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "96 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nnear the edge. Rushing forward to her rescue,\\nthe girl proved to be but a phantom and dissolved\\ninto thin air, while the impetuous captain was\\ndashed to death on the rocks below. Yet anothei*\\nis of this order: That Captain Robinson had been\\none of the garrison force at tlie old fort across the\\nStraits at tlie time of the massacre iu 1763, and had\\nbeen saved by an Indian girl who was exceedingly\\nattached to him. After removing to the island,\\nand bringing a white bride there, the Indian girl\\nfollowed him and dwelt in a lodge he had built for\\nher on the brow of the great cliff, nursing her\\njealousy and revenge. She begged one last inter-\\nview WMth him before leaving the place forever.\\nOn the Captain s granting this, and standing beside\\nher on the edge, she suddenly seized his arm in her\\nfrenzy and leaped off, dragging him with her to\\ndeath.\\nThere is one more of this harrowingly tragical\\nkind, in the attempt to explain the naming, wdiich\\nhad much currency in earlier days, and is given in\\ntourists notes of sixty years ago: That Robinson\\nhad married an amiable and attractive Indian girl,\\nWintemoyeh, the youngest daughter of Peezhicki,\\na great war chief of the Chippe was, and had brougl 1 1\\nher to his home at the fort. This aroused the\\ndeadly hatred of Peezhicki, who had reserved the\\ngirl for one of the warriors of his tribe. Robinson\\ncelebrated the marriage by giving a banquet feast\\nin his bower on the cliff. The bride was present,\\nand a company of guests. The father learned of\\nthe feast and concealed himself in the cedar bushes\\nto shoot the man who had taken his daughter.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "ROBINSON S FOLLY. 97\\nA faithful sergeant, (the story even gives his name,\\nMacWhorter,) was present and saw the Indian level\\nhis gun. He sprang up to protect the Captain,\\nand himself received the shot and fell dead.\\nRobinson then grappled with the fierce chief, and\\nin the struggle the two men came dangerously-\\nnear the brow. The Indian, with his tomahawk\\nraised, took a step or two backward to get better\\npoise for his blow. This brought him to the very-\\nedge. A piece of stone gave way and he fell, but\\nsaved himself by catching at the projecting root of\\na tree. The girl now seeing her husband safe and\\nonly her father in danger, sprang forward to his\\nhelp. He was thus able to raise himself to where\\nshe stood. Then seizing her around the waist, he\\ndashed off from the cliff and both perished to-\\ngether.\\nThe first two of these stories concerning the\\nfamous cliff, might very naturally suggest the\\nname Polly. But the others smack more of\\nprofound tragedy, spiced with romance. Of course,\\nRobinson was not in the massacre affair of long\\nbefore, across the straits; he being at that time in\\narmy service, under Gen. Bouquet, against the\\nIndians in Eastern Pennsylvania. That he met\\nhis death on the island by falling over the cliff, or\\neven in a more normal manner, is a supposition\\nonly, without any evidence. There is reason to\\nsuppose he still lived to fight another day after\\nleaving the island post. It may be added, too,\\nthat at the period of his Mackinac command he had\\nalready seen over thirty years of service in the\\nEnglish army, and was no longer in the romance", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "98 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nand lively heyday of youth. There must, however,\\nhave been something about a summer bower or\\nhut, and something about feasting, and something\\nabout a dreadful fall, which illustrated the folly\\nof establishing a pleasure resort on the very brow\\nof a dreadful precipice. Viewed together, these\\nstories all become interesting as throwing some\\nlight on the origin of myths, and as showing how\\ntraditions, exceedingly variant, may yet have some\\nof the same threads running through them all.\\nBut I would not philosophize. I simply rehearse\\nthese stories, the trivial and the grave, and leave\\nthem to the imagination and the choice of the\\nreader.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nFrom an early day the island s charm of\\nsylvan and water scenery and its delightful sum-\\nmer air, together with its historical associations\\nand its flavor of antiquity, gave it a wide-spread\\nfame. There are but few places anywhere in our\\ncountry that are older as tourist resorts. Seventy\\nand eighty years ago visitors were coming here,\\ndespite the difficulty and tedium in that time, of\\nreaching so remote a point. Persors of high\\ndistinction in public life and in the walks of litera-\\nture, and travelers from foreign countries, were\\noften among the visitors; and our island has figur-\\ned in many descriptive books of travel. As some\\nof these authors wrote so appreciatingly of the\\nisland, and as those particular books of long ago\\nare now out of print and not easily accessible, I\\nthink the readers of this sketch will be pleased to\\nsee a few extracts. These writers all speak of\\nhaving known the island by reputation in advance\\nof their coming, and of being drawn by its fame.\\nIn 1843, the Countess Ossoli, better knowm as\\nour American Margaret Fuller, of Boston, spent\\nnine days in Mackinac, as part of a protracted\\njourney she made in the northwest, and which she\\ndetailed in her book, Summer on the Lakes.\\nShe expressed in advance her pleasurable anticipa-\\ntion of the most celebrated beauties of the island\\nof Mackinac; and then adds her tribute to the\\n99", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "100 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nexceeding beauty of the spot and its position.\\nShe arrived at a time when nearly two thousand\\nIndians (and more coming every day were en-\\ncamped on tlie beach to receive their annual pay-\\nments from the government. As the vessel came\\ninto the harbor the Captain had some rockets let\\noff which greatly excited the Indians, and their\\nwild cries resounded along the shores. The\\nisland was a scene of ideal loveliness, and these\\nwild forms adorned it as looking so at home in it.\\nShe represents it as a pleasing sight, after the\\nraw, crude, staring assemblage of houses every-\\nwhere sure to be met in this country, to see the\\nold French town, mellow in its coloring, and with\\nthe harmonious effect of a slow growth which\\nassimilates naturally with objects around it. Con-\\ncerning Arch Rock, she says: The arch is per-\\nfect, wliether you look up through it from the\\nlake, or down through it to the transparent\\nwaters. She both ascended and descended the\\nsteep and crumbling path, and rested at the sum-\\nmit beneath the trees, and at the foot upon the cool\\nmossy stones beside the lapsing wave. Sugar-\\nLoaf rock struck her as having the air of a helmet,\\nas seen from an eminence at the side. The rock\\nmay be ascended by the bold and agile. Half way\\nup is a niche to which those, who are neither, can\\nclimb a ladder. The woods she describes as\\nvery full in foliage, and in August showed the\\ntender green and pliant leaf of June elsewhere.\\nShe gives us a view from the bluffs on the harbor\\nside: I never wished to see a more fascinating\\npicture. It was an hour of the deepest serenity;", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "A SCENE ON THE BEACH. 101\\nbright blue and gold with rich shadows. Every\\nmoment the sunlight fell more mellow. The\\nIndians were grouped and scattered among the\\nlodges; the women preparing food over the many\\nsmall fires; the children, half naked, wild as little\\ngoblins, were playing both in and out of the water;\\nbark canoes upturned upon the beach, and others\\ncoming, their square sails set and with almost\\narrowy speed. And a familiar picture is this:\\nThose evenings we were happy, looking over the\\nold-fashioned garden, over the beach, and the\\npretty island opposite, beneath the growing\\nmoon.\\nA two-volume book, (published anonymously\\nand giving no clue to its author, except that he\\nwas a practicing physician of New York City),\\ntitled Life on the Lakes, or a Trip to the Pictur-\\ned Rocks, describes a visit to Mackinac in 1835.*\\nThough the first glance, he says, at any looked\\nfor object is most always disappointing, it is not so\\nwhen you first see Mackinac. A moonlight view\\nof the island from the waters, he thus describes:\\nThe scene was enchanting; the tall white cliff,\\nthe whiter fort, the winding, yet still precipitous\\npathway, the village below buried in a deep,\\ngloomy shade, the little bay where two or three\\nsmall, half-rigged sloops lay asleep upon the\\nwater. It reminded him of descriptions he had\\nread of Spanish scenery, where the white walls of\\nsome Moorish castle crown the brow of the lofty\\nSierra. In describing his stay on the island he\\n*The author is supposed to have been Dr. Chandler R. Gilman, of the\\nCollege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "102 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nmakes interestiniJ: mention of a Sunday service he\\nattended at the Old Mission Church. He reports\\nthe building as neat and commodious, though the\\ncongregation was small. There was no Protestant\\nclergyman on the island, but Mr, Schoolcraft (the\\nruling elder of the church) conducted the service\\nand read from some book a very good sermon.\\nThe Ringing of the choir was excellent, and was\\nled by a sergeant of the fort. The whole appear-\\nance of the congregation, he thought, was very\\nstriking; officers and privates of the garrison, with\\nthe marks of rank of the one class, and the plainer\\nuniforms of the other, were mingled together in\\nthe body of the church; there were w^ell-dressed\\nladies and gentlemen of the village along with\\nthose of simpler attire; and here and there were\\nIndians wearing blankets, and standing about the\\ndoors weie others of that race in their ordinary\\nsavage dress.\\nHe mentions in evident astonishment, and as\\nconveying a hint about the island climate, his\\neating cherries and currants in Mv. Schoolcraft s\\ngarden in the month of September. And as a\\npiece of harmless pleasantry, we may give yet\\nanother of his observations of sixty-two years ago:\\nThere are more cows in Mackinac than in any\\nother place of its size in the known world, and\\neverj^ cow has at least one bell.\\nEnglish visitors in their tours of observ^ation\\nthrough the United States were often drawn\\nthither making the long journey to these upper\\nlakes, and stopping off to see the island of whose\\nfame they had heard. Captain Marryatt, first an", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "CAPTAIN MARRY ATT.\\n103\\nofficer of celebrity in the English navy, but more\\nknown in this country as a novelist largely given\\nto sea tales, was here in the summer of 1837. In\\nhis Diary of America he writes of Mackinac:\\nIt has the appearance of a fairy island floating\\non the water, which is so pure and transparent\\nTANGLEWOOD\\nthat you may see down to almost any depth, and\\nthe air above is as pure as the water that you feel\\ninvigorated as you breathe it.* The first reminis-\\n*Marryatt s admiration of the transparent waters suggests what i\\nfind related of a certain lady of long ago, that once sailing in the harbor\\nand gazing with rapt fondness into the pellucid depths, she enthusiasti-\\ncally exclaimed; Oh, I could wish tot)e drowned iu these pure, beauti-\\nful waters!", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "104 EARLY MACKINAC.\\ncence brought to my mind after I had landed was\\nthe description by Walter Scott of the island and\\nresidence of Magnus Troil and his daughters\\nMinna and Brenda, in the novel, The Pirate.\\nThe appearance of the village streets, largely given\\nto sails, cordage, nets, fish barrels and the like,\\nstill further suggested the resemblance to his\\nmind, and he says he might have imagined himself\\ntransferred to that Shetland Isle, had it not been\\nfor the lodges of the Indians on the beach, and the\\nIndians themselves, either running about or lying\\non the porches before the wliisky stores.\\nThere were also two lady visitors here from\\nEngland, in the days of early Mackinac: Mrs.\\nJameson and Miss Harriet Martineau. Both have\\nhigh rank and distinction in English literature.\\nEach of them published her impressions of Mack-\\ninac after returning home. In their admiration\\nand enthusiasm for the island they could not be\\nsurpassed by the most devoted American visitor\\nwho ever touched these shores.\\nMrs. Jameson is well known as the writer of\\nsuch books as, Sacred and Legendary Art,\\nLegends of the Madonna, Essays of Art,\\nLiterature and Social Morals, Memoirs of the\\nEarly Italian Painters, etc. Miss Martineau\\nwas of more vigorous intellect, and her writings\\ndeal more with subjects of political economy and\\nsocial philosophy. She it was, too, who translated\\nand introduced into England the writings of the\\nFrench philosopher Comte. As both these books\\nwhich touch on Mackinac, written over sixty years", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "MRS. JAMESON. 105\\nago, were descriptive of travels, and not of the\\nsame general interest which attaches to their other\\nwritings, they are now out of print and have be-\\ncome rare.\\nMrs. Jameson s visit was in the summer of\\n1835. She came up Lake Huron from Detroit by\\nsteamboat, and arrived in the harbor at early\\ndawn. She thus describes her first view of the\\nisland as she had it from the deck of the vef?sel:\\nWe were Ij ing in a tiny bay, crescent-shaped.\\nOn the east the whole sky was flushed with a deep\\namber glow flecked with softest shadows of rose\\ncolor, the same splendor reflected in the lake; and\\nbetween the glory above and the glory below stood\\nthe little missionary church, its light spire and\\nbelfry defined against the sky. She speaks of the\\nabrupt and picturesque heights robed in richest\\nfoliage, and of the little fortress, snow-white\\nand gleaming in the morning light; of an encamp-\\nment of Indian wigwams, picturesque dormi-\\ntories, she calls them) up and down the beach on\\nthe edge of the lake which, transfused and un-\\nruffled, reflected every form as in a mirror, an\\nelysian stillness and balmy serenity enwrapping\\nthe whole. And, again, we hear her speaking of\\nthe exceeding beauty of this little paradise of an\\nisland, the attention which has been excited by its\\nenchanting scenery, and the salubrity of its sum-\\nmer climate.\\nMrs. Jameson made quite an extended stay at\\nMackinac, the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Schoolcraft,\\nat their home in the Old Agency The house em-\\nbowered in foliage, the ground laid out in gardens,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "106\\nEARLY MACKINAC.\\nthe gate opening on the very edge of the lake.\\nShe pictures Mrs. Schoolcraft with features\\ndecidedly Indian, accent slightly foreign, a soft,\\nplaintive voice, her language pure and remarkably\\nelegant, refined, womanly and unaffectedly pious.\\nlb\\ni f^ g,a^PB|^H\\nll\\nJ j^.^^m\\n^1\\n1\\n3-:^^^pl.:^,;i--,,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Mm\\n1\\n^^^H\\nv.-\\n1\\ni^^^^T ^^mmUm^^^M nl^n\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2|;.j.^H\\nrl\\nT^ f\\nl^^-\\ni\\nV\\nONE OF THE DRIVES-\\nShe saw the island throughout, taking tramps over\\nit and delicious drives, and writes of it as won-\\nderfully beautiful a perpetual succession of low,\\nrich groves, alleys, green dingles and bosky\\ndales. After her glowing description, she sums\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0up by saying, It is a bijou of an island. A little", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "MISS MARTINEAU. 107\\nbit of fairy ground, just sucli a thing as some of\\nour amateur travelers would like to pocket and.\\nrun away with (if they could) and set down in the.\\nmidst of their fish ponds; skull-cave, wigwams,\\nIndians and all.\\nMiss Martineau spent two years in this coun-\\ntry, traveling extensively through the States and\\nwriting her impressions. She published tv^o\\nbool\\\\S as the outcome of tliis journeying, Society\\nin America. and afterguards, her Retrospect of\\nWestern Traveling. It was in July, 1836, that\\nshe visited Mackinac, and it is in the fi.rst named of\\nthese two books that she tells of it. She came by\\nway of Lake Michigan, from Chicago, traveling in\\na slow-going sail-vessel, and approached the island\\nin the evening towards sun-setting time. As did\\nMrs. Jameson, so Miss Martineau first pictures it\\nas view^ed from the vessel: We saw^ a white speck\\nbefore us; it was the barracks of Mackinaw,\\nstretching along the side of its green hills, and\\nclearly visible before the town came into view.\\nThe island looked enclianting as we approached,\\nas I think it ahvays must, though we had the ad-\\nvantage of seeing it first steeped in the most\\ngolden sunshine that ever hallowed lake or\\nshore.\\nThe day of her arrival was the 4th of July,\\nand, The colors were up on all the little vessels\\nin the harbor. The national flag streamed from\\nthe garrison. The soldiers thronged the w^alks of\\nthe barracks; half-breed boys were paddling about\\nin their canoes, in the transparent waters; the half-\\nFrench, half- Indian population of the place were", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "108 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nall abroad in their best. An Indian lodge was on\\nthe shore, and a picturesque dark group stood be-\\nside it. The cows were coming down the steep\\ngreen slope to the milking. Nothing could be\\nmore bright and joyous.\\nDescribing the appearance of the village, she\\ntook note of some of the old French houses,\\ndusky and roofed with bark. The better houses\\nstand on the first of the three terraces which are\\ndistinctly marked. Behind them are swelling\\ngreen knolls; before them gardens sloping down to\\nthe narrow slip of white beach, so that the grass\\nseems to gro\\\\^ almost into the clear rippling\\nwaves. There were two small piers with little\\nbarks alongside, and piles of wood for the steam-\\nboats. Some way to the right stood the quad-\\nrangle of missionary buildings, and the w^hite\\nmissionary church. Still further to the right was\\na shrubby precipice down to the lake; and beyond,\\nthe blue waters.\\nShe did not leave the vessel that evening, but\\nsome of the party having met the commandant of\\nthe fort, an engagement was made for an early\\nwalk in the morning. So they were up and ashore\\nat five o clock, and under the escort of the officer\\nthey took in the beauties of the hill and the woods.\\nAnd thus she tells us of it: No words can give\\nan idea of the charms of this morning walk. We\\nwound about in a vast shrubbery, with ripe straw-\\nberries under foot, wild flowers all around, and\\nscattered knolls and opening vistas tempting curi-\\nosity in every direction. Coming suddenly on\\nArch Rock, which she calls the Natural Bridge of", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "MISS MARTINEAU. 109\\nMackinaw, she is almost struck bacl^ wards by\\nthe grandeur the horizon line of the lake falling\\nbehind the bridge, and the blue expanse of w^aters\\nfilling the entire arch; shrubbery tufting the sides\\nand dangling from the bridge, the soft, rich hues\\nin which the whole was dressed seeming borrowed\\nfrom the autumn sky.\\nBut especially charming and impressive, she\\nthought, was the prospect from Fort Holmes. As\\nshe looked out on the glossy lake and the green\\ntufted islands, she compares it to what Noah\\nmight have seen the first bright morning after the\\ndeluge. Such, a cluster of little paradises rising\\nout of such a congregation of waters. Blue waters\\nin every direction, wholly unlike any aspect of the\\nsea, cloud shadows and specks of white vessels.\\nBowery islands rise out of it; bowery promontories\\nstretch down into it; while at one s feet lies the\\nmelting beauty which one almost fears will vanish\\nin its softness before one s eyes; the beauty of the\\nshadowy dells and sunny mounds, with browsing\\ncattle and springing fruit and flowers. Thus, would\\nI fain think, did the world emerge from the flood.\\nAfter their early walk, Miss Martineau and her\\nparty took breakfast with the courteous comman-\\ndant at one of the old stone quarters of the fort,\\nand sat a while on the piazza overlooking the\\nvillage and the harbor. In response to her in-\\nCLuiries about the healthfulness and the climate,\\nthe officer humorously replied that it was so\\nhealthy people had to get off the island to die; and\\nthat as to the climate, they had nine months winter\\nand three months cool weather.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "110 EARLY MACKINAC.\\nThe sailing vessel on which the party were\\npasseng-ers was bound for Detroit, and the Cai:)tain\\nhad already overstayed his time. So they had to\\nleave that same day. In reference to her departure\\nshe writes: We were in great delight at having\\nseen Mackinaw, at having the possession of its\\nsingular imagery for life. But this delight was\\ndashed with tlie sorrow of leaving it. I could not\\nhave believed how deeply it is possible to regret a\\nplace, after so brief an acquaintance with it.\\nAnd then she tells how she did, just what thous-\\nands since have done, who after visiting the island\\nhave regretfully sailed away from it: We watch-\\ned the island as we rapidly receded. Its flag first\\nvanished; then its green terraces and slopes,\\nits w^hite barracks, and dark promontories faded,\\ntill the whole disappeared behind a headland and\\nlight-house of the Michigan shore.\\nWe close Miss Martineau s tribute with this\\ncomprehensive note of admiration: Prom place\\nto place in my previous traveling, I had been told\\nof the charms of the lakes, and especially of the\\nIsland of Mackinaw\\\\ This island is chiefly knowm\\nas a principal station of the great Northwestern\\nFur Company. Others knovv it as the seat of an\\nIndian Mission, Others, again, as a frontier gar-\\nrison. It is known to me as the wildest and tend-\\nerest piece of beauty that I have yet seen on God s\\nearth.", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE END. Ill\\nCaptain Marry att, who had read this descrip-\\ntion before his visit to the island (already referred\\nto) said, when w^riting his own impressions, Miss\\nMartineau has not been too lavish in her praises of\\nMackinaw. These testimonies by persons of wide\\ntravel, and of cultivated taste and power of obser-\\nvation, and visitors as they were from another\\nland, come down to us very pleasantly from sixty\\nyears ago.\\nI know an isle, an emerald set in pearl,\\nMounting the chain of topaz, amethyst,\\nThat forms the circle of our summer seas\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe fairest that our western sun hath kissed.\\nFor all things lovely lend her loveliness;\\nThe waves reach forth white fingers to caress,\\nThe four winds, murmuringly meet to woo\\nAnd cloudless skies bend in blue tenderness.\\nThe classic nymphs still haunt her grassy pools;\\nHer woods, in green, the Norseland elves have draped.\\nAnd fairies, from all lands, or far or near.\\nHer airy cliffs, and carving shores, have shaped.\\nOf old, strange suitors came in quest of her.\\nSome in the pride of conquest, some for pelf;\\nPriests in their piety, red men for revenge-\\nAll seek her now, alone, for her fair self.\\nDavid H, Riddle,", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3445", "width": "2113", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nilliiiiili iiillii ill III mill iliU\\n016 090 686 8", "height": "3606", "width": "2285", "jp2-path": "earlymackinacthe00wil_0134.jp2"}}