Class Book B.MITHSONKS DEPOSIT '7J- THE NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER; CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE STATES, COUNTIES AND TOWNS IW H MOIL AM IBs DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, CAPES, BAYS, HARBORS, ISLANDS, AND FASHIONABLE RESORTS WITHIN THAT TKRRITOF.Y. ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. BvJOHN HAY WARD, Author of the Coluinbiau Traveller, Religious Creeds. &c. &c. NINTH EDITION. , j-,^ ,-D PRINTED BY WILLIAM WHITE, CONCORD, N.H. Vev PREFACE The preparation of a Gazetteer ot New England, worthy the patronage of its enlightened citizens, is no easy task : those only who have attempted it can form a just conception of its difficulties. Long and wearisome journeys must be performed; hundreds of volumes and local histories must be consulted, and thousands of letters must be written. Although a kind Providence has blessed the editor with health, and with numerous friends, in all parts of New England ; yet, after a long period of devotedness, he is mortified that his work is not more complete. It will be perceived that there are many towns, particularly in the eastern section of New England, whose names are merely mentioned ; and that notices of others, in many cases, are exceedingly deficient. Had our means permitted, fair representations of the character and resources of those towns might have promoted individual and public interests; and enhanced the value of our volume. There are lakes and rivers in the northern and eastern parts of New England, whose beauty, volume ot water, and hydraulic power, might vie with the Winnepisiogee and Mer- rimack ; but whose locations and even names are but indistinctly known. But we have the consolation to believe that a Gazetteer of New Eng- land, perfect in all its parts, is rather desired than expected. Our coun- try is new : large portions of the territory of the New England States, are yet a wilderness, and new counties and towns are very frequently constituted. The progress of agricultural science, and of the mechanic arts; the advancement of commerce, both at home and abroad, and the increasing success of the fisheries, united with the determination of the people ot New England to connect the trade of the western oceans with their Atlantic borders, by roads of iron, which frosts cannot impede, are so great and strong, that the most devoted geographical and statistical writers must be satisfied with following at a distance, rather than keeping pace with the rapid car of improvement in New England. Al PREFACE. In the performance of our work wc have derived assistance from many valuable maps and books on New England. Among the numberare- upccthil tribute is due, particularly, to Belknap's History of New Hampuliirc; Willi.\mso.n'8 Maine; Dwight's Letters; Savage's Wmthrop; Thatcher's Plymouth; Folsom's Saco and Biddeford ; Dt.NTON and Barret's Statistics:— Hale's Map of New England ; Stevews' Rhode Island; Carhigain's New Hampshire ; and Grekn- i.eaf's Maine : — to Worcester's Gazetteer; Thompson's Vermont ; Pease and Niles' Rhode Island and Connecticut; Spofford's Mas- •achusitta, and Farmer and Moore's Gazetteer of New Hampshire. From the htter work, and from its authors, the lamented John Far- mer, E»q., a celebrated antiquarian and writer, and Jacob B. Moore, E*q., of Concord, N. H., author of several valuable historical and mis- cellaneous works, wc are indebted for much of that which is valuable in regard to New Hampshire. From a beautiful volume, entitled " Connecticut Historical Collec- tions," by John Warner B.vrber, Esq., we have been permitted to I nrich our pages witli some of their most valuable and interesting ar- ticles. To Headsof Departments at Washington, and to the Secretaries of the icvcral States to which the work refers, for valuable public documents ; to Pofitmastcrs ; and to numerous other friends who have kindlj' assisted us in our labors; whose names we should feel proud to mention, were it in accordance with their wishes; wc tender the acknowledgments of a (grateful heart. For the purpose of enlarging our work, as well as for its correction, • lur editions will be designedly small : contributions are therefore respect- lully MlicitiMl. While it is our determination to devote our time and humble talents to render our publicaUons worthy of general approbation; we are gratified with the assurance of co-operation from eminent men in all parts of the country ; and we trust with confidence to receive that patronage, which Yankees, both at homo and abroad, invariably bestow on every efTort whose obvious design is uiefulness. DoiTON. May. 1839. THE NORTHERN REGISTER. It was our intention to have connected this publication with the Gaz- etteer ; but it was found that by compressing the matter, sufficiently to unite them in one volume, both would fail of the object contemplated. A great mass of materials for the Register is already received ; indeed, a considerable portion is now ready for the press ; but as we have extend- ed our plan, some months will elapse before its appearance. The work will comprise the rise and progress of all the important lit- erary, religious, moral and charitable institutions in New England : — an account of the Churches and Ministers in the several towns, from their origin, and settlement to the present time : — the rise and extent of internal improvements : — statistics of various kinds : lists of Courts, At- torneys at law, Physicians, Literary and Religious Journals, Newspa- pers, Banks, Postmasters, &c. &c. : to which will be added brief notices of distinguished men. In short, the Register is designed to comprise all that may be considered important and useful,in a work of this kind, in relation to New EngLnd, and which is not contained in the Gazetteer. The number of eminent men, of every profession, who have kindly tendered the Editor their co-operation, is so great, that we feel confident that the Register will be entitled to a share of public favor. lO" ^11 letters and papers for the Editor, are requested to be left at the Boston Post Office. NEW ENGLAND. In presenting the public with a Gazetteer of New England, it has seemed proper to make a few introductory remarks of a general nature, on the character of its inhabitants. They may with great propriety be called a peculiar people : and perhaps New England and Pennsylvania are the only parts of the new world, which have been colonized by a class of men, who can be regarded in that light. The whole of Spanish and Por- tuguese America was organized, under the direct patronage of the mother countries, into various colonial governments, as nearly resembling those at home as the nature of the case admitted. The adventurers who sought their fortunes beyond the sea, in those golden tropical regions, carried the vices and the virtues with the laws and the manners of their native land, along with them, and underwent no farther change than was unavoidably incident to the new physical and political condition in which they were placed in America. The same remark, with nearly the same force, may be made of the Virginia colonists : they differed from Englishmen at home in no other way, than a remote and feeble colony must of necessity differ from a powerful metropolitan state. Pennsylvania was settled by a peculiar race ; but its peculiarity was of that character which eventu- ally exhausts itself; and would speedily perish but for an amalgamation, necessary though uncongenial, with the laws, the manners, and institu- tions of the world. If all mankind were Friends they might subsist and prosper. A colony of Friends, thrown upon a savage shore and environed by hostile influences from foreign colonial establishments, would perish, if not upheld by forces and principles different from its own. In the set- tlers of New England alone we find a peculiar people ; — but at the same time a people whose peculiarity was founded on safe practical principles; reconcileable with the duties of life ; capable of improvement in the pro- gress of civilization, and of expanding into a powerful state, as well as of animating a poor and persecuted colony. m:\v r.vni.AND. Had not Aincrio.i l.ccn di-!Covcied and a tract upon our conliuent reserv- ed for Engilish colonization ;— nay, further, had it not been precisely such an uninviting spot as furnished no temptation to men of prosperous fortunes, the world would have lost that noble developenicnt of character which the fathers of New England exhibit. A tropical climate would have made it uninliabitable to Puritans; or rather woiiM liave filled it up with adventurers of a (liflorcnt class. A gold mine would have been a curse to the latest generation. Had the fields produced cotton and sugar, they would not have produced the men whom we venerate as the founders of the liberties of New England. Puritanism sprang up in England, but there it could not develope itself with vigor or consist with happiness. The conflict with the hostile in- stitutions of society was too sharp, and admitted of the cultivation of none but the militant or patient elements of character. To struggle with temporary success and to bow in permanent subjection was the necessary fate of the persecuted sect. So it was wisely ordained. Had Puritan- ism permanently mastered the church and the throne in England, it would have been corrupted. It would have picked up and worn the trampled diadem: it would have installed itself in the subjected church. Regarding Cromwell and the Rump Parliament as the gift of Puritanism to English liberty, it is a bequest at which we know not whether most to sigh or smile. The seed sown in England fell by the way side and the fowls came and devoured it up. The cause of political and social reform, which was conducted with self-denying wisdom and moderation in the outset, by single-hearted, honest men, degenerated as it prospered. In the moment of its triumph it sunk under the corruptions of selfish- ness, as a noble vessel which has braved the tempest in mid-ocean some- times goes to pieces on the rocks as it approaches land. But the precious seeds of liberty, civil and religious, which were sown in New England, fell upon a genial soil, and biought forth worthy and abiding fruit. Undertaking the same work which was undertaken by llicir brethren in England, our fathers conducted it through the days of small things, through hardships, trial, and disasters, to a triumphant issue. It is true there were greater obstacles to be encountered in England, in the resistance of established institutions. Deep rooted errors were to be torn up ; the towers of feudal oppression, which had stood for centuries, were to be overthrown. But the influence of these formidable institutions was not limited to Old England. The rod of arbitrary power reached across the Atlantic. The little colonies had to struggle with the crown and the hierarcliy, with the privy cotincil and with special commissions, with writs and acts of parliament ; and they had besides to struggle with the NEW ENGLAND. hardships of the wilderness, the dangers of the savage foe, of a sterner climate than that of their native land, the privations of a settler's life, the alternating neglect and oppression of the mother country ; — but they struggled successfully with all. The reformers of abuses in England, as they claimed to be called, brought a king to the block, scattered a house of lords, and saw their great military leader clothed with all the powers of state ; and in twelve j^ears the son of that king returned to the throne, not merely by an unconditional restoration, but amidst a jubilee of na- tional rejoicing and without one security for liberty. All the while the fathers of New England held on their even way; not betrayed into extravagance when their cause at home (as they fondly called Old Eng- land) was triumphant ; nor in despair at the miserable relapse which en- sued. They did not indeed live to reap the fruit of their principles and their sacrifices ; and it reflects but the greater honor upon them that they persevered in their great work from a sense of duty, deep-seated, con- ti-olling, fearless, and not the less so although, while they lived, unre- warded by worldly success. In fact the founders of New England were actuated by the only prin- ciple sufficient to produce this result. It need not be said that this was rcligioxis principle. How easily it is uttered of our Pilgrim fathers that - they were actuated by religious principle ; how little in these prosper- ous days do we rc;ilize all that is wrapped up in that description of their character! It is difficult to comprehend of others what we have not experienced in ourselves. That easy frame of mind which prevails among a highly favored people, in periods of halcyon prosperity, is scarcely capable of being placed in sympathy with the moral heroism, the spir- itual courage, the sublime equanimity of a generation truly animated by the religious principle, exalted by persecution, and purified by hard- ship. Happy if in such a period we can, by diligent contemplation of the venerated men of other days, exalt our imaginations, till by conceiving we form a desire to imitate their virtues ! In proportion as we do this, we shall realize the secret of their perseverance and success. They did all things through Christ strengthening them. What cannot man do when he has learned habitually and distinctly to regard this life as a preparatory scene, — a brief hour, — nay a fleeting moment, introductory to an eternal being? The fathers of New England were enabled, with their scanty means and feeble powers, to establish the foundation of institutions which will last to the end of time, for the very reason that they regarded all hu- man interests and delights as transitory. That paradox in our moral nsb- tures which educes strength out of weakness, triumph out of self-denial, worldly power and success out of a stern preference of things not of NEW ENGLAND. this world, received its most illustrious confirmation in the career of the pilgrim fathers of New England. This principle of our natures is the key to the great problem of the success which attended the forlorn hope of humanity that landed on these shores. There is indeed a fanaticism, which violates all the laws of our nature, alike the higher ulterior principles which belong to an immortal spirit, and the humbler influences which grow from the rela- tions of ordinary life. It leads to surprising deeds; it forms characters which dazzle us with brilliant eccentricities. It is near allied to mad- ness ; often runs into it. But the religiousness of the fathers of New England was a far^difTerent principle. It was eminently jJrach'caZ. It allied itself with wise institutions of government; it sought the guidance of education; it encouraged the various pursuits of industry; it provided for the public safety and defence; and with chaste discrimination admit- ted the courtesies of poli-shed life. It is difficult to say what sort of a commonwcallii George Fox would have founded, had circumstances call- ed him to assume the province of the legislator. It is most certain, that in setting up an immediate divine inspiration as the guide of every man, lie maintained a principle at war with the very idea of a politcal system and all its institutions ; nor is it less certain that the constitution which was actually granted to Pennsylvania, by its pure and noble-spirited pro- prietor, possessed little of the peculiarities of his sect but their mild, peaceful, and equitable temper. But the fathers of New England stop- ped short of the point where solemn conviction passes into enthusiasm. They pursued the ordinary occupations of life, planted the field, built vessels and navigated tlie sea, and carried on the usual mechanic arts. They made provision f )r protection against the Indians and the French. They organized a plan of civil government; they established by law a system of common scIiojI education, for the first time in the history of the world, and they founde 1 a college for the avowed purpose of training up a class of educated men, well qualified to take the place of the learned and pious ministers who h;ul emigrated with the first generation of pil- grims. These arc the djii>u:-i of intelligent and practical men, not of en- thu«iasts or fanatics; an 1 yet they are the doings of men so resolutely bent upon t!ie exercise of t'lo right of worshipping God according to the dictates of their conscienc m, that they were willing to sacrifice to it home, fortune, ami all that tie mass of men hold dear. To say that the fathers of New England were not faultless, is merely to say that they were men; to say that they established no institutions, the object of which was to Idtid the consciences of their successors is praise as just as it is high. If they adhered with undue tenacity to their NEW ENGLAND. own opinions, and failed in charity towards those who differed, they at least left their posterity free, without the attempt to secure before hand the control of minds in other ages by transmitted symbols and tests. Hu- manity mourns over the rigors practised towards Roger Williams, the Quakers, and the unhappy persons suspected of witchcraft ; but let it not be forgotten that, as late as 1749, a witch was executed at Wurzburg, and that even in 1760 two women were thrown into the water in Leices- tershire, in England, to ascertain by their sinking or swimming whether they were witches. Above all, it may deserve thoughtful enquiry, before we condemn the founders of New England, whether a class of men less stern in their principles and austere in their tempers, could have accom- plished, under all the discouragements that surrounded them, against all the obstacles which stood in their way, the greal work to which Provi- dence called them, — the foundation of a family of republics, confederated under a constitution of free representative government. There is every reason to believe, great and precious as are the results of their principles, hitherto manifested to the world, that the quickening power of those principles will be more and more displayed, with every leaf that is turned in the book of Providence. That part of the United States denominated New Exgland, compri- ses SIX states, SIXTY ONE COUNTIES, and TWELVE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY TOWNS. Their extent, divisions, and population at several periods, are as follows : IXr a -. o 3. 3 3 3 H o 3 -0 V p o -a o p -0 o ■? -8 ■§ 00 p o Me. 32,000 12 34 1' 96,5-10 151,719 228,705 298,335 399,437 476,054 15 N. H. 9 280 8 224 141,835 133,858 214,460 244,161 269,328 288,746 31 Vt. 10,212 14 237 85,539 154,465 217,895 23,5,764 280,657 318,094 31 Mass. 7,500 14 306 378,787 422,845 472, 04J 523,287 610,408 701,331 94 R.I. 1,360 5 31 63,825 09,122 7J,931 83,059 97,199 108,769 80 Ct. ■1,674 8 61 136 1,280 237,946 1,009,522 251,002 1,233,011 261,942 275,202 297,675 304,755 65 65,026 1,471,973 1 ,6.59,><().s l,954.70J 2,ll'7,73:i 34 The population of Maine and Massachusetts, in 1837, is given as by a census taken in that year. The population of New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Rhode Island and Connecticut, for 1837, is estimated according to the ratio of increase, from 1820 to 18>!). 1 NEW ENGLAND. In 1830, there were in New England 1,112 persons deaf and dumb ; 798 blind, and 18,608 aliens. The number of colored persons in 1820, was 20,782— 1830, 21,310. New England increased in population, from 1790, to 1800, 22.1 per cent: from 1800, to 1810, 19.3 per cei>t : from ISIO, to 1820, 12.7 per cent: from 1820, to 1830, 17.7 per cent; and from 1830, to 1*^37, 12.4 cent. When it is considered, that most of the western states were origi- nally peopled by New Engianders, and that vast numbers annually emi- grate to those states, this increase of population is favorable, compared with other Atlantic states. The population of New England in 1700, is stated at 120,000 ; in 1755, at 345,000; and in 1775, at 714,000. BouND.^RiEs AXD EXTKNT. This territory is bounded north and northwest by Lower Canada, about 375 miles, and east by the Province of New Brunswick, 275 miles. Its whole eastern, southeastern and southern borders arc washed by the Atlantic ocean and the waters of Long Island Sound, a distance of about 600 miles. It is bounded west by the stale of New York, 280 miles. Its circumference is about 1,530 miles. New England is situated between 41°, and 48= 12' north l--.!i:ude, and 65° 55', and 74° 10' west longitude from Greenwich. Its greatest length is between the sources of the Madawaska, Me., and Greenwich, Ct., about 575 miles; and its greatest breadth is between Macliias, Me., and Ilighgate, Vt., 300 miles. Its narrowest part is between Boston and West Stockbridgo, Mass., 135 miles. N.\ME. During the unsuccessful attempts of Sir Waker Raleigh to plant colonies within the territory of North America, from 1581 to 1587, the whole country was called J^'irgiiiia, in honor of Queen Elizabeth, who was then on the British throne. In 1606, James I. divided the cuiniry into two sections, A'orth and South Virginia ; but the French having taken possession of the Canadas, and founded Quebec, in 1608, and the Dutch having established colonies at New York and Albany, in 1G13. the intermediate territory, now the New England States, was called New England, in compliment to its luxuriance and beauty, and in honor to his native land, by the celebrated John Smith, one of the first settlers of Virginia, in 1607; and who visited this coast in 1614. The New England people are frequently called Vanfcecs We are warranted in stating, from the best authoiily, that of the late learned IIeckewelder, that the Lena Lenapc, a tribe of Indians belonginj to the Six Nations, on the arrival of our fore fathers to these shores, pro- nounced the word English, i'engies. The word was thus originally spelt, but in the course of years, in common with thousands of other Indian names and phrases, it became corrupted to Vankfc. The tir>t NEW ENGLAND. settlers of New England were English, or Englishmen, from Old Eng- land ; and however the term Yankee, or English, may be applied to New Enghindcrs — the descendants of the Puritans consider the term honorable to themselves, and reproachful only to those who misap- ply it. Surface, Soil axd Production-s. New England is distinguish' ed for its varied surface. Mountains in immense ranges, bold spurs, and solitary eminences ; beautiful swells, extended vallej^s, and alluvial intervales meet the eye in every direction. Large rivers, unrivalled for their rapid courses and hydraulic power; brooks, rivulets, expansive lakes, countless ponds; and a sea coast of more than six hundred miles, decorated with delightful bays, harbors, and romantic islands, form and beautify the outline of a picture of New England. The soil of New England is as varied as its surface Loam, clay, and sand exist in all their varieties and mixtures. The soil most gener- ally diffused tliiough this country, is a light brown loam, mixed with gravel; fitted, in different degrees of moisture and dryness, for every production common to the climate; and capable, with proper culture, of the highest fertility. The agricultural productions of this country are exceedingly numer- ous and valuable. The staple articles, and such as are cultivated in all their varieties, are grass, Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, beans, peas, flax, hemp, broom corn, millet, potatoes, onions, beets, carrots, turnips, squashes, melons, &c. The fruits of New England, "both wild and cultivated, are also nu- merous and abundant. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, quin- ces, grapes, in all their varieties ; walnuts, chesnuts, Madeira nuts, butternuts ; strawberries, whortleberries, blackberries, mulberries, rasp- berries, &c. This is but the commencement of a list of the fruits, plen- tiful in New England, and remarkable for their richness and flavor. 'The forests of New England exhibit a noble variety of trees, not only delightful to the eye, but valuable for all the uses of man. The number of these is so great that a catalogue of them would cover pages. — Among the most valuable are the varieties of the pine, cedar, oak, wal- nut, spruce, maple, beech, birch, ash ; the hemlock, hacmatack, elm, fir, &.C. The botanical resources of New England are not inferior to any other section of our country. Among the most beautiful native flowering ehrubs are the laurel, rose, honeysuckle, and woodbine. Mineralogy. New England unquestionably possesses a vast and NEW ENGLAND. rich variety of minerals ; but until recently iis people have been too busy in plou^hin^ the ocean, or di^ajin^ on its surface, to search for treasures within the bosom of its hills and valleys. A spirit of exploration how- ever, has arisen, which promises the most favorable results. Learned and indefatigable men are in the field, and the wisdom of our legislatures will keep them there. Granite or sicnite, in all its varieties, are common in all the states: marble of various hues, varying in quality, most of which, bearing a fine polisli, is abundant; coal is found in various places, and strongly sus- pected to e.xist in others. Peat is abundant on Cape Cod, where there is no wood ; and it is found in meadows surrounded by forests. Copper exists in various parts of New England; and iron ore, of a pure quality, is abundant in various sections of the country. Gold and silver are said to exist, but we hope not. Fine clay, sandstone, manganese ; slatestone, for roofing buildings ; and various other articles for necessary use are abundant. Garnets, cobalt, rock crystals, and other minerals have been discovered in various parts of New England, and which are men- tioned under their localities within the volume. Climate. The climate of New England is exceedingly various: the temperature ranges from 15° below the zero of Fahrenheit to 95° above. The mercury has been known to descend from 20° to 30° below, and to 102° above ; but such cases rarely occur. European philosophers have imagined that the coldness of this part of America was caused by our northwest winds, proceeding, as they have thought, /rom the great lakes, which are situated in the interior of North America : but since it has been discovered that the great lakes lie west- ward of the true N. W. point, that opinion has been exploded. A second cause to which the coldness of these winds has been attribu- ted, is a chain of high mountains running from southwest to northeast, in Canada and New Hritain, at a great distance beyond the St. Lawrence. A third opinion is that of the venerated Dr. Holyoke, of Salem, who supposed that the nutncroiis evergreens in this country are the source of the peculiar cold which it experiences. A fourth opinion is, that the coldness of those winds proceeds from Ihc. forested state of the country. Dr. Dwight entertained an opinion dillcrcnt from all those we have men- tioned, viz: that the winds which generate the peculiar cold of this country tlescenliich, with the large pond in Baling and Alex- ander, produce a large stream which empties into CobscooU bay. Popu- lation, 1837, 457. Alexander's Lake. This beautiful sheet of water, of about a mile in length and half a mile in breadth, lies in the town of Killingly, Ct., and was formerly known to the Indians Uy the name of .Mnshapniif^. Its present name is derived from Nell Alixan north of the White Mountains, and passing N. K. into Uuinnier, approaches to within a few miles of the Androscoggin ; thence turn- ing abruptly to the S. W. it pursues that direction and fills into Connec- ticut river near the centre of North- umberland. Its whole length is about 50 miles. The valley of the Upper Ainonoosuck is 7 or S miles in breadth, and more than 20 in length : it is scooped out with great beauty, the surface gently rising to tlic summits of the mountains on the N. The Lower Ainonoosuck rises on the W. side of the White Mountains. anG0. The following is said to have occurred in this town, and is told to illustrate the mannem and customs of ancient time*. *' A concourse of people were assembled on the hill in front of the meelin? house, to witness the punishment of a man who had been convicted of neglecting to po to meetini; on the Sabbath for a pe- riod of three months. According to the existinjj law for such delin- quency, the culprit was to be pub- licly whipped at the post. J»i>t as the whip was about to be applied, ■ stninper on hopx-back appeand, ro-is addressed the a'-tonixbe'l mnliitudc as follows : •You men of Ash foni, serve God M If the I)... I was in you I Do you think you can whip the ^racc of God into men ? Christ will have none but Nolunleers." The people •tared, while the speaker, probably not carin); to be arraigned for con- tempt of court, put spurs to his hortc, and was noon out of sight; nor was he evermore seen or heard of by the grxi I pe(.|)l • of A-hford." Col. Thomas Know lion was a na- tive of this town. He was at the battle of Hunker Hill, .ind fell at Ila-rlem Heights, in 1771). Wash- ington termed him, in a general or- der after his death, "the gallant and brave Col. hnowlton, who would have been an honor to anj- touu- try." Ashuelot River, X. H., Or Ashwillet, a river in Chesh- ire county, which has its source in a pond ill Washington. It runs in a southerly course through Marlow audCiilsum, to Keene, where it re- ceives a considerable bi-anch issu- ing from ponds in Stoddard, f^rom Keene it proceeds to Swan'sey, where it receives another consider- able branch which originates in Jaf- frey and Fitzwilliam. It pursues its course southerly and westerly through \\ inehester into Hinsdale, where, at the distance of about 3 miles from the S. line of the state, it empties into the Connecticut. Asgabct River, Mass. This river rises in the neighbor- hood of Westhoi-ough ; — it passes through Marlborough, Northbo- rough and Stow, and joins Sudbury river at Concord. AtUt-uii, Me. Somerset co. This town was incorporated in 1S03. Population, IS.-n, 1,121. It is about 18 miles N. N. E. from Noriidgewock, 114 N. N. E. from Portland and -15 N. from Augusta. It is watered by a tiibiilai y i)f Kenneliec river. Allieus Vt. Windham co. This town lies 14 iTiiles N. from Newfaiic, 98 S. from Montpelier, 10 W. from Hcllows' Falls, and about 10 N. E. from Ik-n- nington. Population, 1830, 115. This town was first settled in 1780, by people from Kindgc, ^. H., and W inchendon, Mass. They encoun- tered great hardships. " The snow was four feet deep when they came into town, and they liad to beat their own path for 8 miles through the woods. A small yoke of oxen NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. were the only domestic animals that they took with them." This is a good township of land, particu- larly for grazing. It has 2000 sheep. Here are productive orchards, pine timber, and a small mill stream. Atliol, Mass. Worcester co. The Indian name of this town was Paquoig. This pleasant place lies 60 miles W. N. W. from Boston, 28 N. W. from Worcester, and about 24 W. from Fitchburg. Miller's river is a fine stream, and affords Athol a great water power. The manufactures of Athol consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, paper, iron castings, scythes, ploughs, cabinet ware, machinery, straw bonnets, palm leaf hats, shoe pegs, harnesses, shoe and hat boxes, pails, sashes, doors and blinds; — annual amount about $175,000. Incorporated, 1762. Population, 1837, 1,603. Atkiusou, Me. Piscataquis co. This township was incorporated in 1819. It lies about Z^ miles N. N. W. from Ban- gor, 132 N. E. from Portland, and 79 N. E. from Augusta. Popula- tion, 1837, 5.57. It is bounded on the N. by Piscataquis river. This town has a good soil. Wheat crop, 1S37, 5,168 bushels. Atkinson, N. H. Rockingham co. It is situated 80 miles S. W. from Portsmouth, and 32 S. E. from Concord. The surface of Atkinson is uneven ; the soil of a superior quality, and well cultivated. The cultivation of the apple has received much attention here, and the finest fruit is pro- duced. Incorporated Sept. 3, 1767, by its present name, in honor of Theodore Atkinson. Several of the first settlers lived to a great age. The Rev. Stephen Peabody was the first settled minister in Atkinson. He was a native of Andover, Mass. He took an active part in the revo- lution, and served as chaplain in the regiment under Col. Poor, sta- tioned at Winter-Hill. The acade- my in this town is one of the oldest and most respectable institutions in the state ; it was incorporated Feb. 17, 1791. " In a large meadow in this town, there is an island, con- taining 7 or 8 acres, which was for- merly loaded Avith valuable pine timber and other forest wood. When the meadow is overflowed, by means of an artificial dam, this island rises in the same degree as the water rises, which is sometimes six feet. Near the middle of this island, is a small pond, which has been gradu- ally lessening ever since it was first known, and is now almost covered with verdure. In the water of this pond, there have been fish in plen- ty ; which, when the meadow hath been flowed, have appeared there, and when the water hath been drawn off, have been left on the meadow ; at which time the island settles to its usual place." Popu- lation, 1830, 555. Attleljorougli, Mass. This town lies at the N. W. cor- ner of the county of Bristol ; 12 miles N. from Providence, R. I., 8 N. W. from Taunton, and 28 S. from Boston. A branch of the Pawtucket rises here, and several other rivers pass through the town. It possesses a fine water power. It was first settled, 1644, and incorpo- rated in 1694. Population, 1837, 2,396. The value of the manufac- tures at this place, for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to about $500,000. That of cotton goods alone to $229,571. The oth- er manufactures consisted of boots, shoes, leather, metal buttons, combs jewelry, clocks, planing machines, carpenter's tools, straw bonnets, chairs and cabinet ware. This town suffered much during the reign of the celebrated Indian King Philip. In 1675, Attleborough was a fron- tier settlement. NF.W F.Nr.I.AXn 0A7ETTF.Fn. Auburn, 3Ia«a. Worcester c3 N. N. K. from Itoston, .Mass. ; 203 N. N. E. from Providence. R. I. ; 2«0 N. E. from Hartford, C't. ; and AOa miles N. E. from Wa-ihinplon. AuEfu«(a is ditualed at the head of sloop navii^a- linn on Kennebec river, -13 miles Irom the sea. The town lies on both sides of the Kennebec, and contains an area of S by 6 miles. It was first settled in 1771, and in- corporale.l in 1797. in ls3(j it con- tained 6,300 inhabitants. Its In- dian name was Cufhuoe. There was, in its early settlement, a fort, nnd four block houses built of tim- ber, to afliird protection to the in- habitants from the Indians, who were then very tro'iblesome. The fort was called Fort li'estini, and iv xtill Htandin;; on the cast bank of the river, ami is now occupied as a dwelling bouse. This is already a very lloiirisbini; town, not only in itA agricultural pursuits, but in its commerce and manufactures. The tonnnge of the place is about 3000 tons. llK exports arc lumber of all kiads, oatn, pens, beans, bay, pota- toes, wool, cider, apples, &e. — When the extent ami rr-iources of the noble Kennebec and its tributa- ries, nltovc tide water, are consid- ered, some idea may bo formed of Iho vast (luantity of lumber that must pass lliifi place on its passage to market. The Kennebec bridge, uniting (he east and west parts of the town is a tine structure. It was built in 179J»; is 520 feet in len2;th, and cost $28,000. The town rises by an easy ascent on both sides of the river to a level surface; it is well laid out, neatly built, and contains many handsome dwelling; houses. Many of the streets are decorated by trees, planted on each side ; — a striking evidence of the good taste of the inhabitants. The State Houne is a spacious and cleeant structure, located upon a beautiful eminence about half a mile from the village, on the road towards Hallowell, and commands an extensive and very delightful prospect. It is built of hammered granite, or rather gneiss of a white color, and very much resembles marble, at a distance. The materi- al of Avbich it was built, was quar- ried from the spot on which it stands. It has a spacious hall for the Rep- resentatives ; two of convenient size for the Senate and the f^x ecu live Departments, and room? for all the ortices immediately connected with the Government. In front is an ex- tensive coniHioH, adorned with trees tastefully arranged, which, when grown into shades, will afford a de- lightful promenade. The United States' Arsenal btiililings are situated upon the cast bank of the river, in view of the vil- lage, and are chiefly constructed of stone, and ])rcsent a very line ap- pearance. The Government has expended large sums of money in their construction, and it is expect- ed that soon the Government will make it an ^Irsenal of Construc- tion. There are at present about 2000 stand of arms deposited here, besides caiuion and otiier munitions of war. The Post is commanded by a captain of the Ordnance Depart- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ment, aided by a Lieut, of the same corps. The State Insane Hospital. This splendid granite cditice, an honor to the state and to humanity, occu- pies a plat of elevated ground, of seventy acres, on the east side of the river. Its situation is unrival- ed for the beauty of its scenery. This buildins^ was commenced in 1836, and will pi-obablybe complet- ed and prcpart d to receive patients, in 1S39. it will co^t the state, and some beneficent individual, who have made lihoral donatiosu towards its erection, about {j;100,000. It is of the modal of the Lunatic Hos- pital at V/orcester, Mass., and is much admired for its external arch- itecture and internal ai-rangement. The centre buihling and wings are 262 feet long; the centre building- is 82 feet in length, 46 feet wide, A stories high, be.-ides the basement and attic, having a chapel in the attic 80 by 40. The wings are 90 feet long in fiont, and 100 in the rear, 88 feet wide, and 3 stories high, di- vided into 126 rooms, 120 of which are designed for patients, the re- maining 6 for water closets and oth- er purposes, with halls betv/een the rooms 12 feet wide running the en- tire length of each wing, and com- municating with the dining- rooms In the centre building. The Augusta High School, is an elegant brick building, situated up- on a beautiful eminence, 2 stories high, 65 feet Ion? by 50 wide, hav- ing a pediment front supported by doric columns, and contains two large school rooms, beside a labora- tory and four recitation rooms, and cost about $7,000. The above is a brief sketch of the prominent features of this beauti- ful and flourishing town ; — such as it has become by the common ef- forts of an intelligent and enter- prising people, joined to the natur- al advantages of the place. 3 But a new era is opened to Au- gusta. The mighty waters of the Kennebec have been arrested in their course. Tliat proud stream, which, for ages, has rolled its rapid current to the ocean, unimpeded by the devices of man, is destined for ages to come, to pay perpetual homage to Yankee perseverance and skill, and to lend its gigantic strength to aid the arts and sciences in supplying the wants of millions. We may perhaps, be suspected of partiality towai-ds this lovely Vil- lage of the East, for giving it so ex- tended a notice ;— but, as accounts of works of great public utility are interesting to most of our readers, both duty and inclination prompt us to give a brief description of the Kennebec Dam; — a magnificent structure; — bold in its design — curi- ous in its workmanship, — and prob- ably unrivaled by any work of sim- ilar character and for similar pur- poses, in this or any other country. Although Augusta enjoys the pleasure of seeing this noble enter- prise accomplished within its own borders, and by the energy of its own people ; yet improvements of this character are by no means lo- cal in their efiects. Tlie benefits of this undertaking will be felt, not only in the valley of the Kennebec, but throughout the state. These works v.'cre commenced in 1S36, by the lyennebcc Locks and Canals Comjtany, and com- pleted in September, 1837. The cost was abolit $300,000. They are about half a mile above the cen- tre of the village, and were con- structed under the superintendence of Col. V/lLLIAM BoARDMAN,of Nashua, N. 11., as chief engineer, from whose report many of the fol- lowing facts are elicited. The length of the Dam, exclu- sive of the stone abutments and Lock, is 584 feet — the base, 127 feet — the height, \5 feet above or- dinary high watei mark. It is built with cribs of timber, bolted and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. treiiailcil ^^^ongly coprethcr, and is j filled wild ballast, to the very top. The upper slope is covered with j five inch pine phink, Jointed and ' perfectly lii;lit ; the lower with five and throe inch hemlock plunk. — | The crest, teniiiiiatinir :il the sluice, | near the niidille of the overfall, i-< i level, and covered entirely with ■tooe ci^ht feet in lcn<4th, and stron^lly SL-cured with iron straps ! and bolls. The sluice, .sixty feet in len;^(h, is covered in the same ', manner, and is about twenty inches lower than the winijs. Tlie walls of the Lock are 170 feet in lensith, iv* chamber 101 feet by 28 1-3 feet in the clear, with a sinsle lift; the west wall serves as the eastern abutment of the Dam — it is 23 feet thick ut the base, graduated to 25 at the top. The head and east walls are of correspondino; strength. — Both are built wholly of granite. The face courses hammered, bed and joint, rabbittcd, and laid in ce- ment, and the rabbit filled with cement The floor of the Lock is constructed of timber fifteen inches deep, and covered with five inch pine plank, longued and grooved, wilh ati addiiional flooring of live inch hard wiw 1 plank, commencing at the lie.ul of the Lock and ex- tentling fourteen feet. The main pate* q( the Lock, and guard gales of the Canals, are of while oak from iJie Chesapeake, ami the wicket gates of cast iron. The large stone piers above the Dam, for the pro- lection of the Lock and abutments, are each :iO feet square on the basf, graduated to2."> feet on the top. and about 3J feet high, and built of granite, clamped iuid strapped with iron. The Canals on each side of tlie river are .Id f.rt wide in the clear, carrying 10 feet of water from the level of the top of the darn. TJie walls are 22 feet hii;h, 7 1-2 feet thick at the base, and 5 feet at the top. They are finished as far a.s, and including, the guard gates. Th« sates are of great strength, built of heavy oak timi)er, and in the most substantial manner, revolving in stone coins, wilh which stone and sheet-piling is connected, extending across and 2'i feet into each bank, and driven 10 feet below the bottom of the Canals. The walls on the banks of the river, above and below the Dam, extending about 500 feet, are of the same lieight as the Canal walls, and 8 feet thick at the base. On the upper side of the Dam is a sheet of timbcr-piliiur, tongned and grooved, and eithci' resting on the bare ledge, or driven as far as they could be made (o penetrate in'o tlio solid bed which covers a portion of its surface, and is connected with the piling which passes under and acro-;s the Lock into the east bank, and also with that which is driven in the we-it bank of the river. — A!)ove Ibis, and extending to the top of the Dam, so as to cover the entire planking of the upper slope, is a mass of gravel from 20 to 30 feet deep. 2,."i00,000 feet of timber and about 2.5 tons of iron have been used in constructing the Dam. and about 75,000 tons of ballast have been de- posited in it. The Lock, Piers, River and Mill walls, with the Canal walls, ex- tending to and including the guard gates, contain about SoO.OOO cubic feet of stone. During the progress of the work, and especially while the course of the river was contr.u-ted to a space of 17 feet wide by 24 dee]) (a lime peculiarly favorable for forming an estimate, and rarely olTered in a stream of tliis magnitude) repeated observations wei-e made upon the velocity of the current, and at no time was there found a less quanti- ty than 2,500 cubic feet per second. It is proper to add that the seasoiw of 1836 and 1837, were both f- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. markable for the small quantity of water running in all the streams in this vicinity. The pond formed by this Dam covers 1200 acres. It is 16 1-2 miles in length, and its average depth is 16 feet. Augusta presents advantages for mainifactiii-ing establishments, equal, if not supeiior to any in New England. It is located in the heart of a large and powerful state, rap- idly increasing in population and wealth ; surrounded by a fertile country, rich in every necessary agricultural product, and stored with granite, clay, lumber, lime, iron ore — everjr building material ; all of which are found near the spot, and at very low prices. The facilities afforded at (his place, for transportation, are of in- estimable value to a large manufac- turing town. Cotton and other raw materials, and manufactured goods, maybe transported by v/ater, to and from the very doors of the mills. At no distant period the great east- ern raih-oad from Boston and Port- land will pass thi-ough this town, in its coui-se to Bangor. At this time, steamboats pass from Augus- ta to Boston in eleven hours. The greatest con;idcration, how- ever, in regai'd to Augusta, as a manufacturing town, is its unfail- ing supply of ivater. The main branch of the Kennebec is the outlet of an immense lake, with numer- ous powerful tributaries, connected ivith other lakes or large reservoirs of water. On its passage to Augus- ta, Dead river. Seven Mile Brook, the Sandy, Sebasticook, and many other less powerful streams pay (heir tribute to it. Indeed, all the waters of the extensive valley of the Ken- nebec, above the Dam, meet at this place. It may be said with safety, that this place possesses a water power amply sufficient to drive 200,000 spindles, day and night, throughout the year; and an almost inexhaustable surplus power from November to July. Preparations are making for the erection of buildings for extensive manufacturing operations. Aurora, Me. Hancock co. This town lies 106 miles from Augusta. With a popu- lation of only 140, this town pro- duced, in 1S37, among its agricul- tural products, 855 bushels of wheat. Averill, Vt. Essex CO. This town lies on the Canada line, about 30 miles N. of Guildhall. It has several large ponds and a branch of Nulhegan river. Some of these waters pass to the Connecticut, and some to the river St. Francis. The soil of Aver- ill is cold and broken, with few cul- tivators. Avon, Me. Franklin co. Avon lies 35 miles W. by N. from Norridgewock, and 50 N. N. W. from Augusta. It was incorporated in 1802. Popu- lation, 1837, 767. It is watered by some of the head branches of San- dy river. In 1837, this town pro- duced 3,220 bushels of wheat. Avon, Ct. Hartford co. This town was tak- en from Farmington, in 1830. Pop- ulation, 1,025. It lies between two mountainous ridges and has consid- erable rich level land on the bor- ders of Farmington river. This is a handsome agricultui-al town and possesses some very beautiful scen- ery. The view fiom Montevideo, on Talcott mountain, nearly 1000 feet above the waters of the Con- necticut, is quite enchanting. — "Wardsworth's Tower," or Monte Video, is much resorted to by par- ties of pleasure in summer months. Avon is 6 miles N. from Farming- ton, and 9 W. N. W. from Hart- ford. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. nacUcldcr, Me. Oxford CO. Tliis township lie* between two mountains on the line of New II;ii:ip>hire, 20 miles \V. by N. from P.iii>, and tiO W. from Augusta. Ituilt) villi', Mc. Wa-iliinpton co. This town is on the line of New Hrunswick, about 45 miles N. by W. from Macbias, BDd 80 K. N. E. from Bansior. In- corporated, 1.S2S. Popul.ilion, 1.S37, 331. Uaili-yville is watered on the E. by the St. Croix, ami on the N. by the outlet of Schoodic lakes. Baker's River, 5f. H. Baker's river, a considerable stream in Grafton county, is form- ed of two branches. The N. branch lias its source near Moosehillock mountain in Coventry. It runs southerlj- tlirouffh Warren into Wentwortii, ■wbere it unites with the S. branch wliich originates in Orano;e. Alter the union of these branches, the river pursues a S. E. and an easterly course throuo;h the S. part of Kumney aiul the N. part of Plymouth, when; it forms a junc- tion with I'emi;;cwaset river just above Plyniouth villaiie. It was on this river, in the township of Rumney, that General Stark wa« captured by the Indians, on the 28lh of April, 1752. Hakemflild, At., Franklin co., lies 30 miles N. E. from 15urlinj;lon, 38 N. N. W. from Monlpt-lier, and 15 miles E. from St. Allians. liranches of Missis- que river pass through it. This (own is Well timbenil with hard wood , the land is warm, but some- what broken. 4,000 sheep. I'irst settled about 178!). Population, H30, l,(i.s7. BaliMvin, Me. Cumberland co. This town is bounded K. by Sebaco pond and W. by Sico river. It contains a num- ber of ponds, afTording fish of vari- ous kinds. Haldw in was incorpo- rated in 1802. Population, 1S37, 1,133. It is 20 miles W. S. W. from Portland. Baltimore, A't. Windsor co. This town was tak- en from Cavendish in 1793. Hawk mountain is the division line. The soil is warm but stony. 1,200 sheep. An abundance of i;neiss and granite is found here. It is 10 miles N.W. from \\ indsor and about ()5 S. from Montpelier. Population, 1830, 179. ITaiigor, Me. This is tlie chief town of Penob- scot count v. It lies in N. lat. 44" 47' 50"., Vv. long. G8= 47'. It lies C6 miles E. N. i;. from Augusta, 120 N. E. by E. from Portland, 230 N. E. from Boston, Mass., 115 S. from Easlport, and t)75 N. E. from Washington. The lirst settlement in this ))lace, by the whites, was made in the winter of 17G9 — 1770. In 1772, the Plantation, Kenduskcag, as it was then called, consisted of twelve families. In 1790, the pop- \ilation of IJansor was Kiy ; in 1800, 277; in 1810,850; in 1820, 1,221; in 1830, 2,808, and in 1837, 9,201. This place i- situated at the head ol navigation on the west side of Pe- nobscot river, 30 miles N. by E. from Belfast bay, GO to Malawam- koag Point, 120 to Iloullon, and about GO miles from the ojjcn sea. The compact part of the population reside on both sides of Keniluskeag stream, about 190 yards in w idth at its mouth, over wliich are thi-ce bridges, and on which, at the foot of the falls, about a mile from the city, are numerous mills. The bridge across the Penobscot, 100 rods above the mouth of the Ken- duskcag, is about 440 yards in length. It cost$;50,000. 'Hie basin at and below the mouth of the Ken- duskcag, where the shipping lie to receive their cargoes, is 90 rods in width, and affords good anchor- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. age. The tide generally rises about 17 feet. Ship building is exten- sively pursued at this place ; but commerce in lumber, of all the va- rious kinds in use, is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. An immense amount of that article is annually rafted down the rivers, and transported to almost all parts of the world. Bangor is the great- est depot for lumber on the conti- nent of America. On the Penobscot river and its tributary streams, above Bangor, are more than 250 saw-mills, capa- ble of cutting at least two hundred million feet of boards a year; all of which, except v/hat is used in building, must be shipped at the harbor of Bangor. The value of the boards, timber, clapboards, shin- gles, oars, scantling, wood, &c., shipped at this port, varies from a iiiillion to a million and a half of dollars, annually. About 1200 ves- .tels of about 110 tons burthen are annually employed during the sea- son of navigation, in freighting lum- ber, limbei', Stc, to various places. There arc belonging to this place, about 100 sail of coasting vessels, 50 engaged in foreign commerce, and 15 or 20 other vessels engaged in the fisheries. Bangor was incorporated as a town in 1791. In 1834 it became a city. Its government is under a Mayor and seven Aldermen, who consti- tute the upper Board ; and twen- ty-one Common Council men, who, when they have elected a Presi- dent, constitute the lower Board. A city court sets every Monday. The site of the city is pleasant, commanding fine views of the riv- ers and the adjoining country. The buildings, both public and private, are constructed with neatness and taste, and some in a style of supe- rior elegance. Conveyances for travellers from the city are frequent and comfortable ; both by land and water. A railroad is in operation to Oldtown, 12 miles, and steam- 3* boats ply to and from Portland and Boston, during the season of navi- gation, which generally continues eight months in the year. The great eastern railroad from Boston will doubtless reach this eastern city before the lapse of many years. On the banks of the Penobscot, within the city, three miles above the mouth of the Kenduskeag, is what is called " Fort Hill," the site of a fortification, supposed to be the ancient "Negas," destroyed by Cap- tain Heath, with a party of men, in 1725, v,-ho, it is said, " fell on a village of about 50 Indian houses, and committed them to the flames. The Indians becoming alarmed, de- serted them." Bangor is on one of the noblest rivers in the Northern States ; — the product of an almost innumerable number of tributary streams. Na.» ture has seated Bangor at the nat- ural outlet of these mighty waters, as the mart of one of the most ex- tensive, and one of the richest al- luvial basins east of the Ohio val- ley. It is true that this section of country is in a high degree of lati- tude, and that the icy chains of winter are felt with greater force and for a longer period than in more southern climes. But this seeming disadvantage is more than compen- sated by the unrivalled purity of the air and water, — two of the in- dispensable requisitions of health and longevity. There is probably no portion of country in the world where the great staples of wheat, beef jnd wool can be produced with greater facility ; where surplus pro- duce can find a market at less ex- pense, or v.-here the industrious ag- riculturalist can reap a more sure reword. V/hen the present popu- lation of this immense territory, extending from tide water to Mad- awaska, is compared with that of older settlements of a less fertile soil, of less navigable facilities, and in nearly as high a degree of lati- tude, the mind is favorably struck NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. with the flattering prospects of the valley of the Peiiohscot, ami with pleasing aiiticipa(ioii>i of the pros- perity of its ciiy. See lift^ister. Barlug, Me. Washinpton ro. This town is iMJunded N. liy the St. Croix river, K. hy Calais and Holiinston, and W. hy a large and heautifiil pond which oinplieii into the St. Croix. Incor- porated, 1S25. Population, 1837, 266. Tlie railroad from Calais, 4 miles, will soon be completed to this place. 209 miles N. E. by E. iVoiu Auc;usta. Itarkltanipttead, Ct. Litchfield CO. This (own is wa- tered by branches of Farniinglon river. The soil is more particular- ly adapted topraziiif^: considerable beef and the products of the dairy we sent to market. It is 2G miles N. \V from Hartford, and 20 N. N. E. Irom I.itclitield. Population, 1830, 1,715. First settled, 1746. Incorporated, 1779. (iranitc, iron ore and limestone arc found here. The hilly part of the town presents some line scenery. Ilitrhcockville, north of tbe centre of the town, is i llourisliing manulactui-inp village, Willi great water i)rivilcge9. Uaruard, M«. All the knowledge wc can obtain in regartl to this town is, that it lies in the county of Piscataquis, 108 miles from Augusta ; — that in 1837, there were 132 people in the town, and tJiut they rairjj)attoi) for future editions. Cit- izens of other (owns, similarly sit- ua(cd, and of all ioicns, who may wish more full descriptions of their resources, &,c. (ban we are able, at present, to give, are also requested to foi ward their communications. Barunrd, Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1774. Incorporated, 177S. Po])ulation, 1S30. 1,881. It is watered by Broad Ihook wbicli empties into White river in Siiaion ; and by Lo- cust Creek, wliieb also empties in- to While river in Iktliel. On this Creek, during (he revolutionary war, there was erected a Fort, where the militia of this and other towns were stationed as a defence against Indian depredations — they having surprised and carried to Canada a number of its first settlers, in 1780. In the centre of this town is (be village, and a beautiful pond, from which issues a stream on which (here arc mills. On (bis Creek is an establishment for the manufac- ture of starch from potatoes. This stream joins its waters with (he Creek one mile from (he pond. Tho surface of (his (own is hilly. The soil is well ad.ipted to grazing; and (here are but few towjis (hat turn off yea.-ly more cattle, butter and cheese, sheep and wool. The num- ber of sheep is abou( (5,000. It lies 10 miles noiih of Woodstock, and 40 miles south of Monlpelier. It is stated as a singular fact, that the tiling on liunker Hill, on the 17tli of June, 1775, was distinctly heard in this town, 130 miles N. W. from Cliarlestown. Karuct, Vt. Caledonia co. This town lies on Connecticut river, at the 15 mile falls, and opposite to Lyman, N. H. It has a gcHxl soil, and is an excel- lent farming lo»vn, with slate and iron ore. It lies 3.'> miles E. from MoiUpidier, 10 S. by E. from Dan- ville, and (;5 N. by E. from Wind- sor. Population, In 1830, 1,764. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Fii-st settled, about 1763. Many of the inhabitants are of Scotch de- scent. This town has a great water power on Passumpsic and Stevens' rivers. On the latter, are falls of 100 feet, in the distance of 10 rods. This water power is improved by three llannel and other manufacto- ries. There are a number of pleas- ant and fertile islands in the river between this place and Lyman, and some beautiful ponds in Barnet, which afford !k.h of yarioui kinds. This is quite a romantic place, and lies at tlie head of navigation on the Connecticut river. lu ISS-'i, the product of the farms, carried to market, amounted to $20", 381. One farmer sold 3,000 lbs. of butter, and 3,000 ibs. of poik. There are about 4,000 sheep in the town. Barnstable County Mass. Barnstable is the chief town. — This countv was incorporated, 1585. Population", 1820, 24 046— 1830, 28- 525— and in 18.37, 31,109; area, about 330 square miles. This coun- ty includes the whole of Cape Cod, extending E. and N. into the At- lantic ocean, and which Gosnoiil discovered in 1602. It is bounded N. W. l>y Plj'mouth countj', and W. by Buzzard's bay. Cape Cod lies in the form of an arm,lialf open ; the elbow is at Chatham, 20 miles E. of Barnstable ; the hand, the wrist inclining inward, is at Race Point, 33 miles N. by W. of Chat- ham. The whole length of the Cape is 65 miles, and the average breadth about 5. This county is principally diluvium. Below the town of Barnstable the county is quite sandy, so much so that the people are gencrallj' dependant on Boston and other towns for a large proportion of their meats and bread- stuffs. This deficit is amply com- pensated by the unrivalled piivi- leges enjoyed, and well improved by them, in the cod, mackerel and other fisheries. This county has but little wood, but it is well stored with peat. About two million8 of dollars are invested in the manufac- ture of salt. There were manu- factured in this county in the year ending April 1, 1837, 669,064 bush- els of salt, valued at $219,870. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, boots, shoes, iron castings, glass, cabinet and tin wares, cord- age, &c., amounted to i?;i96,602. There are in this county 370 ves- sels employed in the whale, cod and mackerel fi.^hery. The tonnage, 24,378 tons. The value of the fish- ery, in one year previous to April, 1S37, was $557,737. Tonnage of the District, 1330, 30,273 tons. The annual amount of tonnage of vessels built is about 1,000 tons; value, $63,318. Total annua! value of the fisheries and manufactures, $1,- 337,527. The number of sheep in the county in 1837, was 7,332. Barnstable county is noted for its fine sailors and men of superior nau- tical talents. The ladies are cele- brated for their fair complexions and good housewifery ; but are pe- culiai-ly subject to the vicissitudes pertaining to a maritime situation. Bj' a statement recently made, it appears that there were in this county nearly a thousand widows living, who had lost their husbands by the dangers of the sea. In two towns, (Harwich and Wcllfleet,) there were 223 widows who had thus lost their companions. This county lias 13 (owns ; and 91 inhabit- ants to a square mile. Barnstable, Mass. This is the chief town of Barn- stable county, and a port of entry. It is 65 miles from Boston. Sandy A'^eck, on the N. side, forms a good harbor for vessels of 8 feet of water. Hyannis, on the S. side, 6 miles S. E. of Barnstable C. H., is now a good harbor; but by an expensive Breakwater, constructing at that place by the U. S. government, it will soon become perfectly safa from all winds, for all classes of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. vessels navis^.ifing tlic Sound, and passin{j round the Cape. Tlie " Pil- grim Fathers" landed lierc, Nov. 11, 1620, and borrowed some corn of the .Mattacheescl Indians. The celebrated patriot, James Otis, was born here, I'eh. 5, 1725. He died at Andover, May 23, 1783. The manufacture of salt was commenced here as early as 1779. It then sold for $6 a hu-ihel. There was made 27.125 bu-ihcis of salt in this town in 1S37. Between 50 and 60 sail of lishino; and coasting vessels belong to this place. This town has nu- merous ponds, a considerable water power, some fine upland, and ex- tensive salt marslies. The manu- facture of vessels, salt, boots, shoes, hats, leather, cabinet ware, chairs, and wooden ware, amounted in one year to $5G,5()2. Pop. 1837, ■J,017. Bamstcad, N. H. Strafford co. This town lies 26 miles W. by N. from Dover, 36 N. W. from Portsmouth, and 20 N. E. from Concord. Incorporated, 1767. Population, 1830, 2,0 »7. Harnstead is not mountainous, but has large swells of land, good for grazing. About 2,500 sheep arc kej)! liere. The soil is easy and productive. There are several ponds in this town — tlie largest are the two Suncook ponds, which lie near each other, Brindle pond, and Ilalf-moon pond, on Alton line. These waters lire stocked with fish, and arc discharg- ed into the .Suncook. Harnslead was granteIass. This is a pleasant town in Middle- sex county, and the source of Shaw- sheen river. This town was for- merly parts of Concord and Billeri- ca, and was incorporated in 1729. Population, 1837, 85S. It lies 15 miles N. Vv'. from Boslon, and 5N E. from Concord. Bedford is bound ed N. by Concord river. It has some manufactures; principally of boots and shoes. Belclierto^vn, Mass., A beautiful town in Hampshire county, originally called " Cold Spring," 75 miles Vr. from Boston, 11 E.Yrom Northampton, and 27 E. from Pittstield. Population, 1837, 2,593. First settled, 1732. Incor- porated, 1761. The soil of the town is of an excellent quality, and well improved. Large quantities of wool is grown in this town. It is separated from Ware by Swift river, on the N. The principal manufacture is that of pleasure wagons, of which about 600 are an- nually made. Mr. A. Shumway, of this place, has driven the stage be- tween Belchertown and Northamp- ton 25 successive years. In that period he made 15,000 trips, travel- led 218,400 miles, and carried at least 124,000 passengers; yet, al- though his hours of travelling were early in the morning and late in the evening, he never broke a limb, overturned his coach, o.- met with any serious accident whatever, dur- ing his whole career. Belfast, Me., Is the chief town of Waldo coun- ty, and a port of entry, and is beau- tifully situated on Belfast bay, on the W. side of Penobscot river. It lies 40 miles E. from Augusta, 30 S. from Bangor, 30 N. from Thom- aston, and, across Belfast bay, 12 W. from Castine. The town was in- corporated in 1773, but not perma- nently settled until about the year 1735. There is considerable good land in Belfast. In 1837 it pro- duced 3,492 bushels of as good wheat as ever grew on the prairies of the "boundless West." The Paasaggassawakeag river passe* near the centre of the town, and NEW KNt.LAND tiAZETTEER. kJiIs much to the appearnnrc of (he |)l;ice. The harbor \< very j;oo(l — it is guarded by I.on^ aii10 bushels o( wheat. Belgrade was incorporated in 1796. Population, l-f37, 1,183. It lies 10 miles N. K. from Augus- ta, .and 69 N. by E. from I'orlland. The village at lielt^radc Mills, 6 miles from the centre of (he town, «ud llj miles from Augusta, is a \ery llourishing pl.icc. Itrllamjr nanU, TV. II. A river, one brancli of wbii. h is- sues from Cbesley's pund, in Bar- ringlon, ami the olhrr from low and marshy lands in the viciniiy ; these unite in Madbury, and after mean- dering through the town, the wa- tery fall into the Piscala(|ua, on the W. side of Dover Neck, wlurc the •Ireaiu is called Back ri\er. Belllngham, illasa. Norfolk CO. The soil of this town is light and sandy, and not very goo 1 for agricultural purposes. It is finely watered by Charles river, and has a good hydraulic power. Its manufactures, consisting of cot- ton and woollen goods, straw bon- nets, boots and shoes, amounted, in one year, to $127,837. It lies 18 miles S. \V. from Dedhani, 17 N. by W. from Providence, K. I., and 28 S. W. from Boston. Population, 1837, 1,159. Incorporated, 1719. Iron ore is found here. Bellows' Falls. See IValpole, JV. H. Belmont, Me. This town is well watered by the Paasaggassawakeag, which rises there in a pond of that name, and empties at lielfast, about C miles N. It lies 34 miles E. by N. from Au- gusta. In 1S37, Belmont produced 3,135 bushels of wheat, and consid- erable wool. Waldo county. Belviaere, Vt. Lamoille ro. A mountainous township on the west side of tho Oreen Mountains, 32 miles N. E. from Burlington, 32 N. from Mont- polier, 27 E. by S. from St. Albans, and watered by brandies of La- moille river. Incorporated, 1791. Population, 1830, 185. Bcnuiiigtoii Couiitj-, Vt. Bcnnins;ton7im\ Matichester are the chief towns. Tliis is the oldest county in Vt., on the west side o( the tirccn Mountains. It is bound- ed on the north by Rutland county, on the east b\' Windham county, on the south by Berkshire county, Mass., and on the west by the state of New York. It is 39 miles long and 20 wide. Area, 610 square miles. Population, in 1820, 16,125 ; 1830, 17,-168. Inhabitants to square Uiilc, 28. The low lands are cvcel- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lent, and produce good crops, but the largest portion of the county is mountainous, and fit only for graz- ing. Many streams rise in the mountains and descend to the ocean, some by the Hudson and some by the Connecticut, affording a great hydraulic power. Lead and iron ores of good quality are found in this county, and large quarries of beautiful white marble. The num- ber of sheep in this county in 1837 was 69,828. Bennington, Vt. One of the chief towns of Ben- nington county. It lies 120 miles S. W. by S. from Montpelier, 25 S. from Manchester, and 30 east from Troy, N. Y. Population, 1830, 3,419. Present population, about 4,200. First settled, 1761. The town is situated high above the great riv- ers and the ocean, yet we tind it of good alluvial soil, delightfully en- circled by ever-green mountains. It abounds in iron ore, manganese, ochre and marble. The streams are numerous and afford excellent mill sites. The products of the soil consist of all the varieties com- mon to New England. Great at- tention is paid to the rearing of sheep : about 7000 of those useful animals feed on the hills and valleys. There are in Bennington, 6 cotton and 3 woollen factories, a very ex- tensive iron foundry, 2 furnaces, a paper mill, flouring mills, &c. The public schools justly sustain an ele- vated rank. Bennington is finely located for the muses. On the bor- der of this town, about 6 miles W. of the court house, the gallant Stark, with a small band of " Green Mountain Boys," celebrated for their bravery, gained an important victory over the British, August 16, 1777. The fame of that battle is as imperishable as the mountains which overshadow the ground. Shame to the country : — there is not a stone to mark the spot ! 4 Benson, Vt. Rutland co. This town, on Lake Champlain, was first settled in 1783. Population, 1830, 1,493. It lies 84 miles E. from Montpelier, 20 W. N. W. from Rutland, and opposite to Putnam, N. Y. The lake at this place is about a mile in width. The town has some streams affording mill sites, but none of great im- portance. The v/aters are generally brackish and unpleasant. A stream issues from a swamp in this town, and after running a short distance, passes through the base of a high hill, a distance of more than half a mile. Benson lias good pine, ma- ple, walnut, oak and beech timber, and a bog of marl resembling ful- ler's earth. There are about 14,000 sheep in this town. Berkley, Mass. Bristol CO. Berkley lies 37 miles S. from Boston, 18 E. from Pi'ovi- dence, and 5 S. from Taunton. Pop- ulation, in 1837, 873. Taken from Dighton in 1735, from which it is separated by Taunton river. Some coasting vessels belong to this place, and some ship building is carried on. Assonet village, on Taunton river, is the principal place of business. The soil is light and sandy. Berksliirc County, Mass. Lenox is the chief town. Thia county was incorporated in 1770. Population, 1820,35,666; 1830,37- 82.5, and in 18,37, 39,101 ; area, 860 square miles. Bounded N. by Ben- nington county, Vt., W. by Rensse- laer and Columbia counties, N. Y ., S. by Litchfield county, Ct., and E. by Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden counties. This county is rough and hilly in many paits, but it affords considerable very fine land, and produces much wool, all sorts of grain, and exports great quantities of beef, pork, butter, &c. The number of sheep in this coun- ty in 1837, was 1.36,962. Berkshire NEW ENGLAND GAZETTKER. is the most cleva(«;d county in the state. Tlic (irccn and Taufjhkannir Mountains cross it from \. to S.; the :»vorage hci<;ht of whidi i* about 1,200 fi-et above tlu" level of the sea. 'I'lie Houiatoiiick and Hoo- sick are its chief rivers. The for- mer empties into l.oni; Ishind isound; the latter into the Hudson : 29 towns ; 45 inhabitants to a square mile. " Tlii< county possesses, in rich and inexhaustible altundance, three of the ino.-l importaut articles of the commerce of the world, Iron, Marble and Lime, and its wood and water power arc fully .sufficient to enable it to lit them for the pur- poses of life." The totiua£;e of this county to its marts of trade, princi- pally on the Huilson, amounted, in 1s;m, to no less than .34,075 tons. At the present time it probably ex- ceeds 40,000 tons. The euterprize of a railroad from Ho-toii to Albany will soon be accomplished, aix) can- not fail of bein^ exceedinijly bencli- cial, not only to this countj', but to tlie commonwealth at large. Berkgliirc, "Vt. Franklin co. Elihu M. Royce, son of Stephen Royce, was the first child horn in this town. That event occurred in 1793. On Missisque and Trout rivers, which water this town, is some fine intervale laml. Pike river, from Canada, affords Berkshire a Croat water power. This town lies 50 M)iles N. W. from Monipelier, 22 N. E. by E. from St. Albans, and 31 N. E. by N. from UurlinKfon. Population, 1830, 1,30S. About 3,000 sheep. nerllu, Mc. Oxford CO. This town is bounded E. by Phillips, S. by Weld and W. liy iiyron. It lies lOO miles N. from Portland, 45 N. W. from Au- pusta, and about 10 N. fi-om Paris. Population, \^:il, 470. Wheat crop, same year, 2,175 bu>hei-. Berlin, >'. II. Coos CO. This town, from 1771 to 1829.wa3 called Maynesborough. The Androscoei^in and Amonoo- suck rivers pass through it. It is about 20 miles E. from Lancaster, and 125 X. from Concord. Popu- lation, 1830, 73. Berlin, Vt. Tills is a pleasant town in Wash- ington county, watered by Onion and Dog rivers, Stevens' branch, and a number of ponds, furnishing good niill sites, and excellent fishing. The land is somewhat broken, but of strong soil and good for tillage. Considerable manufactures arc pro- duced in this town, aiul about (5,000 sheep. There is ;i mineral spi-ing here of little note. First settled in 178(). Population, 1830, 1,«64.— Berlin is bounded N. by Montpe- lier and E. by Barre. Berlin, Mnas. Worcester co. Taken from Bol- ton, in 17S4. Population, 1837, 724. It lies 15 miles N. E. from W'orcester, 31 W. by N. from 15os- ton, and 7 S. E. from Lancaster. A branch of the Assabct aUbrds this town good water privileges. Large quantities of hops are pro- duced here; some wool, and some baskets. Berlin, Ct. Hartford co. Taken from Far- mington.in 1785. Population, 1830, 3,047. This town lies 11 niile.s S. from Hartford, and 23 N. from New Haven. The surface of Berlin is hilly, but productive of grass, grain and fruits. There are in the town about 2.000 sheep. The vil- lages of U'ortlnnr;ton aud JVfiw Britain are very pleasant, and the manufactures of brass, fin and oth- er wares, there pursued, .oie very extensive and flourishing. The first manufacture of tin ware in this country was commenced at this l)lai-e, in about the year 1770, by Iviwaid Patterson, a native of Ire- l.uid. Mr. Patterson peddled hii NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ware about the country, on foot, in baskets ; his successors in the man- ufacture did the same, until the uses and value of the article becoming known, and the demand increasing, horses and wagons were employed ; and thus this important manufac- ture of New England was trans- ported to all parts of the country. BerusLrdstou, Mass. Franklin co. This is a township of superior land for agricultural purposes, considerably elevated, be- tween Fall and Connecticut rivers. It was formerly called Fall Town. There was a fort here in 1746, when this part of the county was peopled mostly by Indians. It was incorporated, by its present name, in 1764. It lies 96 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 N. from Green- field. Population, 1837, S7S. Bald and West mountains afford delight- ful scenery : — the former is 630 feet above the waters of the Connecti- cut. Here are springs containing magnesia, sulphur and iron. Ber- nardston produced, in one year, 16,000 bushels of corn and rye, and 5,000 barrels of cider. There are 3,022 sheep in this town, and some manufactures of shoes, leather,palm- leaf hats, and scythe snaiths. Benvick, Me. York CO. Tliis town lies on the E. side of Salmon river, about 14 miles S. S. W. from Alfred, 45 S. W. from Portland, and 98 S. W. from Augusta. Berwick has con- siderable trade in lumber. Incor- porated, 1713. Population, 1837, 1,799 Betliany, Ct. New Haven co. Taken from Woodbridge, in 1832. It lies 10 miles N. by W. from New Ha- ven. Some portions of this town is good land and well cultivated, but a large part of it is mountain- ous, and fit only for the growth of wood. Beacon mountain, between Bethany and Naugatuck river, pre- sents some wild and picturesque features. Bethel, Me. Oxford CO. Incorporated in 1796. Population, 1837, 1,864. Bethel lies 18 miles N. W. from Paris, 61 N. W. from Portland, and 63 W. from Augusta. This town is bound- ed N. and W. by Androscoggin riv- er, and S. by Greenwood. This is a fine farming town, and produced 5,214 bushels of wheat in 1837. Bethel, Vt. Windsor co. This town was first settled in 1780, and was the first town chartered by the government of Vermont. It lies 31 miles S. by W. from Montpelier, and 30 N. W, from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,240. Bethel is watered by branches of White river, and pos- sesses good mill sites. Soap stone is found here in great quantities and of good quality : much of it is sawed and transported. Garnet in small, but perfect crystals, is also common. The surface of Bethel is broken and mountainous, but the soil is warm and good for grazing. It has about 8,000 sheep. Consid- erable business is done at both vil- lages. East and West ; the latter is the largest. Bethel, Ct. Fairfield co. This is a pleasant and flourishing village, in the town of Danbury, and about 3 miles N. W. from the centre of that town. There are about fifty dwelling hous- es in the village, and about thirty work shops or factories. The man- ufacture of hats and combs is the principal business of the place, and large quantities of both are annu- ally transported to Boston, New York and other places. Bethlehem, ]^. H., Grafton co., is bounded N. by Whitefield and Dalton, E. by Car- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. roll and ungranted land, S. by Fran- conia and Lisbon, and N. W. by Littleton. It is watciLM] by Great Amouoosuck river. The soil pro- duces fjood crops of grass and grain. There is plenty of pine timber and sugar maple. Iron ore, both of the mountain and bog kind, has been oc- casionally found. Two mineral springs liave been discovered. — Bethlehem was settled in 1790. It was incorporated Dec. 27, 171)9. Population, 1830, 665. Betlxleliem, Ct. Litchfield ro. This town is .3S miles ^V'. ,S. \V. from Hartford, 32 N. W. by W. from New Haven, and S .*s. from LitehfieM. It was takon from Woodbury in 1787. It is hilly, with a gravelly loam, and lit lor grazing and the growth of rye. It has 2,000 sheep. Popu- lation, \S'M, 90(5. The town is wa- tered by Poinperaug river, a branch of the Housatonick. Beverly, Ifloss. Essex CO. This to^'-n lies N. of Salem, and is united toit by abridge across the North river, built in 178S, 1,500 feet in lensjJh. The people of this town arc noted for their en- terprise in commerce and the fish- eries. There are seme merchant vessels belonging to this place, about 50 sail of tishermcn, and 20 coasters. The annual value of the fisheries at Hevcrly .s about iJilOO,- 0(K). The manufactires, consisting of Hrittaiiia ware, tii and cabinet wares, chairs, hats, loots, hair, mus- tard and brick-i, amounted in one year to about ,$120,000. The pros- perity of this town has not suffered by the growth of luxury or excess of trade; its lisherics and manufactur- ing concerns are steady and pro- gressive. Fjrst settled, lfi2(j. In- corporated, 16.88. Population, l.SIJO, 4,07!)— 1837. 4,(>0ft. Among many distiniruished men who have lived and died at Beverly, was Captain Thomas Lothrop, who commanded the " Flower of Essex," a compa- ny of young men from this county, and who were, with their leader, almost wholly cut olf by the In- dians, at Bloody Brook, in 1675. Bicldcfora, Mc. York CO. On the S. side of Saca river, and connected with the town of Saco by a bridge. The town extends down the river to the sea, anil includes a point of land called " Fletcher's Neck," off which are several small islands; on one of which. Wood Island, is a revolving light. This is a good township for agricultural pursuits, the coasting trade, ship building, and the fish- ery. It lies 38 miles N. E. from York, 15 S. W. from Portland, and 69 S. W. from Augusta. First permanently settled, 1630. Incor- porated, 1718. Population, 1837, 2,278. See Saco. Billcrica, Mass. 2\Iiddlesex co. This town is wa- tered by the Concord and Shaw- sheen rivers, and has a pleasant vil- lage, on high ground, near the cen- tre. Its soil is good and well im- proved. The Middlesex canal and the Boston and Lowell rail road pass through the easterly part ol the town. First settled, 1653. Incor- porated, 1655. Population, 1337, 1 ,198. Here are some manufactures of woolen cloth, boots, leather, wooden ware, straw bonnets, shav- ing and splitting knives, bod bind- ing, soft soap, and spirits. Billerica lies 18 miles N. W. from Boston, 7 S. S. E. from Lowell, and 7 N. E. by N. fi'om Concord. Blngliaiu, Die. Somerset co. On the eastern bank of Kennebec river, opposite to Concord, 26 miles N. from Nor- ridgewock, 118 N. N. E. from Port- land, and 55 N. from Augusta. In- corporated, 1812. Population, 1837, 701. In 1837, 2,548 bushels of wheat was raised in this town. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Black. Rivers. Black river, in Windsor county, Vt. is 33 miles in length. It rises in Plymouth, passes Ludlow, Cav- endish and Weathersfield, and falls into the Connecticut at Springfield. This river passes through many nat- ural ponds, and affords a great num- ber of mill seats. Black river, in Orleans county, Vt. is about 30 miles in length. It rises in some ponds in Craftsbury, and passing through Albany, Iras- burg, and Coventry, it falls into Memphremagog lake at Salem. Black river, in Somerset county. Me. is one of the head branches of the ^yalloostook. Blackstouc River, Mass. The most inland branch of this river rises between Paxton and Hol- den. It passes Worcester, and the ponds in Shrewsbury pay it the tri- bute of their waters. After pass- ing Auburn, Grafton, Millbury, Sutton, Northbridge, Uxbridge and Mondon, it passes into the state of Rhode Island, where it changes its name to Pawtucket, and meets the tide waters in Providence river. Black-w^ater River, M. II. Blackwater river, N. H. so called from its dark appearance, is formed by two small streams, one of which rises in Danbury, and the other is- sues from Pleasant pond, in New Loudon. These branches unite soon after crossing the W. line of Andover, and form the Blackwater, which passes through the S. W. part of that town ; from thence through the W. part of the towns of Salisbu- ry and Boscawen into Hopkinton, where it empties into Contoocook river. Blancliard, Me. Somerset CO. This town lica 116 miles from Augusta. In 1837, 795 bushels of wheat was raised here. Population, same year, 261. See Barnard, Me. 4* Blaiiafora, Mass. Hampden CO. Branches of West- field river rise in this town and give it a good water power. Blandford was incorporated in 1741. It was originally settled by a company from the north of Ireland. It lies 114 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 15 W. by N! from Springfield. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,443. The manufac- tures of the place consist of woolen cloth, paper and leather. Annual amount, $50,500. The agricultu- ral products sent to market in 1836, amounted to S^22,340. There were in the town 1,533 cows and 1,S22 merino sheep. Block Island, R. I. See j\''ew Shoreham. Bloody Brook, Mass. See Deerfield. BloomHeld, Me. Somerset co. This town was in- corporated in 1814, and lies on Ken- nebec river, 33 miles N. from Au- gusta and 7 below Norridgewock, opposite to Skowhegan. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,033. Bloomfield is a fine township of land, and produced in 1837 5,030 bushels of wheat. Bloomfield, Vt. Essex CO. Bloomfield lies on the W. side of Connecticut river, and is also watered by branches of the Nulhegan. Population, 1830, 150. It is about 20 miles N. from Guild- hall, and 60 N. E. from Montpeher. BlooMifield, Ct. Hartford co. This was formerly a parish in Windsor, called Winton- bury. It derived its name from the circumstance of the parish being formed from Windsor, Farmington and Simsbury ; the name Win-ton- bury being a part of the name of each of those towns. It was incor- porated into a town in 1835. The inhabitants enjoy a fine soil, and cul- tivate it with great industry, pro- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ducing large crops of grass and graiu, with an abundance of choice fruit. It lies about ^ix miles N. from Hartford. I'upulation, about 1,100. Bine IIUl and Day, Mc. Hancock co. The town lies at the head of a large bay, of ihe same name, 12 miles £. from Ca-5. It lies be- tween Concord and Nashua rivers. Here are good limestone, and small manufactures of boots, shoes, leath- er and combs. Bolton, C t. Tolland co. This town lies 14 miles E. from Hartford, and 10 miles S by W. from Tolland. Popula- tion, 1S30, 744. The soil is a coarse, hard, gravelly loam, tit only for grazing. It is wilhiu the granite region of the eastern section of the state. The Bolton Stone Quarry is quite noted. " The stone is a spe- cies of slate, of a brilliant light gray color, composed of mica and quartz, and is excellent for flagging and other purposes. It is extensive- ly used in the principal cities of the United States. For strength it ex- ceeds any other known iu this coun- try, and the demand for it is rapidly increasing." The supply is inex- haustible. Boon Island, Me., A ledge of rocks, with a light- house thereon ; about 9 miles E. from Kittery. Near this island the steamboat New England, on her passage from Boston to Gardiner, met a fatal disaster, by coming in contact with a loaded coaster, on the night of the 31st of May, iSoS, by which many valuable lives were jeopardized. Boothbay, nie. Lincoln co. This town is bound- ed W. by the mouth of Sheepscot river, N. by Edgecomb, E. by Damariscotta river, and S. by the ocean. It is nearly surrounded by water, and is noterl for its excellent harbor. Its niaritime situation ren- ders it a place of considerable busi- ness in the coasting trade and fish- eries. This town lies 39 miles S. S. E. from Augusta, 12 E. N. E. from Wiscassct, ()0 E. N. E. from Port- land, and about 40 miles S. W. by W. from Owl's Head, by water. Boothbay is a fine watering place. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and many visit it, in summer months, for health or pleasure. Here may be found all the enjoyments of sea air and bathing ; fishing and fowl- ing ; ocean and island scenery ; for which JVahant, in Massachusetts bay, is justly celebrated. Incorpo- rated, 1764. Population, 1S37, 2,562. Bosca-iveu, N. H. Merrimack co. Boscawen is sit- uated between Concord and Salis- bury, on the W. side of Merrimack river. Boscawen is S miles N. Vv'^. from Concord. Besides the Merri- mack, the west part of this town is watered by Blackwater river, run- ning nearly parallel with the for- mer, through the whole extent of the town, and about five miles dis- tant from it. It is not a large stream, but very important, both on account of the fertile fields of champaign on its borders, and the numerous Vi'a- ter privileges it affords. There are two ponds of some note. Great pond, near the centre of the town. Long pond, in the west part, and mill seats at the outlet of each. Boscawen is of a deep, productive soil, aflbrding many excellent fai-ms delightfully situated. The surface, when view- ed from its highest parts, appears uncommonly level. From the nu- merous streams of living water, and from the peculiar direction of the swells of the hills, this town prob- ably derives that pure air and uni- form temperature which are so con- ducive to health. The principal village is in the east section of the tov/n. It is situated on a spacious street nearly two miles in length, very straight and level. Here the eye of the traveller is attracted and delighted by the fertile intervales and windings of the river Merri- mack. There is another village on a pleasant eminence near the west meeting house. Boscav/en was granted by Massachusetts in 1733. The proprietors gave to it the name of Contuocook, after the Indian name of the river. It received its present name when it was incorpo- rated, April 22, 1780, from Edward Boscawen, a celebrated English ad miral then on the American station. The first settlement commenced early in the season of 1734. Abi- gail Danforth was the first child born in the town. The Indians made frequent predatory incursions on the inhabitants. See Duston^s Island. Among the deceased citizens of this place entitled to respectful no- tice, are, George Jackman, Esq., the first town clerk, who continued in office 36 years. He was appoint- ed a justice of the peace under Geo. II. and continued in that office during all successive changes down to 1813. Rev. Samuel Wood, D. D., for more than half a century the min- ister of Boscawen, was distinguish- ed for his learning and piety. Hon. Ezekiel Webster, a native of Salisbury, resided here many years. He was an eminent barris- ter at law, of extraordinary talents, and great private worth. He died in the court house, at Concord, April 10, 1S29, aged 49, beloved and lamented by all who knew his character. Population, 1830, 2,003. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. BOSTOI\. County of Suflblk. The ancient city of Boston, the capital of Mas- sachusetL*?, and of New England, and the birth place of American Free- dom, is naturally divided into three sections — Old Boston, South Boston, and East Boston, situated at the western extremity of Massachusetts Bay. The peninsula on which Old Boston is built, extends from Roxbu- ry, on the south, to Winnesiinet Ferry, on the north, and is nearly sur- rounded by the waters of Boston harbor on the east, and Charles river on the north and west. Its length is nearly three miles, and its average breadth about one mile. It orig;inally contained about 700 acres, but its territory has been s:reatly extended, by tilling up around its borders. Its surface is quite uneven. It has numerous eminences, rising from 50 to 110 feet above the sea, aflbi'diug admirable sites for building, and giving to it a peculiarly romantic appearance. It is in north Lat. 42° 21' 23" and west Lon. 71° 4' 9". It lies HiS miles S. S. W. from Augusta, Me. ; 63 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H. ; 160 S. E. by S. from Montpclier, Vt. ; 158 E. (19' S.) from Albany, N. Y. ; 40 N. N. E. from Providence, R. I. ; 97 E. N. E. from Hartford, Ct. ; 207 N. E. by E. from New York, and 432 miles N. E. bj- E. from Washington. Its Indian name was ShaW' inut. It was called by the first settlers Tramount, Tremont, or Tri- moitntain, from three hills nearly in its centre. It took its present name on the 7th of Sept., 1630, in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, second min- ister of the first cJiurch, who cume from Boston, in England. The orig- inal proprietor of this territory was John Blackstoiie, who, soon after its settlement by Winthrop and others, removed to Rhode Island. Boston was iiicorpor;itfil ;w a rity, February 23, 1S22. South Boston. This part of Boston was set oft" from Dorchester, by legislative enact- ment, March the 6lh, 1804. It is bounded south by Dorchester Bay, and spreads about two miles on the south side of the harbor, above the fortj. It contains about COO arrcs, and i.? laid out into regular streets and squares. The surf.icc of this part of Boston is exceedingly picturesque. In about the centre of this tract, and about two miles from the City Hall, the memorable " Dorchester Heights" rear their heads 130 feet above the sea, from which is presented a splendid view of Boston, its harbor, and the surrounding country. It is connected with Old Boston by two bridges. This part of Boston is rapidly iiicieasing in population and wealth. The 1Vashington''J[oiise, near the "Heights," is a noble building, and a delightful residence NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. East Boston. This section of the city, until recently, had been called JVoddle's Isl- and. It lies about 660 yards N. E. from Old Boston, and about the same distance from Charlestown. It is divided from Chelsea by Chelsea Creek, 600 feet wide, over which is a bridge, and from which is an excellent road to the Salem turnpike. The Eastern rail-road, to Salem, Newbu- ryport, £tc., commences at East Boston. The island contains about 660 acres of land, and a large body of flats. It was purchased by a compa- ny of enterprizing gentlemen in 1832. They were incorporated in March, 1833, and the first house was commenced in October of the same year. A steam-boat ferry is established between this place and Old Boston, starting from each side every five minutes. The time occupied in cross- ing is about three minutes. A ferry is about being established between this island and Charlestown. The surface of the island is pleasingly va- riegated, and affords delightful sites for dwelling houses and gardens at moderate prices. This place is well located for manufactories of vari- ous kinds; particularly for ship building, and all those branches of me- chanics connected with navigation. The Maverick Hotel is a large and splendid building, occupying a commodious site. This house is named in honor of Samuel Maverick, who owned the island and resided there in 1630, and who is said to have made " some figure in the history of after times — a man of very loving and courteous behavior, and very ready to entertain strangers." Boston Harbor, Extends across Light House Channel and Broad Sound, from Point Al- derton on Nantasket, to Point Shirley in Chelsea, a distance, between the islands, of about 4 miles. It is safe, and of ample capacity for the larg- est navy. The most important part of this harbor is entered by a narrow pass, between two and three miles below the city and Navy Yard ; and is well protected by two powerful forts — Independence and Warren. The outer harbor, below these forts, will shortly be protected by a very pow- erful fortress now erecting on George's Island, at a great expense, by the government of the United States. Boston harbor contains many islands of great beauty, and is the reservoir of the Mystic, Charles, JVeponset, Manatiquot and other rivers. Its borders are environed by the towns of Hull, Hingham, Weymouth, Braintree, Quincy, Dorchester, Roxbu- ry, Bi'ookline, Cambridge, Charlestown, and Chelsea; and the numerous small bays, coves and inlets, indenting their shores, give great variety, and add much to the scenery of this delightful harbor. Owing to the almost insular situation of Boston, and its limited extent, its population appears small. But it must be considered that the neigh- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. boring towns of Quincy, Dorchester, Milton, Roxbury, Brooklinc, Brigh- ton, Watertown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Modford, Maiden, and Chel- sea, although not included in the city cliarter, are component parts of the city, and are as much associated with it in all its commercial, manufac- turing, literary, and social relations and feelings, as Greenwich, Man- hattanvillc, and Harlem are with the city of New York; or Southwark and the Northern Liberties with Philadelphia. The population of Boston in 1700, was 7,000—1722, 10,567—1765, 15,520—1790, 1!<,03S— 1800, 21,937—1810, 33,250—1820,43,293—1830, 61,391, and in 1837.80,325. Avenues. The puiiiusular situation of Boston requires many artificial avenues to and from the surrounding country. Until 1786, the " Neck," between Boston and Koxbury, one mile and 117 feet in length, was the only pas- sage to it by land. On the 17th June, of that year, the Charlex Rwer BriJgc, leading from Boston to Chariestown, was opened for travel. It was incorporated, March 9, 1785. This bridge is 1,503 feet in length, 42 in breadth, and cost $50,000. Net revenue in 1834, $9,383. This bridge by its charter becomes state property in 1856. West Boston Bridge, leading to Cambridge, was opened on the 23d of November, 1793. It was incorporated March 9, 1792. Length of the bridge, 2,758 feet — abutment and causeway, 3,432 — total length, G,190 feet. Cost, $76,667. Net revenue in 1834, §12,928. This bridge will become state property in 1879. South Boston Bridge, leading from Boston Neck to South Boston, was incorporated March 6, 1804, and opened for travel in July, 1805. Length, 1,550 (Vet — width, 40. It cost the proprietors about .§50,000. It is now city property — free. Canal Bridge, from Boston to Lechmere Point, in East Cambridge, was incorporated February 27, 1S07, and opened for travel in August, 1809. Length, 2,796 feet— width, 40. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Chariestown. Lengtli, 1,820— width, 35 feet. Net receipts in 1S34, §3,173. This bridge will become state property in 1879. The Western .Ivenue, leading from Beacon street to SeiveWs Point, in Brookline, was incorporated June 14, 1814, and commenced in 1818. It was opened for travel, July 2, 1821. This avenue is a substantial dam across Charles river bay, about a mile and a half in length, and iiom 60 to 100 feet in width. This dam encloses about 600 acres of flats, over wliich the tide formerly flowed from 7 to 10 feet. A partition dam di- vides this enclosure, ;tnd forms, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a full NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and receiving basin ; thereby producing, at all times, a great hydraulic power. The cross dam also forms an excellent avenue from the main dam to Rosbury. Cost, about $700,000. Net receipts in 1834, |6,133. The proprietors of this avenue claim a perpetual franchise. Boston Free Bridge, from Sea street to South Boston. Incorporated, March 4, 1826— completed, 1828. Length, 500— width, 38 feet. Built by proprietors of lands in the vicinity. City property. Warren Bridge, leading to Charlestown. Length, 1,390 feet — width, 44. Incorporated March 12, 1828, and opened on the December follow- ing. It is now state property. The net receipts of this bridge in 1834, were $16,427. All the above avenues are lighted with lamps, when necessary, and make a beautiful appearance. Public Buildings. Some of those of the most prominent character only can be mentioned. The City Hall, or " the Old State House," on State and Washington streets, now occupied by the city government, Post-Office, Reading- Room, &c., is 110 feet in length, 38 in breadth, and 3 stories high. Two build- ings on this spot have been destroyed by tire. The first was built in 1659, the second in 1714, and the present ia 1748. Until the erection of the present State House, this building had ever been used for governmental purposes, both colonial and state. Faneuil Hall, or the " Cradle of Liberty," in Dock Square, is three stories high, 100 feet by 80, and was the gift of Peter Faneuil, Esq. to the toAvn, in 1742. The building was enlarged in 1805, and until the new Market was built the lower part of it was used for meat stalls. It is now improved for stores. The Hall is 76 feet square, 28 feet high, and has deep galleries on three sides. It is adorned with superb paintings of patriots, warriors and statesmen. The third story is improved for armo- ries. State House. This building is on an open square, on Beacon-street, fronting the malls and common. Its foundation is 110 feet above the lev- el of the sea. It was commence^, in 1795, and completed and occupied in 1798. Cost, $133,333. Length, 173 feet— breadth, 61. On the area of the lower hall stands the beautiful statue of Washington, by Chan- try. From the top of the dome on this building, 52 feet in diameter, and 230 feet above the level of the harbor, the -"vhole city appears beneath, with all its crooked streets, its extended avenu<^s, its splendid buildings, and the malls and common, crossed with romantic walks, and shaded by centurian elms. On the north and west the county of Middlesex pre- sents its numerous villas, and a rich array of agricultural taste and beau- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ty. Here are viewed the hallowed halls of Harvard, and the sacred lield of Bunker. On the south the county of Norfolk appears, with its granite hills and luxuriant vales, chequered with a thousand farm houses, cottages, and splendid mansions. On the cast, the city, with its lofty spires, the harbor and the ocean, all conspire to render this the most en- chanting scene west of the Bay of Isaples. The Massachusetts Hospital is on an open plot of ground of 4 acres, at the western part of the city, on the banks of Charles river. It is 163 feet in length, and 54 in breadth. Commenced in ISIS, completed in 1821. This building is of granite, and is a beautiful monument of taste and beneficence. Faneuil Hall Market. The corner stone of this superb granite building was laid on the 27th of April 1825, and completed in 1S27. Cost, $150,000, exclusive of land. It extends east of Faneuil Hall, on Dock square, 536 feet, and is 50 feet in width. The centre part of the build- ing, 74 by 55, projects two or three feet on the north and south, and rises 77 feet from the ground, to a beautiful dome. The wings are 31 feet, and two stories high. The lower floor is exclusively appropriated as a meat, li^-h and vegetable market. The upper story is one vast hall, ar- ranged to be divided info comp.irtments for ware-rooms and large sales. On the sides of this building are jYorth Market street, 65, and South Market street, 102 feet in width ; on each of which is a range of spa- cious ware-houses, with granite fronts. On the cast, across Commercial street, is a commodious wharf, belonging to the city. The hall, in the centre of the building is called Quincy Hall, in honor of Josiah Quincy, L.L. D., the late indefatigable mayor of the city, and now president of Harvard University. Tremont House. This superb hotel, on Tremont and Beacon streets, was commenced on the 4th of July. 1S28, and completed 16t]i of October, 1829. Its granite front on Tremont street is 160 feet, and 3 stories high. The wings arc four stories high ; that on Beacon street is 84 by 34 feet; and that on the south, fronting an open square, is 110 by 40 feet. This building contains ISO rooms. The dining hall is 70 by 31, and 14 feet high. Cost, $63,000, without the land. J\'ew Court House. The corner stone of this building, in Court square, between Court and School streets, 'for the accommodation of all the courts of law for the county, city, and the United States, offices of record, fee, was laid Sept. 2*<, 1S33. It is of cut, or hewn granite, from the Quincy quarry. Its length is 175 feet 10 inches; — width, 53 feet 10 inches, and heiglit 57 feet 3 inches. A portico of nearly the same model of the Doric portico at Athens, adorns its north and south fronts. There are four columns of lluted granite at cacli of these porticos, mcas- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. uring 25 feet 4 inches in length, and 4 feet 5 inches in diameter. They weigh 25 tons each. The interior contains four court rooms, 50 feet by 40, and large and commodious offices for all the respective departments. Houses of Industry, Correction, and Reformation. These houses are delightfully situated on a plot of ground of about 61 acres, situated at South Boston, on the margin of the harbor, and near the brow of Dor- chester Heights. Trinity Church, in Summer street, St. PauVs Church and the MO' sonic Temple, in Tremont street, the Washington Bank, in Washings ton street, the granite building lately erected by the Suffolk Bank, the United Stales Bank, in State street, and the Steeple of Park street Church, are some of the best specimens of architecture in Boston. Schools aud Institutions. The first settlers of New England were exceedingly tenacious of their civil and religious rights, and they well knew that knovAedge was an all-powerful engine to preserve those rights, and transmit them to their posterity. They therefore very early laid the foundation of those /ree schools, of which all the sons and daughters of New England are justly proud. Exclusive of Infant and Sabbath school scholars, about a quar= ter part of the population of Boston is kept at school throughout the year, at an annual expense of about .f 200,000. Boston is not only cele- brated for its schools, but for its munificent donations in support of its institutions for moral, religious, and literary purposes. Since the year 1800, not less than two millions of dollars have thus been appropriated by the citizens of Boston. New England Institution for the Education of the Blind. This Institution was incorporated in 1S29 ; but, little was accomplished nntil 1832, when Dr. Howe returned from Europe accompanied by a blind teacher; manifesting that zeal in the cause of the blind which had distinguished his philanthropic labors, in another sphere, in a distant land. He opened a school with six blind young scholars. The progress of those children was so great, and the value of an Institution of the kind so apparent, that legislatures and citizens, generally, became much interested. By. public and private donations, particularly by the influence of ladies in several parts of New England, and by the munifi- cent gift of a splendid building in Pearl street, by the Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, the Institution has increased, both in reputation and funds, with unparalleled success. The scholars are instructed in all those branches common in other schools, and some of them in the higher branches of literature. IMusic is the study of all. Mechanical labors are taught and enjoyed by the pupils. Musical instruments of all kinds, and other 5 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Implements are provided for their convenience and use. A printing press is established, and several books have been printed in embossed letters, which are superior to any in Europe. It is exceedingly delight- ful to see tliese interesting youth, whose lives once seemed a dreary waste, and to witness their improvement in acquiring useful knowledge, partaking of all those recreations, natural and proper for their age, sex, and condition, and lilting themselves for useful stations in society. The Institution is managed by a board of trustees, and is patronized by the governments of all the New England States. Eye and Ear Infirmary. This Institution was commenced in Boston, by Drs. JeflVics and Rey- nolds, in 1824, from a conviction of its utility and importance, derived from what they had seen and known of similar establii-hnicnts in Europe. Those gentlemen conducted the establishment at their own expense for some time, during which large numbers received the most important benefits. In 1827, by the philanthropic exertions of those, and other gentlemen, an act of incorporation was obtained, and some funds were raised. As early as 1828, 2,610 cases were treated at the Inlirmary, of which about five-sixths were cured. Of these cases about one-sixth were for diseases of the ear. Since that time the number of applicants has increased annually ; and this Institution, whose merits are not sur- passed by any other in the city, has now a beautiful and commodious building in Bowdoin square for the reception of patients. Theatres. The Boston Theatre, on Federal and Franklin streets, was first open- ed February 3, 1794. It was burnt, February 2, 1798 ; it was re-built, and re-opened on the 29th of October, tlie same year. It is of brick, 152 feet long, 61 wide, and 40 high. This building is now denominated " The Odeon," and is consecrated to the worship of God. A huge wood- en building was erected on Tremont street, and opened as the " Hay- Market Theatre," December 26, 1796. The citizens in its neighbor- hood being fearful of its conllagration, caused its demolition, by subscrip- tion, and the block of elegant brick dwelling-houses, near, and north of Boylston street, now occupy the spot. The Tremont Theatre, on Tremont street, is a very neat building, with a granite front 135 feet by 79. It was commenced in July, and op.>ned September 24, 1827. Cost, about $!l20,000. The J\'atio7ial TTieatre, at the junction of Portland and Traverse streets, near the Warren bridge, was consti'ucted in 1831. This build- ing was first used for equestrian performances. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Boston Common. This is considered one of the most delightful promenades in the world. It comprises about 75 acres of land, of variegated surface, beautifully shaded by trees of various kinds, particularly in the malls, or walks which surround it. Some of those trees were planted more than a hun- dred years ago. The malls are wide, beveled, graveled, and smooth ; the waters of Charles river, and the romantic scenery beyond it, are in prospect. The whole is enclosed by an iron fence, on the outside of which are wide streets and beautiful buildings. The distance around the malls and common is about a mile. This plot of ground is so held by the city, that it can never be appropriated to any other than its pres- ent healthful and pleasing purposes. The foundation of a large and splendid Botanic Garden was laid in 1837, by the subscription of funds for that purpose. It is located on the city lands, on the west side of the Common. This will be a great ornament to the city, and an honor to the taste and judgment of its projectors. Finances. The public debt of the city of Boston on the 1st of May, 1837, was $1,497,200. The receipts, during the financial year, from the 30th of April, 1836, to 30th April, 1837, was $926,350— the expenditures, $904,065. Besides the public property in public buildings, city and other wharves, &c. &c., both improved for city purposes, and rented, the city has about 7,000,000 square feet of land on the Neck, exclusive of streets, public squares, and malls, and a very large property in other lands in various parts of the city, which are rapidly increasing in value. The amount of this property cannot be stated, but it is known greatly to ex- ceed the city debt, exclusive of that part which is wanted for the uses of the city. Conunerce. The citizens of Boston have ever sustained a high rank for their com- mercial enterprise. After whitening every sea with their canvass, and extending their commerce with all nations of the globe, they are now looking westward and northward, and constructing new and artificial channels, to enable them not only to compete with other Atlantic cities for the already immense commerce of the western world, but to inter- cept it on its passage down the St. Lawrence. The number of vessels entered at this port the year ending September 30, 1837, was 1,544— tonnage, 242,277 tons— crews, 11,503:— cleared, 1,367, tonnage, 184,373 tons — crews, 9,177. The registered, enrolled and licensed tonnage of this port, the same year, was 201,005 tons. A large amount of tonnage, owned at Boston, is registered at southern ports. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Commercial Accommodations. There is probably no place in the world better accommodated for com- mercial operaUoni than Boston The whole length of the harbor on th» east and north is lined with about 200 docks and wharves. A few o( them only can be noticed. Jnd-a Wharf, at the foot of Fort Hill, was constructed in 1803. It extends info the harbor 980 feet, and is 246 to 2S0 feet in width. In the centre is a range of 39 stores, 22 by SO, and 4 stories in height. Central JVharf, between India and Long wharves, was built in 1816. In the centre are .54 ware-houses, 23 by 50, 4 stories high. It is 1,379 feet in length, and 150 in width. Over a spacious hall in the centre of this range of stores, is one of the best observatories in the United States. North of this is Long Wharf, at the foot of Slate street, commenced in 1710. This wharf extends into the harbor 1,800 feet, is 200 feet in width, and has 76 spacious ware-houses. About ihe centre of th.i wliarf is a well of fresh water, 90 feel in depth. Passing the City wharf on the north, we come to Commercial Wharf, 1,100 feet in length, and 160 in width. On the centre of this wharf is a range of 34 granite ware-houses, 25 by 60 feet, and are unequall ! by any thing of the kind in the United States for convenience or grandeur. Cost, !§300,000. On the west, and in front of this tier of wharves, which run into the harbor nearly parallel to each other, are India and Commercial streets, having the east end of Faneuil Hall Market nearly in the centre. These streets are wide; they serve as wharves, and their west sides are cover- ed with large and convenient stores. It is contemplated to extend India street, on the south, to the Free Bridge on Sea street; and Commercial street, on the north, to Winnesimet Ferry. (See Hale's Map of Boston.) The Marine Bailways, established in 1826, at the north part of the city, afford great acconimodalions to those engaged in navigation. A new and splendid Custom House is now erecting on India street, between Long and Central wharves. An Exchange, for the accommodation oi merchants, and a new City HaLl, are contemplated. Manufactures. Although Boston has never been considered a manufa"furin:X city, yet, since the general peace in Europe, in 1815, and the passage of the present tariff laws, in 1833, its manufacturing interests have considerably increased. The following are the manufactures of Boston for the year ending April 1, 1837, with the value of each, the number of hands employed, and the amount of capital invested, so far as can be ascertained. It may be proper to observe, that the following account is doubtless NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. accurate, as far it extends, but it is known that in some towns in Massa- chusetts the whole amount of their manufactures has not been stated by the assessors. ARTICLES. Value. Hands Males. employ'd Females, Capital In- vested. Boots and Shoes, fl02,G41 304 55 Leather, 228,000 50 $60,000 Hats, 194,673 95 68 Iron Castings, 372,000 289 665,000 Axes, 7,500 8 2,000 Glass, 48,000 77 47,000 Chairs and Cabinet "Ware, 148,100 164 Combs, 41,000 25 16 121,000 Tin Ware, 112,032 116 Spirits, 926,8.56 19 Straw Bonnets, 182,450 438 Vessels, (average for 5 years,) 124,400 17 Axletrees, 10,000 6 6,000 Beer, 12,000 8 30,000 Soap and Candles, 93,000 29 125,000 Whale Oil, 135,000 16 100,000 Copper and Brass, 756,754 200 316,300 Organs and Piano-fortes, 302,700 220 163,500 Brushes, 93,000 79 59 33,000 Gold and Silver Leaf, 43,000 22 14 11,200 Carriages and Harnesses, 318,805 298 82,200 Refined Sugar, 976,454 92 303,653 Silver Ware and Jewelry, 228,100 88 111,050 Chain Cables, 60,000 20 75,000 Umbrellas, 65,000 37 26 36,500 Saddles, Trunks and Whips, 177,000 120 17 83,000 Granite, Marble, &c. 336,000 400 165,500 Machinery, 326,000 287 183,775 Blank Books and Stationary, 78,000 43 7 49,000 Gas, 100,000 40 375,000 Looking Glasses and Frames, 147,500 42 55,600 Lasts, 40,000 29 18,000 Neck Stocks, &c. 122,000 21 435 58,200 Types and Stereotypes, 157,000 185 30 140,000 Printed Books, 925,000 500 400 850,000 Clothing, 1,SS7,666 542 2402 769,094 Hard Ware, 40,000 29 18,000 Baskets, &c. 93,000 138 4,655 3,967 38,000 Totals, $10,010,631 Fisheries. The city of Boston is so limited, in regard to territory, as to be exclud- ed, in a great measure, from participating in the fisheries. Much capi- tal of the Bostonians is, however, invested, at the out ports, in this im- portant branch of the resources of the wealth of New England. During 5* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the year endinj; April 1, 1837, there were belonging to this city four ves- sels engaged in the whale fisherj-, and 152 in the cod and mackerel fish- eries, employing 1,919 hands. Total tonnage, 11,253 tons. Total pro- ceeds, $824,898. Capital employed, $748,200. Health. To judge of the health of a city we must compare its bills of mortality, for a scries of years, with those of some other city. We have ever believed that the climate of Boston, and of New England generally, was as con- ductive to health as any portion of our country ; but having heard it often asserted that the climate of Boston was more favorable to some diseases, particularly those of a pulmonary character, or what is com- monly called co7isumption, than that of our sister city New York, we have examined with great care the authenticated bills of mortality of each city for five successive years, (1830 — 1834, inclusive.) The popu- lation of Boston, in 1830, was 61,391— of New York, 202,589— a frac- tion less than 3 1-3 in New York to 1 in Boston. From 1820 to 18.50, the average increase of the population of Boston was a fraction less than 4 per cent, per annum — that of New York a fraction less than 6 1-3 per cent, per annum. The aggregate number of deaths in Boston during those five years, was 7,340 — New York, 35,087: — a fraction more than 4 2-3 in New York to 1 in Boston. In that period, the aggregate nun)berof deaths in Boston, by consumption, was 1,128 — in New York 6,124: — more than 5 1-3 in New York to 1 in Boston. Fires. Boston, in common with all large towns which are chiefly built of wood, has suffered very much by fire. Fifty years ago the buildings in the town were principally of that material ; but by efficient measures adopted by the citizens, particularly the law of 1803, prohibiting the con- struction of wooden buildings of a greater height than 10 feet, a large por- tion of the old buildings have been taken down, and their places, with thousands of others on new sites, now present to that destructive element solid walls of brick .ind stone. A few of the most memorable fires are here given. In October 1711, a fire broke out in Williams' Court and destroyed most of the buildings on both sides of Cornhill, no'w Washing- ton street, from .School street to Market square. On the 20th of March 1760, 174 dwelling-houses, 175 ware-houses, shops, &c. were burnt. This fire was in the centre of the town, (Cornhill, State and Congress streets to Fort Hill,) and the amount of property consumed, was estimated at £100,000 sterling. April 24, 1787, a fire commenced in Beach street, and extending south, destroyed about 60 dwelling-houses, 40 other build- ings, and the church in Ilollis street. July 30, 1794. Seven rope-walks, between Pearl and Atkinson streets, and about 90 other buildings in that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. neighborhood were destroyed. Loss estimated at more than $200,900. On the 3J of November, 1S13, the Boston Exchange Coffee-House, in Congress-square, was destroyed by tire. This building covered 12,- 733 feet of land. It was 7 stories high, and from the floor to the top of the dome was S3 feet. It contained 210 apartments, and cost about half a million of dollars. The conflagration occurred in the evening, and the sight was awfully sublime. On the 7th of July, 1824, at noon, (the wind blowing almost a gale,) 15 costly dwelling-houses were burnt, on Beacon, Charles and Chesnut streets. A very destructive fire commenced on Doane sti-eet, April 7th, 1324, when 53 large ware-houses, in that part of the city, with a great amount of merchandize, were destroyed. A number of buildings, containing about 35 lawyers' ofBces, and 20 stores and shops, on Court street, were burnt, Nov. 10, 1825. During five years, 1830 — 1834, inclusive, there were 226 fires — the amount of property destroyed was $274,278 : — of which $140,943 was insured. The most destructive fires were in 1833. In that year 71 fires occurred, $89,970 value of property was destroyed, of which $57,040 was insured. The present Fire Department was organized in 1826, It Js always in the most perfect state of preparation for service. Attached to this de- partment are 24 engines, and 16,000 feet of hose. By the most powerful of these engines, with 250 feet of hose, water can be thrown over the grasshopper, on the cupola of Faneuil Hall. S4 feet above the pavement Water- The subject of pure water for aJl the various uses of life has ever been one of the first and most important considerations with settlers in all coun- tries. It frequently happens that those places most suitable for com- merce are the least favorable to the ready acquirement of that indispens- able element ; consequently the ingenuity and skill of man have devised and executed those stupendous aqueducts, and tanks or reservoirs, both in ancient and modern times, which have made some of the most desolate parts of the globe the greatest marts of trade and most splendid cities. Governor Winthrop and his associates located themselves at Charlestown, and would have continued there had not the waters of Shawmut been more agreable to their tastes. Their change of situation, on that account, is no compliment to their chemical knowledge, for the waters of Charles- town are decidedly the best. Possibly " the magic of a name" might have influenced them ; for Shaiomut, in the Indian language, is said to mean ♦' springs of living waters," The city council, in 1834, took the long neglected subject of introduc • NLW KNCil.AND UAZKTTEER. ing soft aud pure water in'o the city, iuto consideration. By analyses of the wafers of Boston, one of the best wells in the city was found to contain 3.6 grains of the salts of sulphate of lime, muriate of soda and muriate of lime, to the pound of water. The well is 30 feet deep, and is situate high on the side ol u hill. Some wells were found to contain 7.5 grains of the above salts, and many others a much greater quantity of noxious matter. An able cn^iieer stated that in October 1831, there were 2,767 wells in the city ; of which number 2, 085 were drinkable, and 682 bad ; and that only 7 of the whole number were occasionally used for washing. The engineer also stated tiiat " all the dug or Artesian wells of Boston, are in strata of dilferent materials in very irregular position, so that whatever may be the success in making one well, no certain result can be predica- ted upon another trial at a short distance from the first. The wells in town are polluted by the dirty water at the surface being absorbed, set- tling and minglin!; with the veins below ; or are adulterated by mixture Willi little streams of sea-water." The Boston Aqueduct Corporation commenced operations for convey- ing water into tlie city from Jamaica pond, in Roxbury, in 1795. The distance from Boston to the pond is four miles, and the number of feet of logs laid in the city is 72,000, or about IS miles. The greatest quantity of water that can be supplied from this source is 50,000 gallons daily, and the greatest height item be raised in the city is 49 feet above tide-water. According to the estiraates of the quantity of water used in London and Philadelphia, about 28 gallons daily would be required for every person in the city. This includes all that is couimonly used for stables, wash- ing streets, the extinguishment of lines, for manufacturing, and all other purposes. The quanUty of water u-ccssary for the present population is therefore about 2,500,000 gallons, u^ily. Spot pond in Stoneham, 8 miles from the city ; Mystic pond in Charlcstown and Medford, 7 miles ; Long pond, in Natick, ItJ miles; or the wato,s of Charles river, taken at Watcrlown, 7 miles from tlie city, would almost inundate the misnamed Shawmut with soft and pure water, at an expense of about a million of dollars. Pliiladelphia, by her incomparable water works, has added a lustre to her bright name; New York is following hernoble example, by bringing the Croton river, 15 miles, to the centre of the city, at an expense of live millions of dollars; and Boston cannot much longer re- main insensible of the value of pure water, to the health and comfort of its people. Antiquities. Bo.-,ton WQs described by Julm-^on in his " Wonder Working Provi- dence," about the yiar 1G63, in the following words: " Invironed it is with brinish floods, saving one small Istmos, which NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. gives free access to the neighboring towns by land, on the south side, on the northwest and northeast. Two constant fairs are kept for daily tratique thereunto. The form of this town is like a heart, naturally sit- uated for fortifications, having two hills on the fiontier part there . uc.vt the sea, the one well fortified on the superficies thereof, with store of great artillery well mounted. The other hath a very strong battery built of whole timber, and filled with earth ; at the descent of the hill, u, the extreme poyAt thereof betwixt these two strong arms lies a cove or bay, on which the chief part of this town is built, overtopped with a third hill ; all these like overtopping towers, keep a constant watch to see the approach of foreign dangers, being furnished with a beacon and loud babbling guns to give notice by their redoubled echo to all the sister towns. The chief edifice of this city-like town is crowded on the sea- banks, and wharfed out with great labour and cost; the buil.iings beau- tiful and large, some fairly set forth with brick tile, stone and slate, and orderly placed with semely streets, whose continual enlargement pre- sageth some sumptuous city. But now behold the admirable acts of Christ, at this his people's landing ; the hideous thickets in this place were such that wolves and bears nurst up their young from the eyes of all beholders, in those very places where the streets are full of girls and boys, sporting up and down with continued concourse of people. Good store of shipping is here yearly built, and some very fair ones. This town is the very mart of the land; Dutch, French, and Portugal Is come here to trafique." Present condition of Boston. Perhaps at no period since the settlement of Boston has its prosperity been so flattering as for the last seven years. It is true that Boston in- creased in population and jvealth with great rapidity during the wars in Europe, from 1794 to 1807. But that growth was unnatural and contin- gent ; it depended solely on the caprice of the belligerent powers, who viewed us rather as servants to their necessities, than with respect. The present state of things is altogether different. The world is at peace. We look for no besieged city to supply with bread, neither do we seek to run the gauntlet of a blockading squadron to furnish a starving country with the growth and produce of its own colonies. We now rely on our own resources — agriculture, manufactures, the fisheries, and com- merce with all nations with whom we can exchange our commodities at fair prices. So long as we are blessed with union, good schools, good laws, and with all those moral, religious and charitable institutions, which tend to make mankind wiser and better, our city, under Providence, will continue on in the forward path to prosperity and happiness. The location of Boston always gave it the coxumand of a greater coast- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ing trade than any other port in the United States; but the great arteries to an immense, wide-spread and rapidly increasing interior commerce were never opened until the rail-roads to the nortli, the west, the south, and the east were constructed and in operation. By these devices of hu- man wisdom, and by the continuance of the two former — crossing the wa- ters of our own Connecticut to the noble Hudson, and piercing the cen- tre of a large and fertile country, to the outlet of the great western oceans on the banks of the St. Lawrence, Boston, with its enterprize and wealth, located 160 miles nearer the British capital than New York, can- not fail of sustaining a fair and successful competition for this trade with any city on the American continent. Motto of the City. Sicut patribus sit Tie.us nobis. As God was with our fathers, so may he be AVITH us. Bow, JT. H., Merrimack co., was originally laid out nine miles square, compre- hending a great portion of the ter- ritory now constituting Pembroke and Concord. It is bounded X. E. by Merrimack river, which divides it from Pembroke, S. E. by Hook- sett, S. W. by Dunbarton, N. W. by Concord and a part of Hopkin- ton. The soil is very uneven and hard, but productive when well managed. There is but one pond of any size, called Turee pond. Turkey river empties into the Afer- riinack at Turkey falls, near the N. E. part of Bow. About a mile be- low Arc fJarven's falls, now passable by locks on Bow side. Bow canal is situated on the Merrimack, 3 miles below Concord ; the perpen- dicular measurement around which it is carried is 25 feet — its length 1-3 of a mile. It passes through a ledge of granite, and is for the moit part iniperishrilde. Its cost was §13,860 ; and about $2,000 of Its first income were appropriated towards clearing channels through Turkey falls, 8tc. Pop. 1S30, 1,065. Samuel Welch, the oldest native citizen of New Hampshire, died in Bow on the 5th of April, 1823, at the age of 113 years. He was born at Kingston, Sept. 1st, 1710, where he spent the early part of his life ; he lived subsequently a while at Pembroke ; but for 50 years preced- ing his death he resided at Bow, in an obscure corner, and steadily cultivated his little farm, till the frosts of a century had whitened his locks, and the chills of a hun- dred winters had benumbed his frame. His life was marked by no extraordinary vicissitude — he was never in battle, or in any public service ; he was a man of industry and temperance. Bowback Mount aln. See Stratford, JV. H. Botvdolu, Itlc. Lincoln co. This agricultural township is bounded on the S. E. by Bowdoinham, and S. by Tops- hain. It was incorporated in 1788, and lies 17 miles W. from Wiscas- set, 37 N. N. E. from Portland, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 20 S. S. W. from Augusta. Popu- lation, 1837, 2,173. Bowdoinliatn, Me. Lincoln co. A pleasant town on the west side of Kennebec river, and north of Topshaia. Here is considerable business in the lum- ber trade and ship building. Twen- ty miles S. by W. from Augusta, and 12 N. from Bath. Population, 1S37, 2,21S. Incorporated, 1762. Boxborongli, Mass. Middlesex co. Incorporated, 17S3. Population, 1S37, 433. Some shoe-s, palm-leaf hats and straw bonnets are manufactured in this town, and large quantities of hops are grown. It lies 25 miles N. W. by W. fi-om Boston, and 9 W. by N. from Con- cord. Good lime-stone is found here. Boxford, Mass. Essex CO. This town lies 26 miles N. from Boston, 13 S. W. from Newburyport, and 10 W. by N. from Ipswich. The annual amount of manufactures of cotton wicking, boots, shoes and ploughs is about $100,000. Population, 1837, 964. Incorporated, 1685. Eoylstoii, Mass. Worcester co. Incorporated, 1786. Population, 1837,821. It lies 40 miles W. from Boston, and 8 N. by E. from Worcester. Boylston is watered by Nashua river, and has iron ore and a ledge of crystalized quartz. Here are some manufac- tures of combs, palm-leaf hats, boots and shoes ; — several ponds and fine fish. Bozrali, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from Norwich in 1786. It was formerly called New ConcoM. It lies 33 miles E. S. E. from Hart- ford, and 5 W. from Norwich. The soil is a gravelly loam, rich and fer- tile. It is watered by Yantic river. on which are two pleasant and flourishing villages, BozrahvlUe and Fitchville, at both of which are manufactories for cotton. This town experienced a terrible hail storm on the loth of July, 1799, by which much property was lost and many cattle injured. The hail fell in immense quantities, some particles of which measured six inches in circumference. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,073. Bradford, Me. Penobscot co. This town lies 87 miles from Augusta. 4,944 bush- els of wheat was raised here in 1837, with a population of 770. — See Barnard, Me. Bradford, N. K. Merrimack co. Situated about mid- way between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers, bounded N. by Newbury and Sutton, E. by Warner, S. by Henniker and Hillsborough, W. by Washington ; is 31 miles from Amherst, 25 from Concord, and 80 from Boston. This town is watered by small streams, which principally issue from ponds, — of which the largest is Todd's pond, lying in Bradford and Newbury. This pond is supplied with water from the hills and mountains in Newbury. In it are a number of floating islands, which are deemed objects of curiosity. Its outlet forms the northern branch of Warner river. Pleasant, or Bradford pond, is on the E. side of the town. It is about 550 rods long and 150 wide. It communicates with Warner river by an outlet at the N. end of it. In this pond ai-e several islands, which, with the rugged declivities on the E. bank, the waters below, and the cottages and cultivated fields on the west bank, present to view, in the summer season, a wild and variegated landscape. Many parts of Bradford are hilly. A large proportion of the town, however, lies in a valley, about three miles NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in width. Near the Sunapec moun- tains, OD the N. \V.,is an extensive plain, more than a mile lons^ and a!)Out half a mile wide. The soil diflTcrs in quality. It i-> lisht, loamy or rou£;h. In the easterly part are valuable stone qu.irric<. Bradford was granted to John Peirce and George Jatfrey, in 17fi5. It^ first settlement wa'? made in 1771, by Dea. William Presbury and hi< family. They were soon followed by several inhabitants from Brad- ford in Mass., from which circum- stance it derived its name. It was incorporated Sept. 27, 1787, and i- mentioned in the act as including New Bradford, Washington Gore, and part of Washington. Popula- tion in 1S30, l,2Sj. Bradford, A't. Orange co. This town lies on the W. side of Connecticut river, 23 miles S. E. from ^lonipolier, 7 S. from N'ewbury, and 15 E. N. E. from Chelsea. Population, 18.30, 1,507. Bradford is a pleasant farm- ing town, of good soil, and is well watered by Wait's river. About 4,500 sheep. Bradford, Itlass. Essex CO. This is a vory pleasant town on the south side of >Ierrimack river, and united to Haverhill by a bridsre of fioO feet in kngth. The surface of the town is uneven and the soil various ; but much of the land i< of a superior quality. Sev- eral of the hills exhibit beautiful scenf^ry. Bradford is colebrated for its excellent schools and seminaries of learning. Here are sevei'al ponds, pool ti-ihin^T. and a pb-asant strciiui of water. Some bricks are made here, and considerable leather tan- ned ; but the principal manufactui-e of the place i-i of boots and shoes, of which.durinsi the vearcndinn; April 1, H37, the value" of .-!i.3Sl .7^S was ni:ide. To'al amoun* ol manuf.ictui'es th.it yi'ar.$!:194,-ll-i. Mauds employ- ed, l.OKG. lucoiporalcd, 11)75. Pop- ulation, 18.17, 2275. This town lies 2S miles N. fiom Boston, 10 W. S. W. from Newburypori, IS N. by W. from SabMii, and about 13 miles N. E. from Lowell. A branch of the Boston and Lowell rail-road passes through Bradlordto Haverhill. Bradley, Mc. Penobscot CO. First settled, 1796. Incorporated, 1835. Population, 1837, 338. See Barnard, Me. Bradleyvale, Vt., An unincorporated township in Caledonia county, chartered in 1791, containing about 4000 acres. Moose river passes through it. It is bound- ed on the west by Kirby. Most of the land is on a mountain. It never had more than 21 inhabitants. Braiutrec, Vt. Orange co. This is a good farm- ing town, and produces considerable butter, cheese, beef and pork. It lies 21 miles S. from Montpelier, and 14 W. by S. from Chelsea. Pop- ulation, 1S30, 1209. Branches of White river pass through the town. Bralntrce, Jtlass. Jsorfolk CO. This town formerly included Quincy and Randolph, and was first called Mount IVollaston. It is celebrated for the antiquity of its settlement, (1625) and for "the eminent men it has proiluced, both in church and state. The surface of the town is variegated by hill and dale, presenting many delight- ful views of Boston, its liarbor and the adjacent country. The soil is a strong gravelly loam, and very productive. Excellent granite abounds here, of which large quan- tities are annually quarried and transported ; and some o( the best merchant ship^ are built of native white oak and cedar. The holley tree (Ilex aquifolium) is indigenuus. Indica'ions of coal have been so strong as to warrant an attempt at luiuing. The Manatiquot river. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. which rises in Randolph, after meandering through this town and receiving the waters of Great and Little ponds, meets the tide waters of Boston harbor, atBraintree land- ing, on Weymouth Fore river, 11 miles from Boston. At this place there is considerable trade in lum- ber and bread stuffs, and some navi- gation is employed in the coasting trade and fisheries. The manufac- tures of Braintree consist of boots, shoes, cotton and woolen goods, pa- per, leather, nails, axes, cotton ginns, chocolate, carriages, gran- ite, straw bonnets, tin ware, and vessels. The value of these arti- cles of manufacture, for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $371,937. The value of boots and shoes amounted to $202,363, and gave employment to 850 persons. The Manatiquot affords this town excellent mill site-s ; some of which lie near ship navigation, and are very valuable. Braintree was in- corporated in 1640. It lies 10 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 12 S. E. from Dedham. Population, 1830, 1,752; 1837, 2,237. Brandon, Vt. This is a flourishing town in Rut- land county, 40 miles S. W. from Montpelier, 16 N. by W. from Rut- land, and 16 S. from Middlebury. It was first settled in 1775, and or- ganized in 1784. Population, 1830, l,9i0. Brandon is finely watered by Otter creek. Mill river, and Spring pond ; on which streams are good mill seats. Some of the land is level, with rather a light soil, but that on Otter creek is the best allu- vial. Bog iron ore, of an excellent quality, is found here ; copperas and marble are also found. There are two curious caverns in this town. The largest contains two apart- ments, each from 16 to 20 feet square. It is entered by descend- ing from the surface about 20 feet. They are formed of limestone. 6 Brauford, Ct. New Haven co. An uneven township, of strong soil, on Long Island Sound, about 7 miles E. from New Haven. Thimble islands and Indian islands lie within the limits of the town. Here are fish of va- rious kinds, a small stream of wa- ter, a harbor, and some vessels en- gaged in the fishery. The town was settled in 1644. Population, 1830, 2,332. A beautiful pond, called Saltonstall's lake, lies be- tween Branford and East Haven. Brattleborougli, Vt. Windham co. This town is situ- ated in the southeasterly quarter of the state and county ; is bounded E. by Connecticut river, S. by Ver- non and Guilford, W. by Marlboro', and N. by Dummerston. At the N. E. section of the town is the site of the once famous military post. Fort Dunimer, nothing of which is now retained but the name, Dummer Meadows. At the mouth of Whetstone brook is a commodious landing place for river craft. Brattleborough is connected with Hinsdale and Chesterfield by a handsome covered bridge, span- ning the Connecticut, and terminat- ing at its western abutment in the east village, where the north, the south, the east, and the west lines of mail stages concentrate. The town and vicinity are noticed for their salubrious air, pure water, and fine mountain scenery. It is watered on the east by the Connec- ticut, and is intersected by West river. Whetstone brook, and nume- rous smaller streams. There are many sites for water power on the larger streams, unoccupied, and in- viting to enterprize. The east vil- lage is the general business mart for the surrounding towns. Of its own internal business and industry, one instance is given of many of less amount. "The Brattleboro' NEW ENGLAND CAZETTEER. Typo:jraphic Co." was incorporated Oct. 2tj, 'lS36. Capital, $15i),000. The Coinpauy i-t exteii-ivfly on- gaKCit niachiiicry, and is capahlo of turning out from 40 to 50 reaiiif of the lart^CKt print- intj paper, or from 150 to 200 ream-; of letter paper per day. Their printing oflice contains ciirlit power prosje-i. There are employed in the establi«ihment from 60 to 70 male and female operatives. So great are their facilities, that they have taken raps and manufactured them into paper, and printed it, on the >iame day. Probably there ir< no estal)li-shment in the count-y which combines so many facilities for car- rying on the book business a^ this. The Company publish a variety of bibles and other valuable works. The value of business done at this establishment, in 1S."?6, is stated to have amounted to ,«!5()0.000. It ii presumed tliat t!ii^ village, according to its size, is second to none in the state for business or wealth. The surface of the town ii diver^ilied by hills, vales, and plains ; is of good poil, and cene- rally well improved. It i^ 12 miles S. E. from Ncwiaiie, 96 S. from Montpclier, 90 \V. of Ho«ton, and 7(> K. N. E. from Albany. Popu- lation, 1S2'), 2,017— 1S30", 2,141. Bremen, yZe. Lincoln co. This town was for- merly a part of Bristol, it i< bound- ed N. by Nobleborou^h, west by Hristol. south by Pemmaquid point in I5ri-t settlement, in KJtiO, this town sutlcretl exceeding- ly by the Indians. The ponds af- ford fine fish of various kinds, and in this town is a mineral spring of .some celt liriiy. It lies oS miles W. from IJo.'.lon, l.S W. from W'or- cester, and 7 F. from Ware. In- corporated, 1H7.'5. Population, 1830, 2,312; IH.-n, 2,511. The agricul- tural products of this town are but- ter, cliresc, wool, and line beef cat- tle. The maniilactures consist of boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, ploughs, chairs, cabinet ware, palm- leat hats, silver plate, shoe ma- kers rolling and sliitiirle machines, sleighs, carpenters" hammers, coach wrenches, ."^cwing silk, and wooden legs. The.se manufactures, for the year ending April 1, 1S37, amount- ed to §248,502, e.xclusive of the silk. Brook field, Ct. Fail-field co. This town lies 33 miles S. W. from New Haven, 2-1 N. by W. from Fairfield, and 6 N. by E. from Danbury. It was taken from New Milford, Danbury, and Newtown, in 1788, and named af- ter the llrst minister. Rev. Thomas Pii-ooks, who was ordained when the church was organized, in 1758. The surface of the town is some- what broken, but the soil is strong, and well adapted to the culture of grain. The rocks in many parts of the town are limestone, and af- ford marble. The N. E. boundary is washed by the Housaionick riv- er, over which is a bridge to Mil- ford ; and Still river passes nearly through its centre. Fish, particu- larly shad, are taken in its waters. Population, 1830, 1,261. Brooklinc, N. H. Hillsborough co. On the S. line of the state. It is 7 ;uiles from Am- herst, 35 from Concord, and 43 from Boston. Nicilissit is the only river in Brookline. It rises in the N. E. part of Mason ; passes throucot river, 15 miles below Baniror, 61 N. E. by E. from Augusta, and about 18 W. by N. from Ellsworth. It has a fine harboi- foi- vessels of the larg- est class, and which is seldom ob- structed by ice. The soil is good, and the town is watered bj' a num- ber of ponds and streams. Consid- erable shipping belong to this place, and the trade is quite extensive, particularly in the lumber business. It has some manufactures. From 1792 to 1816, Bucksport was called liuckiitown. Thsis a very beauti- ful town, elevated, healthy, and flourishing. It is situated just above the head of Orphan's island, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. on wliich a fort is to be erected. Population, 1S30, 2,237; 1837,2,825. Burke, Vt. Caledonia CO. A mountain, 3,-500 feet in heiglit, divides this town from Victory, on the E. Branches of Passumpsic river pass through it, and afford a good water power. This is a place of some manufac- tures, particularly of oil stones. This stone (novaculite) is found on an island in Memphrcmagog lake. — The stones are brought in their rough state, and their quality is said to equal those from Turkey. The soil of the town is good, and abounds with hard-wool and ever- greens. A large number of sheep are kept here. Eurke was first set- tled iu 1780. Population, 1S30, 866. It lies 40 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 19 N. E. from Dan- ville. Eurlington, Me. Penobscot co. The number of inhabitants in this town in 1837, was 277. They produced the same year 2,106 bushels of wheat. See Barnard, Me. Kwrliiigton, Vt. This i5 the chief town in the county of Chittenden. It is de- lightfully iiituated upon the tongue of land formed by the confluence of the VVinoo.ki,or Onion river, with lake Cha;nplain. This is the most important town in Vermont. It lies in lat. 44° 27' N. and in Ion. 73° 15' W. It is 38 miles W. N. W. from Montpelier, 62 S. by E. from St. Johns, L. C, 80 S. S. E. from Montreal, 70 N. from White- hall, 22 S. E. from Plattsburgh, 10 miles across the lake to Port Kent, N. Y. and 440 from Washington. Although some beginnings wei-e made before that event, no perma- nent settlement was effected in this township till about the close of the revolution in 1783. The town was organized by the election of town officers about the year 1786. The surface of the township is agreea- bly diversified, and is so much ele- vated above the lake that the air is pure and wholesome. This town is not surpassed in beauty of location by any one in New England. It lies on the east shore of Burlington bay, and occu- pies a gentle declivity, descending towards the west and terminated by the waters of the lake. The prin- cipal streets, running east and west are one mile in length, and these are intersected at right angles by streets running north and south, and cutting the whole village into regular squares. A large share of the bufiiness on lake Champlain centres at this place, and the town is rapidly increasing in wealth and consequence. There are regular daily lines of steam-boats between this place and Whitehall, between this and St. Johns and between this and Plattsburgh, besides numerous arrivals of irregular boats, sloops, &c. Three extensive wharves, with store-houses, have been con- structed and most of the merchan- dize designed for the north-eastern section of Vermont is landed here. The trade is principally with the city of New York, although Mont- real and Troy have a share. For the safety of the navigation, a light- house has been erected on Juniper island, at the entrance of Burling- ton bay, and for the security of the harbor, a breakwater has been com- menced here at the expense of the general government. There are four lines of mail stages which ar- rive and depart daily, besides three or four others which come in and go out twice or thrice a week. The public buildings are six churches, the University of Ver- mont, the Episcopal Institute, the court house, two banks, the Acad- emy and two female seminaries. The University consists of four spacious edifices, located upon the summit at the eastern extremity of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, han. Incorporated, 1821. Popu- Ijtion, 1S37, 532. It lies about 20 miles N. from Dover, i)l X. N. L. from Augu-*la, anJ 171 N. N. E. from Portland. This is a jrood towii- hliip of laii I, and produced, in 1337, 3,252 buslicls of wheat. Uruns'ivlck, I>Ie. Cumberland co. This town i« on the S. side of Androicosruin river, and connected with Top-^ham by a substantial bridtj-j. It is 27 miles N. | E. from Portlaii. It lies at the head of the tide waters, where vessels of 100 tons are built. Vast quantities of timber and loi;s descend the Androscocciin to this place, and lumber of all kinds is sent to Hath in gondolas, or trans- ported by land to the sea board. A rail-road, of al)out 4 miles in length, is contemplated, for the transporta- tion of lumber. There are 30 board saw mills at this place, exclusive of tho-e in Topsham. Two cotton and woolen factories were erected here ; but they were both burnt in 1824. Another factory W'as built in 1834, calculated for 4.000 spindles. It is of stone, five stories high, and 174 by 45 feet. Other factories are con- teniplated. This place, possessing such an exhauslless water power, and situated on navigable waters, and on a large and beautiful river, extcniiini; 140 miles into the heart of a fi-rtilc and healthy country, c.innot fail of very soon becoming one o4 our largest manufacturing towns. Brunswick was first settled in 1627, and incorpoi-ated in 1739. It has been the scene of much savage aggression. See Itegiattr. Brunaivick, Vt. Essex CO. This town was first settled in 1780. Population, 1830, 160. It lies on the W. side of Connecticut river, and has some excellent mill sites on the waters of Nulhegaa river, and Wheeler and Paul's streams. There are some beautiful ponds in town, and a mineral spring said to contain me- dicinal virtues. It is 55 miles N. E. from Montpelier, 14 N. from Guild- hall, and opposite to Stratford, N. H. Buckfield, Me. Oxford CO. This town is finely watered by a branch of Androscog- gin river. It is bounded on the \V. by Paris, and is 34 miles \V. by S. from Augusta, and 50 N. by W. from Portland. Population, 1837, 1,618. The soil of this town is very good. Among its agricultural pro- ducts,in 1837, it yielded 5,613 bush- els of wheat. Buckland, >Iass. Franklin co. This is a pleasant town and is separated from Charle- mont by Dcerlicid river. It lies 102 miles W. by N. from Boston, 10 \V. from Greenticld, and 20 E. S. E. from Adams. Incoi-porated, 1779. Population, 1837, 1,051.— This is a good farming town, and produces a considerable quantity of wool. Bucksport, "Tile. Hancock co. Thi-; town lies oo the E. side of Penobscot river, 15 miles below Bangor, 61 N. E. by E. from Augtisia, and about 18 W. by N. from Ellsworth. It has a fine harbor foi- vessels of the larg- est class, and which is seldom ob- structed by ice. The soil is good, and the town is watered by a num- ber of ponds and streams. Consid- erable shipping belong to this place, and the trade is quite extensive, particularly in the- lumber business. It has some manulactures. From 1792 to 1816, Bucksport was called Buclisloivn. Ths is a very beauti- ful town, elevated, healthy, and flourishing. It is situated just above the head of Orphan's island, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. on wliich a I'ort is to be erected. Population, 1S3(), 2,237; 1837,2,825. Burke, Vt. Caledonia CO. A mountain, 3,500 feet in height, divides this town from Victory, on the E. Branches of Passumpsic river pass through it, and afTord a good water power. This is a place of some manufac- tures, pai-ticularly of oil stones. This stone (iiovaculite) is found on an island in Memphrcmagog lake. — The stones are brought in their rough state, and their quality i? said to equal those from Turkey. The soil of the town is good, and abounds with hard-wool and ever- greens. A large number of sheep are kept here. Burke w-as first set- tled iu 17S0. Population, 1S30, 866. It lies 40 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 19 N. E. from Dan- ville. Eiirlington, Me. Penobscot co. The number of inhabitants in this town in 1S37, was 277. They produced the same year 2,106 bushels of wheat. See Barnard, Me. Eurlington, Vt. This i5 the chief town in the county of Chittenden. It is de- lightfully situated upon the tongue of land formed by (he confluence of tlie Winoo ■ki,or Onion river, with lake Champlain. This is the most important town in Vermont. It lies in lat. 44° 27' N. and in Ion. 73° 15' W. It is 33 miles W. N. W. from Montpelier, 62 S. by E. from St. Johns, L. C, 80 S. S. E. from Montreal, 70 N. from White- hall, 22 S. E. from Plattsburgh, 10 miles across the lake to Port Kent, N. Y. and 440 from Washington. Although some beginnings wei-e made before that event, no perma- nent settlement was etTected in this tovvnship till about the close of the revolution in 1783. The town was organized by the election of town officers about the year 1786. The surface of the township is agreea- bly diversified, and is so much ele- vated above the lake that the air is pure and wholesome. This town is not surpassed in beauty of location by any one in New England. It lies on the east shore of Burlington bay, and occu- pies a gentle declivity, descending towards the west and terminated by the waters of the lake. The prin- cipal streets, running east and west are one mile in length, and these are intersected at right angles by streets running north and south, and cutting the whole villa2;e into regular squares. A large share of the business on lake Champlain centres at this place, and the town is rapidly increasing in wealth and consequence. There are regular daily lines of steam-boats betweea this place and Whitehall, between this and St. Johns and between this and Plattsburgh, besides numerous arrivals of irregular boats, sloops, &c. Three extensive wharves, with store-houses, have been con- structed and most of the merchan- dize designed for the north-eastern section of Vermont is landed here. The trade is principally with the city of New York, although Mont- real and Troy liave a share. For the safety of the navigation, a light- house has been erected on Juniper island, at the entrance of Burling- ton bay, and for the security of the harbor, a breakwater has been com- menced here at the expense of the general government. There are four lines of mail stages which ar- rive and depart daily, besides three or four others which come in and go out twice or thrice a week. The public buildings are six churches, the University of Ver- mont, the Episcopal Institute, the court house, two banks, the Acad- emy and two female seminaries. The University consists of four spacious edifices, located upon the summit at the eastern extremity of NEW ENGLAND CAZKTTKER. the villas;e, more than 250 feet above the level of the lake, and com- mands one of llie finest prospects in the United States. The villacje, the lake, with its hays and islands — its steani-hoats and sloops, — the Winooski river, dashing thro\isjh frightful chasms and then winding anions; the beautiful meadows, and the distant and lofty mountains which form the tjreat outline, render the view from the dome of the University one of the most va- rieijated and interestins; to be met with in our country. As a part of I3urlino;ton may be mentioned fhevillafie called "Win- ooski City." It is situated on l-oth sides of the Winooski river, partly in Burlin£;ton and partly in Col- chester, anil is one mile from the village of Burlington. The water power here is sufficient for propel- ling almost any amount of machine- ry, and is beginning to be employed to some purpose. Besides two saw mills, a large grist mill, a machine shop and numerous smaller works, tliere is a large satinet factory and .' First settled, 17S3. The Lamoille and other sti-eams afford this town a good water pow- er. There is some good intervale in the town, but tlie land is rough, and chielly valuable for grazing: it feeds about 7,000 sheep. Cambridgr, !)In.ss. Midillesex co. This town may be divided into three parts: Old Cambridfre, the seat of the most ancient and best eiidow.^d college, in the I'niled States, is ;J niiles from West Boston bridge, which divides Cambridge from Boston. Cam- bridge-Port is a compact, flourish- ing village, about midway between the Uni;'er.^ity and the bridge. Jiast Cambrid<;c is of newer growth, and i-* a very tlourishing place. It is the seat of ihe county courts, and is immediately connected with Bos- ton by Canal bridge and the viaduct of the Boston and Lowell rail-road, over CliarK's river. This town was incorporated by tlie name of New- ton in 1630. It took the name of Cambridge in 1633. The (irst print- ing press in America was establish- ed here, by Stephen Day, in 1639. The first work p;intoil was the " Freeman's Oath." In this town are various and extensive manu- factories. They consist of glass, hats, leather, boots and shoes, shoe blacking, tin ware, chairs and cabi- net ware, rail-road cars, chaises, coaches, and other carriages; iron axletrccs, harnesses, organs, car- penters' tools, clothing, pump.s and blocks, cigars, brass and britannia ware, bricks, ropes and twine, soap, brushes, varnish, confectionary, stamped and stained paper, stoves, sheet iron, glue, pocket books, and medicine. The value of lliese man- ufactures the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $9.30,066. The amount of glass, which is con=id- ere1. This place has some navigation engaged in the coistinij trade and lislieries, and consideral)le ship building is carri- ed on ; but the principal business is the manufacture of lime from in- exhaustible quarries of marhle, or lime stone. Ahout 200,(M)0 casks of lime is annually shipped from this place to all parts of the United States. This lime is noted for mak- ing a cement of a superior quality. The Me<.iunticook river waters a part of the town, and £:ives it a great water power, which raifjht be well applied to manufacturing purposes. From a mountain in the rear of the town a beautiful pros- pect is presented of Penobscot hay and its numerous islands. Camden is a pleasant retreat in summer months. Camel's Back Monntaln, Vt. This most elevated summit of the Green mountains lies in Hunting- ton, 17 miles W. from Montpolier, 25 N. E. from Mid.lUbury, and 20 S. E. from Burlington. It is I.ISS feet above the sea. Campton, N. H., Grafton co.. Is bounded N. by Thornton, E. by Sandwich, S. by Holdcrness and Plymouth, W. by Rumney; is .'jO miles from Con- cord, and 75 from Portsmouth. Its surfice is broken and uneven, abounding with rocky ledges, and having several mountainous tracts. Besides Pcmiitewasset river, run- ning N. and S. through nearly the centre of the town.it is watered by Mad and Heche's rivers, which fall into the Pemigewasset on the E., anil hy NVesl Branch river and Bog brook on the W. The land in the valleys is generally good, and there is some good intenale. The high land is good for grazing. The for- est trees are mostly lieciduous. No white oak or pitch pine is found N. of the centre of the town. Iron ore of an inferior quality is found in some places. The towns of Campton and Kumney were both granted in Oct. 1761, to Capt. Jabez Spencer, of East Haddam, Conn., but he "lying before a settlement was ertectedi his heirs, in conjunc- tion with others, obtained a new charter, Jan. 5, 17»)7. The first settlement was made in 1765, by- two families of the names of Fo.^t and Taylor. The proprietors held their tirst meeting Nov. 2, 1769, and the inhabitants theirs, Dec. 16, 1771. From the circumstance of the first proprietors building a camp when they went to survey Camp- ton and Rumney, this town derives its name. In the revolutionary war, this town, though in its infan- cy, furnished nine or ten soldiers, five of whom died in the service, and three were living in 1822. Pop- ulation, in 1M30, 1,318. Canaan, Me. Somerset co. This town was fii^t settled in 1774, and incorporated in 178S. It formerly embraced the territory of Skowhegan and Bloom- tield. It is a good farming town, and produced, in 18.37, 5,444 bushels of wheat. It lies on the east side of Kennebec river, 13 miles E. from Norridgewock,and34 N. from Au- gusta. Population, 1S37, 1,347. Canaan, A'. II> Grafton co. Bounded N. by Dame's gore, which separates it from Dorchester, E. by Orange, S. by Enfield, and W. liy Hanover, and is situated on the height of land between the livers Connecticut and Merrimack. It is 16 miles E. from Dartmouth college, 30 S. E. from Haverhill, 25 S. W. from Plymouth, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and 40 N. W. from Concord. The 3nly stream of consequence is the Mascomy, which rises in the N.W. part of Dorchester, and after a me- andering course of 8 or 10 miles, fails into Mascomy pond in Enlield. Indian stream river rises in the S. E. corner of Dorchester, and run- ning about 8 miles, mingles with the waters of Mascomy, near the centre of the town. Heart pond, so called from its ligure, is situated in the centre of the town, and upon a swell of land so elevated that at a distance it presents the appear- ance of a sheet of water on a hill. It is about 500 rods in length and 200 in width, and tlie only natural curiosity of any note, is the mound, or bank of earth, which nearly sur- rounds this pond. It is from 4 to 5 feet high, and from its uniform height and regular construction would seem to be the work of art; but from frequent annual observa- tion, it is found to have been pro- duced by the drifting of the ice whtn breaking up in the spring. Besides this, there are Goose, Clark's, Blud and Bear ponds. The land is not so broken as in some of the adjoining towns. There is but little not capable of cultivation. The soil is tolerably fertile, and produces wheat, rye, corn, flax, &c. Canaan was granted by charter, July 9, 17G1, to 62 persons, all of whom except ten belonged to Con- iieclicut. It derived its name from Canaan in that state. The lirst per- manent settlement was made in the winter, in 1766 or 7, by John Sco- field, who conveyed what eiTects he possessed the distance of 14 miles over a crust of snow upon a hand- sled. Among others of the first settlers, were George Harris, Tho- mas Miner, Joshua Harris, and Samuel Jones. The first proprie- tors' meeting was held July 19, 1768. Population, in 1830, 1,423. Canaan, Vt. Essex CO. Bounded N. by Can- ada, and E. by Stewartstown, N. H. ; 31 miles N. from Guildhall, and 112 N. E. from Montpelier. First settled, 1785. Population, 1830, 373. The land in this town is broken and cold. Leed's pond produces an abundance of fish. Canaan produces more fish than grain. Canaan, Ct. Litchfield co. First settled in 1738. Incorporated, 1739. Canaan lies 41 miles N. Vi. from Hartford, and IS N. N. W. from Litchfield. Population, 1S30, 2,301. The town lies on the E. side of Housatonick river, opposite to Salisbury. A ledge of limestone rocks crosses the river at this place, about 30 rods in length, causing a perpendicular fall of 60 feet. The river is rapid, both above and below this beautiful cata- ract. The whole descent of tlie river, in Canaan, is about 130 feet, "nobly arranged and distributed, and comprehending a remarkable variety of beauty and grandeur." The township is mountainous, with some arable land along the streams. About 4,000 sheep are kept here. This section of country is noted for its excellent mutton. Limestone and iron ore are abundant ; the lat- ter is of a veiy fine quality. Iron works, on an extensive scale, are established here ; a satinet factory and other machinery. Canals in Kc^v England, See Register. Candia, IS. H., Rockingham co., Was detached from tlie N. part of Chester and in- corporated, 1763. The soil is natu- rally hard of cultivation; but the industry of the inhabitants has made it fruitful. It was originally cover- ed with a thick growth of oak, ash, maple, birch, &c. The site of this town is elevated, and commands an extensive view of the lich scene- ry of the adjacent country — the NEW ENGLAiND GAZETTEER. White HiMs, the Wachusett, and other mountains, the liijhts on Plum island, and tlie ocean being visible. In the W. part of the town is a ridfjc of land extundinij from N. to S., which is the liifjhest elevation between .Merrimack river and the ocean. On the K. side of tiiis ridse, two branches of Lamprey river take their rise. Candia lies 15 miles from Concord. Tills town anions^ others contributed larjjely to the attainment of independence ; and the names of 69 soldiers of the revolution are found on its records. The inhabitants are mostly indus- trious farmers, many of whom are wealthy. Population, 1S30, 1,362. Canterbury, X. II. Merrimack co. Canterbury, thousjh an uneven township, is not mountainous. The soil is generally pood ; the more uneven parts af- fording excellent pasturage. There are no large streams in this town ; but several ponds give rise to smal- ler streams, furnishing good mill sites, and near which are cut great quanlilii'S of hay. Two bridges over tiie Merrimack connect tiiistown with Hoscawen. The town was set- tled about 1727, and for along time the inhabitants were exposed to the inroads of the savages. The hus- bandman cleared and tilled his land under the protection of a guard, uncertain wluther the sued he com- mitted to the ground might not be watered by his blood, or that of an enemy. Canterbury lies 8 miles N. from Concord. Population, 18.36, 16().3. The Hon. Abikl Fosteii de- serves a particular notic(>. He pos- sessed in a great degree the esteem and confidence of the people ; and soon after he left the pastoral care of the church, he was called to ar- duous duties as a magistrate and legislator. In 17M3, he was elected to Congress; and for three years wa's a member of that body urnler (he old confederation. He wassuc- cessively returned a member for nearly all the time until 1804; when he retired to private life and domestic traquillity. He was anj ardent lover of his country, and; faithfully served his constituents— by whom his memory will long bt cherished. He died in Feb., ISOG^ Canterbury, from its elevated situa- tion, has ever been a healthy town* In the S. E. part of this towa, on an elevated and beautiful sitc,i3 the village of the "Shakers." At present it consists of more than tvvO' hundred members. They have a. meeting-house open at all times of public worship, where any discrt et and decent spectator is allowed to- attend. They have a " Truste »s' Office, " where all theirpublic busi- ness is transacted, and where stran- gers are at first received on theirvis- its to the society. They have aJso- neat dwelling-houSes, of two -.vad- three stories, and several wDrk- shops both for men and won an. Their mills and various kinds of machinery are moved by water oa an artificial stream. They mmu- facturc many articles for sile,. which are remarkable for neatness and durability. Their gardens are perhaps the most productive of any in the country ; and indeed all tbeir improved lands exhibit the plea;iing effects of industry and rural eiujn- omy. They cultivate garden seeds and take much pains to pro- pagate those of the best kind. — They occupy more than 1,500 axjres of land, lying piincipally in a body, which they have ' consecrated to- the Lord,' and which they enjoy in common. They cheerfully pay their proportion of public ti.xes, and share all the burthens of gov- ernment, except the bearing of arms, which they deem to be con- trary to the gospel; and in raturn they claim from government only that protection and support giaran- tied to other citizens. The income of tlu'ir manufactures, toijcther with their agricultural prc^lucts^ NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. yields their temporal support ; and what they become possessed of more than is necessary to their wants, they devote to charitable purposes, agreeably to their church covenant. It should be mentioned as a practice highly creditable to this sect, that the members of their societies never make use of ardent spirits, except in cases of sickness, being aware of the evils intemperance brings upon society. Another practice not unworthy of imitation is, they refuse to be trust- ed even in tlie smallest sum. They transact their secular concerns with great uprightness ; and though they may have suffered reproach from their singularity of life and man- ners, they have become a proverb for industry, justice and benevolence. For a particular account of the re- ligious tenets of this singular peo- ple, see Religious Creeds and Sta- tistics. Canterlmry, Ct. Windham co. The first settlers of this town were principally from Dorchester, Mass. and its neighbor- hood. They came here about the year 1690. The soil of the town is a gravelly loam, generally fertile and productive. It lies 40 miles E. by S. from H.irtford, and 6 S. from Brooklyn. Population, 1830, 1,881. The Quinnebaug is here a large and beautiful stream. It annually overflows its banks, and fertilizes a large tract upon its bor- ders. There is fine fishing in Bates' pond. Considerable excitement manifested itself in this town, in 1832, in consequence of a Miss Crandall proposing to open a school for the instruction of " Young la- dies and little misses of color." — Although no one seemed to question the purity of Miss Crandall's mo- tives, yet the people doubted the expediency of the measure. Canton, Me. Oxford CO. Incorporated, 1821. Population, 1837, 827. It lies on both sides of the Androscoggin riv- er, 32 miles W. N. W. from Au- gusta, and 24 N. E. from Paris. Canton produced, in 1837, 3,114 bushels of wheat. Canton, Mass. Norfolk CO. Neponset river and several large ponds give this town a great water power. It lies 15 miles S. W. from Boston, and 5 S. by E. from Dedham. Incorporated, 1797. Population, 1830, 1,517; 1837, 2,185. The manufactures of Canton the year ending 1st of April, 1837, amounted to $695,- 180. They consisted of cotton and woolen goods, shoes, palm-leaf hats, copper, wicking, thread, candle- sticks, hoes, iron castings, trying squares, and " shapes." The bells manufactured at this place are of superior metal and sound. This place is easily approached from the capital by the Boston and Provi- dence rail-road. The viaduct, or bridge, on that road at this place, cost the company about $80,000. It is of massive hewn granite, 600 feet in length ; 63 feet above the foundation, on 6 arches, with a suc- cession of arches at top. It is an admirable piece of workmanship. Canton, Ct. Hartford co. First settled, 1740. Incorporated, 1806. Population, 1830, 1,437. Collinsville is the principal village in the town, at which a large amount of axes, of a superior quality, are annually made. It lies 16 miles N. W. by Vv. from Hartford, and 16 N. E. from Litch- field. This village presents a beau- tiful appearance, and is a noble specimen of individual enterprize. The soil of Canton is coarse and stony, and the surface hilly. Farm- ington river passes throtigh its S. W. corner. Carlisle, Mass. Middlesex co. This town lie* NEW LNtiLAND GAZETTEER. 20 miles N. W. from Boston, and 5 N. from Concord. lncorpor;itcd, 1805. Population, 1.H37, ot)ii. h is bounded S. E. by Concord river. This is a poor town, and its maiiu- factures arc very trilling. Canucl, Mc. Penobscot CO. Population, 1807, 510. Growth of wheat, same year, 1,890 bushels. 71 miles from Au- gusta. See Sownddbscuok Stream. Carroll, K. H. A township in Coos county, ly- ing at the base of the White Moun- tains, on the N. W., havin:; .FelTer- eon and Whitcfield N., Whitelield and Bethlehem W..and tiie uns;rant- ed lands, and Na<«h and Sawyer's Locution on the S. It was ujranlcd Feb. S, 1772, to Sir Thoiins Wcnt- worth, Bart., Rev. Samuel I.ann;don, and 81 others. Its surface; is un- even, and its appearance drcarj-. — Population, in iS.30, lOS. Cartilage, Mc. Franklin co. Incorporated, 1S2G. Population, 1837, 455. •!() miles from Augusta, and 73 from Port- land. See Barttai'd, J\Lc. Carver, Alass. Plymouth ro. Setoff from Ply- inoutli in 17i)(). Poijuiatioii, 1837, 990. 3S miles S. K. from Boston, and 8 S. W. by S. from Plymouth. There are a number of pleasant ponds in this town. The soil is not very productive. The manufac- tures of Carver consist of iron cast- ings, hoots, shoes, l)oxes, and wil- low baskets; annual amount about $50,000. Casco Uay, Me. This is one of the finest bays on the American coast. Its western boundary is Cape Eliza!)cth ; its eastern. Cape Small Point. The distance between those capes is about 20 miles. Its indentation does Dot exceed 15 miles. Within it are some of the best harbors in the woild. It is said that Ca?co bay contains a? many islands as there are days in the year ; however that may be, wo know that they are very numerous, some very large, fertile, and well cultivated ; and that a survey of them from the high grounds in Portland, Falmouth, Cumberland, or Yarmouth, afford'S a treat of island and ocean scenery of transcendent beauty. Castlue, Itle. Hancock co. Castine derived its name from a French baron of that name, who resided here upwards of twenty years after lt)(j7. This peninsula, jutting out into Belfast bay, at the mouth of Penobscot river, was formerly called " Major Biguyduce," pronounced, Baga- duce. The peninsula embraces 2,500 acres of land, and was lirst settled by the Knglish, in 1760. The British occupied this place in both of the wars witii the U. S. It was the shire, or chief town, of the county from 1789 to 1838, wlien the courts were removed to Ells- worth. Castine possesses an excel- lent maritime position, but its trade from the country is limited^ being cut off by the more inland towns. Its trade, however, is considerable. The lumber and eoasiing trade, with the lisheries, give active em- ployment to its people. 78 miles E. from Augusta, and about 25 S. W. from Ellsworth. Population, 1830, 1,1.55; 1837, 1,168. Caatlcton, Vt. Rutland, co. This is a nourish- ing town, watered by a river of the same name ; 11 miles W. from Rut- land, 72 S. W. fiom Montpelier, and 14 E. from Whit.>hall. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,7M3. First settled, 177(1. The surface of the town is rough and hilly, but there is some ricli laud. It iWdls about 9,000 sheep. ?Iiil slroams abound in Castlc'oi), on wiiicli are a woolen NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and other manufacturing establish- ments. Lake Bombazine, 7 miles in length and 2 in breadth, is chief- ly in this town. It is stored with fish, and has an island near its cen- tre of exquisite beauty. The vil- lage of Castleton is elevated, neat- ly built, and presents a great vari- ety of rich and beautiful scenery. Caveiidisli, Vt. Windsor CO. There are two flour- ishing villages in Cavendish, Dut- ton's village and Proctorsville. It is watered by Black river and Twen- ty Mile Stream, which afford a good hydraulic power. Here are in op- eration 4 large woolen factories, iron works, manufactures of tin, and many other branches of me- chanics. Along the streams the soil is excellent; the high land is good, but best adapted to grazing. Here are about 6,000 sheep. The channel of Black river, at the falls, has been worn down 100 feet. The effects of the water, at this place, are very curious. Hawk's moun- tain separates this town from Balti- more. Cavendish, in common with most of the towns in Vermont, pre- sents a great variety of mountain scenery. It lies 10 miles S. W. from Windsor, and 60 S. from Mont- pelier. First settled, 1769. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,498. Centre-Harbor, N. H., Strafford co., is pleasantly situa- ted between Winnepisiogee and Squam lakes ; distant from Concord, 39 miles, Portsmouth 60, Boston 104. Measley pond is partly in this town. Squam lake furnishes fine trout, and has several islands valu- able for grazing. The soil is very good, mostly a rich loam. Centre Harbor is a delightful resting place, during the warm season, of tourists, to the White Mountains, and the great resort of those, visiting the Winnepisiogee lake and the great natural curiosities in the adjoining town of Moultonborough. The first settlements were made by Eb- enezer Chamberlain, in 1765, and Col. Joseph Senter, in 1767. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 577. Cliamplain I!aii:i. Franklin co. Dcerfield river me- anders throu_2;h this town, and gives it a good water power. (iarri-"ons were erected here in 1751, ai;ainst the savage French and Indians. Their remains are now visible. In- corporated, 1765. Population, 1837, , a94. It lies 110 miles \V. N. W. from Boston, and It W. by N. from Greentield. Although this is a mountainous towiishij). it contains much valuable lami. It maintains about 5,000 merino and otlier sheep. Its manufactures consist of boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, axes, hoes, palm-ieaf liats, saddlery, scythe snaiths, and lather boxes. Charles Klvcr8. Charles river, in Massachusetts, is the Qziinobequin of the Indians. This river rises on the borders of Hopkinton and Milford, and after meandering through Bellingham, Franklin, Medway, Medtield.Sher- burne, Dover, Dcdham, Need- ham, Natick, Newton, Waltham and Waterlown, it meets the tide waters, and forms a part of Boston harbor. It is navigable to Water- town, 7 miles W. from Boston. Charles river, in K. I., has its source in Warden's pond, in South Kingston, and empties into the Pawcatuck, at Westerly. Cliarlcston, ]4Ic. Penobscot CO. At the source of Pushaw lake. Bounded W. by Gar- land. It lies '25 miles S. W. from Belfast, and 73 N. W. from Augus- ta. This township is fine wheat land ; it yielded, in 1837, 7,606 bushels. Incorporated, ISll. Pop- ulaUon, 1837, 1,110. Cliarlcgton, Vt. Orleans co. Echo pond, the out- let of lake Seymour, waters this town. Lake Seymour is a large sheet of water, and passes N. into lake Memphremagog. Charleston lies about 35 miles N.E. from Hyde- park, 55 N. N. E. from Montpelier, and 15 S. of Canada line. Popula- tion, 1S30, 564. Cliiarle8to>vn, N* H., Sullivan CO., is situated on Con- necticut river, 51 miles from Con- cord, 100 fi-om Boston, 100 from Albany, 110 from Hartford, Conn., and l.S miles from Windsor, Vt. The only rivers in Charlestown are the Connecticut and Little Su- gar rivers. In the former, there are three islands within the limits of this town, the largest of which contains about ten acres, and is call- ed Sartwell's island. The others contain about six acres each, and have a rich loamy soil. Sartwell's island is under a high cultivation There are no falls in this river with- in the limits of Charlestown which inteiTupt the boat navigation, al- though some little inconveniertco is experienced in low water from what arc calleil " Sugar river bars." Little Sugar river waters the north part of Charlestown, and empties info Connecticut river about two miles south of the S. line of Clare- mont. This town has but few fac- tory or mill privileges. The soil is extremely various. West of the great road leading from Wal- pole to Claremont, are not less than 1,500 acres of fine intervale land, generally of a deep, rich and loamy soil, and favorable for the culture and growth of most of the various kinds of grass and grain. In the E. and N. E. parts of the town, the soil of the upland is good — the nat- ural growth of wood, consisting NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. principally of beech, birch, oak, maple and hemlock. There is a ridge of hard, broken, and in some parts stony, land, east of the river road, extending almost the whole length of the town, and which is considered unfit for settlements. The south part of the town appears to have a different soil, and is favor- able for yielding the lighter grains. Charlestown contains two parishes, which are divided by a line run- ning from Cheshire bridge S. 87° E., to the corner of Acworth and Unity. In the south parish, there is a handsome village, delightfully situated, at the distance of ahout half a mile from Connecticut river, and parallel with it. In the north parish is a meeting-house and a small village. Cheshire bridge, about 2 miles N. of the S. meeting- house, connects this town with Springfield, Vt. From this bridge Cheshire turnpike leads southerly through the principal village, to Keene. Charlestown was granted by Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 173-5, by the name of JVumber 4, v.'hich is sometimes applied to it at the present day. On the 2d July, 1753, No. 4 was incorporated by the name of Charles- town. The charter was granted by Gov. Benning Wentworth to Jo- seph Weils, Phinehas Stevens and others, who were purchasers under the old grantees. In 1754, the French war commenced — and the inhabit- ants were obliged to take up their residence in the fort. The first set- tlers of Charlestown, like the first inhabitants of almost every frontier town in New England, were, prior to 1760, the victims of savage cru- elty. For twenty years after the first settlement, their neighbors on the N. were the French in Canada, on the W. the Dutch, near the Hudson, on the E. the settlements on Merrimack river, and on the S. few were found until arrived at Northfield, in Massachusetts, a dis- tance of more than 40 miles. The Indians were at peace but a small portion of that time. From their infancy, the settlers had been fa- miliar with danger, and had acquir- ed a hardihood unknown to poster- ity. When they attended public worship, or cultivated their lands, they sallied from the'fort prepared for battle, and worshipped or labor- ed under the protection of a senti- nel. In their warfare, the Indians preferred prisoners to scalps, and few were killed but those who at- tempted to escape, or appeared too formidable to be encountered with success. The first child born in Charlestown was Elizabeth, the daughter of Isaac Parker. She was born 1744, and died in 1S06.— Charlestown has been favored with a number of eminent men, only one of which we have room to men- tion. Capt. Phinehas Stevens was one of the first settlers. The town when in its infancy was pro- tected by his intrepidity. He was a native of Sudbury, Mass., from whence his father removed to Rut- land. At the age of 16, while his father was making hay, he, with three little brothers, followed him to the m.eadows. They were am- bushed by tlie Indians, who killed two of his brothers, took him pris- oner, and were preparing to kill his youngest brother, a child four years old. He, by signs to the Indians, made thern understand if they would spare him, he would carry him on his back — and he carried him to Canada. They were redeem- ed and both returned. He receiv- ed several commissions from Gov. Shirley, and rendered important services in protecting the frontiers. In 1747, when Charlestown was abandoned by the inhabitants, he was ordered to occupy the fort with SO men. On the 4th of April, he was attacked by 400 French and In- dians, under Mons. Debeline. The assault lasted three days. Indian stratagem and French skill, with fire applied to every combustible NEW ENULAND GAZETTEER. about the fort, had not the desired effect. The heroic band were not appalled. Tliey refused to cipitu- latc. At lenglli an interview be- tween the commanders took place. The Frenchman shewed his Ibrces, and described the horrid massacre that must ensue unless the fort was surrendered. " My men arc not alraid to die," was the answer maiie by Capt. Stevens. The attack con- tinued with increased fury until the end of the third day, when the enemy returned to Canada, and left Capt. Stevens in possession of the fori. Capt. Stevens, for his s:allant- ry on this occasion, was presented by Sir I liarles Knowles with an cl- csrant sword ; and from this circum- stance the township, when it was incorporated, in 17.53, took the name of Charlestown. Population, in 1830, 1,778. C'liarlcsto^vn, Mass. Middlesex co. The Indian name of this town was Mishawun. First settled, 1628. Incorporated, 1629. Population, 1820, 6,591 ; 1S30, 8,787; 1837,10,101. Charlestown is a peninsula, formed by Charles and Mystic rivers, and is united to Boston by Charles and Warren bridges. It is also united to Boston as a port of entry, and in its various commercial and manufacturino; pur- suits. Tliis town is noted (or its sacrifices in the cause of liberty ; and its soil will ever be dear to the patriot's bosom. The town is not 80 re£;ularly laid out as Philadel- phia, yet it is neatly built, and con- tains many ele£;anl pnlilie and pri- vate edilices. The ••Ireets are wide and airy, and many of them have recently been planted with trees for shade. Considerable shippiui; is owned here, entjaged in foreisfn and ilomestic commerce. The an- nual value of the rod and mackerel lisheries is about .•*! tO.OOO. The value of the manufactures, in Charlestown, the yearendins; April 1 . 1837, exclusive of a large amount of leather, was $390,000, The ar • tides manufactured were as fol- lows: soap, candles, boots, shoes, hats, morocco, chairs, cabinet ware, vessels, combs, tin ware, and spirits. The United States' J\t~ai'y Yard was first established in this town about the year 1798. The yard is ' situated on the N. side of Charles I liver, on a plot of fjround of about 60 acres. It is enclosed by a high I wall of durable masonry, and con- i tains several ware-houses, dwell- ing-houses for the officers, and a large amount of naval stores, live oak and other timber. It also con- tains three large ship-bouses, in which are tlie Vermont and Caro- lina of 74, and the Cumberland frigate of 44 guns. These ships can be launched and ready for sea in a very short time. The dry dock at this place is of hewn granite, and of unrivalled masonry. It is 341 feet in length, 80 in width, and 30 in depth. It cost .$670,089. This dock w as com- pleted and received the Constitu- tion on the 24th of June, 1833. — Connected with this establishment are a naval hospital and magazine, at Chelsea, and a large ropewalk in the yard ; other additions are con- templated. This is considered one of the best naval depots in the Uni- ted Slates. McLean ^syhtm. This estab- lishment is located on a beautiful rise of ground, in Charlestown, near Fast Camt-ridge, and about a mile and a half fiom the City Hall, in Boston. The buildings arc large, and exceedingly well adapted to their philanthropic design. They cost about §186,000. This House was opened for patients on the 6th of October, 1818. Belonging to, and surrounding this Asylum, are about 15 acres of land,appropriate1,50(). There are, belonging to this place, about 20 sail of tisher- nien and 30 coasters. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Chatham, Ct. Middlesex co. The township of Chatham embraces Chatham par- ish, (formerly East Middletown,) the greater part of Middle Haddam parish, the parish of East Hampton and a part of the parish of West Chester. It lies IG miles S. from Hartford, and opposite to Middle- town, from which it was taken in 1767. Population, 1830, 3,64«. Chatham is watered by Salmon and Pine brooks and several ponds. — Job's pond, about 2 miles in cir- cumference, has no outlet. It rises and falls about 15 feet. It rises for six or twelve months, and then foils about the same period. It is high- est in the driest season of the year, and lowest when there is most rain. It is from 40 to 60 feet deep. Chat- ham is noted for its valuable quar- ries of freestone. " For forty years past it has been extensively improv- ed, and the stone, to the depth of thirty feet from the surface, are now removed over an area of an acre and a half, back from the river. The stone in this quarry is covered in some places with four or live feet of earth, and in others with four or five feet more of shelly rock. It is not perfectly solid, but lies in blocks, eight or ten feet thick, and fifty and sixty feet long. The seams and joints facilitate the process of removing these from their beds; and when removed, they are reduc- ed by the wedge and chisel to any size or form which is wished. In this quarry thirty hands have been employed for several years, eight months in the year, and from four to six teams. The quantity of stone prepa-red for market, and sold to the inhabitants of this and the neigh- boring towns, and exported to dis- tant parts of the country, has been very great; and has yielded a hand- some profit. Fifty rods south of this quarry an opening was made about 1783, now spreading over half an acre. Here the stone is covered with about ten feet of earth. In this opening as many as twelve hands have been sometimes employed. Vessels come to this and the above quarry, and load from the bank. The bed of stone in which these and the smaller open- ings in the neighborhood have been made is immense, and lies at differ- ent depths from the surface in dif- ferent places. It has been discov- ered in sinking wells, for half a mile in northern and southern di- rections, and has been opened at a greater distance eastward. Where- ever found, the stone possesses the same general properties, but varies, like the freestone in Middletown, in the fineness of its texture." Clielmsford, Mass. Middlesex co. On the south side of Merrimack river, and connect- ed with Dracut by a bridge. — First settled, 1753. Incorporated, 1655. Population, 1837, 1,613. It lies 25 miles N. W. from Boston, and 4 S. W. from Lowell. Chelms- ford abounds in limestone and gran- ite ; considerable of the latter is transported to Boston by the Mid- dlesex canal, which passes through the town. The manufactures of this town, during the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to about $100,000 ; — principally of glass and iron. Chelsea, Vt. County town of Orange county. First settled, 1785. Chelsea is a township of good land, with a pleas- ant village in the centre. It is wa- tered by the head branches of White river and has a good hydraulic pow- er. Its manufactures consist of cassimere, satinet, leather, iron, &c. Chelsea produces all the various commodities common to the climate, and feeds about 6,000 sheep. It lies 20 miles S. bv E. from Montpelier. Population, 1830, 1,958. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Chelsea, Moss. Suffolk CO. This town was for- merly a ward of Boston. Incor- porated, 1738. Population, 1837, 1,659. The centre of the town lies from Boston about 3 miles N. E., across Charles river, and 3 miles E. of Charlestown. The manufac- tures of Chelsea consist of uphol- stery, stone ware, snuHT, segars, wood and copper ens;ravings, car- riages, bricks, vessels, salt, boots, shoes, Sic. ; — annual value, about $90,000. The United States Marine Hos- pital in this town, is on a large plot of ground, in a delightful and airy situation, and affords a comfortable retreat forfick and disabled seamen. Point Shirley, extending southeast- erly, forms the northern part of Bos- ton harbor. Winncsimet Ferry, lead- ing from the foot of Hanover street, in Boston, to this town, is probably the oldest establishment of the kind in America. The first grant was given to Thomas Williams, in 1631. The distance across Charles river i.s about a mile and a half. Neat and commodious steam-boats are con- tinually running across this delight- ful stream, making the JVinnesi- inet of the Indians the Hoboken of Boston. CHerryflcId, Mc. Washington co. At the head of tide wafer, on both sides of Narra- guagus river, with a handsome vil- lage, and considerable trade. Incor- porated, 1815. Population, 1337, 1,000. 116 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and about 35 W. from Machias. CkeRhlre County, N. H. Cheshire is one of the western counties in this state. Its length is 31 miles: its greatest breadth 26 miles: and its least breadth 15. It Is bounded N. by the county of Sullivan, E. by Hillsborough coun- ty, S. by the state of Massachu- setts, and W. by Vermont, l his county contains 727 square miles. Throughout the whole extent oa the west, it is watered by the Con- necticut, the western bank of which forms the boundary line between New Hampshire and Vermont. Ashuclot river is a considerable stream, and is tributary to Connec- ticut river. It has its source from a pond in Washington, and after re- ceiving two branches in Keene and Swanzey, and several smaller streams in Winchester, empties into Connecticut river at Hinsdale. Spafford's Lake, a beautiful collec- tion of water, of about 8 miles ia circumference, is situated in Ches- terfield. There is apleas;int island in the lake, containing about eight acres. The Grand Monadnock, in Dublin and Jaffi-ey, is the highest mountain, its attitude having beea repeatedly found to be more than 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. Bellows' p-alls' in Connecti- cut river, at Walpole, have been regarded as one of the greatest nat- ural curiosities iu this county. The earliest settlement in this county was made about the year 1732, at Hinsdale, then a part of Northfield, and under the govern- ment of Massachusetts. The coun- ty was formed March 19, 1771, and it probably received its name from Cheshire, one of the western coun- ties in England. The population of Cheshire county in 1790, was 19,665, in ISOO, 24,288, in ISIO, 21,673, in 1820, 26,843, iu 1830, 27,016. It has 22 towns:— 39 in- habitants to a square mile. Keene, the chief town, is nearly in the centre of the county, and lies in N. lat. 42° 57'. Cheshire, Blass. Berkshire CO. Cheshire has ren- dered itself worthy of its name by its production of cheese of fine fla- vor and quality. In 1801, the good people of this place sent a cheese to Mr. Jefferson, weighing about NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 1200 pounds. The value of wool, the growth of 183G,sold for $5,522. The Hoosack river passes through the town. Although a mountain- ous township, the soil has been rendered productive by tlie industry of the people. It has some manu- factures of leather and shoes. 125 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 16 N. by E. from Lenox. Popula- tion, 1837, 924. Incorporated, 1793. Cliesliii-c , Ct. New Haven co. Taken from Wallingford in 1780. It lies 14 miles N. from New Haven, and 25 S. E. from Hartford. Population, 1830, 1,7S0. The Quinnipiac river and Farmington canal pass through the town. Cheshire has an un- even, but good soil, with a very pleasant village, and an Episcopal academy, 54 by 34 feet ; — a brick building of considerable taste. Ag- riculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Chester, Sle. Penobscot CO. Incorporated, 1834. Population, 1837, 323. See Bar- nard, Me. Cliester, N. 11., Rockingham CO., is 17 miles W. S. W. from Exeter, 30 W. S. W. from Portsmouth, 17 N. W. from Haver- hill, and 23 S. E. from Concord. A branch of Exeter river, called " The Branch," flows through the N. E. part of Chester, beside which there is no stream deserving men- tion. Massabesick pond is the larg- est body of fresh water in the coun- ty, and contains about 1,500 acres. The line between this town and Manchester passes more than 2 miles through the westerly part of this pond. The Indians had a set- tlement of 10 or 12 wigwams on an island in this pond, vestiges of which, it is said, may still be seen. A considerable portion of the town possesses a good soil, and many of the large swells yield in fertility to • 8* none in the state. There are sever- al large and valuable meadows. In this town are two caves, sometimes visited by strangers. That which was earliest noticed, is situated in Mine hill, near the east side of Massabesick pond. The entrance is about 5 feet high and 2 1-2 wide. The cavern extends into the hill, in a northern direction, about 80 feet, of sufficient dimensions to admit a person to pass. Its form is very ir- regular, and its height and breadth various, from 2 to 12 feet. The oth- er is in the westerly side of Rattle- snake hill, in the S. W. part of the town, in a ledge of coarse granite, nearly 40 feet high. It has two entrances. The north entrance is about 11 feet high and 4 broad. Native sulphur is found in this town in small quantities, imbedded in tremolite. Granite and gneiss are the prevailing rocks, and handsome specimens of graphic granite are sometimes found. The village in this town is pleasant, and stands chiefly on a long street. It is the principal place of business in this part of the county, and is situated on an elevated rise, commanding one of the most extensive prospects in New England. From this hill, the ocean, though more than 20 miles distant, may, in a clear day, be distinctly seen. Population, 1830, 2,039. Incorporated, 1722. Cliester, Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1764. Population, 1830, 2,320. Three considerable streams form William's river and give Chester a good water power. The land is uneven, but fertile and productive. This is a very pleasant town, with two hand- some villages, manufactures of va- rious kinds,and -about 10,000 sheep. This is a great thoroughfare for trav- ellers from the eastern part of New England to the Hudson river, near Troy, N. Y. The passage over the Green Mountains, from Chester to Manchester, is considered the best NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in tliis part of the state. Chester lies 16 miles S. S. W. from Wind- sor, 79 S. from Monlpeiier, and about 30 E. N. E. from Manchester. Chester, Mass. Hampden co. This is a moun- tainous township, but fcood for graz- ing. In 1837, it had 3,720 sheep ; their wool weighed 10,325 pounds, and sohl for i«;5,818. There are 2 cotton mills in Chester, 3 tanne- ries, and a window blind factory- Total amount of manufactures, in one year. ,'«!47,975. Branches of Westlield river pass through the town. Incorporated, 1765. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,290. 115 miles VV. by S. from Boston, and 20 N. W. from Springlield. Clie«terfleld, X. II., Cheshire co., is 11 miles S. W. from Keene, and 65 S. \V. from Concord. Few towns on Connec- ticut river have so little intervale land. For the whole six miles that it lies upon the river, the hills ap- proach near the river's side. There is much good upland, well adapted for grazing and the production of Indian corn. The chief articles carried to market are beef, pork, butter and ciieese. Cat's Bane brook is a stream of great import- ance, as it furnishes many niill seats. Spafibrd's lake is a beautiful collec- tion of water, situated about one mile N. from the meeting-house. it contains a surface of about 526 acres. It is fed by springs in its bosom. Its waters are remarkably clear and pure, its bed being a white sand. In this lake there is an isl- and of about six acres, which forms a delightful retreat. On its E. side issues a stream called Partridge's brook, sufliciently large to carry the machinery of a cotton factory, saw-mills, &c. West river moun- tain lies in this town and Hinsdale. It is supposed to ha\o been once •ubject to a volcanic eruption, and there is at present a considerable quantity of lava near its crater. It is said by those who live near the mountain, that it frequently trem- bles, and a rumbling noise is heard in its bowels. Chesterfield has 3 villages. The principal one, lead- ing from Hartford to Hanover, is sit- uated near the centre of the town, and 3 miles E. from Connecticut riv- er. Here are several dwelling- houses, the meeting-house and a flourishing academv, which was opened Aug. 14, 1791. The first settlement was made Nov. 25, 1761, on the banks of the Connecticut, by Moses Smith and William Thomas, with their families. At that peri- od, the river aflbrded abundance of shad and salmon, and the forests were well stocked with deer, bears and other game, so that the inhab- itants did not experience those pri- vations so common in new settle- ments. Population, 1830, 2,040. Chesterfield, Mass. Hampshire co. A township of rough, elevated land, 97 miles W. from Boston, and 11 W. N. W. from Northampton ; watered by a branch of Westlield river. It has a good water power, 1 woolen mill, 2 tan- neries, some curious minerals, and a water course, worn very deep through solid rock. Population, 1837,1,158. There were sheared in Chesterfield, in 1837, 7,100 sheep, producing 20,800 pounds of wool, valued at $12,480. A noble example. Chesterrille, Me. Franklin co. Wilson's stream passes through this town, and emp- ties below the falls of Sandy river. First settled, 1782. Incorporated, 1802. Population, 1837, 1,040.— This is an excellent township of land. It yielded, in 1837, 4,046 bushels of wheat. It lies about 24 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 12 N. E. from Farmington. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, Cbesiuicook liake, Me., In the county of Piscataquis, is a large sheet of water through which the Penobscot river passes. It also receives the Kahkoguamook and Umbazookskus rivers. This lake is about 25 miles long and 3 miles wide. The country around this fine lake is very fertile, and as well adapted to the growing of wool and wheat as any portion of the globe. Its central point is about 130 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Cliichester, BT. H., Merrimack co., is situated S miles E. from Concord. It was granted May 20, 1727, to Nathaniel Gookin and others ; but the settlement was not commenced until 1758, when Paul Morrill settled in the woods. The soil is good, and richly repays the cultivator. There is little waste land, nor are there any considerable elevations. The east part of the town is watered by the Suncook river, which affords its mill seats and some productive intervale. — Population, 1S30, 1,084. In vari- ous parts of the town are still to be seen traces of Indian settlements ; and implements of stone, chisels, axes, &c., have frequently been found. The vicinity was once the residence of a powerful tribe, the Penacooks, and their plantations of corn, &c., were made on the banks of the Suncook. Cbickopee River, Mass. This river rises in Spencer, Lei- cester and Paxton, and receives the waters of Quaboag pond, in Brook- field. It passes through Warren. At Palmer it receives the waters of Ware and Swift rivers, and en- ters the Connecticut at the N. part of Springfield, 7 miles S. from South Hadley. Cliilmarlc, Mass. Dukes CO. This town lies on the S. and W. part of Martha's Vine- yard. Gay Head, in this town, is the south point of the island ; it is 150 feet above the sea, and is crowned with one of the five light- houses in this county. Gay Head is about 60 miles E N. E. of Montauk, on Long Island, and bears marks of having been subject to volcanic eruptions. The place abounds in specimens of min- erals worthy the notice of geolo- gists. This part of the island is in- habited by some descendants of the native Indians, who own part of the lands. There is some salt manufac- tured at this place, and about 7,000 sheep are kept. Chilmark was in- corporated in 1714. Population, 1837, 700. It lies 92 miles S. E. from Boston, 33 W. from Nantucket, 23 S. E. by S. from New Bedford, and 12 S. W. by S. from Edgarton. China, Me. Kennebec co. This is a town- ship of excellent land, which pro- duced, in 1S37, 12,953 bushels of wheat. Chinais watered by a lake, or " Twelve Mile Pond," a fine miniature of the beautiful Skane- ateles, in the state of New York. At the outlet of this pond, into the Kennebec, are excellent mill priv- ileges. On the bank of the pond is a very flourishing village, a steam saw-mill, and an academy. A vis- it to this place, Albion, Clinton, Dixmont, and the neighboring towns, where wheat is worth a dol- lar and a half a bushel in the barn, is a good specific against the west- ern fever. A trip from Boston to China and back again may be per- formed in the same number of hours that it takes to go up either of the canals 100 miles, towards an un- seen country. China lies 20 miles N. E. from Augusta, 48 S. W. from Bangor, and 138 from Boston. Pop- ulation, 1837, 2,641. Chittenden County, Vt. Burlington is the chief town. This county is bounded N. by NEW ENuLANn GAZETTEER. Frankliu county, E. by Washing- ton county, S. by Addison county, and \V. by Chaniplaiii lake. Area, 500 square miles. Population, 1M20, 16,055; 1830, 21,7t)5. Population to a square mile, about 44. A few settlements coninienced in tins county belorc the revolution, but they were all abandoned during the war. Incorporated, 1782. Its soil vari'^s Crom rich alluvial meadows to liirht and sandy plains. 'I'lie beautil'ul Chaniplain washing its western boundary gives it great fa- cilities for trade to New York and Canada. Its agricultural and man- ufacturing products arc consider- able. In lSo7 there were in this county about 80,000 sheep. La- moille river passes through its N.W. corner, and Onion river pierces its centre. These streams, with sever- al others of smaller size, aflbrd the county a good water power. Chittenden, Vt. Rutland co. Idlest of the lands in this town lie on the Green moun- tains. Some of the branches of AVhite river pass through it. Near thehoadofthe Philadelphia brand), 80 called, is a mineral s|)rltig, said to contain some good (|ualiiies. — J^Ian^ancse of an excellent quality is found here. In 18.37 there were in Chittenden about 700 people, and 3,000 sheep. -Ybout 12 miles N. by E. from Rutland, and 40 N. by E. from Monlpclier. Clarcniout, IV. U., Sullivan co., is 12 miles N. from Charle«town, 8 W. from Newport, 47 N. N. W. from Concord, and y7 W. N. W. from Portsmouth. This town is watered by Conncciicut and Sugar rivers, besides numerous crooks and rivulets. Clareniont is a fine undulating tract of territory, covered with a rich gravelly loam, converted into the best meadows and pastures. The hills are sloping acclivities, crowned with elegant iurnmits. The intervales on the j rivers are rich and luxuriant. The agricultural products are large and valuable. The houses and build- ings i)resent a very favorable ap- pearance, and indicate the wealth and prosperity of the town. In this town are a number of manufacto- ries of cloth, paper, leather, &c. Claremont was granted in 1764. — In this town are fin* beds of iron ore and limestone. It i-eceived its name from the country seat of Lord Clive, an English general. The first settlement was made in 17(i2, by Moses Spaffbrd and David Lynde. Many eminent men have rcsifled in this town. The Hon. Ca- leb Ellis came to rrside in Clare- niont about 1800. In 1804, he was chosen a member of congress from this slate ; in 1S09 and ISIO, a mem- ber of the executive council; in 1312, an elector of president and vice-president of the U. S. In 1813, he was appointed judge of the su- perior court, in which otficc he re- mained till his death. May 9, 1816, aged 49. Population, 1830, 2,526. Clareiideii, Vt. Rutland co. Otter creek. Mill and Cold rivers and several brooks give this town good mill privileges. Here are good marble, a mineral spring, and a curious cave. The soil is a gravelly loam, with con- siderable alluvial meadow along its streams. There are some manu- facturing establishments in Claren- den, ami about 13,000 sheep. Pop- ulation, \-^:U), 1,.385. It lies 55 miles S. from Montpelier, and 7 S. from Rutland. ClarUsbargli, 3In8s. Berkshire co. A liraiicb of TToo- sick river passes through this moun tainous township. It lies 125 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 27 N. by K. Iroin Lenox. Incorpora- ted, 1798. Population, 1837, 386. (^larksburgh has a small cotton mill, 5 saw mills, and 25o sheep. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ClaxksvUle, ]V. H. This town was incorporated in 1832. It had before that time borne the name of the First College Grant. It was granted to the trus- tees of Dartmouth College, Feb. 5, 1789. It contains 40,960 acres, and is situated on Connecticut river, in Coos county, N. of Stewartstown. Its population, in 1830, was 88. Clintou, Me. Kennebec co. This fine town- ship is bounded on the E. by Ken- nebec river. The Sebasticook pass- es through the town, and, at the falls on that river, affords it a great hydraulic power. It has a neat and pleasant village on the bank of the Sebasticook, some manufactures, and large agricultural products. In 1837 this town produced a consid- erable quantity of wool, and 10,807 bushels of wheat. Incorporated, 1795. Population, 1837, 2,G42. Clinton lies 24 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and about 12 S. by E. from Skowhegan. Cobbessecontee "Waters, Me. The pond is a fine sheet of wa- ter, lying \V. of Hallowell, and connected with smaller ponds in Monmouth, Winthrop, Readfield, and jMount Vernon. The outlet of the pond is a river of the same name, which passes into a beauti- ful pond we see on the stage road in Richmond, and empties into the Kennebec at Gardiner. These wa- ters afford a great hydraulic power, an abundance of fish, and much de- lightful scenery. Cobscoolt Bay, Me. A large bay, the recipient of a number of large ponds, on the S. W. side of Eastport, in Passama- quoddy bay. See Eastport. Cod, Cape and Eay. Having briefly described this cape, under Barnstable county, we have only to add that Cape Cod light is in N. lat. 42° 2' 22"; W. Ion. 70° 4' 22". Cape Cod hay is in Massachu- setts bay, and is formed by the half extended arm of the cape. See Barnstable county. Cohasset, Mass. Norfolk CO. A town on Massa- chusetts bay, noted for its rocky coast and numerous shipwrecks. 6 miles E. from Hingham, 20 E. by S. from Dedham, and about 16 S. E. from Boston, by water. Incor- porated, 1770. Population, 1837, 1,331. This place has about 40 sail of merchant, coasting and fishing vessels, and a large tide-water pow- er. Cohasset has become a great resort for citizens and strangers, in summer months, to enjoy the ma- rine scenery, exhilarating air, and all those pleasures for which J\l'a- hant is celebrated. The value of the fisheries, for tlie year ending April 1, 1837, was $75,536. The value of salt, vessels, boots, shoes, and wooden ware manufactured, was $35,920. Colchester, Vt.) Chittenden CO., is pleasantly sit- uated at the head of a bay on the E. side of lake Champlain, 36 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 6 N. from Burlington. This town is well watered by Onion river, and some smaller streams. Colchester has some good and some poor land, some trade on the lake, and about 4,000 sheep. First settled by Gen. Ira Allen, in 1774. Population, 1830, 1,489. Colcbester, Ct. New London CO. Thisis a plea- sant town ; the site of Bacon acad- emy. It lies 20 miles N. W. from New London, and 23 S. E. from Hartford. First settled, 1701. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,068. The surface of the town is uneven, with a strong , NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. gravelly soil. Excellent iron ore is found here. Rev. John Bulkley, a fjranthon of president Chauncy, was the tirst settled minister in tliis i)lace. I\Ii-. Bulkley was a very di^tin'^uishcJ seaolar. He died in 1731. He pu!)lished a curious treatise, in which he contended that the In- dian; had nojust claims to any lands but such as they had subdued and iini)rove(i by their own labor. The following story is told in an old book. "The Rev. Mr. Bulkley of Col- chester, Conn., was famous in his day as a casuist and sau;e counsel- lor. A church in his neighborhood had fallen into unhappy divisions and contentions, which they were unable to adjust anionji themselves. They deputed one of their number to the venerable Bulkley, for his services, with a request that he would send it to thcni in wiitiu;;. The matters were taken Lnto serious consideration, and the advice, with much deliberation, committed to writing. It so happened, that Mr. Bulkley had a farm in an extreme part of the town, upon which he ! entrusted a tenant. In snpcrscril)- j ing the two letters, the one for the ! church was directed to the tenant, ! and the one for the tenant to the | church. The church was conven- ed to hear the ailvice which was to I settle all their disputes. The mod- \ orator read as follows : You trill mt to the repair of the fences, that tkeif be built hi'^h and strong, and you tvill take special care of the old black bull. This mystical advice puzzled the .church at lirst, but an interpreter among the more dis- ce;-nin;i ones was soon found, who said. Brethren, this is the very ad- vice we most need ; the directions to repair the fences is to admonish lu to take good heed in the admis- sion and government of our mem- hcrs : we must guard the church by our Master's laws, and keep nut strange cattle from the fold. And we must in a particular manner set a watchful guard over the Devil, the old black bull, who has done so much hurt of late. All perceived the wisdom and litness of Air. Bulk- ley's advice, and resolved to be gov- erned by it. The consequence was, ail the animosities subsided, and harmony was restored to the long alllicted church." Colcbrook, >'. II., Coos CO., on Connecticut river, about 35 miles N. of Lancaster. It is watered by the Mohawk river and Beaver brook. The soil here is rich, and capable of culture. In- tervales of good quality stretch along the Connecticut. Colebrook was originally granted to Sir George Colebrook and others, and was in- corporated Dec. 1, 1790. There is an acailemy in this town, incorpo- rated in 1833. Population, 1830, 512. Colebrook, Ct. Litchfield CO. An elevated town- ship of a hard gravelly soil and un- even surface, on the line of Mas- siuhusetts ; 31 miles N. W. fiom Hartford, and IS N. E. fiom Litch- field. The eastern part of the town is watered by Farmington river. Here are a number of good mill seats, and a manufactory of broad- cloth. The village is very plea- sant, having Mount Pisgah in the rear. First settled, 1765. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,332. Coleralne, Alass. Franklin CO. This town was first settled by a colony from the north of Ireland, about the year 1736. It lies 105 miles N. W . from Boston, and 9 N. W. from Greenfield. It is watered by a branch of Decrfield river, which produces a water pow- er for 3 cotton mills and several oth.;r manufactories. The manu- factures consist of cotton goods, iron castings, leather, hats, chairs, cab- inet ware, ploughs, spades, shovels, forks, and hoes ; total value, in one NKW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. year, $91,000. This is a fine graz- ing township, and produced, in 1837, 16,123 pounds of wool, valu- ed at $y,]33, the fleeces of 5,754 sheep. Population, 1837, 1,998. t olleges in New Knglaud. See Register. Colwvoibia, Me. Washington co. At the head of tide water, on the W. side of Plea- sant river. It is a very large town- ship, well'provided with mill seats, and was settled soon after the rev- olutionary war. It lies 15 miles W. from Machias, and 120 E. by N. from Augusta. Columbia has con- siderable trade, particularly in lum- ber. Population, 1837, 793. CoIniKiIjia, K. H., In the county of Coos, lies on the E. bank of Connecticut river, 30 miles N. of Lancaster, and 147 N. of Concord. The surface of the town is quite uneven, the moun- tains of Stratford lying along the S. From these a number of stream.; descend north-westerly info the Connecticut, furnishing many fine mill seats. There are also several small ponds in town. On the bor- ders of one, called Lime pond, vast quantities of shells arc found, from which a species of lime is made that answers for some uses. It was incorporated 1797. Population, 1830, 442. Coluaitiia, €t. Tolland co. Taken from Leba- non, in 1800. It is 22 miles E. from Hartford, and about 14 S. by E. from Tolland. Population, 1830, 962. Columbia is watered by a branch of the Willimantic, and has a satinet factory, and other ope- rations by water. The surface is uneven ; the soil hard and gravelly, but excellent for grazing. In this place, about the year 1741, the Rev. Dr. Eleazar Wheelock, the first president of Dartmouth College, opened a school for the instruction of Indian youth. He removed his family and pupils to Hanover, N. H., in the autumn of 1770. The snow was very deep, and Hanover was a wilderness. " Sometiines standing in the open air, at the head of his numerous fami'iy. Dr. Whee- lock presented to God their morn- ing and evening prayers : the sur- rounding forests, for the first fiiae, reverberated the solemn sounds of supplication and praise." This good man died in 1779, aged 69. Concord, Me. Somerset co. Incorporated in 1821. Population, 1837, 524. Con- cord lies on the W. side of Kenne- bec river, 55 miles N. from Augus- ta, and about 20 N. from Norridge- wock. This is a good township, and produced, in 1837, 3,121 bush- els of wheat. Concord, K. K., The capitol of the state, and shire town of the county of Merrimack. It lies ou both sides of the Merri- mack river, in N. lat. 45° 12' 2S", and W. Ion. 71° 29'; and is 146 miles S. W. from Augusta, Me. ; 97 S. E. from Montpeli^er, Vt.; 153 N. E. from Albany, N. Y.; 65 N. N. W. from Boston, Mass.; 103 N. from Providence, R. I. ; 139 N. N. E. from. Hartford, Conn., and 474 N. E. by E. from Washington. There are five ponds in Concord, the largest of which are Turkey, in the S. W., and Long pond in the N. W. parts of the town, on the streams passing from which are some valuable mills and privileges. The Contoocook river enters the W. corner of the town, and uniting with the Merrimack on the N. W. line, forms at its junction the cel- ebrated Duston's Island. On the borders of the Merrimack, which is the principal river of this region, are rich intervale lands, highly val- ued by the inhabitants, and well cultivated. Soon after entering NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Concord, the river passes over Sew- nll's falls, or rapids, bolow which is Sewall's island. From tln'iice the river lias no natural ob-^truction un- til it reaches ttic falls at the S. E. extremity of the town, whore is a water power, now owned by the Anioskeat^ Manufacturint; C'(>nipa- ny, Hliiiost suHicient to move the iiiacliinety of another Lowell. — Locks are here constructed, and navijjation by boats has been open since 1815 during the boatincj sea- son, adding much to the business and importance of the place. The ri\- er is about 100 yards wide ojjposite the town; but durini; the great freshets which sometimes occur here, the river rises 20 feet above the ordinary level, prcsentina; to the eye a body of water a mile in width. There are two handsome bridijes thrown across the river. The principal villii2;e, and scat of most of the business of the town, is on the western side of the river, extending nearly two miles between the two bridges; and is one of tlie inast heallliy and plea-antly sitna- tcii villages in New Eni/Jand. The state house, state pi'i-on and court liouse, and five very commodious and handsome structures for public worship, are in this village. The stale house occupies a beautiful site in the centre of the village, and is constructed of hewn granite. It is 126 feet in length, 19 in width, 50 feet of the centre of the building having a projection of 4 feet on each front. It rises two stories above the basement. The h»'ight from the ground to the eagle on the top of the cupola is 120 feet. The cost of the building and appenda- ges, ^ifSO.OOO. The state prison is also a solid structure of massive granite. On the ea>t side of the river is the second principal village, where the SewalTs Falls Locks and Canal Company, recently chartered, have commenced their works, which, by taking the waters of the river in a canal from Sewall's falls, will create a vast and valuable wa- ter power at this village, that must ultimately prove of immense im- portance to the town. Another handsome village has grown up in the west part of the town. The intercourse with Lowell and Boston, by way of the canal on the Merri- mack, has been open since 1815, and a very large amount of busi- ness in freights has been done on the river. The Concord rail-road, to connect with the Lowell rail- road, has also been surveyed, and will doubtless soon be put in pro- gress. This is a link in the great chain of northern railways, which must ultimately extend trom Uoston to connect with the western waters at the outlet of lake Ontario. The importance of extending the rail- road to the heart of New Hamp- shire has by no means been fully estimated by the public. Concord is the great thoroughfare for trav- ellers fiom the north, and the freight by horses and baggage wagons is iinnicnse. The soil of this town is general- ly good, and the intervales very I)roductive. Large masses of gran- ite suitable for the purposes of build- ing exist here, the most important of which is The A'eir Hampshire Letlge, a name by which in an act of incoiporation ;mi immense mass of granite in the N.W. part of the town has been designated. This ledge is situated about 1 1-2 miles N. U'. of the slate house, and about 200 rods distant from Merrimack river, which is navigable lo this place with boats. The course of the leilgc is from N. K. to S. \\ . and its rise about 45° from a plane of the horizon, and its height about 350 feet. It presents a suiface of massive piiniilive granite, of more than 4,500 square rods. The rift of this slone is very perfect, smooth anil regular; splits are easilj- made to the depth of 12 to 20 feet, and of almost any re- (piired length. And unlike much of tJie building stouc now in tlie NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. market, it has been ascertained by a recent examination (made by Mr. A. H. Hayes, of Roxbury, Mass., and other eminent chemists and geologists,) that the stone from tliis quarry is perfectly free from those oxides, or other mineral substances, which on expo-ure to the atmos- phere, mar the beauty of much of the New England granite. This etone quarries easily; the great ele- vation and dip of the ledge, and its proximity to the river, giving it facil- ities of working and transportation, it is believed unequalled. From the base of the ledge to the bank of the Merrimack, a rail-way is contem- plated, the proprietors of the ledge having already obtained a charter for that purpose. As the great fa- cility of transportation by way of the river to the markets, becomes known, together with the fact, tliat the upward freight would, during a great portion of the year, go far towards remunerating the cost of transportation of this stone to tlie seaboard — the situation, extent, and value of this quarry will be seen and appreciated. On several large perpendicular faces of the ledge, protected by shelving rocks from vegetable stains, but exposed for ages perhaps to the atmosphere, the stone is found to be entirely free from any coloring or stain, preserv- ing its natural color. The amount of the whole mass, when wrought, can scarcely be estimated. This representation is derived fiom gen- tlemen of Concord not at all in- terested in the quarry, and is here given, with the sole qualitication, that if the quality of the stone is as pure as is stated, there is no danger of over-estimating the value of the quarry. A specimen of this granite is with the editor for examination. Concord, originally called Pena- cook, was granted by Massachu- setts to a company of settlers, 17th Jan., 1725, and the settlement began the year following. In 1733, the plantation was incorporated by the 9 name of Rumford, which name it retained until 7th June, 1765, when the town was incorporated by its present name. This town suffered much from incursions of the savages. Several of the inhab- itants were killed, and others taken into captivity, between the years 1740 and 1750. The manufactures of Concord are numerous and vil- uable. They consist of books, fur- niture of all kinds, boots, shoes, granite, lumber, and a variety of other articles. The manufacture of books is very extensive, and an- nually increasing. Population in 1775, 1,052 ; in 1790, 1,747 ; in 1800, 2,052 ; in ISIO, 2,393 ; in 1820, 2,838 ; and in 1830, 3,727. The present population is between 4 and 5 thousand. Among the early inhabitants and distinguished citizens of this town, may be mentioned the following : Hon. Timothy Walker, son of the first minister of Concord, an active patriot during the revolution, member of the convention of 1784, a legislator, and judge of the com- mon pleas. He died May 5, 1822, aged 85. Dr. Philip Carrigain, an eminent physician, who died iu 1806. Hon. Thomas W. Thompson, a distinguished lawyer and politi- cian, who died 1 Oct., 1821, aged 57. Sir Benjamin Thompson (known to the world as Count Rumford) settled and married here in early life. John Farmer, Esq., an emin- ent antiquary and genealogist, re- sided here for the last seventeen years of his life, and died 13 Aug., 1838, aged 49. Mr. Farmer's health was always exceedingly delicate : he therefore, partly of necessity and partly of choice, adopted a very sedentary mode of life. He col- lected around him books of ancient date — gathered together early rec- ords of towns — notices of the first NP.w r.vri.ANn ca/.etteer. •cttleri ol the country — inquin'd into the uaiiio«, a>^fs, cliaracler^, anil (lea!htinij;uishc(i far beyond all lii< f-llow ciliiicns, for exact knowleilpe of f:ii-Ls and events rel- ative to the hi-.tory of New Eng- land. His mind was a wonderful re|)o-.itory of names and dates and particular incidents, not stored up indeed for private fifratitication, hut »!ways open for the bcnelit of oth- er*. So j;eneral and Well eslaldish- ed was his reputation for accuracy, tfint his authority was relied on. us decisive in historical and genealog- ical facts. Feelings of personal attachment and ohiigatioiis for numerous inval- uable tokens of friendship, received by the eilitor, would seem to require a full lensth portrait of the charac- ter of this distinguished man and estimable christian — even in a work of this kind; ami it should be ^iv- en, had not an abler pen pi-rformed that art of justice. See ^Iniericun Quarttrly liet^ixtrr. C'oucortI, Vt. Kssex CO. First settled, 17>''S. Population. is:{(», 1,031. On the W. side of Connecticut river: 38 miles E. by N. from .Monlpelier, and 18 S. \\ . from f Juildhall. M(x>se river, a branch of the Passump-^ic, watcm the north part of the town. HalFw and .Mile (londs are beau- tiful sheets of water, and alTord a variety of fish. The soil of the town \i» pretty good, and keeps about 3,000 ■hecp. CoiiroDi, Mn«4. One of the chief towns of Mid- dlesex conntj\ This town is situ- ated on the river of the same name, 17 miles Vi'. N. \\ . from Uoston, 1 ! S. S. W. from Lowell, and 30 E. N. E. fiom Worcester. Incorpo- rated, l(i:;5. Population, 1820, 1,7S8; 1M:5-, 2,023. This town was the first inland settlement in tlie colony of iMajsaehusetls Haj-. The lown^liip was originally six miles square, and derives its name from the harmony in which it was pur- chased of the natives. Its Indian title was .Maskvlaqidd. It took an active part in the prosecution of the war agaio'^t king Philip, in 167.5-S, and in April of the latter year, 10 or 12 of its citizens were killed, in the attack made by the Indians on the neighboring town of Siidhury. The general court has frequently lield its sessions in this town, and in the year 1774 the provincial con- gress selected it as their place of meeting. On the 19th of April, 1775, a detachment of Hritish troops, sent out by (Jen. Gage for the pur- pose of seizing a quanli;y of mili- tary stores which were deposited here by the province, were met at the North bridge by the citizens of Concord and the neiijhboring towns, and forcibly repulsed. It was at this spot that the first regular and effectual resistance was made, and the first Hritish life was taken, in the war of the revolution. The graves of two of the Hritish soldiers, who were killed at this place, are still marked, and a suitable monu- ment i> erected near the site of the bridge, to commemorate the event. The monument is of granite, in the form of an obelisk ; its height about 25 feet ; the base, which is square, is a large (dock 5 1-2 feet broad, and about 3 inhei<;ht. On the west side of the next block, is inlaid a slab of white Italian marble, on which is engraved the following in- scriptir)n : — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Here, On the 19th of April, 1775, Was made The first forcible resistance To British aggression. On the opposite Bank, Stood the American Militia. Here stood the invading Army, And on this spot The first of the enemy fell In the War of that Revolution Wliich gave Independence To these United States. In gratitude to God, And In the love of freedom. This Monument Was erected A. D. 1836. The manufactures of Concord consist of cotton goods, satinet and flannel, boots, shoes, hats, ploughs, lead pipe, chairs and cabinet ware. The whole value, in one year, ex- clusive of cotton goods, amounted to $156,012. Concord River. This river is formed by the union of Assabet and Sudbury rivers at Concord : after passing through the towns of Bedford, Billerica, and Chelmsford, it falls into the Mer- rimack between Lowell and Tewks- bury . This river furnishes the Mid- dlesex canal with most of its wa- ters. Couuanicut Island. See Jamestown, R. I. CONNECTICUT. This state is bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New York. Situated between 40° 58' and 42° 1' N. lat. and 72° 37' and 71° 43' W. Ion. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The territory of Conaecticut was formerly two colonics — Connecticut »nd .Yew Haven. The colony of Connecticut was planted by citizens of Massachusetts, at Windsor, in 16.33, and at Hartford and Wethcrslleld, in 1635 and 1636. The colony of New Haven was settled by English- men, in 1638. In 1665, the two colonies were united by a charter granted by Charles the Second. This charter was the basis of the gov- ernment till 1818, when the present constitution was formed. The executive power of this State is vested in a Governor, and a Lieu- tenant-Governor, who is also President of the Senate. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and a House of Represen- tatives, which together are called The General Jlssemblij. The Senate consists of not less than IS and not more than 24 members. Most of the '.owns may choose two Representatives ; the others one each. All the above are elected annually by the people on the first Monday of April. The General Assembly lias one stated session in each year, commencing on tlve first Wednesday in May. These sessions are Iield alternately, in the years of even numbers at New Haven, and in the j"ears of odd num- bers at Hartford. The electors arc all the white male citizens, of twenty-one 5'ears of age, who liave resided in the town in which they vote si.\ months next preceding, and have a freehold estate of tlie value of seven dollars; or who have performed regular military duty in said town for one year next previous to the voting ; or who shall have paid a tax within a year of his voting. Those entitled to be electors, before voting must be qualilicd by taking the oath prescribed by law. No person is obliged to join any religious society; but having joined one he is liable by law to pay his proportion of the charges for its sup- port. He may separate himself from such society by leaving with the clerk thereof notice of his determination to close his conncxtion with them. The judicial department of the government embraces the Supreme Court oi Errors, the Superior Court, a County Court in each county, a City Court in each city, a Court of Probate in each probate district, and as in other states in New England, an indefinite number of Justices of tJic Peace in each county. The Supreme Court of Errors consists of five Judges, who are ap- pointed by the General Assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior, but not after seventy years of age. They are subject to re- moval by impeachment, and by the Governor, on the address of two thirds of the members of each House of the General Assembly. This court has final and exclusive jurisdiction of writs of error, brought to revise the judgment on decrees of the Superior Court, in law or equity, whereia NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the errors complained of appear from the files and records. It holds one term in each county annually. Though this body, as a court, has cog- nizance only of writs of error, yet, as all the members are Judges of the Superior Court, a convenient opportunity is afforded, while they are thus assembled, for hearing argumencs on motions for new trials and cases stated. These, of course, occupy a considerable portion of the terra The opinions of the Judges upon them are given by way of advice to the Superior Court, in which the cases are respectively pending. This advice is always followed, it being understood as settling the law. A Judge of the Superior Court of Errors, designated by that court for the purpose, constitutes the Superior Court; two terms of which are held in each county annually. This court has cognizance of civil actions at law brought by appeal from the County, City, and Probate Courts, and of suits for relief in chancery, wherein the value of the matter in demand exceeds $335. In criminal causes it has exclusive jurisdiction of offences punishable with death or imprisonment for life ; and, concur- rent with the County Courts, of all other offences not committed to the jurisdiction of the Justices of the Peace. It has also cognizance of writs of error brought to revise the decisions of inferior tribunals ; of petitions for divorce, and of writs of scire facias, audita querela, and petitions for new trials relative to matters in or issuing from the court. In capital cases, the Judge holding the court is to call to his assistance one or more of the other Judges. The County Courts consist of one Chief Judge and two Associate Judges, who are appointed annually by the General Assembly. This court has original jurisdiction of ail civil actions at law, wherein the value of the matter in demand exceeds ^35, and appellate jurisdiction of all such actions wherein the value in demand exceeds $7. It has also original and final jurisdiction of suits for relief in equity, wherein the value in demand does not exceed ^335, except suits for relief against a judgment rendered on a cause depending at law in the Supei'ior Court. In criminal jurisdiction, it has cognizance of all offences above the jurisdiction of a Justice of the Peace, and not exclusively within that of the Superior Court. It is also vested with powers relative to the laying out of roads, granting licences, the appointment of survey- ors, &c. Justices of the Peace have cognizance of all actions at law of a civil nature, wherein the value in demand does not exceed $35, and of all ofTences and crimes punishable by fine not exceeding $7, or by impris- onment not exceeding thirty days, or both. In each of the six cities — Hartford, New Haven, New London, Nor- 9* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. wich, Middlctown, and Bridgeport — there is a City Court, consisting of tlic Mayor and two senior Aldermen, having cognizance of all civil actions wherein the title of land is not concerned. Succession of Governors since the I'uion of the Colonies under the Charter iii 1GG5. John Winthrop, 1665— 167G. William Leet, 1676—1683. Robert Treat, 1683-1698. Fitz-John Winthrop, 169S— 1707. Giirdon Sal- toustall, 1708—1724. Joseph Talcott, 1725—1741. Jonathan Law, 1742—1751. Roger Wolcott, 1751—1754. Thomas Filch, 1754—1766. William Pitkiii, 1766—1769. Jonathan Trumbull, 1769-1784. Mat- thew Griswold, 1734—1786. Samuel Huntington, 1786—1795. Oliver Wolcott, 1796, 1797. Jonathan Trumbull, 1798—1809. John Treadwell, 1809—1811. Roger Griswold, ISII, 1812. John Cotton Smith, 1813— 1817. Oliver Wolcott, 1S17— 1827. Gideon Tomlinson, 1827—1831. John S. Peters, 1831—1833. Henry W. Edwards, 1833, 1834. Samuel A. Foot, 1834—1836. Henry W. Edwards, 1836— Succession of Chief Justices. Richard Law, 1785—1789. Eliphalct Dyer, 1789—1793. Andrew Adams, 1793—1797. Jesse Root, 1798 — 1807. Stephen M. Mitchell, 1S07— 1814. Tapping Reeve, 1814, 1815. Zcphaniah Swift, 1815 — 1819. Stephen T. Ilosmer, 1819—1833. David Daggett, 1833—1835. Thomas S. Williams, 1835 — Connecticut 13 divided into the eight following counties — Hartford, New Haven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex, and Tolland. The face of the state is greatly diversified by hills and valleys. In general it is so exceeding undulating or uneven, as to pre- sent an cverchanging variety of objects. The ranges of mountains from tlic north, which terminate near New Haven, are not remarkable for tlieir elevation in this state. Connecticut is finely watered by the noble river from which it derives its name, by the Thames, Housatonick, Nauga- tuck, and other smaller streams. The soil varies from a gravelly loam on the hills, to a rich and exceedingly fertile alluvial in the valleys. The former is more particularly adapted to grazing, the latter to tillage. These lands, iu possession of an industrious class of freemen, yield, in great abundance, all the varieties of proilucts common to a northern climate. The mineral resources of the state are not yet fully developed ; but iron and copper ores of excellent qualities are found ; also, lead, cobalt, marble and freestone. The mineral waters at Stafford are the most celebrated. Manufacturing establishments are scattered over the state. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. on its numerous delightful streams ; and foreign commerce, the coasting trade, and fisheries, enjoy an enviable position on the waters of Long Island Sound. Blessed with a salubrious climate and fertile country, the people of Connecticut probably enjoy as much happiness as is allotted to any part of the human family. Her population is always full, and although her domain is not extensive, no Atlantic state has sent so many of her children, or so large a share of intellectual wealth, to the western country, as Connecticut. If the love of liberty, literature and the arts, of social feeling and moral worth has an asylum on earth, Connecticut may boast that it is to be found within her bosom. See Res^ister. Connecticut River. This beautiful river, the Quonek- tacut of the Indians, and the pride of the Yankees, has it sources in New Hampshire and the moun- tainous tracts in Lower Canada. Its name in the Indian language is said to signify Long liiver, or, as some render it. River of Pines. Its general coui-se is north and south. After forming the boundary line between New Hampshire and Ver- mont, it crosses the western part of Massachusetts, passes the state of Connecticut, nearly in its centre ; and, after a fall of 1,600 feet, from its head, north of latitude 45°, it falls into Long Island Sound, in latitude 41° 16'. The breadth of this river, at its entrance into Vei-mont, is about 1.50 feet, and in its course of 60 miles it increases to about 390 feet. In Massachusetts and Con- necticut, its breadth may be esti- mated from 450 to 1,050 feet. It is navigable to Hartford, 45 miles, for vessels of considei-able burthen, and to Middletown, 30 miles from the sea, for vessels drawing 12 feet of water. By means of canals and oth- er improvements, it has been made navigable for boats to Fifteen Mile Falls, nearly 250 miles above Hart- ford. The most considerable rapids in this river, are Bellows' Falls, the falls of Queechy, just below the mouth of Waterqueechy river ; the White river falls, below Hanover, and the Fifteen Mile Falls, in N. H. and Vt.; — the falls at Montague and South Hadlcy, in Mass., and the falls at Enfield, in Ct., where it meets the tide water. The perpen- dicular height of the falls which have been overcome by dams and locks between Springfield, in Mass., and Hanover, in N. H., a distance of 130 miles, is 240 feet. Bars of sand and gravel extend across this river in various places, over which boats with difficulty pass in low water. The most important tribu- taries to the Connecticut, in New Hampshire, are Upper and Lower A monoosuck, Israel's, John's, Mas- comy. Sugar, and Ashuelot rivers : in Vermont, Nulhegan,Passumpsic, Wells, Vv'ait's, Ompomponoosuck, White, W'aterqueechy, Black, Wil- liams, Sexton's, and West rivers : in Massachusetts, Miller's, Deer- field, Agawam, Chickopee, and Westfield rivers ; and the Farming- ton, in Connecticut. The intervales are generally spread upon one or both sides of the river, nearly on a level with its banks, and extending from half a mile to five miles in breadth ; but its borders are in some places high. \h\v i:nui.ani) gazetteer. rocky anJ prccipitou«. In tlie jiprin}; it overllows its baiilcs, and, throu);h its winilin;^ course of nearly ■100 miles, forms and fertilizes a vast tract of rich meadow. In point of len;-;!}), utility, and beauty, this riv» r forms a distinguished feature of New Kngland. Large quantities of shad are taken in this river, but the salmon, which formerly were very plenty, have entirely disappeared. Conneclicut river passes through a basin or val- ley of about 12,000 square miles ; it is decorated, on each sside, with towns and villages of superior beauty, and presents to the eye a wonderful variety of enchanting scenerj'. Conncctlciit Liake, The source of one of (he princi- pal branches of Connecticut river, is situated in latitude -15^ 2' ; and is 5 1-2 miles in length, and 2 1-2 in width. It is supplied by several siiiali streams, rising in the high- lands north of the lake. ContooGOok River, T^. 13., A stream of considerable Icngtli and importance, waters most of the town.i in the W. part of the county of Hillsborough. It lias its origin from scversLl ponds in JalTiey and Kiadge, un:l in its coursn norlli re- ceives numcro'.is streams from Dub- lin, Pctcrlioro i;)i, Shai-on, Nel- son, Stoddard, V. Rchjngton, Antrim, Decring, and Hillsborough. In Hillsborough it takes a N. E. and ea."'ter'' ■ ' ■", and proceeds thro'- i- to Ilopkinton, whir ■•.'arnerand lilack- wa'.er iivvis. From Hopkinton, it pursues a meandering course through Concord, and (iiscliarges itself into th.i- .M.-rrimack between Concord and ISoscawcn. Near the raouth of this river is Duston's /«/an(i, celebrated as the spot where Mrs. Duston destroyed several In- Uian», in 1698. Cou-wny, N. II., Straflbrd co., on Saco river, is 72 miles N. N. E. from Concord, 60 N. by W. fiom Dover,and57 N. W. from Portland, Me. Swift river, a considerable and very ra|)id stream, Pequawkett river, and a stream tak- ing its rise in Walker's pond, the two last affording mill privileges, discharge themselves into Saco riv- er in this town. Saco river here is from 10 to 12 rods wide, and about 2 feet deep ; its current rapid and broken by falls. This river has been known to rise 27 and even 30 feet in the course of 24 hours. The largest collections of water in Conway are a part of Walker's pond, and Little Pequawkett pond, which lie in the south part of the town. There is a detached block of granite on the southern side of Pine hill, the largest perhaps in the state. A spring near the centre of the town,on the ^ank of Cold brook, strongly impregnated wiih sulphur, has been visited frequently by the inlirm,and in many instances found beneficial. There are al«o in this town large quantities of magnesia and fuller's earth. The intervale along the river is from 50 to 220 rods wide. The plain, when prop- erly cultivated, produces large crops of corn, and rye. Conway is quite a re.sort for travellers from the east and south to the White Moun- tains. From Conway villaoc to Crawford's house, at the No'.ch, is 34 miles N. W. Daniel Foster, in 17()5, obtained a grant of this town- ship, containing 21,040 acres, on condition that each grantee should pay a rent of one ear of Indian corn annually for the space often vears, if demanded. Pop. I' 30, 1,601. Coixway, Mass. Franklin co. This town is divid- ed from Shelburne, on (he north, by Deerlield river. It lies 100 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 S. W. from Greenfield. Incorporateil, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 17C7. Population, 1837, 1,415. A tributary of Deerfield river passes its northern border. The manu- factures of Conway consist of cotton and woolen goods, leather, boots, shoos, hats, chairs and cabinet ware. Total amount, year ending April 1, 1837, $22,475. The value of wool grown, the same year, was $5,072, comprising 4,830 fleeces, weighing 14,490 pounds. Cooper, Me. Washington co. Denny's river, emptying into Meddybenips lake, and both discharging into the river St. Croix at Earing, water the north part of this town. It lies 164 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and about 3S miles N. from Machias. Popu- lation, 1837, 571. Coos County, Sf. H. Coos is the largest county in New Hampshire, and within its limits are situated the contested Indian Stream territory and the greater part of the ungranted lands. Large portions of this county are exceed- ingly mountainous, cannot be culti- vated, and will probably never be settled. This county extends from lat. 43° 58' to the extreme north part of the state — being 76 miles in length, and having a mean width of about 20 miles. The area of this county is estimated to contain 1600 square miles, or, in round numbers, 1,000,000 of acres. It is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Maine, S. by the county of Strafford, W. by Grafton county and the state of Vermont. Besides the stupendous pile of the White Mountains, which distinguishes this county, there are several other mountains of no inconsiderable height. Those in Shelburne, Jack- son and Chatham, on the east side of the White Mountains, are bold and abrupt. The Peak and Bow- back mountains in Stratford ; the elevations in Disville, Columbia and Kilkenny; Pilot and Mill moun- tains in Stark ; Cape Horn in North- umberland, and Pondicherry, S. W. of Jefferson, are all of considerable magnitude, and partake of the gran- deur of the White Hills. In the neighborhood of high mountains are generally found the sources of our greater rivers. Three of the prin- cipal rivers of New England, the Connecticut, Androscoggin and Sa- co, take their rise in this county. There are numerous other streams which become tributary to these livers, the pi-incipal of which are the Mohawk, Amonoosuck, Israel's and John's rivers. The Margalla- way, after receiving the waters of Dead and Diamond rivers, unites with the Androscoggin, near Um- bagog lake. This lake lies princi- pally in Maine. Lake Connecti- cut is situated north of the 45th de- gree of latitude, and is one of the sources of Connecticut river. The largest pond in this county lies N. of lake Connecticut, and is connect- ed with it by an outlet. The first settlement in the coun- ty was made at Lancaster in 1763. The county was incorporated Dec. 24, 1803, and the name is of Indian origin, although the same name oc- curs in the New Testament. The population in 1820 was 5,549 ; and in 1830, 8,390. Coos contains 23 towns, and five inhabitants to a square mile. Lancaster, Shiretown. Coriuua, Me. Somerset co. Situated 53 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and about 35 N. W. from Norridgewock. In- corporated, 1816. Population, 1837, 1,513. In 1837,8,864 bushels of wheat were raised in this valuable township. Coriuth, Me. Penobscot co. This delightful township lies 81 miles N. W. by W. from Augusta, and about 25 S. W. from Bangor. It is watered by NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Kcmluskeag stream, and proiluce.l, ill 1S37, 9,017 bushi-ls of wheat. FopulatioD, same year, 1,232. Corinth, Vt. Oraup;e co. Two tuancJies of Wait's river water tlii at the bottom of a deep valley, is uncommonly plea^iug. Thcnioun-. tains nnd lofty hills which rise im-; mediately on almost every side, shutting; out, in a sense, the most of ^ the world frcin this ajjparently re- tireil spot, present a bold and most ' striking feature in the landscape." This village is the i)lace where ^ Foreign J.Iission School w^as estab- lished in ISIS. "This school had its rise from the attemi)t to qualify Obookiah, a pious Owyheean youth, and olbv-Mi, for mis., ai;ed 22. LoKE.Nzo Dow, an itinerant preacher, celebrated for his eccen- tricity was born in Coventry, Octo- ber, 16, 1777. It is said that during the 3S years of his ministry he travel- led in tliis and I'oreiirn countries two hundred thousand miles. He died at Georgetown, D. C, Feb. 2, 1834, Craftsbury, A't. Orleans CO. Col. Ebenezcr Crafts was the father of this little repub- lic. He died, much honoi-ed, in 1810, aged 70. Craftsbury was settled in 17S!>. It lies 25 miles S. of the Canada line, 25 miles N. from Montpelier, and about 15 S. S. W. from Irasburgh. Population, 1830, 9S2. This town i< linoly watered by Black river. Wild Hianch, and 5 large natural ponds well stored with trout. The village in the cen- tre of the town is elevated, com- manding adelighlful |)rospect. Cranberry ImIuikIs. Hancock co. These islands were attached to the town of Mount Desert until 18."}0, when they were incorporated 'I'bcy lie a few miles K. by S. from Mount Desert, and entbrace (jreat and I.iKle Cranber- ry, .'sutton's and Haker's islands. These islands uflbrd good harbors, and arc well located for the shore fishery. Po|)ulalion, 1S.'{7, 183. C'raniiton, R. I. Providence co. The soil of this town is more favorable for the pro- duction of fruits and vegetables than for grain. Some parts of the town are very fertile, but considera- ble of the land is rough and uneven. Providence market is supplied with a considerable amount of the pro- duets of the (own. The manufac- ture of cotton is very extensively pur; ued. The water power of the Pawtuxet and Powehnsset are con- stant and abundant. Cranston is a very pleasant town, and its proxim- ity to Providence, (only five miles s utli west) gives it peculiar privi- leges. Population, 1.S30, 2,Cu3. Crn«foriliip of land, and was formerly called Ad- ams. A large pond in Crawford and a part of another are the sour- ces of a branch of East Machias river. Population, 1837, 311. Lo- cated about 30 miles N. from Ma- chias and 140 E. N. E. from Au- gusta. Crooked River, Mc, Rises in ponds in Oxford county; passes through Harrison, Otisfield, and Raymond, and joins the outlet of I«}ng pond into Scbago lake. Cross Island, Mo. A large island, otf Machias bay, attached to the town of Cutler. Croydon, N. II., Sullivan co., is 44 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 8 N. from Newport. The N. branch of Su- gar river waters tliis town. On this stream is a woolen factory and other niills. Croydon mountain is of con- siderable elevation, on wliich are two small ponds. The soil of Croy- don is moist and rocky, and produ- ces valuable crops. Croydon was granted by charter to Samuel Chase, and olluis. May 31, 17G3. It was settled in 1766. Popiilation, 1830, 1,057. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Cumberland County, Me. Portland, chief town. Bounded N. by Oxford county, E. by Lin- coln county, S. by the Atlantic ocean, and \V. by York county and a part of Oxford. Area about .990 square miles. Population, 1820, 49,44.5; 1830,60,11.3; 1837,67,619. This is an excellent county of land, and under good cultivation. The commerce and manufactures of Portland and neighboring towns is very extensive. Casco bay is within the county, and affords it unrivalled privileges for navigation and the fisheries. It is watered by several large mill streams ; and the Cumberland and Oxford canal to Sebago lake, within the county, gives to its chief town considerable inland trade. In 1837 there were 37,803 bushels of wheat raised in the county, and it contained 71,000 sheep. CuiiiOcrlantl, Me. Cumberland co. Set off from the westerly part of North Yarmouth in 1821. Population, 1837, 1,525. 54 miles S. V/. from Augusta, and 10 N. from Portland. Cumberland is pleasantly situated ou Casco bay, and enjoys many navigable facili- ties. Cunisjei'land, R. I. Providence co. The manufac- ture of cotton and boat building is extensively pursued in this town. Pawtucket, Mill and Peter's rivers, and Abbot's run, afford the town a good hydraulic power. There is some good land in Cumberland, producing a variety of articles for Providence market ; from vv^hich it is distant 8 miles N. Population, 1830, 3,675. See SmWifield. Cuininiiigton, Mass. Hampshire CO. Located 110 miles W. from Boston, and 20 W. N. W. from Northampton. Incorporated, 1779. Population, 1837, 1,204. In this town are good mill seats on 10 Westfield river. It is a mountain- ous township but excellent for graz- ing. It produced, in 1837, 12,486 pounds of merino wool, the weight of 4,162 fleeces, valued at $7,492. The manufactures of Cummington consist of cotton and woolen goods, leather, palm-leaf hats, and scythe snaiths. Total value, in one year, !i^98,000. Iron ore and soapstone. Cushiug, Me. Lincoln co. Situated on Saint George's river, opposite to the town of St. George ; 45 miles N. E. from Augusta, and about 12 miles S. from Warren. This place was settled by emigrants from Ireland, as early as 1733. Here was the celebiated stone fort, erected by Maj. Burton. Incorporated, 1789. Population, 1837, 732. Cutler, Me. Washington co. Bounded S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and about 20 miles S. W. from W. Quoddy Head. It contains Little Machias bay and Little river, and is bounded W. by Machias bay. Cutler has a good harbor, and a population of 667 1G4 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 10 S. E. from Machias. Dal ton, N. H., Coos CO., lies between Lancas- ter and Littleton, on Connecticut river, and is 110 miles N. by W. fi-om Concord. The Great, or Fif- teen Mile Falls, on Connecticut river, commence in Dalton, and rush tumultuously along its norfli- vrest boundary. The town is also watered by John's river and sever- al large brooks. The western and southern parts of thijs town are hilly. Along the borders of John's river the majestic white pine abounds. The soil on the highlands is deep, and well adapted to grazing — is generally good, and in some parts easy of cultivation. Blake's pond, the only one in town, lies at the S. E. corner. Moses Blake and Wal- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ter Bloss were the first settlers of Dalton, and, w ith their families, for a lont; lime the only iiih^tliilaiits. Duiton was iiicitiponited Nov. 4, 17S4. Populalion, ls;iO, a:j2. blakc was a f.imoiis liunter, and the n)oo«e which fiequenfed the pond called hy his name often fell by tlie accuracy of his shots. Blake and Capt. Itucknari), (one of the first settlers of Lancaster,) on a hunting cxcur.-ion, fired at a mark, on asiiull bet. iJucknain fired first, ■ and cut, at the distance of twenty rods, near the centre of a mark not larger than a dollar. Ulake then tired, and on fjoiua; to the tree on which th* mark was made, no trace of the ball could be discover- ed. Hucknani exulted: "Cutout your ball," said Blakc, " and you'll find mine o'top oii't." The opera- tion hvhi HilIsborou£;h co., 23 miles S. W. from Concord, and 22 N. W. from Amlicrst. It is diversified wilh hills and valleys; is well watered, and its soil is favorable to the seve- ral purposes of agriculture. Tlierc are three ponds, Dudley, Pecker's, aud Fulton's. The two former are sources of the N. branch of Piscat- aquo£r river. There are some man- ufactures in this town, and bricks are made in a considerable quanti- ty. Deering was incorporated Jan. 17, 1774. The name was siven by Gov. John Wentwortii, in honor of his wife, wliose maiden naine was Dering. The first permanent set- tlement was made in 17(»iJ,byAIex- ander Robinson. Population, 1830, 1,227. Deer Isle, Me. Hancock co. This town is con- stituted of three principal Islands — Deer Island, Little Deer Island, and tlie Isle of Haut. They com- prise about 17,000 acres, ami were inhabited before the revolutionary war. Incorporated, 1789. Popu- lation, 1837, 2,473. The principal island lies about 2 miles S. W. from Sedi^cwick harbor, and 95 miles E. by S. from Augusta. These i.-Iands have good harbors, and arc well lo- cated for the shore tishery. AI- tliough they are situated near the sea they produce good crops and wheat. Deer Island)), N. II. In Connecticut river, between Lyman and Karnet, Vt., are live in number. The largest contains 88 acres. Deuinark, Itlc. Oxford CO. Incoiporated, 1&07. Population, 1837, 1,0x2. It lies S.") miles S. W. by \V. from Augusta, about 28 S. W. from Paris, and 47 N. W. from Portland. Denmark is finely watered by f^aco river and several beautiful ponds. The prin- cipal business of the inhabitants is asric\iltural, for which they have a fertile soil, and which produced, in 1837, 2,5(j0 bushels of wheat. Denuls, Mass. I?arnstaI)Ie co. This town crosses the capo, and was taken fiotn Yar- mouth in 1793. Population, 1837, 2,750. It lies 8 miles £. by N. from Barnstable, and 7 W. from Harwich. The first salt produced by solar evaporation in this country was made in this town, by John Sears and others, in 1776. About 7,000 tons of shipping belong to this town, principally engaged in fish- ing and coasting, and all manned by natives of the town. Bass river, rising from a pond, aflbrds a small water power. 150 ship-masters be- long to this town, sailing from va- rious ports in the Union. The pro- ducts of the cod and mackerel fish- ing, in one year, amounted (o $50,- 899. The manufacture of com- mon sali, Epsom salts, vessels, and lampblack, amounted to ,>30, of only 2. Dorchester, N. II., Grafton co., is situated on the highlands between (.oimecticut and Merrimack rivers, 12 miles from the former, and 8 from tlic latter. It is 23 miles S. by E. from Haverhill, 50 N. W. from Concord, and 90 N. W. by W. from Portsmouth. The principal streams are the S. branch of Baker's river, a branch of IMascomy, and Rocky branch. There are two considera- ble ponds, both in the W. part of the town. The .soil in same parts is very fertile; particularly the in- tervales on the branch of Baker's river. The hiiihlands are very un- even, and the greater part rocky. First settled about the year 1772. Population, 1830, 702. DorcUester, Mass. Norfolk CO. This ancient and respectable town lies on Dorches- ter bay, in Boston harbor, 5 miles S. from Boston, and 7 N. E. from Ued- ham. Population, 1837, 4,564. It was first settled by a party of Puri- tans from England. These pilgrims landed from the ship Mary and .John, at Nantasket, on the lltli of June, 1630, and on the 17th day of that month they located themselves at the Indian jMuttapa\i, and called it Dorchester, in honor of their pi- ous and learned friend, the Kev. John White, of Dorchester, 120 miles W. from London. The town was incorporated on the 7th of September following, and included most of the territory of the towns of Milton, Canton, Stoughton, Sha- ron, and that part of Boston on which stand " Dorchester Heights," me- morable for their sudden conversion into a fortress, for the protection of Boston harbor, by order of AVash- inglon, on the night of March 4, 1776. These lands were obtained from the Indians by purchase, not by combat. The present limits of the town are about 6 by 3 1-2 miles. Dorchester furnished pio- neers for the settlement of many parts of the country. A party from this town crossed the trackless wil- derness in II days, and settled Ilart- forad at times exhibited signs of hostility. Seven or eight of them, who had been guilty of some atrocities, were immediately hanged, and the rest sold into slavery. The Indians abroad regarded this act of AValdron as a breach of faith, and swore against him implacable revenge. In 1C89, after a lapse of 1.3 years, they determined to execute their project. Previous to the fatal night (27tli of June) some hints had been thrown out by the squaws, but they were cither misunderstood or dis- regarded ; and the people suffered them to sleep in tlu'ir garrisons as usual. In the stillnos of night the doors of the garrisons were opened, and the Indi.ins, at a concerted sig- nal, rose from theii- lurking places, and rushed upon the defenceless in- habitants. W aldron.tlioughSO years of age, made a gallant defence, but was overwhelmed by the superior numbers of his adversaries, who literally cut him to piece-^. in this affair, 23 persons were killed, and 29 made prisoners. The Indians were soon overtaken and nearly the whole party destroyed. Dover, A't. Windham co. This town was a pajt of Wardsborough, until 1810. It lies 12 niilesN. Vv . from Brattle- borough, 17 N. E. from Benning- ton, and 120 S. by W. from Mont- pelier. The land in Dover is high and uneven; — more lii for pastur- age than tillage. It is the source ol several branches of West, and a branch of Deertield river. Ser- pentine and chlorite slate are found here. Population, 1830, 831. Dorer, Mas». Norfolk CO. Dover lies 5 miles W. from Dedham, and 14 S. S. \V. from Boston. It was taken from Dedham in ITSl. This town is bounded northerly by Charles liver, and in it are manufactures of nails, iron hoops and rods, ploughs, brush- es, boots and shoes. Total amount of manufactures in 183(j, !si;9,5o3. The surface of Dover is uneven, and a large part of it covered with wood. Population, 1837, 51S. Dotru East, Mc. IVe crave the favor of a letter from our friends " Down East." See Barnard, Me. Dracnt, Mass. Middlesex co. Dracut is united to Lowell by a bridge over Merri- mack river. The town is pleasanc- ly situated on the N. side, on the line of N. H., with a tolerable soil and some water power, by Beaver river. It lies 27 miles N. from Bos- ton, and 16 N. by E. from Concord. Incorporated, 1701. Po|)ulation, 1837. 1,898. The manufactures of Drncut consist of woolen goods, leather, cutlery, boots and shoes. Annual amount, exclusive of wool- en goods, about $25,000. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Dresden, Me. Lincoln co. On the E. bank of Kennebec river, near the liead of Swan Island, 9 miles N. W. from Wiscasset, 14 S. from Augusta, and 59 N. E. from Portland. This is a large agricultural township, with some trade on the river. Previous to the division of the county, in 1789, Dresden was the shire town or place where all the courts in Maine were holden, E. of Kenne- bec river. Dresden was incorpo- rated as a town in 1794. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,570. Dre-^vsville, N. H. See Walpole. Dublin, Bf. H. Cheshire co. It is 10 miles E. by S. from Keene, and .50 S. W. from Concord. Dublin is situated on the height of land between Con- necticut and Merrimack rivers. Its streams are small ; those on the \V. side run into the Ashuelot, those on the E. into Contoocook river. The rain which falls on the roof of the church is shared by the rivers. — There is a pond near the middle of the town called Centre pond, one mile in length and about the same in brtadth. A large portion of the Grand Monadnock lies in the N. W. part of Dublin, and near the cen- tre of the town is Breed's moun- tain. Monadnock was formerly co- vered with a growtli of small tim- ber and shrubbery, but fires hav- ing run over it at different times, it presents little more than ragged rocks. Between the rocks, how- ever, there are low whortleberry bushes, which produce great quan- tities of fruit of a very rich flavor. The season for ripening is the lat- ter part of August, and to those who ascend the summit at this sea- son they are peculiarly grateful. This mountain is not difficult of ac- cess. The view from its summit is sublime. Its height is 3,718 feet above the level of the sea. The 11 land in general is much better for grazing than tillage. The late Kev. Edward Sprague bequeathed near- ly 8,000 dollars for the support of public scliools, the annual interest of which is to be applied to this ob- ject. He also left tlie town .$5,000, the interest of which, paid quarter- ly, is to be applied to the support of an ordained congregational min- ister, who shall statedly preach iu Dublin. The first settlements were in 1762, by John Alexander, and others. Population, 1830, 1,218. Duclley, Mass. Worcester co. This good farm- ing town was called by tiie Indians Chabanalionghomum. It is finely watered by the Quinnebaug and other streams, and possesses excel- lent mill privileges. During the year ending April 1, 1S37, the val- ue of the uianufaclures of Dudley amounted to ^■;343,826. , The ai-ti- cles manufactured were woolen goods, leather, slices, scythe suailhs, chairs, and cabinet ware. The val- ue of wool grown was;ftl,585. Dudley lies 55 miles S. W. from Boston, IS S. from Worcester, and 34 N. W. from Providence. Incorpo- rated, 1731. Population, 1837, 1,415. Duke'a County, Mass. EJgarton is the county town. This county is formed of the islands of Martha's Vineyard, Chappequid- dic, Elizabeth Islands, and No Man's Land — the latter of which is the southern extremity of Mas- sachusetts. These islands lie off and S. of Barnstable county and Buzzard's bay, and contain about 120 square miles. The principal island, Martha's Vineyard, the In- dian JVojje, or Capawock, was first settled by the whites, at Edgarton, in 1641, and is 21 miles in length and 6 in breadth. Although a large portion of this county is woodland, and many of the people engaged in the fisheries and coasting trade, yet considerable exports are annu- NEW KNGl.AND GAZETTF.ER. ally luadc of wool, woolen clotli, salt and prain. This county suflbr- ed much durins; the revolutionary war. In 177S, the people were compelled to surrender tiieir lire arms and 2,300 head of cattle to the British. Incorporated, lt)Ji5. Pop- ulation, 1S20, :},2!l-J; is:j(), 3.518; 1837, 3,7.'<5: 32 inhabitants to a square mile. There were on these islands, in 1S37, 11,281 sheep. Duinmcr, A'. II., Coos CO., is bounded N by ^fills- field and Lrrol, and comprises 23,- 040 acres. It was granted March 8, 1773, and is watered by the Am- monoobandmen. The advantages in point of water privileges are not great. The in- habitants are principally descend- ants of Scotch Irish, so called, from the North of Ireland. Their pos- terity still retain many traits of character peculiar to that people. Dunbarton was granted in 1751, to Archibald Stark and otliors. Its present name is derived fiom Bam' barton, in Scotland, from whence Stark emigrated. The first settle- ment was made about 1749. Wil- liam Stinson, born in Ireland, came to Londonderry with his father. He was much respected and was a use- ful man. James Kogers was from Ireland, and father to Major Robert Kogers. He was shot in the woods, being mistaken for a bear. Diiitinore I.akc, Vt. Sec Salisbttry. Duustable, Itlass. Middlesex co. Nashua river wa- ters the N. W. part of the town, and passes into Nashua, N. H. The surface of the tow n is level; — some part cf it is good land, but general- ly it is light and sandy. It has no manufactures, and only 315 sheep. Population, 1837, 570. Incorpora- ted, 16S3. Dunstable lies 27 miles N. W. from Boston, IS N. by W. from Concord, and 6 S. from Nashua. Durham, Me. Cvimberland co. Located on the S. side of Androscoggin river, and united with Lisbon by a bridge. This is a township of good land, and farming is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. Durham lies 25 miles N. from Portland and 31 S. W. from Augusta. Population, 1837, 1,832. Incorporated, 1789. Dui-hain, X. H., Strafford co., is 32 miles E. by S. from Concord, 11 W. N. W. from Porlsiiiouth, and 7 S. from Dover. Population, lKJ0,l,fi06. The situ- ation of this town, upon the Piscat- aqua and its branches, is very favor- able botji as to water power and transportation. Oyster river, one of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the branches of the Piscataqua, is- sues from Wheelwright's pond, in Lee, and after running nearly its whole course in Durham, furnishing in its progress several convenient mill seats, falls into the main river near Piscataqua bridge. This bridge is 2,600 feet in length and 40 in width. It cost |65,400. The tide flows in this branch of the river up to the falls near the meeting-house in the village, where business to a large amount is annually transacted. This village is a very central depot for the lumber and produce of the adjacent country. Lamprey river, another branch of the Piscataqua, runs through the westerly part of this town, over several falls remark- ably well adapted for mill seats, into the town of New Market, where it falls into the Great Bay. Upon both sides of Oyster river, a deep argil- laceous loam prevails, which is pe- culiarly favorable to the production of the grasses, of which very heavy crops are cut, and hay is an article of considerable export. Extensive ledges of excellent granite, with which this town abounds,have been the source of much profitable em- ployment to the inhabitants. A large block of detached granite in the southeast part of this town was formerly placed in a very singular situation. Its weight was 60 or 70 tons, and it was poised so exactly upon two other stones as to be visi- bly moved by the wind. It was some years since dislodged from this extraordinary position by the barbarous curiosity of some visit- ors. Durham was originally a part of Dover; but soon after its settle- ment was formed into a distinct par- ish by the name of Oyster river, from tlie stream which passes through it. From the abundance of excellent oysters found in its waters, this river probably derived its name, and it was a famous ren- dezvous of the Indians. For many years this place suffered exceeding- ly by Indian depredations and mur- ders. In 1C94, when a large part of the inhabitants had marched to the westward, the Indians, who were dispersed in the woods about Oyster river, having diligently ob- served the number of men in one of the garrisons, rushed upon eigh- teen of them, as they were soing to their morning devotions, and hav- ing cut off" their retreat to the house, put them all to death except one, who fortunately escaped. They then attacked the house, in which there were only two boys, beside the women and children. The boys kept them off for some time and wounded several of them. At length the Indians set fire to the house and even then the boys would not surrender till the Indians had promised to spare their lives. The latter, however, perfidiously mur- dered three or four children, one of whom they fixed upon a sharp stake in the view of its mother. The next spring the Indians nar- rowly watched the frontiers, to de- termine the safest and most vul- nerable points of attack. The settlement at Oyster river was se- lected for destruction. Hfere were twelve garrisoned houses, amply sufficient for the reception of the inhabitants ; but not apprehending any danger, many of the families remained in their unfortified houses, and those who were in the garrisons were indilTerently prepared for a siege, as they were destitute of powder. The enemy approached the place undiscovered and halted near the falls. One John Dean, whose house stood near the falls, happening to rise very cai-ly for a journey before the dawn of day, was shot as he came out of his door. The attack now commenced on all points where the enemy was ready. The enemy entered the house of a Mr. Adams without resistance, where they murdered fourteen persons, whose graves can still be traced. The house of John Buss, the minister, was destroyed NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. together with his valuable library. He was absent at the lime, and his wife ami family tied to the woods. Many other cruelties were pcrpc- Iratetl, when the Indians, fearinj; that the inhaliitautsfroni the nei<;h- hoiiiii; settlements woiiM collect againsl them, retreated, having; killed or captured between 90 and 100 persons, and destroyed 20 I)ouses, 5 of which were garrisoned. Minute account-* of the.-e disasters are given in Uelknap's valuable His- tory of New Hampsliire, to which the reader is referred. Tiie lirst preacher who statedly officiated in Durham was John Buss; but he never was ordained. He died 173b", at the age of lOS. Rev. Hugh Adams settled .Mardi 2(j, 1718. Muj. Gen. JoH-v Sullivan, of the revolutionary army, was a res- ident of this town, and died here Jan. 2.3, 1795. He was a native of Berwick, Me. ; was a distinguished commander during the war; was president of the state three yeuis, and afterwards district judge of New Hampshire. On all occasions he proved himself the firm support- er of the rights of the country. Durlxaxu, Ct. Middlesex co. This town was first settled in 1G9S. Its Indian name was Coginchaug. It lies 7 miles S. by W. from Middlctown, and 20 S. from Hartfonl. Popula- tion, iS30, 1,1 Hi. Ai^riculture is the principal employment of the people of Durham, for which they have rather an uneven but fertile soil. "This town lias been distin- guished many years for a very fine breed of cattle. Two oxen, pre- sented bysomeof the iiibabitants to General \Va-;bingtoii, furnished a dinner for all the oiruers of the American army at Valley Forge, and all their servants. These oxen were driven almost five hundred miles, through a country nearly ex- hausted of its forage ; yet one of them, a steer, five years old, weigh- ed two thousand two hundred and seventy pounds." Capl. Israel Camp, a noted psalm- odist died in Durham, in 1778. Duston's Island, N. II. This small island in the Merrimack at the mouth of Contoocook river, between Concord and Boscawen, has become celebrated on account of an exploit of a lady whose name it bears. On the 1.5t1i ^larch, 1698, the Indians made a ilesccnt on Ha- verhill, Mass. where they took Mrs. thinnah Duston, who was confined to her bed with an infant only six days old, and attended by her nurse, Mary Niff. The Indians look Mrs. Duston from her bed and carried her away with the nurse ;ind infant. They soon despatched the latter by dashing its head ygiiinst a tree. When they had proceeded as far as this island, which has been justly called Dustou's island, on their way to an Indian town situate a consid- erable distance above, the Indians informed the women that they must be stripped and run the gauntlet through the village on their arrival. Mrs. Duston and her nurse had been assigned to a family consist- ing of two stout men, three women, and seven children, or young In- dians, besides an English boy who had been taken from Worcester. Mrs. Duston, aware of the cruel- ties that awaited her, formed the design of exterminating the whole family, and prevailed upon the nurse and the boy to assist her in their destruction. A little before day, finding the whole company in a sound sleep, she awoke her con- federates, and with the Indian hatchets despatched ten of the twelve. One of the women whom they thought they had killed made her escape, and a favorite boy they ilesignedly left. Mi-s. Duston and her companions arrived safe home with the scalps, though their dan- ger from the enemy and from fam- ine in travelling so far, must have NEW ENGLAND G?.ZETTEER. been great. The general court of Massachusetts made her a grant of i'50, and she received many other valuable presents. Dux1)iiry, Vt. Washington co. This town lies on the S. side of Onion river, and is watered by several of its branches. The land along Onion river is good, but the greater part of the township is mountainous and unfit for culti- vation. Duxbury lies 12 miles W. from Montpelier. First settled, 1786. Population, 1S30, 651. Duxbury, Mass. Plymouth co. This town lies on Massachusetts bay in Plymouth har- bor. It is 29 miles S. E. from Bos- ton and 6 N. from Plymouth. Dux- bury affords some good land, a good water power and a great variety of scenery. Its Indian name was Mat- akeeset. Shipbuilding, the coasting trade and fisheries is the chief busi- ness of the place. In 1837, it had 46 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, the product of which amounted to 1^69,548. Val- ue of vessels built, $169,048. The value of woolen cloth, leather,boots, shoes, salt, iron, brass castings and tin ware manufactured, amounted to $105,787. Some attention is paid here to rearing sheep, and the man- ufacture of cordage. There is in Duxbury an apple tree noted for its age, size and fruitful- ness. It is upwards of a hundred years old. It is forty feet in height, and its circumference, eight inches from the ground, is 16 feet. Its fiuit, in one year, has made 10 bar- rels of cider, besides 30 bushels for the cellar. Population, 1837,2,789. Dyer's Bay, Me. See Steuben. Eagle I^ai£.e, Me. This large lake is in the county of Penobscot, between the Aroos- took and St. John's rivers. It is li* conmcted with some lakes of smal- ler SiZe. The general outlet is north by ( hipquedopskook river, about 14 miles in length, into the river St. JoL.n. Great quantities of logs are taken to this outlet, sawed and sent to New Brunswick. East Britlgevvatei', Mass. Plymouth co. This town lies on a branch of Taunton river, and was, until 1823, a part of the ancient Bridgewater. It is 24 miles S. by E. from Boston and 17 S. Vv'. from Plymouth. Population, 1830, 1,653 —1837, 1,927. East Bridgewater has a good water power, and man- ufactured the year ending April 1, 1837, $414,044 value of goods. The articles consisted of cotfon goods, boots, shoes, leather, bar iron, nails, tacks, lead pipe, chaises, window blinds, sashes and shoe boxes. Eastbrooh, Me. Hancock co. Incorporated, 1837. See " Doivn ICast.'" East Green-wicli, R. I. Shire town of Kent co. This town was incorpoiated in 1677, and is pleasantly located on Narragan- set bay, 13 miles S. from Provir dence, and comprises an excellent harbor for ships of 500 tons burthen. A number of vessels are owned here, and the coasting trade and fisheries give employment to many of the inhabitants. The town is watered by Maskachug and Hunt's rivers, on which are cotton mills and other manufactories. The soil of the town is rather rough and stony, but it yields good crops of corn, barley and potatoes. East Greenwich is noted for excellent fruit and cider. The " Kentish Guards" was es- tablished here in 1774, and proved a nursery of distinguished officers, of which the celebrated General Nathaniel Greene was one. Across the bay, to Bristol, is about 8 miles. Population, 1830, 1,591. \ J^AHt Iladdam, Ct Middlesex co. A town of ,con- Bidernhle trade and maniif;icti>;ing enterprise, on the east side of /'he Connecticut, and at the outJeoof Salmon river. It lies 18 miles ahove the nioulli of Connecticut river. 14 below .Middletown, and 30 S. S. K. froiu H^jtford. The soil is hilly and rocky, and more fit for grazin<^' than tillap;e. Considerable business is done here in the shad fishery. It is supposed that more leather is made in this than in any other town in the Ktate. This place has fine water privile»res, both for navi-jalion and manufactures. A short distance from the centre of the town is a pond covering 1,000 acres. On the river formed by the outlet of this pond, the water is precipitated over rocks nearly 70 feet perpendicular. The scenery arouncl these falls is beau- tiful, and worthy of particular po- lice. There are 6 cotton mills in East Haddam, two of which manufac- ture twine. Lecsville, on Salmon river, and Mechanicsville, on Moodus river, a branch of Salmon river, are very flourishinsj settlements. This place, the Indian Macki- mooilus, is remarkable for frequent 8lis;ht shocks of earthquakes, pro- ducins: sinjjular noises, which the Indians attributed to the anger of their pods towards the white men. It is said that some valuable geolo- gical discoveries have recently been made in this quarter. The town was first settled in l()85,but notin- corporate, and was that part of East Windsor lalied the Great Alarsh. The soil is light and dry, but considerably fertile. It is generally level, but the east- ern part is hilly and mountainous. Formerly the lamis in this town were held in low estimation, but by the industry of the people in their cultivation they have risen in char- acter and value. " The scenery in this town embraces considerable va- riety and is uncommonly interesting and beautiful." The ' " Ellington School" for boys, situated in a very neat village, is in high repute. Pop- ulation, 1S3(), 1,435. Ellington lies 12 miles N. E. from Hartford, and is bounded S. E. by Tolland. Elliot, nie. York CO. This town lies on the N. W. of Kittery of wliich it con- stituted a part until 1810. It ad- joins Salmon Fall river on the S. W. by which it is separated from New Hainpshiie — and is bounded N. by South Berwick, and E. by York. It is a good farming town and probably contains as great a proportion of valuable tillage land as any in the county according to its size. Population, 1S:57, 1,8.")9. Elliot is 108 miles S. W. from Au- gusta. Elliotsvillc, Mc. Somerset eo. This place is 81 miles from Augusta. See " Down East." Ellis' RiTcrg. Ellis' river, in Jfaine/is a tribu- tary to the Androscoggin. It rises N. of Kumford, in the county of Oxford, and passes through that town. Ellis' liver, in A'rw Hamp- shire, rises on the E. side of the White mountains, in several small streams, near the sources of Pea- body river, and separating into two streams which again unite, it fall* into the Saco at Bartlett. Elligo Pond, Vt. This beautiful sheet of water, two miles in length and half a mile in breailth,lics partly in Craftsbury and partly in Greensborough, Or- leans county. Its northern outlet passes to Black river ; its southern to the Lamoille. There are two small islands in the lake. This was a favorite resort for the Indians, and now attracts numerous lovers of fine trout and delightful scenery to its borders. EllstvoitU, Me. Chief town of Hancock CO. This is a j)Ieasant and flourishing town on boih sides of Union river, at the head of navigation. The village is principally on the E. side, where there is a good bridge across the rivci-, 3 miles above th« entrance of the river into the waters con- nected with Blue Hill bay. The tide rises at the bridge 10 or 12 feet, and Ellsworth possesses an enviable position for maritime and inland trade. The location of the courts for this county was changed from Casiinc to this place in 1838. Th.e court house is eligibly situated on the W. side of the river. Ellsworth is quite an agricultural township. It lias a good soil, and considerable attention is given to tlie growth of wheat and wool. It lies 81 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 30 N. E. by E. from Bangor. Population, 1830", 1,385—1837, 2,195. EUsivortli, N. H., Grafton co., is 52 miles N. N.W. from Concord and 20 S. E. from ilaverliill. Population, 1830, 234. It is a mountainous tract of territo- ry. The most prominent elevation is Carr's mountain. A small stream issues from West Branch pond and runs into the Peniigewassct at Campton. The soil, though in some parts sterile, produces wheat, rye NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and corn. Maple sugar is made here, and clover seed is raised in considerable quantities. This town, formerly called Trecothick, was granted May 1, 1769, to Barlow Trecothick. Slmoi'e, Vt. Lamoille co. First settled, 1790. Elmore lies 16 miles N. from Mont- pelier and 10 S. from Hydepark. Population, 18.S0, 442. There are five ponds in this town, the waters of which, the town beina; very high, descend partly to Lamoille and part- ly to Onion rivers. Some cattle and some wool are sent to market. fliulbdeu, Me. Somerset co. A fine township of land with two pleasant villages, on the W. side of Kennebec river. Seven Mile brook passes through the S. W. corner of the town. — Embden produced, in 1837, 6,400 bushels of wheat and considerable wool. Incorporated, 1804. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,048. It is 46 miles N. N. W. from Augusta and about 18 miles N. by W. from Norridge- woek. E}nfield, 9Ie. Penobscot co. Incorporated, 1835. See " Down East." Knfield, W. H. Grafton co. Enfield comprises 24,060 acres, of which about 2,500 acres are water. It is 10 miles S. E. from Dartmouth College and 40 N. W. from Concord. Its surface js diversified with hills and valleys, and watered by a variety of ponds and streams, stored with fish of ev- ery species common to the country. Mascomy pond, which has acquir- ed from travellers the appellation of Pleasant pond, is a beautiful col- lection of water, 4 miles in length and of various breadth, interspersed with islands and checkered with inlets. Its eastern banks are cov- ered with trees; the hills gradually rise one above another for some dis- tance. Along the western bank, between the pond and Mont Calm, within a few rods of the water, ex- tends the turnpike road, the whole distance through a beautiful vil- lage, shaded to the N. on either side by a growth of trees. Masco- my river empties into this pond in the N. W.part. This pond is sup- posed to have once been much high- er than it now is, and the plain and villages to the south are supposed to have been the bed of it. This fact is sufficiently evident from the ancient shoi'e still remaining round the pond, about 30 feet above high water, and from logs having been frequently found 12 feet below the surface of the plain once flowed. On the W. bank, near the southern extremity, is the Shakers' settle- ment, situated on a fertile plain. — The structure of the buildings, tho' not lofty, are neat and convenient. They occupy about 1,000 acres of land, and their number consists of about 240. They are agricultural- ists and mechanics. Garden seeds are grown, and wooden ware, whips; corn brooms, leather, and various other articles, are manufactured by them with peculiar neatness. See Canterbury. Mountain pond, on the summit of Mont Calm, is 200 rods long, and 100 wide. At the outlets of the ponds are mills of various kinds. The town was formerly called Rel- han, and was incorporated by char- ter, granted to Jedediah Dana and others, July 4th, 1761. Population, 1830, 1,492. Knfield, Mass. Hampshire co. Swift river pass- es through this town, and adds much to its beauty and importance. — The manufactures of this place, the year ending April 1, 1837, amount- ed to $182^669. The articles con- sisted of cotton and woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, hats, hoes, shingle machines, palm-leaf hats, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. wool car(lit of every be- holder. However fruitful the cit- izens may liave rendered the soil by their industry, ti)is county is es- sentially a comnierrial and manu- facturing section of New England. The tonnage of the five districts, in 1837, was 8."),93o tons. The amount of manufactures, for the year end- ing April 1, 1837, was 5;10",2 1(5,300 ; and the amount of the whale, cod and mackerel fisheries, amounted to $1,378,144. The principal riv- ers in Essex county are the Merri- mack and Shawsheen. Esiiderable and increasing business; has a cotton .factory, two paper mills, ,m iron foundry, and other manufacturing establi^hmrnfs. The junction of ♦he H'innepisiogee and Pemigcwas- set rivers, In Ibis town, form the noble Merrimack, creating on both .streams an extensive and valuable vvattr power. It is probable that within a few years the river will be rendered navigable, by means of locks and canals, as far up as Franklin, in whicli event it would become one of the most flourishing interior towns in New Hampshire. Population, in 1830, 1,370. FrauUliii, Vt. Franklin co. This town was for- merly called Huntsburgh, and was lirst 'settled in 1789. It lies 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, 17 N. N. E. from J>t. Albans, and bounded N. by Canada. The sur- fiice of the town is rough, but the soil is tolerably well adapted for sheep, of which about 3,500 are kept. Population, 1830, 1,129. Fi-auUIin, Mass. Norfolk CO. Charles river and its branches alFord Franklin a good water power. It was taken from V/rcntliam in 177S. There arc live cotton mills in the town, and man- ufactures of straw bonnets, shoes, boots, boxes and boats; total amount of manufactures in one year, !«f;210,- 47-2, of which ,«;1G0,1S6 were for straw bonnets, for which this town is celebrated. Franklin lies 27 miles S. W. by S. from Uosion, and 17 S. S. W. from Dedham. Population, 1837, 1,696. Franklin, Ct. New London CO. Shetucket riv- er separates this town from Lisbon. The surface of Fi-anklin is uneven; the soil a gravelly loam, more lit for grazing than tillage. There is a woolen factory on Beaver brook, a branch of the Shetucket, but the chief business of the people is rear- ing sheep, and other agricultural pursuits. Population, 1830, 1,194. U lies 34 miles E. S. E. from Hart- ford, and 7 N. by \Y . from Norwich. Franklin was taken from Norwich in 1786. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Freedom, Me. Waldo CO. Previous to its incor- poration, in 1S13, the territory of Fi-eedom was called " Beaver Hill." It was first settled in 1794. It is a good township of land, and bound- ed W. by Albion, and E. by Knox. It is about 20 miles E. S. E. from Belfast, and 25 N. E. from Augus- ta. Freedom, in 1837, with a pop- ulation of 1,053, produced 6,084 bushels of wheat. freedom, N. H. Strafford co. This town, former- ly Jforth Effingham, was incorpo- rated by its present name, Dec. 6, 1832. It is an uneven township, but has some good farms. It is bounded in part by the Ossipee lake, and river, which discharge east- wardly into the Saco. Distant 60 miles N. N. E. from Concord. Pop- ulation, in 1333, about 900. Freemau, Me. Franklin co. This small town of only 17,000 acres, most of which is woodland, with a population of 805, produced 6,435 bushels of wheat in 1837. Freeman is the source of a small branch of Sandy river. It lies 62 miles N. W. from Augusta, and 15 N. from Farming- ton. Freeport, Me. Cumberland CO. This is a respect- able town with a pleasant village, and small harbor at the head of Cas- co bay, on the road from Portland to Brunsv.'ick, IS miles N. by E. from the former, 9 S. W. from the latter, and 36 S. S. W. from Augus- ta. Freeport was taken from North Yarmouth in 1789, and was former- ly called the Harraseeket Settle- ment, from the name of the river that passes through it. This is a place of some navigation, ship build- ing, and agricultural enterprize. Population, 1837, 2,659. Freetown, Mass. Bristol CO. This town lies on the E. side of Taunton river, 8 miles S. from Taunton, 12 N. by W. from "^ New Bedford, and 40 S. from Bos- ton. First settled, 1659. Incor- porated, 1683. Population, 1837, 1,779. It is watered by a branch of Taunton river, and has some nav- igation. The manufactures of Free- town consist of iron castings, cut- lery, axes, shovels, spades, hoes, forks, nails, leather, boots, shoes, vessels, chairs, and cabinet ware. Total amount, in one year, $43,820. The soil is light, and keeps, among other cattle, about 1,000 sheep. French River. This river rises in Leicester, Mass. It passes through Auburn, Oxford, and Dudley ; it then enters the state of Connecticut and joins the Quin- ebaugh at Thompson. Some French protestants settled on this river in 1635. Frenchman's Bay, Ble. This important bay, in the county of Hancock, containing a number of excellent harbors and beautiful islands, is bounded W. by Baker's island, one of the Cranberry islands, and E. by a peninsula in Goldsbo- rough, on the W. side of which is Musquito harbor. The distance across this bay, from Baker's island to Goldsborough point, is 10 miles. This bay juts in from the Atlantic ocean about 20 miles, and is envi- roned by the towns of Eden, Tren- ton, Hancock, Franklin, Sullivan, and Goldsborough, and is the recip- ient of many valuable streams. It is easy of access, never obstructed by ice, and is one of the best retreats in a storm on the American coast. Frieudsliip, Me. Lincoln co. This is an Atlantic . town, containing several islands, at the head of Muscongus bay. It was formerly called the Meduncook NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Settlement, as lying between a riv- er of that name and the Muscongus. Friendship is a place of consider- able navigation and trade. It lies 48 milts S. E. from Auijusta, and 10 miles S. W. from Warren. Pop- ulation, 1837, 662. Fryeborgli, Me. Oxford CO. This interestin;; and pleasant town lies on both sides of Saco river, on the line of New Hampshire. The uplands arc not remarkable for their fertility, but the intervales on the Saco are of the choicest kind. Fryeburgh is only 6 miles square, yet the Saco here is so fantastic in its course that it winds itself between 30 and 40 miles with- in its limits. This town, the Indian Pequawket, lies 75 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, 47 N. W. from Port- land, and 28 S. W. from Paris.— Population, 1837, 1,444. Incorpo- rated, 1777. The principal village is situated on a plain, surrounded by lofty hills, and watered by the Sa- co: it bears evident marks of anti- quity, and lias an academy " with a cabinet of rare curiosities, col- lected with much diligence." — Love well's pond lies a short distance from the village. This beautiful sheet of water, now the resort for innocent amusements, was once the scene of bloody combat, and of the overthrow of a powerful Indian tribe. The story of LovewcU's Fight has been told Ihousaiids of tinu's, but as it is identified with the town of which we treat, we quote a brief notice of the event fioin the North American Review. " It was on the 18th of April, 172.'), that Capt. John Lovewell, of Dunstable, Massachusetts, with 34 men, fought a famous Indian chief, named Paugus, atthe head of about 80 savages, near the shores of a pond in Pequawket. LovewcU's men were determined to concjuer or die, although out-numbered by the Indians more than one half. They fought till Lovewell and Pau- gus were killed, and all LovewcU's men but nine were either killed or wounded dangerously. The sava- ges having lost, as was supposed, 60 of their number out of 80, and being convinced of the fierce and detcriiiined resolution of their foes, at length retreated and left them masters of the ground. The scene of this desperate and bloody action, which took place in the town which is now called Fryeburgh, is often visited with interest to this day, and the names of those who fell, and those who survived, are yet re- peated with emotions of grateful exultation." Fundy, Bay of. This bay washes a part of the eastern shore of Maine ; and as it is an important channel of com- merce between the United States and the British provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, it may be useful to notice it. This large and important bay sets up N. E. round cape Sable, the most south- ern point of Nova Scotia, in N. lat. 43° 24', W. Ion. 65° 39', and cross- es to the shore of Maine a little W. of Frenchman's ba)'. From the mouth of Frenchman's bay to Cape Sable is about 150 miles ; from Eastport to St. John's, N. B. is 60 miles; from St. John's to Annapo- lis, in a bay of that name, on the Nova Scotia side, is 40 miles; from thence to Halifax, by land, is 80 miles. From Eastport direct to Annapolis, across the bay, is about 70 miles. The Bay of Fundy is divided near its head by cape Cliig- necto. The N. W. part is called Chignccfo bay; the S. E. part the Basin of Mines. From Eastport to Cumberland, at the head of Chig- nccto bay, is about 170 miles; to Windsor, at the head of the Basin of Mines, is about 150. From Windsor to Halifax in N. lat. 44° 39' 20", W. Ion. 63° 36' 40", is 45 miles. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. • The commerce on this bay with our friends and neighbors, the Eng- lish, is very considerable. While they receive bread stuffs and other productions of our soil, we are in- debted to them for vast quantities of grindstones and gypsum to sharp- en our tools and renovate the soil. The gypsum is principally from the Basin of Mines ; — it lies embedded in elevated masses along the shores of the bay; — it is easily quarried and taken on board of vessels by the sides of the cliffs. This gypsum is of a fine quality, and it is doubtful whether any has been discovered in our own country as good. The grindstones from Cumber- land, or Chignecto bay, are every where celebrated. The source is inexhaustible, and the manufacture immense. The tides in the bay of Fundy are supposed to rise to a greater height than in any other part of the world. Their elevation increases as you ascend the bay. At East- port they rise 25 feet ; at St. John's .30 ; at Cape Split, .55 ; at Windsor, CO, and at Cumberland, at the head of Chignecto bay, they rise to the enormous height of 71 feet. These tides announce themselves some time before their approach, by a sound resembling that of a rushing wind in a forest : they dash against the shore with a reddish hue, the color of the clay bottom over which they pass, with frightful violence ; at first, to the height of from 8 to 10 feet, overwhelming all within their reach. There are but few islands with- in this bay. Grand Menan, and a cluster of small islands round it, off West Quoddy Head, and Campo Bel- lo, near Eastport, are the principal. They belong to the British. A small island about 5 miles off (lie S. W. part of cape Chignecto, call- ed Isle de Haut, contains beauti- ful specimens of asbestos. The rapidity of the tides within this bay, the fogs which frequently 13* prevail, and the absence of good harbors between Eastport and St. John's, and from St. John's to cape Chignecto, render the navigation difficult and often dangerous. The harbor of St. John's is easy of access, safe, and of sufficient ex- panse for a large fleet of any draught of water. The city of St. John's contains about 15,000 inhabitants. It is located at the outlet of the great river whose name it bears, in N. lat. 45° 20', W. Ion. QQ''. This city is a very flourishing place. It is the largest resource for timber and lumber that Queen Victoria has in her possessions. St. John's river rises in Canada and the northern part of Maine. It receives the Madawaska, St. Fran- cis, Aroostook, and many other val- uable tributaries, from Maine ; it waters a large portion of its north- ern territory, and bears many valu- able productions of that state to its mouth. " This river is .350 miles long; the tide flows up about 80 miles ; it is navigable for boats 200 miles, and for sloops of 50 tons 80 miles. This river and its branches water a large tract of excellent country. About .30 miles from its mouth commences a fine level coun- try of rich meadow lands, well cloth- ed with timber. The river furnish- es a great quantity of salmon, bass and sturgeon. About a mile above the city of St. John's is the only entrance into this river. It is about 80 or 100 yards wide, 400 yards long, called the falls of the river. It being narrow, and a ridge of rocks running across the bottom of the channel, on which there are not above 17 feet of water, it is not suf- ficiently spacious to discharge the fresh waters of the river above. The common tides here rising above 20 feet, the waters of the river at low water are about 20 feet higher than the waters of the sea ; at high water the watei-s of the sea are about 5 feet higher than those of the river : so that at every tide there NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. are two falls, one outwards and one inwards. The only time of pass- ing with siifcty is wlien the waters of the river ami of the sea are lev- el, which is Hvice in a tide, and continues only about 20 miuutes each time." Frcderickton, the capital of New Brunswick, lies ou tiiis river, 80 miles from its mouth, in N. lat. 46° 3', W. Ion. 66° 13'. Gardiuer, 9Ie. Kennebec CO. Gardiner was for- merly a part of Pitt*ton, and lies on the W. side of Kennebec river, C miles S. from Au'^usta, and 4 be- low Hallowcll. It is located at the head of large navigation, and in re- gard to its commerce, manufactur- ing and agricultural interests, it is considered one of the most flourish- ing towns in Maine. It was incor- porated in 1S03, and was named in honor of Dr. Svlvester Gardi- ner, one of the proprietors of the old Plymouth patent. The Cobbessecontee waters meet the Kennebec river at this place, and produce a water power of great usefulness and extent. Here are mills for sawing lumber of all di- mensions, and here are vessels of from 80 to 120 tons burthen, lading it for transportation to its various markets. Here arc also manufac- tures of various other kinds. This town, Hallowcll and Augusta, lie in a most favored section of our coun- try. What we have said in regard to the location of H illowell and Augusta, may be applied to Gard- iner. These towns are on the same side of a noble river, united by the same interests and feelings, and will soon be connected by a rail-road passing between them. The vil- lage of Gar Oxford CO. Between two moun- tains on both sides of Androscoggin river. There is some good land on the river, but the chief part of the township *s fit only for grazing. The expense of transportation of fuel down the mountains, in a slip- pery time, is very trifling. Gilead lies 71 miles W. from Augusta, and 25 S. S. W. from Paris. Incorpora- ted, 1804. Population, 1837, 374. GUford, N. H., One of the four shire towns for Strafford county, is situated on the S. side of Winnepisiogee lake. This town lies 26 miles''N. N. E. from Concord, and 48 N. W. from Portsmouth. The soil is generally productive. There are two ponds in this town. Little and Chattlebo- rough. Gunstock and Mile's rivers, rising in Suncook mountains and flowing N. into the lake, are the principal streams. The N. source of the Suncook river is on the S. of these mountains, which extend in a lofty pile over the E. part of the town, from Gilmanton line near- ly to the lake. There are seven isl- ands in the lake, belonging to Gil- ford, one of which has been con- nected to the main land by abridge 30 rods in length. This town, which was formerly a part of Gil- manton, was incorporated June 16, 1812. It was settled in 1778.— Here are manufactories of cotton goods, besides other useful mills and machinery. Four bridges across the Winnepisiogee connect the town with Meredith. The vil- lage at this place is thriving and pleasant. Population, 1830, 1,872. Gill, Mass. Franklin co. A mountainous township on the W. side of Con- necticut river ; 86 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 5 E. N. E. from Greenfield. Gill contains a fine NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tract of ricli intervale on a bend of the Connecticut. The people are generally eno;a<;ed in farming. The town is divided from Greenlield by Fall river. It has some manu- factures of combs, woolen ware, leather and palm-lcaf hats. The fleeces of 1,,>509 slieep weighed 6,627 pounds, and were valued, in 1S37, at .•$2,214. Population, 1837, 809. Taken from Deerlield in 1793. Giliuanton, X. H. One of the sliire towns in Straf- ford county, 17 miles N. N. E. from Concord, and Jo W. N. W. from Portsmouth. It is bounded N. and N. E. by Gilford and Alton. Pop- ulation, 18.S0, 3,S16. Beside the Winnepisiogec, this town is water- ed by the Suncook and Soucook rivers, which have their sources in Gilmanton. The Suncook rises in a pond near the top of one of the Suncook mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. The water of this pond falls into another at the foot of the mountain, .of 1 mile in length and 1-2 mile wide. Passino- from this, it falls into another, cov*^ ering about 500 acres, from which it meanders through the tov.n, re- ceiving several streams in its course. The Soucook rises from Loon, Rocky and Shellcamp ponds, in the' S. part of the town. This town is very hilly and rocky. The soil is hard, but fruitful, "when properly cultivated. The geology of this town presents many varieties. There are several springs in Gilman- ton, termed mineral; one of which has proved cfTicacious in cutaneous and bilious aflcctions. This town was granted .May 20, 1727, to 21 persons of the nan'ieof r;ilma'n, and 152 others. In Dec. ]7()1, Benja- min and John Mudgett, with their families, settled here. Dorothy Weed, the first child, was born here Oct. 13, 17«2. An academy was founded here in 17()J. Its produc- tive funds arc about $11,000. The theological seminary at this place is connected with the academy, and is a nourishing institution. GUaum, K. H. A small township in Cheshire county, situated about 10 miles E. from the Connecticut. The soil is, in many parts, fertile, and produces good ci-ops of grass and grain. Ashuelot river runs through this town and affords a good supply of water for mills, which is improv- ed for cotton and other manufac- tures. Gilsum was granted July 13, 1763, to Messrs. Gilbert, Sum- ner and others. From the com- bination of the first syllables of the names of these men,"it derives the name of Gil-sum. The first settle- ment was made in 1764. Gihum lies 55 miles S. W. by W. from Concord, and about 9 N. from Keene. Population, 1830, 642. Gleuburn, Me. Penobscot co. This territory was called Button, from 1822 to 1S37. It lies 76 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 10 N. N. \\ . f,.oni Bangor. Population, 1837, 717. Glenburn is situated on both sidea of the great bend of Kenduskeag stream. It has a water power, but the inhabitants are mostly farmers. The soil is good, and considerable wheat is raised. Glastcnburj"-, Vt. Bennington CO. This is a town- ship of 40 square miles of moun- tainous land, more fit for the resi- lience of wild beasts than human heings. It is 9 miles N. E. from Bennington. Population, 1S30, .59. Glasteubiiry, Ct. Hartford co. This town, pre- vious to its incorporation in 1690, had been attached to Wethersfield. It lies ofi the east side of Connecti- cut river opposite to Wethersfield, 8 miles S. from Hartford. It ha» NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. some fiae land on Connecticut riv- er. The face ot the uplands is rough but generally productive. About a mile and a half from Connecticut river, and 8 miles from Chatham freestone quarry, in a romantic spot between the hills, is a beautiful vil- lage connected with the Hartford Manufacturing Company. Roar- ing brook, at this place, passes through a very narrow defile, afford- ing a great and constant water pow- er. Cotton is manufactured here to a considerable extent, and the village is very flourishing. From the hills around this village a great variety of delightful scenery is ob- servable. Population, 1830", 2,980. " In the eastern part of the town there is a pond of about a mile in circumference, called ' Diamond pond,' from the circumstance of there being small pebbles or stones around its margin, having a pe- culiar brilliancy. Near the cen- tre of the town there is a mineral spring, which, though it has acquir- ed no celebrity abroad, has been thought by men of science who have examined it, to possess valua- ble medicinal qualities ; and for more than one hundred years has been known by the name of the ' Pool of Neipseic' " Gloucester, Mass. Essex CO. This is a maritime township, comprising the whole of Cape Ann, and celebrated for the enterprise of its people in the fish- eries and commercial pursuits. It is one of the oldest fishing estab- lishments in the state. This cape extends about 8 miles into the sea, and forms the northern boundary of Massachusetts bay. Its harbor is capacious, easy of access at any season, and of suflScient water for ships of great burthen. Gloucester harbor and the chief settlements are on the south side. Sandy and Squam bays lie on the north side, about 4 miles from the south har- bor, and afford harbors for small vessels. The lights on Thatcher's island bear about northeast 6 miles from East Point, the eastern boun- dary of Gloucester harbor. As early as 1794 the exports from this place, in one ,year, amounted to ^230,000. Here are immense quar- ries of light and grayish granite, which is split with great ease, and in large regularly formed blocks. This stone is of a fine grain, is easi- ly dressed, and can be put on board of vessels with little expense. The demand for this stone is rapidly in- creasing, and the quarrying, ham- mering, and transporting it gives employment to many men and ves- sels. The canal across the neck of the cape has failed of that suc- cess which was anticipated. The manufacture of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, hats, vessels, chairs, tin and cabinet wares, in the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $46,726. In that year there were 221 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fishery, the tonnage of which was 9,824 tons. They took 55,181 quintals of cod fish, and 43,934 barrels of mackerel : 113,- 760 bushels of salt was used, and 1,580 hands employed. The value of the cod and mackerel taken was $522,082. There are belonging to this place a great number of vessels engaged in foreign and domestic trade. The total tonnage of the district in 1837 was 18,802 tons. This town lies in N. lat. 42° 36', W. Ion. 70° 40', and was incorpora- ted in 1639. Population, 1820, 6,384; 1830, 7,513; 1837, 8,822. It lies 29 miles N. E. from Boston, and 16 N. E. by E. from Salem. Gloucester is a very pleasant town, and a delightful retreat in summer months. Gloncestei', R. I. Providence co. This large and respectable manufacturing town lies 16 miles W. S. W. from Provi- dence, and 50 E. by N. from Hart- ford. First settled, 1700. Incorpo- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rated, 1730. The surface of the town is somewliat broken by hills, but the soil is well adapted to agri- cultural purjjoses, particularly to graziiis;. Gloucester furnishes large supplies of various products lor market. There are fine forests in several parts of the town, and lara;e quantities of ship and other timber are conveyed to Providence and other places. The C'he])achet and some smaller streams ^ive Glou- cester a good wafer power. Man- ufacturing establishments arc very numerous, anil Gloucester yields to but few towns in New Knicland in the value of this branch of indus- try, particularly in the manufac- ture of cotton. Population, 1830, 2,522. Glover, A't. Orleans co. Glover was first set- tled in 1797. It lies 33 miles N. N. E. from IVIontpelier, and 12 S. by E. fi'om Irasburgh. The town is hilly, and the soil is more fit for grazing than tillage. There are about 3,200 sheep in the town. There are in the town bi'anchcs of Barton's, Passuinpsic, Lamoille, and Black rivers, and several ponds. On these streams are some manu- factures, but none of any great importance. Population, 1830,902. We copy an account of the run- ning off of Long Pond, from Thompson's valuable Gazetteer of Vermont. "Long pond was situated partly in this township and partly in Grecn-iboiough. This pond was one and a half miles long, and about half a mile wide, and discharged its ■waters to the south, forming one of the head hranehes of the river La- moille. On the 6th of June, 1810, about 60 persons went to this pond for the purjjo-ie of o])cning an out- let to the north into IJarton river, that the mills, on that stream, might receive an occasional supply of wa- ter. A small channel was excava- ted, and the water commenced run- ning in a northerly direction. It happened that the northern barrier of the pond consisted entirely of quicksand, except an encrusting of clay next the water. The sand was immediately removed by the current, and a large channel formed. The basin formed by the encrusting of clay was incapable of sustaining the incumbent mass of waters, and it brake. The whole pond imme- diately took a northerly course, and, in fifteen minutes from tliis time, its bed was left entirely bare. It was discharged so suddenly that the country below was instantly inun- dated. The deluge advanced like a wall of waters, 60 or 70 feet in hciglit, and 20 rods in width, level- ing the forests and the hills, and tilling up the valleys, and sweeping oft" mills, houses, barns, fences, cat- tle, horses and sheep as it passed, for the distance of more than ten miles, and barely giving the inhab- itants sufficient notice of its ap- proach to escape with their lives in- to the mountains. A rock, suppos- ed to weigh more than 100 tons, was removed half a mile from its bed. The waters removed so rap- idly as to reach Memphremagog lake, distance 27 miles, in about six hours from the time they left the pond. Nothing now remains of the pond but its bed, a part of which is cultivated and a part over- grown with bushes and wild grass, with a small brook running through it, which is now the head branch of Barton livcr. Tlie channel through which the waters escaped is 127 feet in depth and several rods in width. A pond, some dis- tance below, was, at first, entirely filled with sand, which has since settled down, and it is now about one half its former dimensions. Marks of the ravages arc still to be seen through neai-ly the whole course of Barton river." Goffigto^ivn, K. II., Hillsborough co., is 12 miles N. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by E. from Amherst, and 16 S. from Concord. Piscataquog river, the tributary branches of which unite near the W. line of the town, runs through its centre in an E. dircc-' lion, and falls into Merrimack riv- er at Piscataquog village in Bed- ford. Large quantities of lumber are annually floated down this riv- er to the Merrimack, and most of the mill privileges are derived from this valuable stream. Thej-e are two considerable elevations in the S. W. part of the town, which ob- tained from the Indians the name of Un-can-nu-nuc. On the rivers are considerable tracts of valuable intervale. Back from the rivers commence extensive plains, easy of cultivation, and producing abun- dant crops of Indian corn and rye. From these plains the land rises on each side of Piscataquog river into large swells. In this town there is an extensive cotton factory. The Goffstown Manufacturing Com- pany are erecting a , large woolen factory at a flourishing village, in the W. part of the town, on Piscat- aquog river. Population, 1830, 2,213. Dr. Jo]\rATHA]v Gove, a man distinguished for his urbanity, his talents and professional skill, resid- ed in this town. He was one of the oldest practitioners of medicine in the county. He was many years an active member of the legisla- ture. Goldsborougli, Mc. Hancock co. This is a large township, on the Atlantic ocean, containing a number of excellent harbors, and nearly surrounded by water. It is admirably located for all the various pursuits in naviga- tion. Goldsborough harbor, on the E. side of the town, is capacious and easy of approach by almost any wind. Frenchman's bay extends on the W. side of the town and af- fords it many commercial advanta- ges. It lies 99 miles E. from Au- gusta, 27 S. E. from Ellsworth, and is bounded by Sullivan on the N. Incorporated, 1789. Population, 1»30, 880; 1837, 1,047. Gorliam, Me. Cumberland co. This town li watered on the N. E. side by Pre- sumpscut river, and the Cumberland and Oxford canal. It is 9 miles W. N. W. from Portland, and 63 S. W. from Augusta. Gorham was first settled in 1736, by John Phinney and others from Barnstable county, Mass. Maine was at that time almost a wilderness. Portland, Sa- co and Scarborough were very fee- ble in consequence of the depreda- tions of the Indian*. These peo- ple endured great privations, and for many years were in constant apprehension of attack by the sav- ages. " The wives and daugh- ters of the first settlers of Gorham shared in all the toils and wants of their husbands and fathers; they used to labor in the tleld, carry bur- dens, go to mill, and aid in defence of their property. One time when most of the men were away, the Indians attacked the fort, and the wife of Hugh McLellan rallied the women in the garrison, shut the gates, mounted the walls, fired up- on the Indians, and by her courage and activity baffled the enemy till succor arrived." Rev. Solomon Lombard, a native of Truro, Mass., was the lirst set- tled minister* His annual salary was £53, 6s. Sri. He was ordained Dec. 26, 1750. One hundred and twenty dollars were raised to defray the expenses of the ordination. We copy the following from the list of supplies for that occasion, to show the prices of some articles at that period. 1 barrel of flour, £14 7s. Gd. 3 bushels of apples, 2 8 2 barrels of cider, 9 2 gallons of brandy, 5 1 bottle of vinegar, 5 2 cheeses, Gd. per lb. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 64J lbs. of pork, Td. per lb. 6 candles, JLO Is. Od. 1 oz. of uutmegs, 10 8 fowls, 1 1« 29 lbs. sugar, S 1 1 1 tea pot, 1 10 4 gallons of rum, 5 4 2 bu.shels cranberries, 2 1 lb. of tea, 10 1 lb. of ginger, 2 G gals, molasses, 2s. 8d. per gal. 4 oz. of pepper, 6 Gorham is very pleasantly loca- ted : its soil is of a superior quali- ty : it has a flourishing academy, on a solid foundation : it is a place of considerable trade, and of exten- sive manufactures of cotton, wool, leather, starch, and gunpowder. Gorham has produced many men of talents, among wliich were eminent jurists and statesmen. It is noted for its attachment to the i)rinciples of the revolution. From 1807 to 1834, twenty per- sons died in Gorham, whose aver- age age was 94 years. Population, 1S37,'3,022. Gorham, X. II., Coos CO., is a rough and unpro- ductive township lying on the north- erly base of the White mountains, and bounded E. by Shelburne, N. by Berlin, and AV. by Randolph, and is 96 miles N. from Concord. Several streams descend from the mountains through this town into the Androscoggin. It vas former- ly called Shelburnc .Iddition, but was incorporated by its present name June 18, 1S36. Population in 1830, 111. GoRlien, N. U., Sullivan co., is bounded N. by Newport and Wendell, E. by New- bury, S. by Washington, and W.by Lcmpster and Unity. Itis 42 miles W. by \. from Concord. ("ro\don turnpike passes through Goshen. From Sunapee mountain, lying in the E. part of this town, spring ma- ny small streams, which unite in forming Sugar river. Rand's pond is in the N. E. part of the town. The soil is particularly calculated for the produclioji of grass. It was incorporated Dec. 27, 1791. The tirst settlement was made about the year 1769, by Capt. Benjamin Rand, William Lang, and Daniel Grindle, whose sulferings and hardships were very great. The crops of the first settlers were greatly injured, and sometimes entirely destroyed by earh' frosts. In such cases they procured grain from Walpole and other places. At a certain time of scarcity, Capt. Rand went to that place after grain, and being detain- ed by a violent snow storm, bis family was obliged to live without provision for six days, during which time Mrs. Rand sustained one of his children, 5 years old, by the milk from her breast, having a short time before buried hei- infant child. Pop- ulation in 1830, 772. GosUeu, Vt. Addison eo. First settled, 1800. Population, 1830, 55.3. Goshen lies 30 milc3 S. W. from Montpelier, and 15 S. E. from ^liddlcbury. Lei- cester and Philadelphia rivers sup- ply the town with mill privileges. The lands along tlie rivers arc very good, but in general they are too mountainous for profitable cultiva- tion. Some minerals are found in this town. Gosheu, ?Ia8s. Hampshire co. A mountainous town, 103 miles W. by N. from Bos- ton, and 12 N. W. from Nortliamp- lon. Some valuable minerals are found here, such as emeralds, lead, and tin. The manufactures of Go- shen are small, chiefly of boots and shoes. The value of 3.04*^ fleeces of wool, produced in 1837, was sold for $4,500. Population, 1837, 560. Goslien, Ct. Litchfield CO. First settled, 1738, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Incorporated, 1749. Population, 1830, 1,734. Goshen lies 6 miles N. from Litchfield, 42 N. N. W. from New Haven, and 32 W. from Hartford. Great attention is paid in this town to the education of youth. Ivy mountain, in Goshen, is considered the mostelevtited point of land in the state ; its summit pre- sents an extensive and delightful prospect. " Goshen is the most ele- vated township in the state, but not generally mountainous ; the surface being undulating, affording an in- teresting diversity of hills and vales. The soil is a gravelly loam, deep, strong and fertile, admirably adapt- ed for grazing. This is one of the best towns for the dairy business in the state. Large quantities of cheese are annually made, the fame of which is widely and justly celebrat- ed, and the inhabitants are general- ly in prosperous circumstances. In neatness, in and about their dwell- ings, and in the appearance of gen- eral comfort and prosperity, they are not exceeded, if equalled, by any town in the state." Gosport, ]V. H. See Isles of Shoals. Grafton County, Ti. H. Haverhill and Plymouth are the county towns. This county extends from lat. 43° 27' to 44° 22' N. It is 58 miles in length, and its greatest breadth is SO miles. It contains 828,623 acres, besides a large tract of ungranted land. It is bounded N. by the coun- ty of Coos, E. by Straffbrd, S. by Merrimack, and W. by the state of Vermont. Grafton county is wa- tered by Connecticut river, on which are several pleasant and flourishing towns ; by Pemigewas- set, and Lower Amonoosuck rivers, and by many smaller streams. — Squam and Newfound lakes are the largest collections of water. The former, of which a considerable part lies in Strafford county, has 14 been much celebrated for its pic- turesque beauties. Its numerous angular projections, the variety of its islands covered with wood, and the vicinity of lofty mountains, ren- der it an object peculiarly interest- ing. There are numerous eleva- tions which come under the name of mountains. Those of the most importance are Gardner's in Ly- man, Peaked in Bethlehem, Moose- hillock in Coventry, Cushman's and the Blue mount in Peeling, Carr's in Warren and Ellsworth, Moose in Hanover, and Cardigan in Orange. A large portion of Grafton county is mountainous and hilly, but this circumstance does not prevent its productiveness. It presents fine tracts for pasturage, a large propor- tion of arable land, and on the riv- ers, extensive and fertile intervales. This county is emphatically a wool growing county, and there were, in 1837, more than 120,000 sheep within its borders. The first settlement in this county was made at Lebanon, and this was the first settlement on Connecticut river north of Charlestown. It was constituted a county, March 19, 1771, and received its name in honor of Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton. Population in 1775, 3,597; in 1790, 12,449; in 1800, 20,171; in 1810,28,462; in 1820, 32,989 ; and in 1830, 38,691. Grafton, N. H., Grafton co., is bounded N. E. by Orange, S. E. by Danbury, S. W. by Springfield, and N. W. by En- field. It is 36 miles N. W. from Concord, and 13 S. E. from Dart- mouth college. It is watered by branches of Smith's and Mascomy rivers. Heard's rivei-, a small trib- utary to Smith's river, waters the S. E. part. There are 5 ponds. The largest, containing from 200 to 300 acres, is called Grafton pond. Two are named Mud ponds. The surface of Grafton is very hilly, in some parts veiy mountainous ; and NEW RNGLAPJD gazetteer. the soil is so rocky as, in many places, to be unlit for cultivation. There are, however, some pood tracts of land. The Grafton turn- pike, leading; from Andover to Or- ford brids, as it is commonly called, is found in a state of great purity in Gla-*s Hill mountain. It adheres in the form of lamina to rocks of white and yel- low quart/,. The usual size of these lamina i-; aliout (/ inches square, but some have been founil much larger. It requires much labor to obtain this glass, which, when prepared, is transported to Hoston, and from thence exported to England. It is found on the E. side of the moun- tain, which is 200 feet high. Graf- ton was granted Aug. 14, 1761, to Ephraim Sherman and others. — The first permanent settlement was made in May, 1772, by Cajjt. Jo- seph Iloyt, from Poplin. Capt. AIc.\ander Pixley and wife we.-e the second fa.Tiily who settled here. Incorporated in 1778. Population in 1830, 1,207. Grafton, Vt. 'V\'in(lham co. Grafton is finely watered bj' Sexton's river, which is formed in the town by the union of several streams ; and by a brancli of Williams' river. On these streams are manulactures of woolen and other u;oods. Soap-stone of an ex- cellent quality is \ery abundant in this place. It is manufactured by water power for various uses to a great extent : it is bored for aciue- ducts and sold at a very low price. This town cnnlaiin two pleasant and floutishing villages, and a great variety of mineral treasure. Its surface is uneven with a strong and productive soil. Grafton was first settled, 17S0. Population, 1830, 1,439. It lies J)0 miles S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. from New- fane. Grafton, Masg. Worcester co. This important manufacturing town, the Hassana- misco of the Indians, was incorpo- rated in 1735. It lies 36 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 9 S. E. from Worcester. Population, 1S30, 1,889; 1837, 2,910. IMackstone riv- er and several large ponds give this town a constant and valuable water power. There are 5 cotton and 1 woolen mills. The total amount of the manufactures of Grafton, the vear ending April 1, 1837, was $1,052, 448. The manufiictures consisted of cotton and woolen goods, boots, shoes, leather, scythes, chairs, tin, cabinet and wooden wares, shoe tools and bricks. The manufac- ture of boots and shoes amounted to $614,141, employing 1,392 males and females. Grafton has a fine soil, is beautifully located, and ex- ceedingly flourishing. Grauby, \t. Essex CO. This town is nearly allied to Ferdinani], both in loca- tion and the character of the soil, (iranby lies the next town S. of it, and 97 people, it is said, reside with- in the limits of Granby. Granby, Mass. Hampshire co. Tliis town lies 90 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 9 S. E. from Northampton. Incor- porated, 1768. It has good fish |)nn(ls and two small streams. There are two woolen mills in the town and 2,067 sheep. The wool, in 1837, .sold for $3,670. Population, 1837, 922. It is said that copper ore of a good quality is found in Granby. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Grauby, Ct. Hartford co. This town was in- corporated in 17S6, and was that part of Simsbury which contains the famous Simsbury mines ; the old state prison of Connecticut. The cavern, once occupied as a prison, is now worked, as formerly, as a copper mine. This odious place, unfit for the residence of the worst of criminals, is 16 miles N. N. W. from Hartford. The pit or cav- ern is more than 50 feet in depth, dark, damp and dismal. The worst stigma that can be cast on the good people of Connecticut is, that this infernal region was suffered to re- main nearly 40 years the abode of their fellow beings. There are some hills in Granby of considera- ble elevation. Barn door hills rise between four and five hundred feet, and have the appearance of having been separated by some convulsion of nature. Turkey hills and Sal- mon brook are pleasant villages, and have the appearance of prosperity. Farmiugtou river waters the for- mer, and a branch of that river, the latter. Population, 1830, 2,722. Grand Isle County, Vt. JVorth Hero is the county town. This county comprises a group of islands in Lake Champlain, and a point of land jutting into the N. part of that lake on the S. side of the Canada line, on which Alburgh is situated. This county contains about 80 square miles : most of the land is level and excellent for graz- ing and tillage. This county has no considerable streams, but its nav- igable facilities are very great. It was first settled about the close of the revolutionary war. Incorpora- ted, 1802. It contained, in 1837, about 16,000 sheep. Population, 1820, 3,527; 1830, 3,696. Popula- tion to a square mile, 46. Grand Isle, Vt. Grand Isle co. This town is bounded on all sides by Lake Cham- plain except on the S., where it is bounded by South Hero, from which it was taken in 1809. It lies 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 18 N. by W. from Burlington.— First settled, 1733. Population, 1S30, 643. The soil of the town is very fertile ; it produces fine crops of grain and an abundance of fruit and cider. Marble, lime-stone, rock crystals, &,c., are found here, and Grand Isle contains the only water mill in the county. This is a fine place for fishing and fowling. Grand Lake. This is a large collection of wa- ter, lying partly in the county of Washington, Me., and partly in New Brunswick. It contains a large number of islands : it receives the waters of many small lakes and rivers, and is the chief source of the river St. Croix. It lies about 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. Grantliam, N. H., Sullivan co., is bounded N. by Enfield, E. by Springfield, S. by Croydon, and W. by Plainfield, which separates it from Connecticut river. It is 12 miles S. E. from Dartmouth college, and 45 N. W. from Concord. There are 7 or 8 ponds, the largest of which lies in the S. E. part of the town and is called Eastman's pond, containing nearly 300 acres. Another, lying near the centre of the town, con- tains nearly 200 acres. Croydon mountain extends through the west- erly part of Grantham in a direc- tion from S. W. to N. E. The soil is productive, especially on the W. of the mountain. It seems to be more favorable for wheat than any other species of grain. The moun- tain afTords good pasturage, and the lower land yields grass in abund- ance. On the E. side of the moun- tain is a spring supposed to possess medicinal qualities, visited by hun- dreds of valetudinarians in the sum- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. mer season. On the summit of Croydon mountain is a natural pond, containing about 30 acres. Ttiis town was first jrranteil July 11, 1761, but 0)0 ()ro])ric(ors not fulfill- ing the conditions of the charter, it was forfeited. In 1767, it was re- granted to Col. William Symmes and 63 others, liy the name of Gran- tham. Incorporated in 1761. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 1,079. GrauvUle, Vt. Addison co. See Barnard, Me. Granville, Mass. Hampden co. This is a moun- tainous township, 110 miles \V. S. W. from Boston, and 14 W. from Springfield. It contains good soap - .stone and L.'iOO sheep. The wool sold in 1837 for $2,.572. There are some manufactures in Granville of pocket books, boots, slioes, leather, and silver ware. Although the land is high, the soil in many parts is very good and productive. The village is very pleasant. Incorpora- ted, 1754. Population, 1837,1,439. Gray, Itle. Cumberland co. This is a fine farm- ing town, watered by branches of North Yarmouth and Presuinpscot rivers, and containing a lai-ge part of Little Sebago pond. It lies 17 miles N. by W. from Portland and 44 S. W. from Augusta. Incorporati^d, 1778. Population, 1837, 1,671. Gray is a pleasant town and a place of considerable trade and some man- ufactures. Great Barrin^ou, Mass. Berkshire co. A very pleasant town in the vailcy of Housalonick river, 12.5 miles W. by S. from Bos- ton, and 14 S. from Lenox. Incor- porated, 1761. Population, 1837, 2,440. Monument mountain, in this town, is ((uite lofty : it presents some wild and picturesque scenery. Here are good iron ore, beautifully variegated marble, and a good mill stream. The soil on the banks of the Housatonick is fertile and the uplands are well adapted for graz- ing. The manufactures consist of cotton and woolen goods, boots, shoes, leather, hats, pig iron, lasts, tin ware, bevils and guages. To- tal amount of manufactures in one year, $122,369. This town the same year (1837) produced 2,657 fleeces of merino wool, valued at $3,321. Great-Bays, N. H. The largest is that lying E. from New Market, formed by the united waters of Swamscot, Winnicut, and Lamprey rivers. It is 4 miles wide, and at some seasons is picturesque as connected with the surrounding scenery. This bay has Newington on the E., Greenland and Stratham on the S., and New Market and Durham W. : its waters pass N. E. through Little bay, where Oyster river unites with the current which passes into the Piscataqua. Great-Bay, between Sanbornton and Meredith, is a body of wa- ter, connected with Winnepisiogee lake, and discharging its waters in- to Winnepisiogee river. Round and Long bays are situated between the lake and Great Bay, and there are two suiall bays on the river below Great Island, N. H. See J\'ew Castle. Great Works Stream, Me. This stream has a number of trib- utaries, and is an important branch of the Penobscot. It has many sites for mills, and falls into the Penob- scot, on the E. side, opposite to the Indian settlement at Oldtown. At its confluence with the Penobscot there is a considerable village. There is another stream of this name, which rises in York county, atid passes to Salmon Fall river, at South Berwick. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Greene, Me. Kennebec CO. Greene has several ponds, but no good mill privileges. It lies on the E. side of Androscog- gin river, 6 miles above Levi^iston, and 22 S. W. from Augusta. It is an excellent farming town, and produced, in 1837, 3,278 bushels of wheat. Incorporated, 1788. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,366. GreenbusU, Me. Penobscot CO. This territory was called the Olamnion Plantation, until its incorporation in 1834. — Olammon stream, one of the most beautiful tributaries of the Penob- scot, joins that river, on the E. side, in Greenbush, affording an exten- sive hydraulic power. Greenbush is a flourishing place, and lies about 25 miles N. by E. from Bangor. Population, 1830, 333; 1837, 666. Oreeiifield, Me. Hancock co. This town was in- corporated in 1S34. It was No. 38 on the Bingham Purchase. See " Down East." Greenfield, N. H., Hillsborough co., is bounded N. by Francestown and Society-Land, E. by Francestown and Lyndebo- rough, S. by Lyndeborough and Temple, and W. by Peterborough and Hancock. It is 14 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and 38 S. \Y . from Concord. Contoocook river forms part of the W. boundary, and separates this town from Hancock. The soil is generally fertile. The hills afford excellent pasturage ; the valleys and plains are favorable for grain. Hops are raised in great abundance. A part of Crotched mountain rises from the N. part, and part of Lyndeborough mountain from the S. and E. sections of this town. There are some valuable meadows ; in one of them have been found many Indian relics, from which it is conjectured that it was 14* a favorite spot of the sons of the forest. There are live ponds ; the largest about one mile in length, and one third of its length in width. The first settlement commenced in 1771, by Capt. Alexander Park- er, Major A. Whittemore, Simeon Fletcher, and others. It was incor- porated June 15, 1791. Population, in 1830, 946. Greenfield, Mass. County town, Franklin co. This town lies on the W. side of Connec- ticut river, and is washed by Green river, an excellent mill stream, a branch of the Deerfield. The vil- lage is situated about 2 miles from Connecticut river, and is very beau- tiful and flourishing. There is a woolen mill in Greenfield with four sets of machinery ; and manufac- tures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, iron castings, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, saddles, harnesses, trunks, stove and lead aqueduct pipe, iron work, guns, pistols, rifles, coach- es, wagons, books, &c. The total amount of manufactures, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was $164,844. "The value of wool, the product of 2,1.53 fleeces, sheared in 1837, was $3,404. There is an academy for young ladies in this town, a farming school for young men, and some iron and copper ores. Greenfield lies 95 miles W. by N, from Boston, and 22 N. from North- ampton. Incorporated, 1753. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,540; 1837, 1,840 Greenland, N. H., Rockingham co., is situated five miles W.S. W. from Portsmouth, and 45 E.S.E. from Concord : it is bound- ed N. by the Great-Bay and New- ington, E. by Portsmouth and Rye, S. by North-Hampton, and VV. by Stratham. The soil is remarkably good. The orchards and gardens of this town are valuable, and yield annual profits to the farmers. — Greenland, originally a part of Ports- mouth, was incorporated as a dis- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tinct town in 1703. Settlements commenced early, and in 1705 there were 320 inhabitants. Rev. Samuel M'Clintock, D. D., who died in the 48th year of his ministry, was born at Med- ford, Mass., May 1, 1732; trradua- tcd at the New Jersey collesjc in 17.51; oi-dained in 1756; and died April 27, ISOl, atccd 72. His fa- ther was a native of Ireland. Dr. M'Clintock was a souml divine, em- inent a.s a preacher, and distinjjuish- ed for his attachment to the cause of his country. He served as a cliaplain in the army of the revolu- tion. Population in 1S30, 681. Greeu Moontalnii. This ranjje of mountains rises in Lower Canada. They pass nearly through the centre of Vermont, from N. to S., and the westerly parts of the states of Massachusetts and Connecticut, and terminate near New Haven, on Long Island Sound. From their green appearance they give the name to Vermont, and de- crease in height as they approach the south. The north peak, in Mans- field, Vt., is the greatest elevation, being 4,279 feet above the surface of lake Champlain. Grccu Rivers. Green, or Quodotchquoik river, in the N. E. part of Penobscot coun- ty, ^Maine, is an important branch of the St. John's, and joins that riv- er about 24 miles W. from the line of New Brunswick. Green river, in Afassorhusetts, rises in the high lands at the \. W . corner of Herksliire county ; it pas- ses N. W. through Williamstown, and tlic S. W . corner of Vermont, and joins the Hoosick in N. V. There are several smaller streams hi New England of the same name. GrcenHboroagli, Vt. Orleans co. William Scott Shep- «rd, born March 25, 1789, was the first white child brought forth in this town. For his good fortune in this respect, the proprietors of the township gave him 100 acres of land. " Beautiful lake " and seve- ral other lakes and ponds in this town, form a part of the head wa- ters of the river Lamoille. This town is well timbered: the sur- face is not very elevated ; the soil in general is good, particularly for grazing. 1 1 produces some fine cat- tle, and keeps about 4,000 sheep. Population, 1830, 784. Greeuvlile, SIe« Piscataquis co. The " Haskell Plantation," incorporated in 1836. 109 miles from Augusta. Popula- tion, 1837, 132. See " Down East." GrecntTich, Mass. Hampshire co. There are a num- ber of ponds in this town, by which, and Swift river passing through it, a good water power is acquired. There is a woolen mill in the town, and manufactures of shoes, boots, palm-leaf hats, and scythes. In- corporated, 1754. Population, 1S37, 842. Greenwich lies 75 miles W. from Boston, and 17 N. E. from Northampton. Grcen^vich, Ct. Fairfield co. The settlement of this town commenced in 1640, and was incorporated by Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor at New York, in 1665. Greenwich comprises three parishes or villages, — West Green- wich, Greenwich on the E. and Stanwich on the N. West Green- wich, on Horse A^ck, so called from a peninsula on the Sound for- merly used as a horse pasture, is the largest and most important part of the town. Greenwich is watered by By ran river, the boundary line between the town and state of New York, and the most southern part of New England. At the outlet of Byran river, on the New York side, is a place called Sawpits, a noted landing place on the Sound, 28 miles NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. N. E from New York. Miannus creek and other smaller streams •water the town. A great battle took place between the Dutch and Indians at Horse Neck, in 1646. The action was long and severe, both parties fight- ing with much obstinacy. The Dutch with much difficulty kept the field, and the Indians with- drew. Great numbers were slain on both sides, and the graves of the dead, for a century or more, appear- ed like a number of small hills. " Putnam's Hill is situated in West Greenwich, about five miles W. from Stamford, on the main road to New York. This place is cele- brated for the daring exploit of Gen- eral Putnam, who descended this precipice when pursued by the Bri:t- ish dragoons." Greenwich is a rough and uneven township, with a productive soil. It presents some wild scenery along the road, and many beautiful views of Long Island Sound. It lies 48 miles W. S. W. from New Haven, and 20 AV. S. W. from Fairfield. Population, 1830, 3,805. Greeuivood, Me. Oxford CO. Incorporated, 1815. Population, 1837, 754. It lies 58 miles W. by S. from Augusta, and 7 N. W. from Paris. This is a township of excellent land. The inhabitants are generally engaged in agricultural pursuits. Griswold, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from Preston in 1815, and is separated from Lisbon by Quennebaugh river. The Pochaug, a sluggish stream, passes through the town. The principal village, which is very neat and pretty, con- taining about 900 inhabitants, is called Jeioett City. The city lies on the east side of the Quennebaug, at this place a very powerful stream, and contains three extensive cotton factories, a church, bank, and a number of handsom« buildings. — This little city is said to be very prosperous in its manufacturing and commercial concerns. It lies 8 miles N. E. from Norwich, and 46 E. S. E. from Hartford. There are other manufactories of cotton in this town, and some of wool. The surface of Griswold is hilly ; its soil a gravelly loarn : some produce is sent to market, and about 3,000 sheep are kept. Population, 1830. 2,212. Grotou, N. H., Grafton co., is bound N. by Rum- ney, E. by Hebron, S. by Orange, and W. by Dorchester. It is 10 miles S. W. from Plymouth, 45 N. W. from Concord, and 15 S. E. from Hanover. The north part is wa- tered by a branch of Baker's river, and the southerly part has sev- eral small streams, which fall into Newfound lake. There is but one pond of any consequence lying whol- ly in this town, and that is situated about a mile N. E. of the meeting- house. Groton was granted July 8, 1761, to George Abbot and others by the name of Cockermouth. It was re-granted, about five years af- terwards, to Col. John Hale and oth- ers, and the first settlement was commenced in 1770. Incorporated by the name of Groton, Dec. 1796. Population, in 1830, 689, Grotou, Vt. Caledonia CO. First settled, 17S7. Wells river and its branches afford this town a good water power. — There are a number of ponds in Groton, well stored with excellent fish, some of which are large and handsome. The soil of the town is generally hard, but there is some choice land along the streams, and good timber. The wife of a Mr. Page, of this town, in the year 1819, produced fotir lusty " green mountain boys" at a birth. When domestic manu- factures of this descriptioa and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. atnoutit, are adduced as evidence of the prosperity of a town, it is useless to tallc about water power, cotton factories, or wool ^rowins;. Groton lies 16 iiiiii-s K. Iiy S. from Montpelicr, and 15 S. by W. from Danville. Population, 1830, 836. Grotou, 9Ia88> Middlesex co. This is a delight- ful town, with an extraordinary good soil; '.i'i iiiiles X. \V. from IJoston, and 13 \V. by S. from Lowell. Groton was settled soon after Concord. It was for some years a frontier setilement, and much ex- posed to the Indians. In 167(), the town was attacked by -100 Indians, and all the buil. lings plundered ami burnt, except four garrison houses. The town is finely watered by the Nashua and Squanecook rivers and a number of beautiful ponds. The buildings are in a style of great neatness and taste, and some of elegance. This town has a fe- male seminary of high reputation, and a number of moral and reli- gious institutions. The local beau- ties of Groton and its facilities for education are so great as to induce many wealthy families to made it their residence. The manufactures of Groton consist of paper, axle- trees, soap-stone pumps, mathemat- ical instruments, clothing, palm- leaf hats, chairs, cabinet ware, leather, boots and shoes. Incor- porated, 16.55. Population, 1830, 2,057. Groton, Ct. New London co. Groton lies at the mouth of the river Thames, in the harbor of New London, and op- posite to that city, on the E. The lands are generally hilly and rocky, with some fertile tracts on the mar- gin of the Thames. There are sev- eral villages, (rrotun Bank, ojjpo- site New London, Porlnsvillr, on Mystic livt-r, and Pequnnnurlc. The Pcquonnuck and .Mystic riv- ers pass through the town, and emp- ty into Long Island Sound. A num- ber of whale ships and coasting ves- sels are owned in this town. This is a place of some trade, and consid- erable quantities of the produce of the county is shipped to New York market. Ship building is carried on to a considerable extent, on the Mystic, which is navigable for large vessels about two miles from the Sound. About 300 men and boys are employed in navigation. Previous to its incorporation, in 1705, Groton was a part of New- London. Population, 1830, 4,705. " Groton will ever be memora- ble as the theatre of the most im- portant and interesting military transactions which have taken place in the stale. In the early settle- ment of the country, the fate of Connecticut was decided by the sword on Pequot hill, within the limits of this town, and the Pequots, the most haughty and warlike tribe of savages in New England, effec- tually crushed by a single blow, and their existence as a nation an- nihilated. In the war of the revo- lution, another of the ' high places of (Jroton became an Aceldama*, and tiie flower of her sons were sa- crificed to the vengeance of an in- furiated enemy. " On the 6th of September, 1781, a body of British troops, about 800 in number, under the command of Lieut. Col. Eyre, landed on the Groton side, opposite the light- house, and having found a lame boy collecting cattle, compelled him to show them the cart path to the fort. They lauded about 9 o'clock in the morning of a most delightful day, clear and still. Fort Griswold was under the command of Lieut. Col. William Ledyard, brother of the celebrated traveller of the same name. He resided on Groton bank, opposite New London, and was nnieh beloved and respected by his neiiilibors. On the advance of thn enemy. Col. Ledyard, having but about 150 mea with him in the fort, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEK. sent out an officer to get assistance, as there were a number of hundreds of people collected in the vicinity : this otlicer, by drinking too much, became intoxicated, and no rein- forcement was obtained. On the rejection of a summons to surren- der, the British extended their lines, so that they were scattered over the fields, and rushed on to the attack with trailed arms, under the fire of the Americans, to the assault of the fort on three sides. Having effected a lodgment in the ditch, they cut away the pickets, and hav- ing scaling ladders, they entered the fort and knocked away the gate on the inside. While the British were in the ditch, they had cold shot thrown on them, and as they were entering the embrazures, the garrison changed their weapons and fought desperately with spears or pikes, 15 or 16 feet in length, which did considerable execution. Unfor- tunately they had lent the greater part of the pikes belonging to the fort to a privateer a few days before. Major Montgomery was hoisted up on the walls t)f the fort by his sol- diers. As he was flourishing his sword on his entrance, he was mor- tally wounded by Jordan Freeman, a colored man, who pierced him through with a spear. Another of- ficer was killed by a musket ball, while in the fort. As he fell, he ex- claimed : ' Put every one to death, don't spare one.' Col. Ledyard, finding further resistance useless, presented his sword to an otficer, who asked him who commanded the fort. 'I did,' said Col. Ledyard, ' but you do now.' The officer (Capt. Bloomfield) took his sword and plunged it into his bosom. Col. Ledyard fell on his face and instant- ly expired. An indiscriminate mas- sacre now took place, till a British officer exclaimed : ' My soul can- not bear such destruction,' and or- dered a parley to be beat. Such had been the butchery in the fort, that it was over shoes iti blood in some parts of the parade ground. Soon after the surrender, a wagon was loaded with wounded Ameri- cans, and set off down the hill; it struck an apple tree with great force, and knocked several of these bleed- ing men out, and caused their in- stant death. One of these distress- ed men having been thrown out of the wagon, and while crawling to- wards the fence on his hands and knees, was brutally knocked on the head by the butt end of a musket, by one of the refugees who were attached to the British army. The British embarked at the foot of the hill, near the ferry, and took off a number of prisoners with them. As they left the fort, they set fire to a train, intending to blow up the magazine, in which were about 100 barrels of powder. Fortunately it was extinguished by our people, who entered the fort soon after the enemy left it. It is stated that the enemy lost in the attack on the for*' 54 killed and 143 wounded, several of whom afterwards died of their wounds. The killed of the enemy were buried by their comrades at the gate of the fort, and were so slightly covered that many of their legs and arms remained above ground. Our people who were kill- ed at the fort, were stripped, and so disfigured, covered with blood and dust, that with the exception of two or three, they could not be re- cognized by their friends, except by some particular marks on their persons." The monument on Groton Heights, in commemoration of the destruction of Groton and New London by the traitor Arnold, " has its foundation stone at an elevation of about 130 feet above tide water : the monu- ment itself is one hundred and twen- ty seven feet in height. The pe- destal rises about eighteen or twen- ty feet, and is twenty three feet square : on the pedestal rises an obelisk square, ninety two feet in height, twenty two feet square at its NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. base, and eleven feet at the top. It is ascended by one hundrtil ;iiid t-ixty five stone steps, inserted into the outer wall, ri.-ing in a cireular form, their inner ends supported by an iron rail and bannister. The mon- ument is constructed of granite, of which there is an abundance in the vicinity. The expense of its erec- tion was eleven thousand dollars; this amount was raised by a lottery, granted by Uie state for this pur- pose. The followinc: is the inscription, on marble, placed over the entrance of the monument. " This Monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut, A. D. 1830, ajid in the 55lh year of the Independ- ence ofthc U. S. A. In memory of the brave Patriots who fell in the massacre at Fort Griswold, near this spot, on the Gth of September, A. D. 1781, when the British, nnder the command of the traitor, Benedict Arnold, burnt the towns of New London and Ciroton, and spread desolation and woe throughout this region." GuUdhall, Xt. County town of Essex co. Guild- hall is situated on the W. side of Connecticut river, and is uniteil to Lancaster, N. II., by two bridges across the river. The town is wa- tered by several small streams. — The soil of the town is quite uneven and stony, except a tract of inter- vale on tiie river. Cow and Riirn- side mountains are considerable ele- vations, and afford excellent views of the meanderinuis of the Connec- ticut. Guibthall lies 50 miles N. E. Irom Montpelier, and 90 N. by E. from NVindsor. First settled, 1789. Population, 1830, 481. GuUrord, Kle. Piscataquis co. This town is fine- ly watered by the Piscataquis and some of its upper branches. It is of fine soil, and produced in 1837, 4,965 bushels of wheat. It has a pleasant village, a number of mills, and considerable trade. Guilford is 71 miles N. by E. from Augusta, 45 N. W. from Bangor, and 12 N. W. from Dover. Incorporated, 1816. Population, 1837, 799. Guilford, Vt. Windham co. This town was first permanently settled in 17(i0. It lies 125 miles S. from Montpelier, 15 S. by E. from New fane, and 30 E. from Bennington. Population, 1830, 1,760. The people of this town took an active part in defending the rights of Vermont against the claims of jurisdiction set up by tlie state of New York, about the years 1783-4. Guilford produced a num- ber of patriots in this as also in the revolutionary cause. The soil of the town is warm and fertile, ex- ceedingly productive of grain, fruits, maple sugar, butter, cheese, pork, sheep, liorses, and beef cattle. It lias good mill seats on Green river and branches of Broad brook, a number of manufaciories, a medi- cinal spring, and various kinds of minerals. GnUford, Ct. New Haven co. This town, the Menunhatuc of the Indians, was first settled in 1639. The town was settled by a party of Non-Conform- ists from England, at the liead of which was the Rev. Henry AVhit- field. Mr. Whitfield's house, built of stone, in 1640, is now standing, occupied, and in good repair. The cement used in building it, is said to be harder than the stone itself. This building was used by the first settlers as a fort and place of refuge airainst the attacks of the natives. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The first marriage in the town was solemnized in this building. The treat on the occasion was pork and peas. Guilford borough was incor- porated in 1S15. It is handsomely located two miles from Long Island Sound, on a tract of alluvial plain, and near a small stream called the Menunkatuc. The buildings in the borough are neat, but somewhat antiquated in their appearance. — Guilford is a place of resort for sea air and bathing. The accommoda- tions are very good. The scenery in the vicinity of Sachem's Head is wild and picturesque. The soil of Guilford is well adapted to agri- cultural pursuits, to which, and some coasting trade, the principal part of the inhabitants are devoted. It lies 16 miles E. from New Haven, and 36 S. from Hartford. Population, 1830, 2,344. Hadtlani, Ct. One of the county towns of Mid- dlesex CO. Incorporated, 1668. This town lies on both sides of Connec- ticut river. Haddam Society, on the W. side, is the largest part of the town, and the seat of justice. That part of Haddam on the E. side is called Haddam Neck. There is but little alluvial land in Had- dam. The principal part of the township is hilly and stonjs with considerable forests. There are valuable quarries of granite on both sides of the river. About 150 men are annually employed in quarry- ing it, and about $70,000 worth of stone is aiuiually exported. There are many vessels built at Haddam. The timber in this quarter of the county is well adapted for that pur- pose. The village of Haddam is pleasant, and has a good prospect of the river. It lies 23 miles S. from Hartford, and 8 S. E. from Middletovvn. Population, 1830, 2,- 830. David Brainerd, the devoted missionary among the Indians, first drew his breath in Haddam. " If the greatness of a character is to be estimated by the object it pursues, the danger it braves, the difficulties it encounters, and the purity and energy of its motives, David Brainerd is one of the great- est characters that ever appeared in the world. Compared with this standard of greatness, what little things are tlie Alexanders, the Coe- sars, the conquerors of the whole earth. A nobler object no human or angelic mind could ever propose to itself than to promote the glory of the great Governor of the Uni- verse, in studying and laboring to diffuse purity and happiness among his unholy and miserable creatures. " ' His life and diary among the Indians,' says a celebrated Englisli divine, ' exhibits a perfect pattern of the qualities which should dis- tinguish the instructor of rude and barbarous tribes ; the most invinci- ble patience and self denial, the profoundest humility, exquisite pru- dence, indefatigable industry, and such a devotedness to God, or rath- er such an absorption of tlie whole soul in zeal for the divine glory and the salvation of men, as is scarcely paralleled since the age of the apostles.' " This faithful servant of Christ died at the house of the Rev. Jona- than Edwards, at Northampton, Mass., October 10, 1747, aged 30. Hadlcy, Mass. Hampshire co. This is a plea- sant town on the E. bank of Con- necticut river, and unites with Northampton by a beautiful bridge, 1,0,80 feet in length. It was first settled in 1647. Incorporated, 1661. Population, 1837, 1,805. It lies SS miles W. from Boston. Two small streams afford the town some water power. Hadley contains a large and fertile tract of alluvial meadow. The village, situated on the river, is pleasant, and contains many neat and valuable buildings. Hadley was a retreat of the cele- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bcated Goflc and Wlj.illcy, two of the judijes who coiult'iiined Charles I. for eicccutioii. They remained sechided here more than fifteen years, when Whalley died. GofCe died and was l)uricd at New Ha- ven, Ct., some years after. The manufactures of Hadley con- sist of leather, l)oo(i, shoes, hats, plue, palin-lcaf hats, wire, chairs, cahinci ware, hrooms, and hrushes. Total value the year ending April 1, 1837, $117,850. This town is celehrated for raisinp; broom corn. The value of brooms manufactured was $8'J,24.'<. A consiJerablc quan- tity of the unmaiuifartured materi- al was sent to other places. Halifax, Vt. Windham co. This township is rather elevated, but of good soil, finely adapted for sjrazing. It is a place of considerable trade, and of manufactures on its numerous streams. Its principal streams are Green river and a branch of the Deerfield. There are some hand- some falls of water in Halifax, and a curious cave called Dun's Den. The productions of the town are butter, clieese, pork, sheep and oth- er cattle. The cause of education flourishes here, and the people arc generally independent cultivators of the soil. Halifa.K lies 125 miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 S. from Newfane. First settled, 1761. — Population, IS.*?!), 1,5«2. Hullfax, Mass. Plymouth co. The Indian name of this place was .Monponset. It lies 28 miles S. S. E. from Boston, and 12 W. by S. from Plymouth. The surface of the town is (Gener- ally level, with considerable gooil soil. Mouponset and other ponds are large collections of water, and the sources of valuable mill privi- leges. There are a cotton and wool- en mill in the town, and manufac- tures of shoes and straw braid; — total annual amount of manufactures about !l;150,000. Halifax was in- corporated in 1734. Population, 1837, 781. HaUoM-ell, 3Ic. Kennebec co. Hallowell is de- lightfully situated on both sides of Kennebec river, between Augusta and Gardiner, two miles below the former and four miles above the lat- ter. The principal village >s on the W. side of the river. The streets run parallel with the river, and the ground ascends 200 feet from the lower street, or business part of the village. On this street are 60 com- modious stores, constructed princi- pally of brick. Most of the dwell- ing houses are on the back or ele- vated streets: they arc built, as are the churche.>, with great taste, and being surrounded by beautiful groves, make a fine appearance. The varied views of the river, the neighboring towns, and of a fer- tile country of hills and vales, pre- sented from the high grounds on each side of the A'illage,form an ex- hibition of scenery of uncommon excellence. Hallowell is about 3 miles in width, and extends back on each side of the river 5 miles. It was incorporated in 1771, and in- cluded all the territory of Augusta and a part of Gardiner. From this place the brave but traitorous Ar- nold marched on an expedition against Canada, in 1776. There is one water mill in the town; two saw mills, an iron foun- dry and machine shop, worked by steam. Steam boats ply from this place to Portland and Boston, dur- ing the season of navigation. There is considerable tonnage at this place: a number of vessels are engaged in the freighting business, and others run as packets to various places. The principal exports are lumbei-, granite, and all the common pro- ductions of a fertile northern cli- mate. The granite quai'ries at Hallowell have been worked for fifteen years with great success. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The granite is of a light color and easily wrought : in some years $100,000 worth of it has been trans- ported. Vessels drawing 9 feet of water can come to the wharves in the centre of the village. As Hallowell and Augusta are so closely united in all their vari- ous interests and pursuits, a repeti- tion of what we have said of the favorable position of Augusta, and of its future prospects, is unneces- sary. With common success in our national aflairs, and with a contin- uation of that spirit of enterprize, every day manifested on the banks of the Kennebec, it requires no Jiformon spectacles to foresee that within a very few years there will he a continuous village from the Kennebec dam to the mouth of the Cobbessecontee. Population. IS20, 2,919 ; 1830, 3,961. The present population is about 5,000. Hallowell was, for many years, the residence of Benjamin Vaug- HAN, LL. D. a gentleman highly distinguished for his learning, pub- lic benefactions and private virtues. Hall's Stream, W. H., Rises in the highlands which sep- arate that state from the British do- minions, and forms the N. W. boun- dary between New Hampshire and Lower Canada, from its source to its junction with the Connecticut at Stewartstown. IlamSeii, Ct. New Haven co. This town was taken from New^ Haven in 178fi, from v/hich it lies about 6 miles N. It is situated between the East and West Rock ranges of mountains, the southern terminus of the Green mountain range. The soil in many parts is easy of cultivation, but in general it is more adapted to graz- ing than tillage. Minerals are found here, among which are spe- cimens of very pure copper. Mill river afTords numerous sites for wa- ter works. 15 Whitney sville, about two miles from New Haven, is admirably lo- cated for manufacturing opperations. The manufactures at the Carmel works, consist of paper, carriages, coach and eliptic springs, steps, axletrees, brass work, &c. Mount Carmel, a noted elevation, 8 miles N. from New Haven, exhibits an extensive prospect. Population, 1S30, 1,669. Hamilton, Mass. Essex CO. This is a beautiful farming town, and most of the in- habitants are employed in cultivat- ing it. There are some vessels built here, and some manufactures of leather, boots, and shoes. The town is quite small. Population, 1837, 827. Taken from Ipswich in 1793. It lies 8 miles N. by E. from Salem. Hampden, Me. Penobscot co. Hampden lies on the west side of Penobscot, below and adjoining Bangor. It is also watered by the Sowadabscook riv- er, a large and valuable mill stream. This is an important township in its commerce on the Penobscot, its manufacture of lumber, and its ag- ricultural productions. It is one of the most flourishing towns on the river. The quantity of wheat pro- duced by the farmers, in 1837, w.xs 5,664 bushels. Population, 1830, 2,020 ; 1837, 2,520. Hampden is 6 miles S. from Bangor, and 62 E. N. E. from Augusta. Hampdeu County, Mass. Springfield is the chief town. This county is very fertile and well cultivated, and in common with all the counties on Connecticut river, it presents a rich array of delightful scenery. Its rivers afford an abun- dant water power; and this county has become noted for its various and extensive manufactures. Aluch inland trade is brought to the banks of the Connecticut, and large exports N^W ENGLAND GAZETTEER. are made from this county, the pro- duct both of the soil and mechani- cal labor. This county was taken from Hampshire county in 1812. Population, 1820, 28,021 ; 1830, 31,- 640 ; 1837, 33,627. Area, 585 square miles. Hounded S. by Tolland and Hartford counties, Connecticut ; W. by Derk-:hire county; N. by Hamp- shire county, and E. by Worcester county : 57 inhabitants to a i^quare mile. The Connecticut, Westiield, Chickopee, and Quinebaugh are its chief rivers. The value of tlie manufactures of this county, the year enilirTii April 1,1837, was .$3,056,302. The value of wool, the product of 29,950 sheep, was $i 11,786. Ilampglxirc Coniity, Mass. J^'orthampton i'5 the chief town. Thi? ancient county, although its limits have been greatly reduced by the production of Franklin and Hampden counties, is still increas- ing in a;;ricultural, commercial and manufacturing strength. Located In the centre of the alluvial basin of the noble Connecticut; blessed with a rich and variegated soil, and great water power, this must ever remain one of the most independ- ent counties in New England. — Area, 532 square miles. Popula- tion, 1820, 26,147; 1830,30,210; 1837, 30,413. Incorporated, 1662. This county is bounded S. by Hamp- den, W. by Herkshire, N. by Frank- lin, and E. by Worcester counties: 57 inhabitants to a square mile. The Connecticut, Wcstfield, anrl Swift, are its chief rivers. The manufactures of this county, the year ending April 1, l'<37, amount- ed to $2,33.',,652. The vahic of wool, the fleeces of 64,274 sheep, amounted to ij;103,7.">l. IlnrnpHtrad, N. II., Rockingham co., lies partly on the height of land between Merri- mack and Piscataqua rivers. Most of the waters descend S W. into the Merrimack through Spiggot riv» cr, which flows from Wasli pond, near the centre of the town. An- gly pond is in the N. E. part of the town, the waters of which pa^sinlo Powow river. Island pond, in the S. W. part of the town, contains a valualile farm of 300 acres. The town was granted by Gov. Benning Wentwortii, January 19, 1749, and named by him after a pleasant vil- lage live miles JV. of London, Eng- land. He reserved the island be- fore mentioned for his own farm. Population in 1830, 913. Hampton, Die. See " Down East." Hamptou, ST. H., Rockingham co., lies on the sea- coast, bounded N. E. by North- Hampton, S. E. by the Atlantic, S. W. by Hampton Falls, N. W. by Hampton Falls and part of Exeter Distant 13 miles S. W. from Ports- mouth, 7 S. E. from Exeter, and 50 S. E. from Concord. The soil is well adapted to tillage and mowing, and about one lifth of the territory is a salt marsli. Hampton is pleas- antly situated ; many eminences in the town affording romantic views of the ocean. Isles of Shoals, and sea-coast from Cape Ann to Ports- mouth. Its beaches have long been the resort of invalids and parties of pleasure, and are little inferior to the famous Nahant beach near Boston. Boars Head is an abrupt emi- nence extending into the sea, and di- viding the beaches about half way between thd river's mouth and the N. E. corner of t!ie town. On tho N. beach are numerous fish-houses, from which the Avinter and summer fisheries have been carried on with niucli success. Great quantities of the winter fish are carried frozen into the interior, and to \'ermont and Canada. The Indian name of this town was JVinnicumet ; it was first set- tled in 1638, by emigrants from the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEife. county of Norfolk, England. The first house was erected in 1635, by Nicholas Easton, and was called the Bound-house. The town was in- corporated in 1G36, and then inclu- ded within its limits what now con- ■ stitutes the towns of North Hamp- ton, Hampton Fails, Kensington and Seabrook. This town was formerly the scene of Indian depredations. On the 17th Aug. 1703, a party of Indians kill- ed 5 persons in Hampton, among whom was a widow P.Iussey, cele- brated as a preacher among the Friends. The Hon. Christother Top- pan died here in Feb., 1S19, aged 84 : he was a very useful and dis- tinguished citizen. Population in 1830, 1,103. Ilamjitoxi, Ct. Windham co. This town was taken from Windham and Pomfret in 1786. The people are generally agriculturalists, with a good strong soil of an uneven surface. The village is pleasantly situated on high ground, 35 miles E. from Hartford and 6 from Brooklyn. Hampton has good mill seats on a branch of Shetucket river. Population, 1830, 1,101. Hamptoa Falls, ST. H., Rockingham co., is situated 45 miles S. E. from Concord, and 16 S. W. from Portsmouth. The soil is generally good. Hampton Falls was originally a part of Hampton, from which it was separated and incorporated, in 1712.. Population, 1830, 582. Hancock CoMiity, Ble. Ellsivorth is the chief town. This county is bounded N. by Penobscot munty, E. by Washington county, S. by the Atlantic ocean, and VV^. by Penobscot bay and river, and a part by Penobscot county. Its ex- tent on the ocean is between 50 and 60 miles : it comprises numerous islands of great beauty, some of which are large, fertile and well cultivated ; it comprises also nu- merous bays, and a vast number of coves, inlets and spacious harbors. Perhaps there is no district of its extent on the American coast, that offers greater facilities for naviga- tion, in all its various branches, than the county of Hancock. The ton- nage of Frenchman's bay, in this county, in 1837, was 13,184 tons. The soil of the county is generally of an excellent quality, particularly in the interior. There are a great number of ponds in the county : ev- ery section of it is watered by mill streams, and Union river, nearly in its centre, affords the interior part great facilities for transporta- tion. This county contains an area of about 1,850 square miles. Pop- ulation, 1830, 24,347; 1837, 28,120. Population to a square mile, 15. This county produced, in 1837, 21,- 446 bushels of wheat, and contain- ed 38,870 sheep. Hancock, Me. Hancock CO. This town was tak- en from Sullivan and Trenton in 1828. It is situated between those towns, and is nearly surrounded by the head waters of Frenchman's bay. It is a place of some naviga- tion ; 85 miles E. from Augusta, and bounded easterly by Ellsworth. Population, 1837, 653. Hancocli, N. H. Hillsborough co. It is 35 miles from Concord, 22 from Amherst, and 19 from Keene. The W. part of the town is mountainous, but af- fords excellent pasturing and many good farms. The other parts of the town are agreeably diversified with plains, hills and valleys. On the Contoocook, and some of its trib- utary streams, there are several tracts of excellent intervale. There are two considerable ponds, one of which is in the centie, a few rods N. of the meeting-house. There Ntw ENGLAND GAZETTEER. is a cotton factory, a paper mill, and several other manufacturing cstali- lishmeuts here ; also a flourishing academy. Hancock was incorpora- ted Nov. 5, 1779. It was named after Gov. Hancock, of Boston, who was one of the original proprietors. The first settlement was begun in 1764. Population, 1830, 1,.316. Haucock, Vt. Addison co. Several branches of Otter creek rise in this town. Hancock is wholly on the moun- tains, and most of the land fit only for grazing. First settled, 1778. Population, 1830, 472. It lies 30 miles S. W. from Rlontpelier, and 15 S. E. from Middlebury. Hancock, Alass. Berkshire co. This is a moun- tainous township, on the line of the state of New York, the source of the Housatonick, and the residence of a family of " Shakers." It lies 129 miles W. from Boston, 15 N. by W. from Lenox, and 5 E. from New Lebanon, New York. Incor- porated, 1776. Population, 1837, 975. There are one cotton and three woolen mills in the town, and .tome manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, iron castings, and wooden ware. The value of 5,445 fleeces of wool, sheared in 1837, amounted to $11,544. As we are so near the lovely val- ley of New Lebanon, its tepid springs, and a large family of our fi'iends, the Sh.\kers, we must he permitted to cross the line a mo- ment, "just to take a look." J\~ew Lebanon, New York, is in the county of Columbia, and sit- uated in a delightful valley, sur- rounded by ciillivatcil hills, which present scenery greatly variegated and peculiarly pleasing. A community of Shakers, of be- tween 500 and (iOO, own about 3,000 acres of excellent land in tlij s town- ship, which is highly improved hy this industrious, hospitable, and cu- rious people. Their village is about two miles southeast of the springs. The Springs are on the side of a hill, and are so abundant as to sup- ply a small water power. The wa- ters are tasteless, pure as crystal, and appear to differ in no respect from other pure mountain waters, except in temperature, which is always at 72° of Fahrenheit. This is a great resort for visitors from all directions : — some to enjoy the romantic scenery with which this region abounds, and others the benign influence of the waters. The public resorts are well located, and afford excellent accommodations. New Lebanon is 134 miles W. from Boston, 24 E. from Albany, 25 N. E. from Hudson, 7 W. from Pilts- lield, 23 S. by W. from Williams- town, 156 N. by E. from New York, and 68 N. W. by W. from Hartford. Ct. Hanover, "S. H. Grafton co. The Connecticut river separates it from Norwich, Vermont. It is 53 miles N. W. from Concord, and 102 from Ports- mouth. In this town there is no river nor any considerable stream besides the Connecticut. Mink brook, running in a S. W. direction, Slate brook in a W. course, and Goose-Pond brook in the N. E. part of the town, are among the princi- pal streams. Neither of them is large enough for permanent mill privileges. There are several small islands in Connecticut river within tlic limits of Hanover, the largest of which is Parker's island, contain- ing about 20 acres. There are no natural ponds. The surface of Hanover is agreeably diversified with hills and valleys, and the great- est part is suitable for farms. There is but a small proportion of waste land; less, perhaps, than in any other town in Grafton county. It is es- timated that nearly one half is un- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. der improvement. Moose moun- tain is a considerable elevation, ex- tending across the town from N. to S., at the distance of about five miles from Connecticut river. A handsome bridge connects the S. W. part of the town with Norwich. The principal village is in the S. W. corner of the town, on a beau- tiful and extensive plain, half a mile from Connecticut river, and 180 feet above the level of its wa- ters. Vegetable substances are found in different parts of this plain at a depth of from 50 to 80 feet. The principal houses are erected round a square, level area, of 12 acres. The remainder stand on different streets, leading from the green in all directions. In this pleasant village is located Dartmouth College. See Register. Among the worthy men who have finished their earthly career in this place, may be mentioned the following : Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D. D., who died April 24, 1779, aged 69. Hon. John Wheelock, LL. D., president of the college 35 years, who died April 4, 1S17, aged 63, Hon. Bezaleel Woodward, who died Aug. 1804. Rev. John Smith, D. D., who died April, 1S09. Hon. John Hubbard, wlio died in Sept. 1810. Rev. Francis Brown, D. D., who died July 27, 1820, aged 36. These gentlemen were all connect- ed with the college. Population, 1830, 2,361. Haiiovei-, Mass. Plymouth CO. Hanover is bound- ed S. by North river, which fur- nishes good mill sites. It was in- corporated in 1727. It lies 23 miles S. E. from Boston, and 12 N. W. from Plymouth. The manufactures of Hanover consist of bar iron, iron castings, anchors, ploughs, vessels, 15* tacks, leather, boots, shoes, and woolen cloth : total annual amount, about $75,000. Pop. 1837, 1,435. Hanson, Mass. Plymouth co. This town is wa- tered by a branch of North river and several ponds. It was taken from Pembroke in 1820, and lies in the vicinity of large beds of excel- lent iron ore. The manufactures of Hanson consist of ship anchoj-s and knees, nails, carriage springs, iron castings, leather, shoes, sawed boxes and shingles : total annual amount, about $70,000. Population, 1837, 1,058. It lies 24 miles S. S. E. from Boston, and 15 N. N. W. from Plymouth. Hard^vick, Vt. Caledonia co. Hardwick is fine- ly watered by Lamoille river, which gives the town valuable mill sites, and which are well imprpved for manufacturing purposes. The soil of the town is generally very good, and produces a variety of expoits. Between six and seven thousand sheep, and many other cattle, are kept in the town, a large amount of which are annually fattened and sent to market. Among the first settlers of the town, in 1790, was Mr. Gideon Sa- bin, whose wife became the mother of 26 children. Population, 1830, 1,216. Hardwick lies 20 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier, and 13 N. W. from Danville. Hardvrick, Mass. Worcester co. Ware river and a smaller stream pass through the S. part of this town, and furnish good mill privileges. It lies 62 miles W. from Boston and 22 W. by N. from Worcester. Incorporated, 1738. Population, 1837, 1,818.— There are 2 paper mills in the town, and manufactures of straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, ploughs, leather, chairs and cabinet ware : annual amount about $ 50,000. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Hardwick is a pleasant town, of good soil, with a tine lish pond. Harmony, Me. Somerset co. This town has an excellent soil, and is well watered by a large and beautiful pond, and bj' other sources of Scbasticook river. In 1837 it had a population of 1,048, and produced 6,836 bushels of wheat. It was incorporated in 1803, and lies .')3 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and 23 N. E. from Norridgewock. Ilarpswell, Me. Cumberland co. This township comprises a promontory in Casco bay, formerly .Merryconeag, and several islands surrounding it, the largest of which is called Sehascod- egan. The waters which enclose this territory arc so situated, at the northern and eastern extremity of Casco bay, that a canal of about a mile in length would unite them with Kennebec river, near Bath. The soil of Harpswell is very fer- tile, and the location delightful in summer. It is a resort for invalids and parlies of pleasure. The peo- ple are principally engaged in farm- ing and lishing. It lies 22 miles N. E. from Portland by water, and 4 miles S. E. from Brunswick. In- corporated, 1758. Population, 1837, 1,344. Harrington, Mc. Washington co. This town is bounded on the S. and E. by tlie waters of Narraguagus baj-, and \V. by the river of that name. It has good mill privileges, excellent har- bors, considerable navigation and trade. Inrorporatcd, 1797. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,118; 1837, 1,354.— Harrington lies 118 miles E. Irom Augusta, and 25 W. S. W. from Machias. Harrison, Me. Cumberland co. Crooked river passes the E. gido of this town, and the waters of Long pond are its western lioundary. This is a good township of land, and produced, in 1837, 3,180 bushels of wheat. In corporated, 1805. Population, 1837, 1,161. Harrison has Otislield on the E., and is 75 miles W. S. W. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from Portland. Hartford, Mc. Oxford CO. This excellent town- ship is watered by ponds and small streams, and produced, in 1837, 9,- 318 bushels of wheat. It lies 31 miles W. from Augusta, and 15 N. E. from Paris. Population, 1830, 1,453. Incorporated, 1798. Hartford, Vt. Windsor co. This town is on the west side of the Connecticut, and is otherwise finely watered by White and Waterqueechy rivers. It lies 42 miles S. S. E. from Montpelicr, and 14 N. from Windsor. Fiist set- tled, 1764. Population, 1830, 2,044. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is rich, warm, and very productive. The two principal vil- lages are pleasantly located on the banks of the rivers that meet the Connecticut at this place, both of which are flourishing in manufac- tures and trade. Many cattle, beside pork, butter, cheese, &c., are sent to market from Hartford. In 1837 it had 13,207 sheep. Hartford County, Ct. Hartford is the chief town. This county is bounded N.by Hampden county, Mass., E. by Tolland coun- ty, S. by the counties of Middlesex and New Haven, and W. by the county of Lifchtield. This is con- sidered the most important and val- uable county in the state, in re- gard to the variety and richness of its soil, and the high state of cul- ture it has attained. It was con- stituted in 1666, !>incc which, Tol- land county and parts of Middle- sex, Windham, Litchfield, aud New NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. London have been detached. Its present limits comprise an area of about 727 square miles. Besides the Connecticut, which traverses its whole length, the Farmington, Hackanum, Podunk, Scantic, and other streams, water the county in almost every direction. On these streams important manufacturing establishments have sprung up, and unite with the agricultural interest and river trade in rendering this county the centre of a large and flourishing business. In 1837 there were in the county 29,576 sheep. Population, 1820, 47,261 ; 1830, 51,141: 70 inhabitants to a square .■^ile. Hartford, Ct. Tht first English settlement in Hartford was commenced in 1635, by Mr. John Steel and his associates from Newtown, (now Cambridge)in Massachusetts. The main body of the first settlers, with Mr. Hooker at their head, did not arrive till the following year. " About the beginning of June, (says Dr. Trumbull,) Mr. Hooker, Mr. Stone, and about one hundred men, women and children, took their departure from Cambridge, and traveled more than a hundred iniles, through a hideous and track- less wilderness, to Hartford. They had no guide but their compass, and made their way over mountains, through swamps, thickets and riv- ers, which were not passable but with great difficulty. They had no cover but the heavens, nor any lodgings but those that simple na- ture afforded them. They drove with them a hundred and sixty head of cattle, and by the way subsisted on the milk of their cows. Mrs. Hooker was borne through the wil- derness upon a litter. The people carried their packs, arms, and some utensils. They were nearly a fort- night on their journey. This ad- venture was the more remarkable, as many of the company were per- sons of figure, who had lived in England, in honor, affluence and delicacy, and were entire strangers to fatigue and danger." The Indian name of Hartford was Suckiag. A deed appeals to have been giv(;n by Sunckquasson, the sachem of the place, about 1636, to Samuel Stone and William Good- win, who appear to have acted in behalf of the first settlers. The town of Hartford is bounded N. by Windsor and Bloomfield, E. by Connecticut river, S. by Weth- ersfield, and W. by Farmington and Avon. It is about six miles in length from north to south, and ave- rages about five in breadth. The western part of the town has a soil of red gravelly earth, very rich and productive. That part near the river is covered with a strong clay, or a rich black mould. The latter is principally in the valuable tract of meadow adjacent to Connecticut river. Hartford City, incorporated in 1784, is over a mile in length upon the river, and about three fourths of a mile in breadth. The alluvial flat upon the river is nar- row, being from 40 to 100 rods, and is connected with the upland by a very gradual elevation. It is situ- ated on the west side of Connecti- cut river, 45 miles from its mouth. It is in N. lat. 41° 45' 59", W. Ion. 72° 40'. It is 260 miles S. W. from Augusta, Maine ; 139 S. S. W. from Concord, New Hamp- shire ; 205 S. from Montpelier, Ver- mont ; 97 W. S. W. from Boston, Massachusetts ; 64 W. from Provi- dence, Rhode Island; 110 N. E. from the city of New York, and 335 E. from Washington. The legislature of the state as- sembles alternately at Hartford and New Haven, the odd years at Hart- ford. The city is rather irregular- ly laid out, and is divided at the S. part by Mill, or Little river. Across this stream a fine bridge of free-, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. stonu has been thrown, which con- nects the two parts of the city. This structure is 100 foet wiJe, suppoi-ted by a single arch, 7 fict in thickness at the hasc, and 3 feet 3 inches at the centre, the chord or span of whicli is 104 feet; cleva- vation fioiii the bed of t\tc river to the top of the arch, OOXeet Oinch- ^ cs. Another bridi^c, across Con- ncclicut river, 1,000 feet long, and wiiiclicostover>!lOO, 000, unites the city with East Hartford. Hartford is very advantageously situated for business, is surrounded by an ex- tensive and wealthy district, and communicates with the towns and villages on the Connecticut obove by small sleani-boats, two of which, for passengers, pl^ daily between Hartford and Springfield. The ic- mainder are employed in towing flat bottomed boats, of 15 to 30 tons burthen, as far as Wells' river, 220 miles above the city. The coast- ing trade is very considerable, and there is some foreign trade carried on. A daily line of steam-boats pass between Hartford and New York. The manufactures of Ihi.^ city ex- ceed §900,000 per annum ; among these arc various manufactures of tin, copper, and sheet iron ; block tin and pewter ware ; printing jiress- es and ink; a manufactory of iron machinery ; iron foundries, saddle- ry, carriages, joiners' tools, paper- hangings, looking-glasses, umbrel- las, stone ware, a brewery, a web manufactory, cabinet furniture, boots and shoes, hats, clothing for exportation, soap and candles, man- ufactories of uiarhine and other wire cards, operated by dogs, &,c. More than twice as many books, it is stated, are published here, annu- ally, as are manufactured in any other place of equal population in the United Slates. The city is well built, and con- tains many elegant pu!)lic and pri- vate edifices. The state-liouse, in which are the public offices of the ■tato, is Burmountcd by a cupola, , and is a very handsome and spa- cious building. The city hall, built for city purposes, is also spacious and elegant ; it has two fronts, with porticos, — supported each by six massive columns. The American Asylum for the deaf and dumb, the Retreat for the insane, and Wash- ington College, are all beautifully located, in the immediate vicinity of the city. The population with- in the citj' limits, in September, 1835, was nine thousand and eight hundred. " The Jlmerican Agylum for the education and instruction of deaf and dumb persons, was founded by an association of gentlemen in Hart- ford, Conn., in 1815. Their atten- tion was called to this important cliarity by a case of deafness in the family of one of their number. An interesting child of the late Dr. Cogswell, who had lost her hearing at the age of two years, .and her speech soon after, was, under Prov- idence, the cause of its establish- ment. Her father, ever ready to sympathize with the alllicted, and prompt to relieve human suffering, embraced in his plans for the edu- cation of his own daughter, all who might be similarly unfortunate. — The co-operation of the benevolent was easily secured, and measures were taken to obtain from Europe a knowledge of the difficult art, unknown in this country, of teach- ing written language tiirough the medium of signs, to the deaf and dumb. For this purpose, the Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet visited Eng- land and Scotland, and applied at the institutions in those countries for instruction in their system ; but meeting with unexpected ditficul- ties, he repaired to France, and ol)- tained, at the Royal Institution at Paris, those qualifications for an instructor of the deaf and dumb, which a selfish and mistaken poli- cy had refused him in Great Brit- ain. Accompanied by Mr. Laurent NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Clerc, himself deaf and dumb, and for several years a successful teach- er under the Abbe Sicard, Mr. Gal- laudet returned to this country in August, 1S16. The Asylum had, in May preceding, been incorpora- ted by the state legislature. Some months were spent by Messrs. Gal- laudet and Clerc in obtaining funds for the benelit of the institution, and in the spring of 1817 the Asy- lum was opened for the reception of those for whom it was designed, and the course of instruction commenced with seven pupils. " As the knowledge of the in- stitution extended, and the facili- ties for obtaining its advantages were multiplied, the number of pu- pils increased from seven to one hundred and forty, which for seve- ral years past has not been much above the average number ; and since its commencement, in 1817, to 1837, instruction has been imparted to four hundred and seventy-seven deaf and dumb persons. " In 1819, Congress granted the in- stitution a township of land in Ala- bama, the proceeds of which have been invested as a permanent fund. The principal building was erected in 1820, and the pupils removed to it in the spring of the following year. It is one hundred and thirty feet long, fifty feet wide, and, in- cluding the basement, four stories high. Other buildings have been subsequently erected, as the in- creasing number of pupils made it necessary ; the principal of which is a dining hall and workshops for the male pupils. Attached to the institution are eight or ten acres of land, which afford ample room for exercise, and the cultivation of veg- etables and fruits for the pupils. " The system of instruction adopt- ed at this institution is substantially the same as that of the French school at Paris. It has, however, been materially improved and mod- ified by Mr. Gallaudet and his as- sociates. This system, and indeed every other rational system of teaching the deaf and dumb, is bas- ed upon the natural language of signs. By this we mean those ges- tures which a deaf and dumb per- son will naturally use to express his ideas, and to make known his wants previous to instruction. These gestures and signs are rather ^ncio- rial, that is, an exact outline of the object, delineated by the hands in the air ; or descriptive, giving an idea of an object by presenting some of its prominent and striking features ; or conventional, such as may have been agreed upon by a deaf and dumb person and his as- sociates. As there are very few objects which can be expressed with sufficient clearness by the de- lineation of its outline alone, a de- scriptive sign is usually connected with it. Thus, in making a sign for a book, the outline is first delin- eated by the fore finger of both hands. To this is added the descrip- tive signs of opening a book, plac- ing it before the eyes, and moving the lips as in reading. It may therefore simplify the classification of natural signs if the first two di- visions be united ; and it will be sufficiently accurate to say that all the signs used by the deaf and dumb are either descriptive or conven- tional. By far the greater part of these signs belong to the former class; as it includes the signs for most common objects, actions and emotions. A deaf and dumb child constructs his language upon the same principle as the child who can hear ; that of imitation. " In the school-room, the instruc- tor makes use of natural signs to communicate ideas to his pupils, of systematic signs to enable them to translate their own into written lan- guage ; of the manual alphabet, or signs of the hand, corresponding to the letters of the alphabet ; and of vjritten symbols to express the grammatical relations of words. " The pupils usually remain at NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the Asylum four or five years, in which time an intelligent cliild will at-quire a knowlt'(l;;e of the common operations of ariTlimelic, of geogra- phy, grammar, history, hiography, anj of written language, so as to enable him to understand the Scrip- tures, and books written in a famil- iar style. He will of course be able to converse with others by writing, and to manage liis own afl'aiis as a farmer or mechanic. There are work-hops connected with the in- stitution, in which the boys have the opportunity of learning a trade, and many of them, by devoting four hours each day to this object, be- come skillful workmen, and when they leave the Asylum find no dif- ficulty in supporting themselves. The anni:al charge to each pupil is one hundred dollars. "The department of instrnction is under the control of the principal of the institution, who has also a general oversight of the other de- partments. The pupils are distrib- uted into eight or nine classes, the immediate care of which is com- mitted to the same number of as- biatant instructors. When out of school, the pupils are under the care of a steward and matron." Retreat for the Insane. " This institution is situated on a command- ing eminence, at the distance of a mile and a quarter, in a southwest- erly direction, from the State House in Hartford. It was opened April 1, 1824. The elevation overlooks an ample range of fertile country, pi-esenling on every side a most in- teresting landscape, adorned with every beauty of rural scenery, (hat can be found in ricli and culti- vated fields, and meadows of uiwi- valled verdure ; in extensive giovcs and picturesque groups of forest, f/'uit and ornamental trees ; and above all, in the charnung diversi- ty of level, sloping and undulating surfaces, terminating by distant bills, and more distant mountains. " This site was selected as one pre-eminently calculated to attract and engage the attention, and soothe and appease the morbid fancies and feelings of the patient whose fac- ulties are not sunk below or raised above the sphere of relations that originally existed. And if he is not beyond the reach of genial sen- sations, connected with external objects, he will undoubtedly feel the conscious evidence that this situa tion most happily unites the tran- quilizing influence of seclusion and retirement, with the cheering effect of an animated picture of active life, continually passing in review before liis eyes, while himself is remote, and secure from the annoy- ance of its bustle and noise. "The edifice for the accommoda- tion of the patients, and those who have the care of them, is construct- ed of unhewn free-stone, covered with a smooth, wliite, water-proof cement. Its style of architecture is perfectly plain and simple, and interests only by its symmetrical beauty, and perliaps bj- the idea it impresses ofdurability and strength, derived from the massy solidity of its materials. Yet notwithstanding these, its general aspect is remark- a})ly airy and cheerful, from the amplitude of its lights, and the bril- liant whiteness of its exterior. The whole building is divided into com- modious and spacious apartments, adapted to various desciiptions of cases, according to their sex, nature and disease, habits of life, and the wishes of their friends. The male and I'emalc apartments are enlii-c- ly separated, and either sex iscom- pletely secluded fi-om the view of the other. Rooms arc provided in both male and female apartments for the accommodation of the sick, where they are removed from any annoyance, and can continually re- ceive the kind attentions of tl)cir immediate relations and friends. Attached to the building are about seventeen acres of excellent land. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the principal part of which is laid out in walks, ornamental grounds and extensive gardens. With each wing and block of the building is connected a court-yard, encompass- ed by high fences, and handsomely laid out, designed to atford the ben- efit of exercise, pastime and fresh air, to those who cannot safely be allowed to range abroad." The mode of treatment at this institution is similar to that adopted at the McLean Asylum, Charles- town, Mass. " Washington College. This in- stitution was founded in 182G It has two edifices of free stone ; one 14S feet long by 43 wide, and 4 sto- ries high, containing 48 rooms; the other 87 feet by So, and 3 stories, high, containing the chapel, libra- ry, mineralogical cabinet, philo- sophical chamber, laboratory and recitation rooms. See Register. The Charter Oak. This tree stands on the beautiful elevation which rises above the south mead- ows, a few rods north of the ancient seat of the Wyllys iainiiy. The tree is still in a vigorous state, and may flourish for another century. " That venerable tree, v.'hich concealed the charter of our rights," says a daughter of Secretary Wyl- lys, "stands at the foot of Wyllys hill. The first inhabitant of that name found it standing in the heig-ht of its gloi'y. Ao'e seems to tave curtailed its branches, yet it is not exceeded in the height of its color- ing, or richness of its foliage. The trunk measures twenty one feet in circumference, and near seven in diameter. The cavity, which was the asylum of our charter, was near the roofs, and large enough to ad- mit a child. Within the space of eight years, that cavity has closed, as if it had fulfilled the divine pur- pose for which it had been reared." The story of the " Charter Oak" is thus told by Mr. Barber. " Sir Edmund Andros being ap- pointed the first governor-general over New England, arrived in Bos- ton in Dec. 1686. From this place he wrote to the colony of Connecti- cut to resign their charter, but with- out success. " ' The assembly met as usual, in October, and the gov- ernment continued according to charter, until the last of the month. About this time, Sir Edmund, with his suite and more than sixty regu- lar troops, came to Hartford when the assembly were sitting, and de- manded the charter, and declared the government under it to be dis- solved. The assembly were ex- tremely reluctant and slow with re- spect to any resolve to surrender the charter, or with respect to any motion to bring it forth. The tra- dition 15, that governor Treat strong- ly represented the great expense and hardships of the colonists in planting the country ; the blood and treasure v/hich they had ex- pended in defending it, both against the savages and foreigners ; to what hardships he himself had been ex- posed for that purpose ; and that it was like giving up his life, now to surrender the patent and privileges so dearly bought and so long enjoy- ed. The important afl^iir was de- bated and kept in suspense until the evening, when the charter was brought and laid upon the table where the assembly were sitting. By this time great numbers of peo- ple were assembled, and men suffi- ciently bold to enterprise whatever might be necessary or expedient. The lights were instantly extin- guished, and one Capt. Wadsworth, of Hartford, in the most silent and secret manner, carried off the char- ter, and secreted it in a large hol- low tree, fronting the house of Hon. Samuel Wyllys, then one of (he magistrates of the colony. The people all appeared peaceable and orderly. The candles were offi- ciously re-lighted, but the patent was gone, and no discovery could NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. be made of it, or the persons who carried it away.' " IVcst Hartford, or, as it was formerly called, IVest Division, is a fine tract of land. The inhabit- ants are mostly substantial farmers, and the 2;cneral appearance of the place denotes an \inusiial share of equalized wealth and prosperity. The venerable Nathax Per- KiiMs, D. D., still continues his la- bors in the ministry in this place. In 1S33, his sixtieth anniversary sermon was published. In that ser- mon he says, " I am now the oldc'^t olficiating minister of the jjospel in this state, and, as far as I can learn, in the United States. And I can- not learn, from the hi-^tory of church- es in Connecticut, tliat there has ever been an instance of one of its ministers preaching for sixty years uninterruptedly to the same con- gregation." Dr. Perkins stated, as we are in- formed, that from the commence- ment of his ministry, that in his church there hdd beon one thou- sand deaths and one thousand bap- tisms — that he had delivered four thousand written sermons, and three thousand extemporaneous ones, on other occasions of worship — that he had attended sixty ordinations and installations, and had preached 20 ordination sermons, twelve of whith had been published by request ; that he had attended one hundred eccle- siastical councils, to heal difficulties in the churches, and that he had fitted for college one hundred and fifty students, and more than thirty for the gospel ministry. Ilartland, Itle. Somerset co. This excellent township is watered on its eastern boundary by one of the principal branches of Sebasticook river. The inhabitant* are principally engaged in agricultural pursuits, and the soil richly rewards them for their indus- try. Hartland produced 4,836 bushels of wheat in, 1837, some wool and othei- valuable commodi- ties. It was incorporated in 1820. Population, 1837, 890. It lies 42 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and 18 N. £. IVom Norridgewock. Ilartland, Vt. Windsor co. Timothy Lull was the father of this nourishing re- public. He took his family from Dummerston, up Connecticut river about 50 miles, in a log canoe, in 1763. He landed at the mouth of a beautiful stream, called Lull's Brook. His nearest neighbors were more than 20 miles distant. He commenced a settlement on lull's Brook, and, after acquiring a hand- some property, died there at the age of 81. Timothy Lull, jr., was the first child born in the town. — On the occasion of his birth, a mid- wife was drawn 23 miles on a hand sled. This is a rich farming town, pleas- antly diversified by lulls and val- leys. Hartland produces many cat- tle : ten thousand sheep giaze in its pastures. It lies on the west bank of Connecticut river. Water- queechy river, at the N. part of the town, and Lull's Brook, at the S., give it a water power of great val- ue. On these streams arc neat vil- lages and nourishing manufactur- ing establishments. Hartland lies 50 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier and 9 N. from Windsor. Popula- tion, 1830, 2,503. Ilartland, Ct. Hartford CO. This town is 22 miles N. W. from Hartford. It lies in a mountainous part of the state : most of the land is cold and fit only for grazing. A branch of Farm- ington river passes through the town, and forms what is' called Hartland hollow, a deep i-avine, presenting some bold and pictur- esque scenery. Hartland was in- corporated in 1761. First settled, 1753. Population, 1S30, 1,221. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Harvard, Mass. Worcester co. This town was taken from Stow, Groton and Lan- daster, in 1732. It is washed on the W. side by Nashua river. It lies 30 miles N. W. from Boston, 20 N. E. from Worcester, and 13 W. from Concord. Here are two large ponds with fine fish, and quar- ries of slate used for monuments. About 200 of that industrious sect, called shakers, reside here, and own a considerable tract of excellent land. They live about 3 miles N. E. from the centre of the town, and supply the market with a great va- riety of wares, fruits, seeds, herbs, &c. &c., the product of their me- chanical ingenuity and horticultu- ral skill. There are three paper mills in Harvard, and manufactures of palm- leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather and grave stones: annual value about $40,000. Large quantities of hops have been raised in this place. — Population, 1837, 1,566. Har^vicli, Mass., Barnstable co., on the S. side of Cape Cod, 14 miles E. from Barn- stable. Incorporated, 1694. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,464; 18.37,2,771. On Herring river, the outlet of Long pond, are cotton and other mills. Some vessels are built here and some salt manufactured. The product of the cod and mackerel fishery the year ending April 1, 1S37, was $33,000. Harwich is a pleasant town : the village makes a good appearance from the sea. Harwinton, Ct. Litchfield CO. Har-win-ton de- rived its name from three syllables taken from the names of Hartford, Windsor and Farmington. It was first settled in 1731; incorporated, 1737. Population, 1830, 1,. 516. It lies 23 miles W. from Hartford, 40 N. by W. from New Haven, and 8 E. from Litchfield. Harwinton is 16 situated on high ground, abounding with granite rocks and more fit for grazing than tillage. Hatfield, Mass. Hampshire co. This is a weal- th}' agricultural township, noted for its good soil and fine beef cattle. It lies on the W. side of Connecti- cut river, 5 miles N. from North- ampton, and 95 W. from Boston. — Incorporated, 1670. Population, 1837, 937. The manufactures of the town consist of corn brooms, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, and car- riages ; annual value about $50,000. There is an elm tree in Hatfield which is said to measure, two feet from the ground, thirty four feet in circumference. Haverliill, ST. H., Grafton co., is one of the shire towns. It lies 31 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 70 N. N. W. from Concord. It is watered by Olive- rian and Hazen brooks. Haverhill is a pleasant town. The soil is suit- ed to every species of cultivation. There is a quarry of granite suita- ble for mill stones and buildings, and a bed of iron ore, on the W. side of Coventry, bordering this town. The principal village is at the S. W. angle of the town, and known by the name of Haverhill Corner. There is a beautiful common in this village, laid out in an oblong square, around which the buildings regu- larly stand. The site is a handsome elevation, overlooking the adjacent country many miles N. and S., and not less than 6 or 7 miles E. and W. From the street, the ground slopes with unusual elegance to the W., and is succeeded by broad inter- vales. The prospect here is de- lightful. There is another village at the N. W. angle of the town, on a street nearly a mile in length, straight and very level. Haverhill was granted, 1764. Its first settlement was made in 1764, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by Capt. John Hixzen, wlio settled on tlic Little Ox l>ow, near where there had formerly been an Indian fort and burying ftround, and wliere many Indian skulls and relics have been found. Several of the early settlers were from Newbury and Haverhill, Mass., and from the la-jt place, this town derived its name. Its former name was Lower Coos. Hon. Moses Dow was one of the mo5t distinguished citizens of this place. Hon. Charles Johxstox, who died -March 5, 1S13, a«jcd "6, resid- ed here. He was a valuable offi- cer in the revolution, and was ma- ny years judge of probate in Graf- ton county. Hon. James Woodward and Hon. Ezckiel Ladd were amons:the early settlers, and were judges of the old county court. Population, in 1830, 2,153. Haverhill, Itlasa. Essex CO. This ancient, respect- able and flourishing manufacturing town, lies on the N. side of the Meri'imack river, at the head of navigation, and united to Bradford by two beautiful bridges. It i- 30 miles N. from Bonon, 31 X. N. W. from Salem, 12 W. by S. from Newbu- ryporl, IS N. E. from Lowell, 30 S. V\'. from Portsmouth, N. H. and 40 S. E. from Concord, N. H. Lit- tle river passing through the town affords a good hydraulic power, on which are manufacturing; establish- ments of various kinds. The m<\n- ufactures consist of woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, hats, sliovcls, epades, forks, hoes, chairs, cabinet ware, combs, ploughs, tin ware, vessels, palm-leaf hats, shoe lasts, spirits, morocco leather, chaises and harnesses: total amount the vear ending April 1, 18.;7, $1,357,526. Haverhill is delightlully located, hanre is a deep trench drawn across the hill, to separate it from the plain back, and is continued to the river. Hinsdale was incorporated in 1753. It was originally a part of Northfield, and was settled as early as 16S3. The former name of this place was Fort Dummer and Bridg- man's Fort. This town encoun- tered all the dilTiculties of the In- dian wars, and struggled with oth- er hardships incident to frontier settlements, begun in the wilder- ness and remote from cultivated lands. Population, 1830, 937. Hlusdalc, Mnss. Berh..' ire co. Hinsdale is the source of ^ branch of Housatonick river. It is an elfvated township, and well adapted for grazing. — There are two woolen mills in Hinsdale, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, chairs, and cabinet ware : total amount in one -year $S6,550. The value of 11,020 fleeces of wool, sheared in Hinsdale in 1837, weighing 32,11() pounds, was !$19,26fi. This town ■was incorporated in 1804. Popula- tion, 1837, 832. It lies 125 miles \V. from Boston, and 15 N. N. W. from Lenox. Hiram, Me. Oxford CO. This town lies on both sides of a branch of Saco liv- er, 86 miles W. S. W. from Augus- ta, and 40 S. \V. from Paris. The township is fertile and productive of wool and wheat. Incorporated, 1807. Population, 1830, 1,148. Ilodgilon, Itlc. Washington co. Incorporated, 1832 : 179 miles from Augusta. In 1837, with a population of 552, it produced 3,184 bushels of wheat. See " Down East." Holdeii, Mass. Worcester co. This (own is fine- ly watered by branches of Black- stone and Nashua rivers. It has a valuable water power on Quinipox- ct river. It has .some good mead- ow land on the borders of the streams. There are 5 cotton and 2 woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, and palm-leaf hats ; total amount of the manufactures for the year ending April 1, 1837, $201,9')0. Holden is 48 miles W. from Boston, and 6 N. W. from Worcester. Incorporated, 1740. — Population, 1837, 1,789. Iloltlcrness, ZV. II. (i'rafton co. It is 65 miles X. W. from Portsmouth, and 40 N. fiom Concord. The soil is hard and not easily cultivated, but when sub- dued is tolerably ])roductive. From the sap of the sugar niapl<;, a con- sidcral)le quantity of sugar is made. The Pomigewasset imparts a por- tion of its benefits to this place, and there are various other streams which serve to fertilize the soil, and to furnish mill seats. Squam river, the outlet of Squam ponds, runs in a S. W. direction and empties into the Pemigewasset near the S. W. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. angle of the town. This stream affords excellent mill privileges, having on it 2 paper mills and oth- er machinery. There are 3 ponds or lakes. The road from Plymouth through this place to Winnepisiogee lake, and along the horders of that lake to Wolfeborough is highly interest- ing ; displaying scenery which is scarcely equalled in this part of our country. Holderness was first granted in 1751. The first settle- ment was made about the year 1763. Population, 1830, 1,429. Holland, Vt. Orleans co. This is an excellent township of land, producing in great abundance all the varieties common to the climate. Previous to the year 1800, it was a wilderness. It is bounded N. by Canada: 56 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier and 20 N. E. from Irashurgh. Population, 1830, 432. Holland, Mass. Hampden co. Holland was tak- en from Brimfield in 1785. It lies 70 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 20 E. by S. from Springfield. Population, 1837, 495. Holland has several ponds, and is otherwise watered by Quinnebaugh river. There is a cotton mill in the town, and 658 sheep. Hollis, Me. York CO. This town lies on the W. bank of Saco river, and contains numerous mill sites. Incorporated, 1812. Population, 1837, 2,374. It lies 72 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 30 N. from York. Hollis, ]V. H. Hillsborough co. It is 8 miles S. from Amherst, and 36 S. from Concord. Nashua river waters the S. E. part, and Nisitissit crosses the S. W. extremity. There are 4 ponds, known by the name of Flint's, Penichook, Long and Rocky ponds. There is a pleasant village near the centre of the town, on a site somewhat elevated. The ori- ginal name of Hollis was JYisitis- sit, its Indian name. The first settlement was made in 1731. It was incorporated in April, 1746. — The name is either derived from Thomas Hollis, a distinguished ben- efactor of Harvard college, or from the Duke of New Castle. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,501. Holliston, Mass. Middlesex co. First settled, 1710. Incorporated, 1724; Population in 1837, 1,775. It fies 24 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 21 S. from Concord. There is a woolen mill in the town, and some manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, chairs and cabinet ware, combs, ploughs, straw bonnets, books, clothing, wagons and harnesses : total value in one year $335,948. The value of boots and shoes amounted to $241,626, employing 461 hands. Holliston is watered by a small branch of Charles river. Holmes' Hole, Mass. See Tisbury. Hooksett, N. H. Merrimack co. It lies nine miles S. S. E. from Concord. The river Merrimack, whose course here is nearly N. and S., passes through this town a little W. of the centre. Here are those beautiful falls,known by the name of Hooksett Falls. — The descent of water is about 16 feet perpendicular in SO rods. A high rock divides the stream, and a smaller rock lies between that and the western shore. There is a pleasant village on the W. side of the rii^er. There is a strong and well built bridge over Merrimack river. Hooksett canal is in this town. It is 1-4 of a mile long — the fall is 16 feet perpendicular. Hook- sett was detached from Chester, Goffstown and Dunfaarton, and in- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. corporated as a separate town in June, 1822. On the E. side of the river is an extensive cotton factory, owned by the Amoskeag Company. Population, 1830, 880. Hoosack River and Itlountain. Two branches of the Hoosack, Hosick, or Huosick river, rise in New Ens;land : one in the high lands in the county of Berkshire, Mass. ; the otlier in the mountain- ous tracts of Benninn;ton county, Vt. These branches unite near Hoosack P'alls, in the state of New York, about .3 miles W. of the cel- ebrated Bennington battle ground. Hoosack river meets the Hudson at Schagthicoke, 15 miles N. of Troy, N. Y. This stream, in many places, is exceedingly rapid in its course, and aflbrds a great number of mill sites. Hoosack mountain lies princi- pally in Clarksburgh and Berkshire, Prlass., and is the source of a branch of Hoosack river. Its elevation is from 1,500 to 2,000 feet from its base. Hope, Ale. Waldo CO. Hope is a township of choice land, having Camden and Megunticook lake on its south-east- ern border. It lies 44 miles E. S. E. from Augusta, and 16 S. bj- W. from Belfast. Hope produced in 1837, 3,142 bushels of wheat. Pop- ulation, same year, 1,733. Incor- porated, 1804. Ilopkiuton, y. H. Merrimack co. It is 28 miles N. from Amherst, 7 W. from Concord, 46 N. E. from Keene, 30 S. E. from Newport, 50 W. from Portsmouth, and 65 N. N. W. from Boston. Con- toocook "river llows fiom Heiinikcr into the soulli-wcsterly part of this town, and meanders in a N. E. di. rection. In its course it receives Warner and Blackwatcr rivers, und several large brooks, and empties into Merrimack river at Concord. On these streams are some valuable tracts of intervale and meadow lands The principal village in Hopkinton is 7 miles from the state-house in Concord. In this town the county jail is located. In the W. part of the town is a thriving village on the Contoocook river, known as Hill's Bridge, or ContoocookviUe, where is a valuable water power, and several mills. Hopkinton was granted Jan. 16, 1735, to John Jones and others, and was called JWtmber 5, and afterwards J\~ew- Hopkinton. The first^settlemerrt was made about 1740, by emigrants from Hopkinton, Mass. This town suffered from In- dian depredations. Population in 1830, 2,474. Hopkinton, Mass. Middlesex county. Branches of Charles and !\Iill rivers rise in this town, on which are manufacturing establishments. There are 3 cot- ton mills in Hopkinton, and manu- factures of boots and shoes, (§152,- 300,) leather, ploughs, and straw bonnets: total value, the vear end- ing April 1, 1837, $217,550. The town was incorporated in 1715. Population, 1830, 1,809 ; 1837, 2,166. The mineral spring in this town has become celebrated. It con- tains carbonic acid, and carbonate of lime and iron. It is situated near White Hall pond, which abounds in fine fish of various kinds. The Bo-Ion and Worcester i-ail road passes within 3 1-2 miles of it, at Westborough, and it is 7 miles from the Blackstone canal, at North- bridge. It is 30 miles W. S. W. from Boston, 14 E. by S. from Wor- cester, and 30 N. by W. from Pro- vidence, R. I. There is a large and convenient hotel at this place, at which visitors for health or plea- sure arc kindly entertained. A trip to Hopkinton springs is both plea- sant and fashionable. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Hopkiuton, R. I. Washington co. Wood river, a valuable mill stream, passes through tills town, on which are cotton and woolen mills, iron works, and vari- ous other manufactories. The soil of the town is generally well adapt- ed for grazing, and the cultivation of grain. It produces large quanti- ties of fruit and excellent cider. Shad and alewives are taken in Pavvcatuck river. There are seve- ral ponds within the town. Con- siderable wood and timber are sent to market from this place. Hopkinton City, at the south part of the town, on the Tomma- quaug branch of Charles river, is very pleasant and flourishing. It lies 35 miles S. W. from Provi- dence, and 15 W. from South Kingston. Hopkinton was first set- tled in 1660. Incorporated, 1757. Population, 1830, 1,777. Houltou, Me. Washington co. This town is situated on the east line of the state and of the United States, on the border of the Province of New Brunswick. It lies 120 miles N. N. E. from Bangor, and about 75 W. N. W. from Frederickton, the capital of New Brunswick. The town was first settled in 1808, and for twenty years it was entirely cut off from all communication with the western part of the state by a dense wilderness of nearly 100 miles in extent. In 1829, a military post, the "Han- cock Barracks," was established here by the U.S. government, and in 1834 the military and state roads between Bangor and Houlton were completed and opened for travel. The great thoroughfare between the United States and the British Province of New Brunswick is through this town. The roads be- tween Bangor and Houlton are ex- cellent : stages pass and repass from Bangor through Houlton to Frede- rickton, three times a week. Fred- erickton is SO miles N. N. W. from St. Johns. A good road between Houlton and Calais, on the river St. Croix, about 90 miles distant, is now open for travel. This town is well watered by branches of Me- duxnekeag river, which empties into the St. John's. The garrison is located about a mile north of the village, and has generally contain- ed four companies of infantry. In this town the courts of probate are held, and the office of registry of deeds kept for the northern district of Washington county. The soil of Houlton and its vicin- ity is of a superior quality. Twen- ty-five bushels of wheat to the acre is an average crop : 40 bushels to the acre is frequently obtained. — Houlton, with a population of 667, raised 5,869 bushels of wheat in the year 1837. We have heard it is said, that per- sons might go so far " down east" as to "jump off." If Houlton is the jumping off place, we advise some of our western brethren to go and view the precipice. Ilousatouick Kiver. The sources of this river are in the towns of Lanesborough and Windsor, Berkshire county, Mass. The two branches meet at Pitts- field, where the river forms ; it then passes south, through Berkshire county, and enters the state of Con- necticut. After meandering through the county of Litchfield, in that state, it separates the counties of New Haven and Fairfiejd, and meets the tide water at Derby, 14 miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. The source of this mountain stream is more than 1,000 feet above the ocean ; and in its course, of nearly 150 miles, it af- fords numerous mill sites, and pre- sents many pleasant and well cul- tivated towns. The volume of wa- ter of this rivej- is not very large except in seasons of freshet, when NEW EXGLANO GAZETTEER. tlie rains from the mountains that environ its borders, inundate the valleys and greatly fertilize the soil. The scenery on the Housatonick i? exceedingly beautiful ; in some places it is enchanting. The roman- tic cataract at Canaan, Conn., of 60 feet perpendicular, is well worthy the notice of travellers. The In- dian name of this river, si;;ni(ies over (he muuntains. A vocabula- ry of Indian names, so beautiful and expressive, would be not only cu- rious but valuable. Hovlaud, Me. Penobscot co. This is a large township of good land, in which the Piscataquis and Seboois rivers form a junction : at the mouth of the for- mer, about 50 rods from the Penob- scot, are several saw mills. The banks of the river are low and ve- ry beautiful. Rowland was incor- porated in 1826. It lies 117 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 34 N. from Bangor. Population, 1830, 329; 1837, 507. Ilubbordston, Vt. Rutland CO. Elizabeth Hickok, the daughter of Elizabeth and Uriah Hickok, was the first white child born in this town. This event oc- curred in 1774. The face of the town is uneven, and in some parts mountainous. It is watered by se- veral ponds, the largest of which, lying partly in Suilbury, is Grego- ry's pond, the outlet of which is called Hitbhardston river. This river empties into Lake Cliamplain at West Haven, and is an excellent mill stream. The village at the northwesterly part of the town is pleasant and nourishing: it con- tains mills for the manufacture of various articles. Hubbardston lies 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 N. W. from Rutland. Population, 1830, 865. IlnblMirdgton, Slass. Worcester db. Hubbardston is on elevated ground, and the source of several branches of Ware river. There is much unimproved water power in the town. There are con- siderable tracts of valuable mead- I ow land, and the uplands are good I for grazing. It was incorporated I in 1767. Population, 1837, 1,730. The manufactures of the town con- sist of copperas, leathei-, boots, shoes, palm-lcuf hats, chairs, cabinet and wooden wares. Hubbardston lies 54 miles W. from Boston, and 22 S. fi'om Worcester. Hudson, N. H. j Hillsborough co. This town lies ' 17 miles S. E. from Amherst, and i 33 S. from Concord. The land here is of easy cultivation. On the river are fine intervales, of a deep rich soil. Distant from the river, the land is hilly and somewhat broken. There are two ponds, knosvn by the name of Little Massabesick, and Otternick ponds. This town was included in the grant of Dunstable, and was settled as early as 1710. The tirst settlements were made on the banks of the river, where the Indians had cleared fields for culti- vating corn. The first inhabitants lived in garrisons. While the niea were abroad in the fields and forests, the women and children were lodg- ed in these places of security. Near the Indian cornfields have been found cinders of a biacksmith's forge, which have led to the con- jecture that they emp/oj'ed a smith to manufacture their implements of war and agriculture. Incorporated, 171(5, by the name of Nottingham- West, which it retained until July 1, 1830, when it was changed to Hudson. Popuhuion in 1830, 1,232. Hull, Mass. Plymouth co. Hull was first set- tled about the year 1625. Incor- porated, 1644. Population, 1837, 180. This town compiises the pen- insula of Nantasket, which forms the S. £. side of Boston harbor. It NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. extends N. by W. from Cohasset, 5 miles, and is celebrated for its beau- tiful beach, 4 miles in length, and for its shell fish and sea fowl. The town lies between two hills of fine land, near point Alderton, opposite Boston light-house. It lies 9 miles E. S. E. from Boston, by water, and 22 by land, via Hingham. On one of the hills in this place, is a well 90 feet in depth, which is frequently almost full of water. Capital in- vested in the manufacture of salt, $12,500. Hull is remarkable for the una- nimity which always prevails among its inhabitants in their deliberative assemblies, and for a spirit of coin- promise manifest on all occasions in their selection of public servants. Iluntingtou, Vt. Chittenden co. First settled, 17S6. Population, in 1S30, 929.— Huntington lies 20 miles W. from Montpelier, and 15 S. E. from Burl- ington. Huntington river passes through this town ; it is a branch of Onion river, is rapid in its course, affording several towns an abund- ant water power. The soil of Hun- tington is poor : its surface is gen- erally too hilly for cultivation. — Camel's Back mountain lies in the eastern part of the town. Huntington, Ct. Fairfield co. This is a township of uneven surface, but well adapt- ed to agricultural purposes, to which the inhabitants are principally de- voted. Huntington was incorpora- ted in 1789. It lies 4 miles W. from Derby Landing, 12 N. E. from Fairfield, and 12 W. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 1,371. Hyannis Harbor, Mass. See Barnstable. Hyde Parle, Vt. Lamoille CO. County town. The Lamoille, Green, and other rivers give this town a great water power, some of which is advantageously improved. The soil is generally of a good quality and easily cultiva- ted. It lies 24 miles N. from Mont- pelier, and 32 N. E. from Burling- ton. Population, 1830, 823. First settled, 1787. Indian Rivers. Indian river. Me., Washington county, is a small stream in the town of Addison. Indian stream, N.H., Coos coun- ty, is the principal and most north- erly source of Connecticut river, rising in the highlands near the N. limit of the state, and pursuing al- most a direct S. W. course to its junction with the E. branch flow- ing from lake Connecticut. Indian river, Vt., rises in Ru- pert, and falls into the Pawlet. An- other stream of this name, in Vt., rises in Essex, and falls into Col- chester bay. Indian Stream Territory. Is a tract in New Hampshire N of lat. 45°, extending to the British possessions in L. Canada. It was surveyed in 1805, and contains 160,- 363 acres. Lake Connecticut and several considerable ponds are sit- uated within this tract. Industry, Me. Franklin co. This town borders N. W. on Sandy river, and is a valuable tract of land. It lies 32 miles N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded S. W. by Farmington. Industry was incorporated in 1803 : it has n pleasant village, and raised, in 1837, 6,078 bushels of wheat, with a population of 1,014. Ijjs-»vicli, Mass. Essex CO. This is one of the shire towns of the county, and a port of entry, on a river of the same name, sometimes called Aga- ivam, the Indian name of the place. Ipswich village is very pleasant, and the country around it is well NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. cultivated, and beautifully varie- gated. There is a cotton mill in the town, and a number of vessels are engaged in the coasting trade and fishery. The manufactures consist of cotton goods, hosiery, vessels, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, and cabinet ware : — total annual amount, about $120,000. Ipswich is 12 miles N. by E. from Salem, 10 S. from Newburyport, and 2(> N. E. by N. from Boston. First settled, 163.3. Incorporated, 1634. Population, 1820,2,553: 1837, 2,- 855. Ii-a, Vt. Rutland co. This township is elevated : it contains good land for rearing cattle : it has about 5,000 sheep. Castleton river and Ira brook wash a part of the town, but afford no valuable mill privileges. Ira lies 60 miles S. S. W. f'rom Montpclier, and 8 S. W. from Rut- land. Population, 1830, 442. Irasburgh, Vt. Shire town of Orleans county. This township was granted to Ira Allen and others, in 17S1. It was first settled in 1799. Population, 1830, 860. It lies 40 miles N. by E. from Montpelier, and 30 N. by W. from Danville. The surface of the town is undulating, with an easy soil to cultivate, and general- ly fertile. IMack and Barton riv- ers water the town, but move too sluggishly to produce any valuable power. Islngluss River, X. II., Takes its rise from Long pond in Harrington, and Bow pond in StratTord, and, after receiving the waters of several other ponds, unites with the Cochcco near the S. part cf Rochester. Islrg of Slioals. These islands, 8 miles from the mouth of Portsmouth harbor, N. H. are seven in number, viz: Hog, Smutty Nose, Star, Duck, White, Malaga, and Londonner islands. Hog contains 350 acres of rock, and its greatest elevation is 57 feet above high water mark. Smutty Nose contains about 250 acres of rock and soil — greatest elevation 45 feet. Star island contains about ISO acres of rock and soil, and its height is 55 feet. These islands, as a town, are called Gosport. Star and Smutty Nose are inhabited by fishermen, who carry on considerable business in their way ; supplying Portsmouth and the neighboring towns with fresh fish, and sending large quan- tifies of cured fish to Boston and other places. The celebrated dun fish are found here, which have heretofore been considered a dis- tinct species of the cod. They dilTcr however from the common cod only in the circumstance of their being caught and cured in winter. Star island and Smutty Nose are connected by a sea wall, built at the expense of government, for the purpose of breaking a strong south east current passing between them, and forming a sate anchor- age on the north west side of it. These objects have been attained, and the miniature fleet of the Shoal- ers, riding at anchor in Ibis artifi- cial harbor, is no unpleasant sight. Smutty Nose and Malaga are con- nected by a sea wall, built at the expense of Mr. Haley, " the King of the Shoals." This wall, 14 rods in length, 13 feet in height, and fiom20fo30 feet in width, efTec- tually secures Haley's inlet and wharf from the easterly storms, although the waves not unfrequent- ly break over it in a severe storm. These islands are comi)oscd of ledges of gneiss, bearing evidence of their igneous origin, as they are often traversed by veins of quartz, trap, and iron stone. There are a few spots of dry soil upon them under cultivation. The Shoals are a pleasant resort for water parties, and their delightful NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bracing air, cannot be otherwise than advantageous to those who are in want of pure sea breezes. Tlie present population is about 100. These islands were discovered by the celebrated John Smith, in 1614, and were named by him S7nith's Isles. The line between Maine and New Hampshire passes through these islands, leaving the largest on the side of Maine. Up- on all of them are chasms in the rocks, having the appearance of being caused by earthquakes. The most remarkable is on Star island, (Gosport) in which one Betty Moody secreted herself when the Indians visited the island and took away many female captiTes ; and thence called to this day " Betty Moody's hole." For more than a century previous to the revolution, these islands were populous, containing from 300 to 600 souls. They hail a court-house on Haley's island ; a meeting-house, first on Hog isl- and, and afterwards on Star island. From 3 to 4 thousand quintals fish were annually caught and cured here, and 7 or 8 schooners, besides numerous boats, were employed in the business. The business has since very greatly decreased. William Pepperell and a Mr. Gib- bons, from Topshtim, England, were among the first settlers at the Shoals; the former an ancestor of the cele- brated Sir William Pepperell. A woman, of the name of Pul- sey, died in Gosport, in 1795, aged 90. In her life time she kept two cows. The hay on which they fed in winter, she used to' cut in summer, among the rocks, with a knife, with her own hands. Her cows, it was said, were always in good order. They were taken from her, but paid for, by the British, in 1775, and killed, to the no small grief of the good old woman. Islcsljorougli, Me. Waldo CO. This town comprises a large and fertile island, in Penob- 17 scot bay, and several islands in its vicinity. This island has excellent harbors, and is much frequented by fishermen and coasters. The inhab- itants are independent farmers and fishermen, who are accustomed to render their insular situation a place of comfort to the wayfarer, or the invalid in pursuit of ocean breezes. Islesborough lies 10 miles S. E. from Belfast, and 58 E. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1789. — Population, 1837, 674. Israel's River, N. H., Coos CO., is formed by the waters which descend in cataracts from the summits of Mounts Adams and Jef- ferson, and running N. W. it passes through Randolph and Jefferson, discharging itself into the Connec- ticut near the centre of Lancaster. It is a beautiful stream, and receiv- ed its name from Israel Glines, a hunter, v^ho with his brother fre- quented these i-egions, long before the settlement of the county. Jacl^son, Me. Waldo CO. An interior township of good land that produced, in 1837, 4,Si)8 bushels of as fine wheat as can be raised in Tennessee. Pop- ulation, same year, 523. Jackson is 49 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 15 N. N. W. from Belfast. Incor- porated, 1818. J'aclssoii, N. II., Coos CO., situated on the E. side of the White mountains. The sur- face of the town is uneven, but the soil is rich and productive. It is watered principally by the two branches of Ellis' river, passing from the N. and uniting on the S. border near Spruce mountain. — The principal elevations are called Black, Baldface, and Thorn moun- tains. Benjamin Copp was the first settler; he moved into Jackson in 1779, and with his family buffeted the terrors of the wilderness four- ^f> NEAV ENGLAND GAZETTEER, teen years, before any other person settled there. The town was in- corporated December 4, 1800, by the name of Adams, which name it retained until 1829, wlu n it was changed to Jackson. Population, in 1830, 515. Jaffircy, X. II. Cheshire co. This town lies 62 miles N. W. from Boston, and 40 S. W. by S. from Concord. The Grand Monadnock is situated in the N. \V. part of this town and in Dublin. Innumerable streams of water issue from the mountain. Those which issue from the western side dis- charge themselves into the Con- necticut river; those from the east- ern form the head waters of Con- toocook river. The largest stream rises about 100 rods from the sum- mit, and descends in a S. E. direc- tion. With tliis brook, the thirsty and fatigued visitors of the moun- t.iin associate the most pleasing re- collections. The uneven soil of Jaffrey, aH'ording numerous mead- ows, and early and rich pastures, is peculiarlj' adapted to rai>ing cat- tle. There are several ponds in this town. Out of 3, issue streams sufficient to carry mills erected near their outlets. In the largest, wliich is 400 rods long, and 140 wide, is an island comprising about 10 acres. About I 1-2 miles S. E. from the mounl.iin is the " .Monadnock mine- ral spring." The spring is slightly impregnated with carbonate of ii-on and sulphate of soda. It preserves so unifoi-m a temperature as never to have been known to freeze. AVhere the spring issues from the earth, yellow ochre is thrown out. In this town are a cotton and wool- en factory, and various mills. The first permanent settlement was made in 175S. Jaffrey was incorporated in 1773, receiving its name from George Jaffrey, Es(|., of Portsmouth, one of the original proprietors. Pop- ulation in 1830, l,3."i4. Jamaica^ Vt. AVindham co. West river waters this town, and gives good mill seats. At a pleasant village near the cen- tre of the town are valuable man- ufacttiring establishments. The sur- face of the town is very uneven; in some parts mountainous, but the soil is generally good and produc- tive. Lime-stone of a good quality is found here. Jamaica was first settled in 17S0. Population, 1830, 1,52:5. It lies 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 14 N. W. from Ncwfane. Jamcsto-wn, R. I. Newport co. This town compris- es Connanicut, a beautiful island in Narraganset bay, about 8 miles in length : its average breadth is about a mile. The soil is a rich loam, and peculiarly adapted for grazing and the production of In- dian corn and bai-ley. The inhabitants of this island are remarkable for their industry and agricultural skill, which, united w ith the fertility of the soil and the location of the island, renders it a delightful place. The distance from the town or island to Newi)ort and South Kingstoi. is about a mile each way ; to each of those places a fer- ry is established. The island was purchased of the Indians in 1657. Jamestown was incorporated in 1678. Population, 1830, 415. Jay, Me. Franklin co. Jay lies at a bend of Androscoggin river, 29 miles W. by i\. from Augusta, and 12 >S. S. W. from Farmington. There is much valuable land in Jay. The inhab- itants are principally farmers, and cultivate the soil with nnich indus- try. The town produced, in 1837, 8,129 bushels of wheat, and con- siderable wool. Population, 1S30, 1,276; 1337, 1,685. Incorporated, 1795. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Jay, Vt. Orleans co. A part of this town is very mountainous — Jay's p-eak lying in the S. W. part; the other part is good arable land, and would produce good crops if well culti- vated. A number of streams issue from the mountain and produce an ample water power. Jay was char- tered in 1792, but it was not per- manently settled until about ISIO. It lies 50 miles N. from Montpe- lier, and 15 N. W. from Irasburgh. Population, 1830, 196. Jefferson, Me« Lincoln co. This town lies at the head of Damariscotta river, and embraces a large body of water. It is otherwise watered by several ponds producing streams for mill seats, which give to Jefferson great facilities for sawing and transport- ing lumber. This is a flourishing town in its trade and agricultural pursuits; it produced 3,361 bushels of wheat in 1837. Incorporated, 1807. Population, 1837, 2,246. It lies 28 miles E. S. E. from Augus- ta, and 15 N. E. from Wiscasset. Jefferson, Bf. H. Coos CO. Pondicherry pond, in this town, is about 200 rods in di- ameter, and is the principal source of John's river. Pondicherry bay is about 200 rods wide and 100 long. Mount Pliny lies in the easterly part of this town, and around its base there is excellent grazing and tillage land. On the S. \V. side of this mountain are several fine farms, which command a most delightful view of the White mountains. Is- rael's river passes through Jeffer- son from S. E. to N. W., and here receives a considerable branch. The town was first settled about the year 1773. Jefferson is 77 miles N. from Concord, and 9 S. E. from Lancas- ter. Population, 1830, 495. Jerico, "Vt. Chittenden CO. First settled, 1774. Population, 1830, 1,654. Jerico lies 25 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 E. from Burlington. This town lies on the N. side of Onion river, and is otherwise finely sup- plied with mill seats by Brown's river and other streams. The soil varies in quality, from good inter- vale, on the streams, to common grazing pastures, on the hills. There is a pleasant village at the falls, on Brown's river, and some manufac- tories. Jolmson, vt. Lamoille co. Johnson was first settled in 1784, by a revolutionary hero, of the name of Samuel Ea- ton. Mr. Eaton frequently passed through this township, while scout- ing between Connecticut river and lake Champlain; and several times encamped on the same flat which he afterwards occupied as a farm, it being a beautiful tract of intervale. Like many other settlers of this state, he had many difficulties to encounter. In indigent circumstan- ces, and with a numerous family, he loaded his little all upon an old horse, and set out in search of that favorite spot which he had selected in his more youthful days. He had to travel nearly 70 miles through the wilderness, guided by the trees which had been marked by the scouts, and opening a path as he passed along. He depended, for some time after he arrived at John- son, entirely upon hunting and fish- ing for the support of himself and family. The river Lamoille enters this township near the southeast cor- ner, and running westerly about two miles, through a rich tract of intervale, falls over a ledge of rocks about 15 feet in height into a basin below. This is called M' ConneV s falls. Thence it runs northwest- erly over a bed of rocks, about 100 rods, narrowing its channel and in- creasing its velocity, when it forms a whirlpool and sinks under a bar- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rier of rocks, which extends acro-s the river. The aj-ch is of tJolid rock, is about eiijht feet wide, and .It low water is passed over by footmen with safety. The water rises below ihrouojh numerous aper- tures, exhibilinp; the appearance of the boihnij of a pot. The .surf.icc of this township is uneven, bcinc; tiirown into ridfjes, which are covered with hemlock, spruce and hard wood. The soil is a dark, or yellow loam, mixed with a lisyht sand, is easily tilled, and very productive. The alluviil flats are considerably extensive, but back from the river the lands are, in some parts rather stony. In the nortlicastern part has been discov- ered a quantity of soapstone. The villag^e, in Johnson, is very pleasant, and contains a number of mills, for the manufacture of vari- ous articles. Johnson lies 28 miles N. hy W. fiom Montpelier, and G N. W. from Hyde Park. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,079. .Toliiistoii, R. I. Providence co. This town lies 5 miles W. from Providence, from which it was taken in 1759; It is pleasantly variegated by hills and vales, with a soil adapted to the cul- ture of corn and barley, and par- ticularly to all sorts of ve<;etables and fruits, of which large quantities are annually sent to Providence market. The quarries of freestone in Johnston are valuable ; they sup- ply the wants, not only of the city and immediate vicinity, but distant places, with that usefiil material. The VVonasquatucket and Pochasset rivers with their tributary streams give this town a good hydraulic pow- er. Beautiful mannfacturini; vil- laijes arc scattered alor)<:i; the banks of these waters, presenting to the eye of the traveller the pleasant union of our agricultural and man- ufacturing interests. Population, 1S30, 2,113. Jonesborongh, Me. Washington co. This town ha3 Chandler's river and the head of Englishman's bay on the K., Jones- port on the S., and the town of Ad- dison on the W. Incorporated, 1809. Population, 1837, 435. It lies 134 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 12 S. W. from Machias. Jouesport, Ale* TVasliington CO. Taken from Jones- borough in 1S36, and is bounded N. by Jonesborough, E. by English- man's bay, S. by Mispceky reach, and W. by Addison bay and har- bor. This place has an excellent harbor, and is finely located for ship building, the lisheries and coasting trade. It lies 13S miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 16 S. W. from Machias. Population, 1S37, 581 Beal and Head islands lie oft' S. from Jonesport. Judith Point, R. I. A noted headland in South Kings- ton, II miles S. S.W. from Newport, in N. lat. 41° 24', W. Ion. 71° 35'. A light-house was erected here in 1810, the tower of which is 35 feet in height. This point opens to the ocean about midway between Vine- yard and Long Island Sounds. — When off this place, travellers un- accustomed to the sea frequently experience some little inconveni- ence for a few miles. From this light, Montauk, on Long Island, bears about S. W. 30 miles, and CJay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, about E. by S., 35 miles. ICatoIidiu Itlountaiu, I>Ic. This celebrated mountain, the greatest elevation in the state, lies between the eastern and western branches of Penobscot river, in the county of Piscataquis, about eighty miles N. N. W. from Hangor, and 120 N. N. E. from Augusta. Dr. Jackson has ascertained its height NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, to be 5,300 feet above the level of the sea. The Indians had a notion that this mountain was the abode of supernatural beings. It is steep and rugged, and stands in almost solitary grandeur. It- may be seen in a clear day from Bangor. Those who have visited its summit pro- nounce the scenery unrivalled in sublimity. Kearsarge Moantni», N. II., In the county of Merrimack, sit- uated between the towns of Sutton and Salisbury, extending into both towns. The line between Wilmot and Warner passes over the sum- mit. Kearsarge is elevated 2,461 feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest mountain in Merri- mack county. Its summit is now a bare mass of granite, presenting an irregular and broken surface ; the sides are covered with a thick growth of wood. The prospect from this mountain, in a clear sky, is very wide and beautiful. Keeiie, N. H., Chief town of Cheshire co., is one of the most flourishing towns in N. H. It is 80 miles W. N. W. from Boston, 60 S. from Dartmouth col- lege, 43 S. S. E. from Windsor, Vt., 40 W. from Amherst, and 55 W. S. W. from Concord. The soil is of va- rious kinds and generally good. Ashuelot river has its source in a pond in Washington, and discharges itself into the Connecticut, at Hins- dale, 20 miles distant from Keene. Keene has been called one of the " prettiest villages" in New Eng- land ; and president Dwight, in his travels, pronounces it one of the pleasantest inland towns he had seen. The principal village is sit- uated on a flat, E.-of the Asliuelot, nearly equidistant from that and the upland. It is particularly entitled to notice for the extent, width, and uniform level of its streets. The main street, extending one mile in a straight line, is almost a perfect 17* level, and is well ornamented with trees. The buildings are good and well arranged; some of them are elegant. Keene is a place of con- siderable business. It has 2 glass houses, a woolen factory, iron found- ry, and many other valuable manu- facturing establishments. Its first settlement commenced about the year 1734, by Jeremiah Hall and others. Its original name was Up- per Ashuelot. It was incorporated with its present name, April 11, 1753, which is derived from Sir Benjamin Keene, British minister at Spain, and contemporary with Gov. B. Wentworth. In 1736 the settlement had so increased, that a meeting-house was erected and in two years after, a minister was settled. But the usual scourge, which attended the fron- tier settlements, visited this town. In 1745 the Indians killed Josiah Fisher, a deacon of the church : in 1746, they attacked the fort, the only protection of the inhabitants. They were, however, discovered by Capt. Ephraim Dorman in sea- son to prevent their taking it. — He was attacked by two Indians, but defended himself successfully against them, and reached the fort. An action ensued, in which John Bullard was killed; Mrs. M'Ken- ney, who being out of the fort, was stabbed and died ; and Nathan Blake taken prisoner, carried to Canada, where he remained two years. Mr. Blake afterwards returned to Keene, where he lived till his dcath,in ISll, at the age of 99 years and 5 months. When he was 94 he married a wid- ow of 60. The Indians burnt all the buildings in the settlement, includ- ing the meeting-house. The in- habitants continued in the fort un- til April, 1747, when the tov.'n was abandoned. In 1753 they return- ed, and re-con, menced their settle- ments. In 1755 the Indians again attacked the fort. Their number was great, and the onset violent, but the vigilance and courage of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Capt. Syms successfully defended it. After burninsc several build- ings, killing cattle, &,c., they with- drew. They asrain invaded the town, but with little success. Col. Isaac Wyman, an active and influential man, marched the tirst detachment of men from this town, in the war of the revolution, and was present at the battle of Breed's Hill. Population, in 1830, 2,371. Keuduskeag Stream, Me, This stream rises in Dexter and Garland, and after meanderina; very circuitously tlirough Corinth, Le- vant anil Dutton, it falls into the Penobscot river, at the centre of the city of Bangor. This is a valu- able mill stream; it has numerous tributaries ; its banks are fertile, romantic and beautiful. Kennebec River, Me. The first source of this import- ant river is Jlloose Head lake, of which it is the outlet. From thence it passes in a S. W. course nearly 20 miles, where it receives the wa- ters of Dead river ; it then proceeds S. to Starks, about 40 miles, where it receives the waters of the Sandy : here it changes its course easterly, about 12 miles, passing Norridge- wock and Skowhcgan : it then again changes its course to the S. till it receives the waters of the Sehasti- cook, about 15 miles: it continues to descend in nearly a S. course to Hallowell, about 20 miles ; here it inclines to the E. a few miles, and then resuming a S. course, and passing through Merrymeeting bay, where it receives the Androscog- gin river, it passes Bath and meets the ocean. The whole length of this river, from ^Foose Head lake to the sea, is about 150 miles. The tributaries already named are the most considerable ; but there are many others that would be con- sidered important rivers in other sections of country. The whole fall of this river is more than 1,000 feet, and its hydr.iulic power, with that of its tributaries, is incalculable. We are enabled to state that the average, or mean time, of the clos- ing of this river by ice, at Hallow- ell, for 45 successive years, was December 12th, and of its opening, April 3d. The most remarkable years were, 1792, when the riv- er closed November 4th, and open- ed April 1st, the following year ; and 1831, when it closed January 10th, and opened April 13th, 1832. Since the year 1786 the Kennebec has not been obstructed by ice io any spring after the 20th of April. Kcnneltec Connty, Me. Augusta is the shire town. This county is bounded N. by Franklin, Somerset, and Penobscot counties, E. by Waldo and a part of Linco'la counties, S. by Lincoln county, and W. by Oxford county. This county is watered by numerous ponds and rivers, but principally by the noble Kennebec, which passes nearly through its centre, from which the name of the county is derived. The face of the county is undulating, not hilly; its soil is of a superior quality, producing, in great abund- ance, all the variety of grasses, grains, vegetables and fruits com- mon to its climate. The union of hyiiraulic power' with navigable waters, which this county enjoys; its fertility, locality, and other nat- ural advantages, render it a highly favored section of our country. — Area, about 1,030 square miles. In 1S37 this county contained 101,238 sheep, and proiluced 186,876 bush- els of wheat. Population, 1837, 62,- 375 : 59 inhabitants to a scjuare mile. ICenucbnnU, Mc. York CO. This town is situated on the S. W. side of the Kenne- bunk river, and is regarded as one of the pleasantest towns in New England. Population, 1837, 2,343. In former years the business of the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. town was mostly of a commercial character, there being a large num- ber of vessels owned here, which were engaged in the West India trade. But this trade is now near- ly abandoned, and t!ie navigation is engaged in the freighting, coasting, and fishing business. Ship build- ing has been carried on here to a great extent, for about seventy years, and some of the finest ships in the country have been built in this place within the la.st few years. There is one large cotton factory in operation, and other privileges for large manufacturing establishments on the Kennebunk, and the Mou- sum, a pleasant stream which meets the ocean in this town. Kenne- bunk is a port of entry : tonnage of the district, in 1837, 6,964 tons. Incorporated, 1820. It lies 80 miles S. W. from Augusta, 23 S. W. from Portland, and 15 N. N. E. from York. Kenuebuuk: Port, Me., York CO., is situated on the N. E. side of the Kennebunk river. This town was formerly extensive- ly engaged in the West India trade, 'lut its navigation is now employed »n the freighting, coasting, and fish- ing business. The extensive gran- ite quarries here are likely to be- come a soiirce of considerable busi- ness. The stone, bearing a strong resemblance to the Quincy, finds a ready market where granite is made use of in building. Thirty years ago, this town, and Kenne- bunk, on the opposite side of the river, were the most active and busy ports in Maine; but the tide of emigration has carried off most of the young men, leaving a surplus of girls ; so that whatever activity there now is in the place, is of a domestic character, not creating that noise and bustle incident to the operations of the other sex. Ken- nebunk Port lies about 4 miles N. E. from Kennebunk. This town and Kennebunk are much united in maritime pursuits, and both enjoy a good harbor for shipping. Popu lation, 1837, 2,730. Kensington, N. H., Rockingham co., is 45 miles N. from Boston, 15 S. W. from Ports- mouth, and 40 S. E. from Concord. This town has no streams of any note ; its surface is pretty even. Kensington was settled at an early period, and was originally a part of Hampton, from which it was de- tached in 1737. Population, 1830, 717. Kent County, R. I. East Greenwich is the county town. Kent county is bounded N. by Providence county, E. by Pro- vidence bay, S. by Washington county, and W. by the state of Con- necticut. The surface of the coun- ty is generally rough and uneven : in the eastern part are tracts of le- vel land. The soil is either a gra- velljr or sandy loam, and very pro- ductive of Indian grain, rye, fruits, and vegetables. The grazing busi- ness is extensively pursued in this county. The Pawtuxet and Flat rivers are the principal, but a num- ber of large ponds produce smaller streams in abundance. The manu- facturing interests of this county, particularly of cotton and wool, are very extensive, and probably pur- sued with as much spirit and suc- cess as in any portion of the state. Some navigation is employed on the bay in the coasting trade and fish- ery. Kent county comprises an area of 186 square miles. Popula- tion, 1820, 10,228; 1830, 12,789. Population to a square mile, 69. Kent, Ct. Litchfield co. First settled, 17.38. Incorporated, 1739. Population, 1830, 2,001. Kent is 50 miles W. from Hartford, 30 N. W. from New Haven, and 15 W. from Litchfield. This is a mountainous township, with some fine land on the banks NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of ihe Housatonick, which passes through its western border. Good iron ore is found here. There arc three furnaces in town, but the manufacture of iron is not so exten- sive as formerly. The Housaton- ick, calm and still, winding grace- fully at the foot of a high and rug- ged mountain, renders the scenery iVom the neat and quiet village, higlily picturesque and beautiful. " There is in this town," says Dr. Trumbull, '• convincing evidence that it was a grand seat of the na- tive inhabitants of this country, before Indians, who more lately in- habited it, had any residence in it. There are arrow heads, stone i>ols, and a sort of knives, and various kinds of utensils, frequently found by the English, of such curious workmanship as exceeds all the skill of any Indians since the Eng- lish came into this country, and became acquainted with them. — These wore not only found when the town was first settled, but they arc still found on the sides of Housa- tonic river." Kllkenuy, N. H. Coos CO. This place was granted in 1774, and contained, in 1830, but 27 inhabitants. They arc poor, and for aught that appears to the contra- ry, must always remain so, as they may be deemed actual trespassers on that part o( creation destined by its author for the residence of bears, wolves, moose, and other animals of the forest. An exception, how- ever, may possibly be made in fa- vor of a narrow strip of land along the S. boundary of tiie town. Pi- lot and Willard's mountains, so call- ed from a dog and his master, cov- er a considerable part of this town. Willard, a hunter, had been lost two or three days on these moun- tains, on the cast side of which his camp was situated. Each day he observed his dog Pilot left liim, as he supposed in pursuit of game ; but towards niirht he would con- stantly return. Willard being, OD the second or third day, nearly ex- hausted with fatigue and hunger, put himself under the guidance of liis dog, who in a short time con- ducted him in safety to his camp. ICmiiigly, Ct. Windham co. This town lies 43 miles E. from Hartford, 25 W. from Providence, R. I., and 5 N. E. from Brooklyn. First settled in 1700. The first white person known to have been buried here was Mr. Nell Alexander's great-grand-mo- ther. (See Alexander' n Lake.) This town is rough and hilly, but there is a great deal of beauty about it, and its history is full of romantic stories relating to the first settlers and the red men. The town is wellwateredby the Quinnebaugand its branches. There are three vil- lages, Pleasant Valley, Daysvillc, and Danielsonville,A\\ pleasant and nourishing manufacturing places. They contain 14 cotton and 3 wool- en mills, a furnace, an axe factory, and other mechanical operations. Killingly contains excellent quar- ries of freestone, and of a slate rock resembling granite, soft, and easily wrought; also of a slate rock com- posed of granular quartz, almost white. A rich bed of porcelain clay is found on Mashentuck hill, said to equal French or Chinese clay. Population, 1S36, 4,000. Killuigton Peak, Vt. This noted elevation of the Green Mountain range, 3,924 feet above the ocean, lies in Sherburne, 10 miles E. from Rutland. • IClllingwortli, Ct. Middlesex co. This town, the Indian Harutnonn asset, was first settled in 1663. The central part of the town is 3S miles S. E. from Hartford, 27 W. from New Lon- don, and 17 S. by E. from Mid- dletown. Population, 1830, 2,484. This town lies on Long Island NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, Sound with a harbor for small ves- sels. Many vessels are built at this place. There is 1,000 acres of good salt meadow in Killing- worth, and the soil of the uplands, although hard and uneven, are ren- dered productive by industry and skillful management. The village is very pleasant, with a wide street a mile and a half in length, crossed about midway by Indian i-iver, a small stream which enters the har- bor. This was a great resort for the Indians. " Immense masses of mouldering shells still point out the places where they dwelt." Killingworth is a healthful, inter- esting place. lOlmaruock, Me. Piscataquis co. This town is well watered by Piscataquis river and the outlet of Scootuoi lake. It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 22 N. N. E. from Dover. In- corporated, 182-1. Population, 1830, 138; 1837, 313. ICiii§^eltI, Me. Franklin co. A fine farming township, east of Mount Abraham, and watered by Seven Mile brook and one of its tributaries. It lies 55 miles N. AV. by N. from Au- gusta, and 25 N. from Farmington. Population, 1837, 614. Incorpora- ted, 1808. Wheat crop of 1837, 3,877 bushels. Kingsbury, Me. Incorporated, 1836. See "Down East." Kiugston, ]V. H. Rockingham co. This town is distant from Concord 37 miles S. E., from Exeter 6, and from Portsmouth 20. There are several ponds in this town. The largest is Great pond, which lies on the W. of the village, and contains upwards of 300 acres, with an island of 10 or 12 acres, covered with wood. There are no high hills in Kingston ; those called the Great hill and Rockri- mon are the highest. The soil of Kingston is generally loamy. The charter of Kingston was granted, 1694. The grant also comprehend- ed what now forms the towns of East Kingston, Danville, and San- down. This town suffered in com- mon with others in the vicinity, fiom Indian depredations. Many Indian implements, with some ancient French coin, have been ploughed up in the vicinity of the ponds. Maj. Ebenezer Stevens, one of the early settlers, was a very distinguished and useful citizen. This town was also the residence of the Hon. Josiah Bartlett, one of the first worthies of the state, and an eminent physician. His public career commenced in 1765, and from that time to his death he was an unwearied advocate and supporter of the liberties of Amer- ica. He was the first governor of the state under its free constitution. He died in 1795, aged 65. Popu- lation, 1830, 929. Kingston, Vt. Addison co. A mountainous town- ship settled soon after the revolu- tionary war. Population, 1830, 403. White river is formed in Kingston by the union of several streams. Here is a beautiful water fall of 100 feet, 50 of which is perpendic- ular. At the bottom of the fall the water has worn a hole 10 feet in depth. Kingston lies 21 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 14 E. from Middlebury. Kingston, Mass. Plymouth co. This town lies within Plymouth harbor, 4 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 31 S. E. from Boston. Kingston has a good harbor, a considerable stream of water and some excellent land. There are a number of vessels en- gaged in the coasting trade, and some in foreign commerce. Many vessels are built here of the south NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. shore white oak, noted for its strengtli and durability. During the year ending April 1,1837, there were 19 vessels engaged in the cod and mackerel fishery. Tliey took 14,214 quintals of cod fish, and 8S6 barrels of mackerel, the value of which amounted to !$4S, 590. There is a cotton mill in Kingston, and manufactures of bar iron, nails, a.\- es, cutlery, anchors, leather, shoes, palm-leaf hats, and shingles : total value in one year $105,302. Monk's )iill presents an excellent view of Plymouth harbor. Kingston was incorporated in 1726. Population, 1837, 1,371. Klrby, Vt. Caledonia co. First settled, 1799. Population, 1830, 401. There are some tracts of good land in Kirby, but the township is generally either wet and cold, or too mountainous for cultivation. It has a number of springs, brooks, and a good fish pond. The town lies 36 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 14 N. E. from Danville. KJrkland, Me. Penobscot CO. Kirkland is finely watered by Dead stream, Pushaw lake and its principal tributary riv- er. It lies 83 miles N. E.- from Augusta, and 15 N. N. W. from Hangor. Incorporated, 1825. Pop- ulation, 1S37, 258. ICIttcry, Me. York CO. A sea port town on the N. E. bank of the Piscafaqua river, being the extreme southwest- ern boundary of the state on the Atlantic, adjoining York on the N. E. and Elliot on the N. W. It is one of the earliest settlements in the province, or 5tate, and had its share of trial and suflbring with others of their days, from repeated incursions of tlm Indians. The river or inlet, called .Spruce creek,, affords a convenient harbor for ves- sels usually employed in the coast- ing trade and fishery, and formerly considerable trade was carried ou with the West Indies from this place ; — but there is little or none at present. Kittery point was the residence of Sir William Pepperell, who com- manded the New England troops in the celebrated expedition to Cape Breton, in 1745, which resulted in the cajjture of Louisburg. It is divided from Portsmouth, N. H. by the Piscataqua. A bridge connects it with that place. Another bridge connects it with Badger's island, on which is the United States Navy Yard. Kittery lies 103 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 50 S. W. from Portland. Incorporated, 1653. — Population, 1837, 2,322. Knox, Me. Waldo CO. A beautiful fai-ming town, named in honor of Gen. Hen- ry Kivox, a patriot of the revolu- tion, who died at Thomaston, 1806, aged 56. This is one of the many towns in Maine fast rising in wealth and respectability, by the fertility of the soil and industry of the people. It lies 32 miles N. El. by E. from Augusta, and 14 S. W. from Bel- fast. Incorporated, 1819. Popu- lation, 1837, 815. Wheat crop, same year, 4,037 bushels. crop See Iiagrange, Me. Population, 1837, 287. same year, Down East. 1,749 AVheat bushels. Ijainoille County, Vt. Hyde Park is tlie sliire town. — This county was established in 1836. It is bounded N. by Franklin and Orleans counties, E. by Orleans and Caledonia counties, S. by Washing- ton county, and W. by Chittenden and a part of Franklin counties. This county lies on the Green moun- tain range, and is the source of ma- ny streams. The river Lamoille passes nearly through its centre, and, with its tributaries, give the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. county a great hydraulic power. The elevation of the county ren- ders the soil more adapted for graz- ing than for tillage, yet there are large tracts of excellent meadow bordering its streams. Manufac- tures flourish, and the exports of beef cattle and the products of the dairy are valuable, and annually increasing. In 1837, there were 28,677 sheep. Population, 1830, 8,930. Iianioille River, Vt. This river is formed in Greens- borough. Its general course is N. W. It passes through Hardwick, Wolcott, Morriston, Johnston, Cam- bridge, Fairfax and Georgia, and falls into Lake Champlain at Mil- ton, 12 miles N. from Burlington. This river ha:? numerous tributaries : it has several falls, which produce a valuable water power. Its banks in many parts are very fertile. It was discovered by Champlain in 1609. liaucaster, N. II. Coos CO. Shire town of the coun- ty, and situated on the southeastern bank of Connecticut river, which forms and washes its N. W. bound- ary, a distance of 10 miles. It lies distant 110 miles W. from Portland, 130 N. from Portsmouth, 95 N. from Concord, and 75 above Dart- mouth College. Besides the Con- necticut, which is deep and about 22 rods in width while it passes through Lancaster, the town is wa- tered by Israel's river, and several considerable brooks. Across this river a bridge and several dams are thrown, forming a valuable water power. There are several ponds in Lancaster, the largest of which is called Martin-meadow pond, from Martin, a hunter. This communi- cates with Little pond. Lancaster is situated near lofty mountains, but is not itself moun- tainous. There are three hills in the S. part of the town, called Mar- tin meadow hills ; and the land in the S. E. part lies too high up the mountains for cultivation. The soil along the Connecticut is alluvial, the meadows extending back near- ly three-fourths of a mile ; and at the mouth of Israel's river much farther. Tbe village, or most compact part of the town, lies on a street extend- ing from the bridge across Israel's river northwardly: — it is pleasant, and is the site of some manufactur- ing establishments. Lancaster was granted and settled in. 1763. The war of the revolution tended to re- tard the settlement of the town. — After the war closed, the town set- tled with considerable rapidity, and has since gradually increased in wealth and business. Population, 1830, 1,187. Lancaster, Mass. Worcester co. This town, the JVasawogg of the Indians, is the oldest town in the county ; it was for many years a frontier settlement, and greatly harrassed by the na- tives. In 1676, the town was at- tacked by 1,500 Indians ; many were killed on both sides ; the town was destroyed, and a number car- ried into captivity, among whom was the celebrated Mrs. Mary Roiclandson. Lancaster lies on both sides of Nashua river, and has a remarkably fine, alluvial soil, in a high state of cultivation. Per- haps there is no inland town in New England that possesses more natu- ral beauties, or that strikes the eye of the traveller more agreeably. — The village is very beautiful : — it is neatly built on an alluvial plain, surrounded by hills, and watered by a large and placid stream. There are 3 cotton and 1 woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, forks, combs, palm-leaf hats, tenon ma- chines, copper pumps, piano-fortes, chairs, and cabinet ware : — annual value about $100,000. Some min- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. eral substances are found hero. Lancaster was first settled, 164.'}. Incorporated, 105.'?. Population, 1837, 1,903. It lies 35 miles \V. N. W. from Boston, and 15 N. N. E. fi'oni Worcester. LaudafT, X. II. Grnfton co. Its distance from Haverhill is about 12 miles N. K., and from Concord 90 N. by W. Wild Amonoosuck river runs from S. E. to N. W. throucjh the S. part of the town. Through the north- westerly extremity passes the Great Amonoosuck river. Landatf moun- tain in the E. part. Cobble hill in the centre, and Hald hill in the W., are the principal tjevations. The soil is fertile. Laniialf was granted in 17(> J, to James Avery and others. Population, in 1830, 951. Landgro're, Vt. Bennins;ton co. This town is on elevated land at the N. E. corner of the county, 33 miles N. E. from Bennington, and about 30 S. W. from Windsor. Some of the head branches of West river have their sources here. The lands are too rough anl partly in Pittsticld : it con- tains trout and other fine tish.^ Lane.'^borough was incorporated, 17»i5. Population, 1837, 1,090. It lies 125 miles W. by N. from Bos- ton, and 11 N. from Lenox. | Laugdon, X. li. Sullivan CO. Langdonis 18mile» S. S. W. from Newport, and 50 W. by S. from Concord. The princi- pal village it 3 miles E. from Con- necticut river, and 6 from Bellows Falls. A consideralde Inaneh of Cold river passes S. W. through the whole extentof this town, and unites with the main branch near the S. line. Langdon, named in honor of Gov. Langdon, was incorporated 1787. Its settlement commenced in 1773. Population, 1830, 667. liCbanon, Me. York CO. This town is bounded W. by Salmon Fall river, on the line of New Hampshire. It is a large agricultural township, with some trade and manufactures. It lies 99 miles S. W. from Augusta, 50 S. W. by W. from Portland, and lis. W. from Alfred. Incorpora- ted, 1767. Population, in 1S37, 2,240. Liebauoii, N. II. Grafton co. This pleasant town on Connecticut river, is 4 miles S. from Dartmouth College, 49 N. W. fiym Concord, and 90 N. W. fiom Portsmouth. Besides the Connec- ticut on its W. border, this town is watered by Mascomy river, running from E. to W. through its centre, and aflbrding many valuable mill seats and a constant supply of wa- ter. The soil here is allu\ial, the intervales on the Ccnnecticut ex- tending back li-om the river about half a mile. There are meadows or intervales on Mascomy river. The ))i-iiicipal village is situated on a plain near the central part, at the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. head of the falls of Mascomy riv- er. There are falls in the Connect- 'cut in this town, which have'been pocked and canalied by a company, called the White River Company. Lyman's bridge connects this town with Hartford, Vt. A medicinal spring has been discovered. A lead mine has been opened, and there has been found on Enfield line, near the outlet of the Great pond, a vein of iron ore. This is a place of considerable manufactures, and of extensive trade. Lebanon was granted 1761. It was the first town settled on Con- necticut river to the N. of Charles- town. The first settlers were a hardy, brave people, tenacious of their principles : most of them were men of strong minds, good habits, correct principles, and good com- mon education. Population, 1830, 1,863. Iicbauon, Ct. New London co. Lebanon lies 30 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 10 N. W. from Norwich. First settled about 1700. Population, in 1S30, 2,-554. The surface of the town is uneven — moderately hilly. The soil is of a chocolate color; — a rich deep mould, very fertile, and well adapted for grass. Husbandry is the principal business of the in- habitants. The village is on a street more than a mile in length, wide, pleasant and interesting : it was the residence of the Trumbull fami- ly, celebrated for their genius and patriotism. On the family tomb, in the village, is the following inscrip- tion to the memory of the first gov- ernor Trumbull. " Sacred to the memory of Jonathan Trumbull, Esq. vvho, unaided by birth or powerful connexions, but blessed with a noble and virtuous mind, arrived to the higiiest station in government. His patriotism and firmness during 60 years employment in public life, and particularly in the very important part he acted in the .\merican Revolution, 18 as Governor of Connecticut ; the faithful page of History will record. Full of years and honors, rich in be- nevolence, and firm in the faith and hopes of Christianity, he died August 9th, 17C5, .^tdtis 75." This tomb contains the ashes of two governors, one commissary general, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Iiedyard, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from Groton in 1836. It was formerly called North Groton. It is 7 miles N. by E. from New Lon- don, and 8 S. from Norwich. There is a pretty village, of some thirty houses, at Gale's ferry, on the Thames. The population of the town, in 1836, was about 2,000. About twenty of the Pequot tribe of Indians reside here : a miserable remnant of a great and powerful nation. This town was named in honor of two brothers, natives of Groton: Col. Ledyard, the brave defend- er of Groton Heights, in 1781 ; — and John Ledyard, the celebra- ted traveler, who died at Cairo, in Egypt, in 1789, agedSS. John Led- yard was probably as distinguished a traveler as can be found on re- cord. " Endowed with an original and comprehensive genius, he be- held with interest, and described with energy, the scenes and objects around him; and by comparing them with what he had seen in other re- gions of the globe, he was enabled to give his narrative all the varied ef- fect of contrast and resemblance." This accurate observer of man- kind pays the following tribute to female character. " I have always remarked," says he, " that women in all countries are civil and obliging, tender and humane : that they are ever inclin- ed to be gay and cheerful, timo- rous and modest; and that they do not hesitate, like men, to perform NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. a generous action. Not haue;hty, nor arrogant, nor supercilious, they are full of courtesy, and fond of society ; more liaMe in general to err than man, but in general also more virtuous, and performing more good actions, than lie. To a wo- man, whether civilized or savage, I never aildressed myriclf, in the lan- guage of decency and friendship, without receiving a decent and friendly answer. With man it has often been otherwise. In wander- ing over the barren plains of in- hospitable Denmark, through hon- est Sweden and frozen. J^aplaiid, rude and churlish I'inland. unprin- cipled Russia, and the wide spread regions of the wandering Tartar; if Iningry, dry, cold, wet, or sick, the women have ever been friend- ly to me, and uniformly so. And add to this virtue, .so worthy the appellation of benevolence, their actions have been performed in so free and kind a manner, that if I was dry, I drank the sweetest draught, an(' if nungry, I ate the coarsest morsel, with a double rel- ish." LiCC, Me. Wheat crop, 1837,8,450 bushels : population, the same year, 536. It lies 125 miles from Augusta. See " Down East." Lee, X. II. Strafford co. In the N. part of the town lies Wheelwright's pond, containing about 165 acres, and forming the principal source of Oys- ter river. This pond is memorable for the battle which was fought near it in 1690, between a scouting party of Indians, and two companies of ran- gers, under Cajits. Floyd and Wis- wall. The engagement lasted two hours. Wiswall, his lieutenant, sergeant, and 12 men were killed and several wounded. Floyd con- tinued to fight till his men, wearied and wounded, drew ofl' and obliged him to follow. The enemy also re- treated. Lee is 28 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. W. from Dover. From the N. E. extremity of Ep- ping. Lamprey river enters Lee, and after a serpentine course of about 7 miles, it passes into Dur- ham. Other parts of the town are watered by Little, North, and Oys- ter rivers. Lee was originally a part of Durham, and was incorpo- rated, 1766. Population, in 1830, 1,009. licc, DIass. Kcrksliirc co. This is a pleasant town on the Housatonick river, ad- mirably located for manufacturirig purposes. It contains a cotton and a woolen mill, 12 jiaper mills, and va- rious other manufactures by wa- ter power. The amount of manu- factured gooilfl i'or tlie year ending April I, 1837, was $405,000. The paper manufactured, amounted to §;274,50(). The articles manufac- tured, besides paper, cotton and woolen goods, wore leather, hats, boots, shoes, bar iron, iron castings, axes, shovels, spades, hoes, forks, ploughs, chairs, tin, cabinet and wooden ware, carriages, chair stuff, &.C. The soil of the town is good, particularly for grazing. The wool of 2,000 slieep, in 1837, was val- ued at §4,500. There is an abund- ant supply of iron ore 'and marble of excellent qualities. Lee was incorporated in 1777. It lies 130 miles W. from Boston, and 5 S. E. from Lenox. Population, in 1830, 1,825; 1837,2,095. lieeds, Me. Kennebec co. This is a large and flourishing agricultural town, finely watered by a large and beau- tiful pond. The outlet of this pond into the Androscoggin, gives the town a good water power, for saw mills and other manufactories. The villages in Leeds are very neat and pleasant. The soil is fer- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tile and productive. V/heat crop, 1837, 5,121 bushels. Leeds was incorporated in 1S02. It lies 30 miles W. S. W. from Augusta. — Population, 1837, 1,743. Lieicester, Vt. Addison co. Leicester is water- ed by a river of its own name, by Otter creek, and by a part of lake Dunmore. These waters are too sluggish to afford the town much water power. The soil is a sandy loam, interspersed with some flats of clay. Along the rivers the soil is rich and productive. The high lands are hard and fit for grazing. About 4,000 sheep are kept here. Leicester lies 36 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 S. by E. from Middlebury. First settled, 1773. Population, 1830, 638. Lieicester, Mass. Worcester co. This town is on the height of ground between Bos- ton harbor and Connecticut river. It lies 46 miles W. from Boston, 6 W. S. W. from Worcester, 42 E. S. E. from Northampton, and 44 N. W. from Providence. It was first set- tled in 1713, and incorporated about the year 1721. Its Indian name was Toivtaid. Population, 1837, 2,122. This town is well watered by French river, and branches of the Connecticut and Blackstone, which rise here, and afford mill sites for numerous manufactories. Leicester Academy was founded in 1784. It has considerable funds, commodious buildings, and is highly respectable. It accommodates 100 pupils throughout the year. The surface of the town is uneven with a strong, deep soil. There are 5 woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of machines, hand cards, machine cards, chairs, cabi- net ware, scythes, leather, boots and shoes : total value the year ending .April 1, 1837, $531,939. A society of Jews built a syna- gogue, and resided here from 1777 to 1783. They were much esteemed. The families of Donny, Earle and Henshaw, have been numerous in Leicester, and highly respectable. lieuinuugtoii, Vt. Essex CO. A mountainous town- ship, on the W. side of Connecticut river, with a small portion of inter- vale. There are several brooks in the town, and a beautiful cascade of 50 feet. There is a mountain in the town called " the Monadnock of Vermont," from which may be discovered that this town, general- ly, is not fit for cultivation. It lies 64 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 24 N. from Guildhall. Popu- lation, 1830, 183. liemxister, N. II. Sullivan co. It is 40 miles W. from Concord. The surface is, in general, uneven, and the eastern part is mountainous. The soil is moist, and better suited for grass than grain. The town is well watered, although its streams are small. One branch of Sugar river, and the S. and W. branches of Cold river afford conveniences for water machinery. Near the W. bound- ary line is a pond 320 rods long and 80 wide. Sand pond lies in this town and Marlow. Lempster was granted 1761. It was settled about 1770, by emigrants from Con- necticut. Population, in 1830, 999, See Xienox, Me. Down East." lienox, Mass. Berkshire co. Shire town. This is an excellent township of land, watered by Housatonick river, and surrounded by beautiful mountain scenery. It lies 130 miles W. from Boston, 25 N. E. from Hudson, N. Y., and 55 N. W. from Hartford, Ct. Lenox is accommodated with a water power, and contains mines of rich iron ore, and quarries of beautiful marble. There are some NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. manufactures of iron, leather, mar- ble, &.C., in the town, but agricul- ture is the chief pursuit of the in- habitants. Incorporated, 17»>". Pop- ulation, 1S37, 1,277. licoiuiiister, Mass. Worcester CO. A beautiful town, of an excellent soil, anil great wa- ter power, on both sides of a prin- cipal branch of Nashua river, 42 miles N. VV. from Boston, and 20 N. from Worcester. This town was taken from Lancaster in 17tO, and shared with that town in the suffer- ings occasioned by Indian hostility. The manufactures of Leominster, for the year ending April 1, IS'S', exclusive of the product of 5 paper mills, was $111,505. The articles manufactured were leather, boots, shoes, hats, axes, chairs, cabinet ware, combs, tin ware, straw bon- nets, palm-leaf hats, chaises, car- riages, and harnesses. Population, 1037, 1,944. A rich alum rock has been found in this town which is said to be a decomposed mica slate. It con- tains an abundance of beautiful plumose, or feather form alum, like that of Milo, one of "the Grecian isles, mixed with the green crys- tals of copperas, or sulphate of iron. lie-vaiit, Me. Penobscot co. This town lies principally on the S. W. side of Kenduskeag stream, by which and its tributaries it is well watered. The soil is good and productive. — The wheat crop of 1S:J7 wan :{,432 bushels. Levant lies 78 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 10 N. W. from Bangor. Incorporated, 1813. Pop- ulation, 1830, 747 ; 1837,1,081. Iicverctt, Mass. Franklin co. A good grazing town, on high ground, 85 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 10 S. E. from Greenfield. The town is wa- tered b}' Roaring brook, a rapid stream, on which is a cascade, and some wild scenery, worthy of the traveler's notice. Incorporated, 1774. Population, 1837, 902. Liewlston, Me. Lincoln CO. Lewiston lies on the E. side of Androscoggin river, at the falls. The waters of that river descend 47 feet in the distance of 12 to 15 rods, and produce a valu- able hydraulic power. The town extends on the river about 13 miles, and is connected with Minot by a bridge, at the foot of the (alls, of 1,000 feet in length. This is a town- ship of good land, with some manu- factures of woolen and cotton goods, and a number of saw mills. Wheat crop, 1837, 1,920 bushels. Incor- porated, 1795. Population, 1830, 1,549; 1837, 1,737. Lewiston is 28 miles S. W. from Augusta, 34 N. by E. from Portland, and 25 N. W. from Bath. liexin^on, Me. Somerset co. This town lies 57 miles from Augusta. Population, 1837, 457. Wheat crop, same year, 2,346 bushels. See " Down East." liexington, Mass. Middlesex co. This pleasant town lies 10 miles N. W. from Boston, and 7 E. from Concord. Incorpo- rated, 1712. Population, 1837, 1,622. There are some excellent farms in this town, large tracts of meadow on some of the branches of the Shawsheen, which rise here, and some valuable woodland. The manufactures consist of boots, shoes, caps, clocks, cabinet ware, and cal- ico printing : annual value, about $100,000. Lexington will ever be an inter- esting place, as here the first blood was shed in the cause of American Independence. " A detachment of British soldiers were sent at day- light on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, to take or destroy a quantity of military stores collected at Concord. They were under the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. command of Col. Smith and Maj. Pitcairn. On reaching this place, a militia company were exercis- ing on the common. A British offi- cer rode up and ordered them to disperse, but not being instantly obeyed, he discharged his pistol and ordered his men to fire, which they did, and eight of the Ameri- cans fell dead on the spot ! The militia retreated, and the British proceeded to Concord, and in part succeeded in destroying the stores, but were so harassed on their re- turn, that they would inevitably have been cut off, had they not been met at this place by a strong detachment of artillerj' under Lord Percy. The party suffered ex- tremely by the fire of the Ameri- cans, aimed with deadly effect from the buildings, trees, and fences ; and left 65" killed, and had 180 wounded. The Americans had 50 killed and 34 wounded. There is a monument on the spot where the first victims fell, to perpetuate the memory of the slain, and of this event." licyden, Mass. Franklin co. Leyden is watered by Green river and several small streams. It is 100 miles N. W. from Boston, and 7 N. by W. from Green- field. It is a mountainous town- ship, more fit for grazing than till- age. The number of sheep in tlie town, in 1837, was 3,142 ; their fleeces weighed 9,326 pounds ; val- ue of the wool, $5,129. The town was incorporated in 1809. Popu- lation, 1837, 656. There is a romantic spot in Ley- den, called " the Glen," a curious place, worth looking at. liiberty, Me. Waldo CO. This town is 29 miles E. from Augusta, and 18 W. S. W. from Belfast. It is watered by large ponds and small streams. The soil is good and produced, in 1837, 2,022 bushels of wheat. Incorpo- 18* rated, 1827. Population, 1837, 804. A short time since a pine tree was cut in Liberty, which measur- ed 7 feet in diameter, at the stump. It had three branches. The tree was sound, and 10,610 feet of square edged boards were made from it. Iiimerick, Me. York CO. Little Ossipee river waters this town. It lies 28 miles W. from Portland, 85 S.. W. from Augusta, and 15 N. by W. from Alfred. This is a good farming town, with a pleasant village, and an academy, incorporated in 1812. The town was incorporated in 1787 Population, 1837, 1,484. liiniiugtoii, Me. York CO. This town is bounded on the S. by Limerick, and is wa- tered by Saco river on the S. and W. The town has a good soil, very productive of hay, wheat andotlier grain. It lies 89 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 28 W. S. W. from Portland. Incorporated, 1762. — Population, 1837, 2,223. Ltincoln County, Me. Wiscasset, Topsham and War- ren are the county towns. Lincoln county is bounded N. by the coun- ties of Kennebec and Waldo, E. by Waldo county and Penobscot bay, S. by the Atlantic ocean, and V/. by Cumberland county and Cas- co bay. Area about 950 square miles. This county is bounded on the ocean nearly fifty miles, and like the cou.ity of Hancock in this state, comprises an almost innumer- able number of bays, coves, inlets, commodious harbors and fertile isl- ands. The waters of the Muscon- gus, Damariscotta and Sheepscot pierce its centre, and the noble Kennebec finds all its Atlantic har- bors in the county of Lincoln. Considerable attention is paid to agriculture, for the soil is generally fertile and well adapted to the pur- suit; but this county is essentially a NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. maritime section of New Enc;land, possessinfij every requisition for for- eign commerce, tlie coasting trade and tisheries. Tlic tonnage of the three districts, Bath, Wiscasset and Waldot.orough, in 1837, was 93,347 tons. Tliis county contained, in 1837, 84,000 slicep, and raised 37,- 963 bushels of wiieat. Population, 1820, 63,189 ; 1830, 57,181 ; 1837, 60,226 : G3 inhabitants to a square ir''~ lilncoLn, Hie. Penobscot co. This is a very large town, more than double the common size. It lies on tlic E. side of the Penobscot, at the mouth of Matanaucook river, where is a pleasant and flourishing village, 45 miles N. by E. fiom Bangor, and 114 N. E. from Augusta. Lincoln has recently been incorporated, and possesses a soil of remarkable fertil- ity. Population, 1830,414; 1837, 1,045. Wheat crop, 1837, 4,263 bushels. Lincoln, X. II., Grafton co., a mountainous town- ship 70 miles N. from Concord. — The middle brancli of the Peniige- wasset passes through nearly the centre of the town. It has its source in Ferrin's pond, in the S. part of Franconia. There are sev- eral ponds, viz: Bog, Fish and Loon ponds. There arc many elevations, of which Kinsman's mountain is the most considerable. In the N. part of the town are two large gulfs, made by an extraordinary discharge of water from the clouds in 1774. The numerous " slips," as they are called, from the mountain are wor- thy of notice. They commence near the summit of the mountain, and proceed to its base, forcing a passage through all obstructions. The soil here is poor. Wild ani- mals, such as bears, raccoons, foxes, sables, otters, deer, &c., are very numerous. Lincoln was granted in 1764, to James Avery and others. Population, 1830, 50. Uucolu, Vt. Addison CO. Lincoln was first settled by a number of "Friends," in 1790. The town is on high ground with an uneven surface. It lies 21 miles S. W. from Montpe- lier, and 15 N. E. from Middlebury. Population, 1830, 639. Liincoln, Mass. Middlesex co. Lincoln is bound- ed W. by Sudbury river. It lies 16 miles N. W. by W. from Boston, and 3 8. from Concord. Incorpora- ted, 1754. Population, 1837, 694. It has some good farms and a large tish pond. The manufactuies of the town consist of clothing, leath- er, straw bonnets, boots and slioes. Liucolnvllle, Kle. Waldo CO. On the W. side of Penobscot bay, 10 miles S. from Belfast, 7 N. from Camden, and 51 E. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1802. Population, 1837, 1,999.— This township has a good soil for grass, grain and potatoes. Wheat crop of 1837, 4,212 bushels. The town is well located for any branch of navigation. Duck Trap is an ex- cellent harbor, and a busy place in the coasting trade. Linneus, Me. Washington co. This town is the source of a branch of the Mat- tawamkeag ; and of a branch of the Meduxnekeag, flowing into the St. John's. It lies 8 miles S. W. from Houlton. Population, 1837, 208. Wheat crop same year, 2,514 bush- els. Incorporated, 1836. Lilgbon, Itle. Lincoln co. Lisbon lies on the E. side of Androscoggin river, and 6 miles below Lewiston Falls. There arc falls in the river at this place, called the "Ten mile fails." Lis- bon has some manufactures o( cot- ton and wool, a number of saw mills, and is united with Durham by a NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bridge. Whaat crop 1837, 3,781 bushels. Population, same year, 2,660. It lies 30 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and 22 W. by N. from Wiscasset. Liisbon, N. II. Grafton co. It is 20 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 90 from Con- cord. It is watered by Amonoo- suck river, running through the whole extent of the town, and by several smaller streams. There are several ponds, the most noted of which is called Mink pond, ly- ing in the S. part of the town, af- fording mill seats at its outlet. The soil admits of three divisions ; the meadows or intervales on Amonoo- suck river, which are generally very productive; the plain land, of a light, thin soil, requiring consid- erable manure to make it produc- tive ; and the uplands, of a strong deep soil, which afford many good farms. Blueberry mountain is the principal elevation. Large quan- tities of iron ore and limestone are found here. Maple sugar is man- ufactured and clover seed is raised in considerable quantities. This town was called Concord until 1824. Population, 1830, 1,485. Iiisbon, Ct. New London co. This town is 7 miles N. from Norwich, from which it was taken in 1786. It is water- ed by Quinnebaug and Shetucket river'', which unite in the S. part of the town. The soil is a gravel- ly and sandy loam, with some allu- vial meadow. This is an excellent farming town : the inhabitants are generally industrious and independ- ent. In that part of the town call- ed Hanover, is a woolen and siik factory. Lisbon is 45 miles S. E. from Hartford. Population, 1830, 1,161., liitchfield, Me. Kennebec co. An excellent township of land, pleasantly situa- ted 10 miles S. W. from Gsirdiner, and the source of some of the Cob- besseecontee waters. Litchfield lies 16 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and was formerly a part of Lincoln county. Incorporated, 1795. Pop- ulation, 1837, 2,341. Wheat crop, same year, 5,123 bushels. liitchfield, Bf. H., Hillsborough co., is a small fer- tile townsliip on the E. bank of Merrimack river. It is 8 miles E. from Amherst, and 30 S. by E. from Concord. This town has an excel- lent soil. There are two ferries, Thornton's, near the meeting house, on the post road from Amherst to Portsmouth; and Read's, 3 miles above. Litchfield was taken from Dun- stable in 1734. It was originally known by the Indian name of JVat- ticott, and by the English one of Brenton's Farm. The settlement commenced about 1720. The Hon. Wyseman Clagett closed his life in this town. He was a native of England, came to this country before the revolution commenced, and sustained several important offices. He was attorney general under the provincial and state governments, and filled the office with dignity and honor. Pop- ulation, 1830, 505. liltclifleld Couuty, Ct. Litchfield, county town. This is the largest and most elevated county in the state. The surface is hilly and in some parts mountain- ous. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam, under good cultivation, and very productive of butter, cheese, beef and pork. It abounds in iron ore, which is extensively manufac- tured. This county contains an area of 835 square miles. Population, 1820, 41,267; 1830, 42,855; con- taining 48 inhabitants to a square mile. This county is watered by numerous ponds; by the beautiful Housatonick, and by many river* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, rising In the high grounds. The streams give a valuable water pow- er, and flourishing manufacturing establishments are found in almost every to»'n. The number of sheep in this county, in 1837, was 72,832. Litclilield county was incorporated in 1751. It is bounded N.by Hork- shirc county, Mass., E. by Hart- ford and New Haven countie.-*, S. by the counties of New Haven and Fairlicid, and W. by the state of New York. Litclifield, Ct. Litchfield co., chief tov/n. This town, the Indian Bantam, com- prising, as it was supposed, ten miles square, was valued at JC300 in the year 1718. Bantam was first set- tled in 1720, and incorporated by its present name in 1724. It was a frontier town for many years, and during the wars between Lngland and France was much liarassed by the Canadians and Indians. Litch- field is an elevated township, and its surface pre/sents a divcrsilj' o( hills and valleys. The soil is a gra- velly loam, deep, strong, and admi- rably adapted for grazing. Great pond is a beautiful sheet of water; it comprises an area of 900 acres, and i^ the largest pond in the state. The waters of the Naugatuck, Shepung and Bantam give the town a good water power, and manufac- tures of cotton, wool, iron, and oth- er articles are in successful opera- lion on their banks. Litchfield village, on " Litclificld Hill," was incorporated in 1818. It is a delightful place. It is situated on an elevated plain, surrounded by interesting scenery, and affords ex- tensive prospects. The two jirin- cipal streets cross eacli other nearly at right angles ; they are wide, well shaded, and built upon with great taste and elegance. It lies 30 miles W. from Hartford, and 33 N. W. from New Haven. Population of tlie town, 1830, 4,458. In the W. part of the town Mouat Tom rears a front of 700 feet abovo the Naugatuck, presenting a pano- ramic landscape of great beauty and vast extent. Near this mountaia is a mineral spring " which is satu- rated with iron and sulphur. The water issues from the E. side of the mountain in considerable quantities. The mud from the bottom of the spring burns with a blue flame, and the principal part of it consumes." A law school of great respecta- bility was established in this town, by the Hon. Tapping Reeve, in 1784. The Hon. James Gould was associated with Judge Reeve, as instructor, for some years. This institution continued nearly thirty years, and furnished instruction to many of our most eminent jurists. Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, resided here. He was the son of the Hon. Roger Wolcott. He died December 1, 1797, aged 72. He was distinguished for in- tegrity, decision of character, and for his love of order and religion. Oliver AVolcott, son of the preceding, was born in 1760.— When a lad of 17, he lent his aid to the cause of his country : he was present in the engagement with the British at the lime of their invasion of Danbury. On the formation of the U. S. Government, in 1789, he was appointed lirst auditor oi the treasury ; arvl in 1794 he succeeded Gen. Hamilton as secretary of the treasury. In 1817 he was elected governor of Connecticut, which of- tlcc he held till 1827. lie was ilie last survivor of the administration of Washington. He died in New York, June 2d, 1833, aged 74. Be.njamin Tallm.\ge, a colo- nel in the revolutionary army, was a resident of this town. He was an ardent patriot and sincere christian. lie was honored with the confidence of Wasliington in several hazard- ous and important trusts. He died at Litchfield, March 7, 1835, aged 81. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Ethan- Allen, abrigadier-gen- eral in the American service, dis- tinguished lor his daring and intre- pid spirit, was a native of this town. " While he was young, his pa- rents emigrated to Vermont. At the commencement of the disturb- ances in this territory, about the year 1770, he took a most active part in favor of the Green Moun- tain boys, as the settlers were then called, in opposition to the govern- ment of New York. An act of outlawry against him was passed by that state, and 500 guineas were of- fered for his apprehension : but his party was too numerous and faith- ful to permit him to be disturbed by any apprehensions for his safety. In all the struggles of the day he was successful ; and he not only proved a valuable iriend to those whose cause he had espoused, but he was humane and generous to- wards those with whom he had to contend. When called to take the field, he showed himself an able leader and an intrepid soldier. " The news of the battle of Lex- ington determined Col. Allen to en- gage on the side of his country, and inspired him with the desire of dem- onstrating his attachment to liberty by some bold exploit. While his mind was in this state, a plan for taking Ticonderoga and Crown Point by surprise, which was formed by several gentlemen in Connecticut, was communicated to him, and he readily engaged in the project. Receiving directions from the gen- eral assembly of Connecticut to raise the Green Mountain boys, and conduct the enterprise, he collected 230 of the hardy settlers and pro- ceeded to Castleton. Here he was unexpectedly joined by Col. Ar- nold) who had been commissioiied by the Massachusetts committee to raise 400 men, and effect the same object, which was now about to be accomplished. As he had not rais- ed the men, he was admitted to act as an assistant to Col. Allen. They reached the lake opposite Ticonde- roga on the evening of the 9th of May, 1775. With the utmost diffi- culty boats were procured, and 83 men were landed near the garrison. The approach of day rendering it dangeious to wait for the rear, it was determined immediately to proceed. The commander in chief now ad- dressed his men, representing that they had been for a number of years a scourge to arbitrary power, and famed for their valor, and conclud- ed with saying, ' I now propose to advance before you, and in person conduct you through the wicket gate ; and you, who will go with me voluntarily in this desperate at- tempt, poise your firelocks.' At the head of the centre file he marched instantly to the gate, where a sentry snapped his gun at him, and retreated through the covered way : he pressed forward into the fort, and formed his men on the parade in such a manner as to face two opposite barracks. Three huz- zas awaked the garrison. A sentry, who asked quarter, pointed out the apartments of the commanding offi- cer; and Allen with a drawn sword over the head of Capt. De la Place, who was undressed, demanded the surrender of the fort. ' By what authority do you demand it >' in- quired the astonished comm'ander. ' I demand it (said Allen) in the name of the great Jehovah and of the continental congress.' The summons could not be disobeyed, and the fort, with its very valuable stores and 49 prisoners was imme- diately surrendered. Crown Point was taken the same day, and the capture of a sloop of war, soon af- terwards, made Allen and his bi-ave party complete masters of Lake Champlain." Gen. Allen possessed strong pow- ers of mind, but they never felt the influence of education. Though he was brave, humane and gener- ous, yet his conduct does not seem to have been much inSuenced by NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. considerations respecting that holy and merciful Beinsr, whose charac- ter and whose commands arc dis- closed to us in the scriptures." Gen. Allen died at Colchester, Feb. 13, 1739, aged .52. I^ittle Androscoggin River, In Maine, has its sources in ponds in the towns of Woodstock, Green- wood, and Norway : it passes in a southeasterly direction through Ox- ford, and falls into the Androscog- gin between Minot and Danville, opposite to Lewiston. Iiittle Comptou, R. I. Newport co. This very pleasant town, the Indian Staco7inet,]\es on the ocean, at the eastern entrance into Narraganset bay, 9 miles E. by N. from Newport, 30 S. S. E. from Providence, and 12 S. from Fall River, Mass. The soil of the town is uncommonly fertile, and being cultivated hy an industrious class of men, is very productive of corn and other grain ; beef, pork, but- ter, cheese, and wool. Seaconnet Rocks, at the south- eastern extremity of the town, where a break-water has been erected by government, is well known to sailors, and memorable as the place where a treaty was made between the English and the Queen of the powerful Seaconnet tribe, in 1674. That tribe is now extinct: Seaconnet J?ocAs is their only mon- ument. Little Compton is becoming cel- ebrated as a place of resort, in sum- mer months, for sea air and bath- ing ; and very justly so, for very few parts of our coast exhibit a more interesting locution. XJttle MachUu <&- Little Rivers. See Cutler. Llttlctou, N. H. Grafton co. On Connecticut riv- er. Its extent on Connecticut river is about 14 miles It is 30 miles N. by E. from Haverhill, and 80 N. N. W. from Concord. Connec- ticut liver, in passing down the rapids called Fifteen Mile Falls, extending the whole length of Lit- tleton, runs in foaming waves for miles together, which render it im- possible to asceiul or descend with boats in safety. There are three bridges over the Connecticut in Lit- tleton. Amonoosuck river waters the S. part, having on its banks small tracts of excellent intervale. The principal village is on this river, in the S. part of the town, and is called Glynville. Raspberry, Black, Palm- er's and Iron mountains are the most prominent elevations. Near Amonoosuck river, there is a min- eral spring, tlie water of which is said to be similar to the Congress spring at Saratoga. The land com- prehending Littleton was first grant- ed in 17fi4, by the name of Chis- wick. It was re-granted in 1770, by thename of ^/j^/io/-/?. In 1784, Apthorp was divided, and the towns of Littleton and Dalton incorporat- ed. Population, 1830, 1,435. Iiittlctou, Itlass. Middlesex co. The Indians call- ed this town J^'ashabak. It is 27 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 10 N. W. from Concord. Incorpo- rated, 1715. Population, 1837, 876. There arc several beautiful ponds in the town, and limestone. The soil is tolerably good, and adapted for the growth of rye and hops. There are some manufactures of boots, shoes, and straw bonnets. Lilvermore, Me. Oxford CO. An excellent town- ship of land, on both sides of the Androscoggin river, 25 miles W. from Augusta, and 18 N. E. from Paris. Incorporated, 1795. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,456; 1837, 2,631. There are three pleasant villages in the town, line falls on the river, saw mills and other mauufacturea. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Wheat crop of 1837, 8,472 bush- els. liOndoiiderry, IV.^II. Rockingham co. Adjoining the E. line of the county of Hillsbo- rough. This town contains very lit- tle waste land, and it is believed, has as extensive a body of fertile soil as any town in the E. section of the state. It lies 25 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and .35 S. W. from Portsmouth^ Population, in 1830, 1,469. Londonderry, which formerly in- cluded the present town of Dcrry, was settled in 1719, by a colony of Presbyterians, from the vicinity of the city of Londonderry, in the N. of Ireland, to which place their an- cestors had emigrated about a cen- tury before from Scotland. They were a part of 120 families, chiefly from three parishes, who with their religious instructors came to New England in the summer of 1718. In October, 1718, they applied to the government of Massachusetts for the grant of a township, and received assurances that a grant should be made, them when they should select a place for its location. After some time spent in viewing the country, they selected the tract afterwards composing the town of Londonderry', at first known by the name of JYutfield. In 1719, six- teen families, accompanied by Rev. James McGregore, one of the cler- gymen who had emigrated from Ireland with them, took possession of the tract, and on the day of their arrival attended religious ser- vices and a sermon under an oak on the east shore of Beaver pond. The inhabitants of Londonderry in 1720, purchased the Indian title, and although it was long a frontier town, were never molested by the Indians. They introduced the cul- ture of the potatoe, a vegetable till then unknown in New England, and the manufacture of linen cloth, which, though long since declined, was for many years a considerable source of their early prosperity. Rev. Matthew Clark, sec- ond minister of Londonderry, v/as a native of Ireland, who had in early life been an officer in the army, and distinguished himself in the defence of the city of London- derry, when besieged by the army of King James IL A. D., 16S3-9. He afterwards relinquished a mili- tary life for the clerical profession. He possessed a strong mind, mark- ed by a considerable degree of ec- centricity. He died January 25, 1735, and was borne to the grave, at his particular request, by his for- mer companions in arms, of whom there were a considerable number among the early settlers of this town ; several of whom had been made free from taxes throughout the Bi'itish dominions by King Will- iam, for their bravery in that mem- orable siege. A company of 70 men from this town, under the command of Capt. George Reid, were in the battle of Breed's hill, and about the same number were in that at Benning- ton, in which Capt. David M'Clary, one of their citizens, a distinguish- ed and brave officer, was killed. Major-general John Stark and Col. George Reid, officers of the army of the revolution, were natives of this town. lioudonderry, Vt. Windham co. West river passes though this town and receives sev- eral tributaries in it. The land on the streams is rich and fertile ; the uplands are good for grazing, ex- cept those parts that are mountain- ous. First settled, 1774. Popula- tion, 18.30, 1,302. It lies 28 miles S. W. from Windsor, and 30 N. E. from Bennington. Liong Island Sound. This inland sea washes the whole southern boundary of Connecticut, and is formed by Long Island, la the NEW EMGLANP GAiETTEER. State of New Yoik. This island extends from MoiitauV Point, ofT Stonington, to tlic liarbor of New York. Its length is 120 miles. The widest put, 20 miles, is off New Haven; the nanowcst parts, on the border of New England, are off the mouth of Connecticut river, about S miles, and off Greenwich, or Saw Pits, 7 miles. This Sound, as far as Hurl Gate, is navio;able for vessels of any bui'- then, and the passao;e to and from the sea round Alontauk, is remark- ably easy at any time of tide, and in all weather. See Judith Point. Hurl Gate, sometimes called Hell Gate, but properly Horll Gait, a Dutch term, signifying a whirl- pool, is a narrow strait of difficult passage between Long and New York~ Islands. At half tide the current runs 7 or 8 miles an hour. It contains numerous whirlpools, is rocky and bears a threatening as- pect ; but good pilots navigate it with ease when the tide is favora- ble. Steam-boats press through at all times of tide. Through this passage a vast amount of the pro- ductions of Connecticut and Rhode Island pass to New York maiket. A survey for a ship canal, uniting these waters and Narragansct bay with Boston harbor, was commenc- ed by the government of the Uni- ted States in 1827. From a tide lock at Braintree, in Boston harbor, to a tide lock at Somerset, Mass., on Taunton river, the distance is 36 miles. The summit level is at Randolph, Mass., 134 feet above high water mark at Boston. A ship canal in this direction, or one across Cape Cod, at Sandwich, would save many lives, and a vast amount of property. Some of the distances from Prov- idence, and along the northern coast of this Sound, to the city of New York, are liere given. From Providence to Newport, 30 miles : — to Judith Point, 11 — 11 : — to the mouth of Stonington har- bor, 27 — 68 : — to the mouth of New London harbor,8--"6:— to the mouth of Connecticut river, 13 — 89 : — to the moutti of New Haven harbor, 27— 116:— to Stratford Point, 10— 126 : — to the mouth of Fairfield har- bor, 6—132 ;— to Norwalk, 8—140 : — to Greenwich, or Saw Pits, 15 — 15n :— to Throg's Point, 14—169 :— to Hurl Gate, 6— 175:— to New York, 8 miles, making the distance from Providence to New York, by water, 183 miles. As the rail-road from Boston to Albany, although in good progress, is not completed; and as many of our friends at the north visiting the interior of the state of New York lind it more agreeable to pass through tl;e city of New York and up the Hudson river, rather than cioss the country, we think it may be useful to give some of the dis- tances on that noble river, from the city of New York to the city of Troy. Note. — w. denotes west side, e. east aide. From New York to Hoboken,w. 2 miles: — to Manhattanville, e. 6 — 8 :— to Fort Lte, w. 2—10 :— to King'sBridgc,.3— 1.3:— (The Palis- adoes, pcipcndicular cliffs of great elevation, on the west bank of the river, commence at Hobcken, and extend 20 miles to Tappan bay) to Fort Independence, e. 2 — 15: — to Tarrytown, e. 12—27 :— to Sing Sing, e. 5 — 32 : — to Stony Point light-house, w. 8 — 40 :— to Fort Fayette, Verplanck's Point, e. 1 — 41 : — to Dunderburgh Mountain, w. and Peekskill, e. 2—43 :— (Here we enter the justly celebrated Highlands, pronounced by every honest Yankee to be equal if not superior to any scenery of the kind in his own country) to St. Antho- ny's Nose, e. and Forts Montgome- ry and Clinton, w. 3 — 46 : — to Hut- lerinilk Falls, w. 4 — 50: — to West Point — Fort Putn.im, w. 2 — 52: — to West Mountain, w. and Cold NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Spring, e. 4 — 56 : — to Newburgh, w. 5 — 61 : — to Hamburgh, e. 7 — 68 : — to Poughkeepsie, e. 4 — 72 : — to Hyde Park, e. 9—81 :— to Lew- is' Landing, e. and Esopus, w. 5 — 86 : — to Kingston Landing, w. and Rhinebeck Landing, e. 4 — 90 : — to Upper Red Hook Landing, e. and Ulster, w. 11—101 :— to Catskill Landing, w. 9 — 110: — to Hudson, e. and Athens, w. 6 — 116: — to Coxsackie Landing, w. 8 — 124 : — to Kinderhook Landing, e.3 — 127: — to Coemans, w. 5 — 132 : — to the Overslaugh, (sand bars) 9 — 141 : — to Albany, vv. 3— 144:— to Troy,e. 6 — 150. The whole distance from Boston to Troy, by this route, is 357 miles. At Catskill Landing, visitors to the Catskill mountains stop. Pine Orchard Hotel, a splendid building, is 12 miles distant. This Mountain House is 2,271 feet above the tide of the Hudson. A few years ago this enchanting spot was a wilder- ness. " From this lofty eminence all inequalities of surface are overlook- ed. A seemingly endless succes- sion of woods and waters — farms and villages, towns and cities, are spread out as upon a boundless map. Far beyond rise the Tagkannuc mountains, and the highlands of Connecticut and Massacliusetts. To the left, and at a still greater dis- tance, tlie Green mountains of Ver- mont stretch away to the north, and their blue summits and the blue sky mingle together. The beautiful Hudson, studded with islands, ap- pears narrowed in the distance, with steam-boats almost constantly in sight; while vessels of every description, spreading their white canvas to the breeze, are moving rapidly over its surface, or idly loitering in the calm. These may be traced to the distance of nearly seventy miles with the naked eye ; and again at times all below is en- veloped in dark clouds and rolling 19 mist, which, driven about by the wind, is constantly assuming new, wild, and fantastic forms. From the Pine Orchard a ride or walk of a mile or two brings you to the Kauterskill falls. Here the outlet of two small lakes leaps down a perpendicular fall of 130 feet — then glides away through a channel worn in the rock, to a second fall of 80 feet. Below this it is lost in the dark ravine through which it finds its way to the valley of the Catskill." Troy is a beautiful city. It lies on the east side of Hudson river, in the county of Rensselaer, New York, at the head of navigation, and at the junction of the northern and western canals with that noble river. The city is on an elevated plain,regularly laid out: the streets are wide and well shaded : the buildings are uniformly neat, and many* of them in a style of superior elegance. St. Paul's church, and the new Presbyterian, are splendid edifices, and display great taste in their construction. The city of Troy is abundantly supplied with excellent water from the neighboring hills, at an expense of $150,000. The source of the water is 75 feet above the level of the city. At the corner of every street are hydrants, and a hose plac- ed on these sends the water up higher and with greater force than a tire engine. i The squares and private gardens arc ornamented with perpetual wa- ter fountains. In TVashington Square is an Ital- ian marble fountain, chaste and clas- sic in its construction, in the centre of the city. It sends up the water ten or fifteen feet, and in its descent resembles the weeping willow. — This significant emblem of purity gives this beautiful square an addi- tional charm. Two streams, affording immense NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. water facilities, empty into the Hudson witliiii the limits of ilie city, and one of thcin rolU down a beautiful cascade, a short distance from Washington square ; an ob- ject wortliy of a vi-;it from the curi- ous traveler. These streams move the machinery of numerous mills. About a quarter of a mile fi-om the centre of the city, .^^ollnt Ida rears its head three or four hundred feet in hciecht, from whose summit every building in tlic city, the windin-js of the canah; and river, the foaming of the Mohawk, and the neighboring towns of Albany, Waterford, and Lansingburgh, are distinctly seen. Troy was incorporated as a vil- lage in 1801. It then had a popu- lation of 2,000. ]>opulation, 1810, 3,895. In 181fi it became a city. Population, 1820, 5,264; 182-5, 7,875; 1830,11,405; 1836,18,000. Troy has risen to its present state of opulence and population by its favorable position for trade, but more especially the enterpi-ize and economical habits of its people. — Many of the first settlers of Troy came from New England in humble circumstances. Some of those who thus came have amassed princely fortunes, and acquired a name more valuable than gold. A recent Mayor of the city came from the east as a day laborer. The late chief magistrate of the justly styled " Empire State," a New Englandcr, was found in 1822 soliciting the patronage of the Trojans as an at- torney at law. Troy was formerly called Vandtrheyden, in honor of a worthy Dutchman whose farm comprised the most compact part of the city. A notice of Mrs.Wi i.lard's Fe- male Seminary must not be omitted in this brief account of the "Foun- tain City," as it is an institution of rare excellence, conducted by a lady of extraordinary attainmi'nts. This school was commenced at Troy in 1821, since which time a commodious building, on a pleas- ant site, has been erected, 130 feet by 40. The number of scholars* varies from 200 to 275. They come from every state in the union, the Canadas, the West Indies, and even from P^urope, but chielly from the state of New York and New Eng- land. Mrs. Willard's plan of eilu- cation has received the approbation of some of the wisest men in Eu- rope. Dr. Combe quotes it, in his essay on education, with unqualifi- ed approbation. This institution is conducted almost entirely by fe- males : it is, in fact, a female col- lege, and many are the degrees of usefulness conferred by its learned principal on its numerous and love- ly graduates. The institution is incorporated, and it cannot fail of receiving the best wisJies of the community. — May no event occur to mar its pros- perity and usefulness. The traveler will visit the "Foun- tain City " again, on his way from Champlain Lake. See Burlington, J't., in the Jiegistcr. l,ons Slcado-w, Mass. Hampden co. This is a beauti- ful town with a fine soil, on the E. side of Connecticut river, 97 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, 5 S. from Springfield, and 22 N. from Hart- ford, Ct. Incorporated, 1783. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,251. There are several tanneries in the town, and some other nianufaclnres, but the inhabitants are generally engaged in cultivating the soil. The Indian name of the place was .Massacsick. Long Lake, 91 c. This is a slieet of water at the northern part of Piscataquis county, about 15 miles in length and 2 in width, which empties by Namjan>- skillecook river into Temiscouata lake, the head waters oT Madawas- ka river. It lies about 210 miles N. by E. from Augusta. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Iioug Poiid, Me. See JBridgeton. Lioudou, N. H. Merrimack co. Soucook river passes from Gilmanton S. through Loudon, furnishing valuable mill privileges. There is some good in- tervale on its borders. Loudon was originally a part of Canterbury ; ■was incorporated, 1773. Loudon lies 7 miles N. E. from Concord. Population, 1830, 1,642. liOvell, Me. Oxford CO. This town embraces Kezer pond, a large sheet of water, and other ponds whose outlet is into the .Saco, at Fryeburgb. Lovell lies 10 miles N. from Fryeburgh, 20 W. S. W- from Paris, and 67 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorpora- ted, 1800. Population, 1837, 876. " In this town are Lovell's Falls, which are an object of great natu- i-al curiosity. Where the water makes over into the tremendous ba- sin below, it falls perpendicularly 40 feet. Above the falls, there is a chain of eight ponds, partly in Lovell and partly in Waterford, con- nected by small natural dams one or two rods in width, through which there are sluiceways, which will admit the passage of a common sail boat. The scenery of the moun- tains and ascending lands in the vi- cinity is rural and beautiful." lio-^vell, Me. Penobscot co. Formerly called Huniressville. Incorporated by its present name in 1838. " See Down East." Liowell, Vt. Orleans co. This town was first settled in 1806, and was called Kel- leyvale for a number of years. It lies 36 miles N. from Montpelier, and 10 S. W. from Irasburgh. Pop- ulation, 1830, 314. This township is mountainous, and the fountain head of Missisque river. liO^vell, Mass. Middlesex co. County town. — This city, the American Manches- ter, is remarkable for the extent of its water power, its rapid growth, and the height to which it has rais- ed the Ameiican character, by the perfection of its manufactures. Lowell has risen to eminence by the remarkable energy and skill of a few individuals ; among whom Patrick T. Jackson, Esq.. of Boston, and the late Kirk Boot, Esq. were distinguished. It lies on the S. side of Merri- mack river, below Pawtucket Falls, and at the union of Concord river with the Merrimack. In 1815, the site where the city stands was a wilderness, with the exception of a few lonely dwell- ings. In 1824, Lowell, then a part of Chelmsford, was incorporated as a town. In 1835, it became a city. Lowell is situated 25 miles N. from Boston, 14 N. N. E. from Concord, 37 N. E. from Worcester, and 38 S. S. E. fiom Concord, N. H. Popu- lation, 1830, 6,474; 1837, 18,010. The hydraulic power of this place is produced by a canal, of a mile and a half in length, 60 feet in width, and S feet in depth, extend- ing from the head of Pawtucket Falls to Concord river. This canal has locks at its outlet into Concord river; it also serves for the passage of boats up and down the Merri- mack. From this canal, the water is conveyed by lateral canals to va- rious places where it is wanted for use, and then discharged, either in- to the Merrimack or Concord. The canal is owned by " The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack river." This com- pany was incorporated in 1792, and have a capital of $600,000. They dispose of lands and mill privileges, and own the machine shop, and carry on the manufacture of ma- chinery. The first cotton mill at this place was erected in 1822. The whole fall of the Merrimack NEW ENGLAXD GAZETTEER. at tills place is 30 feet, and the quantity of water never falls short of 2,000 cubic feet per second, and is very rarely so low as that. This quantity of water is estimated to carry 286,000 spindles, with all the preparatory machinery. There is therefore an unimproved water power at this place sutFicicnt to carry cloven mills of the usual size, making the whole number of mills 39, when all the water is improved. There are 10 corporations, with a capital stock of $8,250,000 : 28 mills besides machine shops, print works, &.C., all warmed in cold weather by hot air or steam. There are 150,-104 spindles, and 4,861 looms. There are 51,147,200 yards of cloth manufactured per an- num ; 12,220,000 yards dyed and printed, and 16,161,600 lbs", of cot- ton used annually, besides a large quantity of wool. There are annually used in these manufactories, 11,000 tons of An- thracite coal, 4,810 cords of wood, 500,000 bushels of charcoal, 63,4>^9 gallons of oil, 510,000 pounds of starch, and 3,800 barrels of flour for starch in the print works and bleachery. The number of females employ- ed in the mills, is 6,295 : number of males, 2,047. Total number of hands, 8,342. The average wages of females per week, clear of board, is $1,75; of males, SO cents per day, clear of board. The average amount of wages paid per month is $106,000. The goods manufactured in these mills consist of sheetings, shirtings, drillings, calicoes, broadcloths, cas- simeres, carpets, rugs, negro cloth ; machinery for mills, and for en- gines and cars for rail-roads. The quality of these goods is general- ly superior to those imported. The annual amount of goods manu- factured by these mills is about $8,000,000. The mills are built of brick, and are about 157 feet in length, 45 in breadth, and from 4 to 7 stories in height. The Locks and Canals I^Iachine Shop, included among the 28 mills, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of 5,000 spindles in four months, and lumber and materials are always at command, with which to build or i-ebuild a mill in that time, if requii-ed. When building mills, the Locks and Canals Com- pany employ directly and indirect- ly from a thousand to twelve hun- dred hands. TJiere are also in Lowell 10 powder mills, a llour mill, glass works, the Lowell bleachery, flan- nel mills, and manufactoriesofcards, whips, planing and reed machines, boots, shoes; brass, copper and tin wares, carriages, harnesses, iron castings, Stc. &,c. ; the annual pro- ceeds of which amount to about $500,000, employing about 200 hands. Lowell is finely situated in regard to health : it is surrounded by pleas- ant bills and valleys, and seated on a rapid stream. We are enabled to state on good authoiity that 6 of the females out of 10 enjoy better health than before being employed in the mills, and that one half of the males derive the same advantage. Lowell is very handsomely locat- ed : it is laid out into wide streets ; all the buildings are of recent con- struction, and in a style of neatness and elegance. With regard to the future pros- perity of this interesting citj-, noth- ing need be said to those who know that it was founded, and is ])riiici- pally sustained, by the most emi- nent capitalists of Boston; a city renowned for its cnterprize, wealth, and public spirit. To strangers we would say — visit it. It is a pleasant lidc of about an hour from Boston, by the rail-road. Foreigners view Lowell with ad- miration ; and every American who sees it feels proud that such a city exists on this side of the Atlantic. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ZiUbec, M'e« Washington co. Lubec compris- es a township of good land, lying at the northeasterly corner of the state, and contains a point of land extending easterly on which West Quoddy Head light-house is situa- ted, at the western entrance into Passamaquoddy bay. This place possesses an admirable harbor for vessels of any draught of water; it is easy of access and never obstruct- ed by ice. There are also within the town a number of bays, coves, and several islands. Grand Menan stretches off the mouth of the har- bor on the E. 5 or 6 miles distant, and Campo Ballo, another English island, lies very near and protects the harbor on the north. This town was taken from Eastport in 1811, and contained 380 inhabit- nnts. Population, 1820, 1430; 1830, 2,081 ; 1837, 4,1G1. Lubec, in common with Eastport, enjoys a very extensive trade with the Bay of Fundy and the great waters of Passamaquoddy bay. The village, or principal place of business, is beautifully located on a point of land jutting out into the harbor ; it makes a fine appearance, commands an active trade, and is flourishing in its navigation and fishery. It lies 3 miles S. from Eastport, 30 E. from Machias, 173 E. by N. from Augusta, and 31 S. E. from Calais, at the head of navi- gation on the St. Croix river. liiitllow, Vt. Windsor co. Black and Williams' rivers give this town a good water power. It is likewise watered by a number of large ponds well stor- ed with fish. Ludlow was first set- tled in 1784. It lies 61 miles S. from Montpelier, and IS S. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,227. The town is mountainous, but contains good land for the grazing of sheep and other cattle. The village is very pleasant, and the centre of considerable trade with 19* the surrounding country. Some valuable minerals have been discov- ered here. liudloir, 3Iass. Hampden CO. This town lies N. of Wilbraham, and is separated from it by Chickopee river. It is 84 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 10 N. E. fiom Springfield. Incorpo- rated, 1774. The Chickopee here is a large stream, and adds much to the beauty of the place. There are two cotton mills in the town, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats and ploughs : total value, in one year, $160,850. Population, 1837, 1,329. liuneiibiu-gh, Vt, Essex CO. On the west side of Connecticut river, and watered by Neal's branch and pond, and Cat- bow branch ; — good mill streams. Some of the land is very good, but the most of it is stony, appearently of diluvial formation, consisting of rounded masses of granite embed- ded in clay and gravel. This is a good grazing town, and produces some cattle, and butter and cheese for market. First settled about 1770. Population, in 1830, 1,054. Lunenburgh lies 45 miles E. N. E. from Montpelier, and S S. from Guildhall. Iiuaii, IV. II. Grafton co. On Connecticut riv- er. This town is 1.3 miles above Haverhill, 90 miles N. N. W. from Concord. There is one considera- ble elevation, called Lyman's moun- tain. The N. W. branch of Uurn- ham's river has its source from this mountain. There are several ponds in the E. part of Lyman, thiough the largest of which Burnham's river has its course. The lower bar of the Fifteen Mile falls is in this town. Carleton's falls arc several miles below, and below these is Stevens' ferry, which communi- cates with Barnet. Lyman was granted in 1761. Population, in 1830, 1,321. Iij'iuc, N. II. Grafton co. This town is 6 miles S. from Orford, and 51 N. W. from Concord. The soil here is similar to that of other towns on Connecti- cut river, with this ditference, that there is a less proportion of inter- vale, and a less diflerence between that directly adjoining the river and the other parts of the town. There are three small streams passing through Lyme and emptying into Connecticut river. There are two small ponds, the largest of which is called Ports pond. There is a moun- tain, called Smart's mountain, lying in the N. E. part of the town. — Lyme was granted 17(51. The town was settled 1764. Population, in 1330, 1,801. Lyme, Ct. New London co. Lyme is situ- ated at the n>outli of Connecticut river, on the east side, opposite to Saybrook. It is a pleasant town, generally of good soil, but greatly diversified in regard to surface: some parts are mountainous and rocky, while others are level, with large tracts of salt meadow. The town is watered by several streams and ponds, and the shores on the sound and river are indented by small bays and harbors, which af- ford the town some navigable privi- leges. There are several neat vil- lages in the town, a cotton mill, 2 woolen factories, and about 6,000 sheep. Lj-m-c was first settled in 1664. Incoi-porated, 1667. It lies 40 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 40 E. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 4,084. Its Indian name was JSi\'hanlic. Among the first settlers was Matthew Griswold, the ances- tor of two governors, and of a nu- merous and highly respected family in the state. A tract of land, once an Indian reservation, was for some time in dispute between the towns of Lyme and New London. It was finally agreed to settle their respective ti- tles to the land in controversy, by a combat between two champions, to be chosen by each for that purpose. The combatants were chosen, and on a day mutually appointed, the champions appeared in the field, and fought with their fists till vic- torj' declared in favor of each of the Lyme coinliatants. Lyme then qui- etly took possession of the contro- verted tract, and has held it un- disputed, to the present day. Deacon Marvin, . a large land holder and an exemplary man, was exceedingly eccentric in some of his notions. His courtshi]), it is said, was as follows: — Having one day mounted his horse, with only a sheep skin for a sadille, he rode in front of the house where Betty Lee lived, and without dismounting re- quested Betty to come to him; on her coming, he told her that the Lord hid sent him there to marry her. Betty, without much hcsj- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tation, replied, The Lord's will be done. The following is on the Deacon's monument in the grave yard, dated, October 18, 1737. This Deacon aged Go : Is freed on earth from serving May for a crown no longer wait : Lyme's Captain Reynold Marvin. Ijyiicleboi-ouglii, BT. H. Hillsborough co. This town is 10 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and .35 S. S. W. from Concord. It is an elevated township, having a considerable mountain which di- vides it from E. to W. There is, in the N. E. part of the town, below the mountain, a plain, where there is a small village, pleasantly situat- ed near Piscataquog river. The soil of this town, though stony, is deep and strong. For grazing it is, perhaps, not exceeded by any town in the county. The streams are small, originating principally from sources in the town, and running N. and S. from the mountain. — Lyndeborough was originally grant- ed in 1690. In 1753, Benjamin Lynde, Esq. of Salem, purchased a considerable part of the township, and adjoining lands. From him, the place, when it was incorporated in 1764, took tiie name of Lyndebo- rough. It was settled as early as 1750. On the loth of Nov., 1809, three children were burnt in a barn, while their parents were attending an installation at Mont Vernon. — Population, in 1S30, 1,147. Lyndoii, Vt. Caledonia co. First settled, 1783. It lies 34 miles N. E. from Mont- pelier, and 10 N. N. E. from Dan- ville. Population, 1830, 1,822. Lyndon is one of the best townships in the state : its surface is undulat- ing, with a soil of rich loam, free from stone, easy to cultivate, and very productive of wool, cattle, pork, butter and cheese. It is ad- mirably well watered by the Pas- sumpsic and some of its tributaries. Two important falls of that river are in the town, one of 65 feet ia the distance of 30 rods ; the other of 18 feet. These are called Great and Little Falls, and atford a water power of great extent. Agaric mineral, used for chalk, and a good substitute for Spanish white, is found here. The principal village is very pleasant and the seat of considera- ble business. The scenery about the town is picturesque and inter- esting. There is probably no inte- rior town in the state ihat contains more valuable water privileges than Lyndon. Lyuu, Mass. Essex CO. Lynn is one of the mast flourishing and beautiful towns in the state. It lies on a plain, sur- rounded by rising ground, except on the east, where it opens to Lynn bay, embracing- the romantic pen- insula of A'^ahant, with its beauti- ful beach, and Phillips' Point, both highly esteemed resorts for all class- es of people; — the sick, the serious, and the gay. The soil of the town is fertile and well cultivated. It is watered by the river Saugus, the Indian name of the place. The town is neatly built on wide and pleasant streets, and contains a pop- ulation of about 10,000. It lies 9 miles N. E. from Boston, and 6 S. W. from Salem. Lynn has risen to wealth and importance by the enterprise and industry of its people, in the manu- facture of shoes, particularly for which, more than any other town in the country, it is justly celebra- ted. The manufacture of ladies' shoes was commenced here before the revolutionary war, and it is cu- rious to observe the great changes that have occurred in the fashion and manufacture of that article. " In olden times," says the New- buryport Herald, "ladies' shoeg were made in Lynn of common woolen cloth, or coarse curried NEW KNCiLA.ND GAZETTEER. leather; afterwards of stuffs sucli as cassiinere, everlasting, shalloon and russet; some of satin and da- niask,others of satin lastin<; and llor- eutine. They were generally cut with straps, for large buckles, which were worn in those days by women as well as men. Ladies' shoes, 70 years ago, were made mostly with white and russet i-ands, and stitched very line on the rand with white-waxed thread. Some were made turn pumps and channel pumps, all having wooden heels, called cross-cut, coniiiion,And court heels. Then the cork, plug, and wedge or spring heels, came into use. The sole-leather was all worked with the flesh side out. " Previous to the war of the revo- lution, the market for Lynn shoes was principally confined to New England ; some few, however, were exported to Philadelphia. Many individuals with small capi- tal carried on the business in their own families. Fathers, sons, ap- prentices, and one or two journcy- nien, all in one small shop, with a chimney in one corner, I'ornicd the whole establishment. "After the revolution, the business assumed a dilierent asjiect. Enter- prising individuals embarked in the business in good earnest; hired a great number of journeymen ; built large shops, took apprentices, and drove the business. Alaster workmen shipped their shoes to the south, so that Lynn shoes took the place of English and other im- ported shoes. Morocco and kid leather, suitable for shoes, began to be imported from England, which soon took the place of stulls. Roan shoes were now little called for; and the improvement of working the sole-leather grain side out, was now generally adopted, making what is called ihijf bottoms. About the year 1791, wooden heels began to go out of use, by the inlrodiie- tion of leather spring heels. This improvement progressed gradually, | until the heel making, which waa once a good business, was totally ruined." In the year ending April 1,1837, there were manufactured in Lynu 2,.')43,929 pairs of shoes, and 2,220 pairs of boots, valued at ^1,689,793. In this manufacture, 2,631 males and 2, .554 females were employed ; total number, 5,185. Dui-ing that time the manufacture of vessels, cordage, tin ware, oil casks, moroc- co leather and shoe boxes amounted to $188,409. During the same pe- riod there were 5 vessels employed in the whale and 14 in the cod and mackerel fishery. IJesiiles this, 4,008,000 pounds of cod, haddock, halibut and other fish were tak- en in boats and sold fresh. The to- tal value of the fisheries amounted to •■$170,320. Total value of the manufactures and fisheries of Lynn, in one year, $2,048,522. Lynn was first settled in 1629 Incorpo- rated, 1037. Liyniifleld, Mass. Essex CO. The surface of this town is uneven, and the soil rather hard and unproductive. It contains some good farms, a number of pleas- ant ponds, and is watered by Ips- wich river on the north. There is a woolen mill in the town, and man- ufactures of bar iron, ploughs, boots and shoes; annual value about $50,000. Incorporated, 1782. — Population, 1837, 674. Lynnfield is 12 miles N. from Boston, and 9 W. by N. from Salem. Hncliias Rivers and Eny, Mc. The river in Washington County is formed of two branches, which receive their head waters from sev- eral ponds, at the distance of about 40 miles, in a N. W. direction. — The eastern branch passes through East Machias. These branches unite near the line of Machias and Machias Port, and in their course ])roducc a great and valuable hy- draulic power. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. MacJiias and Little Macliias riv- ers, in Penobscot county, are im- portant tributaries to the Aroostook. Their course is easterly, and their mouths meet near each other about 30 miles W. N. W. from Mars Hill. Machias Bay sets up from the sea about 10 miles and meets Ma- chias Port. This bay is 4 or 5 mile^ in width at its mouth, and contains in its bosom several coves, harbors, and beautiful islands : Cross island lying at its mouth is the largest, being about 3 miles by 2. Macliias, Me. Washington co. County town. This was a famous lodgement of the Indians. First settled, 1792. It was incorporated in 1784, and was the first corpoi'ate town between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. It formerly comprised East Machias and Machias Port. The village is situated on the east side of the west branch, and near the mouth of Middle river. It contains the county building, numerous saw mills, and has an extensive trade, particularly in lumber. Machias lies 143 miles E. N. E. from Augus- ta. Population, 1837, 1,239. This is a pleasant and interesting town. MacUias Port, Me. Washington co. Incorporated in 1S26. It is the southern part of Old Machias, and extends north- ward to the union of the branches of Machias river. It has a great number of mills, and is very exten- sively engaged in the lumber trade. It is a port of entry : — it has an excellent harbor, and considerable navigation in the coasting and fish- ing business. The tonnage of the district in 1837, was 8,3G0 tons. In this part of Old Machias the Ply- mouth Colony established a trading- house in 1630. It was subsequent- ly occupied by the French for sev- eral years. Machias Port lies 146 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, ?nd 3 S. from Machias. Population, 1837, 821. Bladaniiscontis River, Me., Rises in a large pond, and emp- ties, from the N. W. into Penobscot river, about 45 miles above Ban- gor. MadaiT'aslia Kivcr, Me. This river is in the county of Pe- nobscot, and is the outlet of Temis- couata lake, and other large bodies of water in the northern part of the county bordeiing on the line of Lower Canada. This river and these lakes, with their numerous tributaries, water a country of great extent, and which is said to equal any country in the world in fertili- ty, even the luxuriant prairies of the " boundless west." The course of these waters is N. W. and traverse a distance of more than 100 miles. From the mouth of Madawaska in- to the St. John's to Augusta is about 240 miles N. N. E. Mada'ivaslia, Me. V/ashington co. This town was incorporated in 1831, and comprises the territory marked F. and K. on Greenleaf's map. It is bounded E. by the British Province of New Brunswick, N. near the passage of St. John's, across the line of the state ; and W. and S. by a vast and fertile territory between the Aroos- took and St. John's rivers ; at pres- ent but thinly inhabited. This town wa.s the place v>fliere the land agents of Maine were taken, by order of the British government, and impris- oned at Frederickton, N. B. In 1837, Madawaska was supposed to contain a population of 2,487. It lies about 220 miles N. E. by N. from Augusta, and 130 N. W. from Frederickton, N. B. Madbiiry, W. H., Strafford co., is bounded N. E. by Dover, S. W. by Durham and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Lcc, N. W. by Barrington. The soil of this (own is gciierully pro- ductive. In some paits of tlie town, boa; iron ore has been dug up in considerable quantities, and in some instances red and yellow ochre. — Bellamay bank river is the only stream of any magnitude, and Bar- badoes pond the only considerable body of water. This pond lies be- tween Dover and Madbury, and is 120 rods long, 50 wide. Madbury formerly constituted a part of the ancient town of Dover; but was set oflTand incorporated !May 31, 1755, by its present name. Population, in 1830, 510. Madlsou, Mc. Somerset co. This township lies on the E. side of Kennebec river, 34 miles N. from Augusta and bounded S. by Norridgewock. It was incorporated in lSO-4. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,272 ; 1S37, 1,C0S. It is watered by a beautiful pond, the outlet of which is at Skowhegan. There are three pleasant villages in the town : — the people are general- ly husbandmen. The best compli- ment that can be paid to the soil is, tliat it produced, without any extra- ordinary edbrt, 10,188 bushels of wheat, in 1837. Madlsou, Ct. New Ilavcn co. This town was taken from Guilford in 1826. It lies on Long Island Sound, and embra- ces what is called liammonasset Point. This town lies IS mile^ E. by S. from New Haven, and 33 S. from Hartford. Poi)ulalion, 1830, 1,80<». The soil of the town is stony, and naturally hard to culti- vate ; but it is made quite produc- tive of corn, rye and potatoes by the use of irhite Jish, ploughed in. — These fish appear in the sound about the 1st of June, and continue 3 or 4 months. Thej'are taken in great quantities and are considered an ex- cellent manure. They were first thus used about the year 1798. — About 10,000 of these fish are con- sidered a good dressing for an acre of land. This place has a small harbor and some navigation. Ship building is the most important mechanical pur- suit. The Hon. Thomas Chittex- DEx, for many years governor of Vermont, and his brother Ebe.ne- ZER Chitte.nden, a gentleman of great mechanical genius, were natives of this town. The former was born in 1730, and died in 1797. The following is the inscription on a monument in the grave yard, in memory of an old sea captain. Though Boreas' blasts and Neptunc'6 waves Have toss'd me to and fro, In snite of both by God's decree 1 liarbor here below, Where 1 do at anchor ride With many of our fleet ; Yet once again I must set sail Our Admiral, Christ, to meet. Mad Rivers • J\ra(l Hiver in ►-V. H., rises among the mountains in the N. E. part of Giafton county ; it crosses the S. E. part of Thornton and falls into the Pemigewasset at Campton. Mad River, Vt. A rapid stream, rises in the high lands S. of War- ren, and after passing through Waitsfiehl, it falls into Onion riv- er at Moretown. Madi-id, nie. Franklin co. This township was incorporated in 1836. It is watered by some of the head branches of Sandy river and contains a part of Saddleback mountain. The soil is excellent and yielded, in 1S37, 3,387 bushels of wheat. Popula- tion same year, 351. It lies 25 miles N. W. from Earmington and a!)out 105 N. W. from Augusta. Maduukceunk Rl-rcr, Me. Penobscot co. A tributary of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the Penobscot on the W. side, about 6 miles above the Madamiscontis. Blaidstone, Vt. Essex CO. This mountainous township lies on the W. side of Coanecticut river : it is watered by a pleasant pond and by Paul's stream. It has some good land, but most of it is poor. First settled, 1770. Population, 1830, 236. It lies 5t miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 8 N. from Guildhall MAINE. This State was originally granted by James I. to the Plymouth Compa- ny, in 1606, by whom it was transferred to Mason and Gorges in 1624. This grant comprised all the territory between Merrimack river and Sa- gadahock. The territory was afterwards purchased by Massachusetts for £1,250, who obtained a confirmation of the charter in 1691, with the ad- dition of the residue of Maine and Nova Scotia, including what is now called the Province of New Brunswick. This state, formerly the District of Maine, became independent of Massachusetts in 1820. By the Constitution, the legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, elected annually by the people, on the second Monday in September. The number of Sen- ators cannot be less than 20, nor more than 31. The number of Repre- sentatives cannot be less than 100, nor more than 200. No town or city is entitled to more than seven Representatives. The executive power is vested in a Governor, who is chosen annually NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by the people, on the second Monday in September : — His official term commences on the first Wednesday in January. The Legislature meets at Augusta, on the first Wednesday in Janu- ary, annually, on which day seven Counsellors are elected, by joint bal- lot of both Houses, to advise the Governor in his executive duties. The judicial power of the state is vested in a Supreme Judicial Court, and such other courts as the Legislature may, from time to time, estab- lish. The Judges are appointed by the Governor and Council, and hold their otficcs during good behavior, but not beyond the age of 70 j'cars. The state of Maine is bounded northwest and north by Lower Canada, east by New Brunswick, south by the Atlantic ocean, and west by New Hampshire. It is situated between 43° 5', and 48° 3' N. lat. and 70° 65', and 66° 47' W. Ion. It contains an area of about 33,000 square miles. The surface of the state is diversified by hills and valleys. A tract on the west side east of the white mountains, and a part of the north bound- ary is mountainous, though not of extraordinary elevations. The high- est mountains lie in detached groups, but they are not numerous. The range of high land which crosses Vermont and New Hampshire, enters the northwest corner of Maine, passing round Chaudiere river and the head waters of Mcgantic lake, in Canada, and running nearly parallel with the St. Lawrence river, at the distance of about twenty miles, terminates on the gulph of St. Lawrence, near Cape Rosier. — This is the " Height of Land" or the " North East Ridge," spoken of in the treaty of 17S3, between Great Britain and the United States, and which was never called in question until 1814, when the British pleni- potentiaries at Ghent proposed to the American Commissioners to discuss and revise the boundary, so as to prevent future uncertainty and dispute. They stated that they desired a direct communication between Quebec and Halifax, and left it to the Americans to demand an equivalent. This proposition was refused by the Americans, on the ground that there was no question in regard to the limits of their territory. The " disputed ter- ritory," so called, includes most of the country north of latitude 46°, in- cluding a part of New Hampshire, and most of that large and valuable portion of Maine watered by the Madawaska, St. John's, Walloostook, Aroostook, and other rivers. This question involves nearly a third part of tlie territory of the state. In the 2d article of that treaty are the following words : — " ^Ind that all disputes which might arise in future, on the subject of boundaries of the United Stntcs, may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declar- ed that the following are, and shall be, their boundaries, viz : from the northwest angle of .Voua Scotia, (New Brunswick) viz : that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of St. Croix NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. river to the highlands ; along the said lilghlands which divide those riv- ers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the north westernmost head of the Connec- ticut river." *' Our commissioners at Ghent, having successfully resisted every attempt for the dismemberment of Maine, agreed upon an article with the British commissioners, not to revise or to change the ancient treaty boundary, but to run and establish upon the ground that very boundary, without any alteration, and to ascertain "the northwest angle of Nova Scotia;" its place of beginning. This article is the fifth in the treaty. Under it, each party appointed a commissioner. These commissioners disagreed. According to the treaty, the question was then referred to the King of the Netherlands, as umpire, whose award was rejected by the United States, because it did not even profess to decide the controversy according to the terms of the submission, but proposed a compromise, by a division of the disputed territory between the parties. Great Britian has also since an- nounced her abandonment of this award; and now, at the end of more than half a century after the conclusion of the treaty of 1783, the ques- tion not only remains unsettled, but threatens to involve the two nations in a dangerous dispute. " The northwest angle of Nova Scotia was a well known point, capa- ble of being easily ascertained, ever since the proclamation of 1763, by simply running a due north line from the source of the St. Croix, to in- tersect the southern line of the Province of Quebec, which consists of the highlands running from the western extremity of the bay of Chaleur, to the head of Connecticut river, and dividing those rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean. It is certain as the laws of nature, that these highlands, from which we know that streams do flow in opposite directions, can be found on the face of the country. " The whole argument of the British government rests upon the assump- tion that the St. John's is not a river falling into the Atlantic ocean, be- cause it has its mouth in the Bay of Fundy. What is the Bay of Fundy, if it be not a part of the Atlantic ocean ? A bay is a mere opening of the main ocean into the land — a mere interruption of the uniformity of the sea coast by an indentation of water. These portions of the ocean have received the name of bays, solely to distinguish them from the remainder of the vast deep to which they belong. Would it not be the merest special pleading to contend that the bay of Naples was not a por- tion of the Mediterranean, or that the Bay of Biscay was not a part of the Atlantic ocean ? " Again, the description of the treaty is. " rivers which fall into the 20 NEW ENGLAND GAZKTTEER. Atlantic ocean." Can it be said, with any propriety, that a river does not fall into the Atlantic, l)ecau Cheshire co., is bounded N. by Roxburjf, E. by Dublin and Jaflrcy, S. by Troy, W. by Swanzey and part of Keene. It is 6 miles S. E. from Keene, and 55 S. W. from Concord. There are several ponds which are the sources of some of the branches of Ashuelot river. — The soil is rocky, but good for graz- ing. Marlborough was granted, 1751. The first settlement com- menced about 1760. Incorporated Dec. 13, 1776. Population, in 1830, 822. Marlborougli, Vt. Windham co. First settled, 1763. It lies 8 niiles S. from Newfanc, and 24 E. from Bennington. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,218. Mrs. Whitte- more, the wife of one of the first settlers, spent the winter of 1764-5 In this then wilderness, alone, her husband being absent in the pursuit of his calling, as a tinker. During this winter she saw no human be- ing, except her little daughter and some hunters who happened acci- dentally to pass that way. She cut down timber and furnished browse for their cattle, and thus kept them alive through the winter. Mrs. W. was very useful to the settlers, both as a nurse and a midwife. She pos- sessed a vigorous constitution, and frequently travelled through the woods upon snow shoes from one part of the town to another, both by night and day, to relieve the dis- tressed. She lived to the age of 87 years, otficiated as midwife at more than 2,000 births, and never lost a patient. The town is well watered by the W. branch of West river. Whet- stone brook, and Green i-iver. It has a good soil, and is very produc- tive in wheat, rye, and other grain, fruit and potatoes. Here is a pleas- ant village, several fine trout ponds, various kinds of minerals and me- dicinal springs. Marlborough suf- fered some by the Indians, and did much for the cause of independ- ence. Mai-lUjorougli, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a large farming town, with a soil of great fertility and undulating surface. — The inhabitants are principally de- voted to agricultural pursuits, and by their industry and skill, have ac- quired a great degree of independ- ence. Among the productions of the town, are fat cattle, pork, fruit, and all the varieties of the dairy ; a large amount of which is annually sent to Boston market. A branch of Concord river, and a number of beautiful ponds, water the town. — The manufactures consist of boots, shoes, straw bonnets, leather, chairs and cabinet ware : annual amount, about $75,000. Marlborough, the Indian Okamakamesit, was first settled in 1654. It was taken from Sudbury in 1660 ; it suffered much during the Indian wars, and was for many years the residence of a number of Indians who had em- braced the christian religion. The villages are very pleasant : the richness of the soil, and surround- ing scenery ; its excellent roads and convenient access to Boston by the N£V.- I-NGL.VXU UAZETTEER. rail road, renders Marlborous;li a desirable residence. It is 2S miles W. from Boston, 14 S. W. iVoin Con- cord, and 16 E. from Worcester. — Population, 1S37, 2,08D. Ularlboroiigh Ct. Hartford co. Marlboroiip,h was taken from three towns wliicli be- longed to three ditlurcnt counties, in 1S03. It lies 11 miles S. K. from Hartford. The surface of the town is hilly and stony, and the lands best adapted for grazing. It has a cotton factory, a bed of black lead, and a good fish pond. Jiark hollow, in the wi'stern part of the town, presents some wild scenery of more terror than beauty. Pop- ulation, 1830,704. Marlow, N. H. Cheshire co. It is 15 miles N. from Kecnc, and 45 \V. by S. from Concord. Ashuelot river passes through almost the whole length of the town. There are no ponds of note, nor any mountains. Marlow was chartered, 1761. Population, 1830, 645. Marslifield, Vt. Washington co. This town, con- taining 23,040 acres, was granted to the Stockbridge Indians in 17S2, and sold by them to Isaac INIarsh, in 1789, for £140. A part of the soil is good and a pait wet and stony. The town produces considerable wool, and some cattle are reared for market. It has a pleasant pond, and Onion river passes through it. It lies 12 miles N. E. from Mont- pelier. first settled, 1790. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,271. Marsliflclcl, Mass. Plymouth co. A pleasant town on Massachusetts bay, 25 miles S. E. from Boston, and 15 N. by W. from Plymouth. It is watered by North and South rivers, has a toler- able harbor, and some navigation. Ship building is an imj)ortant brancli of business in the town. Here arc two cotton mills, an air and cupola furnace, a nail factory, and manu- factures of cotton and satinet warp. Peregrine White, the first Eng- lish child born in New England, died here in 1704, aged 83. Incor- porated, 1640. Population, 1837, 1,600. Mars Hill, Me. This celebrated mountain is situ- ated about a mile west from the east boundary of the United States ; — 200 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and SO N. W. from Frederickton, New Bi'unswick. Tlic Britisli Queen seems desir- ous of annexing this portion of the territory of the United States to her wide and fair possessions. This noiion of the pretty maiden is alto- gether preposterous : when she has maturely considered the treaty made by her grandfather and the United States, at Paris, in 1783, we trust her good sense will deter her from urging the claim. The approach to this mountain is dillicult: its sides are rugged, and its summit bold. It has two spurs; one of which is 1,506, the other 1,363 feet above the waters of Goosequill river, in New Bruns- wick. MarsUpcc, Mass. Barnstable co. An ancient In- dian territory, and an incorporated district of 10,500 acres, or about 16 sciuare miles. It lies 12 miles S. E. from Barnstable, 8 S. S. E. from Sandwich, and 8 E. from Falmouth. It is bounded on the S. by the ocean. There are 350 colored inhabitants on tliis territory, and some whites. There now remain only seven in- habitants, of ])ure blood of llie I .til- ers of the forest. Their land is good for grain of all sorts, and is well wooded. The teriitoi-y is pleas- ant, and some parts of it afibrd beau- tiful scenery. The Marshpee and Quashmet are considerable streams. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. which, with numerous ponds and the ocean, afford an abundant sup- ply of fish of various kinds. These people live by agricultural pursuits, the manufacture of various articles of Indian ware, by the sale of their wood, and by fishing, fovvlin", and taking deer. They are docile and hospitable; they appear to relish moral and religious instruction ; and, under the superintendence of a hu- mane and intelligent commissioner, appointed by the state, they are prosperous and happy. This is the largest remnant of all the tribes of red men west of Penobscot river, who, 218 years ago, were fee sim- ple proprietors of the whole terri- tory of New England! MartUa's Viiieyarcl, Mass. The principal of a cluster of isl- ands lying off and S. of Barnstable county and Buzzard's bay, compris- ing the towns of Edgarton, Tisbu- ry and Chilmark. See Dukes county. Mason, N. H. Hillsborough co. It is 15 miles S W. from Amherst, 43 S. S. W. from Concord, and 50 N. W. from Boston. The surface is uneven ; the hills are chiefly large swells, with narrow valleys between them. The streams are rapid. There are no natural ponds. The principal meadows were formerly beaver ponds. Souhegan is the principal stream, affording many fine mill seats. The small streams run into Nashua river, and into Tanapus, or Potanipo pond, in Brookline. The soil in the E. part is rather light. The W.part is mostlj' a strong deep soil, red or dark loam, but stony. It is good for grass and grain, la Mason village, on the Souhegan, are cotton and woolen manufacto- i-ies, and other machinery. Mason was granted by charter, Aug. 26, 1768. It was formerly known by the name of J\''o. 1. The first ef- fort to settle this place was in 1751, and the next year a permanent set- tlement was made by Enoch Law- rence, from Pepperell, Mass. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 1,433. Massatiesiclc Pond, IV. II. See Chester. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 3IASSACIIUSETTS. This ancient commonwealth, the mother of New England colonies, of free states, and of American liberty, was first permanently settled by Europeans, at Plymouth, on the 22d of December, 1620. The history of this state is deeply interesting; it is interwoven with every political and moral event of important occurrence in the settle- ment and progress of the whole of North America, which preceded or was connected with the revolution of 1775. The name of this state probably arose from the name of a tribe of In- dians formerly at Barnstable ; or from two Indian words — Mos and We- tuset ; the former signifying an Indian arrow's head, the latter, i/i//. It is stated that the Sachem who governed in tliis region about the time of the landing of our forefathers, lived on a hill in the form of an Indian arrow's head, ■* few niilcs south of Boston, and was called by the Indians — J^fosn'etustt. Massachusetts is bounded east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic ocean. It has, exclusive of the island counties of Dukes and Nantuck- et, a sea-coast of ai)Out 250 miles. It is bounded south and west by the state of Rhode Island, about 68 miles ; south by the state of Connecticut, 87 miles ; west by the state of New York, 50 miles ; north by the state of Vermont, 42 miles; and north by the state of New Hampshire, 87 miles. It lies between -41° 31', and 42° 5:}' N. lat., and 69° 48', and 7.3° 17' W. Ion. from Greenwich. Its area is about 7,800 square miles, or 4,992,000 acres. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The state comprises 14 counties, to wit: Barnstable, Berkshire, Bris- tol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Nantucket, Plymouth, SufTolk, and Worcester. The legislative power of this State is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 40 members, and are chosen by districts. The executive power is vested in a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and a Council of 9 members. The Council is elected b y the joint ballot of the Senators and Representatives, from the Senators; and in case the Council thus elected or any of them decline, the deficiency is supplied from among the people. By the Constitution as amended in 1837, each town or city, having 300 ratable polls, at the last preceding decennial census of polls, may elect one representative ; and for every 450 ratable polls, in addition to the first 300, one representative more. Any town having less than 300 ratable polls, shall be represented thus : — The whole number of ratable polls, at the last preceding valua- tion census of polls, shall be multiplied by 10, and the product divided by 300, and such town may elect one representative, as many years within ten years, as 300 is contained in the product aforesaid. Any city or town, having ratable polls enough to elect one or more representatives, with any number of polls beyond the necessary number, may be represented as to that surplus number, by multiplying such sur- plus number by 10, and dividing the product by 450; and such city or town may elect one additional representative, as many years within the ten years, as 450 is contained in the pioduct aforesaid. Representation. JVumber of Representatives to tcJiich each toivn is entitled for 10 years, from 1837, according to the Constitution, as amended in 1837. The column in the following table marked tenths, shows how many years in 10 the respective towns are entitled to an additional Representative. 5j- :£ « ci ^ ^ ■£ Towns. S. S 7'o ?/.•;»«. S, s Tovjns. 4j i ~^ E^ ^ e^ 4 Barnstable. Provincetovvn, ] 8 Alford, Barnstable, 2 7 Sandwicl), 2 4 Becket, 8 Brewster, 1 1 Truro, I 4 Cheshire, 7 Chatham, 1 6 VVellfleet, 1 G Clarksburgh, 3 Dennis, 1 9 Yarmouth, 1 8 Dalton, 7 Eastham, 8 — Kgremont, 8 Falnionth, 1 8 14 81 Florida, 3 Harwich, 1 8 Berkshire. G. Barrington, 1 6 Orleans, 1 4 Adams, 2 6 Hancock, 1 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTCEK. Tmoris. 1 Toutu. J. 1 Towns. ^ ^ c e ^ S^ !§ t. Hinsdale, 7 Danvcrs, 3 6 Chester, 1 1 Lanesborougli, 1 r.ssex. 1 1 Granville, 1 2 Lee, 1 5 Ckoriretown, Holland, 4 Lenox, 1 Cilouccster, 6 Longmeadow, 1 M't.Wasliiniiton, 3 Hamilton, C I.udiow, 9 New AslilbrJ, o Haverhill, 3 4 .Monson, 1 3 \ew Marlboro' I T Ipswich, 2 .Montgomery, , Plymouth. Plyn;pton, Rochester, Scituato, Warehain, W. Bridn-ewatcr, Suffolk. Boston, Chelsea. WoUCESTEli Ashburnham, Athol, Auburn, Bane, cJ ^■. A. ?x :« fc", 1 6 1 1 2 5 2 o 6 () 1 6 1 ') 2 4 1 8 28 91 C G o 1 6 9 'T 1 .5 7 1 1 '2 4 93 1'civ.}^. Berlin, Bolton, Boylston, Brookfield, Charlton, Dana, Douglas, Dudley, Fitchburgh, Gardner, Grafton, Hardwick, Harvard, Holden, Hubbardston, Lancaster, Leicester, Leominster, Lunenburgh, Mendon, Milford, Millbury, New Eraintree, Northborough; Northbridse, N. Brookfield, i|jOakham, li|Oxroid, lliPi'-Xton, i:;! Petersham, 'li'Philiipston, ^.iFnnce'.on, HRoyalston, oHRu'tland, 7iiShrewsbur;j, Sonthborough, Soulhbndge, Spencer, Stening, Sfrbridge, ?utton, "Templeton, Upton, Uxbridge, Warren, Webster, Westborough, W. Boylsto'n, Westminster, Winchendon, Worcester. .521228 The whole number of toivns in tlie state may send 373 Representatives every year, without counting the fractions. The fractions give an annual increase, on an average of 10 years of 133 and 9-lOths 5 making the average number of Representatives for the nesit 10 years, 508 9-lOths. 21 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Senators, and Representatives, are chosen annually by the people, on the 2.1 Momlay of November, and meet at Boston on the 1st Wednesday of January. The Judiciary power is vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Com- mon Pleas, and such other courts as the Legislature may, from time to time, establish. The Judges are appointed by the Governor and Coun- cil, and hold their offices during good behavior. Succession of Governors. John Hancock, 1780 — 1734. James Bowdoin, 1785, 1786. John Hancock, 1737— 179.3. Samuel Adams, 1794 — 1796. Increase Sumner, 1797—1799. Caleb Strong, ISOO, 1806. James Sullivan, 1807, 1808. Christopher Gore, 1809. Elbridge Gerry, 1810,1811. Caleb Strong, 1812—1815. John Brooks, 1S16— 1822. William Eustis, 1823, 1824. Levi Lincoln, 1825—1833. John Davis, 1834, 1835. Edward Everett, 1835— Succession of Chief Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court. William Cushing, 1776—1789. Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent, 1739— 1791. Francis Dana, 1791—1806. Theophilus Parsons, 1806—1814. Samuel Sewall, 1814. Isaac Parker, 1814—1830. Lemuel Shaw, 1830- Tlie foundation of a scliool fund was laid by legislative enactment, in 1834, by appropriating "all moneys remaining in the treasury on the 1st day of January, 1835, arising from the sale of public lands, and from pay- ments maa« to this commonwealth by the United States, on account of the claim for miliary services and disbursements during the late war, to- gether with ont half of all future proceeds of the sales of public lands, as a permanent Jjnd for the encouragement and support of common schools, which fund is never to exceed one million of dollars." A trigonometrical a»d astronomical survey of the state, by order of the general court, for the ptu-pose of a new map, was commenced in 1830, and will soon be completed Surveys of the mineralogy, botany, zoolo- gy, and agriculture of the stite have been commenced ; some favorable reports have been made, and tlio researches of scientific men are con- tinued, and promise great public usefulness. The surface of the state is generally undulating. The most level parts are found in the counties of Plymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol. The Green and Taughkannic ranges of mountains pass through the west- ern counties, but in few places are they reii.arkable for their elevation. The soil of the state is well adapted to the growth of all the iirasses, grains, fruits and vegetables common to a temperate climate. In no part NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of our country is agriculture more honored, or better understood and re- warded. The resources of Massachusetts in its commerce, navigation, manufac- tures and fisheries are immense : they are stated under the counties and towns, and will be given summarily, with other statistics of New Eng- land, in the Register. Although Massachusetts cannot boast of her navigable rivers and ca- nals, to facilitate the commerce of her capital ; yet she can boast of the most beautiful bay on the map of the western world ; of her noble streams for water power; of her luxuriant vales, of her granite hills, of her ships, and the material for building them ; and of her gallant sailors who traverse every sea, and who well understand the uses of the hook, harpoon and cannon. Massaclxnsett.s Bay. The whole of this bay is within the limits of Massachusetts. The exterior bounds of this celebrated bay are Capes Cod and Ann. The former is in N. lat. 42° 6', and W. long. 70° T. The latter in N. lat. 42° 45', and W. Ion. 70° 17'. Cape Ann bears from Cape Cod, N. N. W., about 40 miles. The length of this bay is about C2 miles, from N. W. to S. E. : its breadth is about 25 miles. Numer- ous bays and rivers of various sizes set in from this bay, and its whole coast is lined with commodious harbors, and pleasant commercial towns. This bay is noted for its delight- ful scenery, and as containing the first settlements of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England. Matawamkeag River, Me. This is one of the most important tributaries to the Penobscot. It unites with that river at the Indian township from the E., about 60 miles N. by E. above Bangor. Matawamkcag Plantation, on this river, lies 128 miles N. E. from Augusta. Matiiiious Islands, Me. A cluster of island^ at the en- trance of Penobscot bay. The principal, or Marshall's island, is a plantation attached to the county of Hancock. The light on Matinicus bears about S. by E. from Thomas- ton, 15 miles. Maxfield, Me. Penobscot co. This town was incorporated in 1824. It is water- ed by Piscataquis river and Seboois stream. It lies 111 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 25 E. by N. from Dover. Population, 1837, 215. Wheat crop, same year, 1,304 bush- els. Mayfield, Me. Somerset co. On the E. side of Kennebec river and about 10 miles from it. It is 58 miles N. from Augusta, and about 29 N. by E. from Norridgewock. Incorporated, 1836. Population, 1837, 224. Medfield, Mass. Norfolk CO. This town is water- ed by Charles and Stop rivers. It is 17 miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 8 S. by W. from Dedham. During the year ending April 1, 1837, there were manufactured at Medfield, 124,000 straw bonnets, the value of which was $135,000. There are also manufactures of ^'PW U^-C>LA^D GAZETTHUin. 'boots, sjipes, leather, cutlery, and brushes. Medfu'ld was taken from Dcdliam, in 1G51. During kincf Philip's war, in 17G5, tlie town was burnt, and ma- ny of the inhajiitants murdered by the Narraganscts. Philip rode on an ele£;ant horse, and directed the massacre. Population, 1837, 899. nicdford, Mass. Middlesex co. This beautiful town is situated at the head of nav- igation on Alystic river, 5 miles N. Vv'. from l}o-:lon, and 14 E.by S. from Concord. The IJoslon and Lowell rail-road, and Middlesex canal pass thiousrh the town. The finest ships that float on the ocean, are built hero : during the live years preced- ing April 1, 1837, sixty vessels were built, the tonnage of which was 24,195 tons : value §1,112,970. There are also manufactures of leather, spirits, linseed oil, bricks, boots, shoes, ploughs, hats and liat bodies. The soil of the town is very fertile, and in a high state of cultivation. The business of the town is much associated with ilic city, and many delightful country seats are scattered over and deco- rate the grounds improved as a farm by Governor ^Vi^throp in 1633. Winter Hill, memorable as the place of encampment of General Burgoyne and his armj, after their capture at Saratoga, is in this town. It is 12.5 feet above tide water, and presents a view of great extent and beauty. Medford w a.s incorporated in 1630. Population, 1S30, 1,755; 1837, 2,072. In the old burying ground, a beau- tiful granite monument is erected, bearing the following inscription : Sacred to the memory of JOEiN BKOOKS. Wh6 was born in Medford, in the month ol May, 17.52. and educated at the Town School. He took up arms for his country on the I'.lth .\pril, 1775. He commanded the regiment which first entered the enemy's lines at Saratoga, and served with honor to the close of the war. He was ap pointed Marshal of the District of Massachusetts by President \Vashing- ton, and at^cr filling several important civil and military offices, he was in the year 1816, chosen Governor of the Commonwealth ; and discharged thn duties of that station for seven sue cessive years, to general acceptance He was a kind and skilful physician, a brave and prudent officer, a wisej firm, and impartial magistrate, a true patri- ot, a good citizen, and a faithful friend. In manners he was a gentleman, in morals pure, and in profession and practice a consistant Christian. He departed this life in peace on the first of March, 1825, aged 73. This monu- ment to his honored memory was erected by several of his fellew citi- zens and friends in the year 1838. Sled-ivay, Alass. Norfolk CO. Medway was taken from Medfield, in 1713. Charles river affords this town an excellent water power. There are 6 cotton, and 2 woolen mills in the town, 2 cotton wadding factories, and a bell foundry. The manufactures of cot- ton ami woolen goods, boots, shoes, scythes, chairs, cabinet ware, ploughs, cotton wadding, and strayv bonnets, the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $330,630. Pop- ulation, 1837, 2,050. Medway lies 22 miles S. W. from Boston, and 12 S. VV. from Dedham. M<'j;uiiticook Idver and Pond. This river rises in a pond of the same name, in Lincolnville, Waldo county. The pond is about 9 miles in length, crooked and very hand- some. It affonls an excellent mill stream, which falls into Penobscot bay at Camden. Mcmphremagof^ l4ike, Vt. This lake is about 30 miles in length, and two or three miles in width. About seven miles of it lies in the county of Orleans, the resi- due in Canada. It receives the wa- ters of Barton, Black, Clyde and other smaller stream? in Vefmont, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and discharges info the St. Francis, in Canada. On an island in this lake is a quarry of JVovaculite, or the " Magog Oil Stone." This ma- terial is transported and manufac- tured. See Burke, Vt. Menau Islands. Grand Menan helongs to the British, and lies off the mouth of St. Croix i-iver, and Passamaquoddy bay. It is 16 miles in length, and its average breadth is about 5. On the south side are a number of isl- ands, and several small harbors. The inhabitants are principally fish- ermen. Little Menan, or "Petit Menan," in Washington county, Me. lies off the harbors of Goldsborough and Steuben. It has a light house, with a tower 25 feet in height. It lies about 3 miles S. S. E. from Golds- borough harbor. Slendon, Vt. Rutland co. This was formerly called Park:erstown,and lies 47 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 8 E. from Rutland. There is some good land in the town, but it is generally too high up the Green mountains for cultivation. Population, 1830,432. Mendon, Mass. Worcester co. The Indian name of this town was Quanshipatige. It was first settled by people from Roxbury, about the year 1647. In- corporated, 1667. Mendon is a township of variegated surface, ex- cellent soil, and in a good state of cultivation. The products of the dairy are large and valuable.—" Blackstone river and canal pass its southwestern border, and Mill rirer traverses its whole extent. These streams afford an excellent hydrau- lic power. There are 8 cotton and 4 woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of boots, shoes, iron castings, scythes, ploughs, straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, machinery, wagons and harnesses ; total value, 21* the- year ending April 1, 1837, — $629,282. This very pleasant and flourishing town lies 32 miles S. W. from Boston, 18 S. E. from Worces- ter, and 22 N. from Providence. Population, 1830, 3,153; 1837,3,657. Mercer, Me. Somerset co. Mercer has a fine soil, and is watered by a beautiful pond. It lies 32 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 6 S. W. from Norridgewock. Incorporated, 1804. The village near the pond is beau tifully located. Wheat crop, 1837, 6,868 bushels. Population, same year, 1,525. Meredith, N. H., Straffoi'd co., is bounded N. by Centre Harbor and Winnepisiogee lake, N. E. and E. by said lake and river, S. E. by Great bay, S. and S. W. by Sanbornton, W. and N. W. by New Hampton and Centre Harbor. This town was incorporated, in 1767, and was first called JVew Sa- lem. It lies 29 miles N. from Con- cord, and 8 N. W. from Gilford. There is in this town a pond adjoin- ing Centre Harbor, about 2 miles long and one wide, emptying into the lake, near the village ; be- sides this there are several smaller ponds. There is probably no town in the country more pleasantly and advantageously situated, or of a bet- ter soil, than Meredith. The wa- ters of the Winnepisiogee washing the boundaries of a great part of the town, convey many heavy mertian- tile articles to and from almost the doors of several of the inhabitants in the summer ; and in the winter, the ice serves as a level and easy road. • Near the upper or N. W. part of the town, the traveler pass- ing along the road, is presented with a very beautiful landscape. On the E. and S. E. the placid Winne- pisiogee, the largest lake in New Hampshire, with its numerous isl- ands, arrests the eye, and bounds the circle of vision in a S. £. di- NEW ENULAND (iAZETTEEB. rection. Ojj llje N. E., Ossipec mountain rises l)ol(lly to viiw. On the IV., the prospect ii intiTce|)tc(l by Red Hill, a pleasant and noted eiuinenee in Moultonborousjli, only a few miles dijitant. At Meredith Bridge is a handsome and nourish- ing village, and the seat of much business. Here arc 2 cotton mills, an extensive tannery, oil mill, iic, in another village arc also some im- portant manufactures. The water power of Meredith is immense. It is connected with the principal village of Gilford by a bridge over the Winnepisiogee. Hon. Ebenezkr Smith, moved into tliis tovrn at an early period of its settlement, and was as a father to the new settlers for many years. He died Aui;. 22, 1807, aged 73. Population, in 1830, 2,CS3. Mcrlden, Ct. New Haven co. This hilly and somewhat mountainous township has, in general, a fei-tile soil, and is watered by Quinnepiac river. It lies 17 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 17 N. V\'. from New Haven. It was formerly a part of \V ailing- ford, and incorporated in ISOG. — Population, 1830, 1,708. This is one of the most flourish- ing aud enterprising manufacturing towns in the state. There is a con- siderable variety of manufactures hero, forming the chief employment of the inhabitants. The following is a list of the manufactories, viz : 2 fdh patent augers and auger bits, 3 for ivory combs, (J for tin ware, 4 for Britannia ware, 2 iron foundries, 1 manufactory for collec mills, 1 for clocks, 1 for Norfolk door latches, 3 for block tin spoons, 1 for wood combs, 1 for skates and iron rakes. and 1 for gridirons. The value of articles manufactured yearly, has been estimated from 800,000 to 1,000,000 of dollars. About thirty years since a road was constructed from the north- western part of Meriden to Berlin, through a narrow and romantic glen, between two ridges of the Blue mountains', this pass, which is more tlian a mile in extent, is called the Cat Hole. In some parts of this glen there is but barely room for a path ; small angular fragments of rocks rise on each side, at about an angle of forty live degrees : these rocks have been beaten down and covered with earth, which must have been brought here for the purpose. A few yards south of this place, elevated perpendicular i-ocks appear on the left, one of which has very much the appearance of a pro- tile of the human face, and it is thought by some to resemble in a slight degree the profile of Wash- ington. Following the foot of the mountain on the right, for about a mile, you will find large pieces of rocks lying upon each other in great disorder, which have evidently fal- len from the precipitous heights above. Underneath these rocks ice may be found in almost every month in the year. A spring issues from between them, called the Cold Spi'iiig, and is a place of resort for parlies in summer. Jllerrlmack River, A'. II., One of tlie principal rivers of New England, is formed of two branches. The N. branch called Pemigewasset, rises near the Notch of the White mountains, and passes southwai-dly through the corner of Franconia, Lincoln, Peeling, Thorn- ton and Campton, forming the bound- ary between Plymouth and Molder- ness, and also the boundary line be- tween the counties of Straflbrd and Grafton from the S. corner of Hol- dPrness to near its junction with the Winnepisiogce. It receives several considerable branches in its course; Mad river in Campton, Haker's in Plymouth; and streams flowing from Squam and Newfound lakes, with numerous small tributaries. — The E. branch is the Winnepisio- gce, through which pass the water§ NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of the lake of that name. The de- scent of this branch from the lake to its junction with the Pemigewasset, is 232 feet. The confluent stream bears the name of Merrimack, and pursues a S. coui-se, 78 miles, to Chelmsford, Mass. ; thence an E. course, 35 miles, to the sea at New- buryport. On the N. line of Con- cord, the Contoocook discharges its waters into the Merrimack. The Soucook becomes a tributary in Pembroke, and the Suncook be- tween Pembroke and Allenstovvn. The Piscataquog unites in Bedford ; the Souhegan in Merrimack, and a beautiful river called Nashua in Nashua. The principal tributaries are on the W. side of the river, mostly rising in the highlands be- tween the Connecticut and Merri- mack. There are numerous falls in this river, the most noted of which are Garven's, in Concord, the falls in Hooksett, and Amos- keag in GolFstown and Manchester. These falls are all rendered passa- ble by locks, and boat navigation has for several years been extended as far as Concord. There are sev- eral bridges over the Merrimack, and its principal branches, besides a number of ferries. The Merri- mack, whose fountains are nearly on a level with the Connecticut, being much shorter in its course, has a far more rapid descent to the sea than the latter river. Hence the intervales on its borders are less ex- tensive, and the scenery less beau- tiful, than on the Connecticut. It is, however, a majestic river ; its waters are generally pure and heal- thy ; and on its borders are situated some of the most flourishing towns in the state. The name of this riv- er was originally written Merra- inacke and Monnomake, which in the Indian language signified a sturgeon. Its width varies from 50 to 120 rods ; and at its mouth it pre- sents a beautiful sheet of half a mile in width. MerrimacU County, IV. H. Concord is the county town. The countyof Merrimack is bound- ed N. E. by the county of Straf- ford, S. E. by the county of Rock- ingham, Sj W. by the county of Hillsborough, and N. W. by the counties of Sullivan and Grafton. Its greatest length is 38 miles ; its breadth at the broadest part is 26 miles. It contains an area of 506,000 acres. The surface is un- even, and in some parts rugged and mountainous; but its general fertility, is perhaps equal to either of the other counties in the state. In the towns of Hopkinton, Henni- ker, Boscawen, Salisbury, Canter- bury, Concord, &c., are seen many extensive and well cultivated farms. The northerly pai-t of the county is rough and mountainous. Kearsarge is the highest mountain, its summit being 2,461 feet above the level of the sea. It is composed of a range of hills, running north and south about six miles ; its general aspect is rugged and craggy, excepting when its roughness is shaded by the woody covering that darkens its sides. The Ragged mountains, so called, from their appearance, lie northeast of Kearsarge, and be- tween Andover and Hill. These are nearly 2,000 feet high at the north points of the range. Bear's Hill, in Northfield, Sunapee moun- tain, in Newbury, Catamount, in Pittsfield, and the peak in Hook- sett, are the other most considei-able elevations. A part of lake Suna- pee lies in Newbury ; and there are numerous ponds interspersed throughout the whole territoiy. The Merrimack river meanders through neaily the centre of the county, and forms the boundary some distance at the northeastern part. It receives from the west the Blackwater and Contoocook rivers, and from the east, Soucook and Sun- cook, and other smaller streams. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. This county was constituted by an act of the le^ishiture, 1 July, 1S23 — being taiien I'lom the coun- ties of Rockinjsjhain and Hillsbo- borough, ten towns bein,o; separated from the foi-mer, and thirteen from the latter. Population^ 1820, 32,- 843; 1S30, :}4,«19. Twenty four towns, 44 iniiabitants to a square mile. In 1837, there were 66,152 sheep in tliis county Itlcrrlniack, N. II., Hillsborough co., is bounded N. by Bedford, E. by Litchfield, S. by Nashua, and W. by Amherst. — It is 6 miles S. E. from Amherst, and 27 S. from Concord. Merri- mack river waters its E. border through its whole extent, opening a communication by water from this place to Boston. Souhegan en- ters this town from Amherst, pur- sues a winding course to the Mer- rimack, where it discharges itself one mile above Thornton's ferry. There ai-e fine water privileges on this stream. Babboosuck brook, issuing from Babboosuck pond in Amherst, empties into Souhegan river, and Penichook brook from a pond in Hollis, forms the southern boundary. The soil in various pla- ces is very fertile, but a considera- ble portion of the land is plain. There are some fine intervales on the Merrimack. Souk; of the best and most exten-^ive water ])rivileges the county atl])rds, about 1 1-2 mile from the .Merrimack, on Souhegan river, lie unimproved. This town claims the first discove- ry in tliis region of making what arc called leghorn bonnets. They were first made several j'ears since, by the Misses Burnaps. Some of their bonnets were sold at auction in Boston for .-JijO. This town was formerly called Soiihe^n7i Eaxt. It was incorpo- rated, 1746, having been settled about 13 years. The first house in this town was erected on the margin of the river for a house of traffic with the In- dians. For some time one Crom- well carried on a lucrative trade with the Indians, weighing their furs with his foot, till, enraged at his supposed or real deception, they formed the resolution to mur- der him. This intention was com- municated to Cromwell, who buried his wealth and made his escape. Within a few hours after his tiight, a party of the Penacook tribe arriv- ed, and not finding the object of their resentment, they burnt his habitation. Hon. M.^TTHEw Thornton, one of the signers of the Declara- tion of American Independence, resided many years in this town. He died in 1803, at the age of 89. Population, 1830, 1,191. IVIerrymeetiug Bays. Merrymeeting Bay, in Maine, is at the junction of the Androscoggin with the Kennebec, about 5 miles above Bath. It is a large expanse of water, and contains Swan and other islands. The passage through this bay, of 10 or 12 miles in length, is delightful. Merrymeeting Bay, in New Hampshire, is an arm of Winne- pisiogee lake, extending about 1 ,800 rods into the town of Alton, and is 27 miles from the navigable waters of Piscataqua river. Methuen, Mass. Essex CO. In this town is a beau- tiful water fall of 30 feet, on Spick- et river, which furnishes an excel- lent hydraulic power. Methuen lies on the N. bank of Merrimack river, and is 25 miles N. by W. from Boston, and 20 N. W. by N. from Salem. It was taken from Haver- hill in 1725. Population, 1830, 2,011 ; 1837, 2,463. There are 2 cotton, and 2 paper mills in the town, and manufactures of leather, shoes, hats, ploughs, segars, essen- ces, chaises, harnesses, chairs, tin and cabinet wares, and piano-forte NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. frames : value, for the yeav ending April 1, 1837, $462,525. An ex- cellent bed of peat has recently been discovered, it is 14 feet in depth, and very extensive. The soil of Methuen is very good, the village is pleasant, and the scenery around it, romantic and beautiful. Mexico, Me. Oxford CO. This town lies on the north side of Androscoggin river, and is watered by two of its tribu- taries. It has a good soil and a good water power. It lies 47 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 20 N. from Paris. Incorporated, 1818. Population, 1837, 447. Wheat crop, same year, 1,552 bushels. Middleborough, Mass. Plymouth co. This is the Indian JVamasket ; formerly thickly popu- lated by the people of that tribe, and governed by the noted sachem Tispacan. On the rocks, in this town, are the prints of naked hands and feet, supposed to be the work of the Indians. Here are numer- ous ponds, several kinds of fish, and large quantities of iron ore is found jn the ponds. These ponds, of which the Assawamset znd Long pond are the largest, empty into Taunton river, and produce an extensive wa- ter power This town lies 34 miles S. by E. from Boston, 14 S. S. W. from Ply- mouth, and 10 S. E. from Taunton Incorporated, 1660. Population, 1837, 5,005. This is probably the largest town in the state : it is 15 miles in length, and about 9 aver- age breadth : it has several pleasant villages. There are 2 cotton mills, 2 forges, an air and cupola furnace, a nail factory, and manufactures of leather, shovels, spades, forks, ploughs, wrought nails, chairs, cab- inet ware, tacks, straw bonnets, and various other articles : total value, in one year, $200,000. In 1763, Shubael Thompson found a land turtle, marked on the shell J. \V., 1747. Thompson marked it and let it go. Elijah Clapp found it in 1773 ; William Shaw found it in 1775; Jonathan Soule found it in 1784; Joseph Soule found it in 1790, and Zenas Smith, in 1791 : each marked it with his initials. Wheth- er the critter is dead or gone to the west, we have no account. Middlebury, Vt. Addison co. Chief town. This is a large and flourishing town on both sides of Otter creek, 31 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 33 S. S. E. from Burlington. The fathers of this town were Col. John Chipman and the Hon. Gamaliel Painter, who came here and settled in 1773. The settlement advanced but slowly un- til after the revolutionary war ; it then began to increase and is now one of the most important towns in the state. In 1791 it became the shire town of the county, and in 1800 Middlebury college was found- ed. The surface of the town is generally level. Chipman's hill, 439 feet above Otter creek, is the highest elevation. The soil is fer- tile and productive, and furnishes large quantities of wool, beef, pork, butter and cheese. The town is admirably watered by Otter creek and Middlebury river. At the falls on Otter creek, the site of the flour- ishing village, are extensive manu- facturing establishments ; and large quantities of white and variega- ted marble, with which the town abounds, are sawed and polished for various uses and transported to market. Middlebury is a very beautiful town, and the mart of a large inland trade. Population, ia 1830, 3,46S. See Register. Middlebury River rises in Han- cock, and passing through Ripton falls into Otter creek at Middlebury. This mountain stream is about 14 miles in length, affords a tine wa- ter power, and is very romantic in its course. It passes some distance NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. along the road from Windsor to Vergennes, and presents some de- lightful scenery. Middlebury, Ct. New Haven co. The surface of this town is hilly and rocky; the soil a coarse, gravelly loam, tit for grazing and the growth of rye. It lies 3(j miles W. S. W. from Hart- ford, and 22 N. W. from New Ha- ven. Incorporated, 1807. Popu- lation, 1830, 816. The town is watered by Quasepaugpond, which empties iiito the Housatouick, and furnishes a water power for a satin- et factory, and other machinery. Middlefleld, Mass. Hampshire co. This is an eleva- ted agricultural township, watered by a branch of Westfield river. It lies 110 miles W. from Uoston, 24 W. from Northampton, and 17 S. E. from Pittsfield. Incorporated, 17S3. Population, 1S37, 710. There are 2 woolen mills in the town, and 2 tanneries. Annual value of goods manufactured, about ;^75,000. — Among the productions of the soil, there were, in 1837, 9,724 fleeces of saxony wool, which weighed 26,741 pounds, value, $17,382. Middlesex, Vt. Washington co. Onion river and other streams give this town a good water power. It has numerous manufacturing concerns, and a very pleasant village. The soil along the streams is good, and that of the uplands, generally, is adapted for grazing. It lies 30 miles E. S. E. from Burlington, and is bounded by Montpclicr on the S. E. First set- tled, in 1781. Population, 1S30, 1,156. There is a curious chasm in Mid- dlesex, on Onion river, near More- town. The river has worn a pas- sage through rocks 30 feet in depth, 60 feet in width, and about 80 rods in length. The walls on each side are very smooth,over which a bridge is thrown. This place is worthy of a visit. Middlesex County, M(m*> Concord, Cambridge, and Low- ell, are the shire towns. The sur- face of this county is uneven and the soil various. It presents a great variety for the admiration of the patriot, scholar, farmer, mechanic, and the painter. It is bounded N. by New Hampshire ; N. E. by the county of Essex ; S. E. by Charles river, Boston harbor, and Norfolk county; and W. by the county of Worcester. Area, SOO square miles: population, in 1820,61,476; 1830, 77,968 ; 1837, 98,565. Population to a square mile, 123. The princi- pal rivers in this county, are the Merrimack, Charles, Mystic, Sud- bury, Concord, and Nashua. The Middlesex Canal passes through its northeastern section. In 1837 there wcrc^ 5,166 sheep in the coun- ty. The value of manufactures for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $15,008,028. Fishery, same year, $33,000. Middlesex County, Ct. Shire towns — Middletown and Haddam. This county is bounded N. by Hartford county, E. by Hart- ford and New London counties, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New Haven county. The general surface of the county is uneven. The soil is generally good, particu- larly adjacent to Connecticut river. There are many small streams which afibrd mill privileges, fertil- izing the soil and giving beauty to the county. The waters of the Connecticut afford it an important business in navigation, especially in the coasting trade. The tonnage of the district of Middletown, in 1837, was 13,133 tons. There are numerous manufacturing establish- ments in the county; large quanti- ticsof fi'eestone arc quarried and car- ried to market, and the shad fishery NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. gives employment to many of its people. Middlesex county contains an area of 342 square miles. Popula- tion, 1S20, 22,405 ; 1830, 24,845, containing a population of 73 in- habitants to a square mile. Con- siderable amounts of the productions of the soil are exported, and in 1337, there were in the county 12,401 sheep. Middleton, N. H. Strafford co. This is a very lev- el township, havino- no high ground except a part of Moose mountain, which separates it from Brooktield. There are no rivers nor ponds, and the soil is rocky. It lies 25 miles N. W. from Dover. Middleton was incorporated in 1778. Population, 1830, 562. Middleton, Mass.. Essex CO. A pleasant town on both sides of Ipswich river, 19 miles N. from Boston, and 7 N. W. from Salem. This place contains a large and expensive paper mill. This is the principal manufacturing con- cern in the town. Incorporated, 1728. Population, 1837, 671. Bliddleto^vn, Vt. Rutland CO. This town lies be- tween two mountains, is watered by Poultney river, and has a good soil for grazing. It keeps, among other cattle, about 4,000 sheep. It lies 14 miles S. W. from Rutland. It has a neat and flourishing vil- lage, a woolen factory, marble fac- tory, and other manufactures. — Population, 1830, 919. Middlctovvii, Ct. Chief town of Middlesex co. — MiDDLETowN City, and port of entry, lies on the W. bank of Con- necticut river, 30 miles from its mouth, 15 S. from Hartford, 24 N. E. from New Haven, 35 N. W. from New London. Lat. 41° 34' N., long. T2° 39' W. The city is very pleasantly situated on ground rising gradually from the river. The principal street, called Main street, runs parallel with the river. This and other streets, are inter- sected by cross streets, leading to the river. The wharves are commodious for shipping, there being ten feet of water for all vessels that can cross the bar at the mouth of the river. Two high wharves are appropria- ted for two lines of steam-boats, of a large class, which afford a daily com- munication with the cities of New York and Hartford. The streets and side-walks are pleasantly sliaded with trees, and the side-walks are remarkably well paved. The population of the city, is about 3,500 ; of the town, above 7,000. The public edifices are a court- house in the Grecian style of arch- itecture, built in 1832 ; a custom- house handsomely built of Chatham freestone ; 2 banks, and a savings bank, &,c. The places of public worship in the city, and the princi- pal houses and stores are of brick, many of which are built with great taste. The Wesleyan University, under the patronage of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, was founded in 1831, and is very rapidly acquir- ing a high standing. It has now 160 students. Its officers are a president and 5 professors. The college buildings command an extensive view of the surround- ing country, as well as of the val- ley of the Connecticut, so justly famed for its beauty. The college library, with those belonging to the societies, comprises about 10,000 volumes. It has ma- ny rare ami choice works, an entire set of the Latin Classics, and most of the Greek, a set of the Pbilosophical Transactions, and all of the most important lattr scientific work.s of N'EW rXGI.AXD CA/.F.TTnEIf. France. There is also a collection of bibles anJ testament** in SI lan- guages and dialects, oriental, fee, into which the bible has been trans- lated. The philosophical and astronomi- cal apparatus, has been lately in- creased at great expense. There is a telescope, with a six inch olijcct glass, a splendid altitude and Azi- muth instrument, so constructed as to be used for meridian transits. Russell's magnificent Orrery, an unrivalled instrument, and the only one of the kind. There is a noble Plate Electrical machine, with two plates 3(j inches in diameter, &c. The chemical department has a good laboratory and apparatus. — The cabinet of minerals is becom- ing extensive. In geology, besides specimens, there are several valu- able charts to illustrate the different states, and many districts of Eng- land. • In botany, there are several of the best standard works, and for the preservation of the science, the richness in species of the native plants about Middletown, is not surpassed by any location in New England. The place is also remark- able for the variety and abundance of its rare minerals. The rising reputation of its uni- versity, the great salubrity of its atmosphere, and the activity of its manufacturing capital, render Mid- dletown equally attractive to the traveler, the man of .science, or of business. There are besides in this city, several fine cabinets of shells, insects, minerals, &c., and an Her- barium of considerable extent, of North American as well as of Eu- ropean |)lants, also several choice private libraries. The library of the Rev. Dr. Jar- vis, contains 1.3,000 volumes of ex- ceeding choice books, collected by him, during a residence of sev- eral years in Europe, and his gal- lery of about 120 paintings, is re- garded as being very valuable. — About 70 of these pictures formed the gallery of the Archbishop of Tarcnto at Naples, and are of tho old masters — Titian, Rubens, Tin- toretto, Salvator Rosa, Carlo Dolce, Lueca, Giordano, Jordens, Spagno- letto, &c. There is also in another collection some very tine paintings of the old masters, and an exqui- site piece of statuary by the Cheva- lier P. Marchesi of Alilan, repre- senting Christ when 12 years of age ! This is the only work of the distinguished sculptor, that has yet arrived in this country. The township from N. to S. is about 9 miles long, its hreadth va- rying from 4 to 10 miles at its great- est area, or about 43,520 acres. — The Indian name of the town was Mattabesett. The town is divided into 4 societies or parishes. There is in the city a prepara- tory school connected with the uni- versity, as well as several flourish- ing private schools. The public record.s of this town commenced in 1654. The city waa incorporated in 17S4. The burial grounds contain many curious, as well as antique monu- ments of its earliest settlers. The burial ground at the N. part of the city, and by the river, was laid out in 1650. Middletown meadows, north of the city, contain about 640 acres. The height of the base of the village is 160 feet above the river, and is from if, five eighths of a mile. Main street i.-s from 40 to 50 feet ai)0vc the river. The Connecticut river is here generally closed with ice about the middle of December, and opens about the end of the third week in March. The manufiictures in this city, are 3 establishments on a large scale for the manufacture of arms, for the United States service ; broadcloths and cotton goods, brit- annia and tin wares, stoves, combs, tubs, machinery, steam engines. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER cotton machinery, paper, powder, jewelry, brass ware, steel pens, buttons, looking-glasses, cari-iages, carpenter's tools and locks, besides many nianulactures of minor im- portance. Geology. Ivliddletown rests on secondary red sandstone : within 2 miles of the city, south, tliere is a granite ridge, here known by the name of the White rocks. It runs N. N. E., and fbims the straits of the Connecticut river. This gi;inite ridge is from 400 to (>00 feet above the tide water. Here occurs an in- exhaustible quantity of the finest feldspar, the material used for the glaze of porcelain. This was fiist brought into notice in 1833, at the recommendation of Dr. Barrett. A large quantity of it has been sent to Europe, as well as being used in this country, and it has been proved to be of the best quality. The feldspar is often so pure at tlie quarry opened on the Haddam road, that masses of several hun- dred weight occur without any ad- mixture of quartz and mica. Mitldlcto^vii, R. I. Newport co. This is the middle township on the island of Rhode Island. It lies 2 miles N. E. from Newport, and 28 S. by E. fiom Providence. The suiface of the town is undulating, and alTords ma- ny interesting and beautiful land- scapes. The soil is a rich loam, very productive and under a high state of cultivation ; the lands are highly valued and command a great price. The inhabitants of the town are principally farmers ; they are distinguished for their habits of in- dustry and economy, and for the uniformity, plainness, and simplici- ty of their manner of living. The products of the town consist of corn, barley, hay, and great varie- ties of fruits and vegetables for Newport market. Incorporated, 1743. Population, 1830,915. ItlUau, N. H., Coos CO., is 139 miles N. by E. from Concord, and about 22 N. E. from Lancaster. This tract was granted in 1771, and was called Paulsburgh, until 1824. The Up- per Amonoosuck and Androscoggin rivers pass through this town. — There are several ponds, and some considerable mountains. Popula- tion, 1830, 57. Milforcl, Me. Penobscot county. See " DowH East." Milford, N. H., Hillsborough co., is bounded E. by Amher.'t, and is 31 miles S. by W. fi'om Concord. Milford lies on both sides of Souhegan river, which runs through the town from W. to E., forming a rich meadow or inter- vale, from 1-4 to 1-2 a mile wide. The banks of this river are annual- ly overflowed, by which means, the soil, which is black and deep, is much enriched. This town has ex- cellent water privileges, and there is a valuable factory in the village Population, 1830, 1,303. Milford, Mass. Worcester co. This town, the Indian Wopowage, is well watered by Charles and Mill rivei's. It lies 28 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 18 S. E. from Worcester. Incorpora- ted, 1780. Population, 1837, 1,637. The soil is generally fertile, and the surface pleasantly diversified. The manufactures of the town, for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $257,671. They con- sisted of cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, tin and cabinet wares, straw bonnets, varnish, clothing, shoe pegs, wagon irons, and whips. Milford, Ct. New Haven co. This is one of the towns which composed the " Old Jurisdiction of New Haven." N'EW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The settlement commenced in 1639. The first purchase of land was made of the Indians, for the considera- tion of " 6 coats, 10 blankets, 1 kettle, besides a number of hoes, knives, hatchets, and glasses." The Indians made a reservation of 20 acres in the town, which was sold by them, in 1661, for 6 coats, 2 blankets, and a pair of breeches. Milford is bounded W. by Housa- tonick river, and S. E. by Long Island Sound. The Indian name of the place was JVepawau^. The town is pjenerally level, and the soil productive. There is a quarry of beautiful serpentine marble in the town, and a harbor for small vessels. Poconock or Milford point is a noted place, where arc anuinberof huts on the beach, occupied by persons engaged in the oyster and clam business. Milford village is very pleasant, and the scenery variegatecl and in- teresting. Population, 1S37, about 2,800. Millbni-y, Mass. Worcester co. Millbury was taken from Sutton, in 1813. It lies 42 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 6 S.E. from Worcester. Branch- es of the Blackstone river rise in the town, anil the Blackstone canal passes through it. It is a very pleasant manufacturing place, with a valuable water power. There are 1 paper, 6 woolen, and 1 cotton mills ; and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, scythes, spades, forks, hoes, ploughs, muskets, trying squares, levels, trowels, machinery, black lead, tin ware, sashes and blinds: total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, .ake, Me. This is one of a number of large lakes extending northwest from Umbagog lake, and which empty through the Umbagog into the An- droscoggin. These lakes lie in the counties of Oxford and Franklin: their borders are but little settled, but those who have visited tliem report that the soil is exceedingly fertile, and that the beauties of these little inland seas, equal that of the celebrated Winnepisiogee. The Molechunkamunk lies about 80 miles N. by W. from Portland. Moluinkus River, A large tributary to the Mata- wamkeag from the noi'th. It unites with tliat river about 8 miles above Its mouth. Moiiatluock nioiiiitAiii, K. II., Usually called the Grand Afo- nadnock, is situated in the towns of JaflVey and Dulilin, in Cheshire county, about 22 miles K. from Con- necticut river, and 10 N. of the southern boundary of this state. — The direction of the ridge is N. E. and S. W. The mountain is about 5 miles long from N. to S., and 3 miles from E. to W. Its summit is 3,718 feet above the level of the sea. Thirty years since, Monadnock was nearly covered with evergreen wood of considerable growth. By the repeated ravages of tire, it now presents to the distant beholder, nothing but a barren and bald rock. IJut on ascending, we tind plats of eai'th sufficient to give growth to the blueberry, cranl)ei-ry, mountain ash, and a varietj' of shrubs. Some caves are discovered, which excite curiosity. They appear to have been formed by large fissures, and by extensive stiata being thi-owo from their iirimitive state, and form- ing (lifll'rent angles with each other and with perpendicular precipices. The mountain is composed of talc, mica, slate, distinctly stratified.— Garnet, scliorl, feldspar and quartz occur in vaiious parts. On the E. side, plumbago is found in large quantities. Crucibles and pencils have been manufactured from it, but for the latter, it proves not very good. The summit, when seen at a distance of 4 or 5 miles, appears rounded and destitute of those high clilis and mural precipices belong- ing to granitic mountains. The prospect from the pinnacle is very extensive ; thirty ponds of fresh water, some of which are so large as to contain islands of 8 or 10 acres, may be seen fiom it, in the immediate vicinity. Near the base of the mountain, in Jaffrey, is the " Monadnock Mineral Spring." Monktoii, Vt. Addison CO. This town lies 27 miles W . fiom Montpelier, 16 N. fiom Mid"7, Col. Jacol) and (Jin. Parley Davis, from Woroestercountj^Mass. began improvement* near the place where the village now stands, and erected a log house, into which Col. Davis removed his family the winter following. The i-illmre of Montpelier is sur- rounded by hills of considerable el- evation; and although it is too low to command an extensive prospect, is very pleTisant, and quite roman- tic in its appearance. It is located very near tlie centre of the state : it is a great thoroughfare from all directions, and commands a large anrl valuable interior trade. The buildings are in good style ; some of which are very handsome. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. We take pleasure in presenting to the public a well executed en- graving of the Vermont State House, at Montpelier ; designed by A. B. Young, Esq., a native of New England, and executed under his imme- diate superintendence. The engraving represents a southeast front view of the building, which stands on an elevated site, about 325 feet from State street, on which it fronts, and is alike beautiful in design and execution. The yard and grounds pertaining to it are large and spacious, and, in the manner they are laid out, give great importance to the building. Through the whole design, a chaste architectural character is preserved, which, combined with the convenient arrangement of the interior and the stability of its construction, renders this edifice equal in every respect to any in New England, and probably to any in the United States. The building is in the form of a cross, showing in front a centre, 72 feet wide, and two wings, each 39 feet, making the whole length 150 feet. The centre, in- cluding the portico, is 100 feet deep ; the wings are 50 feet deep. The sis columns of the portico are 6 feet diameter at their base, and 36 feet high, supporting an entablature of classic proportions. The dome rises 36 feet above the ridge, making the whole height from the ground 100 feet. The order of architecture used is the Grecian Doric, and is made to conform to the peculiar arrangement necessary in this building. The walls, columns, cornices, &c., are of dark Barre granite, wrought in a superior manner : the dome and roofs are covered with copper. In the interior, the lower story contains an Entrance Hall, rooms for the Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, and numerous Committee rooms. The second or principal stoi-y, contains a Vestibule, and stair- ways, a Representatives Hall, 57 by 67 feet, with a Lobby, and Galleries for spectators ; a Senate Chamber, 30 by 44 feet, with Lobby and Gallery ; a Governor's room, 24 by 20 feet, with an ante-room, and a room for his Secretary adjoining ; a Library room, 18 by 36 feet ; rooms for the several officers of the Senate and House of Representatives, and several com- mittee rooms. The cost of this building, including all expenses, was about $132,100; of which the inhabitants of Montpelier paid $15,000. At the first session of the Legislature of Vermont, within this building, in October, 1838, the following resolution was unanimously adopted : " Resolved, by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont, that the thanks of this Legislature be presented to Ammi B. Young, Esq., as a testimonial of their approbation of the taste, ability, fidelity and perseverance which he has manifested in the design and execution of the new capitol of this state ; which will abide as a lasting monument of tha talents and taste of Mr. Young as an Architect." NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Moutvlllo, Me. Waldo CO. This is a beautiful and flourishing town, watered by some of the head branches of Sheep- scot river, 26 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 15 W. from Belfast. Incorporated, 1807. Population, in 1830,1,243; 1837,1,987. Wheat crop, 1837, 8,088 bushels. MoutviUc, Ct. New London co. IMontville was taken from New London in 178(j. The surface i> hilly and stony; the soil a dry, gravelly loam, strong and fertile. It li.-s on the W. side of the river Thames, 35 miles 8. E. from Hartford, 8 N. from New London, and 7 S. from Norwich. The town has a good water power and contains 3 cotton and 2 woolen fiictories, and an oil mill. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,964. This, and a large tiact of country lying north and east of it, formerly belonged to the Mohegans, a tribe of Indians once celebrated for their warlike pi-owess and friendship to the English. In Moutvillc is a iract reservcu uy trie slate, for the maintenance of a remnant of that tribe, " on the land of their fathers." The Mohegan reservation consists of about 2,700 acres. It was hold- en by them in common till the year 1790, when it was divided to each family by the legislature of Connecticut. The Molicgans are under the care of guardians, or over- seers, appointed l)y the legislature. A part ot the lands are occupied by the Indians themselves, and a part by white tenants, of which there are as many as Mohegans living on the reservation. The rents go into a common fund, from which the Mohegans derive, individually, a small sum annually. In 1774, when a census of the in- habitants of Connecticut, was taken, there were in the colony 1 ,3()3 In- dians. The number in the township of New London was stated to be 206. Mohegan was then included in the limits of that town. At the same time there were in Stonington 237; in (iroton 186; in Lyme 104, in Norwich 61, and in Preston 30: in all, 824. Most of these may be considered as descended from those who once owed some kind of alle- giance to Uncas. Dr. Holmes, who visited Mohegan in 1803, says that " there wei-e not more than SO per- sons of this tribe remaining, and that John Cooper, the lichcst man in the tribe, possessing a yoke of oxen and two cows, was then their religious teacher." Four years af- ter, tliey were reduced in number to sixty nine, these biing for the most part aged persons, widows, and fatherless children. Within the coui-.-;c of a few years past, an ellort has been made to el- evate and rescue the remnant of this tribe from extinction. A small house for divine worship has been erected, and also a house for a teach- er ; towards erecting this last build- ing the L'nited States government appropriated 500 dollars; they have also allowed, recently, 400 dollars annually for the support of a teach- er. The school, consisting of up- wards of 20 scljolars, at this time is under the care of Mr. Anson Glea- son, who also officiates as a religious teacher at the Mohegan Chapel. Mr. Glea:;oK commenced his labors among this people in 1832, and it is I'irmly believed that his efforts to pioiiiote the wclfai'c of this people will be attended witli lasting and beneficial efll-cts. Mr. Gleason says, " that he can say for a certain- ty, that the native children are as apt to learn as any children he ever taught, and bid fair for intelligent men and women." He also says, " Tills tribe had well nigh run out by indulging in the use of ardent spirits; but of late there isa change for the better, a numlier of refor- mations having taken place. Most of the youth are opposed to strong drink, and arc members of the tern- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, perance reform. The greater part of the working men follow the whale trade, and come home only now and then. . . . We are on the increase, and hope in the course of a few years, through the mercy of God, to rise in point of virtue and respectabili- ty." The Mohegan church is between three and four miles from Norwich city, a few rods east of the public road from Norwich to New London. It is beautifully situated on an em- inence commanding a fair view of Norwich at the north, and New London at the south. It was built in 1831, at an expense of between six and seven hundred dollars, con- tributed for the purpose mostly by benevolent ladies in the cities of Norwich, Hartfoi-d and New Lon- don. This house is designed for the use of the Mohegans, and the white inhabitants who reside on the re- servation. The Mohegan school- house is 40 or 50 rods south of the chapel, at the foot of tlie hill, near by which is the house for the teach- er. About 100 rods west of the chapel, on the summit of a com- manding eminence, was situated a Mohegan fort, some traces of which remain; they aljo had another fort near the river. " Ln ! where a s.ivaje Pirtress frown'cl Amid yon blood-cemenlctl ground, A hallowed dome, witli peaceful claim, Shall bear the meek Redeemer's name; Anil forms like those thnt lingering stayed Latest 'neath Calvary's awful shade, And eailifst pierc'd the gather'd gloom To watch the Savior's lowly tomli — Such gentle forms the Indian's ire Haye sooth'd and bade that dome aspire. *.nd now, wliere rose the murderous yell, The tuneful hymn to God shall swell- Where vengeance spread a fatal snare. Shall breathe the red man's contrite prayer." Moose Rivers. Moose river, \n Maine, is a large tributary to Moosehead lake. It rises in the western part of Somer- set county, and after receiving the waters of several large ponds in that quarter, it passes through Bras- sua lake, 4 or 5 miles W. of the Moosehead. Moose river, in New Hampshire, has its source on the N. side of the White Mountains, and unites with the Androscoggin in Shelburne. — Its source is very near that of Is- rael's river, which passes W. into the Connecticut. Moose river, in Vermont, is a branch of the Passumpsic ; it rises in Granby and East Haven, and falls into that river at St. Johnsbury. This, in many places, is a rapid stream, about 23 miles in length. Moose Head Lake, Me. This lake, the outlet of which is the source of Kennebec river, lies in the county of Piscataquis. Its form is very irregular. Its length is between 40 and 50 miles, and its breadth, in the widest part, about 12 miles. The tributaries are nu- merous, and flow from almost every direction. It contains a number of islands, the largest of which is Su- gar island, containing 5,440 acres, and Deer island, containing 2,000 acres. These islands are fertile, as is the whole country surrounding the lake, except in some places where the banks are high and pre- cipitous. The waters are deep and abound in trout of an e.xtraordinarj' size. It is remarkable that the territory surrounding thislnland sea, possess- ing in rich abundance all the ne- cessary requirements for the uses and comforts of man, and within three hundred miles of the capital of New England, should be left a wilderness garden, uninhabited and almost unexplored; while thous- ands of New England men are press- ing to distant regions, less health- ful, and less productive, when mar- kets for sur])lus produce are consid- ered. The only settlement, of any con- sequence, on the borders ot this beautiful lake, is HaskelVs Planta- tion, at the southern boundary. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. This place lies 15 miles N. from Monson, from which town stages pass to Bangor, 60 miles. A steam- boat plies up and down the lake, for the purpose of transporting pas- sengers, more particuhirly those who are engaged in felling timber; and for the purpose of towing the timber down to ttie Kennebec out- let. The lumber business on this lake is very extensive, and doubtless lu- crative ; but the time is not very distant when this and other sections of Maine, will be as much valued for the fruits of the soil ; and, under the wise system of geological ex- ploration, adopted by the legisla- ture, for the quan-ies of slate, lime, granite, marble, and even coal, as they are now for their forests of timber. This lake may be divided into two bays. A little above the cen- tre of it, is a narrow pass of rath- er less than a mile across. At this place, on the western side, is Mount Keneo,an elevation of five or six hundred feet projecting over the water. From this height a pictur- esque view of the lake, its islands, and a boundless wilderness, is pre- sented. When the wind blows fresh from the north, the waters of the north bay press through this strait ■with considerable force, and cause the south bay to rise two or three feet. A dam has been erected at the outlet, for the purpose of raising the lake 3 or 4 feet, so as to let the the water off as occasion may re- quire, to facilitate the passage of lumber on the river. We hope, lor the benefit of our friends down stream, that the dam is of solid ma- terials and well roiistrnctcd. 91oo8cliillofk Itlouittnin, N. H., Is a noble and lofty eminence in the S. E. part of Coventry, and ranks among the highest mountains in New England. The altitude of the north peak above tide water, is 4,636 feet — that of the south peak, is 4,536 feet. Baker's river has its source on its eastern side. Mooscluckmaguutlo Ijake, Sle. A large sheet of water which empties into the Molechunkamunk, about 2 miles south. Moretoii'ii, Vt. Washington co. Mad river, a branch of the Onion, waters thia town and gives it good mill seats. The surface is mountainous, and a great part of the soil unfit for culti- vation. First settled, 1790. Pop- ulation, 1830, 816. It lies 8 miles S. W. from Montpelier. ^lorgan, Vt. Orleans co. First settled, 1800. It lies 50 miles N. E. from Montpe- lier, and 15 N. N.E. from Irasburgh. Population, 1830, 331. Knowlton's lake, a handsome sheet of water, containing a variety of fish, lies in this town. It is 4 miles in length, and 2 in breadth, and empties into Clyde river. Mo^risto■»%^», Vt. Lamoille co. This town lies 20 miles N. by W. from Montpelier, and 6 8. from Hyde Park. First settled, 1790. Population, 1830, 1,:515. The surface of the town is diversified by hills and valleys; the soil is good, particularly on the banks of Lamoille river, which af- fords some water power. Here is a neat village, and considerable business. The people are general- ly farmers, and produce cattle, but- ter, cheese, and a large quantity of wool for market. Aloscotv, nie. Somerset co. Moscow is water- ed by a pond, and by a beautiful stream, a branch of the Kennebec, and lies on the east side of that river. It is 30 miles N. from Nor- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ridgewock, and 58 N. from Augusta. This town has a good soil and a pleasant village. It was incorpo- rated in 1816. Population, 1837, 477. Wheat crop, same year, 4,273 bushels. Moiiltoiiborovigli, IV. 15., Strafford co., is situated on the N. W. shore of Winnepisiogee lake. This interesting town lies 45 miles N. from Concord, and 20 E. from Ply- mouth. This town is broken by mountains and ponds. Red Hill, ly- ing wholly within this town, com- mands notice from the east, south, and west; and extends about 3 miles from E. to W., between Red Hill river on the N., Great Squam on the W., Great Squam and Long pond on tlie S., terminating S. E. by a neck of tine land extending into the Winnepisiogee. Its sum- mit is covered with the uvcb vrsi and low blueberry bush, wliich in autumn give the hill a reddish hue, from which circumstance its name was probably derived. A number of oval blulTs rise on its summit, from each of which the prospect on either hand is extensive and de- lightful. The north bluff is sup- posed to consist of a body of iron ore. Bog ore is found in a brook descending from this bluff. Ossi- pee mountain extends its base into this town, and is a commanding elevation. On the south part of this mountain, in Moultonborough, is a mineral chalybeate spring, the waters strongly impregnated with iron and sulphur, and efficacious in cutaneous eruptions. About a mile north is a spring of pure cold water, 16 feet in diameter, through the centre of which the water, con- taining a small portion of fine white sand, is constantly thrown up to the height of two feet — the spring fur- nishing water sufficient for mills. On the stream nearly a mile below, is a beautiful waterfall of 70 feet perpendicular. Descending on the left of this fall, a cave is found, con- 2:3 taining charcoal and other eviden- ces of its having been a hiding place for the Indians. Red Hill river originates in Sandwich, and passes through this town into the Winnepisiogee. Long pond is a beautiful sheet of water, and con- nects with the lake by a channel sixty rods in length. Squam and Winnepisiogee lakes lie partly in Moultonborough. The soil of this town is fruitful, though in some parts rocky. Moultonborough was granted in 1763, to Col. Jonathan Moulton and others. Settlements commenced in 1764. Many Indian implements and rel- ics have been found indicating this to have been once their favorite residence. In 1S20, on a small isl- and in the Winnepisiogee, was found a curious gun barrel, much worn by age and rust, divested of its stock, enclosed in the body of a pilch pine tree 16 inches in diameter. Its butt rested on a flat I'ock, its muzzle el- evated about 30°. In 1819, a small dirk, 1 1-2 feet in length fi-om the point to the end of the hilt, round i)lade, was found in a new field, one foot under ground, bearing strong marks of antiquity. On the line of Tuftonborough, on the shore of the lake, at the moutii of Melvin river, a gigantic skeleton was ibun'd about SO years since, bu- ried in a sandy soil, apparently that of a man more than seven feet high — the jaw bones easily passing over the face of a large man. A tumu- lus has been discovered on a piece of newly cleared land, of the length and appearance of a human grave, and handsomely rounded with small stones, not found in this part of the country ; which stones are too closely placed to be separated by striking an ordinary blow with a crow-bar, and bear marks of being a composition. The Ossipee tribe of Indians once resided in this vi- cinity, and some years since a tree was standing in Moultonborough, on which was carved in hieroglypii- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Ics the history of tlicir expeditions. Population, 1830, 1,422. niount Desert, Me. Hancock co. This town com- prised the whole island of the same name, lyinsj between Frenchman's bay and the waters of Blue Hill bay, and Union river, until 179."), when the north part was set oft" and called Eden. It lies 110 miles E. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1789. Population, 18.37, 1,783. This town has an extensive coast, and a number of excellent harbors. The people of Mount Desert own considerable navif;;ation employed in the coasting trade ; and the shore lishery, is a lucrative branch of business. The soil of the town is good, and abundantly able to supply the inhabitants with bi-ead stuff's. In 1837, the ocean towns of Mount Desert and Eden, produced (571 bushels of good wheat. We men- tion this fact, to show that there must be something, other than sea air, which causes that valuable grain to blight on the coast of Mas- sachusetts. Itlount Holly, Vt. Rutland co. A pleasant town lying 60 miles S. from Montpelier, and 17 S. E. from Rutland. Fir^t settled, 1781. Population, 1830, 1,318. The surface of the town is elevated, and in some parts moun- tainous, but the soil is well adapted for grazing, and produces consider- able quantities of wool, beef, but- ter, and cheese. Mounts llolyoke &> Tom, Mass. See JVorlhampton. Mount Hope, And Mount Hope Bay. See Bristol, R. I. Mount Tabor, Vt. Rutland co. Otter Creek rises in this town, by a branch on each side of a mountain. Most of the land is unfit for cultivation, it being Bit high on the (ircen mountain range. It lies i36 miles S. by \V. from Mont- pelier, and 19 S. by E. from Rut- land. Population, 1830, 210. Mount Vernon, Me. Kennebec co. This town lies W. of Belgrade, E. of Vienna, and 15 miles N. W. from Augusta. In- corporated, 1792. Population, 1837, 1,503. There arc three pleasant villages in the town : the soil is re- markably good, and is watered by a number of beautiful ponds and small streams. Wheat crop, 1837, 5,s:88 bushels. Mount Veruen, N. H., Hillsborough co., is 3 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 28 S. W. from Concord. There is but one stream of any note, and this was called by the Indians Quohquina- passakessananagnog. The situa- tion is elevated, and towards the E. and S E. there is a considerable prospect. There is a flourishing village situated near the highest point of elevation. This town was originally a part of Amherst, from which it was detached in 1803. Dr. Daniel Adams, who com- menced and coiidueted the Medical and Agricultur.il Hegistcr, and is author of a popular system of arith- metic, school geography, and a number of useful school hooks, has his residence in this place. Popu- lation, 1830, 763. Mount IVaslUngton, Mass. Berkshire co. This town lies in the .S. W. corner of the state, bor- dering on Ct. and N. Y. It is 135 miles W. by S. from Boston, 22 S. S. W. from Lenox, and 26 S. E. from Hudson, N. Y. Incorporated, 1779. Population, 1837, 337. These people seem to enjoy a more elevated situation than any of their neighbors: one of their hills is 3,150 feet above the sea. They keep 600 sheep, and manufacture NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. about 100,000 bushels of charcoal, annually. A mountain stream af- fords them a water power for an axe factory and forge. These people, likewise, appear to be more inde- pendent of the common wants of mankind than other folks ; for they have no minister, physician, law- yer, post office, or tavern, yet they are remarkably healthy ; and as far as we can judge, intelligent and kind. jlluscongixs Ri-ver and Bay, Me. Lincoln co. Muscongus river, rises in large ponds in tlie interior of the county, and on the border of Waldo county : it passes through Waldoborough, and separating Bre- men and Friendship, it forms the head waters of Muscongus bay. — This bay has a number of islands and lies between St. George's isl- ands off the town of St. George, on the E., and Pemmaquid point, in Bremen, on the W. Nabant, Alass. This celebrated watering place, is a part of the beautiful town of Lynn. It is a peninsula, jutting out about 5 miles into Massachu- setts bay, and forms Lynn bay on the south. From Boston to Nahant hotel, on the eastern point of the peninsula, by land, is 14 miles ; from the centre of Lynn, 5; and from Salem 9 miles. On the N. E. side of this peninsula is a beach of great length and smoothness. It is so hard that a horse's foot-steps are scarcely visible ; and, from half-tide to low water, it affords a ride of su- ' perior excellence. Much may be said in praise of Nahant without exaggeration. Its formation, situa- tion, and rugged shore, excites the curiosity of all, and many thou- sands annually visit it for health, or pleasure. It is only 10 miles N. E. from Boston, by the steam-boats, continu- ally plying in summer months : at this place are good tishing and fowl- ing, excellent accommodations; the ocean scenery is exceedingly beau- . tiful in fair weather, and truly sub- lime in a storm. Naiitasket, Mass. See Hull. Nantucket Co. Mass. and Town. An island in the Atlantic ocean — town and county. It lies E. of Dukes county, and about -30 miles S. of Cape Cod, or Barnstable coun- ty. This island is about 15 miles in length, from east to west, and about 4 miles average breadth. It con- tains 50 square miles. The town, formerly called Shelburne, is in about the centre of the island, on the north side, in lat. 41° 16' 42", W. Ion., 70° 7' 42". It is 100 miles S. E. by S. from Boston, 55 S. E. from New Bedford, 30 S. E. from Falmouth, and 500 from Washing ton. Population, 1S37, 9,048. Nantucket has a good harbor, with 7 1-2 feet of water, at low tide, on the bar at its mouth. This island was formerly well wooded, but for many years it has not had a single tree of natural growth. The soil is light and sandy; it however affords pasturage for about 7,000 sheep, 500 cows, and other cattle. In 1659, when this county was incorporated, the island contained 3,000 Indians, but now, not one. The whale fishery commenced here in 1690 ; and this place is, perhaps, more celebrated than any other, for the enterprize and success of its people, in that spe- cies of nautical adventure. Indeed Nantucket is the mother of that great branch of wealth in America, if not in the world. In the year ending April 1, 1837, Nantucket employed 74 vessels in that fishery, the tonnage of which was 25,875 tons 1,277,009 gallons of sperm and whale oil was imported, the value of which was $1,114,012. The number of hands employed, was 1,897. The capital invested^ NEW KNGLAND GAZETTEER. was $2,520,000 ; tliis inchulcs tlio ships and ouUits only ; yet many of the manufactories of the place, are appendages of the whale fishery ; altogether, employing a capitiil of overlive millionsof dollars. There are manufactures on the island, of vessels, whale hoats, bar iron, tin ware, boots, shoes, oil casks, and candle boxes. The whole amount of the manufactures, for that year, including oil and candles, was $2,- 521,907. Total tonnage of the dis- trict of Nantucket, in 1S37, 29,960 tons. Great attention is paid to educa- tion on this island. The men are noted for their sedateness and daring spirit, and the women for their in- telligence and beauty. jYantucket Shoals is a danger- ous place, where many a sailor has found a watery grave. They lie S. E. from the island, and cover an area of about .50 by 45 miles.- Naples, Me. Cumberland co. This town Avas formed from Otisiield and Raymond, and incorporated in 1^).34. It is wa- tered by Sebago and Songo ponds, and Crooked and Muddy rivers. It lias good mill privileges, and a pro- ductive soil. Population, 1837,722. Naples lies 63 miles W. S. W. from Augusta, and 27 N. Js'. W. from Portland. 'Narragansct Bay, R. !• This delightful bay lies wholly within the limits of Rhode Island: its entrance extends from Point Ju- dith on the west, to Seaconnet Rocks on the east, and terminates at Uullo'^k's point, about 6 miles below the city of Providence. The length of this bay is about 28 miles : its breadth varies from 3 to 12 miles. It receives the waters of the Taun- ton, Providence, Pawtuxet, and other rivers, and on its borders are Newport, Bi-istol, Warren, and oth- er large and nourishing towns. It is decked with many islands of great fertility and beauty ; the principal of which are Coniianicnt, Prudence, Patience, Block and Hope. This bay is near the ocean ; is accessible at all seasons ; is well protected by powerful forts, and affords some of the best harbors in the world. The board of naval commissioners have recently reported to Congress that the waters of Narraganset Bay af- ford greater advantages for a nav»l depot, than any other unoccupied position on the coast of the United States. Karragua^is River & Bay, 9Ie. Washington co. The river rises in several ponds in Beddinglon, and passing in a southeastern direction, falls into a bay of the same name, between Harrington and Steuben. The bay contains a number of isl- ands, between which is a good pas- sage into Pleasant bay, on the east side. IVasba'wu Island, Mass., And Nashawenxa. See £/iz- abeth Islands. Nashua River, A beautiful stream on the S. part of Hillsborough co. N.II. has its source in Worcester county, Massachu- setts.- It is formed of two branches called the north and south branches. The nortli branch is formed of two streams, one from Ashburnham, the other from Wachuset ponds. The soutli branch is composed of Still river, issuing from the E. side of Wachuset mountain, and a small stream from Quinepoxet pond in Ilolden. These branches are uni- ted in Lancaster, from wliich the main river proceeds in a N. E. course to Harvard, Shirley, Groton, and Pepperell in Massachusetts; and from thence into New Hamp- shire through Hollis, and nearly the centre of the town of Nashua, where it falls into the Merrimack river. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Nashua, X. H. Hillsborough co. This town originally embraced a large extent of territory, and was called Dun- stable until 1S36. It lies 34 miles S. by E. from Concord, 12 S. E. from Amherst, and 12 N. W. from Lowell. The population of Dunsta- ble, in 1830, was 2,414. Population of Nashua, in 1836, 5,065; 1837, 5,613; 1838, 5,691. In the N. E. part of the town, on Nashua river, is the tlouiishing Village of JVashua, the centre of a considerable trade, and the seat of important manufactures. This village contains 8 beautiful church- es, a large number of elegant dwell- ing-houses, 50 stores, and 10 tav- erns. The JK'ashua Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1823. It has three cotton mills, 155 feet in length, 45 in breadth and six stories in height. They contain 22,000spin- dles, 710 looms, and manufacture 9,390,000 yards of cloth per annum. Their canal is 3 miles long, 60 feet wide, and 8 feet deep. Head and fall, 33 feet. Capital, |750,000. The Jackson Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1824. Capital, !ft600,000. They have two cotton mill.s, 155 feet long, 47 wide, and 4 stories high. These mills contain 11,500 spindles, and 388 looms. They manufacture 5,634,- 000, yards of cloth annually. Their canal is half a mile in length, and serves for transportation on the river. Head and fall, 20 feet. The volume of water afforded by the Nashua river, at the dryest sea- son of the year, is ISO cubic feet per second. The number of operatives in all the mills at Nashua is 1,448: — fe- males, 1,288; males, 160. The number of pounds of cotton used is 14,500 per day, or 4,538,500 lbs. per annum. There are other valuable manu- 23* factures on Nashua river and the waters of Salmon brook. The Nashua and Lowell rail- road was opened for travel on the 8th of October, 1838. The soil of Nashua has consider- able variety. It is easy of culti- vation, and is generallj' productive. The east part of the town, lying on the river, presents a very level sur- face. The west parts are divided into hills and valleys, but the whole township may be considered far from being hilly or mountainous. It is watered by the Nashua river, a fertilizing stream, which rises in the state of Massachusetts, and Salmon brook, a small stream which originates from several ponds in Groton. Both of these empty into Merrimack river, the former at Nashua village, the latter about one and a half mile below. This was for a long time a fron- tier town, and the first settlers weje many times annoyed by the Indians, in the successive wars in which this country was engaged with them. In the war with the famous Narraganset sachem, this town was much exposed, and some of the inhabitants fled to the older set- tlements. In LovewelFs war, the company in this town under the brave Capt. John Lovewell, acquir- ed an imperishable name. Their successes at first, and misfortunes afterwards, have been often repeat- ed and are generally known. Dunstable belonged to Massa- chusetts till the divisional line be- tween the two provinces of Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire was settled, in 1741. It was incorpora- ted by New Hampshire, April 1, 1746, and the name was altered to Nashua in December, 1S36. Natchaug River, Ct. This is the largest branch of the Sbetucket. It rises in Union and Woodstock, and joins the Sbetucket near the line of Chaplin and Mans- field. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Natlck, Mass. Middlesex co. \ntick is a pleas- ant town, of good soil : it is watered by Charles river, arid contains sev- eral deliglitful ponds, well stored with fish. This was a favorite re- sort of the Indians. There are some moderate elevations in the town: the Indians used to call it " tlie place of hills." Under tlie advice and direction of the apostk- Elliot, the first In- dian church in New Entjland was formed here in KitiO, and comprised 40 communicants. The manufactures of the town consist principally of shoes. Dur- inp: the year ending April 1, ISo?, ^ 250, ()oO pairs were made, valued at $213,05;] : employing 452 hands. This town was incorporated in 17S1. Population, 1830.890; 1537,1,221. It lies It) miles W. S. W. from Bos- ton, and 12 S. from Concoi-d. 9tuugat»cU River, Ct« This important mill stream is about 50 miles in length. It rises in the north part of Litchfield coun- ty, and after traversing a S. course nearly the whole length of that count}', it crosses the west jnrt of New Haven county, and falls into the Housatonick at Derby. Neal'8 BrooU and Pond, Vt. Xcal's brook, or lii-aneh, lises in Lunenburgh and the border of Ciiiildhall, and running south falls into a pond of the same name. It continues its course south and meets the Connecticut. This is a short 8tream, but valuable on account of its water pov.er. A'eal's pond, a mile in length, and a half mile in width, is a hatidsome sheet of water, and con- tains a variety of fish. Needliani, 3Iass. Norfolk CO. This town is nearly •urroundcd by the watei-s of Charles river. It contains numerous valua- ble mill seats. There are in the town (j paper mills, a cotton facto- ry, and manufactures of shoes, hats, and window blind hinges : — annual value, about ,«)150, 000. In- corj)orated, 1711. Population, 1837, 1,492. Needham lies 4 miles N. W. from Dcdham, and 12 W. S. W. from Boston, by the Boston and Wor- cester rail-road. Neddock, Cape, Me. A rocky, barren bluflT, inhabited by a few fishermen, about 3 miles N. from York harbor. IVelsou, X. II., Cheshire co., is situated on the. height of land between Connecti cut and ^lerrimack rivers. The surface is hilly, but good for graz- ing. In the S. part, a branch of the Ashuelot river lises ; and from Long pond in this town, and Han- cock, issues a branch of Conloocook river. The best mill privileges are furnished by streams issuing from ponds in this town, of which there are four, containing a surface of 1,S00 acres. There is a cotton and other manufactories. The inhabit- ants arc principally farmers o( in- dustrious habits. It was chartered Feb. 22, 1774, by the name of Packo-ffield. In June, 1814, the name was altered to Nelson. The first settlements commenced inl767. Nelson lies 40 miles S. W. from Concord, and 8 N. E. from Keene. Population, 1830, 875. IVeponset River, IfJ[a88. Norfolk CO. The sources ot tliis river arc in Canton, Stoughtou, and Sharon. It receives a tributary from Charles river, Mother brook, so called, and meets the tide of Bos- ton harbor at Milton Mills, 4 miles fiom Dorchester bay. 'I'his is a noble mill stream : on its navigable waters is the depository of the Quin- cy granite rail-road company, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEK. at its mouth is Commercial Point, in Dorchester, a beautiful place, with an excellent harbor. Jfewaggen, Cape, Me. This cape is a part of the town of Boothbay. It extends about 5 miles into the sea, and forms the eastern boundary of Sheepscot's bay. Newark, Vt. Caledonia co. The Passumpsic river is formed in this town by a collection of streams issuing prin- cipally from ponds. The town is not mountainous, but the soil is cold and generally unproductive. It lies 44 miles N. E. from Montpe- lier,and 19 N. W. from Guildhall. First settled, 1800. Population, in 1830, 257. New Aslvford, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a moun- tainous township, but the soil is good for grazing. In 1S37, the val- ue of 2,708 fleeces of wool, pro- duced in this town, weighing 7,785 pounds, was worth ,$3,893. New Ashford produces fine white and variegated marble, and is the source of Green i-iver. It lies 130 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 18 N. from Lenox. Incorporated, 1801. Population, 1837,253. 'Hew Bedford, Mass. This is ahalf shire town of Bristol county, and port of entry, pleas- antly situated on the W. side of the Acushnct, a river, or more proper- ly an estuary, connected with Buz- zard's bay. The ground on which the town stands rises rapidly from the river, and affords an interesting view from the opposite side. The upper part of the town is laid out Lnto beautiful streets, which contain many costly and superb dwellings. This harbor, though not easy of access, is capacious and well secur- ed from winds. A wooden bridge, near the centre of the town, con- nects it with the village of Fair- haven. A ferry has also been es- tablished, on wliich it is proposed to run a steam boat. New Bedford was incorporated in 1787, previous to which it con- stituted a part of the town of Dart- mouth. In 1812, the eastern part was set off as a separate township by the name of Fairhaven. The almost exclusive business of the place is the whale fishery, which commenced before the war of the revolution, and has gradual- ly grown to its present importance. The inci-ease, however, within the last 12 years has been more rapid than during any former period. — The number of ships and brigs now employed is 169. Tonnage of the district, in 1837, 85,130 tons. There are 16 oil manufactories, at which a large amount of oil and can- dles is made. A considerable quan- tity of the oil imported is, however, sold in the crude state to other pla- ces. The manufactures of the town consist of leather, boots, shoes, hats, iron castings, axes, chairs, tin and cabinet wares, vessels, salt, cord- ago, soap, Prussian blue, paper hangings, cai-riag^s, looking-glass frames, and carpenter's tools: the total value, for the year ending April 1, 1837, including oil and can- dles, amounted to ,$690,800. There were imported, during that year, 2,472,735 gallons of oil, and 305,170 pounds of whale bone, the value of which was $1,750,832. The capital invested in the whale fish- ery was $4,210,000. The num- ber of hands employed was 4,000. Few places in Massachusetts have increased in population more lapidly than this. By the census of 1790, the population of the village was about 700. In 1830, the township contained 7,592 ; in 1833, 9,200, and in 1837, 14,304. Within a few years,the inhabitants of this town have manifested a com- mendable liberality in providing the SE\r ENGLAND GAZETTEER. means of education. There is a flourishing academy in the town, and large sums are annually appropria- ted for the maintenance of public and jirivate schools. A rail-road will soon be construct- ed from this place, to meet the Bos- ton and Providence, at Scckonk, by the way of Fall Kiver; or to meet the Taunton rail-road at Taun- ton. By either of those routes, a trip to Boston or New York, would be very pleasant. A large and wealthy town, highly flourishing in its commerce and manulnctures like this, with the neighboi-ing isl- ands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, seem to require it. New Bedford lies 'y2 miles S. from Boston, 52 N. W. from Nan- tucket, 14 K. by S. from Fall River, 20 S. S. E. from Taunton, and 214 N. E. by E. from New York. KeM' Boston, N. II., Hillsborough co., is 9 miles N. N. W. from Amherst, and 22 S. by W. from Concord. It is water- ed by several streams, the largest of which is the S. branch of Piscat- aquog river, having its source in Pleasant pond, in Franccstown. — This town consists of fertile liills, pi-oductive vales, and some valuable meadows. The soil is favorable for all the various productions common to this section of the state, and there are many excellent farms, under good cultivation. In the S. part ot New Boston, there is a considerable elevation, called Jo English hill, on one side of which it is nearly per- pendicular. Its height is 572 feet. Beard's pond, and ,lo Eii, 1768 ; died May 28, 1803, aged 67. Population, 1830, 1,630. New Braiiitree, Mass. Worcester co. Ware river and other streams water this town, and afford it good mill privileges. The soil of the town is good, particular- ly for grazing : it has become cele- brated for its good farmers, and for its excellent beef cattle, butter and cheese. There is a cotton mill in the town, and manufactures of leather, palm-leaf hats, &,c. It lies 60 miles W. from Boston, and 18 W. N. W. from Worcester. Incorpo- rated, 1751. Population, 1837, 780. Ncwburgli, Me. Penobscot co. This is a good township of land, 54 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 14 S. W. from Bangor. Incorporated, 1819. Pop- ulation, 1830, 626 ; 1837,867. Wa- tered by a branch of the Sowadabs- cook. Wheat crop, 1837, 5,041 bushels. Newlmry, N. H. Meirimack co. This town was originally called Daiitzick ; it was incorporated by the name of Fish- erslield, in 1778, and took its pres- ent name, in 1S37. It lies 40 miles N. W. by W. from Amherst, and 30 W. by N. from Concord. The S. part of Sunapee lake lies in the N'. W. part. Todd pond, 500 rods in length, anil 60 in width, affords a small branch to Warner river. — From Chalk pond i-ssucs a small stream communicating with Suna- pee lake. The land is generally mountainous, and the soil hard and rocky. The iirst settlement in this town was made in the year 1762, by Zephaniah Clark, Esq. Popula- tion, 1830, 798. BTeivbui-y, Vt. Orange co. This is a beautiful town on the W. side of Connecti- cut river, and supplied with mill privileges by Wells river, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Hariman's and Hill's brooks. These brooks have their sources in ponds of considerable size. Newbury comprises the tract commonly call- ed the Great Oxbow, on a bend in Connecticut river. This tract is of great extent, and celebrated for its luxuriance and beauty. The agri- cultural productions of the town are very valuable, consisting of beef cattle, wool, and all the varieties of the dairy. The town contains a number of mineral springs, of some celebrity in scrofulous and cutane- ous complaints. The villages of JVewbury and Wells River are very pleasant : they command a flourishing trade, and contain manufacturing estab- lishments of various kinds. Some of the buildings are very handsome. The scenery of the windings of the river through this fine tract of al- luvial meadow, contrasted with the abrupt acclivities in the north part of the town, is very striking and beautiful. The town is connected with Ha- verhill, N. H., by two bridges. It lies 27 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 20 N. E. from Chelsea. Popu- lation, 1830, 2,252. First settled, 1764. The first settlers endured many hardships. For some years they had to go to Charlestown to mill, 60 miles distant, carrying their grain in canoes down the river, or drawing it on the ice. General Bailey, a patriot of the revolution, distinguished himself in the settlement of the town. The state legislature held their sessions in Newbury, in the years 1787, and 1801. HTewbury, Mass. Essex CO. This ancient and re- spectable town, lies on Merrimack river, opposite to Salisbury. It for- merly comprised the territory of Newburyport and West Newbury. The soil is of an excellent quality, and in a high state of cultivation. Parker and Artichoke rivers are pleasant streams ; the former falls nearly 50 feet in the town, and af- fords it good mill seats. A part of Plum island, is attached to this town. This island, about nine miles in length and one in breadth, extend- ing from Ipswich river to the mouth of the Merrimack, is comprised of sandy beach and salt meadow ; and is noted for the beach plum, which ripens in September. A curious cavern, called the " Devil's Den," contains specimens of asbestos, limestone, marble, ser- pentine and amianthos. The scene- ry on the high grounds is rich, va- riegated and beautiful. Dummer academy, founded in 1756, is a flourishing institution: it is situated in the parish of " By- field." The manufactures of Newbury consist of cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, carriages, cordage, fishing nets, bed cords and cotton lines : annual value about $75,000. A large number of vessels are built in the town, and some navigation is owned and employed in the coast- ing trade and fishery. This town is celebrated as the birth place of many distinguished men. Theophilus Parsons, LL. D., an eminent jurist, was born in Newbury, February 24, 1750. He died in Boston, October 6, 1813. Newbury was first settled, in 1635. Its Indian name was Quaf- cacunquen. It lies 31 miles N. by E. from Boston, 17 N. from Salem, and 3 S. from Newburyport. Pop ulation, 1837, 3,771. . We-%vl>iiryport, Mass. One of the shire towns of Essex county. Thisis considered one of the most beautiful towns in New Eng- land. It lies on a gentle acclivity, on the south bank of the Merri- mack, at the union of that river with the ocean. In point of terri- tory, it is the smallest town in the commonwealth, being only one mile square. It was taken from New- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bury in 1764. Population, in 18.37, 6,741. This place has heen and now is consideraljly noted for its commerce and ship huildintj. Some of the old continental frigates were built here; and in 1790, the ton- nage of the port was 11,870 tons. Ot late years the foreiein commerce of the place has diininishcd, in con- sequence of a sand i)ar at the nioutli of the harbor. This place has con- siderable inland and foreign com- merce. It has four whale ships, and a large amount of tonnage en- gaged in the freighting business and the cod and mackerel fisheries. Tonnage of the district, in 1837, 22,078^ons. The manufactures of Newbury- port consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, hats, bar iron, iron castings, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, combs, spirits, vessels, snuff, segars, or- gans, soap and candles : annual amount about $i:}.>0,000. The pro- duct of the whale lisliery, the year ending April 1, 1837, was $142,082. During the same period, this town and Newbury had 128 vessels em- ployed in the cod and mackerel fishery, employing 1,000 hands: product that year, $177,700. Newburyport lies 34 miles N. by E. from Boston, 20 N. from Salem, 24 S. by W. from Portsmouth, N. H., and 2 miles S. E. from Essex bridge. Lat. 42° 47' N. ; Ion. 70° 47' W. From the mouth of this harbor, Plum Island, extends to the mouth of Ipswich river. The Hon. William ISartlett and MosKs Hrowjv, Esq., distin- guished for tlicir enterprise and in- tegrity as merchants, were natives of this town. The celebrated GEonoE White- riELi), one of the founders of the sect of the Methodists, and one of its most eloquent preachers, died in this town, Sept. 21, 1770. A handsome monument has been erected to his memory, by the Hon. William Bartlett, the lol- lowing is a part of the inscription: This Cenotaph Is erected, with atfcctioDate veneration, to The mcinorv of the Rev. CEORGi: WHITEFIELD: Born at Gloucester, England, December l(i, 1714. Educated at Oxford University j Ordained 1736. In a ministry of thirty-four years, He crossed the Atlantic thirteen times, And preaclied more Than eighteen thousand sermons. .\s a Soldier of the Cross, humble, devout, ardent, He put on the Whole armor of God ; Preferring The honour of Christ To his own interest, repose, Reputation, and life. Kew Canaau, Ct. Fairfield CO. This town was tak- en from Norwalk and Stamford in 1801. It lies 5 miles N. W. from Norwalk, 37 W. S. W. from New Haven, and 50 N. E. fiom New York. Population, 1830, 1,826. — The surface of the town is rough and mountainous ; the soil is a hard, gravelly loam, but generally pro- ductive. The manufacture of shoes is carried on to a considerable ex- tent ; the annual value is about $400,000. An academy was established liere in 1S15, and has acquired a high reputation. It stands on an eleva- ted and commanding situation, hav- ing a fine prospect of Long Island Sound and the intervening country. Pestles and other Indian implements have been found at the north part of the town, which probably was the resort of tlie natives. Excavations in solid rock, one large enough to contain eight gallons, are found : these were doubtless Indian mor- tars. Jlew Castlr, Jtle. Lincolnco. New Castle lieson the W'. side of Damariscotta river, about 15 miles from its mouth. It is 36 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 8 N. E. from Wiscasset. Incorpo- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rated, 1753. Population, in 1S37, 1,545. This is a pleasant town, and flourishing in its trade and naviga- tion. KeTV Castle, N. H., Rockingham co., is a rough and rocky island, situated in Portsmouth harbor, and formerly called Great Island. A handsome bridge, built in 1821, connects this town with Portsmouth. Here is an ancient church. Rev. Samuel Moody preached here previous to the com- mencement of the 18th century. New Castle was incorporated in 1693, and contains 458 acres. This island was the seat of business, when ancient Strawberry Bank was the mere germ of the town of Portsmouth. Fishing is here pur- sued with success; and the soil amons: the rocks, being of good quality, is made to produce abund- antly. Fort Constitution and the light-house stand on this island. — Population, 1830, 850. Ne^v Fairiieldl, Ct. Fairfield CO. This is a small town- ship, rough and hilly, with a hard and gravelly soil. It lies 64 miles S. W. from Hartford, and 7 N. from Danbury. Incorporated, in 1740. Population, 1830, 940. New Durham, W. H. Strafford co. The surface of this town is very uneven, a portion so rocky as to be unfit for cultivation. The soil is generally moist, and well adapted to grazing. There are 5 ponds in New Durham, the largest of which is Merrymeeting pond, about 10 miles in circumfer- ence, from which a copious and perpetual stream runs into Merry- meeting bay, in Alton. Ela's river flows from Coldrain pond into Farm- ingion, on which is a fine waterfall. The Cocheco also has its source here. Mount Betty, Cropple-crown and Straw's mountains are the prin- cipal eminences. On the N. E. side of the latter is a remarkable cave, the entrance of which is about 3 feet wide and 10 feet high. The outer room is 20 feet square ; the inner apartments become smaller, until at the distance of 50 feet they are too small to be investigated. — The sides, both of the galleries and the rooms are solid granite. They bear marks of having been once united, and were probably separat- ed by some great convulsion of nature. There is a fountain, over which a part of Ela's river passes, which is regarded as a curiosity. By sinking a small mouthed vessel into this fountain, water may be procured extremely cold and pure. Its depth has not been ascertained. Near the centre of the town is Rattlesnake hill, the S. side of which is almost 100 feet high, and nearly perpen- dicular. Several other hills in this town contain precipices and cavi- ties, some of considerable extent. New Durham was granted in 1749. It was incorporated Dec. 7, 1762. Elder Benjamin Randall, the founder of the sect of Freewill Baptists, commenced his labors here in 1780, and organized a church. He died in 1808, aged 60. New Durham lies 30 miles N. E. from Concord, and 32 N. W. by N. from Dover. Population, in 1830, 1,162. Ke\'»-fane, Vt. Windham co. County town. — Newfane lies about 100 miles S. from Montpelier, and 12 N. W. from Brattleborough. First settled, 1766. The town is watered by a branch of West river, and several other streams. The surface of the town is diversified by hills and val- leys ; the soil is good, and produces white oak and walnut in abundance. There is but little waste land in the town : the uplands are inferior to none for grazing, and the intervales afford excellent tillage. Newfane exhibits a great variety of minerals. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. amons; which arc some of v.iliie. I'erhaps no town in the state pre- sents a more inviting ticld (or tlie mineralogist than this. There are two pleasant villages in the town. The centre village contains the connty Imililings: it is on elevated land, and commands a very extensive and delighlCil j)ros- pect. Population, 1S30, 1,441. Netvfound Poud and Rlver,IV.H. See £iistul. XeAvficId, Me. York CO. Tliis town is watered by Little Ossipee river, and lies 99 miles S. W. hy W. from Augusta, and 15 N. \V. from Alfred, "it is a good farming town and produces considerable wheat and wool. It was incorporated in 1794. Popula- tion, 1S37, 1,322 Ne^v Gloucester, Me. Cumberland co. This is a pleasant and flourishing farming town, 23 miles N. from Portland, and 3S S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1774. Population, 1S37, 1,S61. It is well watered hy Koyal's river, on which are mills of various kinds. The soil of the town is very fertile, containing large tracts of intervale. The first settlers were compelled to huild a block liousc for their pro- tection against the Indians. In tliis building the people attended pub- lic worship for a number of years. This town has an abundant water power, a school funn in it crossed the river to Fort Giiswold, on Gioton Hill, w^hich was soon after invested by the division that landed at the point. The foit having in it only about 120 men, cbielly militia hast- ily collected, they defended it with the greatest resolution and bravery, and once repulsed the enemy : but tlie fort being out of repair, could not be defended by such a handful of men, though brave and deter- mined, against so superior a num- ber; and after having a number of their party killed and wounded, they found that further resistance would be in vain, and resigned the fort." See Grolon, Ct. The following is the inscription on Bishop Seabury's monument : Here lyeth the body of Samlf.l Seaiuhv, I). D. Bishop of Connecti- cut and Rliode Island, who departed tVoni this transitory scene, February 'lbl\\, Anno Domini, 17'J(5, in tlve 68th year of his ago, and the 12th of his l'2piscopal consecration. Inyienious without pride, learned without pedantry, good without sever- ity, he was duly qualified to discharge the duties of the Christian and the Bishop. In the pulpit he enforced Re- ligion; in his conduct he exemplified it. The poor he assisted with his chai'- ity ; tlie ii^norant he blessed with his instruction. 'l"he friend of men, he ever designed their good ; tiie enemy of vice, lie ever opposed it. Ciiris- tian ! dost thou aspire to happiness ? Seabury has shown the way that leads to it. "An epitaph on Caplaine Richard Lord, deceased May 17, 1G(J2.— jEtatis sva> 51. .... Briglit starre of ovr chivallric lies here To the state a covnsillovr fvll deare And to ye trvth a friend of sweete content To Hartford towne a silver ornament Wlio can deny to poore lie was relcife .\nd in composing paroxyics he was clieife To marchantes as a pattcrne he might stand .•\dventring dangers new by sea and land." Kew Market, N. H. Rockingham CO. It lies 36 miles S. v.. from Concord, and 12 W. by S. fiom Portsmouth. Population, 1830, 2,013. Piscassick river passes through this town into Durham. The Lam- prey river washes its N. K. bound- ary, as docs the Swamscot tlie S. E. The soil is good, and agricul- tural ])ursuits arc here crowned with much success. There are NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. several pleasant and thriving villa- ges, in which are large and valua- ble manufactures. New Market was originally a part of Exeter, and was detached and incorporated, 1727. Mrs. Fanny Shute, who died in this town September, 1S19, was re- spected not only for her excellent qualities, but the adventures of her youth. When 13 months old, she was taken by a party of Indians, carried to Canada, and disposed of to the French — educated in a nun- nery, and after remaining 13 years in captivity, was redeemed and re- stored to her friends. Daniel Brackett recently died in this town. He weighed 560 lbs. Kew MarmJorongU, Ma.gs. Berkshire co. There is a large pond in this town, and a branch of Housatonick river. The surface is uneven, and the soil best adapted for grazing. It was incorporated in 1759, and lies 135 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 20 S. by E. from Lenox. Population, in 1837, 1,570. There are two caverns in this town, containing stalactites. The manufactures consist of leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet ware, and a variety of sawed lumber. — The products of the dairy are con- siderable, and about 1,600 sheep are pastured. New Milford, Ct. Litchfield co. This township is hilly and broken, several mountain- ous ridges extending through it. The soil is much diversified, and where susceptible of cultivation, it is generally good ; but on the whole more dislinguished for grain than grass. There are, however, large quantities of excellent meadow ground, but the pasturage is, on the whole, not abundant. It is essen- tially a farming town. For some time after the white people come here, an Indian chief, or sachem, 25 named JVerauhamaug, had a pal- ace standing near the Great falls, where he resided. On the inner walls of this palace, (which were of bark with the smooth side in- wards,) were pictured every known species of beast, bird, fish and in- sect, from the largest to the small- est. This was said to have been done by artists whom a friendly prince at a great distance sent to him for that purpose, as Hiram did to Solomon. The town of New Milfoi'd was purchased of the Col- ony of Connecticut by a company of individuals chiefly belonging to Mil- ford, and was first settled in 1707. The first bridge that was ever built over the Housatonick river, from the sea to its source was built in this town in 1737. The village of New Milford is very handsome ; the streets are wide and well shaded. It lies 36 miles N. W. fiom New Haven, and IS S. W. from Litch- field. Population, 1830,3,979. The territory of this town is larger than any other in the state : it is 13 by 6 1-2 miles. The town is well water- ed, and has some manufactures. There are large quantities of gran- ite ard marble, and the town pro- duces large quantities of grain and wool for market. WeAvport, Me, Penobscot co. This is a fine farm- ing town, and watered by a large and beautiful pond which empties into Sebasticook river. It lies 56 miles N. E. from Augusta and 24 W. from Bangor. Population, 18.37, 1,088. Wheat ci-op same year, 5,173 bushels. This town contains a pleas- ant village and some mills. Kewport, N. H. Shire town, Sullivan county. Its central situation and its water pow- er, together with the enterprising spirit of its inhabitants, has render- ed Nev^port a place of considerable business. It is 40 miles W.by N.from Concord, about 85 N. from Keene, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and 14 E. S. E. from WinJsor, Vt. Near the centre of the town, and the confluence of the E. and S. branches of Sugar river and the Croydon turnpike, is a handsome village. In general the soil is rich and productive. Sugar river flows through this town, and its three branches unite near the village, whence it passes through Claremont into the Connecticut. On the east- ern Jjranch are situated, principally near the village, large and valuable manufacturing establishments. — There are other mills in different parts of the town. There are a few eminences, designated as Bald, Coitand East mountains, and IMuc- berry hill. Newport was granted by charter in 1761. The first ef- fort towards a settlement was made in (he fall of 17C3. The first set- tlers were principally from Kill- ingworth, Ct. This town is noted for its good schools and its various charitable societies. Population, 1830, 1,913. Ne'wport, Vt. Orleans co. This town is sepa- rated from Derby by Alemphrcma- gog lake, and is watered by a branch of Missisque river. It lies 48 miles N. by E. from Montpelier, and 10 N. from Irasburgh. Population, 1830, 284. Newport County, R. I. JVewpnrt is the chief town. This county comprises seven towns and a number of islands; but the most interesting section of it is the isl- and of Rhode Island, from which the state derives its name. This island is about 15 miles in length, and has a mean breadth of two miles and a half. The surface presents an interesting variety of moderate eminences and declivities, which render the scene- ry very pleasing. Valuable mine- rals are found on the island, and fossil coal, difficult of ignition, is found in large quantities. The soil of the island is very rich, and under the management of skilful farmers is made to produce in great abundance all the varieties of grains, grasses, vegetables, fruits and flow- ers common to its latitude. It is remarkable that not only this island, but the county generally, should be so fertile. The poorest lands in New England are gener- ally on the sea board ; but as it re- gards this county, few sections of the interior present a better soil. From the earliest settlement of the country, this county has been engaged in commerce and the fish- ery. These interests are now in a flourishing condition ; and manu- facturing establishments are in- creasing, by the aid of steam pow- er. In 1837 there were 37,340 sheep in the county. Newport county is bound N. by Mount Hape bay, and Hristol coun- ty, Mass. ; E. by said county of Bristol ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by Narraganset bay. Area, 136 square miles. Population, 1820, 15,771 ; 1830, 16,5.3.5. Population to a square mile, 122. Newport, R. I. Chief town of Newport county, and one of the seats of the state leg- islature. It is in N. latitude 41° 28' 20", and W. longitude 71° 21' 14": 5 miles from the sea, 30 miles S. by E. from Providence, 70 S. S. W. from Boston, and 153 from New York, by water. The township lies in an irregular and somewhat of a semicirciihii- form, about 6 miles in length and 1 in breadili. In com- mon with the whole island of Rhode Island, on which Newport is situa- ted, the soil is remarkably fertile and under good cultivation. The surface is undulating, presenting a great variety of delightful scenery. The waters of Narraganset bay at this place are unrivalled for beauty and convenience. The harbor of Newport is considered one of the best on Mie coast of America : it NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. has sufficient depth of water for the largest class of vessels, is exceed- ingly easy of access from the ocean, and sufficiently capacious to con- tain whole fleets. This harbor is admirably defended by forts Wol- cott, Green and Adams, and will probably soon become a naval de- pot. Newport was first settled by William Codington and his associates in 1638. The growth of the town was so rapid for the first hundred years, that in 1738 there were 7 worshipping assemblies, and 100 sail of vessels belonged to the port. Newport suffered severely dur- ing the revolutionary war, and was for a long time in possession of the enemy. After the war it revived again, but the more favorable loca- tion of Providence for an interior commerce, deprived it of a large portion of its original business. Newport however retains its former character for foreign com- merce and the fishery. A number of vessels are now engaged in the whaling business, and manufactur- ing establishments have recently been put into operation by steam power, which promise success. — Ship and boat building and the man- ufacture of cordage are carried on extensively. The domestic fishe- ry is to Newport an important re- sourse. There is probably no place in the world where a greater varie- ty of fish, or of a better quality, are found. About sixty different kinds, comprising almost every species of fin and shell fish, fit for the ta- ble, are taken in great abundance around the shores of Narraganset. The tonnage of the district of New- port, in 1837, was 11,498 tons. The compact part of the town is built on a beautiful site, facing the harbor in a southeasterly direction. The main street extends more than a mile in length. The buildings on this and other streets and on Washington square are neatly built, and some of them are very hand- some The marks of age which some of these buildings bear, with the excellent state of preservatioa in which they appear, give them a grace not found in many of those of more modern construction. Although this ancient town has passed through many vicissitudes and changes of fortune, still it con- tinues to advance in the number of its people. Population, in 1820, 7,319; 1830, 8,010. Newport is celebrated for its beauty and the salubrity of its cli- mate. From these circumstances, and from the numerous inviting objects which surround it, it has become a favorite resort for visitors from warmer climates ; and in no place can the summer season be more enjoyed than amid the charms of Newport. Oliver Hazzard Perry, the victor on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, was born at Newport, in 1785. — He died in the West Indies, in 1820. A monument is erected to his mem- ory. TSe-w Portland, Me. Franklin co. This town is finely watered by two branches of Seven Mile brook. This is one of the finest farming towns in the coun- ty. It produced, in 1837, 10,451 bushels of wheat. Population, same year, 1,476. This town has a pleasant village, a number of saw mills and other manufactories. It lies 48 miles N. N. W. from Augus- ta, and 18 N. by E. from Farming- ton. Incorporated, 1808. BleAvry, Ble. Oxford CO. A branch of Andros- coggin river waters this town, and affords it good mill privileges. It lies 63 miles W. from Augusta, and 25 N. W. from Paris. Population, 1837, 412. Incorporated, 1805. New Salem, Mass. Franklin co. This town is bound- ed N. by Miller's river, and has a good water power. It lies 74 miles NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. W N. \V. from Boston, and 17 E. S. E. from Greenfirld. This is a pleasant town of elevated surface, and good soil for grazing. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,253. The manufac- tures of tlie town, consist of palm- leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather, straw bonnets, and ploughs. In- corporated, 1753. A'cvr Sliarou, HIc. Franklin, co. This town is water- ed on the northwest side by Sandy river, and is bounded south by Vi- enna. The soil is admirably adapt- ed to agricultural purposes. Popu- lation, 1^3", 1,771. Wheat croj), same year, 8,132 bushels. It lies 26 miles N. W. from Augusta. In- corporated, 179-1. JVeiv Shoreliam, R. I. Newport co. This town com- prises the island of Block Island. The island lies in the open sea, about 14 miles S.S. W. from Judith Point, and 13 N. E. fi-om IMontauk Point, on Long Island, N. Y. It is about 8 miles in length, and varies from 2 to 4 miles in width. It has several ponds, which cover about a seventh part of the island. The surface of the town is uneven; in some parts elevated. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, and quite productive. This island was once famous for its cattlo and good dai- ries. The people are mostly fish- ermen : they have no harbor, and peat is their only fuel. Population, 1830, 1,185. Incorporated, 1672. Its Indian Ufimc was jManisses. Kevrton, Mass. Middlesex co. A very beauti- ful, agricultural and manufacturing town, the J\i''onantu/ii of the In- dians, 7 miles W. by S. from lioston, 12 S. E. from Concord, and 7 N. from Dedham. Charles river wash- es the borders of this town 15 miles, and, by two falls of considerable ex- tent, affords it a great and valuable •water power. Nine bridges cross Charles river in this town. The soil is generally very good, and highly cultivated. There arc 2 cotton, 1 woolen, and 5 paper mills in the town, and manufactures of nails, rolled iron, candles, vit- riol, barilla, chaises, harnesses, mo- rocco, leather, boots, shoes, ma- chinery, chairs, and cabinet ware; the value of which, the year end- ing April '1, 1837, amounted to $815,872. Newton was incorpo- rated in 1691 ; it formerly com- prised the town of Cambridge, and is noted as the birth place and resi- dence of many distinguished men. Population, l"S30, 2,377 ; 1837, 3,087. A Theological Seminary was established in this town, in 1825. See Register. 'Sewtown, N. H., Rockingham co., lies 40 miles S. E. from Concord, and 27 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. Country pond lies in Newtown and Kingston, and two other small ponds connect by outlets with its waters. The soil produces good croi>s of grain or grass. Joseph Bartlett first settled in this town, in 1720. Bartlett was taken prisoner by the Indians at Haverhill, in 1708, and remained a captive in Canada about 4 years. Population, 1830, 510. Nc\vto-*vii, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was in- corporated in 1708. It is watered by Patatuck river, the Indian name of the place. It lies 25 miles W. N. W. from New Haven, 10 E. from Danbury, and 22 N. fiom Fair- field. Population, 1830, 3,100.— The surface of the town is hilly ; many of the eminences are exten- sive and continuous. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, gener- ally fertile and productive. It is well adapted to the culture of grain, and is also favorable for fruit, there being many valuable orchards in the town. The borough of Newtown is beautifully situated on high NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ground ; it commands an extensive prospect, and contains some hand- some buildings. The flourishing village of Sandy Hook is situated about 1 1-2 miles N. E. of the central part of New- town, at the foot of a rocky emin- ence or bluff, from the top of which is a fine prospect of the surround- ing country. A fine mill stream (the Patatuck) runs in a northerly course through the village, at the base of the cliff, which rises almost perpendicular to the height of 160 feet. Near a cotton factory, at the northern extremity of the village, some traces of coal have been dis- covered. The village contained, in 1S34, 1 cotton, 1 hat, 1 comb and 2 woolen factories. There was also 1 machine shop, and 1 establish- ment for working brass. Jfew Vineyard, Me. Franklin co. This town is wa- tered by a branch of Seven Mile brook. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil, generally, is productive. It produced, in 1837, 7,063 bushels of wheat. Popula- tion, same year, 870. Incorporat- ed, 1802. it lies 40 miles N. W. from Augusta, and 8 N. by E. from Farmington. Nobleborough, Sle. Lincoln co. This town lies on the east side of the upper waters of Damariscotta river. It is a place of considerable trade. Many ships are built here, and a large number of vessels are employed in the coasting trade. The soil of the town is generally good, and consid- erable attention is paid by the in- habitants to agricultural pursuits. It lies 38 miles S. E. from Augusta, and HE. from Wiscasset. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,999. Incor., 1788. No-IUans-Iiaiid, Mass. Dukes CO. A ledge of rocks, the most southern part of the state. It lies 7 miles S. from Gay Head. 25* Norfolk County, Mass. Chief town, Dedham. This county is bounded N. E. by Boston harbor, N. by Suffolk county, W. by the S. E. corner of Worcester county, S. by the N. E. corner of the state of Rhode Island, and S. S. E. and E. by the counties of Bris- tol and Plj'mouth. Area, about 400 square miles. Population, in 1820, 36,452; in 1830, 41,901 ; in 1837, 50,399. Taken from Suffolk county in 1793. This county has a maritime coast on Boston harbor of about 12 miles, which is indented with many small bays and navigable rivers. Its sur- face is uneven, and in some parts hilly. Its soil is generally strong and rocky. Much of the dark col- ored granite, or sienite, is found here. A large part of Norfolk county, particularly those towns near Boston, is under a high state of cultivation, and affords fruits and vegetables in great abundance. — The proximity of this county to the capital gives it many facilities ; and the towns in this, and in the county of Middlesex, that border on Boston harbor, may be called the Gardens of Boston. It contains 22 towns, and 126 inhabitants to a square mile. The Charles, Nepon- set, and Manatiquot are its chief rivers. In 1837, this county contained 2,054 sheep. The value of the manufactures in the county, the year ending April 1, 1837, was $6,466,010. The value of the fishery, the same year, was $244,- 927. Norfolk, Ct. Litchfield co. The settlement of Norfolk began in 1744. It lies 35 miles W. N. W. from Hartford, and 17 N. from Litchfield. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,485. This town is elevated and moun- tainous. The soil is a primitive, gravelly loam, generally cold and stony, but has considerable depth, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTtEIL and affords good grazing. Former- ly large quantities of sugar were made from the maple : more than 20,000 lbs. have been manufactured in a single season ; but since the land has been cleared by progres- sive settlements, and in consequence of the destruction of the maple trees by some tornadoes, the busi- ness has greatly declined. The dairy business comprises the prin- cipal interests of tin; town. A stieam, called Hlackberry river, runs near the centre of the place, and a little westward of the con- gregational church falls ovcra ledge of rocks 30 feet in height. This is an excellent site for mills, of which there are several near this spot. There is a handsome village, with an open square or green in front of the church, which is uncommonly neat and beautiful in its appearance. About half a mile north is another village, in which are two woolen and three scythe factories. Bforridgewock, Ble. Chief town of Somerset co. This town is situated on both sides of the Kennebec river, 23 miles N. from Augusta. Incorporated, 17SS. Population, 1837, 1,9.3.5. Its sur- face is diversified with hills of a moderate elevation, the soil various, but generally good and well culti- vated. Vheat crop, 1837, 10,299 bushels. This town was formerly the site of the celebrated tribe of Norridgewock Indians. Theii- vil- lage was situated at the foot of Nor- ridgewock falls, in the N. W. part of the town, and the border of Alad- ison. The tribe had a church, the bell of which was dug up a few years since, and placed in the cabi- net at Eowdoin college. The tribe was destroyed by a party of ICS men, sent out from Massarluisetts for that puipose, commamlcd by Capt. Moulton. on the afternoon of August 23, 1721. Among the kill- ed was the noted Jesuit missiona- ry, Ralle. A monument was erect- ed the 23d of August, 1833, by Bishop Fenwick, to his memory. — It is a plain granite pyramidal shaft, standing on a square base of the same material, having the follow- ing inscription : — Scbastianus Raslcs natione Gal- luse Societate Jesu missionius, per aliquot annos Illinois et Huronibus primum evangelanus, deinde per 34 annos Abenaquis, fide et chari- tate Christi verus Apostolus, pericu- lus armorum intenitus se pio suis oribus mori paratum soepius testili- cans, inter arma et cocdes ac Pagi Nanarantsouak Norridgewock, et Ecclesiae suae minas, hoc in ipso loco, cecidit tandem optimus pastor, die 23 Augusti, A. D. 1724, ipsi et filius in Christo defunctis Monu- inentum hocposuit Benidictus Fen- wick, Espiscopus Bostoniensis dedi- cavitque 23 Augusti, A. D. 1S33. A. M. D. G. Norridgewock village is situated on the north side of the river, di- rectly in the bend, five miles west of Skowhegan falls. It is one of the most pleasant and delightful villages, especially in the summer, in the state. The main street is lined with ornamental trees, some of them venerable for age and mag- nitude, extending their long arms quite across the street, forming a beautiful avenue from east to west. On the south side of the river, con- nected by a bridge, is a pleasant and rapidly increasing village. The public buildings consist of a church and court house, on the north side of the river, and on the south, a female academy, and a free church at " 0e of the most sensible laws that was ever enacted. Its object is to pre- serve the noble and harmonious old Indian names, whicli have been giv- en to every river and lake and for- est and mountain in our country, and which, by a bad taste, have in many instances, been displaced by the hackneyed names of European cities, or of distinguished men. The law provides that no town shall be named after any other place or af- ter any man, without first ob- taining the consent of the Legisla- ture. The consequence is, that NEVr ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Michigan is destitute of London, Paris and Amsterdam ; unlike iier sister states, slie boasts neitlier Thebes, Palmyra, Carthage or Troy. No collection of log huts, with half a dozen grocxjry stores, has been honored with the appellation of Liv- ei'pool, nor has any embryo city, with a college or an academy, re- ceived the appropriate name of Athens. She has no Moscow and Morocco, in the same latitude ; and noEdinburgh and Alexandria within thirty miles of each other. Baby- lon, Sparta and Corinth, though they have been transplanted to other parts of the Union, are destined ne- ver to flourish on the soil of Mich- igan. No Franklin or Greene or Jefferson, no Washington, is to be found in her borders. On the con- trary, her I'ivers and lakes still re- tain the full, rich, swelling names which were bestowed upon them by the red men of the forests, and her toAvns bear the names of the sturdy chiefs who once battled or hunted in their streets. Strange, when we have such a noble nomenclature as the Indians have left us, that we should copy from the worn out names of ancient cities, and which awake no feelings but ridicule, by the contrast between the old and the new. Mohawk, Seneca, Massasoit, Ontario, Erie, how infinitely supe- rior to Paris, London, Fishville, Butlertown, Bungtown, &c. The feeling which prompts us to perpet- uate the nameM of our revolutionary heroes by naming towns after them, is highly honorable ; but it should not be forgotten that frequent rep- etition (especially in cases where the town is utterly unworthy of its namesake) renders the name vulgar and ridiculous. It seems, that not content with driving the Indians from the soil, we are anxious to ob- literate every trace of their exist- ence. We are glad to see a better taste beginning to prevail upon this sub- ject, and we hope that the example of Michigan will be followed, if not by legal enactments, at least by the force of public opinion." ]VortIi IBrookfield, Haas. Worcester co. This town is on elevated ground : it is of good soil, well cultivated, well watered and vei-y pleasant. It has a fine fish pond, and lies 68 miles W. from Boston, and IS W. from Worcester: taken from Brookfield in 1802. Population, 1830, 1,241 ; 1837, 1,509. The agricultural products sent to market are vei-y considerable. The manufactures of the town consist of boots and shoes, woolen cloth, leather, &.C., the value of which for the year ending April 1,1837, was $525,224 ; of which $470,316 was for boots and shoes. Northfield, Vt. Washington co. This town lies 10 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 35 E from Burlington. Popu- lation in 1830, 1,412. First settled, 1785. The principal stream in this town is Dog river, which runs through it in a northerly direction, and affords a great number of valu- able mill privileges. The surface is uneven, but the soil is generally good and easily cultivated. In the centre of the town is a neat, pleas- ant and flourishing village, contain- ing a number of saw mills and other mechanical operations by water. JVortlifield, Me. Incorporated 1838. See " Down East." Korthfleld, N. H., Merrimack co., is bounded N. by Winnepisiogee river, and W. by the Merrimack. It is 14 miles N. from Concord, and 10 W. by S. of Gilmanton. The soil here is in some parts good — that of the best quality lies on the two ridges ex- tending through the town. Ches- nut pond lies in the east part of the town, and its waters flow into th* NEW ENGLANO GAZETTEER. Winnepisiogee throe miles fiom its junction with the Pcinigewasset. — Sondogardy pond Hows into the Merrimack. Near Webster's falls, the Winnepisiogee falls into the Pemigewasset, and the united streams form the Merrimack river. The principal elevation, called liean hill, separates the town from Can- terbury. Northfield formerly pos- sessed valuable water privileges on the AVinnepisiogee river, but this portion of its territory is embraced by the new town of Franklin. — The first .settlement was made here in 1760, by Bciijaniin I'lanchard and others. A melhodist church was formed here in 1806. Incorporated June 19, 1780. Population, 1830, 1,169. Xortlifield, Mass. Franklin co. This is an interest- ing town, on both sides of Connec- ticut river. It was incorporated in 1673, and some years after desolated by the Indians. The inhabitants returned again in 1685, but it was soon after destroyed a second time. In 1713, it was again rebuilt. Fort Dummcr was in the vicinity. This town was purchased of the Indians in 1687, for 200 fathoms of wampum and j£57 value of goods. Its Indian name was Squatvkeag. Most of the land in this town is excellent, and the village verj' pleasant : 28 miles below Walpole, N. H., 11 N. E. from Greenfield, and 83 N. W. by W. fiom Boston. Northfield proilu- ces fine cattle, and considerable wool. The manufactures of the town consist of leather, boots, shoes, ploughs, cliairs and cabinet ware. Population, 1837, 1,603. Korth Ila-rcn, Ct. New Haven co. North Haven was taken fiom New Haven in 1786. The town lies on both sides of the Wallingford.or Quinnipiac river, and comprises the valley and a part of tlie bordering hills. The vailej- is partly rich intervale land, and more extensively sand ; covered with a thin stratum of loam ; light but warm. Near the northern line of the town it is so light as, in two or three places of small extent, to be blown into drifts. The soil of the hills is good, being a reddish loam. From the vicinity of this town to New Haven, and from its light and warm soil, which is favorable for early vegetation, there are various culinary vegetables, particularly peas, cultivated for the New Ha- ven market. But the most striking feature in the township, is the large and beautiiul tract of salt meadows on both sides of the Quinnipiac. — These meadows produce large quantities of grass, which is mow- ed and stacked upon the land, from w hence, when the ground is frozen sufficiently solid in the winter, it is removed. Upon the salt marsh the hay is salt; but on those meadows which are protected from the salt water by means of dikes, the grass is fresh and of a better quality. — These are called dike marshes or meadows. The making of brick receives considerable attention in this town. Four and a half millions of them are manufactured annually, and principally sold in New Haven. The village is very pleasant, and was, for more than half a century, the residence of Dr. Trumbull, the celebrated historian of Connec- ticut. Ezra Stilks, D. D., president of Yale college, was born in this town, in 1727, and died in 1795. He delighted in preaching the gospel to the poor. Among the members of his church at Newport were seven negroes. These occasionally met in his study, when he instructed them, and falling on their knees to- gether he implored for them and for himself the blessing of that God with whom all distinction except- ing that of Christian excellence is as nothing. In the cause of civil and religious liberty, Dr. Stiles was an enthusiast. He contended, that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the right of conscience and private judgment was unalienable ; and that no exigencies of the Christian church could render it lawful to erect any body of men into a stand- ing judicatory over the cliurches. He engaged with zeal in the cause of his country. He thought, that the thirtieth of January, which was obser^^ed by the Episcopalians in commemoration of the martyrdom of Charles I, " ought to be celebrat- ed as an anniversary thanksgiving, that one nation on earth had so much fortitude and public justice, as to make a royal tyrant bow to the sove- reignty of the people." He was catholic in his sentiments, for his heart was open to receive all who loved the Lord Jesus in sincerity. He was conspicuous for his benev- olence, as well as for his learning and piety. He was a man of low stature, and of a small, though well proportioned form. His voice was clear and energetic. His counte- nance, especially in conversation, was expressive of benignity and mildness; but if occasion required, it became the index of majesty and authority. North Hero, Vt. Chief town, Grand Isle co. This town was granted to Ethan Allen and others in 1779, and the settle- ment commenced in 1733. The British erected a block house here, at a place called Dutchman's Point, which was garrisoned and not given up till 1796. The soil of the town- ship is of an excellent quality, and produces grain of all kinds in abun- dance. The county buildings are well situated, and ihe scenery about the village is very pleasant. It lies 57 miles N. W. from Montpe- lier, and 28 N. N.. vV. from Burling- ton. Population, 1830, 633. North Kingston, R. I^ Washington CO. Thisis a w^'althy township on the west side of Narra- ganset bay, 21 miles S. from Prov- idence, 10 N. W. from Newport, and8N. from South Kingston. — The surface of the town is uneven; the soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted for the culture of grain and vegetables, and the productions of the dairy. There ai-e some forests in the town of good ship timber. — It is watered by several small streams which produce a good water power, on which are numerous man- ufacturing establishments. These streams afford bass and other fish in abundance. There is considerable navigation owned at North Kings- ton, which is employed in the coast- ing trade and fishery. Wickford village, in this town, is very pleasant and flourishing: it has a good harbor, and is a place of considerable trade. It lies about 2 miles east of the Stonington i-ail- road. Pop. of the town, 1830, 3,037. Northport, Me. Waldo CO. This town is bounded on the east by Penobscot and Bel- fast bays. It is well watered by several ponds and small streams: the soil is good and productive. The navigable advantages of the place are great. Considerable ship build- ing is carried on here, and there is considerable trade in the lumber and coasting business. It lies 46 miles E. from Augusta and 6 S. from Belfast. Population, 1837, 1,107. North Providence, R. I. Providence co. This ancient and wealthy town was a part of Provi- dence until 1767. Population, in 1810, 1,758; 1S20, 2,420; 1830, 3,503. The surface of this town is une- ven, consisting of modei-ate eleva- tions and gentle declivities. The rocks are primitive and transition : some limestone is found. The prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, which is interspersed with tracts of sandy loam, and some of calcareous. The forests consist of oak, walnut and some pine ; and NEW ENGL.WD GAZETTEER. the agricultural productions, of grass, hay, corn, some rye, pota- toe-s, vegetables and fruits, many of which are sent to Providence. The waters of the town consist of the Seekonk river, which wash- es its eastern bordei ; the Wanas- quatucket, which forms its western boundary; and the Masha^uck, which intersects the interior of the township. These streams afford numerous sites for hydraulic works, some of which are almost uniival- led. There are some valuable shad and herring hshcries in the Seekonk. This town is distinjruished for its manufactures, particularly those of cotton, which form an important interest. The extent of this busi- ness, having concentrated a large capital, and an immense aggregate of industry, has, within the last fif- ty years, given rise to a large and flourishing village. The village of Pawtucketis situated in the north- east section of the town, four miles northeast from Providence, on the border of the Scekouk i-ivcr ; its site being principally the declivity of a hill, and it is highly romantic and picturesque. The river here afTords numerous natural sites foi- manu- facturing establishments, mills and hydraulic works of almost every description, which are scarcely ri- valled, and which are occupied to a great extent. The rapiil march of manufacturing and mechanical in- dustry, which the short annals of this place disclose, has few exam- ples in our country, and has pro- duced one of the mo-l considerable and llourishin<; manufacturing vil- lages in the United States. The river here forms the boundary line between Massachusetts and Rhoile Island, and the village is built upon both sides of it; being partly in each state. That part of the village which is in this state is principally built on four streets; and compris- es a large number of handsome buildings. Besides the cotton business, there are in the town furnaces for cast- ing, slilliug mills, anchor shops, cut nail factoiies, screw manufac- tories, &c. &.C. See Pawtucket, Alass. NortU Stouiiigtoa, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from Stonington in 1808. It is walei-ed by the Pawcatuck and its branches, which afford good mill sites. The surface is uneven, hilly and abounding in granitic rocks. The soil is a gravelly loam, and generally productive of good pas- turage. Agriculture is the princi- pal employment of the inhabit- ants. Milltown is a pretty village with some trade : it lies 50 miles S. E. from Hartford, 13 N. E. from New London, and 7 N. by E. from Ston- ington Borough. Population of the town in 1830, 2,S40. A'ortliiunberlaiid, X. H., In Coos county, on Connecticut river, is ISOmiles N. from Concord, and 7 N. E. from Lancaster. The soil along the Connecticut is very pioduciive,porfectly free from stone and gravel, and originally covered with r. growth of buttei-nut. A portion of the upland is also good, and covered with pine, spruce, tir, ash, maple, &.c. Capo Horn, an abrupt mountain of 1,000 feet in height, lies near the centre of the town. Its north base is separated from the Connecticut by a narrow plain, and the upper Amonoosuck passes near its east base, as it falls into the Connecticut. Here the meadows are extensive, and are an- nually covered by the spring floods, presenting the appearance of an inland sea. At the falls in the Con- necticut, below the mouth of the Amonoosuck, a handsome bridge connects Norlhumbei-land with Guildhall, in Vermont. A dam is al-o thrown across the river at this place, at both ends of which ara NlJw ENGLAND GAZETTEER. pleasant villages and mills of vari- ous kinds are erected. Northum- berland was incorporated in 1779. First settled, 1767. Population, 1830, 352. Near the river a small fort was erected during the revolutionary war, and placed in the command of Capt. Jeremiah Eames, afterwards well known for his usefulness, \vit and pleasantry. Nortliwooil, N. H. Rockingham co. There are a num- ber of ponds in this town, and ex- cellent lishing. Succook pond, 750 rods long, 100 wide ; Jenness' pond, 300 rods long, 150 wide ; Long pond, about 300 rods long, 50 wide ; Harvey's pond, 200 rods long, from 40 to SO wide ; a part of Great Bow pond is also in this town, and a part of North river pond ; Pleasant pond, and Littie Bow pond. The north branch of Lamprey river has its rise in this town near Saddleback mountain, a high ridge between this town and Deerfield. On the E. side of this ridge are found crystals and crystalline spars of various col- ors and sizes. This town has an elevated site, and commands a distant and varied prospect. The waters flowing from the farm of the late Jonathan Clarke, Esq., one of the first settlers, fall into three different I'ivers, the Suncook, Lamprey and Isinglass. The soil of this town is generally moist, and well suited to grazing. Northwood was original- ly a part of Nottingham, and was settled in 1763. Northwood is 20 miles E. from Concord, 20 N. W. from Exeter, and about the same distance W. from Dover. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,342. Nortli Yarmoutli, Me. Cumberland co. Thisis a pleasant town on Casco bay, 10 miles N. from Portland, and 42 S. E. from Augus- ta. Population, 1837, 2,782. The town was first settled in 1640. In 1687 it was attacked by the Indians, 26 and deserted by the whites ; and was not re-settled by them until 1725. It was incorporated in 1713. About 4000 tons of navigation is owned here, employed in the trans- portation of lumber and the fishery. TJiere is a fine stream of water in die town, on which are a paper and saw mills, and other manufactoiics. The academy in Nortli Yarmouth is well founded and is in a flourish- ing condition. See liegister. Sl^orton, Mass. Bristol CO. Norton was taken from Taunton in 1771. It lies 30 miles S. from Boston, 17 N. E. from Providence, and 8 N. W. from Taunton. Population, 1837, 1,530. It is well watered byRumford, Co- casset and Canoe rivers, which empty into the Taunton. The manu- factures of the town consist of sheet copper and copper bolts, cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, ploughs, shuttles, straw bonnets and baskets : — total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, $397",763. Winnicunnit pond, in this town, was a great resort for the Indians, some of whom resided in natural caves, on its shores, and lived on fish and clams. Nor-^vallt, Ct. Fairfield CO. This pleasant town lies on Long Island Sound, 32 miles W. S. W. from New Haven, 22 S. fi'om Danbury, and 48 N. E. from New York. Population, 1830, 3,792. Norwalk originally included part of the present towns ot New Cana- an and Wilton, and part of West- port. In the ancient record, the bounds are stated to be " from Nor- walk river to Sauhatuck river, from sea, Indian one day walk into the country." For this tract the fol- lowing articles were given, viz ; " 3 fathom wampum, 6 coats, 10 hatch- ets, 10 hoes, 10 knives, 10 scissors, lOjewsharps, 10 fathom tobacco, 3 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. kettles, 3 hauds-ahout, and 10 look- ing glasses." The lollowing arti- cles were given to the Indians for the tract " from Norwalk river to Five mile river, from sta, Indian one day in country," viz. " 10 fathom wampum, 3 halchcts,3 hoes when ships come, ii glasses, 12 to- bacco pipes, 3 knives, 10 drillers, 10 needles." The name of Nor- walk is derived from the above bar- gain, viz ; the northern bounds of the lands purchased were to extend from the sea one day's "north walk" into the country, The soil in this town is excel- lent. Tiie surface is uneven, be- ing pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys. On the border of the Sound the hills are generally mod- erate, and in the interior more ele- vated. " The valley which lies along Norwalk river, and in which the town is built, is beautiful. Few richer prospects of the same extent can be found than that which is presented from the neighboriitg em- inences of this ground : the town built in its bosom, with iis cheerful spires; the river llowing through the middle ; the farms on the bor- dering hills; the rich plain that skirts the Sound, and a triiin of is- lands fronting the moiHh of the riv- er, and extending eastward live or six miles ; together with an unlim- ited view of the Sound, and the Long Island shore." Norwalk contains two considera- ble and nourishing villages, Nor- walk Borough, and the village of Old Well. Norwalk Borough, (con- 'Stitutcd as such in 1836,) is a vil- lage of upwards of 130 handsome buildings, and an extensive pottery. Norwalk is a place of considerable activity and business, being a com- mercial depot and market for the northern part of the county ; a con- siderable proportion of tlie staple products Lieing ! nought here for sale, or to be freighted for New York. The village is built on both sides of a small river or creek, which is much contracted in width at the bridge which connects the two parts of the village, and the buildings on each side of the streani are so near each othei', tiiat the passage of the river from the north is not readily perceived at a short distance. Ves- se\s drawing six feet of water can get Mp to the bridge in the most compa^ct part of the village. The flourishing village of Old Well is situated about 1 1-2 miles south of the central part of Nor- walk Borough, on the west side of the creek. There are at present in this vil- lage six or seven hat factories, three potteries, and a carriage making establishment. This is the princi- pal landing place for steam-boats for Norwalk and the vicinity, there be- ing a daily line from and to New York. A boat every other day leaves Norwalk bridge for New York. There is a cotton factory and a factory for manufacturiiig carpels in the town. This establishment, called the " Patent Carpet Compa- ny," was commenced in 1S34. — Their carpeting, of which they manufacture at this time about 200 yards daily, is made without spin- ning or weaving, being made of felting, the material of which hats are composed. This town was burnt by the Brit- ish, under Tryon, on the 17th July, 1779. Eighty dwelling houses, 2 churches, 87 barns, 17 shops, 4 mills, and 5 vessels were destroyed. Nor'way, Mc. Oxford CO. This is a fine town- ship, well watered by several streams and ponds. One of the ponds is large, — very handsome, and discharges its waters into Little Androscoggin river. Norway lies 47 miles \V. by S. from Augusta, and is boundeil on the L. by Paris. Incorporated, 1797. Population, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 1337, 1,791. Wheat crop, same year, 7,272 bushels. Norwlcli, Vt. Windsor co. This town lies on the west side of Connecticut river, and is connected with Hanover, N. H. by a bridge. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is good for grain, pastuj-age and fruit. Ompomponoosuck river and other streams water the town and aflbi-d it good mill seats. First settled, 1763. Population, 1830, 2,316.— It lies 40 miles S. S. E. from Mont- pelier and 19 N. from Windsor. JVorwich village is pleasantly situated on a plain, near Connecti- cut river, and contains a university and a number of handsome build- ings. See Register. Korivicli, Mass. , Hampshire CO. This mountain- ous town is watered by Westfield river. The soil in many parts is good for grazing, and many sheep are kept here. There is a cotton mill in the town, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, axes, and spirits. It lies 108 miles W. from Boston, and 12 W. bj S from Northampton. Incorporated, 1773. Population, 1837, 714. IVorTricli, Ct. One of the chief towns of New London county. Norwich city is situated at the head of navigation of Thames river, at the point of land formed by the junction of the Shetucket and Yantic rivers, whose united waters constitute the Thames. The main part of the city is built on the southern declivity of a high and rocky hill : the houses are built in tiers, rising one above another. The city, as it is approached from the south, presents one of the most beautiful, interesting and romantic prospects in the state. The build- ings, which are mostly painted white, appear in full view for a con- siderable distance down the river ; these contrasted with the deep green foliage covering the rocky and ele- vated banks of the liver, give a picturesque variety to the scene, tbrming on the water a delightful avenue to the city. There are in this city, (or as it was formerly call- ed, Chelsea or Norwich Landing,) a court house and town hall. A high school for boys, and a female academy, in which the higher branches of education are taught, have been in operation for a consid- erable time, and are in flourishing circumstances. About a mile east- ward of the landing is situated ihe flourishing village of*Greenville, at the eastern extremity of which a dam has been constructed acro'-s the Shetucket, which will, it is calculat- ed furnish sufficiept water power to carry 60,000 spirtdles : four or five large factories, and perhaps 40 or 50 dwelling houses, are, or are about to be built. Among the fac- tories there is perhaps the most ex- tensive paper mill in the state, own- ed, by the Chelsea Manufacturing Company. There are also two oth- er paper mills near the falls, which do an extensive business. The first paper manufactured in Connecticut was made in this town by Col. Christopher Leffingwell. There are at, and near the falls, 9 or 10 establishments for manufacturing purposes. Besides these, and those at Greenville, there are some more in other parts of the town. The principal manufactures are those of cotton, paper and woolens. Nor- wich city is 13 miles N. from New Londpn, 38 S. E. from Hartford, 38 S. W. from Providence, and 50 N. E. from New Haven. Population of Norwich, in 1830, was 5,179 ; of which 3,144 were in the city limits. Above the cove, which sets up about a mile from the river, " the bed of the river consists of a solid rock, having a perpendicular height of ten or twelve feet, over which the whole body of water falls in an entire sheet upon a bed of rocks NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. below. The river )iere is compress- ed into a very narrow ch;innol,the banks consisting of solid rocks, and being bold and elevated. For a distance of 15 or 20 rods, tlie chan- nel or bed of tlie river has a Ejradual descent, is crooked and covered witli pointed rocks. The lock, forming the bed of the river at the bottom of the perpendicular falls, is curiously excavated, some of the cavities being five or six feet deep, from the constant pouring of the sheet of water for a succession of ages." At the bottom of the falls there is the broad basin of the cove, where the enraged and agitated element resumes its usual smooth- ness and placidity, and the whol* scenery about these falls is uncom- monly beautiful and picturesque. During the wars between Uncas and the Narragansets, Uncas was closely besieged in his fort near the Thames, until his provisions be- came nearly exhausted, and he with his men were on the point of per- ishing by famine or sword. Fortu- nately he found means of giving in- telligence to the scouts who had been sent out from Saybrook fort. — By his messengers, he represented the great danger the English would be in, were the Narragansets suf- fered to ovei-powcr the Rlohegans. " Upon this intelligence, one Thomas Leffingvvell, an ensign at Saybrook, an enterprising, bold man, loaded a canoe with beef, corn and peas, and under the cover of night paddled from Saybi-ook into the Thames, and liad the address to get the whole into the fort. The enemy soon perceiving that Uncas was relieved, raised the siege. — For this service, Uncas gave Lcf- fingwell a deed of a great part, if not the whole town of Norwich. — In June, 1659, Uncas with his two sons, Owaneko and Attawanhood, by a more formal and authentic deed, made ov(!r to said Letfingwcll, John Mason, Esq., the Rev. James Fitch and others, consisting of thirty-five proprietors, the whole of Norwich, which is about nine miles square. The company at this time gave Un- cas and his sons about j£70, as a further compensation for so large and line a tract." A'ottiugliaiu, N*. H., Rockingham co., is 25 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and 20 W. from Portsmouth. Population, in 1830, 1,157. There are several ponds in this town, mostly of small size. Lit- tle river and several other streams rise here ; and North river passes through the town. The soil is in many parts good, though the sur- face is rough and broken. Sever- al mountains extend along the W. ! part of the town, forming parts of ] the range called Blue Hills. j J\\>ttingha>n Square is a pleas- j ant village on an elevated site. Bog ! iron ore is found here in great quan- tities; and it is said inexhaustible masses of mountain ore exist in the mountains. Crystals and crystal- line spars are found here ; and also ochres in small quantities. Not- tingham was incorporated in 1722, and settled in 1727. Gen. Joseph Cilley entered the army of the revolution at its commencement and commanded the 1st N. H. regiment. He was dis- tinguished for bravery and patriot- ism during the whole contest. Hon. Tho»ias Bartlett was an active revolutionary patriot ; one of the committee of safety ; Lt. Col. under Stark at the capture of Bur- goyne, and commanded a regiment at West Point in 17S0, when the treachery of Arnold betrayed that post. Gen. Henry Butler was an officer in the army of the revolu- tion, and Major (Jencral of militia. Descendants of these revolutionary worthies now live in the town. Nulhegau River, Vt. This river rises by several branch- es in the highlands, at the north NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. part of Essex county. These branches unite and fall into the Connecticut at Brunswick. This river is in some parts rapid ; in oth- ers, deep and sluggish. It waters ahout 120 square miles, and is fifty feet wide at its mouth. The head waters of this and of the river Clyde, pass N. into Memphremagog lake, and are near each other. This was formerly an Indian route be- tween Connecticut river and Cana- da. Oakbain, Mass. Worcester co. The surface of this town is uneven ; some of the lands which border on the streams that fall into Chickopee river are fertile. The highlands are not very good. There is a satinet factory in the town, and manufactures of straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, leath- er, ploughs, boots and shoes. Oakham lies 60 miles W. from Boston, and 15 N. W. from Worces- ter. It was taken from Rutland in 1762. Population, 1S37, 1,109. Oldtowii, Me. Penobscot co. See Oroiio. Oliltowii Harljor, Masg. See Edgartown. Olauimon, Me. Penobscot co. See Greenbush. Onipomponoosuc Klver, "Vt. This good mill stream is about 20 miles in length :— it rises near the centre of the county of Orange, and falls into Connecticut river at Norwich. Onioia River, Vt. This is one of the largest and most valuable rivers in the state. — It is about 70 miles in length, and in its course fertilizes large tracts of land and produces a great hydraulic power. This stream rises in Cale- donia county : it passes nearly through the centre of the counties of Washington and Chittenden, and 26* after passing " Winooski city" it falls into Champlain lake, five miles N. from Burlington village. Winooski is the beautiful Indian name of this river, and had the good people of Winooski possessed the exquisite taste of their predecessors they would probably have called their charming little city cabbage town. Onion river, so called, has nu- merous tributaries, and is one of the most romantic streams in the coun- try. The channels which have been worn in the rocks, by its cease- less current, are objects of great admiration. In its passage through the mountains are found fissures through solid rocks from SO to 100 feet in depth, with smooth perpen- dicular sides, 60 or 70 feet in width. In niany places on this stream are natural bridges, curious caverns, and delightful water-falls. The road near the banks of this stream, from Connecticut I'iver to Burlington, is said to be the best passage across the mountains, in that direction: it is certainly highly picturesque and delightful. Oqnossak I^ake, Me. O.xford CO. This large lake lies a few miles N. E. of the Mooseluck- maguntic. It is very irregular in its form, and contains many islands. Orange, N. H., Grafton CO., is 16 miles E. from Dartmouth college, 10 S. W. from Plymouth, and 40 N. W. from Con- cord. Population, 1830, 405. In this town are found many mineral substances, such as lead ore, iron ore, &c. There is in the S. E. part a small pond, in which is found a species of paint resembling spruce yellow. Chalk, intermixed with magnesia, is said to be procured from the same pond. In 1810, a valuable species of ochre was dis- covered. It is found in great abun- dance, deposited in veins, and of a quality superior to the imported. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Large quantitiea of it are annuiilly prei)ared for market. The surface of Orange is uaeven, but the soil in many parts of it is productive. — Cardigan mountain lies in the £. part of the town. Orange was granted by the name of Cardigan, Feb. G, 1769. Its settlement com- menced in 1773. Orange County, Vt. CTic/sea, chief town. This coun- ty is bounded N. by Washington and Caledonia counties, K. by Con- necticut river, S. by Windsor coun- ty, and W. by Addison and Wash- ington counties. Area, 650 square miles. Population, 1820, 24,169; 1830, 27,285. Population to a square mile, 42. Incorporated, '1781. The eastern range of the Green mountains extends along the northwestern part of the county. The principal rivers, besides the Connecticut, are the Ompomponoo- suc. Wait's, branches of the White, and Stevens' branch of the Onion. The lands iu Orange county are gen- erally good for grazing, and supply many cattle and all the varieties of the dairy, of which a large amount is annuallv sent to market. in IS.")? there" were 99,3 10 sheep with- in its limits. This county contains some excellent tracts of laud on the banks of the Connecticut. Iron and lead ores, slate and granite, arc abundant. Oranye, Vt. Orange co. This town lies 12 miles S. E. from .Monlpelier, and 12 N. from Chelsea. First settled, 1793. Population, 1830, 1,016.— The soil is cold, and bettei- suited for grazing than grain. Knox's moun- tain lies in this town : — it is (|uite :m elevation, and is composed princi- pally of granite. Some of the quarries in the town produce excel- lent granite for building, and here are found plates of beautiful wliite mica, several inches square. The products of the town in cattle and wool are considerable. Orange, Mass. Franklin co. Orange lies 72 miles W. from Boston, and 20 E. from Greenfield. Incorporated, 1783. Population, 1830, 880 ; 1837, 1,543. The manufactures of the town consist of iron castings, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, card boards, shoe pegs, chairs and cabinet ware : annual amount about $40,000. Mil- ler's river allbrds the town a good water power, and Tully hill a tine prospect. The soil is uneven, and better fitted for grazing than tillage. There is a pleasant village in the town, and a good tish pond. Orange, Ct. New Haven co. This town was taken from New Haven and Mil- ford in 1822. The name was adopt- ed in honor of William, Prince of Orange, in commemoration of the beaefits received from him by the colohy of Connecticut; particular- ly for the restoration of their char- ter after the usurpation and tyranny of Edmuiid Andros. Orange lies about 4 miles S. W. from New Haven and is a pleasant town with a productive soil. The inhabitants are principally farmers. Savin Mock in this town is a roman- tic spot, and a place of resort in the summer. There are mines of sil- ver and copper in the town, and as- bestos is found in abundance in ser- pentine rocks. Population, 1830, 1,341. Orford, 3V. H. Grafton co. It lies on Connecti- cut river, over which is a bridge, connecting with Fairlcc. Orford is 11 miles below Haverhill, 17 N. of Hanover, and 64 N. W. from Con- cord. The soil is eenerally of a fertile character. The large inter- vale farms, watered by the Connec- ticut, are particularly distinguished NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. for their beauty ami fertility. There are two considerable elevations, called Mount Cuba and Mount Sun- day, lying near the centre of the town. There are four or five ponds of considerable size, one of which, called Baker's upper pond, lies with- in 3 or 4 miles of Connecticut river. This pond discharges its waters in- to another pond, lying partly in Wentworth, and the waters of both empty into Baker's river. Indian pond lies about 1 mile west Irom Baker's upper pond. Limestone is found in great abundance. It is of the primitive kind, coarse grained, and forms a strong and hard cement. It is found at the foot of a mountain, about 400 or 500 feet above Connecticut river. Soap stone is also found here in great abundance. A light grey granite rock, much used for mill stones and for building, is found in various pla- ces. Galena, or lead ore, of a very fine texture, containing needles of crystallized quartz, or lead,hasbeen found, in considerable qulintities in sinking a well. Orford contains a pleasant village, situated on the main road. " It is built on a beau- tiful plain bordered by intervale on the W. The hills on both sides of the river, near the centre of the ex- pansion, approach each other so as to form a kind of neck ; and with a similar approximation at the two ends give the whole the appear- ance of a double amphitheatre, or of the numerical figure S. The greatest breadth of each division is about 11-2 miles ; and the length of each between 2 and 3 miles." The buildings stand principally on a sin- gle street, of 2 or 3 miles in extent. Orford was granted Sept. 25, 1761. In June, 176.5, a Mr. Cross with his family, from Lebanon, first settled in this town. A congregational church was gathered Aug. 27, 1770. Rev. Oliver Noble was ordained Nov. 5, 1771. Population, 1S30, 1,829. Orlaiid, Me. Hancock co. This town lies on the east side of Penobscot river, op- posite to Orphan's Island. It lies 64 miles E. from Augusta and 12 W. from Ellsworth. Orland is fine- ly watered by ponds and streams: it has a good soil, a pleasant village and great navigable facilities. In- corporated, 1800. Population, 1830, 975; 1837, 1,244. ' Orleaus County, Vt. Irasburgh, chief town. This county is bounded. N. by Lower Canada, E. by Essex and Caledonia counties, S. by Caledonia county, and W. by Franklin and Lamoille counties. This county lies between the eastern and western ranges of the Green mountains. The surface is generally handsome and the soil well adapted for wheat, rye and 2;rass : the climate is rather too cold for corn, and some parts of the coun- ty is low and marshy. Orleans county is watered by Missisque, Black, Barton and other rivers. It contains more ponds than any coun- ty in the state. Much of its trade goes to Canada by the way of Memphremagog lake, which lies in this county and Canada. In 1837 there were 30,657 sheep in the county. Incorporated, 1792. Pop- ulation, 1830, 11,375. Orleans, Maes. Barnstable co. Orleans was tak- en from Eastham, in 1797. It ex- tends across a narrow part of Cape Cod, and is indented with coves and creeks on both sides. Stage harbor opens on the east through Chatham and Nauset beaches, which extend along the coast : — between which and the town is Pleasant bay, with several islands. In 1837, there were 33 vessels belonging to Orleans engaged in the cod and mackerel fishery, the tonnage of which was 2,310 tons. They took 20,000 quin- tals of cod fish and 600 barrels of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. mackerel. There were 31,000 bushels of salt used, and 2 64 nitn and boys were employed. The value of fish taken, when cured and packed, was §91,100 : — capital in- vested, $.3.3,000. There are 50 es- tablishments for the manufacture of salt in the to^vn ; during the year ending April 1, 1S37, there were 21,780 bushels made. There are also manufactures of palm-leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes and tin ware. Orleans lies 20 miles E. from Barn- stable. Population, 1830, 1,799; 1837, 1,936. Orono, Me, Penobscot co. This town lies on the west side of Penobscot river, and is watered by Dead stream and a large part of Pushaw lake. It is 74 miles N. E. from Augusta. In- corporated, 1806. Population, 1830, 1,473; 1837, 3,961. The soil of the town is good, and produced, in 1837, 1,744 bushels of wheat. This town borders on the Great Falls in Penobscot river, and contains a great number of saw mills, which manufacture a vast amount of lum- ber annually for the Bangor market. Orono is pleasant and uncommonly flourishing. A rail-road between Bangor and the villages of Stillwater and Old- town, in Orono, was opened for travel in 1838. It is 12 miles in length, and cost .$350,000. The Penobscot river at Oldtown, above the falls, is 40 fe«!t higher than at Bangor. The village of Stillwater is 4 miles below Oldtown. Above the falls, and about a mile above the village of Oldtown, near the mouth of Dead stream, on " Old- town Island," is the Indian Settle- ment. This settlement is very plea- santly located, and secure from ap- proach except by boats or canoes. It contains a number of framed houses, and a neat chapel with a bell. In 1837, John Neptune, the lieu- tenant Governor, and other officers of the Penobscot tribe of Indians, finished taking by families a very particular census of all who belong to the tribe, for the purpose of a just and equal distribution of the annuities and other monies paid to them. It was found that the fami- lies in all were ninety five — the list exhibiting the head of each family by name, and the number of indi- viduals each one contains, annexed thereto. The whole number of souls in the tribe was three hundred and sixty-two. Their otfieers are, a governor, lieutenant governor, a colonel, four captains, one 'squire, and one deacon. In religion they are catholics. Several of them can read, and a few can write, though in a poor hand. The whole tribe is divided in pol- itics, and on some occasions party spirit rages with almost as much warmth as among the pale faces, though generally better tempered. No affair of honor, or rather of murder, has ever been known to disgrace these savages. The tribe own, collectively, all the islands in the Penobscot river, beginning with that of Oldtown, where tlieir village is, and including all up as far as the forks, several miles above the IMatawamkeag, manj- of which are exceedingly pleasant and fertile. The Indians arc not poor, having sold some of their lands for large sums. To such a remnant, howev- er, is this tribe reduced — a tribe an- ciently and uniformly called the Tarratines, who could bring into the field more than two thousand warriors, and who claimed the lands on both sides of the Penobscot riv- er from its sources to its mouth. Orphan's Island, Mc. Penobscot CO. This island, con- taining about 5,000 acres of excel- lent land, at the mouth of Penob- scot river, is 4 miles in length. It is attached to the town of Biicksport ; the head or north part of it lies oppo- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. site to the beautiful village in that town. This island divides the Penob- scotintotwo branches : the western or main branch is called the " Nar- rows, "on which side a fortis about to be constructed by the U. S. govern- ment for the protection of the river. The other branch is called " Eastern river." This beautiful island derived its name from its having been the pro- perty of an orphan heiress who in- herited it as her part of the Waldo Patent. Orriugtoii, Me. Penobscot co. This is a fine town- ship of land with a handsome vil- lage on the east side of Penobscot river, opposite to Hampden. The town has a good mill stream and en- joys great navigable facilities. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,426. Wheat crop, same year, 2,340 bushels. Orwell, Vt. Rutland co. This town lies on Champlain lake opposite to Ticon- deroga, N. Y. and contains Mount Independence, celebrated in the an- nals of the revolutionary war. The lake here is about a mile wide, and from the Mount a delightful pros- pect is presented. Orwell was first permanently settled in 1783. The soil of the town is generally good and productive. In 1837 it contain- ed 21,512 sheep. There is a spring in the town from the waters of which Epsom salts have been made, and shells of animals have been found supposed to have pertained to the ocean. There are good mill streams in Orwell and a pleasant village. Population, 1830, 1,598. Ossipee, N. H., Strafford co. is 60 mile.3 N. N. E. from Concord, and about 15 N. E. from Gilford, across Winnepisiogee lake. Ossipee mountain, a rough and broken range, lies in the N. W. part of Ossipee, extending into the adjoining towns. It is 6 or 8 miles in length, and is so elevated that in easterly storms the winds break over the summits, frequently causr ing much injury to the farms, and buildings at its base. Ossipee lake is in this town, and Freedom : it is a fine body of water, of an oval form, covering about 7,000 acres, having no island, and its waters clear and beautiful. Ossipee river flows from this lake, from whence it passes through JFreedom into the Saco, in Maine. Pine river passes through the E. part of Ossipee, and Bear- camp river falls into the lake on the N. W. There are several ponds in Ossipee, the largest of which lies partly in Tuftonborough, and is about 400 rods long. Bear pond in the S. E. part, has no visible outlet. Near the W. shore of Ossipee lake, is a mound of earth 45 or 50 feet in diameter, of a circular form, and about 10 feet high, from which have been taken several entire skeletons, and also tomahawks, &c. exhibiting the strongest evidence that the tribe once so powerful in this vicinity had their principal residence here. Ossipee was incorporated, Feb. 22, 1785. Population, 1830, 1,935. Otis, Me. Hancock co. Otis was incorpo- rated in 1835. It is bounded on the west by Ellsworth. It is the source of some of the rivers which flow into Frenchman's bay, and Union river, passes its N. W. corner. Pop- ulation, 1837, 92. Otis, Mass. Berkshire co. This township is on high ground, and is the source of some of the head waters of Farm- ington and Westfield rivers. These streams flowfrom several very hand- some ponds. The surface of the town is uneven but the soil is pro- ductive, particularly of good pastur- age. The manufactures consist of leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabi- net ware, lumber, &c. It lies 130 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 15 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. S. E. from Lenox. Population, 1837, 1,077. Incorporated, 1793. OUsflcld, Me. Cumberland co. This town is watered by Crooked river, which empties into Seba<;o lake. The soil is very good, and produced, in 1S37, 4,525 bushels of wheat. It lies 82 miles S. S. W. from Augusta and 32 N. N. W. from Portland. Pop- ulation 1S30, 1,257. Otter Creek, Vt. This stream rises on the south part of Rutland county : — it traverses, in a northern course, nearly through the centre of that county, and wa- ters Clarendon, Rutland, Pitt.^ford, Brandon and other towns; it then enters Addison county, and passes to Middlebury, where it falls very considerably , atTording that pleasant town an admirable water power; — it then passes Weybridge, New Ha- ven and Vergcnnes, and falls into Champlain lake at Ferrisburgh. From Vergennes it is navigable for the largest lake vessels, 8 miles. There are no considerable falls on this stream except at Middltsbury, Weybridge and Vergennes. In ma- ny parts of its course it is sluggish. From Middlebury to Pittsford, a distance of 25 miles, it is navigable for boats. Otter Creek has many tributaries which afford a great wa- ter power. Its length is about 90 miles, and on its banks are large tracts of alluvial meadows, some of the best in the state. It receives the waters of a basin of about 900 square miles. Otvl's Head, Me. Lincoln co. This noted place on our pastci-n waters is a point of land attached to the town of Thotnaston, running ont three or four miles into Penobscot bay, opposite to the island town of Vinalhaven. Owl's Head forms the western entrance into the mouth of Penobscot rivei-, and has a light house to guide the wary mariner on his way. A breakwater is about being elected, which will render the harbor at this place cue of the most commodious, as it is one of the most important, on the coast. An almost countless number of ves- sels pass this place annually. Fre- quently five luindred pa'^s in a day. From March 15th to June 15th,lS38, 5019 sail were seen to pass in the day time. Owl's Head is not only a slopping place in a storm, but a resort for great numbers of people, for many miles around, to take pas- sages on board of steamers and oth- er vessels. It is a delightful place in summer, and has justly acquired a reputation for possessing all the various enjoyments which induce thousands to visit the sea coast at other places. It lies 4 miles E. from Thomaston, 55 S. from Bangor, 40 S. E. from Augusta, and 79 E. N. E. from Portland. Oxford County, Me. Paris, chief town. This county is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Franklin and Kennebec coun- ties, S. by Cumberland and Voik counties, and W. by New Hamp- shire. It is watered by the Margalla- way, Androscoggin, Saco, and nu- merous other rivers. In the north- ern part of the county lies a collec- tion of large lakes whose waters empty into the Umbagog, and pass to the ocean by the Androscoggin and Kennebec rivers. Although some parts of the county are rough and mountainous, yet a very large part of it is exceedingly fertile, par- ticularly on the borders of its nu- merous rivers, lakes and ponds. This county contained an area of 2,G84 square miles previous to the formation of Franklin county, in 1838, which was formed partly from Oxford county. The population of Oxford county, in 1820, was 17,630, 1S30, 35,211 ; 1837, 40,640. Popu- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lation to a square mile, 15. The number of sheep in this county, in 1837, was 76,028. Oxford, Me. Oxford CO. This town is watered by little Androscoggin river and several ponds. It contains some excellent land and two flourishing villages. It produced, in 1837, o,22{j bushels of wheat. Population, same year, 1,124. Oxford lies .52 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 8 S. from Paris. Oxford, Mass. Worcester co. This is an impor- tant manufacturing town, of uneven surface, strong, gravelly soil; 45 miles W. from Boston and 10 S. from Worcester. Incorporated, 1773. Population, 1837, 2,047. There are in the town 5 woolen and 4 cotton mills, and manufactures of boots and shoes : — total value, the vear ending April 1, 1837, $501,334. Oxford is a pleasant town, and fine- ly watered by French river, which passes to the ocean by the Quinne- baug and Thames. The original township of Oxford was eight miles square, and was granted to Joseph Dudley and oth- ers, in ICSO, for the accommodation of about 30 French protestant fam- ilies, who had escaped from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, when they- became exposed to every cruelty and hardship that catholic intolerance and religious bigotry could invent. They were assisted in their emigration to this country by the proprietors of the grant, and settled here about 16S6. They built a fort on a hill in the eastern part of the town, now called Mayo's, or Fort Hill, where its remains arc still visible. It was constructed by the rules of art, with bastions, and had a well within its enclosure. They had another fort, and a meeting house. The grapes, currants, and asparagus of their planting, sdll grow here, and the last of the peach trees was destroy- ed by the gale of 1815. They had a minister while resident here, whose name was Bondet. These people remained here till 1696, when the Indians attacked the place and murdered some of the people. This so terrified the inhabitants that they left the place, and most of them settled in Boston, where a French church was maintained by them several years. Oxford, Ct. New Haven co. Oxford was tak- en from Derby in 1798. It lies 14 miles N. W. from New Haven and 40 S. W. from Hartford. It is watered by Housatonick and Nau- gatuck rivers. The surface of the town is diversified with hills and valleys ; — the soil is generally a gravelly loam, fertile and produc- tive. There are large manufacturing establishments in Oxford, among which are three satinet factories and an extensive hat manufactory. The water power at this place is excellent. Population, 1830, 1,763. From " Governor's Hill" a line view of the neat village of " Qua- ker Farms," and the surrounding country is presented. About one mile south of the cen- tral pai-t of the town is a remarka- ble mineral spring, called " The Pool," from the circumstance of its waters being efficacious, and much used for the cure of the salt rheum and other complaints. " Once in a month a yellowish scum will col- lect upon the surface of the water, which in a few days runs off, and leaves the pool pei-fectly clear. In the coldest weather, this spring never freezes ; in the dryest season it is as full as at other times." Palermo, Me. Waldo CO. This town is watered by several beautiful ponds, which form the head waters of Sheepscot river. This is a farming town of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTKER. good soil and undulatin«j surface, — it produced, in 1337, 5,^26 bushels of wheat. Population, same year, 1,538. It lies 16 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 24 W. from Bel- fast. Incorporated, 1804. Palmer, Mass. Hampden co. This town was originally settled by a colony from Ireland. It was incorporated in 1752. The surface of Palmer is hilly, but the soil is good, particu- larly along the banks of Ware and Swift rivers, by which it is finely watered, and supplied with water power. There are 1 woolen and 2 cotton mills in the town, and manu- factures of boots, shoes, scythes, palm-leaf hats and wagons; — total amount, the year ending April 1, 1837, .$178,556. The value of 2,652 fleeces of wool sheared in this town, that year, was $4,243. — Palmer lies 70 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 16 E. N. E. from Springfield. Population, 1830, 1,237; 1837, 1,810. Palmyra, Me. Somerset co. Sebasticook river passes through this town, and af- fords it a good water power. The soil is rich, and the surface undulating. There are some mills in the town, and considerable attention is paid to its agricultural interests. It lies 51 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 25 E. N. E. from Norridgewock. Incorporated, 1807. Population, in 1837, 1,328. Wheat ci-op, same year, 8,523 bushels. Pan ton, Vt. Addison co. This town is bound- ed W. by Champlain lake, and E. by Otter creek. A sluggish stream passes through it ; yet, although thus watered, it does not possess a good mill site, the country being exceed- ingly level. It lies 40 miles W. S. W. from Montpclier, 13 N. W. from Middlebury, 25 S. by W. from Burlington, and is 4 miles from Elizabethtown, N. Y., across the lake. Population, 1830, 005. Paris, Me. Chief town, O.xford co. Paris is well watered, and supplied with mill privileges by Little Androscoggin river, on which are several mills in the town. The soil is excellent, al- though in some parts uneven and mountainous. The principal vil- lage is well built, pleasantly located, and the seat of considerable busi- ness. The town was incorporated in 1793. Population, 1837, 2,352. Wheat crop, same year, 10,453 bushels. Paris lies 42 miles W. by S. from Augusta, and 40 N. by W. from Portland. Parkman, Me. Piscataquis CO. This town is wa- tered by a branch of Piscataquis river, and has an excellent soil for agricultural pui'poses. It lies 64 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and 14 W. from Dover. Incorporated, 1S22. Population, 1830, 803; 1837, 1,125. Wheat crop, 1837, 6,018 bushels. Parsonsflelfl. Me. York CO. This town lies at the N. W. corner of the county, and is bounded W. by the state of New Hampshire, and N. by Ossipee riv- er. It is 36 miles W. by X. from Portland, 21 N. by W. from Alfred, and 93 \\'. S. W. from Augusta. — First settled, 1771. Incorporated, 1785. Population, 1837, 2,510.— The surface of the town is rough and billy, but the soil, though hard, is productive of good crops of grain and hay. Wheat crop, 1837, 3,929 bushels. There are many good farmers in this town, and good specimens of iron ore, zinc and crystalized quarts are found here. In this place is an incorporated seminary, for the edu- cation of males and iemales. The institution is under the direction of the Free Will Baptists, and is in a flourishing condition. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Passadumkeag, Me. Penobscot co. This town lies on the east side of Penobscot river, 9S miles N. E. from Augusta, and 30 N. by E. from Bangor. The soil of the town is fertile, and promises a rich reward to the industrious farm- er. Population, 1837,422. Wheat crop, same year, 1,070 bushels. The village of Passadnmheag is admirable located, and will doubt- less become an important mart of the trade of a large section of coun- try. This flourishing village lies at the junction of Passadumkeag river with the Penobscot. This delight- ful stream is about 25 miles in length. It rises in the north east- ern part of this county, and waters the northern part of Hancock coun- ty. It re-enters Penobscot county, and receives the Cold stream, two miles from Passadumkeag village. Both the Passadumkeag and Cold stream afford excellent mill privi- leges. Passamaquoddy Bay, Ble. This bay lies partly m Maine, and partly in the British Province of New Brunswick. The bounda- ry line between the state of Maine and New Brunswick passes through the western part of tliis bay up the river St. Croix. Campo Bello,Deer, and other English islands almost en- close this bay from t'ne ocean. At its mouth it is about 9 miles in width, and extends from "West Quoddj' Head, in Lubec, due north into New Brunswick, about 25 miles. — This bay contains a great number of excellent harbors ; it is never froz- en over, and abounds with cod, her- ring and other fishes. The most important English town on this bay is 8t. Andrevt's, a very flourishing place, 15 miles N. from Eastport. — The P assamaquoddy Indians re- side at Perry, Me. Passivmpsick River, Vt. This river rises in Caledonia, and on the south border of Essex 27 counties. It passes south about 35 miles, and falls into the Connec- ticut at Barnet, about a mile below the foot of Fifteen Mile Falls. It has a number of tributaries. This is a valuable stream, both on ac- count of the numerous mill sites it affords, and the large tracts of choice intervale it forms on its borders. — It is generally deep, but in many places it is very rapid, and forms beautiful cascades. PatricJttOTVMi, Me. Lincoln co. This plantation contains the principal part of a large pond, and is watered by streams which flow into the Sheepscot and Damariscotta. This is a large plan- tation, of good soil. Population, 1837, 465. ^It lies 17 miles E. from Augusta, and 20 N. W. from War- ren. Pa"»vcatuclc River. This river rises in the western part of Rhode Island, and empties into Long Island Sound, separating, at its mouth, the towns of Westerly, R. I., and Stonington, Ct. It is navigable about 6 miles from its mouth, and Wood and Charles riv- ers, two of its piincipals tributaries, are good mill streams. Pawcatuck village. See West- erly. FaM let, Vt. Rutland co. First settled, 17G1. Population, 1S30, 1,965. Pawlet lies 21 miles S. W. from Rutland, and 27 S. E. from Whitehall, N. Y. The town is watered by Pawlet river, which falls into Champlain lake at Whitehall, and by Indian river, which rises from a spring sufficiently large to carry a n;ill. — The latter river was formerly a great resort of the natives, who fre- quented it for trout and other fish with which it abounds. The terri- tory of Pawlet is nearly divided by a range of mountains, the highest summit of which is known by the NEW i;.\i.l,.\\)) (iAZETTEER. name of " Haystack." Tliis i-: a pleasant town, with some manufac- tures. The soil is dry and warm, and produces good crops of corn and hay. It feeds about 14,000 sheep. FaiTtucket, Mas*). Bristol CO. The town of I'awtuck- et lies on the east side of the river of the same name. It is two miles square, and was taken from Scckonk in 1S2S. The population of the town, inlS30, was 1,4.5S; 1S.37, 1,SS1. The village of Pawtiickct is very pleasant; — it is an important manufacturing place, commanding a considerable trade, and contains a population of about 8,000. It lies on both sides of the river, and in- cludes a part of the town of North Providence, in R. I. The first manufiicture of cotton cloth in this country, by water pow- er machinery, was commenced at this place. The water power is immense, and the fall of the river within a short distance, is 50 feet. The river is navigable to the vil- lage for vessels of considerable burthen. It runs 4 miles S. by \V. to Providence river, at India Point, near the dejiot of the Boston and Providence rail-road, one mile be- low the centre of the city of I'rovi- dence. The river, above Pawtuck- et, in Massachusetts, takes the name o(Blackstone; below the falls it takes the name of Seckonk. This place is 4 miles N. from Providence, 'Mi S. from Boston, 16 \V. by S. from Taunton, and 3S S. E. from Wor- cester. At this place are 12 or more cotton mills and print works, and manufactures of cotton machin- ery, bobbins, spools, &c. ; of boots, shoes, cari'iages, vessels, chairs, cabinet wares, &.c. ; total annual value, about two millions of dollars. The turnpike road from this place to Providence is proba!>ly th'> best road of the kind in the world. It is very straight, wide, level, smooth, and shaded on each side by beauti- ful trees. S.\MUEL. Slater, Esq., the father of cotton manufactures in America, resided in this village many years. He died at Webster, Mass., greatly respected, April 20, 1835, aged 67. Pawtnxet River, H. I. This celebrated river rises in the western part of the State. It has nu- merous tributaries, and mingles with the waters of the Narraganset, five miles below Providence. This riv- er is distinguished for its valuable mill sites, and for the numerous man- ufacturing establishments erected on its banks. Pawtuxet and its branches fertilize a large portion of the state. See TJ'arwick. Paxton, Mass. Worcester co. Paxton was tak- en from Leicester and Rutland, in 1765. It is on high ground; its waters descend both to the Connec- ticut and Merrimack. It lies 50 miles W. from Boston, and 7 N. W. from Worcester. Population, 1S37, 619. This is a pleasant town, with manufactures of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather, carriages, &c. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is good, and well culti- vated by its proprietors. Peachnni, Vt. Caledonia co. As no town can be consiIe. Lincoln co. This is an important point of land, extending into the sea between Muscongusbay on the east, and Pemmaquid river and the waters of Damariscotta on the west. There is a light house on this point, which bears W. 10 miles from St. George's island, and about N. E. 9 miles from Bantam Ledge. Penobscot River and Bay, Me. This large and important river, with its numerous and extensive branches water a large portion of the state. It pierces the county which bears its name and receives tributaries from Washington, Han- cock, Waldo, Piscataquis and Som- erset counties. Below the union of the eastern and western branch- es the Piscataquis and Matawam- kcag are its largest tributaries. From the junction of the two branches, or " the Forks," to tide water at Bangor is about 76 miles. The east branch rises at the north, in the Schools lakes, near Aroostook river, and on its passage to the junc- tion, a distance of about 50 miles, it is properly called Seboois river. The western branch of the Pe- nobscot rises in the high lands on the border of Lower Canada and the western frontier of Maine. It passes through the counties of Som* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEF.n. erset and Piscataquis in an eastern direction, to its junction with the eastern branch, receivins; in its course the waters of lakes Chesun- cook, PeiTiadumcook, Millinoket, and other large collections of water. This branch passes within 3 miles of the northern border of Moose Head lake, the source of Kenne- bec river. The length of this branch of the Penobscot, from its source to its union with the east branch or Seboois river, may be stated at about 140 miles; and the greatest length of the river to Bangor, 215, and to the ocean, 275 miles. Some of the most important tributaries of this majestic river, are noted under their distinctive names; a description of them all with their hydraulic powers and boat- able capabilities, their rapid cour- ses and beautiful cataracts, their fertilizing qualities, and other pecu- liarities, would fill a volume. In- deed, these streams and the immense basin which they drain, are so little known, that some years must elapse before any thing like a fair delinea- tion of the value and beauty of this interesting section of New Eng- land can be given. Penobscot Bay. The waters of this bay extend from OwVs Head on the west, to Burnt Coat Island on the E. ; a distance of about 30 miles. At its mouth are Fox Is- lands, Deer Isle, Isle of Haut, and a number of smaller islands. It extends to Belfast bay, at the mouth of Penobscot river, a dis- tance of 20 miles N. from Owl's Head. This bay contains a great number of commodious harbors, and on its borders are many large and flourishing commercial towns. It affords a great variety of fish, and the scenery among the islands is de- lightful. Penobscot County, Me. Bangor, chief town. This sec- 27* tion of country constituting a coun- ty, is rather a district within the state, to be divided into counties as exigencies may require. Not more than a fourth part of the territory is settled, incorporated into towns, or even granted. With the excep- tion of a small portion at its south- ern boundary, it comprises a fertile wilderness, densely wooded, pierc- ed in every dii-ection with mill streams, and adorned with beautiful lakes. It contains a larger extent of teri'itory than the whole agri- cultural state of Vermont, with its 14 large and flourishing counties ; of no better soil, at a greater dis- tance from the ocean, in nearly the same latitude, and, in 1837, with a population of no less than 31 to a square mile. In 1837, before a part of this ter- ritory was set off to form Piscataquis county, it comprised an area of 10,- 578 square miles. It was incorpo- rated as a county in 1316. In 1790, it contained a population of only 1,154. In 1820, the population was 13,870; 1S30, 31,530, and in 1837, 54,961. Population to a square mile, 5 and a fraction. Increase of population, in 7 years, 74 per cent. There are some mountains in this county, but the surface is generally undulating, containing as small a portion of waste land as any county in the state, in proportion to its size. With regard to its soil, it is con- ceded by all who have traveled through the territory and examined it, that its quality, for the produc- tion of all the commodities necessa- rj' for the wants and comforts of man, is better than the soil of New- England generally. The manufactures of this county consist principally of lumber, of which an immense amount is annu- ally transported. Other manufac- tures, however, are rising on the banks of its rivers, and will doubt- less increase with its population. In 1837, there were 39,154 sheep NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in the county of Penobscot, and its wheat crop, the same year, amount- ed to 202,143 bushels. Large portions of the soil of this almost wilderness county iire stated to be exceedingly luxuriant, equal- ling in quality the famed lands of the Ohio valley. There are doubt- less large tracts of land in the val- leys of the Mattawamkeag, Aroos- took, St. Johns, and Madawaska, as fertile, and which will ultimately become as valuable for their agri- cultural productions, as any in our country. The water power of this county is unrivalled by any section of coun- try of its extent in the world, and the noble Penobscot furnishes it with a cheap and convenient pas- sage for the wants of its people from abroad, and for the surplus productions of the soil at home. When the resources of this coun- ty are more fully developed and better understood ; when the liealth- fulness of the climate, the purity of its air and water, axe fairly compared with those of the western and southern prairies, and when the value of a surplus bushel of wheat, or a fat ox on the banks of the Oiiio, is compared with the value of the same productions on the banks of the Penobscot, we trust there will be less complaint against the soil of New England, for the want of pat- ronage it afibrds to the enterprize, comfort, and wealth of her children. Pcuobscot, Me. Hancock co. A maritime town, on the E. side of Penobscot bay, nearly opposite to Belfast, and 12 miles E. by N. from it. It \< 75 miles E. by N. from Augusta, 8 N. by E. from Castine, and 17 S. W. from Ellsworth. An arm of Penob- scot bay sets up from the S. W., and gives the town great navigable facil- ities. It has a great water power, and its manufacture of lumber, its ship building, and coasting traile, render it an important and tlourish- ing sea port. The surface of the town is pleasant, and the soil good. Population, 1837, 1,496. Wheat crop, same year, 2,074 bushels. — Incorporated, 1787. Pcpperell, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a very pleasant town, with a good soil and handsome orchards. It is watered by the Nashua river, which gives it a good water power. There are three paper mills in the town, and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, &c. Annual amount about $80,000. Incorporated, 1753. Population, 1837, l,5s'<5. It lies 33 miles N. W. from Boston, and 17 N. N. W. from Concord. Col. William Prescott, the brave defender of Charlestown heights, was a native of this town. He died in 1795, aged 70. This town derived its name from Sir William Peppeuell, who about the year 1727, was chosen one of his majesty's council, and was annually re-elected 32 years, till his death. Living in a coun- try exposed to a ferocious enemy, 1m3 was well fitted for the situa- tion, in which he was placed, for it pleased God to give him a vigorous frame, and a mind of firm tex- ture, and of great calmness in dan- ger. He rose to the highest mili- tary honors which his country could bestow upon him. When the ex- pedition against Louisbourg was contemplated, he was commission- ed by the governors of New Eng- land to command the troops. He invested the city in 1745. There was a remarkable series of provi- dences in the whole afl'.iir, and Mr. Pepperell asci'ibed his unparalleled success to the (jioil of armies. The king, in reward for his services, conferred upon him the dignity of a baronet of CJreat Britain, an honor ne\'er before conferred on a native of New England. He died at his seat in Kittery, Maine, July 6, 1759,aged 63 years, leaving but ona NEW ENGLAND GAZETTKEU. daughter, the wife of Col. Nathan- iel Sparhawk. The last Sir Ayil- liam (son of Col. Sparhawk,) died in London in 1817. The name and title are extinct. Lady Mary Pepperell, relict of Sir William Pepperell, died at her seat in Kittery, Nov. 25, 1789. She was daughter of Grove Hirst, Esq. and grand-daughter of Hon. Judge Sewall. Her natural and acquired powers were said to be very respectable, and she was much admired for her wit and sweetness of manners. William Pepperell, thefa- therof the first Sir William, was a native of Cornwall, England, and emigrated to this country about the year 1676, and settled at the Isles of Shoals, as a fisherman. It is said, he was so poor for some time after his arrival, that the lady to whom he paid his addresses at the Shoals would not hearken to him. However, in a few years, by his industry and frugality, he got enough to send out a brig, which he loaded to Hull. The lady now gave her consent. After his mar- riage, he removed to Kittery, where he became a very wealthy merchant, and died in 1734. Peqiiatvltett River, N. H. Pequawkett, written by Belknap Pigwacket, and by Sullivan Pick- wocket, but the true orthogi-aphy is found to be Pc-quaw-kett ; an In- dian name applied to a considerable tract of country, now including Conway, N. H., Fryeburgh, Me., and some of the adjacent towns. — It is also the name of a river flow- ing into the Saco, from two ponds in Eaton ; and of a mountain be- tween Bartlett and Chatham, for- merly called Kearsarge. Perry, Me. Washington co. This town lies on the W. side of St. Croix river, and 5 miles N. W. from Eastport, to which it is connected by a bridge. It is favored with good navigable waters, and is a place of considera- ble enterprise in the fishing busi- ness, -ihip building, and the coasting and lumber trade. It is 184 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 25 E. N. E. from Machias. Incorporated, 1818. Population, 1837, 929. At Pleasant Point, in this town, on the margin of the river, is an Indian reservation, the residence of the remnant of the Openangos, or Passamaquoddy tribe. The village contains a Roman Catholic church, about 20 cottages, and 120 souls. — The reservation comprises about 27,000 acres. Peru, Me. Oxford CO. Peru is bounded on the N. by Androscoggin river, and contains some pleasant ponds and mill streams. It has a good soil and produced, in 1837, 3,457 bushels of wheat. Population, same year, 854. Incoi'porated, 1821. Peru lies 38 miles W. by N. from Augus- ta, and 17 N. by E. from Paris. Perw, Vt. Bennington co. This is a Green Mountain township, high and brok- en. It contains two lai-ge fish ponds from which issue beautiful moun- tain streams. First settled, 1773, Population, 1830, 455. It lies 3C miles N. N. E. from Bennington, and 30 S. W. from Windsor. Peru, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a rough and mountainous town, wherein branches of Housatonick and West- field rivers rise. It was foimerly called Partridgefield, and incorpo- rated by that name in 1771. The soil is cold but adapted for grazing. The inhabitants are chiefly farm- ers. Population, 1837, 656. In that year 6,127 sheep were sheared in this town ; the value of the wool, which weighed 18,381 lbs., was $11,948. Peru lies 111 miles W. from Boston, 18 N. E. from Lenox, NEW E.SUL.V.NU GAZETTEER. and 47 E. from Albany, N. Y. It is the liigliesl land between the Connecticut and Hudson rivers. Peterborough, K. H. Hillsborough co. This town lies midway between Amherst and Keenc, being 20 miles from each. It is 75 miles \V. S. W. from Ports- mouth, ()0 N. \y. from Boston, and 4i) S. \V. from Concord. Pe terbo- rouu;h lies in a N. E. direction from the Grand Monadnock,and is bound- ed on the E. by a chain of hills called Pack Alonadnock. Contoo- cook river runs in a N. E. and X. direction through the centre of tlie town, affording several good privi- leges for mills and factories. The N. branch, from Dublin, originating partly from waters near the Monad- nock, and partly from Long, or Hunt's pond, lying in Nelson and Hancock, alFords a never-failing supply of water, and furnishes those noble falls, on which are situated several factories. There are ex- tensive and valuable meadows on this branch, above these falls; and the soil generally throughout the town is excellent. In the centre of the town is a high hill, formerly the site of a meetinghouse, at an elevation of 200 feet above the riv- er. The chain of hills on the E. is distinguished by two principal sum- mits. Between these summits is a depression of a quarter part of the mountain's height. About 60 rods W. of the ridge, or summit of this depression, on an embeiichment of the mountain, is a pond of about 9 acres extent, very deep and re- plenished with fish, at an elevation of 200 feet above the site of meet- ing house hill. There are rocks in several places which afford indi- cations of sulphur, aiid crumble on exposure to the sun and air. Iron ore of an excellent quality has been discovered, but as yei in small quantities. Peterborough was grant- ed in 1738, by the government of Massachusetts to Samuel Hey wood and others. The first settlement took place in 1739. In 1759 there were 45 families, and on the 17th Jan., the next year, the town was incorporated. The first settlers of Peterborough were Scotch Presby- terians, from Ireland, or their im- mediate descendants. Wholly un- used to clearing and cultivating of wild lands, they endured great hard- ships. Their nearest gristmill was at Townsend, 25 miles distant — their road, a line of marked trees. The first male child born here, was .fohn Richie ; he was born Feb 22, 1751, anil died in the service of his country at Cambridge, in 1776. — Population, 1830,1,934. Pctersl&am, Mass. Worcester co. Petersham is a very pleasant town, elevated on a swell of fertile land, and pre- senting a fine prospect of many of the neighboring towns. It was first settled about the year 1732, and was called by the Indians J^''asha- ivang. Swift river waters a part of the town, and aftbrds a water power. There is a woolen mill in the town; and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, and cabinet ware : total an- nual value, about $60,000. It lies 62 miles W. by.N. from Boston, and 27 N. W. from Worcester. Popula- tion, 1337, 1,731. Incorporated, 1754. PhUlips, Ale. Franklin co. This town is wa- tered by .Sandy river. It lies 53 miles N. W. from Augusta, and 15 N. W. from Farmington. Incorpo- rated, 1812. Pop. 1830, 954 ; 1837, 1 ,2S3. Wheat crop, in 1837, 6,23S bushels. Ptiillipstou, Slass. Worcester co. There is a large pond in this town, the source of Burnshint river. This pleasant town was taken from Athol and Temple- ton, in 1786. It was called Gerry until 1812. The manufactures of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the town consist of cotton and woolen goods, palm-leaf hats, leath- er, boots and shoes ; annual value, about $75,000. It lies 58 miles N. W. by W. from Boston, and 25 N. W. from Worcester. Population, 1837, 8S7. Pliipsburgli, Me. Lincoln co. This is a maritime town at the mouth of Kennebec liv- er, on the west side, 40 miles S. from Augusta, and 18 S. W. from Wiscasset. Population, 1837, 1,430. It consists of a peninsula of land, of about 15 miles in length, and from two to four miles in width, ly- ing between Kennebec river, on the east, and New Meadows, or Stevens' river, on the west, and ex- tending from Small Point, the east- ern boundary of Casco bay, to the town of Bath on the north. It con- tains a U. S. fort, and Seguin and Pond islands, on which are light houses. Phipsburgh was taken from the ancient town of Bristol, in 1816, and named in honor of Governor Phips, who was born in Bristol. Governor Phips lived in the wil- derness of Maine till he was eigh- teen years of age, and was then an apprentice to a ship-carpenter four years. He went to Boston, and learned to read and write. He chose to seek his fortune on the sea, and had the good luck to discover the wreck of a very valuable Spanish vessel on the coast of Hispaniola, and by the aid of the British gov- ernment succeeded in fishing up plate, pearls and jewels, amounting in value to three hundred thousand pounds sterling, with which he sailed to England in 1687. He ob- tained by his enterprise sixteen thousand pounds, and the honor of knighthood. He returned to Bos- ton in 1690, and commanded the expedition against Port Royal, which place he captured. When the new charter of Massachu- setts was obtained he was appointed the first governor under it. He ar- rived at Boston, as governor, in 1692 In 1694, in a dispute with the col lector of the port, Sir William so far forgot his dignity as to descend to blows. He was removed from office, and returned to England. He received assurance of being re- stored, but before that event hap- pened he died, in 1695, aged 44. Phipsburgh has considerable trade and navigation. Ship build- ing is pursued, and fishing is a source of profit. There is no bet- ter site for fishing establishments on the coast. It is a very pleasant town, and an agreeable location to court the sea breezes in summer. Pievniont, 3V. H., Grafton co., is bounded N. by Haverhill. It is 65 miles N. N. W. from Concord. The soil, especially on the Connecticut, is good. The meadows, or intervales, are extensive, and in some instan- es highly cultivated. The mead- ows are composed of sandy loam, in some places inclined to marie, and are favorable to the growth of wheat, corn and every kind of grain. Back from the river the town is made up of swells of fine grazing and mowing land,well watered with brooks and springs. In the N. E. part of the town are three consid- erable ponds, called Eastman's ponds. From these ponds issues Eastman's brook, which, passing in a S. E. direction, falls into Connec- ticut river, forming a number of excellent mill seats. Indian brook, on which mills are erected, is in the S. part. The settlement commenc- ed in 1770. Population, in 1830, 1,042. Pilot MouJitain, N. H. See Kilkenny. Piscataqwa River, Hi. H. The only large river whose entire course is in New Hampshire, is formed by the junction of several NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. small streams in a wide anJ deep bed ; liollowcd out partly by tliein, and partly by the tide. Tlie names of these streams, beginning at the northeast, are Salmon Fall, Coche- co, Bellamy bank,Oystei-, Lamprey, Squamscot, and Wiimioii.t rivers. Tlie live last unite their waters in a large and irregular' bay between Durham and Greenland, more re- sen»bling a lake than a river. The waters of this bay meet those of Salmon Fall and Cocheco rivers, coming from the northwest at Hil- ton's point, a few miles below Do- ver. After this junction, they pro- ceed in a direct line to the south- east ; and join the ocean 2 or 3 miles below Portsmouth; embosoming several islands, and forming one of the best harbors on the continent. Few river*! make a more magnifi- cent appearance than this; yet the streams by which it is supplied are small. Salmon Fall furnislies more than all the rest. This stream is called J\~ewi chaw anno ck from the falls in Berwick till it receives the waters ^f the Cocheco ; but the name of Piscataqua ought to be ap- plied to the whole of Salmon Fall river. Piscataquis lUver, Hie. The head waters of this river are found in the high lands wliich sep- arate the waters of Penobscot and Kennebec rivers. Its length is about 65 miles, passing in a course nearly east. It has many tributaries, of wliich Sebec and Pleasant rivers, and Seboois stream, from the north, are the largest. In its couriie it fertilizes large tracts of country, and gives to the towns thiough which it passes a good hydraulic power. Piscataquis County, Me. Dover, chief town. This county was incorporated, March 2.3, 1838. Its territory is thus described in the act of incorporation, to wit : " That from and after tlie last day of April next, all that portion of territory lying nortlj of the south lines of Parkman and Wellington, ill the county of Somerset, and lying north of the north lines of tlie towns of Dexter, Garland, Charleston, Bradford, and south line of Kilmar- nock, in the county of Penobscot ; and bounded east by the east lines of Milton, Kilmarnock and townships numbered four in the eighth and ninth ranges; and thence bounded east by a line running north from the northeast corner of said town- ship numbered four, in the ninth range, to the north line of the state ; and bounded on the west by the west lines of Wellington, Kings- bury, Shirley, and township number two in the tifth range ; and thence bounded west by a line running north from the northwest corner of said township number two, to the Kennebec river; thence up and by the southerly bank of said river to Moose Head lake; thence bounded westerly by the westerly margin of said lake, to the northwest angle of said lake — and thence bounded west by a line running north, to the north line of the state — be and tlie same is hereby constituted and made a county by the name of," &c. This county is therefore bounded N. W. and N. by the British pos- sessions in Lower Canada, E. by the county of Penobscot, S. by the counties of Penobscot and Somer- set, and W. by Somerset county There are numerous lakes and ponds in the county, the largest of which are the Moose Head, Chesuncook and Pcmadumcook. The county is crossed by the Piscataquis, Penob- scot and Walloomstook rivers, but most of its excellent mill streams, of which there are many, rise with- in the county, from its own natural sources. There arc some consider- able elevations, the largest of which is JiTa/n/irfin Mountain. The diar- actcr of the surface and soil of Pis- cataquis county is generally that of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER Penobscot and Somerset counties, from which it was taken. Piscataqnog River, N. H., Is formed of two principal branch- es, one from Francestown, the other from Henniker and Deering, which unite and form the main stream near the W. line of Goftstown. It pur- sues a southeasterly course through Goffstown and the N. E. corner of Bedford, where it falls into Merri- mack river. PiscATAQuoG Village, on this river and near its mouth, is a thriving and pleasant village, situ- ate in the N. E. part of Bedford. A handsome bridge is constructed over the Piscataquog, rn this village, 60 feet in length. Since the Union Canal commenced operation, the boating business to this place has been carried on with much success. On the S. side of the river, below this village, is a public landing- place, extending to the Merrimack, and from this place lumber of all descriptions from the circumjacent country, is conveyed down the riv- er to market by rafts and boats to Newburyport,and through the Mid- dlesex canal to Charlestown and Boston. The rise and present flour- ishing appearance of this village is owing in a great measure to the enterprise and industry of William Parker and Isaac Riddle, esquires, who were the first to commence the mercantile business in this place. Pittsfieia, Me. Somerset co. This is a town of excellent soil, and a branch of Se- basticook river rises in the S. E. corner. The inhabitants are gen- erally good and thriving farmers. Pittsfield was incorporated in 1819. Wheat crop, 1837, 4,869 bushels. Population, 1830, 609 ; 1837, 836. It lies 38 miles N. N. E. from Au- gusta, and 20 E. from Norridgewock. Pittsfleld, Iff. H. Merrimack co. The surface of Pittsfield is pleasantly varied, with a good soil. Suncook river passes through the town, affording good mill privileges. Catamount moun- tain stretches across the S. E. partot the town, from the summit of which delightful views are obtained. There are a number of ponds in the town ; west of which the magnetic-needle varies materially. Berry's pond is on the mountain : — it is half a mile in length, and is supplied by mountain springs. There is a neat and flour- ishing village in Pittsfield ; a large cotton mill, a scythe factory, and an academy. This town was first settled in 1784. Population, 1830, 1,271. It is 16 miles N. E. from Concord. Pittsfield, Vt. Rutland CO. Tweed river is form- ed in this town, by two branches, which afford mill seats: it empties into V»'hite river, which passes through the N. E. corner. The surface of the town is mountainous, and the soil hard. Pittsfield was first settled in 1786. Population, 1830,505. It lies 35 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 N. E. from Rutland. Pittsiield, Mass. Berkshire co. This large manu- facturing and agricultural town, a mart of trade for a large section of countrj', lies 125 miles W. from Boston, 5 N. from Lenox, and 33 E. from Albany, N. Y. Population, 1S37, 3,575. The settlement of this place, the Indian Pontoosuck, was commenced in 1736. It was incorporated in 1761. It was a fron- tier town for some j^ears, and garri- sons were erected for the protection of the inhabitants against the in- roads of the savages. The town is finely watered by two branches of the Housatonick, which unite near its centre. There are in Pittsfield NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 6 woolen and 2 cotton mills, and manufactures of muskets, iron cast- ing*, tin ware, leather, haU, car- riages, prunella buttons, chairs, corn brooms, cabinet ware, &c. ; total amount, the year ending April 1, 1S:{7, Sfi*^^.'!''- The value of 12,962 fleeces of wool sheared in the town the same year, was $19,443. Pittsfield is one of the pleasantest towns in New England : it lies 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a fertile valley between the Taughkannick and Green moun- tain ranges. The village is well located, and contains many beauti- ful buildings, which, with the fine .scenery and well cultivated farms that surround it, presents a great variely to charm the eye and to gratify the taste of the intelligent agriculturalist. There are in Pittsfield a medical institution, a female academy, kc, which will be noticed in the Jieg- ister. Pittsford, Vt. Rutland co. Otter creek mean- ders through this very pleasant SAsd flourishing town, nearly in its cen- tre, and fertilizes a large part of its tenitory. Furness river iifTords the town good privileges, on which are large iron works and o'lhcr man- ufactories. Iron ore of a very fine quality, and elastic marble, are abundant; also, the oxide of man- ganese. The agricultural produc-" tions are valuable. In 1S.S7 there were in the town 12, .368 sheep. A female child was born here in 1784, who died at the age of 9 years, and weighed 200 pounds. Pittsford was first settled about the year 1770. — It was a frontier town for a num- ber of years. The remains of Fort Vengencc arc still vi-^ible. This town lies 44 miles S. W. from Mont- pelier, and 8 N. from Rutland. — Population, 1S.30, 2,005. PIttstou, Me. Kennebec co. Pittston is a pleas- ant town, on the east side of Ken- nebec river, opposite to Gardiner; 7 miles S. by E. from Augusta. It is a flourishing town, of good soil, and lias several ponds and mill streams, and a considerable business in the lumber trade. Incorporated, 1779. Population, 1837, 2,121.— Wheat crop, same year, 2,231 bush- els. Plaiiifleld, N. H., Sullivan co., lies on Connecticut river. It is 12 miles S. fi'om Dart- mouth college, and N. W. .5.5 from Concord. There is considerable valuable intervale, on Connecticut river, and in other parts are excel- lent meadows. There are two ponds. At the S;. W. part of this town, in Connecticut river, is Hart's island, which contains 19 acres. — NVaterqueechy falls arc in this town. A bridge was erected here in 1307. A small stream, flowing from C.-oy- don mountains, waters the town. — Plainfield has a pleasant village, situated on a handsome plain, through the centre of which the street passes N. and S. On a pleas- ant eminence in Meriden pari.sh is located " The Union Academy," in- corporated June 16, 1813. It is en- dowed with a permanent fund of $40,000, the liberal bequest of the late Hon. Daniel Kimball, the interest of which, as directed by his last will, is to be applied as fol- lows, viz : $150 annually to the support of a Calvinistic preacher, and the remainder tor the instruc- tion of pious young men for the ministry. This seminary is in a flourishing condition. PlainfieKl was granted in 1761, and was settled in 1764. Population, 1830, 1,581. Plainfield, Vt. Washington co. First settled, 1794. Population, 1830, .874. It lies 8 miles E. fi'om Montpelier, arid 21 from Newbury. At the Junc- tion of Onion river and Great brook, in this town, is a neat village with NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER some manufacturing operations by water. There is a mineral spring in the town of some note, and a tine trout pond. The soil is generally of a good quality, and feeds about 3,000 sheep. Plainfleld, Mass. Hampshiie co. This town is elevated on the Green mountain range, at the N. W. corner of the county, and watered by the upper branches of Westfield river. — Although the surface is rough and mountainous, yet the soil is excel- lent for pasturage, and produces some fine cattle. In 1837, the l!eeces of 3,772 sheep, sheared in this town, were valued at ^.5,.379. There are 2 woolen mills, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs, cabinet ware, &c ; total an- nual value about $40,000. Plain- field lies 110 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 20 N. W. from North- ampton. Incorporated, 1735. Pop- ulation, 1837, 865. Plainfield, Ct. Windham CO. Mooseup river af- fords this town a good water power, on which, in the pleasant villages of Unionville and Centreville, are considerable manufactures of cot- ton and woolen goods. This town was incorporated in 1700 : a part of the land is broken and stony, but in the western section there is an extensive plain, of a light sandy loam, noted for its adaptation to the growth of corn and other grain. — In olden times this plain was called the Egypt oi the surrounding coun- try. The village is on a commanding eminence, from which there is an extensive prospect, and in which is one of the best academies in the state ; incorporated in 1783. It lies 41 E. from Hartford, and 8 S.by E. from Brooklyn. Population, 1830, 2,290. 28 PlaistoAv, IV. II. Rockingham co. It lies 36 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and 30 S. W. from Portsmouth. Plaistow wasor- riginally a part of Haverhill, Mass., and included in the purchase of the Indians in 1642. Among the tirst settlers were Capt. Charles Bartlett, Nicholas White, Esq., Dea. Benja- min Kimball and J. Harriman. — Their posterity now inhabit the town. After it became annexed to New Hampshire, a charter was granted in 1749. The soil of this, town is good, being a mixture of black loam, clay and gravel. Popu- lation, in 1S30, 591. Piatt River, Vt. This small but good mill stream rises in a pond in Richmond ; pass- es through Hinesburgh, and a cor- ner of Charlotte, and falls into Shelburne bay. Pleasaut Rivers, Me. Pleasant River, in Washington county, rises from a pond in Bed- dington, and passing in a N. E. di- rection falls intoPleasant river bay, which lies E. from Naraguagus bay, and is connected with that bay, at its mouth. Pleasant River, Piscataquis coun- ty, is an important mill stream ; a tributary of the Piscataquis, from the north. It receives the two Ebeeme branches, as they are call- ed, about 15 miles from its mouth, in Milo. Pliun Islaiid, Mass. See JVeivhury. Plymoutli, Me. Penobscot co. This is a fine township of land, watered by beau- tiful ponds, and a valuable branch of Sebasticook river. It lies 45 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 23 W. from Bangor. Wheat crop, 1S37, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 4,530 bushels. Population, same year, 791. Incorporated, 1826. Flyrnonth, X. H., The half shire of Grafton county, is 75 miles N. W. from Portsmouth, 31 S. E. from Haverhill, and 10 N. from Concord. This town is well watered. Besides numei-ous small- er streams, there are two rivers, Pemigewasset and Haker's, both of which are of considerable impor- tance. They take their rise in the heiijht of land between the Con- necticut and Merrimack, called the eastern ridge. Baker's river is .30 miles in length. The soil is tolera- bly good, and in general is well cul- tivated. Holmes' academy is situ- ated in this town, and is a very flour- ishing school. Plymouth was grant- ed in 176."}. The first settlement commenced in 1764. The inter- vales in this town were formerly the resort of Indians for hunting. At the mouth of Baker's river they had a settlement, where Indian graves, bones, &c., have been found : also gun barrels, stone mortars, pestles, and other utensils. Here, it is said, the Indians were attacked by Capt. Baker and a party from Haverhill, Mass., who defeat- ed thein, killed a number and de- stroyed a large quantity cl' fur. — From him. Baker's river derives its name. Population, in 1330, 1,175. Plymoutli, Vt. Windsor co. Two mountains in this town rise to a considerable ele- vation, one of which. Mount Tom, is quite abrupt. The soil is gener- ally good for grazing, and consider- able products of the dairy are sent to market. Black and Quecchy rivers take their rise here, and af- ford mill privileges. There are a number of natural ponds in the town, which furnish a great sup- ply of trout and other fish. Amon^ the lime stone rocks which abound in this town are numerous caves, some of which are very large, and curious. Extensive beds of soap- stone are found here. Plymouth lies 52 miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 W. by N. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,237. First settled, 1776. Plyiuouth County, Slass. Plyniotith, chid town. The soil of this most ancient county in New England, is not so productive as that of many others in Massachusetts ; yet there is considerable good land within its limits. It has a great water power, which is more partic- ularly applied to the manuf.icture of iron ware, of all sorts, both wrought and cast. It has an abun- dant supply of iron ore, of a supe- rior quality. This county has a sea coast on Massachusetts bay, of be- tween 30 and 40 miles, and many ships are built in its numerous ports of native white oak. This county has considerable foreign commerce; but its shipping is principally en- gaged in the fishing business and coasting trade. It is bounded N. E. by Massachusetts bay, N. by Xorfolk county, and Boston harbor, W. and N. W. by Norfolk county, S. W. by Bristol county, and S. E. by Buzzard's bay, and Barnstable county. Area, about 600 square miles. This county was incorpor- ated in 16;>5. Population, 1S20, .*5S,136; 1830,42,993; 1837,46,253. Population, to a square mile, 77. — The North river, emptying into Massachusetts bay, and numerous branches of the Taunton, are its chief rivers. In 1S37, there were in this coun- ty 11,410 sheep. The value of the manufactures, the year ending April 1, 1837, was $4,896,907.— The value of the fishery, during the same period, was .5582,419. Plymontli, Mmaa. Plymotith CO. Chief town. This place is full of interest, it being the oldest settlement by Europeans in New England, and the landing NEAV ENGLAND GAZETTEER. place of our forefathers on the 22d of December. 1620. Its Indian name was Patuxet. Plymouth lies 35 miles S. E. by S. from Boston : N. lat. 41° 57' 30". W. Ion. 70° 40' 45". Population, 1830, 4,384 ; 1837, 5,034. Incorporated, 1620. "Plymouth was the first town built in New England by civilized man ; and those by whom it was built were inferior in worth to no body of men, whose names are recorded in history, during the last seventeen hundred years. A kind ofvener- ablcness, arising from these facts, attaches to this town, which may be termed a prejudice. Still, it has its foundation in the nature of man, and will never be eradicated either by philosophy or lidicule. No New Englander, who is willing to indulge his native feelings, can stand upon the rock, where our an- cestors set the first foot after their arrival on the American shore, without experiencing emotions very different from those which are ex- cited by any common object of the same nature. No New Englander could be willing to have that rock buried and forgotten. Let him reason as much, as coldly, and as ingeniously as he pleases, he will still regard that spot with emotions wholly different from those which are excited by other places of e-qual or even superior importance. Wo cannot wish this trait in the human character obliterated. In a higher state of being, where truth is uni- versally as well as cordially embrac- ed, and virtue controls without a rival, this prejudice, if it must be called by that name, will become useless, and may, therefore, be safely discarded. But in our pres- ent condition, every attachment, which is innocent, has its use, and contributes both to fix and to soften man. When we call to mind the history of their sufferings on both sides of the Atlantic, when we re- member their pre-eminent patience, their unspotted piety, their immove- able fortitude, their undaunted re- solution, their love to each other, their justice and humanity to the savages, and there freedom from all those stains which elsewhere spot- ted the character even of their com- panions in affliction, we cannot but view them as illustrious brothers, claiming the veneration and ap- plause of all their posterity. The institutions, civil, literary, and religious, by vvhich New Eng- land is distinguished on this side the Atlantic, began here. Here the manner of holding lands in free soccage, now universal in this coun- try, commenced. Here the right of sufferage was imparted to every citizen, to every inhabitant not dis- qualified by poverty or vice. Here was formed the first establishment of towns, of the local legislature, which is called a town meeting, and of the peculiar town executive, styled the selectmen. Here the first parochial school was set up, and the system originated for com- municating to every child in the community the knowledge of read- ing, writing, and arithmetic. Here, also, the first building was erected for the worship of God ; the first religious assembly gathered ; and the first minister called and settled, by the voice of the church and con- gregation. On these simple found- ations has since been erected a structure of good order, peace, lib- erty, knowledge, morals and relig- ion, with which nothing on this side the Atlantic can bear a remote com- parison." The land in this town is generally hilly, and sandy ; but there is a border of considerable extent on the sea board, having been well cul- tivated, consisting of a rich loamy soil, and capable of yielding large crops. The town is watered by Eel and Wonkinqua rivers. Town, Willings- ly and Double brooks, and more than 200 ponds, the largest of which is called BiUington ^Sea. " This NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. was formerly called Fresh Lake. It was discovered about the Isl of January, 1()21, by Francis Billing- ton, while mounted on a tree stand inu; on a hill. It was in the midst of a thick Ibrest, and when seen at a distance, Billington sup- posed it to be another sea. On the 8th of January, he went with one of the niasler's mates, to view the place. They found two lakes con- tiguous,separated by a narrow space; the largest is about six miles in circumierence, and is the far famed Billington Sea. It is a\)out two miles southwest from the town, and from it issues the Town brook. In this pond there are two small isl- ands. The largest, containing about two acres, having been planted with apple-trees, produces excel- lent fruit. This pond is well stock- ed with pickerel and perch. The majestic eagle is frequently seen cowering over this pond, and has for ages built its nest in the branch- es of the trees, visiting the flats in the harbor at low tide in pursuit of fish and birds. Loons, and the beau- tiful wood-duck produce their young in sequestered retreats about this pond, annually. The fallow deer, tenacious of their ancient place of rendezvous, continue to visit this pond for drink, and to browse on its margin. For many years this beautiful pond was a favorite resort for social paities. A house was erected on the bank, a pleasure-boat was in the pond, and tea-parties and fishing-parties unit- ed in the liaiipiest enjoyments. There are on the road to Sand- wich, in the woods, two rocks call- ed Sacrifice rocks. They are cov- ered with sticks and stones, which have been accumulating foi- centu- ries. It was the constant practice among the aboriginals^ to throw a stone, or stick on the rock in pass- ing. The late Rev. Mr. Hawley, who spent many years among the natives atMarshpeo, endeavored to learn from them the design of tiiis singular rite, but could only con- jecture that it was an acknowledg- ment of an invisible Being, the un- known God whom this people wor- • shipped. This pile was their altar. Burying Hill, formerly Fort Hill. Immediately in the rear of the town is a hill, rising 165 feet above the sealevel, embracing about eight acres. On the summit of the southwest side, the pilgrims erect- ed first some temporary defence, but, in 1675, on the ap[)roach of Philip's war they erected a strong fort, 100 feet square, strongly palis- adoed, ten and a half feet high. — No other place could have been so well chosen, cither for discovering the ajjproach of savages, or for de- fending the town against their at- tacks. The settlement was rend- ered perfectly secure, and springs of water were at their command. The whole circuit of the fort is still distinctly visible, a watch-house of brick was also built near the fort. The view presented from this eminence, embracing the harbor and the shores of the bay for miles around, is not, perhaps, inferior to any in the country. Let the anti- quarian come at full tide and when the billows are calmed, and scat himself on this mount, that he may survey the incomparable landscape, and enjoy the interesting asso- ciations with which he will be in- spired. Immediately beneath the hill lies the town in full view, and beyond this the harbor and ship- ping. The harbor is a beautiful expanse of water, bounded on the S. by Manomet point, and near which commences a beach three miles in length, breasting the rolling billows of the bay, and serving as a barrier to the wharves ; and on the N. E. by a promontory extending from Marshtield, called the Gurnet, on the point of which stands the light- house. These several points, together with the opposite shores, complete- ly enclose the harbor, having NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Clark's Island and Saquish in its bosom. Beyond these points opens the great bay of Massachusetts, bounded at the southern extremity by the peninsula of Cape Cod, which is distinctly visible, and spreading boundless to the north- east. On the N. appears the flour- ishing village of Duxbury, shooting into the bay, and exhibiting a hand- some conical hill, ever to be re- membered as once the property and residence of the gallant Standish. Between Duxbury and Plymouth, is the harbor and pleasant village of Kingston. Having taken a sur- vey of this magnificent group, so exceedingly endeared to the New England antiquarian, and enjoyed a spiritual vision of the Mayflower, laden with men, women and chil- dren, come as founders of a mighty empire, we are next lad to view a scene of more solemn contempla- tion. The whole extent of the hill is covered with the symbols of mor- tality, the sepulchres of our vener- ated fathers. We tread on the ash- es of some of those to whom we are indebted, under Providence, for our most precious earthly enjoyments, all that is valuable in life, much of principle and example which are consoling in death. With what so- licitude do we search for a sepul- chral stone bearing the names of Carver, Bradford, and their glorious associates. The following are the most an- cient monuments which can be traced within this enclosure : — Here lies the body of Edward Gray, Gent., aged about fifty-two years, and departed this life the last of June, 1681. Here lyes ye body of ye Honorable Major William Bradford, who expired February ye 20, 1703-4., aged 79 years. He lived long, but still was doing good, And in his country's service lost much blood. After a life well spent he's now at rest — His very name and memory is blest. 28* There are in Plymouth 3 cotton mills, 3 nail factories, and manufac- tures of vessels, cordage, boots, shoes, leather, hats, straw bonnets, chairs, tin and cabinet wares : — the value of which for the year ending April 1,1837, was $508,932. Dur- ing that year there were 4 vessels engaged in the whale fishery, 45 in the cod and mackerel fishery, and a large number of vessels employed in the merchant service and coast- ing trade. Tonnage of the district, in 1S37, 26,635 tons. The product of the fishery, the same year, was $154,636. The corner stone of Pilgrim Hall was laid in this town on the 1st of September, 1824. This edi- fice is 70 by 40 feet, with walls of unwrought split granite; the height from the top of the foundation to the eave cornice being about 33 feet, forms two stories. The low- er room is about 10 feet in the clear of the ceiling; and the upper to the impost moulding about 20 feet, to which being added the curve of the ceiling is about 23 feet. It is intended, as soon as the state of the funds will justify, to form the front by an addition of about 20 feet, with a double tier of steps, having entrance to the upper room and by descent to the lower. The front to be finished with a Doric portico on 4 columns, of about 20 feet in height, the base of which to be from 3 to 4 feet above the level of the street. The situation presents a full view of the river and outer harbor. An Anniversary Commemora- tion of the landing of the pilgrims commenced in Plymouth on the 22d of December, 1769, and will, we trust, be continued in Pilgrim Hall, so long as the virtues, unpar- alleled sufferings, and the conscien- tious performance of the duties of piety and benevolence of our pil- grim fathers are held in veneration by a grateful posterity. See Reg- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ister, and (Thachers History of Plymouth. Plj-mouth, Ct. Li chfield co. Plymouth lies 22 miles W. S. W. from Hertford, 31 N. by \V. from New Haven, ami 12 S. E. from Litchfield. Taken trom Waterburv in 1795. Popula- tion, 1S.30, 2,064. The surface of the town is rough and hilly, witli a strong, gravelly soil, well adapted for grazing. The Naugatuck affords an ample water power, which is improved for the manufacture of cotton goods, clocks, &c. The manufacture of small wood- en clocks, iti.s believed, originated with Mr. Terry, of this town, about 20 years ago ; since that period, the manufacture of wooden clocks has been widely extended, and forms a very important branch of the man- ufactures in this part of the state. Plympton, Itlass. Plymouth co. This town is wa- tered by a branch of Taunton river. It lies 32 miles S. E. by S. from Boston, and 8 W. from Plymouth. Incorporated, 1707. Population, 1S37, 835. The manufactures of the town consist of cotton and wool- en goods, nails, shovels, spades, hoes, forks, hoo|) rivets, shoes, leath- er, palm-leaf hats, chairs and cabi- net ware ; annual amount about $100,000. The Indian name of Plympton was JVaiuituxet. A no!)le white oak was cut in this town a few years ago. It contain- ed seven tons and seven feet of ship timber, and two cords of fire wood. Poge, Cape, Mass. This cape forms the northern ex- tremity of Chappequiddic island, a part of Ditkts county. Poland, Mc. Cumberland co. Poland is situ- ated on Little Androscoggin river, 6 miles above Lewiston falls. It is 44 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 26 N. from Portland. Incorporated, 1795. Population, 1837, 2,251.— \\heat crop, same year, 3,965 bush- els. This is an exiellent farming town with good mill privileges, sev- eral ponds, and a pleasant village. A family consisting of about 70 of that curious people denomina- ted " Shakers," reside in Poland. They possess about 600 acres of choice land. They are attached to the society at New Gloucester, about a mile distant. Their village is on a beautiful eminence. To say that their village is neat and handsome, and that their lands and gardens are well iniproved, would be superfluous. See Canterbury, jy. H. Pomfret, Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1770. Population, 1830, 1,867. Pomfret lies 45 miles N. by E. fi-om Mont- pelier and 20 N. N. W. from Wind- sor. The town is watered by White and Quccchy livcrs. The sui-face is hilly, but the soil is generally good, particularly for g'.-azing : — it pastui-es about 8000 sheep. Pom- fret contains a mineral substance, said to prove a good substitute for paint. Pomfret, Ct. Windham co. Pomfret was first settled in 16S6. Incorporated, 1713. Its Indian name was .Miishamoquet. The surface of the town is pleasantly diversified by hills and valleys: Irom some of the elevations, delightful views are obtained. The soil is deep, strong and fertile, and, al- though .somewhat stony, is very productive, and exceedingly well adapted for grazing. A considera- ble amount of the productions of the dairy are sent to market. The Quiiinebaug and several of its branches wate.- the town,aiul flour- ishing manufacturing establish- ments of cotton and other materials are springing up within its borders Pomfret lies 40 miles E. by N. from NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Hartford, 7 N. fi'om Brooklyn and 30 W. from Providence, R. 1. Pop- ulation, I830,1,9S1. Pomfret contains the "Wolf Den," celebrated lor the bold exploit of the gallant Putnam, who resided here some years. He died at Brook- lyn, in this state, in 1790. The aperture to this den or cave, which is situated under a high ledge of rocks, is about two feet square. It is about forty feet in length, nar- row, of uneven surface, and in no part of it can a man stand upright. The sides of this cave are of smooth rock, which appear to have been rent asundnr by an earthquake. Af- ter making the necessary prepara- tions for his venturous expedition, Putnam entered the den, and " hav- ing groped his passage in the hori- zontal part of it, the most terrify- ing darkness appeared in front of the dim circle of light afforded by his torch. It was silent as the house of death. None but mon- sters of the desert had ever before explored this solitary mansion of horror. He cautiously proceeding onward came to the ascent ; which he slowly mounted on his hands and knees until he discovered the glar- ing eye-balls of the wolf, who was sitting at the extremity of the cav- ern. Started at the sight of tire, she gnashed her teeth, and gave a sudden growl. As soon as he had made the necessary discovery, he kicked the rope as a signal for pul- ling him out. The people at the mouth of the den, who had listened with painful anxiety, hearing the growl of the wolf, and supposing their friend to be in the most immi- nent danger, drew him forth with such celerity that his shirt was stripped over his head and his skin severely lacerated. After he had adjusted his clothes, and loaded his gun with nine buck-shot, holding a torch in one hand and the musket in the other, he descended the sec- ond time. When he drew nearer than before, the wolf assuming a still more fierce and terrible appear- ance, howling, lolling her eyes, snapping her teeth, and dropping her head between her legs, was evidently in the attitude and on the point of springing at him. At this critical instant he leveled and fired at her head. Stunned by the shock, and suflfbcated with the smoke, he immediately found himself drawn out of the cave. But having re- freshed himself, and permitted the smoke to dissipate, he went down the third time. Once more he came in sight of the wolf, who appearing very passive, he applied the torch to her nose, and perceiving her dead, he took hold of her ears, and then kicking the rope, (still round his legs,) the people above, with no small exultation, dragged them both out together." Poplin, N. II., Rockingham co., is 24 miles W. S. W. from Portsmouth, and 33 S. S. E. fi'om Concord. There is a small pond in the N. part of the town call- ed Loon pond ; and the town is wa- tered by Squamscot, or Exeter riv- er, beside several small streams. The soil is generally of a good qual- ity, and the surface of the town is not broken by high hills. Poplin was incorporated, in 1764. The in- habitants are principally industri- ous farmers. Population, in 1830, 429. Porpoise, Cape, Me. This cape lies in the county of York, and forms the N. E. bounda- ry of Kennebunk Harbor. N. lat. 43° 22', W. Ion. 70° 23'. Porter, Me. Oxford CO. Porter is bounded W. by New Hampshire, and Ossipee river separates it fi-om the county of York. It lies 99 miles S. W. from Augusta, 42 W. N. W. from Portland, and 37 S. W. from Pans. Population, 1837, 1,087. Incorpo- rated, 1807. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Portlaud, 9Iv. Chief town, Cuinbcrlaiul co. This beautiful city lies upon a peninsula at the wescern extremity of Casco bay; ils length is three miles from east towc^t, and the averaire width is three tiuarters of a mile ; con- taining about two thousand two hundred acres of land. The settle- ment of this neck of land was com- menced as early as 1(J32, by two individuals from England, Gcor2;e Cleaves and Richard Tucker, who purchased the whole tract in 1G37, of Gorges, the proprietor. For the first 40 years the settlement made but little progress, and it was en- tirely destroyed in the Indian war of 1675. In IfiSO, it was revived under more favorable auspices, the government of ilassachusetts hav- ing some years previous to that time extended her sovereignty over this part of Maine. It had scarce- ly begun to gather the fruits of prosperity, before it \va5 again doomed to a second entire over- throw in 1690, by the remorseless enemy, who spared neither dwell- ings nor their inhabitants. The territory lay waste after this, until about 171."), when a new at- tempt was made, and tlie founda- tions of the present city were laid. The inhabitants in the early period of the settlement, suffered much from the privations which awaited them in this their remote wilder- ness. The Indians were still hang- ing about them in an unquiet state, and occasionally visiting them with rapine and blood. After supplying the first necessi- ties of their condition, the people turnero- ductive. It is bounded N. by Mount Hope hay, E. by the Seaconnet pas- sage fi'Om the sea to said bay, .'n. by the ocean, and W. by Middletown. The maritime situation of tlic town alTordsthe people great facilities for the fisheries, which, with a fine soil, and industry, give them a great degree of independence. A number one called ar(' attached to this town, of which the beautiful and fertile island of Prudence is the largest. It is six miles in length, and about three quarters of a mile aver.ige width. In this town are the Rhode Island coal mines, which are not worked at the present time. A fine bed of plumbago has recently been discovered. Portsmouth fur- nishes considerable quantities of wool, hay, grain, vegetables, and productions of the dairy. In 1837 there were 16,000 sheep in the town. Population, 1830, 1,727. Portsmouth lies 6 miles N. N. E. fiom Newport. A stone bridge, 1,000 feet in length, connects it with Tiverton. It received its char- ter from Charles II., in 1663. Poaltney, Vt. Rutland co. The surface of this town is pleasantly diversified ; the soil is warm and productive, partic- vilarly on the borders of the river. First'settled, 1771. Population, 1S30, 1,909. There are two flourishing villages in the town, and manufac- tures of various sorts. The pro- ductions of the soil are considera- ble, and 12,000 sheep are kept. It lies 60 miles S. W. from Montpe- lier, and 13 S. W. from J^utland. Poultney river, rising in the high lands near Middletown, and emp- tying into f'ast bay, an arm of Champlain lake, is about 25 miles in length, and in its course affords numerous valuable mill sites. This stream changed its course in 1783, by cutting a channel of 100 feet in depth through a ridge of land near the bay, and destroying the navi- gation of the bay for a time, by nearly filling it with earth. This obstruction has been removed. Potvual, Me. Cumberland co. This is a small town, of good soil, and bounded N. by Durham. It liesS.) miles S. \V. from Augusta, and 19 N. from Port- land. Incorporated, 1808. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,232. Po^vual, Vt. Bennington co. First settled, 1761. Population, in 1S30 1,835. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Pownal lies 30 miles W. by S. from Brattleborough, and 8 S. from Ben- nington. The surface isbroken and hilly, but the soil is strong and re- markably well adapted for grass, producing all the varieties of the dai- ry in great abundance and of an ex- cellent quality. The number of sheep kept in this town is about 8,000. Pownal is watered by Hoo- sack and Walloomsac rivers, which produce a good water power. The village is very pleasant. Powo^v River. Powow river has its principal source in Great and Country ponds in Kingston, N. H., and passes over the S. W. part of East Kingston in- to South Hampton ; thence into Amesbury, IMass., where it turns E. into South Hampton again, and returns into Amesbury, falling into the Merrimack between Salisbury and Amesbury. There are several falls in this river ; those in Ames- bury being the most remarkable, the water falling 100 feet in the dis- tance of 50 rods, and presenting, with the variety of machinery and dams, houses and scenery on the falls, one of the most interesting views in the country. FresGOtt, Mass. Hampshire co. The surface jf this town is rough and hilly, '^e principal manufacture consiscS of palm-leaf hats, of which about 50,000 are annually madd. The soil is better for grazing than tillage. Prescott lies 76 miles W. from Bos- ton, and 16 N. E. from Northamp- ton. Taken from Pelham in 1822. Population, 1837, 788. Preston, Ct. New London co. This is an ir- regular, uneven, rocky town, of a pretty good soil for corn and grazing. It is bounded W. and N. by the Thames and Quinnebaug rivers : 44 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. First settled, 1686. Population, 1830, 29 1,935. Poquetannuck, an ancient village, lies partly in Preston and partly in Ledyard. It has a water power, and small vessels pass within a short distance of it. Many of the inhabitants are employed in naviga- tion, and considerable ship timber is taken from there down the river. Preston City lies in the eastern part of the town, 5 miles E. from Poquetannuck, and 6 E. from Nor- wich. Near this village is "Amos lake," a handsome sheet of water, and a place of resort for parties of pleasure. Presumpscut River, Me. This is the outlet of Sebago lake. It passes through paics of Gorham and Westbrook, and falls into Casco bay at Falmouth, 6 miles N. froii\ Portland. Princeton, Me. Washington co. Population, in 1837, 207. See "Down East." Princeton, Mass. Worcester co. This town, the Indian TVachusett, is pleasantly situated at the base of the moun- tain of that name, 45 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 16 N. by W. from Worcester. Incorporated, 175S. Population, 1837, 1,267. This is a township of good land, and produces considerable quantities of beef, butter, cheese, &c. It is watered by a branch of the Nashua, and has some manufactures. Wachusett is 2,990 feet in height ; it is the high- est land in the county, and presents a landscape exceedingly variegated and beautiful. It is a place much frequented in summer months. The manufactures of the town consist of shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs, and cabinet ware : an- nual amount, about $50,000. Prospect, Me. Waldo CO. This is a beautiful town, of good soil, on the west side of Penobscot river. It is bounded NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. on the S. by Belfast bay ; 52 miles E. by N. from Aug;tistii, 12 N. N. E. IVoai Belfast, and 18 S. fioin Bangor. Prospect is very tlotiiisliin^ in its coininercial ami a'^iiicultural pursuits. Population, 1j<;3'), 2,o't $40,000. Within its walls is a beautiful mar- ble monument to the memory of the Hon. John Adams and his wife. About two miles east from the village is Quincy Point, at the junction of Town and Weymouth Fore rivers. This is a deliglittul spot, and contains .some handsome buildings. This point of land, with a peninsula near it called German- town, are admirably loc.ited for ship building, and for all the pur- poses of navigation and the fishery. Here is a tine harbor, a bold shore and a beautiful country, within 10 miles of the capital of ^ew Eng- land. The manufactures of Quincy con- sist of stone, slate, vessels, salt, leather, boots, shoes, hats, coach lace, carriages, harnesses, bleached bees wax, &c. Total value, the year ending April 1, is:]", ^470, 222. During that period there were 10 vessels enEcaged in the cod and mackerel lishery ; the prcKluct of which was jj(.31,042. Quincy is a place of considerable trade. Large quantities of lumber, bread stuffs, &.C., ar(^ annually sold. The proximity of Quincy to Bos- ton, the excellent roads and bridg- es connecting it with the city and surrounding country, the beauty of the town, with the delightful scen- ery around it, render it a desirable residence in summer, and a pleas- ant home. Quincy was named in honor of Col. JoHX QuiivcY, a native of the place, who for forty successive ycai-s was a member of the execu- tive council of the colony, and dis- charged many other public trusts with zeal and fidelity. He died Ju- ly 1:5, 1767, aged 78. This has been the birth place and residence of some of the most distinguished sons of America. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The names of the patriots, John Hancock and Josiah Quincy, Jr., will live until the death of lib- erty. Two presidents of the United States, father and son, were natives of this place. John Adams, born October 19, 1735. John Quincy Adams, born July 11, 1767. The senior Mr. Adams graduated at Harvard University in 1755, and was distinguished for his diligence and genius. He studied law at Worcester, and was admitted to practice in 1758. He commenced the labors of his profession in Brain- Iree, his native town, and soon ob- tained business and reputation. In 1764, Mr. Adams married Miss Ab- igail Smith, a grand daughter of Col. Qumcy, a lady as distinguish- ed for her accomplishments and virtues as for the elevated station in society which Providence had destined her to till. Mrs. Adams died at Quincy, Dec. 28, 1818, aged 74. In 1765, Mr. Adams removed to Boston ; here he obtained an ex- tensive legal practice, and, refusing all offers of patronage from the British government, espous«d the cause of his native country with an ardor peculiar to himself, firmly re- solved to sink or swim with its lib- erties. He was elected a member of Congress, and was among the foremost in recommending the adoption of an independent govern- ment. In 1777 Mr. Adams was cho- sen commissioner to the Court of Versailles. In 1779 he was appoint- ed minister plenipotentiary to nego- tiate a peace and a commercial trea- ty with Great Britain. In 1780 he went embassador to Holland, and in 1782 to Paris, to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, having received the assurance that that power would recognize the indepen- dence of the United States. In 17S5 Mr. Adams was appointed the first minister to the court of St. James. After remaining in Europe nine years, he returned to his native country, and in 1789 was elected first Vice President of the United States, which office he held during the whole of Washington's administration. On the resignation of Washington, in 1797, Mr. Adams became President of the United States, which office he sustained until the election of Mr. Jefferson, in 1801. Soon after this, Mr. Adams retired to his farm at Quincy, and spent the remainder of an eventful life in rural occupations, the pleas- ures of domestic retirement, and those enjoyments which a great and good mind always has in store. The account that Mr. Adams gives in a letter to a friend, of his introduction to George III., at the court of St. James, as the first min- ister from the rebel colonies, is very interesting. The scene would form a noble picture, highly honorable both to his majesty and the repub- lican minister. Here stood the stern monarch, who had expended more than six hundred millions of dollars, and the lives of two hundred thousand of his subjects in a vain attempt to subjugate freemen; and by his side stood the man, who, in the language of Jefferson, " was the great pillar of support to the declaration of in- dependence, and its ablest advo- cate and champion on the floor of Congress." Mv. Adams says," At one o'clock on Wednesday, the first of June, 1785, the masterof ceremonies call- ed at my house, and went with me to the secretary of state's office, in Cleaveland row, where the marquis of Carmarthen received and intro- duced me to Mr. Frazier, his un- der secretary, who had been, as his lordship said, uninterruptedly in that office through all the changes in administration for thirty years. After a short conversation. Lord Carmarthen invited me to go with him in his coach to court. When we arrived in the antechamber the master of the ceremonies inti*oduc> NEW ENGLAND liAZETTLEK. ed him and attended me while the secretary of state went to take the commands of the king. While I stood in this place, where it seems all ministers stand upon such occa- sions, always attended by the mas- ter of ceremonies, tlie room was very full of ministers of stale, l)i Cumberland co. Raymond is watered by Crooked river, and sev- eral ponds. This is a good fanning town, with two villages, and some trade. The inhabitants are princi- pally devoted to agricultural pur- suits. In 1837 the pojiulation was 1,802; wheat crop 3,203 bushels. Incorporated, 1S08. It lies 75 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEIi. miles S. W. from Augusta and 22 N. N. W. from Portland. Raymond, ]V. H. Rockingham co. This town lies 25 miles W. by S. from Portsmouth, 25 S. E. from Concord, 13 W. by N. from Exeter. Two branches of the Lamprey river, from Deer- field and Candia, unite in Ray- mond ; and the waters of two ponds also fall into this river as it passes through the town. The Patuckavvay, from Nottingham, crosses the N. E. corner into Epping. The soil is various: that of the meadows bord- ering on the river is productive. In the N. part of the town, about 100 rods from the principal road leading to Deertield, near the summit of a hill about 10!) feet high, is a natu- ral excavation in a ledge, called the Ooen, from the appearance of its mouth. It is a regular arch about 5 feet high and of the same width, extending into the hill about 15 feet, and terminating in a number of fissures. Raymond Vv'as oi-iginally that part of Chester call- ed Charming-fare. It was incor- porated in 1765, by its present name. The names of 24 inhabi- tants of Ra3nnond are found enroll- ed among the soldiers of (he revo- lution, beside numbers of the mili- tia enga2;ed foi' short periods. Four were killed or died in service. Hon. JoHX Dudley, adistinguish- ed patriot of the revolution, mem- ber of the coromittee of safety, speaker of the house, and judge of the superior court, died here May 21, 1S05, aged S3. Population, iii 1830, 1,000'. Haynliam, Mass. Bristol CO. This town lies on Taunton river, and was taken from Taunton in 1731. Population, 1837, 1,379. It is 30 miles S. from Bos- ton, 3 N. E. from Taunton, and 24 E. from Providence. There are a number of large ponds in this town producing a good water power, and to which vast quantities of herring (alewives) resort. On the banks of one of these ponds, the celebrated King Philip had a hunting house. The first forge in America was erected in this town, by James and Henry Leonard, in 1652. The house of the Leonards, an old Gothic build- ing, is now standing, and owned by the 7th generation. The manufactures of Raynham consist of bar iron, nails, iron cast- ings, ancliors, shovels, forks, cof- fee mills, and straw bonnets : total value the yearending April 1, 1S37, $360,650 ; of which $300,000 was for nails. Readfield, Me. Kennebec co. This is an excel- lent township of land, and finely watered by ponds and small sfream.s. The people are generally industri- ous farmers, who find the cultiva- tion of the eai'th the best source of independence. Readfield is a very pleasant town, and its vicinity to the Kennebec gives it many advan- tages. It lies 11 miles W. from Augusta. Population, 1837, 2,019. Wheat crop, same yeai-, 6,391 bush- els. Reading, Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1772. This is an elevated township, uneven and mountainous. Several small streams rise here and pass to the Queechy and Black rivers. This town affords excellent pasturage, in which about 6,000 sheep are kept. Reading lies 53 miles S. from Montpelier, and 10 W. from V/indsor. Population, 1830, 1,409. Reading, Mass. Middlesex co. Reading is an ancient town, 13 miles N. from Boston, 10 W. from Salem, and 17 N. E. from Concord. The surface of the town is une- ven, but the soil is generally of a good quality. The village is pleas- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ant and flourishing. During the year ending April 1, 1837, the val- ue of §!1S4,583 of boots and shoes were made in Reading, and ^91,360 of chairs and cabinet ware. First settled, 16-10. Population, 1H37, 2,144. Rcaillng, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was in- corporated in 1767, and derived its name from Col. John Road, one of its first settlers. The soil of the town is good, but the surface is rough and hilly. The business of the people is chiefly agricultural, who live scattered about on their farms. Considerable attention is paid in Reading to the growing of wool. It lies 15 mill's N. W. from Bridgeport, 60 S. W. from Hart- ford, and 9 S. from Danbury. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,686. It is watered hy Saugatuck and Norwalk rivers. Joel Barlow, LL. D., was horn in this town, 1755. He died in Poland, 1812. America has produced few men, more justly deserving of immortal- ity than Barlow ; and none, it is be- lieved, who have made their title to it more sure. He lived in an eventful peiiod, and acted a con- spicuous part in both hemispheres ; and as a poet, a man of science, a politician, a philosopher and a phi- lanthropist, his name will long be revered by the friends of civil liber- ty, and of science, throughout the civilized world. Red HUl, N. II. See Aloultonbo rough. Readsborouj^li, Vt« Bennington co. A mountainous township, at the S. E. corner of the county, watered by Decrficld river, 12 miles S. E. from Bennington, and 18 W. by S. from Brattle bo- rough. Much of the land in the town is too elevated to admit of cul- tivation. Population, 1830, 662. Rrliobotli, Mass. Bristol CO. This town was first settled in 1643, by the Rev. Samu- el Newman and others from Wey- mouth. RcJioboth formerly com- prised the towns of Seekonk and Pawtuckct. This ancient town suf- fered greatly by Indian depreda- tions. The surface of the town is pleasant, and the soil generally good for tillage. Its manufactures consist of cotton goods, leather, shoes, cutlery, ploughs, straw bon- nets, carpenters' and joiners' tools, wagons, ox yokes, bobbins, cotton baiting, wooden ware, &.c. : annual valued about i>f!60,000. Rehoboth is watered by Palmer's river. It lies 40 miles S. by W. from Boston, 10 S. W. from Taunton, and 7 E. from Providence, R. I. Popula- tion, 1837, 2,202. Its Indian name was Saconct. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, RHODE ISLAND. The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was settled by Roger Williams in 1636, a man remarkable for his benevolence, justice, and pacific policy. It derived its name fi-oin that of a beautiful island at the mouth of Nariaganset bay. Its government commenced under the charter of Charles II., in 1663, which charter is the present Constitution of the State. It became a member of the Union May 29th, 1790. The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Represen- tatives. The number of Senators cannot be more nor less than 10, 2 from each county, and are chosen annually by the people on the 3d Wed- nesday in April. The Representatives are in number 72. No town has less than 2, and but 4 towns have more than 2, viz. — Newport 6, Prov- idence 4, Portsmouth 4, and Warwick 4: the number for each town hav- ing been determined by law without reference to the present ratio of population. They are elected semi-annually by the people, on the 8d Wednesday of April, and last Tuesday of August. The Legislature meet at Newport on the 1st Wednesday of May, and at Providence and South Kingston, alternately, on the last Monday of October annually. The executive power is vested in a Governor and Lieut. Governor, elected annually by the people on the 3d Wednesday of April. Their official term commences on the Ist Wednesday in May 30 M:\V ENGLAND flAZETTEtR. Succession of Governors. Nicholas Cooke, 1776— 177S. William Greene, 1778— 17S6. John Collins, 1786—1789. Arthur Fcniar, 17S9— 1805. Henry Smith, (Act. Gov.) 1805. Isaac Wilborn, (Lieut. Gov.) 1806. James Fenner, 1807— ISll. William Jones, 1811—1817. Nehemiah R. Knight, 1817—1821. William C. Gibb?, 1821—1824. James Tenner, 1824— 1831. Lemuel II. Arnold, 1831-1833. John down Francis, 1833— The judicial power is vested in (he Supreme Judicial Court and Court of Common Pleas, The Judges of all the Courts, ShcrifTs, Notaries, Justices of the Peace, and Clerks of the Courts arc chosen annually by the Legislature in Grand Committee. In all the towns (except Providence) the town coun- cils are, ex officio. Courts of Probate, and the town Clerks, Picgisters of Deeds and Probate. The Municipal Court in the city of Providence ex- ercise probate jurisdiction, and the Clerk is Register of Probate. The city Clerk is Register of Deeds. This state annually appropriates $10,000, to be divided among the towns for the support of free schools. Rhode Island comprises five counties : Providence, Newport, Bristol, Kent and Wasliington. It is bounded N. and E. by the state of Massa- chusetts, S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by the state of Connecticut. It lies between 41° and 42° N. lat., and between 71° and 72° W. long. ; and comprises an area of 1350 square miles. Population, 1755, 40,414 ; 1774,59,678; 1790,68,825; ISOO, 69,122; 1810,75,188; 1820,83,059; 1830,97,196. Population to square a mile, 71. The natural features of this state are somewhat peculiar. About a tenth part of it is water, and of the residue of land a considerable portion is island territory. The interior of the state, with the exception of the in- tervales along the streams, is generally rough and hilly. The most considerable eminences are Mount Hope, in Bristol, Hop- kins' Hill, in West Greenwich, and Woonsocket Hill, in Smithfield. There are also some hills of considerable elevation in Exeter. Rhode Island, and most of the other islands in Narragansct bay, disclose a geological structure, of the transition character, and present a surface generally undulating, and often highly picturesque and beautiful. The mineral treasures of the State have not been explored : but so far afi they are known, they are not extensive or valuable. Iron ore is the most important mineral. Mineral coal is found upon Rhode Island. Limestone abounds in the norlheas(c-rn section of the state ; and in these calcareous strata there are some excellent quarries of marble. Serpen- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tine marble is also found, and there are in various places extensive quar- ries of freestone. The navigable waters of Rhode Island are abundant, and mill streams are found in every section of the continental part of the state. Rhode Island claims a conspicuous rank for its enterprise in foreign commerce, domestic trade, and the fishery. The tonnage of the state in 1837, was 45,651 tons. During the war with the Indian Sachem, Philip, and the war of the revolution, Rhode Island was always found at its post. lu these wars her soldiers were conspicuous for bravery ; among whom were found some of the most distinguished officers of the age. The rise and progress of this state to wealth and reputation is very interesting. It is the smallest republican state in the world, and the most important manufacturing district of its size in America. An impartial history of Rhode Island will soon be published by one of its distinguished sons : — that history will contain a merited eulogium on the character of its people. Rhode Island is celebrated for its mild and salubrious climate, which ia thought peculiarly favorable to female beauty. See Register. Ricliforcl, Vt. Franklin CO. This is a mountain- ous township at the N. E. corner of the county, on the line of Cana- da, and watered by Missisque river and its branches. It lies 50 miles N. by W. from Montpelier, and 21 N. E. from St. Albans. There is some good land along the river; and the upland, though rough, af- fords good grazing. Population, 1830, 704. First settled, about 1790. Ridnnond, j>le. Lincoln co. Within these limits, on the west bank of Kennebec river, stood an ancient fortress called Rich- mond ; hence the name of the town. It lies between Bowdoinham and Gardiner, and is the site of some ship building and navigation. The town has mill privileges on a stream which empties into Merrymeeting bay : its soil is productive, and its location pleasant. Richmond lies 15 miles S. from Augusta and 15 N. from Topsham. Incorporated, 1823. Population, 1837, 1,526. Wheat crop, same year, 1,656 bushels. Richmona, N. H. Cheshire co. This town is 12 miles S. from Keene, and 70 S. W. from Concord. It is watered by branches of Ashuelot and Miller's rivers, which fall into the Connec- ticut. The ponds are three in num- ber, one of which is one of the sour- ces of Miller's river. The soil here is favorable for yielding rye, wheat, Indian corn, and most of the pro- ductions found in this section of New England. The land is gen- erally level. There are no remark- able elevations. Richmond was granted in 1752, and was settled within 5 or 6 years afterwards, by people from Massachusetts and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Rhoilc Island. Population, in 1S30, 1,.301 Ricbiinoud, A't. Chittenden co. Ricliinoud is 2 J miles N. W. from Montpclicr, and 13 S. E. from Builinu;ton. Popula- tion, 1830,1,109. First settled, 1781. The town is finely watered by On- ion and Huntington rivers, on the banks of which arc good mill seats and ]ar£ce tracts of beautiful mea"!ue the year ending April i, 1837' $101,811, L'arlngthat period there Vvere 9 vessels engaged in the whale fishery, and brought into port 116,- 928 gallons of oil, valued at $71, 658. A number of merchant ves- sels belong to this place, and numer- ous coasting and fishing vessels. RoclciiigJiam Coxiiity, N. H. Portsmouth and Exeter are tl)e chief towns. The county of Rock- ingham is bounded N. and N. E. by Strafford county ; E. by the At- lantic, from the mouth of Piscata- qua river to the line of Massachu- setts ; W. by the counties of Mer- rimack and Hillsborough. Its great- est length is about 34 miles; its greatest breadth, from the west cor- ner of Chester to the extremity of Rye, is about 30 miles. It compri- ses an area of 695 square miles. There are no remarkable elevations in this county ; the surface, how- ever, is uneven, and in the north part, from the higher eminences, there are some very fine views of the surrounding country. The highest point is Saddleback moun- tain, in Northwood and Deerfield. The rivers are the Lamprey, Exe- ter, Beaver, and Spiggot, which water the east and southeast parts of the county. Great Bay, be- tween Newington and New Mark- et, and connecting with the Piscat- aqua, is the largest collection o( Ni:W ENC.LAND GAZETTEER. water. Massabesick pond or hike is principally in Chester, and is picturesque iVoui its numerous isl- ands and the surrounding eleva- tions. The other principiil ponds are Islandy, in Ilani-ptfad, Coun- try, in Kingston, and Pleasant in Deerfield. The soil of this county having been longer cultivated than that of any other county in the slate, is very productive ; and agricultural pursuits have been very success- ful. In 1837, there were 2.3,333 sheep in the county. The popula- tion, in 1S20, was 40,.j26; and in in 1830, 41,.j5->. Population to a square mile, 61. RocIi.iii£;haiu, Vt. Windham co. This town is beau- tifully situated on the west side of Connecticut river, and at the cele- brated " Bellows Falls," noted un- der jr"a//?o/e N. II. The water pow- er afforded by these falls, with that of Willianis and Saxton's rivers, which pass through the town, are of vast extent ; it cannot fail of be- coming exceedingly useful, and of rendering this town and vicinity the site of immense manufacturing operation.-:. Large and expensive manufacturing establishments have recently been commenced ; an ac- count of which may be expected in the Ref^istcr. This place lies on a navigable river, 65 miles above Northampton, and 85 above Springlield, ftlass.. Ill above Hartford, Ct., and 23 be- low Windsor, Vt. It is 85 miles S. from Monlpelier, and 18 N. E. from Newfane. First settled in 1753. Population, 18.30, 2,272. The surface of the town is une- ven ; but the soil is generally strong, warm and productive. Its agricultural products are consider- able : in 1837, it pastured 12,600 sheep. The location of Rockingham renders it a mart of much interi- or trade, and has caused the erec- tion of a number of pleasant villa- ges. The scenery around the falls, in Rockingham, is of a sublime character, and perhaps no section of New England possesses a great- er variety of minerals than are found in this vicinity. Rome, Me. Franklin co. This is a beautiful farming town, watered by several large, ponds. It lies 19 miles N. N. W. fi-om A\igusta, and 13 E. S. E. from Farmington. It contains a pleasant and flourishing village. Incorporated in ISOl. Population, 1837, 1,074. Wheat crop, same year, 4,177 bushels. Ro-we, Mass. Franklin CO. This town con- tains the site of old fort Pelham, erected in 1744. The townsliip is elevated, and in some parts moun- tainous, but the soil is ailaptcd for grazing. Considerable wool is pro- duced ; and there are manufactures in the town of woolen goods, boots, shoes, leather, and wooden ware. Rowe is tlie source of a branch of Deerlicld river, and lies 130 miles N. W. from Boston, and 22 W. by N. from Greenfield. Incor- porated, 17S5. Population, 1837, 683. Ro'wley, Mass. Essex CO. This town was first set- tled by a i)arty of industrious and pi- ous persons from Yorkshire, Eng. in 16.'>9. They erected the first full- ing mill in New England, and man- ufactured the first cloth in North America. There are a great vari- ety of soils in the town ; a large part is salt meadow, and the resi- due is ftjrtile and productive. It comprises a part of Plum island, and large tracts of wood land. It is watered by Rowley livcr, which rises from several ponds in Boxford. This river allbrds a water power, and before its junction with Plum Island Sound, forms a harbor for NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. vessels of moilerate draught of wa- ter, and ia which many vessels have been built. Ancient Rowley was divided in 1838 : its western part was de- tached and incoi-porated by the name of Georgetown. Since this division Rowley possesses but lit- tle manufacturing interest, but a valuable agi'icultiual one, to which its inhabitants are principally devo- ted. This ancient town is very pleas- ant, and has been the birth place of many learned men. It lies 80 miles N. from Boston, 16 N. by W. from Salem, and 2.3 E. N. E. from Lowell. Population, 1838, about 1,000. Roxbui-}', Me. Oxford CO. The surface of this town is elevated, and well timber- ed, with some good soil. Ro\bury is watered by a branch of Andros- coggin river. It lies 30 miles N. from Paris, and is bounded S. by Rumford. Incorporated, 1835. — Population, 1837, 182. Roxl»Hry, BT. II., Cheshire co., is Smiles E. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from Concord. The N. branch of Ashuelot river forms the boundary between this town and Keene. Roaring Brook, on which are several sinall meadows, waters the S. part, and empties in- to the Ashuelot at the S. W. cor- ner. On the E. side of the town- ship is a pond, called Roaring Brook pond, at the outlet of which are mills. Roxbury presents a rough and uneven surface, rising into consid- erable swells, aflbrding excellent grazing land. This town was formed of a part of Nelson, ]\Iarlboi-ongh and Keene, and incorporated in 1S12. Popula- tion, 1830, 322. Roxljury, Vt. Washington co. This town is elevated between the waters of Onion and A\hite rivers. It lies 15 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. First settled, 1789. Population, 1830, 737. RoxlJury, Mass. Norfolk CO. This town is joined to Boston by a neck of land, over which are broad and pleasant ave- nues. Between the centre of each town is about 3 miles. The surface is rocky and uneven, with a strong soil in a high state of cultivation. It displays a great degree of agricul- tural taste and skill, and abounds in country seats and pleasure grounds. That part of this town bordering on Jamaica pond, 4 miles S. W. from Boston, is exceedingly pleasant. This town and Boston were incor- porated the same year, (1630;) and nothing but municipal regulations divide their inteiests and feelings. Population, 1810, 3,6G9 ; 1820, 4,135 ; 1830, 5,247 ; 1837, 7,493. The first hourly coach from Bos- ton commenced running to this town in 1827. T!:cre arc now a large number continually running be- tween the two places, and not less than 250,000 persons pass annually. Since that time, others of a similar kind have been established to Charlestown, Cambridge, Dorches- ter, &c., and tend greatly to pro- mote the public convenience. The manufactures of Roxbury consist of leather, nails, hats, chairs, cabinet ware, pig iron, spirits, &c.: annual value, about $300,000. The Rev. John Eliot, the just- ly celebrated " Apostle of the In- dians," was settled in Roxbury in 1632. Mr. Eliot imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, and his heart was touched with the wietched condition of the Indians. He learn- ed their language, and translated the scriptures into it. This would seem the business of a life, when the sense of the simple expression, "Kneeling down to him," is con- veyed in the Indian language NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by Wutappessttiikqussunnootneh- tunkqitoli, a word that would puz- zle a Dcinosihenes to pronounce, without an extra pebble stone in his mouth. Mr. Eliot was remarkable for his indefatigable labors and charities; lie endured liardship as a good soldier of Jesus Clirist, and went to his rewaid in 16S(), aged 86. This was the birth place and residence of the patriot Joseph Warrea". Dr. M'arrcn was born iu 1740. He graduated at Harvard college in IToi*. He was an ardent lover of his counti'v, and sensiblj- felt the weight of her oppressions. Four days previous to the battle of " Bunker Hill," he received a commission in the army of jMajor General. He was within the en- trenchment, and was slain on that hallowed spot, just at the com- mencement of the retreat. Dr. Warren was an able statesman, an eloquent orator, a man of uncom- promising integrity and undaunt- ed bravery. General Warren was the first officer of rank that fell in that glorious contest for liberty. His death shed a gloom throughout the country : he was exceedingly beloved for the mildness and afia- bility of his deportment, and for the virtues of his private life. Roxbury, Ct. Litchfiold CO. Roxbury was tak- en from \Voodl)ui-y and incorpora- ted in 1801. It lies .32 miles N. W. from New Haven, 46 W. S. W. from Hartford, and 15 S. by W. from Litchfield. Population, 1S30, 1,122. The town is divcrsilied with hills and vales. The soil is a gravelly loam, interspersed with some small tracts of sandy loam. It is water- ed by the Shepaug, a branch of the Housatonick. In digging fur sil- ver, a species of iron ore, called steel ore, was discovered. Royalston, Mn.ss. Worcester co. Royalston is a pleasant town, and is well watered by Miller's river, a beautiful mill vtream. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is generally rich and productive. There are two woolen mills, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, chairs, cabinet ware, palm-leaf hats and mats, wooden ware. &.c. First settled, 1762. Incorporated, 1765. It lies 70 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 38 N. W. from Wor- cester. Population, 1S.37, 1,629. Royaltou, Vt. ^Vindsor CO. The surface of this town is somewhat rough and moun- tainous, but the soil is good, partic- ularly on the banks of White river, by which it is watered. This town was first settled in 1771, and for many years endured great suffering from Indian hostili- ty. This is an excellent township for grazing, and its agricultural products are considerable. It has a pleasant village and an academy. Royalton is 30 miles S. from Mont])clier, and 25 N. N. W. from \\ indsor. Population, in 1S30, 1,893. Rnmford, Mc. Oxford CO. Rumford is a town- ship of valuable land, 51 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 20 N. by W. from Paris. It lies on the northwestern bank of the Andros- coggin, and enjoys a great water power. Mills of various kinds are already erected, and manufactures on a large scale are contemplated. White Cap mountain, rising 500 feet above the level of the surround- ing country, and Glass-face, about 400 feet, present beautiful views from tlioir summits. Population, 1837, 1,382. Wheat crop, same vear, 4,385 bushels. Incorporated, 1800. liuinucy, !V. II. Giafton CO. Rumney is 8 miles N. N. W. from Plymouth, 47 N. by NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. W. from Concord. It is watered by Baker's river, of which a con- siderable branch flows from Stin- son's pond, and is called Stinson's brook. The pond is 400 rods long and 280 rods wide. Part of Loon pond is on the E. line of this town, The principal elevations are Stin- son's and Webber's mountains in the E. part, and a small part of Carr's mountain, which here ob- tains the name of Rattlesnake mountain, on its N. \V. border. Rumney was granted in 1767, and was lirst settled in 17C5. It was in this town, on the 2Sth of April, 1752, that the late General Stark, while on a hunting expedition, was captured by a party of 10 Indians, commanded by Francis Titigaw. He was in company with Amos Eastman of Concord, David Stinson of Londonderry, and his brother William. Stinson was slain. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 993. Rupert, Vt. Bennington co. A part of this township is mountainous, but the soil is generally good for grazing. Rupert produces some tine cattle, and keeps about 10,000 sheep. It is watered by Pavvlet river, and a branch of the Battenkill, on which streams, are mills of various kinds. Rupert is 78 miles S. W. from Mont- pelier, and 2.3 N. from Bennington. Population, 18.30, 1,313. Russell, Mass. Hampden co. Westfield river waters this town, and affords it good mill privileges. There is a cotton mill in the town and other manufac- tures. Russell lies 100 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 14 W. by N. Irom Springfield. Incorporated, 1792. Population, 1337, 47-5. Rutland Comity, Vt. Rutland, chief town. This coun- ty is bounded N. by Addison coun- ty, E. by Windsor county, S. by Bennington county, and W. by the state of New York. Incorporated, 1781. Population, 1820, 29,983; 1830, 31,294. This county contains an area of 958 square miles. In- habitants to a square mile, 33. The principal streams are Otter Creek, Black, White, Queechy and Paw- let rivers. There is some fine land in this county along Otter Creek, but a large portion of it is elevated, and some parts mountainous. The soil, however, is genei-ally warm and well suited for grazing. Ma- ny cattle are annually taken to market, and in 1837, there were 180,984 sheep in Rutland county. Excellent iron ore is found at the base of the mountains, and a range of marble quarries extends thewhole lengtii of the county from north to south. This marble is of a fine quality : much of it is wrought and transported. Rutland, Vt. Cliief town, Rutland co. This town was settled about the year 1770, and for some time during the revolutionary war was a frontier town. The Green mountain boys erected here two small picket forts, which were found very useful. The soil of the town is various, but gen- erally of an excellent quality. Iron ore of a good quality is found ; clay, lime, and a great abundance of beau- tifully variegated marble. The village of Rutland is neat, well built and handsomely located : it is the centre of trade for a large section of fertile country. The ag- ricultural productions of Rutland are large and valuable : — in 1837, there were within its limits 20,981 sheep. Otter Creek and its tribu- taries give the town a good water power, and manufacturing estab- lishments are spiinging up along their banks. Rutland lies 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier, 52 N. by E. from Bennington, 60 S. S. E. from Burlington, and 34 W. N. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 2,753. , NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Rntland, Mass. Worcester co. Rutland was for- merly twelve miles s(|iiarc, and was sold by the Indians, in IfiSG, (or JE23 lawful ntoney. It was first settled about the year 1720, and incorporated, in 1722. It lies 51 miles W. by N. iVonj IJo-lon and 12 N. W. from Worcester. A branch of Ware river waters the town, and gives it mill privilejies. The man- ufactures consist of woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabi- net and wooden wares ; annual val- ue about §.30,000. Rutland i< a very pleasant town, of good soil and well cultivated. Its exports of beef, butter and cheese are consid- erable. It contains some fine fish ponds. Population, 1S37, l,2C'i. Rye, X. II., Rockingham co., is pleasantly sit- uated on the sea coast, 6 1-2 miles S. from Portsmouth. It was orig- inally taken from Portsmoutli, Greenland, Hampton and New Castle, chiefly the latter; and though it began to be settled as early as the year 1635, it was not incorporated till 1719. The sea co.ist here is about C miles in extent, liL-ing nearly one tliird of the coast in the state. On the shore, there are three consider- able and very pleasant beaches, viz. Sandy, Jenness' and Wallis', to ■which many persons re.^ort in the summer season from neighboring towns and the country, both for health and for pleasure. There is here a small harbor, near Goss' mill, into wliich vessels of 70 or 80 tons burden may conveniently enter, at high water. The boat fishery is carried on to con.-iderai)le advan- tage, particularly in the fall and winter seasons. There was foi-mer- ly a large fresh water pond, lying contiguous to the sand bank or bounds of the sea, rovcrini; a sur- face of about 300 acres. Uetween tliis and tJie sea, a communication was opened by the inhabitants about a century since. The waters were Ic. Lincoln co. This townshij) is nearly surrounded by water It is bounded northerly by a neck of land adjoining Thomaston, E. by the western waters of Penobscot bay, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by the waters of Muscongus bay and St. George's river. This town pos- sesses, in an eminent degree, every navigable facility. It is a place of considerable ship building, and the people arc engaged in the lumber trade, coasting and fishing. There are a number of islands on the coast of this town : a cluster of islands called St. Georges, are the most considerable. They lie off the town S. by W. about 5 miles. St. George was incorporated in 1803. Population, 1837, 1,883. It lies 57 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 10 S. from Warren. St. George River is a valuable stream, both on account of its hy- draulic power and navigable ac- coramolations. It receives its mo«t distant waters from ponds in Mont- ville, Searsmont and Belmont in the county of Waldo, and, in a southerly course, passes to Union, where it receives the waters of several ponds, and meets the tide at Warren. The length of this river is about 40 miles : it is navigable to Warren, 15 miles from the sea. St. George, Vt. Chittenden co. A small town bounded W. by Shelburne, 28 miles W. by N. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. from Burlington. First set- lied, 1784. Population, 1830, 135. The surface is high and uneven: the soil is composed of loam, clay and gravel. St. Joliii's River. See Fundy, Bay. St. JoUnslJury, Vt. Caledonia co. This pleasant and flourishing town is 35 miles N. E. from Montpelier, 57 N. from Han- over, N. II., and 7 E. from Danville. The (own was organized in 1790. Population, 1830, 1,592 ; 1838, about NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 2,000. The surface is uneven, but the soil is generally strong and fer- tile. In 1837,there were 4,546 sheep in the town. The amount of available water power in St. Johnsbury is great and valuable, indicating its future im- portance as a site for large manu- factories. The Passumpsic river, a considerable stream, which falls into Connecticut river at the foot of Fif- teen Mile Falls, passes through the central part of the town from north to south. Moose and Sleeper's riv- ers unite with the Passumpsic and afford a succession of excellent mill seats seldom seen so closely com- bined. On Sleeper's river is the estab- lishment ofE. and I. Fairbanks, for the manufacture of their improved platform balances, on an extensive scale ; also iron works of various kinds, on the other streams. '^There are thi-ee handsome villa- ges in the town : that called the Plain, is on elevated ground and near the junction of the streams. This town commands the trade of a considerable portion of country, and these villages, which are neatly built, enjoy an active business. Salem, Mc. Somerset co. This town is wa- tered by a branch of Seven Miie Brook, and lies 52 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 28 N. W. from Norridgewock. Incorporated, 1323. Population, 1S37, 496. This is a good farming tovi'n ; it produced in 1S37, 4,216 bushels of wheat. galem, N. H., Rockingham co., is SO miles S. from Concord, and 40 S. ^V. from Portsmouth. Policy pond, partly in this town, and partly in Windham, is the largest collection of water: World's end pond and Captain pond are in the S. E. and E. parts of the town; and there arc other small ponds. The Spiggot river, passing from N. to S. through the town, re- ceives in its course numerous branches, and waters the different portions of the town, furnishing also excellent mill privileges. The soil is generally fertile, and the surface uneven. Salem was incorporated by charter, May 11, 1750. Popula- tion, in 1830, 1,310. Salem, Vt. Orleans co. This is a township of level surface, and toleiable soil; 50 miles N.N. E. from Montpelier and ION. E. from Irasburgh. First settled, 1793. Population, 1830, 230. Clyde river passes through the N. E. part of the town and a part of the south bay of Memphrema- gog lake lies in the N. V/. corner. Salem, Mass., One of the shire towns in Essex CO. This is the oldest and largest seaport but one in old Massachu- setts. Its Indian name was JVa- vmkeag. It is 14 miles N. N. E. from Boston, and lies in lat. 42° 31' 19" N., and Ion. 70° 54' W. Popu- lation, 1836, 15,002. Salem is near- ly surrounded by water, being sit- uated between two inlets of the sea, called the north and south rivers. To the main, and now inhabited part of the town, is attached a peninsular portion of land, called the Neck. This v/as the first inhabited land, and was formerly used for fishing and other purposes. It ultimately became the property of the town, and was, for a long time, used as a public pasture. In 1816, when the present Alms House was built, a large portion of it was enclosed, and has since been cultivated as the Alms House farm. The finest and most compreliensive view of Sa- lem may be had from " Gallows Hill." Its situation is low, but pleasant and healthy. Its streets are quite irregular. Essex is the only street which runs thiough the town and is very i.ngular and crook- ed. Federal and Bridge streets are broad, straight and regular. Ches- NEW ENGLAXD GAZCTTEER. nut Is esteemed the liandsomest, though it ij not the most public street. It has rows of ehns on ei- ther side. Winter and Broad streets are the widest. Tlie tirst |);\vonient was made in Essex street, between Court and North streets, in 1773, and is still in use. The south church has great arcliitectural Iicauty, and the north church is built of stone, with a beautiful front of the gotliic order. There is a Custom House at the head of Derby wharf. Sa- lem lias always been a commei'cial place. It has a convenient harbor and good anchorage. In point of wealth and conunerce, it has al- ways ranked as the second town in New England. Its history is idcntilied with that of Massachusetts, and there is much in it to interest and instruct. Its rank, the character and number of its population, its facilities for com- merce, and the advantage of being the chosen residence of many of the first and most distinguished set- tlers, made it early and seriously thought of as the Capital, instead of Boston. It was first settled in 1S26, by Roger Conant, Peter Pal- fray and others, who had failed in an attempt to plant themselves at Cape Ann. In 1628, a cession of Massachusetts was made to Sir Henry Iloswell and others, with a view to establish a colony there. Of this company, Matthew Cradock was President, and in 162S, John Endicott was sent over to reside at Salem as the company's agent. In the same year, the first church was formed. It has ever been reuiark- able for its succession of emir.ent, independent and useful Divines; among wliom, are the Higginsons, Skelton, Roger Williams, Hugh Pe- ters, Noyes, Fiske, Dr. Prince, &,c. In 1034, the first general court met at Newton. Roger Conant was one of the first deputies from Salem. In 1613, Massachusetts was divi- ded into 4 counties; Essex, Mid- dlesex, SufTolk and Norfolk. In 1644, there was a strong party to make Salem the seat of government, but in this attempt, the deputies were tlefeated. In 1675, Capt. Thomas Lathrop and liis compatiy were killetl by the Indians, at Bloody Brook. He, with Roger Conant, had removed from Salem to Beverly, in 166S. His companj' were called the " Flower of Essex," and many of them were from Salem. In 1681, Major William Haw- thorne died. He was a leading and inlluential character in his time, having been speaker, assistant, judge, conunissioner of the united coloiues, Jce., and having ever showed himself able, faithful, and worthy of confidence. In 1687, William Brown gave a farm for the benefit of the schools of Salem. The Brown family were ever great friends and liberal pat- rons of- learning. They not only made donations to the Salem schools, but also to Harvard College for the benefit of poor scholars. In 1692, the witchcraft delusion l)revailed in Salem, and nineteen persons were tried and lianged as witches. Though designated" the Salem witchcraft," it had pervaded other places, previously to its ap- pearance here. In England, laws liad been enacted against it, and Sir Matthew Hale, gave to those laws his sanction. In IGIS, Margaret Jones was condemned and hanged at Charlcstown, and in 1655, Ann Hibbins, at Boston. The imputa- tion for a time induced a belief of tlie reality of the im])Osilion ; but time finally detected and exposed the error. The house, in which the accused were tried, is still stand- ing at the western corner of Essex and North streets, and the place of their execution is now known as " Gallows Hill." A full and inter- esting account of this delusion of the imagination has been written and published by Rev. C. W. Up- liam. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. In 1698, a great fire broke out, and destroyed several dwelling houses. In 1718, the second or east church was built and is still standing. The celebrated Dr. Bent- ley was pastor of this church. He wrote a " Description of Salem," which is published in the " Collec- tions of the Mass. Hist. Society." In 1774, General Gage ordered the removal of t'.ie general court to Salem. At that time, Boston was a closed port. The meixhants and citizens of Salem called a town meeting, at which, resolutions de- nouncing, in very strong terms, the Boston port bill, were passed unani- mously. The meeting was very full, and a copy of their doings was communicated to their neighbors of Boston. On the 11th of June, when Gov. Gage was at Salem, an address, numerously signed, was presented to him, which reflects high honor on the sense of justice and patriot- ism of this ancient town. Among other things it said, " By shutting up the port of Boston, some imag- ine that the course of trade might be turned hither and to our benefit ; but nature in the formation of our harbor forbids our becoming rivals in commerce to that convenient mart. And were it otherwise, we must be dead to every idea of jus- tice — lost to all feelings of humani- ty — could we indulge one thought to seize on wealth and raise our for- tunes on the ruin of our suffering neighbors." In 1776, Feb. 26, Col. Leslie, with a British regiment from Bos- ton Castle, landed privately at Sa- lem and proceeded to the North bridge, with a view to seize on some military stores beyond it. The cit- izens were, at the time, in meeting ; but Col. Timothy Pickering, with 30 or 40 men, got there in season to raise the draw, and thus prevent Leslie and his regiment from pass- ing further. The British attempted to cross the river in a gondola, but the Americans scuttled the boat. Finally, Col. Leslie proposed that if he should be permitted to pass 30 rods beyond the bridge, he would return. Having been per- mitted, the gallant colonel returned peaceably to Boston. During the revolution, there were about 60 armed vessels fitted out from Salem, manned by 4,000 men ; and many unrecorded deeds of iiig'ii daring and chivalrous adven- ture were performed on the sea by citizens of Salem, during th'at event- ful period. Indeed, in her naval achievements consists principally the part which Salem bore in the revolutionary struggle. This seaport has been more known for its East India trade than any other in the United States. The first sbip from Salem engaged in this trade was the Grand Turk, owned by E. H. Derby. She was at the Cape of Good Hope in 1784, commanded by Capt. Jonathan In- gersoll, and at Canton in 17S6, com- manded by Ebenezer West. A model of her, completely rigged, is in the Museum. In 1818, there were 53 vessels employed in this trade belonging to Salem, the ton- nage of which was 14,272 tons. Salem became a city in 1836. Its government consists of a mayor and six aldermen, and twenty-four com- mon council men. Its public schools are nineteen. The number of schol- ars in 1837, was 1,534, and the amount paid for instruction $8,877. The AthencBuni was incorporated in 1810. Edward A. Holyoke, William Orne, Nathaniel Silsbee and Samuel Putnam were authoris- ed to call the first meeting of the proprietors. The stock is divided into 90 or 100 shares. Its library contains about 9,000 volumes. The institution, though at present rather private, may ultimately become more public. The Museuinis remarkable for the extent and variety of its natural and artificial curiosities, collected from almost every part of the world. NEW ENGLAND fiAZKTTEEU. There are 4,724 names of difTcrent articles ou the catalogue : they arc kept in a spacious liall built for tiiat purpose, and belong to the East In- dia Marine society. This society consists of sucli only as have actu- ally navigated the seas near the Cape of Good Mope or Cape Horn, as mds'eror factor. In 1823, there were UiO of these enterprising men living in Salem. The hall is open daily for the reception of visitors, and vast numbers of strangers throng there. All come with nii cagei- and excited curiosity, and leave with that cuiiosity at least giatified, if not satisfied. The commerce of Salem is very extended. There is hardly any part of the world which her hhips have not visited. The number of ves- sels, engaged in foreign commerce, is 100 or more, and 18 in the whal- ing business, beside the vessels em- ployed in the coasting trade and fish- ery. Tonnage of the district in 1837, 32,800 tons. Many of the wharves bear tlie names of their builders and owners: as the Allen, Derby, Peabody, For- ester and Phillips' wharf. This last was recently re-built by Stephen C. Phillips, on the ruins of the old Crowninshield wharf, wliich had become dilapidated and useless. It is an admirable piece of work. Although Salem is without any important water power, and has ev- er been almost exclusively devoted to maritime pursuits, yet its manu- facturing interests are by no means small. During the year ending April 1, 1837, the value of its man- ufactures amounted to §1,171,889. They consisted of vessels, cordage, leather, boots, shoes, hats, tin and cabinet wares, chairs, spirits ; while, slieet and pipe lead, cairiages, straw bonnets, sperm candles, tobacco, alum, salt|)etre refined, aquafortis, muriatic acid.oil of vitriol, kc. The value of its whale, cod and mack- erel fisheries, the same year, amounted to $210,843. The Aqueduct furnishes the city with a constant supply of fresh and soft spring water. The fire department is under good regulations. Some of the societies in the city are the " East India Ma- rine society," incorporated in 1801 ; the " E. I. M. Hall Corporation," in 1824; the " Salem Charitable Me- chanic Association," instituted in 1817, and incorporated, in 1822 ; the " Essex Historical Society," in 1821, and the ".Salem Lyceum," which was formed in 1830 The Common was reserved " as a training field for the use of Sa- lem," in 1713. It is abeautiful, lev- el spot of ground, surrounded by a double row of elm and otlier orna- mental trees, and is designed to have a gravel walk around it. The alms house formerly stood upon it, but it is now entirely unencumber- ed. The City Hall was built in 1837. It has a beautiful granite front, and is handsomely finished and furnish- ed within. The Mail-Road from Salem io Boston, was opened for travel, Au- gust 28, 1838 ; thus making Salem, as it were, a part of Boston. The first stage between these cities was run by Exra Burrill, in 1782. It went to Boston one day and return- ed to Salem the next. Now the dis- tance can be easily passed over in 50 minutes; and at the same time, the traveller will ride rapidly through abeautiful and picturesque country. Sec Register. Among the distinguished men, in almost every ))rofession, which Sa- lem claims as among its .sons, the name of Nathaniel Bow ditch, LL. D.,r. R. S.,authoroftlic Prac- tical JVavif^aior, is identified with its fame and nautical achievements. Dr. Bowditch was born at Salem, March 26, 1773. He was taken from school at the age of 10 years and placed as an apprentice to a ship chandler. At the age of 22 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, he went to sea and spent nine years in the capacity of captain's clerk, supercargo, and finally as master of a ship. In 180t, he became presi- dent of a Marine Insurance Com- pany, in Salem, which office he held until 1823, when his superior talents called him to become Actuaiy of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insur- ance Company, in Boston ; the re- sponsible and laborious duties of which office he faithfully discharg- ed until his death, March 16, 1838. Notwithstanding his limited means of education. Dr. Bowditch acquir- ed, by his extraordinary genius and economy of time, a perfect knowl- edge of all the modern languages, and became the most eminent math- ematician and astronomer in Amer- ica. The Practical j\'~avigator, has been translated into every Europe- an language, and its use is co-exten- sive with maritime adventures. Another work of Dr. Bowditch, phice3hisname,as a man of science, still higher on the roil of fame. It is his translation of the Mecaaique Celeste of La Place, with an elab- orate and copious commentary on that work, in four large quarto vol- umes. This work was completed just before his death. The last hours of such a man as Dr. Bowditch, cannot fail to be in- teresting, as they mark his charac- ter through life. A friend of liis who was present, says, " He did not liice to see those about him look sad and gloomy; and he remarked, on one occasion, ' I feel no gloom with- in me ; wliy should you wear it in your faces.'' On the morning of his death, when his sight was very dim and his voice almost gone, he called his children to his bed side, and, arranging them in the order of age, pointed to and addressed each by name, ' You see I can dis- tinguish you all ; and now I give you my parting blessing. The time is come. 'Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in pfeace, accor- ding to thy word ?' These were his last words." Saleai, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from the towns of Colchester, I^yme and Montvillc ; butthepi-in- cipal part from Colchester, and in- corporated in 1819. It comprises an area of six by five miles of fer- tile and productive land. The in- habitants are generally good farm- ers, who live scattered about on their farms. Population, 1830, 953. Salem is well watered by small streams, and is bounded on the N. E. by a large and beautiful pond. It lies 29 miles S. E. irom Hartford, and 13 N. W. from New London. gaiisljiiry, N. H., Merrimack co., lies 15 miles N. from Concord. Black water river passes through the W. part of Salis- bury. There are 5 bridges across this stream in this town. The soil of the upland is strong, deep and loamy ; the hilly land affords some fine tracts of tiUage, but chiefly abounds in excellent pasturage. On Blackwater river, there is some ve- ry fertile intervale, which united with the adjacent hilly land, com- poses several very valuable farms. A considerable portion of Kearsargc mountain ranges within the bounds of Salisbury, the N. W. corner bound of which extends nearly to the summit. There are two very pleasant villages in this town, situ- ated on the 4th N. H. turnpike about 1 1-2 miles apart. Salisbuiy was incorporated by charter from the government of N. II., March 1, 1768, when it took the name ofSalisbury.lt was settled as early as 1750. The first settlers were Philip Call, Nathaniel Meloon, Benjamin Pettengill, John and Eb- enezer Webrter, Andrew Bohon- non, Edward Eastman, and others. The first inhabitants experienced the inroads of the Indians. On the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 16th of May, 1733, Nathaniel Me- Joon, living in the W. part of the town, was captured, toi^etlier with his wife, and three children, viz : Sarah, Rachel, and Daniel. They were carried to Canada, wlicre he and his wife were sold to the French in Montreal. The three children were kept hy the Indians. After the parents had resided in Montreal about a year and a half, they had a son horn, who was baptized by a French friar by the name of Joseph Mary. I\Ir. Me- loon returned from captivity after four years and a lialf, to his farm in Salisbury. Sarah died with the In- dians. Rachel, who was 9 years old when captured, retui'ned after 9 years. She had become much attached to the Indians, was about to be married to Peter Louis, son of Col. I.,ouis, of Cognawaga. She had the habits, and acted like an Indian, understood the Indian lan- guage and could sing their songs. Hon. Ebenezer Websthu was one of the early settlei-s ; a patriot of the revolution; an officer of the militia ; for several years a senator in the legislature, and a judge of tho court of common pleas till his death in 1S06. He was the father of the Hon. Ezekiei, and Dan- iel Webster, names well known throughout the country. Popula- tion, in 18.30, 1,.379. Salisbury, VI. Addison co. The widow of Amos Story, with 8 or 10 small children, was tlie first family thatni.ide Salis- bury a permanent residence. She came here in 177.3, and endured every hardship incident to the life of a pioneer; chopping down tim- ber, clearing the land, laboring in the field, and sleeping in a cavern. Mi: Story, was killed by the falling of a tree previous to tho removal of his family. The proprietors gave Mrs. Story 100 acres of land for her innnhj comhict. The soil of tho town is generally good ; it con- tains some rough land, and some excellent meadows. It is watered by Otter Creek, Middlebury and Leicester rivers. The latter river allbrds a good water power, which propels a nuiiihnrof valuable manu- facturing establishments. Leices- ter river is the outlet of Lake Bun- more, a line sheet of water, about four miles in length, and three fourths of a mile in width. This lake lies in Leicester and Salisbu- ry. There is a pleasant and flour- ishing village in the town, and a large cavern supposed to have been an Indian lodging place. Salisbu- ry lies 34 miles S. W. from Mont- pelier, and is bounded N. by Mid- dlebury. Population, 1830,"907. Salisbury, Mass. Essex CO. In 1638, this town was granted, by the name of Mer- rimack, to be a plantation, unto Si- mon Bradstreet, Daniel Dcnnison, and others. The year following it was incoi-porated by the name of Colchester, and in 1640 assumed, by direction of the then general court, the name of Salisbury. It is seven by three miles in extent, and is bounded southerly by the river iMcrrimack, westerly by Powow river, which divides it from the town of Amesbury, northerly by the New Hampshire line, which separates it from the towns of South Hampton and Seabrook,and easter- ly' l)y the sea. In 1643, the plantation in New Hampshire, viz. Hampton, Exeter, Portsmouth and Dover, were united to Massachusetts, and, together with Salisbury and Haverhill, form- ed into a new and distinct county, called Norfolk, of which Salisbury was the shire town, and so contin- ued to the year 1679, when New Hampshire was again separated and formed into a royal government. In August, 1737, commissioners, ap- pointed by the crown, met at Hamj)- ton falls, for the puipose of settling a controversy, respecting the boun- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. dary line, which had long subsisted between the two governments of Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire. On this occasion the gener- al court of New Hampshire con- vened at Hampton, and that of Massachusetts at Salisbury. Salis- bury is distant from Newburyport, 4 miles, from Haverhill 12, frovi Ex- eter, N. H. 10, and from Portsmouth 20. Population, in 1837, 2,675. There are two considerable vil- lages in Salisbury ; the largest is at the westerly part of the town, up- on Powow river at the head of tide water. The village is divided by said river into two pretty equal parts, one in Salisbury, the other in Amesbury. In that part of the village that lies in Salisbury, are two flannel factories, one 200 feet long and 50 feet wide, the other 100 feet by 40 feet. The establishment is called, the Salisbury Manufac- turing Corporation. Capital $500,- 000. There is also in this village a large tannery, and manufactures of cotton goods, shoes, combs, boats, wherries and molasses casks. The other village is pleasantly situated on the bank of the Merri- mack, on a point of land formed by the junction of that river with the Powow ; and is generally known by the distinctive name of Webster's Point. Shipbuilding long has been, and still is, a principal branch of business in this place ; and its chai-- acter- is well established for build- ing excellent vessels. There are now nine sail of vessels owned in this village and employed partly in the coasting trade, and partly in the cod and mackerel fishery. The annual product of the man- ufactures of Salisbury, including vessels, and of the fishery, is about $500,000. Salisbury and Amesbury are fine- ly located for business ; the villages are neat and the scenery around them very pleasant. Salisburi/ Beach is noted for its beauty, and is much frequented. 32 Salisbury, Ct. Litchfield co. The Housatonick and Salmon rivers give this town a great and constant water power. The surface of Salisbury is formed of lofty elevations and deep val- leys; but the soil is excellent for all sorts of grain and pasturage. The valleys are generally lime- stone, and the hills granite. The number of sheep kept here in 1837, was 8,999. " Salisbury Centre," a pleasant village, is 58 miles N. W. from New Haven, 50 W. N. W. from Hartford, 22 N. W. from Litchfield, and 34 N. W. by W. from Hudson, N. Y. Population, 1S30, 2,580. The Indian name of the town was IVeatog. It was first settled by the whites in 1720. Salisbury has long been celebra- ted for its excellent iron ore and iron manufactures. The guns on board our favorite frigate, " Old Iron Sides," used by Truxton in the capture of the L'Insurgcnte, were made at the old furnace in Salisbury. The "Old Ore Hill," two miles west of Wanscopommuc lake, has been worked since the year 1732. Within the last 10 or 15 years, from five to six thousand tons of ore have been dug annually. The ore is sold at the mine for $3 a ton. One dollar and twenty-five cents is paid to the proprietor of the mine, and the residue to the miner. The first furnace in Salisbury was erected in 17fi2, at the outlet of Wanscop- ommuc, by S. and E. Forbes, Mr. Hazeltine, and Ethan Allen, the hero of Ticonderoga. A large amount of cannon, balls, and bomb- shells were manufactured here dur- ing the revolutionary war. The large and inexhaustible quan- tities of iron ore found in Salisbury, and the abundant supply of wood for charcoal, and other materials necessary for smelting the ore, to- gether with the superior quality NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of iron, introduced other manufac- tures ; and iron has continueil from that time the staple commodity of the town. There are at present in Salisbury, 4 blast furnaces, 5 forges, with 20 fires, 2 puddling establishments, 1 screw shop, 1 anchor shop, 2 scythe manufacto- ries, 1 hoe uianufactory, 2 trip ham- mers, 2 cupola or pocket furnaces, for small castings. From live tosi.t hundred thousand bushels of charcoal are annually consumed at the difTerent establish- ments. The puddling furnaces re- quire from two to three thousand cords o( wood annually. The num- ber of workmen employed in tiie different processes of preparing the material and manufacturing the iron, amount in all to about tive hun- dred men. The furnaces produce annually from two thousand to two thousand tive hundred tons of pig iron. The forges and puddling es- tablishments annually produce from one thousand two hundred to one thousand five hundred tons of wrought iron, which is used for an- chors, car axletrees, musket bar- rels, and various other kinds of drafts. The Salisbury iron ore is the brown hematite, and yields about forty per cent of pig iron. It is well known to manufacturers, and stands as fair in the market as any other iron in the country. Salmon Rivers. Salmon river, in Jfaitie, is a trib- utary to the Penobscot, of about 30 miles in length. Its course is S., and falls into the Penobscot about 4 miles below the union of the east- ern and western branches of that river. Salmon Fall river, Maine and J^ew Hampshire. See Piscata- qua. In this river, between Ro- chester and Lebanon, JIaine, is a fall, which, from its singularity, deserves notice. The river is con- fined between two rocks, about 25 feet high, the breadth at the top of the bank not more than tlircc rods. It is called the_^«me, and is about four rods in length, its breadth va- rying from two and one half feet to less than one foot ; but here the water has a subterraneous passage. In the rocks are many cavities ft-om one to seven feet in diameter, most- ly cylindiical, and from one to four feet in depth. Salmon Brook. See A'ashua, .r. //. Salmon river, Connecticut. This beautiful mill stream has its source in the high lands in Tolland coun- ty, and passing south, receiving in its course many valuable tributa- ries, it meets the Connecticut at East Haddam, producing a beauti- ful cataract. There is a river of this name in Salisbury, Ct. Sanboruton, 3r. II., Strafford co., has New Hampton and Meredith on the N.,Gilmanton E. and S. E., Franklin S. and NV., and is 20 miles N. from Concord, 60 N. W. from Portsmouth, and 9 W. from Gilford. The bay between Sanbornton and Meredith is 3 miles in width. There are no rivers or ponds of magnitude in this town. Salmon Brook pond, in the N. part, and a brook of the same name, its outlet, are the only ones worth mentioning. This brook passes through the N. AV. part of the town, and affords several mill sites. Sanbornton presents an uneven surface, but contains no mountains. The highest hills, with one or two exceptions, admit of cultivation. The soil is almost universally good, and well rewards tlie labor of pa- tient industry. There is a gulf in this town extending nearly a mile through very hard rocky ground, 3S feet in depth, the walls from SO to 100 feet asunder, and the sides so nearly corresponding as to favor an opinion that they were once uni- ted. There is also a cavern in the declivity of a hill, which may bo NEAV ENGLAND GAZETTEER. entered in a horizontal direction to the distance of 20 feet. This town was once the residence of a power- ful tribe of Indians, or at least a place where they resorted for de- leii'^c. On the Winnepisiogee, at the head of Little Ixiy, ae *ouud the remains of an ancient lortitica- tion. It consisted of six walls, one extending along the i-ivcr,and across a point of land into the bay, and the others in right angles, con- nected by a circular wall in the rear. Traces of these walls are yet to be seen, though most of the stones, &c. of which they were composed have been removed to the dam thrown across the river at this place. Within the fort have been found numbers of Indian relics, im- plements, &c., and also on an island in the bay. When the first settlers of Sanbornton arrived, these walls were breast high, and large oaks were growing within their enclos- ure. This town was settled in 1765 and 1766, by John Sanborn, David Duston, Andrew Rowen and oth- ers. It was incorporated in 1770. Population, 1830, 2,866. Sandgate, Vt. Bennington co. The people of this town are favored with moun- tain air, and with crystal streams which even the Bostonians might relish. Shettarack and Bald moun- tains are in the N. W. part of the town ; Sprnce and Equinox are in the N. E. ; Red mountain is in the S. E., and Swearing hill in the S. W. Between these elevations is some good land, which produces grass and grain; and which, with the mountain browse, affords feed for more than 7,000 sheep. Sand- gate was chartered in 1761. It is 20 miles N. from Bennington, and 31 S. by W. from Rutland. Popu- lation, 1830, 933. Saudisfield, Mass. Berkshire co. This is an eleva- ted township at the S. E. corner of the county, on the line of Connec- ticut. It is watered by a pleasant stream, a branch of Farmington riv- er. The soil is generally good, particularly for pasturage. Consid- orble wool is grown in this town, and a laige amo'^nt of leather tan- ned. Sandisfield is 124 miles W. by S. from Boston, 18 S. E. by S. from Lenox, and 38 E. from Hudson, N. Y. Incoi-porated, 1762. Population, 1837, 1,493. Saudown, N. H., Rockingham co., is bounded N. by Chester and Poplin, E. by Dan- ville, S. by Hampstead, W. by Chester and Londonderry. It is 31 miles S. E. from Concord, and 26 S. W. from Portsmouth. The sur- face of this town is rather uneven, but the soil in general is well ad- apted to the production of grain and grass. Phillip's pond, lying in the S. part of the town, is the largest, being about 340 rods long, 200 wide. Angle pond, in the S. E. part of this town, is about 200 rods long, and 90 or 100 wide. There are sev- eral other smaller ponds. Squam- scot river flows from Phillip's pond, and pursues a nearly level course for 1 1-2 miles, where another stream unites with it : from this junction, whenever the waters are high, the current passes back with considerable force towards the pond. The settlement of Sandown was commenced about the year 1736, by Moses Tucker, and others. — The town was originally a part of Kingston, and was incorporated, 1756. Population, in 1830, 553. Saiidvvicli, N. II. Strafford co. Sandwich is 70 miles N. N. W. from Portsmouth, and about 50 N. from Concord. This town was originally granted by Gov. Benning Wentworth, in 1763, and comprised 6 miles square. Oq the 5th Sept. 1764, upon the repre- sentation of the grantees that the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. N. and W. siiles thereof were "so loaded with inaccessible mountains and shelves of rocks as to be unin- habitable" — an additional grant was made of territory on the E. and S., called i^niulu'ich ^Idilition. Sand- wich mountains are a lofty range extending N. E. and terminating in Chocorua Peak in Albany. Squani mountain, extending frcui HoUler- ness thiough a corner of Campton into Sandwich, is of considerable height. There are other mountains. The Bearcamp river, its branches rising in the mountains N. and W., passes E. into Tainworth. The W. hranch passes through Bearcamp pond. There is anotlier pond not far distant from this, from which is- sues Ked Hill river, passing S. into the Winnepisiogee lake. A small stream passes W. into the Pemige- wasset river. About one fourth of Squani lake lies in the S. W. corner of Sandwich. This is a flourishing town with a number of mills. Thir- ty thousand pounds of maple sugar was made here in tlic spring of 1838. Population, 1S30, 2,744. Saudwich, Mass. Barnstable co. This town is ve- ry pleasantly situated on the shoul- der of Cape Cod, 12 miles S. W. from Barnstable, 30 E. from New Bedford, and 53 S. E. from Boston. Incorporated, 1639. Population, 1830, 3,3(J7 ; 1837, 3,579. Sand- wich is watered by a number of streams which aflbrd a good water power; and by numerous ponds, some of which are large, afibrding a variety of excellent hsh. The forests alford an abundance of deer, and to the lovers of rural sports. Sandwich and the neighboring towns of Barnstable and Falmouth have justly become favorite resorts. The value of the manufactures of the town for the year ending April 1, 1S37, amounted to .«;3S2,248. They consisted of glass, ($300,000) leather, nails, vessels, salt, iron cas- tings, stoves, &c. The value of the New England crown glass has been fully tested and found to he as clear and stronger than any oth- er now in use. Sandwich has a good harbor, and about 20 sail of coasting and fishing vessels. It is proposed to unite Massachu- setts and Buzzard's bays by a ship canal through this town. The dis- tance is live miles and the route level. A glance at Mr. Kale'sex- cellent map of New England, shows most conclusively, the innr.enso ad- vantages to he derived by tuch a work. Sandy Bay, Mass. See Gloucester. Saudy Point, Mass. The most northern extremity of Ni.ntucket Island, on which is; a light, 60 feet in height. Sandy River, Me. This valuable mill stream re- ceiver, its head waters in the coun- ty of Franklin, near Saddleback mountain, and in a win See Westport. Saug^us, Mass. Essex CO. Saugus was taken from Lynn in 1815, and derives its name from the Indian name of the river which passes through it. That river is exceedingly crooked in its course, and forms large tracts of meadow. The uplands are uneven and rocky. It lies 10 miles S. W. from Salem, and 9 N. by E. fi-om Boston. Population, 1837, 1,123. The value of the manufactures of Saugus, the year ending April 1, 1837, was about .$200,000. They consisted of shoes, ($'150, 000) choco- late, morocco leather, snuff, cigars, bricks, wool cleaning, and silk and woolen dyeing. Savoy, Mass. Berkshire co. Savoy is an eleva- ted township, and gives rise to branches of Dserfield and Hoosack rivers. The land is generally good, and pastures a considerable number of sheep. It lies 125 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 20 N. N. E. from Lenox. Incorporated, 1797. Population, 1837, 917. Saybrook, Ct. Middlesex co. This is one of the most ancient towns in the state. Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook and other gentlemen in England, dis- satisfied with the government of Charles I., contemplating a removal to this counti-y, procured, in 1632, of Robert, Earl of Warwick, a pa- tent of all the country " which lies %vest from Narraganset river, a hundred and twenty miles on the sea coast; and from thence in lati- 32* tude and breadth aforesaid, to the South Sea." In 1635, they ap- pointed Mr. John Winthrop, a soa of the governor of Massachusetts, to build a fort on Connecticut river, and appointed him governor for one year. In the summer of 1639, Colonel George Fenwick,one of the paten- tees, arrived from England, and in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brook, gave the tract about the mouth of Connecticut river, the name of Saybrook. Colonel Fen- wick superintended the affairs of the colony until 1644, when, his associ- ates having relinquished the desiga of removal to America, sold the ju- risdiction of Saybrook to the Con- necticut colony. The original limits of the town extended upon the east side of the river for several miles, and included a part of the town of Lyme. Th'fe township now comprises three par- ishes, viz: Saybrook, Westbrook, and Essex. Saybrook parish is the southeast section of the town. The Indian name for tTiis place was Pat- taquasset. West of this is West- brook parish, which was called by its Indian name Pochaug, until Oc- tober, 1810. North of these two parishes is Pautapoug or Essex. Saybrook is upwards of 7 miles ia length from north to south, and averages more than 6 in breadth. The greater part of the township is uneven and stony. There are, however, some extensive levels, and tracts of rich soil, particularly in the vicinity of Saybrook village, in the southern part of the town. Some of the hills, near Connecticut river, have good granite quarries. There are several small harbors on the Sound, and on Connecticut riv- er, at Saybrook point and Pauta- poug. The bar at the mouth of the Connecticut is an impediment to navigation; vessels of a moderate draught are often obliged to pass it with part of their cargoes. The depth of water at the bar, at spring NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tides, is about twelve feet. Say- brook harbor is at tlie mouth of a handsome cove, making up from Connecticut river, and extending west almost to Saybrook village. It IS often i-esortcd to by coasters in bad weather. To this place the river is open through the winter, and it is here that vessels are frequently laid up, and goods deposited, while the river is frozen over above. Large quantities of lish are taken in tins town. The shad fisheries arc numerous, and a source of con- siderable wealth. Connecticut riv- er shad are considered superior to any other in Ibis country. White fish are taken upon the sliores of the Sound, and are very valuable for the purposes of manure. They are aflbrded at a cheap rate ; the lightest soils, enriched by them, have produced forty bushels of rye to the acre, and they have an equal- ly advantageous eflect upon the growth of corn and potatoes. Saybrook village is 40 miles S. S. E. from Hartford, 3i E. from New Haven, and IS V/. from New London. Population, 1830, 5,018. Besides the business in naviga- tion, the fishery, ship building and quarrying of stone, there are many manufacturing establishments in the several villages in this town. Among the articles manufactured, are augers, gimlets, liamiiiers, steel carriage springs, ivory and ii-on combs, ink stands, sand boxes, &c. The Borough of Essex is about 7 miles from the mouth of Connec- ticut river, on the west side. It is a place of considerable commerce, navigation and ship building, with a population of about 1,000. Shipbuilding was commenced in 1740, on the Pocliaug, and is still a leading branch of business in the place. There are at present about 15 vessels owned here, principally coasters. It is estimated that there are 1,200 inhabitants in its limits. Saybrook point is a peninsula, circular in its form, and connected with the main land by a narrow neck, over which the tide some- times flows. From this place to the fort, on the eastern extremity of the peninsula, the distance is about one mile. On the neck, a palisado was anciently formed from the river to the cove, to secure Say- brook point from any sudden incur- sion of the Indians. The soil on the peninsula is light and sandy, and the elevation of the highest part is about twenty feet. Being nearly destitute of trees and shrub- bery, it presents to the beholder a bleak and naked aspect. The land on the point was laid out with care, as it was expected to become the residence of great men, and the centre of great business and wealth. It is said that Oliver Cromwell, with other men then equally distinguished, actually em- barked in the Thames, to occupy this ground. Westward of the fort a square was laid out, on which it was intended houses should be erect- ed for Cromwell, Pymm, Hasselrig, and Hampden, the most illustrious Commoners in the English annals, who were expected from Europe ; while a square still further west was reserved for public uses. About half way between the palisado was erected the first build- ing designed for the collegiate school, since named Yale College. This institution was founded in 1700, and remained at Saybrook 17 years. The building was one story in height, and about eighty feet in length. Some remains of the cellar, '-over which the ploughshare has passed," arc still visible. Fifteen com- mencements were held at Saybrook. IMorc than sixty young men were graduated, most of whom entered the ministry, and some of them be- came characters of distinguished usefulness and excollcncc. To educate young men of piety and talents for the ministry, was the leading design of this institution. It was desired by the founders and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. others, that the churches should have a public standard or confession of faith, agreeable to which the in- struction of the college should be conducted. This led to the adop- tion of the Sayhrook Platform, after the commencement in 1708. David Gardiner, was the first white child born in Connecticut. The following was written upon a blank leaf of an old bible, in pos- session of John G. Gardiner, Esqr., of Gardiner's Island, N. Y. " In the year of our Lord, 1635, the 10th of July, came I, Lion Gar- diner and Mary my wife from Wor- den, a town in Holland, where my wife was born, being the daughter of one Diricke Willemson deureant ; her mother's name was Hachir, and her aunt, sister of her mother, was the wife of Wouter Leanerd- son, old burger Muster, dwelling in the hostrade, over against the Bruser in the Unicorne's head ; her brother's name was Punce Garret- son, also old burger Muster. We came from Worden to London, and from thence to New England, and dwelt at Sayhrook fort four years — it is at the mouth of Connecticut river — of which I was commander, and there was born unfo me a son, named David, 1635, the 29th of April, the first born in that place, and 1638 a daughter was born, named Mary, 30th of August, and then I went to an island of my own, which I had bought and purchased of the Indians, called by them Mon- chouack, by us Isle of Wight, and there was born another daughter, named Elizabeth, the 14th Septem- ber, 1641, she being the first child of English parents that was born there." Sayhrook is a very pleasant town, and full of interesting associations. Saxton's River, Vt., Is formed in Grafton, Windham county, traverses an eastern course about 10 miles, and falls into the Connecticut at Rockingham. It is an excellent mill stream, and derived its name from a Mr. Sax- ton, who was drowned near its mouth. Scantic River, Ct. See East Windsor. Scarljorovigli, Me. Cumberland co. This town lies 105 miles N. E. from Boston, and 60 S. W. from Augusta. It con- tains 30,634 acres of land, and a population of 2,244. A part of this town, called Black point, lying upon the sea, was granted by the council of Plym- outh to Thomas Cammock, in 1631 ; this was soon after settled, and be- came of considerable importance on the coast in the fisheries and trade. The land is held under that ancient grant at the present day. Another settlement was early made by a family of Algers, from England, near the centre of the town, and called Duastan corner, which name it still bears. This was wholly de- stroyed in the Indian war of 1675. It was, however, revived by a de- scendant in the female line, through whom that race is still perpetua- ted. Scarborough is principally an ag- ricultural town, for which purpose it furnishes some rich soil, and has a large quantity of salt marsh. — Ship building, however, continues to be pursued here, although not to the extent it formerly was. Nou- suck river passes through the whole length of the town. Its present name was given to it in 1658, when it submitted to the government of Massachusetts ; previously the east- ern side of the river and Marsh was called Black point, and the western, Blue point, names which are still in familiar use. This town has the honor of being the birth place of the distinguished statesman Rurus King, and his half brother, William King, the first governor of Maine. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Sohoodic Lakes, Me. These are large collections of water, of very irregular form, uni- ted togetlicr, by beatable passages, lying principally in Washington county, but extending west into the county of Penob«cot. Their out- let is by a large stream of the same name, into the river Saint Croix, on the west side, of about 9 miles in length. These lakes cover a large surface, they are naviga- ble for large boats, and their bor- ders, and indeed the whole countiy around them, are densely wooded. Vast quantities of timber and lum- ber descend from these waters to the St. Andrews, Eastport and Lubec markets, on the Passainaquoddy. Scltuate, Mass. Plymouth co. This town, the Indian Satuil, lies at the month of North river, in Massacliusetts bay, and has a convenient harbor, defend- ed by rocky clifls, and Ceader Point, on which is a Light house. The jYorth River rises near the sources of the Taunton. It passes Pembroke, Hanover and Marsh- fiold, and meets the tide water here. This livcr is very deep, nar- row and ciooked, and is noted for the fine ships built on its banks. The manufactures of Scituate con- sist of leatlier, boots, shoes, tacks, vessels, &.c. The value of vessels annually built is about )%40,000. These vessels are of superior me- chanism, and are built of native white oak, remarkable for its dura- bility. There are a number of ves- sels belonging to this town employ- ed in the merchant service and coasting trade. During the year ending April 1, 1837, Scituate had 22 vessels engaged in the fishery : they took C,500 barrels of macker- el, valued at §46,000.. The town extends back from the bay a considerable distance ; it con- tains large tracts of salt meadow and some valuable upland. .Scituate is 17 miles S. E. by S* from Boston and 20 N. W. by N. from Plymouth. First settled, 1633, Incorporated, 1637. Population, 1S30, 3,470 ; 1S37, 3,754. The first settled minister in thig town was the Rev. Charles Chauncv. He remained here twelve years previous to his becom- ing the second president of Har- vard College. Rev. Thomas Cl.^pp, president of Yale College, was born in this town, in 1703. He graduated at Harvard College in 1722, and died in 1767. Scituate, R. I. Providence co. This town was a part of Providence until 1731, when it was incorporated. It lies 12 miles W.by S. from Providence, and, in 1830, had 3,394 inhabitants. The surface of the town is diversi- fied by hills and valleys: in the north part of the town the soil is a gravelly loam, better adapted to grazing than tillage. Pawtuxet river with several of its branches give Scituate a good water power, and large manufactories, particular- ly of cotton and woo! are found on their banks. There is a valuable quan-y of free-stone in the western part of the town. Seabroofc, N. H., Rockingham co., is situated atthe S. ¥.. corner of the state, 17 miles S. S. W. fiom Portsmouth, and 7 N. from Newburyport, bounded N. by Hampton Falls, E. by the Atlan- tic, 3. by Massachusetts, \V. by South Hampton and Kensington. It was formerly a part of Hampton Falls, and was granted, 1768, to Jona- than Weare and others. Settlements commenced here in 1638. The riv- ers are IJIack, Brown's and Walton's rivers. IMany of the rivulets abound with bog ore of iron. This town derives its name from the number of rivers and rivulets meandering through it. Whale-boat building is NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the most important manufacture, and is carried on to a greater extent than in any other town in New Eng- land. The larger part of the male inhabitants are mechanics and sea- men. Perhaps no town in the state is better situated for carrying on the Bay and Labrador fisheries than this. Population, in 1830, 1,096. geacouuet Rocks, R. 1., Or Point. See Little Compton. Searslinrgli., Vt. Bennington co. Searsburgh is too elevated on the Green Moun- tains either for cultivation, popula- tion, or wool growing. It has 40 in- habitants, and 41 sheep. It is 11 miles E. from Bennington. Searsmoiit, Me. Waldo CO. Searsmont has a good soil, and some beautiful ponds. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, 30 miles E. from Augusta, and 12 S. W. from Belfast. Population, 1837, 1,392. Wheat crop, same year, 2,792 bushels. Seaville, Me. Hancock co. This town was in- corporated in 1838, and comprises a part of the island and town of Mount Desert, and Bartlett's, Rob- inson's, Hardwood and other small- er islands on the coast. Sebago Lake, Me. Cumberland co. This is a beau- ful sheet of water, about 12 miles in length, and of various breadths. The widest part is across from Baldwin to Raymond, about 7 miles. It re- ceives the waters of Long and sev- eral other ponds, and of Crooked river, at and from the north. It dis- charges into Casco bay, at Fal- mouth, by the Presumpscot. The Cumberland andO.vford canal, com- pleted in 1829, passes from this lake to Portland, and is the channel of considerable inland trade. Seltago, Me. Cumberland co. This town lies between Sebago lake and Hancock pond, and was taken from Baldwin in 1826. It lies 87 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta, and 30 N. W. from Portland. It has a good soil and is watered by small streams. Population, 1837, 646. Seliasticook River, Me. This valuable mill stream rises in Sangerville, Dover and Dexter, on the border of Penobscot and Piscataquis counties ; it passes S. E. and S. through Ripley, Harmo- ny, Hartland and Palmyra to Chand- lerville ; it then runsS. W. through Burnham and falls into the Kenne- bec between Clinton and Winslow, opposite to Waterville. This stream receives several tributaries ; it is about 50 miles in length ; it has nu- m.erous falls and passes through a delightful country. Seljec, Me. Piscataquis co. Sebec is a town- ship of good soil, and is well water- ed by Sebec Pond and its outlet, Sebec river, which empties into the Piscataquis, on the north side, in the town of Milo. This town lies 87 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 9 N. N. E. from Dover. In- corporated, 1812. Population, 1837, 987. Wheat crop, same year, 7,650 bushels. Sebec Pond lies in the towns of Sebec, Foxcroft and Bowerbank : it is about 10 miles long, and about a mile average breadth. Its outlet is a good mill stream of about 10 miles in length. The country around these waters is fertile and heavily timbered, and the scenery pictur- esque and beautiful. Seljoois liakes and River, Me. Seboois Lakes are connected sheets of water, of irregular form, of about 15 miles in length, varying NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in width from half a mile to a mile and a half. They lay near the Arooslool< and constitute the head waters of the eastern branch of Pe- nobscot river. Seboois River is Iheir outlet. See Petiubscot River. Scd§^wick, 9Ie. Hancock co. Sedgwick lies on the west side of Bhie Hill bay, 87 miles E. from Augusta, and about 25 S. by W. from Ellsworth. In- corporated, 17S9. Population, 1837, 1,784. This town has good harbors and enjoys great privileges for nav- igation. A numl)er of vessels are owned here employed in the coast- ing trade and fishery, and ship building is an important branch of business. The soil of the town is not so productive as that more dis- tant from the sea, still it is abundant- ly able to supply its own people with bread stuffs and all the varie- ties of fruits and vegetables com- mon to a New England climate. This town was named in honor of Theodore Sedgwick, an em- inent statesman and jurist, a senator to Congress, and for many years a judge of the supreme court of Mas- sachusetts. He died at Boston in 1813, aged fifi, highly valued by his friends and country. Seekoiik, 3Iass. Bristol CO. This town is watered by Scckonk, or Pawtucket river, also by Ten mile river, a good mill stream. It lies 41 miles S. from Boston, 4 E. by N. from Provi- dence, R. I., and 14 S. W. from Taunton. It was taken from Ue- hobothln 1812. Population, 1837, 2,016. There arc three cotton mills in the town, which constitute the principal manufactures; the annu- al value of which is about .f;80,000. Seven Mile Brook, nie. This stream rises by several branches in the counties of Somer- set and Franklin ; it runs in a south- eastern direction, about 35 miles, aflbrding mill privileges to the towns of Kinglield and New Portland, and mingles with the Kennebec at Anson, 40 miles N. E. from Augus- ta. Sej-niour Lake, Vt. Sec Charleston. Sliaftsbury, Vt. Bennington co. This town lies between the Battenkill and Wal- loomsac, and gives to those livers some tributaries. West mountain lies in this town and Arlington. Shaftsbury lies 97 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 8 N. from Bennington. First settled, 1763. Population, 1S30, 2,143. Among the first settlers was the Hon. Jo- nas G.^.L,usii.\, late governor of the state. He was a captain in the militia in 1777, and commanded a company of the "Green mountain boys," at the battle of Bennington. Although the surface of Shafts- bury is elevated, the soil is gener- ally of an excellent quality ; it feeds 12,000 sheep, and its products of beef cattle and of the dairy are considerable. There are valuable beds of iron ore in the town, pine timber and quarries of beautiful marble. It has a number of manu- facturing concerns on its small streams, a pleasant village and a school fund of §10,000. Sliapleigli, Me. York CO. Between Shapleigh and Acton are some pleasant ponds, the source of Mousum river which emp- ties into the sea at Kcnnebunk. A bed of rich bog iron ore has recent- ly been discovered in the town, which promises great usefulness. The surface of the town is gener- ally level, and the soil favorable for the growth of wool, grass, wheat and other grain. Here are iron works and other manufactures. Shapleigh was incorporated, 1785. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Population, 1S37, 1,547. It is 103 miles S. W. troin Augusta, and 6 N. W. from Alfred. Sharon, N. H., Hillsborough cc, is bounded N. by Peterborough, E. by Temple, S. by New Ipswich and Rindge, and W. by Jaffrey. It is 18 niile^^s W. by S. from Amherst, and 48 S. S.W. from Concord. The streams in Sharon are small branches of Contoocook riv- er, and rise near the S. E. corner of the town. Boundary mountain lies on the line between this town and Temple, and has an elevation of 200 feet above the surrounding country. Sharon was incorporated, 1791. Population, in 1830, 271. Sharon, Vt. Windsor co. White river passes through Sharon and affords it an abundant water power. Here are mills for the manufacture of wool- en goods, paper and other articles. It contain* a handsome and flour- ishing village. The surface of the town is broken, but the soil is warm and productive. It keeps about 5,000 sheep. Sharon was lirst set- tled in 1763. Population, 1830, 1,459. It lies 22 miles N. from Windsor, and 34 S. by E. from Montpelier. Sharon, Mass. Norfolk CO. Mashapoag pond in this town is one of the sources of Neponset river. Sharon has a good water power; one woolen and two cotton mills. There are also man- ufactures of axes, bed-steads, straw bonnets, leather, boots, shoes, wool cards, machinery, joiners' gages, &c. : annual value, about $75,000. Sharon is a very pleasant town ; the scenery around Mashapoag, the In- dian name of the place, is highly pleasing. There is good fishing in this pond. This town was incorpo- rated, in 1765. It is 18 miles S. S. W. from Boston, 8 S. from Dedham, and 24 N. by E. from Providence, R. I. Population, 1837, 1,093. Sharon, Ct. Litchfield CO. Sharon lies on the west side of Housatonick river, opposite to Cornwall. The eastern part of the town is elevated, moun- tainous, and stony, but is suited for grazing : the western part, which borders on the state of New York, is a fertile tract of undulating land, and very productive of all sorts of grain. Agriculture is the chief business of the inhabitants : they provide for about 10,000 sheep. Population 1830, 2,615. Sharon was first settled in 1739. The village is situated principally on one street, on the eastern side of a beautiful valley, 16 miles W. N. W. from Litchfield, and 47 W. by N. from Hartford. There is a beau- tiful village called " Hitchcock's Corner," partly in Sharon and part- ly in the state of New York : this also is situated in a beautiful valley, and rich in agricultural resources. " Considerable numbers of the Indians resided in the western and northwestern parts of the town, which are watered by two large ponds, and by the Ten Mile river, which touches the western bor- ders of the town. Their principal village was on the east side of the Indian pond, so called, which is a body of water lying partly in the state of New York, and partly in Connecticut. On a romantic and beautiful plain, lying between this pond on the west, and the Indian Mountain, on the east, was a nu- merous village, where the natives continued to reside for many years after the whites came into the town. This tribe was visited by the Mo- ravian missionaries, and one of them died and was buried there. He died in 1749, and a plain stone was placed over his grave, with the fol- lowing inscri])tion : " David Bruce of Edinburgh iu NEW E.VGLAXD GAZETTEER. Scotland, Minister of The Bretli- ren's Church among the Indians. Depart'd 1749." This town took an active part in favor of the liberties of the coun- try. " The approach of a large British army from Canada, under General Burgoync, and the expedition up the North Kivcr, under General Vauglian, in 1777, filled the whole country with terror and desponden- cy, and created strong fears and doubts as to the issue of the con- troversy : the firmness and confi- dence of Parson Smith, however, remained unbroken, and his efforts to revive the drooping spirits of his oeople were unremitted. In the month of October, he preached a sermon from these woi-ds : " Watch- man, what of the night? The Watchman saith, the morning com- eth." In this discourse he dwelt much upon the indications, which the dealings of Providence afford- ed, that a bright and glorious morn- ing was about to dawn upon a long night of defeat and disaster. He told the congregation, that he be- lieved they would .soon hear of a signal victory crowning the arms of America ; and he exhorted them to trust with an unshaken and fearless confidence in that God, who, he believed, would yet crown with success the efTorts of the friends of liberty in this country. Before the congregation was dismissed, a mes- senger arrived, with the intelli- gence of the surrender of Bur- goyne's army. Parson Smith read the letter, conveying the intelli- gence, from the pulpit, and a flood of joy and gratitude burst from the congregation." Shawshecii River, Mass. This river rises in Lexington and Bedford. It passes Billcrica, M'il- mington and Tukcsbury, and falls into the Merrimack, at Andover, 20 miles N. by W. from Boston. Sheepscot River and Rajr, Me. The head waters of this river are derived from ])onds in Palermo. Its course is south through the towns of AVhiteficId ami AIna. It meets the tide water between Wiscasset and New Castle, and proceeds to a bay of the same name. The length of the river from its source to the bay is about 35 miles. This river is valuable on account of its hy- draulic power and navigable facili- ties. Sheepscot Bay sets up from the sea between Boothbay and Georo-e- town, and receives the waters of the river. It is about .3 miles wide at its mouth, and extends about 10 miles north. The whole of these waters are often called" Sheepscot River." The mouth of this bay or river bears about N. E., 6 miles, froni Seguin Light, at the mouth of Kennebec river. Sheffield, Vt. Caledonia co. This town is 33 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 16 N. from Danville. First settled, 17,02. Population, 1S30, 720. This town lies on the height of land between Connecticut river and Memphremagog lake. Branch- es of Passumpsic and Barton rivers both rise here. It is watered by several ponds. The lands are gen- erally broken and not very produc- tive. Sheffield, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a very pleasant town, on both sides of the Housatonick. The river meanders circuitously and slowly through the town, and forms large tracts of rich alluvial meadow. In large fresh- ets the river overflows its banks to a great extent, and forms the ap- pearance of a large lake. The vil- lage is neat; situated in a beauti- ful valley, surrounded by hills, one of which is 3,000 feet in height, and presents a great variety of de- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER lightful scenery. There are man- ufactures in the town of leather, hats, ploughs, and spirits, but the principal business of the people is agiicultural. In 1S37, there were 6,892 sheep sheared in the town : the value of the wool amounted to $11,372. Marble and iron ore are abundant. Sheffield is the oldest town in the county : it was incorporated in 1733. It lies 140 miles S. W. from Boston, 20 S. from Lenox, and 28 E. from Hudson, N. Y. Population, 1837, 2,308. Slielljiiriie, N. II. Coos CO. Androscoggin riv-er passes through the centre of this town, into which fall the waters of Rattle river and some smaller streams. The soil on' each bank of the river is very good, producing in abundance grain and grass : but as we rise from the river, the tracts are mountainous and unfit for culti- vation. Moimt Moriah, an elevated peak of the White Mountains, lies in the S. part of Shelburne. Moses' Rock, so calfed from the first man known to have ascended it, (Moses Ingalls) is on the south side of the river, near the centre of the town. It is about 60 feet high and 90 long, very smooth, and rising in an angle of nearly 50°. In 1778, David and Benjamin Ingalls commenced a set- tlement at Shelburne, and not long afterwards, several families were added. In August, 1781, a party of Indians visited this town, killed *ne man, made another prisoner, plundered the houses, and returned to Canada in savage triumph. This town was incorporated in 1820. Population, 1830, 312. Shelfenrn, T i. Chittenden co. On the east side of Lake Champlain, 33 miles W. by N. from Montpelier, and 7 S. from Burlington. Pppulation, 1830, 1,123. Logan's arid Potter's points were ' 33 " settled previous to the revolutionary war by men of those names. Dur- ing the war these settlements were abandoned, but re-established at its close. Shelburn is finely watered by Piatt river, a pond covering 600 acres, and by the waters of the lake. Shelburn Bay sets into the town- ship about 4 miles from the N. W., and aflbrds the town a good haibor, and a depot of the interior trade on the beautiful Champlain. The soil of the town is strong, fertile, and generally well improved. About 10,000 sheep are within its limits. SliellJiiriie, Mass. Franklin co. This town lies on the N. side of Deerfield river op- posite to Conway. It is 100 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 5 W. fi-om Greentield. Population, 1837, 1,018. Incorporated, 1768. Deer- field river falls in this town a dis- tance of 29 feet, and produces a val- uable vrater power. The manufactures of the town consist of woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, scythes, palm-leaf hats, &c. : annual value about $40,000. The soil of the town is generally of a good quality; con- siderable wool is grov/n, and some cattle and products of the dairy are sent to market. More than common attention is paid to mental culture. This is a pleasant and flourishing town : the scenery about the falls is very handsome. Slieldon, Vt. Franklin co. The first, settle- ments commenced here in 1790, by Eiisha and Samuel B. Sheldon, from Salisbury, Connecticut. This is a good township of land, productive of wool, grain, and othei- northern commodities. The river Missisque passes through the town, and Black creek, a branch of that river, gives Sheldon an ample water power. The village is a thriving place, both' in its manufactures and trade. It lies 46 miles N. W. from Monipe- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Her, 32 N. by E. from Burlington, an.l 10 X. N. E. from St. Albans. Population, 1330, 1,427. She pang River, Ct. This river rises in Goshon, in the county of Litchfield ; it receives several branches, and passes south, through the towns of Washington and Roxbury, and falls into the Housatonick at Southbury. This is a gooil luiil stream, in some parts rapid, in others gentle and fertiliz- ing. Sherburne, Vt. Rutland co. Killington Peak, 3,924 feet in height, several ponds, and Thundering brook, wiili a hand- some fall, lie in this town. Queechy river rise- in this town, and along its banks is some good land ; but the lands are generally too elevated even for pasturage. Sherburne was first settled in 17S3. It lies 22 miles N. W. from Windsor, and 10 E. from Rutland. Population, 1833, 452. Sherburne, Mass. Middlesex co. Thi-town is wa- tered by Charles and Sud'iury riv- ers. It is IS miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 15 S. fiom Con- cord. Population, 1837, 1,0j7. In- corporated, 1674. The soil of Sher- burne is very good and p.aductive. The village is on elevated l:ind ; it is pleasant, an I command- good pros- pects. The manufactures of the town consist of straw bonnets, boots, shoes, le.tfher, axes, for i~, plougtis, muskets and whips : annu.il value, about $i}0,000. Sherman, Ct. Fairfield co. Sherman was for- merly the north part of N'cw Fair- field, an I incorporated in 13)2. Pop- ulation, 1 -iSi), 917. It is 6i) milis S. W. frou) Hartford, 13 N. fom Dan- bury, and bounded W. by the slate of New York. There i; a variety of soils in the town, but they are generally strong, warm, and pro- ductive of grass and grain. A branch of the Housatonick waters the town. Iron ore is fourul here. Shrtucket River, Ct. This fine mill stream receives its head waters by several branches in the counties of Windham and Tol- land. It passes between Lisbon and Franklin and uniting with the Quinnebaug at Norwich, flows in- to the Thames. Its principal bran- ches are the Natchaug and Willi- mantic. SKlrley, Me. Piscataquis CO. This town was in- corporated in 1834. It was former- ly No. 3 in the 4th range of the Bingham Purchase. It is watered by the higher branches of Piscata- quis i-iver, and lies about 76 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Popula- tion, 1837, 213. Shirley, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a very pleasant agricultural and manufac- turing town, 32 miles N. W. fi-om Boston, 16 N. W. from Concord, and 18 S. W. from Lowell. There are some elevations in the town, but of warm and fertile soil. There are large tracts of intervale land along the streams, which are very fertile and valuable. Shirley is separated fromOroton by Nashua i-iver, and from Pcpperell by the Squanicook, a branch of the Nashua. Those «tr.'ams afford Shir- ley a fine water power, which ren- ders it an excellent loc.ition for man- ufacturing esla!)lishinents. There are 1 woolen and 3 cot'on mills in the town, and manufacturt^s of boots, shoes, piper, leather, palm-leaf hats, &c. Annual value, about $125,- 000. Population, 1837, 987. Sliorehain, Vt. Addison co. This town lies on the east side of Lake Champlain, and is watered by Lemonfair river, a good mill stream. It is 12 miles NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. S. W. from Middlebury, and 26 N. from Whitehall, N. Y. The lake here is about a mile wide. Popu- lation, 1830, 2,137. The surface of the town is level and the soil re- markably good. This is one of the best fai-ming towns in the state. In 1837, there was 26,584 sheep in Shoreham. There are some manu- factures in the town, and a pleasant and flourishing village on the banks of the lake. Most of the waters here are impregnated with Epsom salts. See Bridport. Shoreham was first settled in 1766, by a number of persons who adopted the plan of holding all things in common. This mode of holding- property was, however, relinqui-;h- ed about the time of the revolu- tionary war. Slire-wsbury, Vt. Rutland co. This town lies 22 miles W. from Windsor and 9 S. E. from Rutland. Population, in 1830,1,289. This is a mountainous township, having Shrewsbury Peak within its limits, a summit 4,034 feet above the sea. Mill and Cold riv- ers and Peal's and Ashley's Ponds water the town, and fall into Otter Creek. There is some good land in this mountain town, and between three and four thousand sheep graze on its surface. Slirewsljury, Mass. Worcester co. This is an agri- cultural town of a pleasing variety of surface, and good soil, 36 miles W. by S. from Boston and 6 E. from Worcester. Quinsigamond or Long Pond lies principally in this town. It is nearly four miles in length and from 40 to 250 rods in width. It empties into the Blackstone river and canal, and produces a consider- able hydraulic power. A floating bridge crosses this pond for the ac- commodation of the Worcester turn- pike, 525 feet in length, built in 1818, and cost $6,000. The manufactures of Shrewsbury consist of clothing, guns, hats, chairs, straw bonnets, leather, boots, shoes, &.C : the value of which, dur- ing the year ending April 1, 1837, was $211,287. The town was in- corporated, 1727. Population, 1830, 1,386; 183?, 1,507. Levi Peuse, the father of mall stages in this country, was a native of this town. He died here in 1824, aged 86. Mr. Pease was a man of great enterprise ; he projected the first turnpike road in New England, and to his zeal and sacrifices the public is more indebted than to any other mavi for its excellent mail es- tablishment. At the time Mr. Pease started his first line of mail stages between Boston and New York, in 17S4, the mail between those places passed only once a fort- night, on horseback, in a pair of saddlebags. Sliutesbury, Mass. This town is on high land, 10 miles E. ti-om Connecticut river, 9 N. by E. trom Amherst, 16 S. S.E. from Greenfield, and 78 W. by N. fi-om Boston. Incorporated, 1761. Population, 1837,316. Copper ore, and soapstone, are found here. On Swift I'iver are three shingle mills and a wheel factory. There is a mineral spring of some note in this town, containing, in solution, iron, sulphur, &c. There is also a pond, covering about 700 acres, with an abundance of fine fish. Ephraim Pratt lived in this town many years, and died here in 1804, aged 116 years. He married at the age of 21, and could count 1,500 descendants. He was a very tem- perate man, so much so that for 40 years he took no animal food. He was a farmer, and his health was so uniformly good that he was able to mow a good swath 101 years in suc- cession. He was born at Sudbury, 1687. Sidney, Me. Kennebec co. Sidney is very NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. pleasantly situated on the west side of Kennebec river, and watered by a large and beautiful pond lyini; in this town and Belgrade. It is bounded N. by Watcrville, and is 12 miles N. from Augusta. Incor- porated, 1792. Population, 1837, 2,34fi. Wheat crop, same year, 6,5C9 bushels. Siinsbitry, Ct. Hartford co. The territory oT this town was formerly a part of Windsor: its Indian name was y>/fls- sacoe, and was incorporated in 1670. The surface of the town is greatly diversified by hills and valleys : a range of mountains pass through the town, and there is some level and good land within its limits on Farniington river. Population, 1830, 2,221. Tai-ifl\ ille, a flourishing village, is situated at the northeastern ex- tremity of this town, on the west bank of the Fanningtonriver,which at this place passes south, at the base of a range of mountains, which divides this part of the State from the great valley of Connecticut river. This plucc is a carjjot man- ufacturing village, owned principal- ly by a company called the " New England Carpet Company;" they employ 175 hands, and mansfacture yearly about 132,000 yards of car- peting, 'i'his flourishing village is between three and four miles south of Simsbury mines, in Granby,near the New Haven and Northampton canal, and 12milcsN.W. from Hart- ford. Skittlcook River, Ale. This Is the most northern and eastern branch of the Matawam- keag. Skootiuii Tiftke, Me, A sheet of water of considerable size, the outlet of which passes through Kilmarnock. Sko'wliegan, Me. Somerset co. This town was for- merly called IVIilburn : it took the Indian name of the place in 1836. It is situated on the N. side of Ken- nebec river, at Skowhegan Falls. The river runs here in an eastern direction. The local situation of Skowhegan, its admirable water power, and the fertility of the adja- cent country, united with the en- ti'iprise of its inhabitants, has ren- dered the place, but recently a wil- derness, one of the best cultivated townships in the state, the site of a great number of mills, and a mart of an extensive trade. There is much delightful scenery about Skowhe- gan : the village is neatly built, and its beauty is much enhanced by the whiteness of the houses contrasted with the blue and green of the riv- er and its banks. Between Skow- hegan and Eloomfield is a small isl- and in the river. Across this isl- and are noble bridges uniting the towns. This place lies 5 miles be- low Norridgewock and 33 N. from Augusta. JPopulation, 1830, 1,006 ; 1837, 1,433. Slater villc, R. I. We regret to state that no ac- count of the manufactures of this interesting manufacturing village has been received. See Smithfield. Small, Cape, Me. The eastern boundary of Casco Bay. SmitUficId, R. I. Providence co. This is a large town, containing an area of about 10 by 6 miles, and a great variety of surface and soil. Smithfield has generally an un- dulating surface, presenting an agreeable diversity of moderate em- inences and gentle declivities; but in some sections it is considerably rough and broken. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The manufacture of lime is an important and extensive business, and affords employment to a great number of persons. There is also a quarry of white stone at what is called Woonsocket hill, that sus- tains heat remarkably well, which renders it very valuable for furnace hearths. About two miles distant from this, there is a quarry, contain- ing excellent whetstones, for edge tools. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, with some sections of a cal- careous loam. It is generally rich and fertile, although in some places it has been reduced by an exhaust- ing system of cultivation. There are, however, some low and marshy tracts, which are generally appro- priated to mowing, and afford good crops of grass. The agricultural productions consist of the various articles common to the climate ; Indian corn, rye, wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, flax, beef, pork, butter, cheese, apples, cider and hay. The waters of the town consist of the Blackstone, which washes its northeastern border, and a branch of this river, nearly of equal size, which intersects the town, dis- charging its waters into the former, in the northern section of the town. After the union of these streams, the Blackstone is from one to two hundred feet in width. At some seasons of the year, it overflows its banks, and has been known to rise from 15 to 20 feet above its usual height. Besides these, there are numerous small streams, some of which afford valuable sites for mills and manufacturing establishments, which are mostly occupied. In the south part of the town, within about 4 miles from Providence, there is a considerable body of wa- ter, called Scots Pond. It is near- ly a mile in length, about half a mile in width, and of great depth. What is remarkable in this pond, is | 33* the steep descent of its shores. Cases have occurred, of persons being drowned in attempting to water their horses at this pond. There is a remarkable fall of wa- ter upon the Blackstone river, call- ed Woonsocket falls, which is con- sidered as quite a curiosity. The fall is about 20 feet, not perpendic- ular, but over a precipice of Tjcks for some distance. The fall of the water upon these rocks through a succession of ages, has occasioned numerous excavations, all of which are smooth and circular, and some of them very large, being sufficient to contain several hogsheads. The beautiful village of Woon- socket is situated at these falls, on the line of Cumberland ; the river dividing the towns, and the village into nearly equal parts. In this village ai-e 15 cotton and 2 satinet factories, a large furnace, machine shops, sash factory, &c. The Black- stone canal passes throus;h this village, and it is in contemplation to construct a rail road to meet the Boston and Providence rail road, either at Providence or at Dedham, Mass. This village is indeed a beautiful place, and exceedingly flourishing. It is 14 miles N. N. W. from Providence. Slaterville is another beautiful village in this town, on Branch i-iver, about 2 miles W. from Woon- socket. Smithfield is a large manufactur- ing town, containing many other pleasant villages, almost exclusive- ly devoted to manufacturing ob- jects. The centre of the town lies 9 miles N. W. from Providence. Incorporated, 1730. Population, in 1830, 6,857. Smith's River, N. H. Grafton co. This river rises from several ponds in Grafton and Or- ange, and after pursuing a winding, but generally an east course, of from 12 to 18 miles, through Dan- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bury and Alexandria, falls into the Penugewasset, bclweea Bristol and Hill. Solouj Mc. Somerset co. Solon is a nourish- ing fanning town, on the east side of Kennebec river, opposite to Fmbden. It lies 14 miles N. by "U . irorn Augusta, and 18 N. from Norridgewock. Population, 1830, 7()S; 1837, 1,129. V.heat crop, 1837, 6,507 bushels. The town is well watered by a pond and several streams : it has a pleasant village, and some manufactures. Soiuers, Ct. Tolland co. This town lies 22 miles N. E. from Hartford, 10 N. by W. from Tolland, and 12 S. E. from Springfield, Mass. First set- tled, Ijlo. It was incorporated by Ma- sachusetts in 1734, and named in honor of Lord Somors, at tiie re- quest of Governor Belcher. Part of the town is level, and productive of grass and grain, and part is quite elevated, producing good pasturage for sheep, and pre- senting delightful views of the val- ley of Connecticut river. It is wa- tered by Scantic river. Somcrs has a very neat village, in which is a large establishment for the manufacture of straw bon- nets. Population, 1S30, 1,429. .Somerset Conuty, 3Ie« J\i~orrids;eicock, chief town. — Previous to the formation of Piscat- aquis and Franklin counties, in 1838, for whicli purpose a consider- able portion of Somerset was taken, this county contained an area of about 8,785 square miles. Incor- porated, 1809. About one third of this territory may be said to be set- tled, incorporated or granted, the residue, a wilderness. Its po|)ula- tion, in 1820, was 21,787; 18o(), 33,.'>S8 ; 1837, 40,963. Population to a square mile, 4 1-2. Gala in population, in seven years, 22 per cent. The present county of Somerset is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Piscataquis and a part of Penob- scot counties, S. by the counties of Kennebec and F'ranklin, and \V. by Franklin county and Lower Can- ada. This county is watered by many ponds, some of the large tributa- I'ies of the Kennebec, and by the upper waters of many other im- portant rivers in Maine ; but its chief river is the noble Kennebec, which enters the county at its rise from Moose Head lake, and passing from that lake, which skirts the east- ern boundarj' of the county, it tra- verses nearly in its centre about 75 miles. This river serves, at pres- ent, as a great thoroughfare to the ocean for an immense amount of timber, lumber and wood, the first fruits of the industry of pioneers to a heavily timbered country ; and, in after times, will serve for the transportation of the productions of a fertile soil to distant markets, and of. the wants of the inhabitants from abroad. The surface of tliis county is di- versified by considerable eleva- tions and extensive valleys, which give it a varied and pleasing as- pect. With the exception of the mountain range, which skirts the bounds of Canada, and the Bald JNIountain ridge, nearly in the cen- tre of the county. Mount Bigelow and Mount Abraham, on the bor- der of Franklin countj', are the most lofty. So far as the march of improve- ment has been made in this intoiior and almost wilderness county, the soil of the lands, generally, is found to be fertile, as easy of cultivation, and as productive of all the varie- ties of grasses. grains, vc2;ttablcs and fruits, as any portion of New Kng- land, with very few exceptions. The more interior portions of the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. county, those watered by the up- per branches of the Penobscot and Walloomstook, now a wilderness, are said to be the most fertile. In 1837, there were in the old county of Somerset, 77,921 sheep; and, during that year, it produced 239,- 332 bushels of wheat, being tlie largest quantity of that valuable grain produced by any county in Maine, and probably by any county in New England. Somerset, "Vt. Windham co. Mount Pisgah and other elevations give to the sur- face of this township so rough and drear an aspect, that but few ai'e bold enough to attempt the cultiva- tion of its soil. It is watered by the upper blanches of DeerfieJd river. Population, 1S30, 245. Somerset stands 15 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 14 W. from Newfanc. It would put the neigh- boring towns into a pretty pickle if it should turn a Somerset. Somerset, Mass. Bristol CO. This town is pleas- antly situated on the northern side of Taunton river, opposite to Fall River, and is the proposed depot of a rail road from Fall River to Provi- dence, R. I. It is 16 miles S. E. from Providence, 13 S. from Taun- ton, and 45 S. from Boston. Popu- lation, 1S37, 1,063. Incorporated, 1790. There are some manufactures of stone and earthern wares, but ship building is the principal branch of mechanics in the town. Somerswortii, N. H. Strafford co. This town was for- merly a part of Dover. It was in- corporated in 1754. It is bounded N. W. by Rochester, N. E. by Sal- mon fall river, which divides it from Berwick, Me., and S. W. by Do- ver. It is 11 miles N. by W. from Portsmouth and 45 E. from Concord. The White Mountains may be seen from the summit of Otis' hill ; also the steeples of the meeting houses in Portsmouth, and the masts of the shipping in the harbor. The soil of this town is well adapted to Indian corn, and almost all kinds of grain and grass. The tide flows on the east side of this town, four miles to Quamphegan falls. The river is of sufficient depth, till within a mile of said falls, for vessels of 250 tons. The S. part of this town is bounded on Cccheco river, from its confluence with the Piscataqua to the mouth of Fresh creek, near a mile ; and from thence by said creek to its head, nearly a mile and a half. There arc but two ponds of note in this town : Humphrey's pond on the line of Dover, 200 rods long and 120 rods wide ; and Cole's pond, 150 rods long and 75 wide. Red and yellow ochre, also iron ore, have been found in this town. The ochre has been used in paint- ing houses, and has been found to make a durable paint. At Great Falls, are extensive manufactories, and a large and beautiful village. This town was settled between 1650 and 1700, by William Went- worth and others. Many of the first settlers were killed or taken captive and carried to Canada. Eb- enezer Downs, who was a quaker, was taken by the Indians at Indigo hill, in 1724, and carried to Canada. He Vv'as grossly insulted and abused by them, because he refused to dance as the other prisoners did for the diversion of their savage cap- tors. Nicholas Pike, author of a popular system of arithmetic, was born in this town, October 6, 1743. John Wentworth, son of the Hon. .John Wentworth, was born in this town, July 14, 1745; and was graduated at Hai-vard college, 17GS. He entered on the study of the law, and settled at Dover. When ap- plication was made to him to put an NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, action in suit, it was his practice to see the parties or to write to them, stating the consequences of a legal process, and advising thcni to set- tle their differences between them- selves. By this mode of i)roccdure he was instrumental in preventing many vexatious lawsuits; and was entitled to the appellation of peace- maker. He was a member of the continental congress in the revolu- tion, and died January 10, 1787. Hon. Thomas Wallingford, was born at Bradford, Alass., in 1697. He came to this town in the early part of his life ; and by a dili- gent application to business, from a small beginning became one of the richest men in the province. IcH.VBOD Rollins, was born in Somersworth in 1721. He was a judge of probate for the county of Strafford, and died January .31, 1800. Population, in 1830, 3,090. Soucook. River, N. II., Has its source in three ponds in the south part of Gilmanton, lying near each other, called Loon, Rocky and Sliellcamj) ponds. It passes through Loudon, receiving several branches, and forms the boundary between Concord and Pembroke, falling into the Merrimack below Garvin's falls. Soiihegaii River, "S, II. Originally Souhegenack, the name of a river in Hillsborough county, and the former name of Amherst and Merrimack. The principal branch of this river originates from a pond in Ashbui-nham, Mass. It passes N. through A^hb}', at tlie N. W. angle of the county of Mid- dlesex, into Now Ip'^wicli, and through Mason, Milford, Amherst, into Merrimack, where it unites with Merrimack river. In its course it receives several streams from Temple, Lyndcborough and Mount Vernon, and just before it falls into the Merrimack, receives IBabboo- 8uck brook, a considerable stream issuing from Babboosuck pond. See Jlmherist. South Hampton, N. H., Rockingham co. , is bounded N. by East Kingston and Kensington, E. by Seabrook, S. by Amesbury, Mass., W. by Newtown; and is 50 miles S. E. from Concord, and 18 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. The surface is generally even, and the soil of a good quality. Pow- ow river passes through this town, affording valuable mill seats. South Hampton was incorporated in 1742, Hon. Phillips White, who w^as a member of the old congress, a counsellor in 1792 and 1793, and for many years judge of probate, died June 2 1, 1811, aged 82. Pop- ulation, 1830, 487. Sonthampton, Mass. Hampshire co. Manhan river waters the town and affords it mill privileges. The Farmington canal passes through the eastern part. Lead in various forms and qualities is found here, and here is a subter- raneous passage loading to the lead mine in Westhampton. There are some manufactures in the town, but the pcoi)le are generally em- ployei-idge, Mass. Worcester co. Southbridge was taken from Sturbridge in 1814. — Population, 1830, 1,444 ; 1837, 1740. It is 54 miles S. W. from Boston, and 19 S. S. W. from Worcester. This town is watered by the Quin- neboag, a branch of the Thames, and a good mill stream. There are one woolen and three cotton mills in Southbridge, and manufactures of boots, shoes and cutlery : the value of which, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was .$262,212. This town has an excellent soil and a pleasant and flourishing village. Soiitlllbiiry, Ct. New Haven co. The principal village in this town is pleasantly situated on the Pamperaug, a tine mill stream, which passes through the town. This village is 20 miles N. W. from New Haven, and 40 S. W. from Hartford. The village of South Britain is about 4 miles S. W. from the princi- pal or central village : it is a flour- isliing place, containing a num- ber of neat buildings, a carpet and several hat factories. This village is surrounded by high hills and precipices, and has a romantic and picturesque appearance. The sur- face of the town is generally un- even : there is some good meadow land on Housatonick, Pamperaug, and Shepaug rivers, and the up- lands are warm and productive. Some traces of coal have been dis- covered. The northern part of the town is called " White Oak," from an oak tree under which the first persons who explored the town encamped. Pieces of this tree are considered by some as precious relics. South- bury was formerly attached to Litchfield county. It was a part of Woodbury, and was first settled about the year 1672. It was incor- porated as a distinct town in 1786. Population, 1830, 1,557. Soiitli Hadley, Mass. Hampshire co. Nature and art seem to have united to render this an interesting place. The falls on the Connecticut are 50 feet ; not perpendicular, but in so short a distance as to render the river very rapid. These falls, Mount Hol- yoke at the north part of the town, and Mount Tom on the west side of the river, with the luxuriant mead- ows along this beautiful stream, would form a picture of no ordinary character. These falls are ren- dered passable for freight and steam NEW tNGLANU GAZETTEER. boats by a canal of about two luik's in lenf::th. In this canal is a cut tlirouiili solid rock, 40 feet in depth and 300 feet in length. The hy- di-aulic power, at this place, is very great, having the whole volume of Connecticut river and some smaller streams at command for manufac- turing puiposcs. Much of the water power is yet unimproved, but its local situation is such as to insure its usefulness as the manu- facturing interests of New England increase. There are in 8outh Had- ley 3 paper and 2 woolen mills, and manufactures of Icatlicr, boots, shoes, pearl buttons, iron, &.c. : to- tal value, the year ending April 1, 1S37, $237,650. South Hadley lies on the east side of Connecticut river, 90 miles, W. from J5oston, and 5 S. by E. from Northampton. Incorporated in 1753. Population, 1837, 1,400. Soutk Hero, Vt. Grand Isle co. Lake Champlain bounds this town on all sides. — The passage in the lake however, is very narrow between the towns of N. and S. Hero. It lies 12 miles N. W. from Burlington, and 16 S. S. W. from St. Albans. The lake is fordable a considerable part of the year on the Vermont side. This town was formerly a part of North Hero, and was separated from it in 1788. First settled, 1784. Popu- lation, 1830, 717. South Hero con- tains an area of about 9,065 acres of level land of an excellent soil. Its basis is limestone. It is suppos- ed that all the lands of this island county were once covered by the waters of the lake, as clam shells are found incorporated with tlic rocks in the highest places. The scenery around these islands is beautiful. This vicinity was a fa- vorite resort for the Indians, as ap- pears from a large number of their implements found on the islands. It seems they manufactured liatch- ets, spear licads, chisels, arrows, and a variety of other implements at this place, from a flint stone not found in this region, but biought from a distance. This town lur- nislics a great abundance of food for the inhabitants, and some for ex- portation. It feeds about C,200 sheep. This is a pleasant stopping place for the angler, the painter or the geologist. Soutliiii^on, Ct. Hartfoid CO. Soutbington was taken from Farmington in 1779. There are some elevations in the town, particularly in the eastern part ; but the soil is generally very good for all kinds of grain and the pasturage of cattle. It is watered by the Quinncpiack, and the Far- mington canal passes through it. It contains a neat village, 18 miles S. W. from Hartford and 21 N. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 1,844. The inhabitants are generally en- gaged in agiiculture ; yet several kinds of manufactures receive con- siderable attention. Peck's patent for machines for making tin ware, a most valuable invention, is exclu- sively owned in this town, and the business of making them is exten- sively carried on, by Peck &. Co., whose manufactory supplies almost the whole of the United Suites and the British provinces. The manu- facture of water cement is very extensively carried on in this town, and furnishes asujiply for the wants of the vicinity, and some for distant markets. There is an establish- ment for the manufacture of lasts, which arc turned out by a machine : this is eftected by having a model of the shape wanted, inserted into the apparatus connected with the machinery. Besides the above, there is a brass foundry ; and sev- eral other establishments, for man- ufacturing various articles, such as saws of different kinds, tin ware, combs, spoons, clocks, brushes, &c., are in operation, more or less ex- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tensively, at different times, accor- ding to the demands of the market. Copper has been discovered, in sev- eral places, in the range of moun- tains on the eastern border of the town. South Kingston, R. I. Washington co. Chief town. This town was formerly a part of North Kingston, and was first set- tled in 1670. It is the largest town in the State, comprising 98 square miles, and within its limits is the noted Point Judith. It has an uneven surface, a soil of a gravelly loam, based on a granite foundation. Large quantities of grain of vari- ous kinds and of the productions of the dairy are annually sent to mar- ket from this town ; also the fleeces of about 7,500 sheep. This town possesses great navigable advan- tages; its eastern and southern borders being washed by the At- lantic ocean and Narraganset bay. It contains a great number of fresh water ponds, and a large salt pond : one of the fresh water ponds, cov- ers an area of between three and four thousand acres. The fisheries on the shores and in the ponds of South Kingston are of considerable extent and value. The fish taken are principally bass, alewives, perch and smelts. Some portion of the inhabitants follow a maritime life for a livelihood. The principal village in South Kingston is improperly called " Lit- tle Rest Hill," for it is quite a snug and comfortable place. It lies 30 miles S. from Providence, and 9 S. fi-om North Kingston. Population, 1830, 3,663. Soutli Reacting, Mass. Middlesex co. This town was taken from Reading in 1812. It lies 10 miles N. from Boston, 18 E. by N. from Concord, and 10 W. from Salem. Population. 1S30, 1,310; 1837, 1,488. The manufactures of the town consistofshoes,cabinet ware, chairs shoe tools, razor straps, block tin and tin ware : annual value, about $60,000. This town contains a large and beautiful pond, the source of Sau- gus river. The village is compact, neat and flourishing. SoutIl.^vick, Mass. Hampden co. This town is bounded S. by the state of Con- necticut, and is 100 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 10 W. S. W. from Springfield. Incorporated, 1779. Population, 1837, 1,291. It is watered by a considerable stream, and several ponds in the town sup- ply water for the Farmington canal, which passes through Southwick. The manufactures consist of gun- powder, leather, and distilled spir- its : annual value, about $70,000. The surface of the town is eleva- ted, but the soil is generally good, particularly for grazing. The val- ue of wool slieared in 1837, was $2,125. go-\vadaH}scools; Rivei*, Me. Penobscot co. This stream falls into the Penobscot at Hampden, 5 miles below Bangor. Within 3 miles of its mouth it falls 120 feet, furnishing many valuable mill priv- ileges. The main branch, which rises in Stetson, unites with the Harvey stream from Levant, and the Kinsley stream from Etna, both affording excellent mill sites, near the village in Carmel. Below these, the Sowadabscook is deep and sluggish, from 15 to 25 yards in width, floAving through extensive meadows, and the Great and Little ponds in Hermon, with very little descent, to the head of the falls in Hampden. Near the east line of Carmel, this stream comes within about 20 rods of the Little Kendus- keag, a stream which flows throiigh the N. E. part of Carmel, from Le- vant to Bangor; and the two streams are united by a branch from 20 to NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 30 feet wide and 3 feet deep, called the Cross. The Kenduskeao; is so rapid that it rises and tails mucli quicker than the Sowadabscook. When (he streams are risiii<;, the current in the Cross sets towards the Sowadabscook, and when falling, towards the Kenduskeag;. The country -watered hy the Sowadabscook is generally rather level and free fiom hills, though there are many swells of very fine farming land. In tlie towns of Hermon and Hampden is a large tract, very little elevated above the level of the stream, and liable to be overflowed by freshets. It is too low for settlement, and is cliicfly covered with wood. The improve- ment of this land requires too great an outlay of capital for a new coun- try, but it will probably at some time be among the most valuable in this country for mowing. There are on this stream, in Hampden, live superior saw mills, a grist and paper mill, and the privi- leges are excelled by few in New England. Upon tlie Kenduskeag are 9 mills below the Cross, many of them superior double mills. The pine timber has been cut off upon the waters of this stream to such an extent, .is to give a high value to that which remains, and to the hem- lock timber, of which there are great quantities of fine quality. Since our first pages Went to press, wc have received, from an obliging friend, the following infor- mation in regard to Carinel. The township of Carrael, border- ing on the Sowadabscook, is a very level tract of land ; most of it of a very light and fertile soil, free of stone. The valleys have a fine growth of pine timber, whicli ha,s been carefully preserved by the owners, and may be run, by means of the Cross, at a small expense, cither to Bangor or Hampden. — There is probably no town in this section of the county, in vvliich there was originally so valuable a growth of j)ine, or in whicJi there is so large a quantity remaining. The swells arc large, and arc cov- ered with the rock maple, beech, birch, &c., and are of a very supe- rior quality for tillage. Near the streams arc large tracts of intervale of great fertility, and making very fine meadows. There is little waste land in the town. The swamps are few and of small extent, but fur- nish cedars in suiTicier.t quantities for fencing, for which use they are the finest and most durable jnale- rial. The settlement of this town is rapidly progressing, and many of the farms recently cleared are very superior, and the buildings, fences, and improvements, show an active, iudustriotrs and enterprising peo- ple. The village near the centre of the town, is a very thriving and active place of business, on the stage road from Bangor to Skovvhe- gan, 13 miles W. fi-om Bangoi-, and 11 W. N. W. from Hampden. Here are four stores, two taverns, an apothecary shoj), potash, black- smiths, coopers, shoemakers, join- ers, and other shops ; an extensive tannery, mills, Sec, and a meeting house is about being liuilt. In the town are five good school houses, five saw mills, a clapboard and shin- gle mill, grist mill, and clothing mill. There are found in this town some fine specimens of petrified shells, at an elevation of 125 to 130 feet above the Penobscot, and near the hanks of the stream, showing tliat this valley was once covered by the ocean. The roads in the towns watered by this stream are exceedingly well made, and creditable to the inhab- itants, though it is rcMnarkable, that several of them, which were made in the early settlement, pass over decidedly the most inferior lands in those towns. This is particularly NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. true of the road from Hampden through Carmel and Etna to New- port: and the settlement of this section was formerly retarded, with- out doubt, by the unfavorable im- pression created by this circum- stance. The projected rail road from Bangor to Augusta is survey- ed to pass through this town, near the bank of the stream ; and the level character of the country is exceedingly well adapted for that purpose. Spafford's I^alce, N. H. -See Chesierfield. Specified Mouaitaiii, Me. Oxford CO. This mountain lies on the line of New Hampshire, partly in the town of Riley, and is said to be 4,000 feet above. sea level. Spencer, Mass. AVorcester co. Seven Mile riv- er, a branch of the Chickopee, wa- ters this town. There are two woolen mills in the town, and man- ufactures of scythe snaiths, straw bonnets, boots, shoes, leather, cab- inet ware, chairs, palm-leaf hats, harnesses, and barrels : annual val- ue, about $80,000. This township is quite elevated for the section of country in which it lies. It is stated to be the sum- mit level between the waters of ISoston harbor and Connecticut riv- er, 950 feet above the former, and 880 feet above the latter. The surface of the town is agreeably varied by hills and valleys : the soil is fertile, and cultivated by men of industry and independence. Spencer is .52 miles W. from Bos- ton, and 12 W. from Vv'orcester. Population, in 1830, 1,613 ; 1837, 2,(»S5, It was taken from Leices- ter in 1753. Spiggot River, K. II., Rises in Hampstead, and passes through Salem, and into the Merri- 34 mack between Melhuen and Dra- cut, Mass., nearly opposite Shaw sheen river, which comes from the S., through Andover. Split, Cape, I\Ie. See Addison. Springfield, Me. Penobscot co. The Matakeunk, a branch of the Matawamkeag, rises here, and, with several ponds, gives the town a considerable wa- ter power. The soil of the town is fertile, and in 1837, with a popula- tion of 398, produced 9,429 bushels of wheat. Springfield was No. 5, 2d range N. of the Bingham Pur- chase, and was incorporated in 1834. It lies about (JO miles N. E. by E. from Eangor. Springfield, N. H. Sullivan co. This town is bound- ed N. by Grafton, E. by Wilmot, S. E. by Nev/ London, S. by Wen- dell and Croydon, W. by Croydon and Grantham. It lies 35 miles N. W. from Concord and 13 N. E. from Newport. A branch of Sugar riv- er has its source in this town ; and also a branch of the Blackwater river. The former empties into the Connecticut, the latter into the Mer- rimack. There arc several ponds, viz. Station pond, about 250 rods long, 140 wide ; Cilley pond, 240 rods long, and about 80 wide ; Star, Stony, and Morgan's ponds. The land is rough and stony. This town was granted in 17C9, by the name of Protectworth. Its fir^t settle- ment commenced in 1772. It was incorporated by the name of Spring- field, 1794. Population, 1330, 1,202. Springfield, Vt. Windsor CO. Springfield is situ- ated at the S. E. corner of the. coimty, on the W. side of Connect- icut river, and is 70 miles S. from Montpelier, 24 S. from Woodstock, and 110 N. W. from Boston. Pop-' ulation, 1830, 1,498. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The land in Springfield is gen- erally rich, with a deep soil suita- ble for grass or tillage ; on tlic riv- ers are extensive intervales, form- ing some of the most beautiful farms in the state. The pi-ineipal agri- cultural products, are corn, rye, oats, beef, pork, butter, cheese ; and wool, of which 17,872 llccces were shorn in 1837. Many hoi-.^es are raised in this town and sent to mar- ket. The principal village is situated on Black liiver falls, near the centre of the tuwn. These falls are about four itiiles from the con- fluence of Black river with the Connecticut ; their descent is rapid over a rocky bed, about 60 rods, when the waters are contracted, and precipitated 50 or 60 feet down an abrupt ledge into a narrow chan- nel. This ravine extends about 12 rods ; it is 60 or 70 feet deep, and is walled by perpendicular ledges of mica slate. Over this ravine has been erected a bridge, from which may be had a full view of the falls. A mist constantly arises, in which may be seen, in a fair day, all the colors of the rainbow. There are in Springfield 1 cotton and 2 woolen mills, a sand paper factory, on an extensive scale, which produces an excellent arti- cle, and manufactures of machine cards, machinery, iron ware, lead pipe, hats, chairs, tin and copper wares, scythes, leather, cabinet fur- niture, and various other articles. This is a very flourishing town, and the scenery around its neat and haadsome village is delightful. Spriiigncld, Itlass. Chief town, Hampden co. This is one of the most beautiful and important inland towns in New England. It is situated on the oast bank of Connecticut river, and is supplied with a good hydraulic power by Chickopec and Mill riv- ers. It is 87 miles W. by S. from Boston, 17 S. by E. from North- ampton, and 27 N. from Hartford, Ct. Its Indian name was Jls^awam. First settled, 1635. Incorporated, 1645. Population, 1820, 3,914; 1830, 6,784 ; 1837, 9,234. Along the banks of the Connecticut arc large tracts of fine alluvial meadow, which are very productive. Back from the river the land rises by a gentle acclivity to an extended pine plain. The village and business part )f the town, is on a street between 2 and 3 miles in length, running par- allel with the river. This village is very pleasant, well built, and contains many beautiful buildings. A handsome bridge, 1,234 feet in length, connects this town with West Springfield. Boats for the trans])ortation of ])assengers, and for towing freight boats, are con- tinually ])lying between this place and Hartford, during the season of navigation. The rail road from Boston to Albany will pass through Springfielil, which, with the great natui'ul advantages it possesses, must render it one of the most important commercial depots on Connecticut river. About 4 miles north of the prin- cipal village, near the confluence of Chickopec river with the Con- necticut, stands the neat and en- terprising village of Chickopce, one of the most beautifully located manufacturing villages in New England. The T'^nifed States .irscnal is dolinlittuUy situated on an elevated I)Uun about half a mile cast of the principal village. The buildings are arranged with great taste and judgment, around a level square of 20 acres, and make a fine appeai-- ance. The buildings are all of brick ; on one of which is a cupola, from which an extensive and delightful view of Connecticut river and the surrounding coun- try is presented. The water works are situated on Mill river, about a mile south of the arsenal. Thi.^i NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. establishment was founded in 1795, and is considered the most impor- tant arsenal of construction in the United States. There are 2C0 men constantly employed in the va- rious branches of this manufacture. In 1837, the lands and buildings attached to this establishment were valued at $210,000 ; Machinery, $50,000 ; 170,000 muskets on hand, $2,040,000 ; muskets manufactured during the year ending April 1, 1S37, 14,000, valued at $154,000 : amount of ordnance and stock on hand, $80,000. An establishment for the manu- facture of brass cannon, employing 25 hands, lately commenced by a private company, will manufacture cannon to the amount of $50,000 per annum. There are in Springfield 7 cotton and 4 paper mills, 3 tanneries, and manufactures of iron castings, cut- lery, ploughs, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, boots, shoes, cards, hard ware, steam boats, joinei's tools, pa- per machinery, shuttles, bobbins, ri- fles, stoves, machinery, swords, &c. The total value of the manufactures of Springfield, for the year ending April 1, 1837, exclusive of those by the U. S., amounted to $1,709,- 700. See Register. gqiiaui Tiake, &.€. Squam Lake, N. H., lies on the borders of Holderness, Sandwich, Moultonborough and Centre Har- bor. This is " a splendid sheet of water, indented by points, arched with coves, and studded with a suc- cession of romantic islands." It is about 6 miles long, and in its widest part, 3 miles in width. It covers a surface of between 6,000 and 7,000 acres, and is well stored with trout and other fish. Squam River is the outlet of the above mentioned lake : it passes through Squam pond in Holder- ness, and forms a junction with the Pemigewasset, at the S. W. corner of that town. Squam Bay and Village, Mass. The bay sets up between Glouces- ter and ihc mouth of Ipswich har- bor. The village is on Cape Ann, about 4 miles N. from the principal village of Gloucester, and is the re- sort and residence of a large num- ber of enterprising fishermen. gqiiamauagonick , N. H. The name of a village at the falls on Cocheco river, in Rochester, so call- ed from the Indian name of the falls. Squamscot River, KT. H., Or Swa7nscot, called also Great or Exeter river. See JUxeter. Stafiford, Ct. Tolland co. This town lies 24 miles N. E. from Hartford, 6 N. E. from Tolland, 27 N. W. from Brook- lyn, 36 N. from Norwich, 14 N. E. from Springfield, Mass., and 73 W. S. W. from Boston. Population, 1830, 2,515. The surface of the town is rough ; in some parts mountainous, abound- ing with rocks of primitive forma- tion. Its soil is a coarse, hard and dry gravelly loam ; generally not very productive. There are sever- al minerals in the town, but iron ore is the principal. As early as 1779, a blast furnace was erected here, and cannon shot, hollow ware, &,c., were cast. The town is watered by Fur- nace river, and the Willimantic, which unite in StatTord, and afford a good water power. There are in the town several blast and cupola furnaces, a cotton mill, manufac- tures of pistols, axes, adzes, car- penters' chisels, tailors' shears, drawing knives, and several other articles of cutlery. There are also manufactures of cotton and woolen machinery, cabinet ware, brush handles, iron card cylinders, and two forges for making wrought iron. Stafford Mineral Springs have acquired considerable notice, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. arc celebrated for their virtues in curiiic; cutaneous diseases. " The Indians first made the set- tlers acquainted with the virtues of these springs, when, in the year 1719, this part of the country be- gan to be settled. ' It has been their practice, time immemorial, to resoit to them in the warm sea- son, and plant their wigwams round them. They recommended the wa- ter as an eye water; but gave, as their own particular reason for drinking it, that it enlivened their spirits.' It is said, that in 176(5, these springs were carefully exam- ined by Dr. V>'arren, who then had thoughts of purcha-:ing llie' land on which they rise, with a view of es- tablishing himself upon it. Subse- quent events ti-annformed the phy- sician into a soldier, and Dr. Warren fell in the first great struggle of the Revolution. Dr. ^\ illard afterwards put Dr. Warren's plan into opera- tion, by building a large hotel for the reception of ]>atients and oth- ers. The establishment is at pres- ent owned by Mr. Jasper Hyde, and its former reputation is fully sustained, and it is a place of much resort for the purposes of health or pleasure during tlic summer season. There are two distinct springs, the medical qualities of which arc con- sidered as essentially different. One of them contains a solution of iron, sustained by carbonic acid gas, a portion of marine salt, some earthly substances, and what has been call- ed natron, or a native alkali. This spring has been known and used for a length of tinte, iuid has been pro- nounced by chemists to be one of the most eflicacious chalybeate springs in the United States. The other spring, the medical virtues of which were not known till aiiout the year ISIO, contains, according to the opinion of Professor Silliman, (who examined it in that year) a large portion of hydi-ogen gas, of sulphur, and a small proportion of iron. These springs did not accjuirc mucli celebrity until about the year 1765, when a case occurred calcu- lated to establish and extend (heir reputation. It was an ctii-etual cure of a most obstinate cutaneous complaint, which liad completely battled all medicinal skill, and re- sisted all other applications. The publicity which was given to this case soon raised the rej)utation of these springs ; ami in consequence of which they immediately became a place of resort of persons afflict- ed with various diseases." Stamford, Vt> Bennington co. A mountain township on the line of Massachu- setts. It is 9 miles S. W. from Ben- nington, and 21 W. by S. from Biattleborough. Population, 1830, 5()3. Branches of the lloosack and Walloomsack rise here. There are several I'lne fish ponds among the mountains; and some good land; but the lands in Stamford are gen- erally too elevated for culture. Stamford, Ct. Fairfield co. This beautiful town is bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and on the N. W. by the state of New York. Its Indian name was Rippoioams, and was purchased of the natives for " twelve coats, twelve hoes, twelve hatchets, twelve knives, two kettles and four fathom of white wampum." The soil of Stamford is a rich gravelly loam, well cultivated and very pro- ductive. The surface is undula- ting, presenting a great variety of deliiiluful prospects. The town is well supplied with mill sites by Mill and Miannas rivers, and, with- in its bay, between Shippan and Greenwich points, are good harbors for vessels of S 1-2 feet draught of water. There are a number of vessels owned here, and Stamford is a place of an active trade with the surrounding country and New York. There are within the limits of the town an iron foundry, a roll- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ing mill, a wire factory, and two large boot and shoe manufactories. Stamford Borough is a neat vil- lage, beautifully situated near the Sound, and surrounded by a coun- try full of interesting scenery. This was the residence of the Hon. Abraham Davejvport, for many years one of the Counsellors of the colony, and afterwards of the state. He was the son of the Rev. John Davenport, the second minis- ter of Stamford, and grandson of the Rev. John Davenport, the father of New Haven colony. Mr. Daven- port was distinguished for his vig- orous mind. Christian integrity, and for his uncommon iirmness of char- acter. An instance of his firmness is here quoted. "The 19th of May, 1780, was a remarkable dark day. Candles were lighted in many houses ; the birds were silent and disappeared, and the fowls retired to roost. The legislature of Connecticut was then in session at Hartford. A very general opinion prevailed, that the day of judgment was at hand. The House of Representatives, be- ing unable to transact their business, adjourned. A proposal to adjourn the Council was under considei-ation. When the opinion of Mi-. Daven- port was asked, he answered, 'I am against an adjournment. The day of judgment is either approaching, or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for an adjournment : if it i:?, I choose to be found doing my duty. I wish therefore that candles may be brought." Standlsh, Me. Cumberland co. This township is bounded on the N. and N. E. by Sebago Lake, and S. W". by Saco river. It lies 68 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 16 N. W. from Port- land. This is a good farming town with two pleasant villages. Incor- porated, 1785. Population, 1837, 2,270. 34* Starks, Mc. Somerset co. Starks is very pleasantly situated on the W. side of Kennebec river, and is also wa- tered by the Sandy, which unites with the Kennebec at this place. This town possesses great resources in the fertility of the soil, its loca- tion for trade, and its mill privileges. It lies 37 miles N. N. E. from Au- gusta, and 6 W. by N. from Nor- ridgewock. Incorporated, 1795. Population, 1837, 1,424. Wheat crop same year, 7,614 bushels. Stark, N. H. Coos CO. This town was named Piercy, until a few years since. It was then altered to compliment the memory of Gen. Stark. It con- tains about 20,000 acres, most of which is broken and extremely un- even. It was settled in 17SS, but the progress of the settlement has been very slow. Population, 236. It lies 10 miles N. E. from Lancas- ter. Starltsboroiigii, Vt. Addison co. This town is wa- tered by Lewis creek and Hunting- ton river, which are good mill streams. There are three springs in the town, not more than 20 rods apart, which unite and form a stream of sufficient power for a number of mills, and is thus im- proved. The town is rough and mountainous. Hog's Back moun- tain skirts its western border, and East mountain passes through its centre, and divides the waters of the rivers. There is some good land in the town, but a large portion of the territory is too elevated for cultivation. Here are 2 villages, and the manufactures of iron are considerable. Starksborough was first settled in 1788. It is 22 miles W. by S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. by E. from Middlebury. Population, in 1830, 1,342. NEW ENCI.AXD (iAZETTEER. Sterling, Xt. Lamoille co. Sterlius; Peak, in the South part of tliis town, ranks among the most clevateil summits of the Green ]\Iountain range. Some strca-ms i.^sue fi'om this moun- tain town. It was first settled in 1799, and contains 2.3,(U0 acres of land. The quality of the soil may be known by the number of its in- habitants, 1S3 ; and by the number of its sheep, 350. It lies 24 miles N. bj' W. fi-om Montpelicr. Sterling, 3Iass. Worcester co. This town was first settled about the year 1721. It was taken from Lancaster, in 17S1. It lies 40 miles W. from Boston, and 12 N. from Worcester. It is W'atercd by Still river. Its surface is uneven, and its soil li2;ht. Population, 1837,1,650. The man- ufactures of the town consist of boots, shoes, leather, straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, scythe suaiths, chairs and cabinet w'are : total amount, for the year cndina; April 1, 1837, $76,528^ of which .$53, 223, was for chairs -ind cabinet ware. Sterling, Ct. Windham co. This town lies 10 miles S. E. fiom Brooklyn, and 44 E. by S. from Hartford. It was taken from Voluntown in 1794. Population, 1830, 1,240. The soil is a light p;ravelly and sandy loam, and pioduces ufood grain. Sterlino; is watered by two branches of Moosup river, a good mill stream, on vrhich arc four cotton mills. " Near the centre of this town, thcie is a cavern, called the " Dev- il's Den," possessing very sinr:;ular and curious features. It is situated within a ledge of rocks, and has a circular area of about 100 feet in diameter. The rock is cleft in two places, forming at each a chasm or fissure about 50 feet in depth, througli one of which there runs a small stream of water; the other communicates with a room about 12 foet square, at the interior part of which there is a fire place, and a chimney extending through the rock above, forming an aperture of about 3 feet square. In another part of the rock there is a natural stair case, winding around it from the bottom to the fop. In the cold season of the year, a large mass of ice is formed in the room above de- scribed, by the dashing of the water down the chimney, which contin- ues there through nearly the whole of the warm months, the sun being almost excluded fiom this subter- ranean recess." Stetson, Me. Penobscot co. This town is bounded N. by Exeter, and S. by Etna and Carmel. It is 63 miles N. E. from Augusta, and IS W. N. W. from Bangor. It is watered by branches of the Sebasticook and Sowadabscook, which rise here. It was incorporated in 1831. Popula- tion, 1830, 114; 1837,437. The sur- face of the town is undulating, and the soil excellent. Wheat crop, 1837, 3,704 bushels. Steuben, Me. Washington co. This is a mar- itime township, and comprises Z)t/- er's Bay, which sets np fiom the sea about 9 miles, and contains a number of good harbors. This bay lies between Liltlc Jtfenan Point and Goldsborough harbor. It is about a mile wide at its mouth. Steuben is a place of considera- ble ship building, and a number of vessels are owned bore, employed in the coasting trade and fishery. Narraguagus river passes its north- eastern border. Steuben lies 107 miles E. trom Augusta, and about 35 W. by S. fi-om Machias. Incorporated, 1795. Population, 1837, 802. NEW ENGLAND tiAZETTEEU. Stevens' River, "Vt. Caledonia co. This excellent mill stream rises in Peacham and Rj'egate. It received its name in compliment to Captain Phineas Ste- vens, the brave defender of Charles- town, N. H. The waters of this river are remarkably clear, and its banks luxuriant and romantic. It meanders about 15 miles, and in its course through Barnet it receives Harvey's lake, a pellucid sheet of water, covering an area of 300 acres. This beautiful river min- gles its crystal waters with those of the Connecticut, at Barnet, by a leap of 100 feet in the distance of ten rods, as it were in joy to meet a sister stream on its passage to the bosom of the ocean. Stetvartsto-ivn, W. II., Coos CO., lies on the E. side of the Connecticut, which washes its W. boundary, a distance of 7 miles. It lies 150 miles N. W. from Port- land, 150 N. from Concord, and is bounded N. by Canada. The Connecticut river is about 15 rods in width at this place. — Bishop's brook, a considerable stream, rises in this town, and falls into the Connecticut at the N. W. corner. Dead water and Mohawk rivers have their sources here. Hall's stream, also, unites with the Connecticut in Stewartstown. There are two ponds in the E. part of this town, called Little and Great Diamond ponds, both well stocked with salmon trout. There are no large mountains in Stewartstown, although there are many elevations. The soil of the intervale is rich, and the uplands productive. Stewartstown was incorporated in 1799. During the late war a block house or fort was erected in this town for defence by a company of militia, and occupied until August, 1814, when it was destroyed. Pop- ulation, 1830, 529. Stillwater, Me. Penobscot co. A very flourish- ing village, on the lower falls of Penobscot river, in the town of Oro- no. An immense amount of lum- ber is sawed at this place, and raft- ed down to the Bangor market. See Or 0710. Stocliliridge, Vt. Windsor co. This town lies 3G miles S. by \V. from Montpelier, and 2G N. V.". from Windsor. First settled, 1783. Population, 1830, 1,.333. White river passes through the town, and at a place called the " Great Narrows," it is compressed into a channel of but a few feet in width, and, affords the only good mill seat in town. The soil of the town is better for pasturage than tillage. It feeds about five thou- sand five hundred sheep. Stociiliridgc, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a fine farnjing town on both sides of the Housatonick liver, 130 miles W. from Boston, and 6 S. from I.enox. Incorporated, 1739. Population, 1830, 1,580; 1837, 2,03G. The soil of this town is adapted to all kinds of culture ; much of it is rich alluvial meadow, and the uplands produce excellent feed for cattle. Here is an excellent hydraulic power, and a pleasant village on an extended plain, surrounded by de- lightful scenery. There are one cotton and two woolen mills in the town, two tan- neries, and manufactures of pig iron, iron castings, chairs, boots, shoes, and machinery for boring iron and wood : total amount of the manufactures, for the year ending April 1, 1837, $380,765. Marble is abundant. A tJ-ibe of Indians had a reserva- tion of 6 miles square in this town. KKW ENtiLAND GAZETTEER. from the year 1735 to their rcmo val to New Stockbrid^e, Oneida county, New Yori{. In 1735 there were 90 adult Indians in tlie tribe, of whom 52 were baptized by the Rev. John Sargent, a faithful mis- sionary, and their fii-st .spiritual guide. Stoadaril, X. II. Cheshire co. This town is bound- ed N. by Wnshinjiton, E. by Wind- sor and Antrim, S. by Nelson and Sullivan, and W. by Gilsum and JVIarlow. It is 14 miles N. N. E. from Keene, and 12 \V. S. W. from Concord. This town is situated on the height of land between Alcrrimack and Connecticut rivers. It is mountain- ous and very rocky. The soil is better adapted to grazing tlian til- lage. The south branch of Ashue- lot river has its source near the cen- tre of the town. The streams in the east section, fall into the Mer- rimack ; those on the west, into the Connecticut. Tberc are fourteen ponds, some of which arc of con- siderable magnitude. This town was formerly called Limerick. It was incorporated in 177-1, when it received the name of Stoddard, from Col. Samson Stod- dard, of Chelmsford, to whom Mith several others it was granted. The settlement commenced in June, 176D. The first family was that of John Taggard, whose privations and hardships were very great. Their grain was piocured at Peter- borough, at the ilistanceof 20 miles, which was conveyed by liim on his back through the pathless wilder- ness. At one time, they had noth- ing, for si.\ days, on which to sub- sist, hut the llcsh of the moose. Population, 1837, 1,159. Stoncliam, Mc. Oxford CO. Stoneham was incor- porated in 1831. It lays westerly of Albany, and comprises the grant to Fryeburgh Academy. Popula- tion, 1837, 290. Stoucliaiu, J>Ias8. Middlesex co. This is a small town, rocky and uneven. It has some good soil and much wood. In- corporated, 1725. Population, 1837, 932. During the year ending April 1, 1837, there were made in this town 330,100 pairs of shoes; valued at $184,717, employing more than half its inhabitants. Spot Pond, a beautiful sheet of soft and pure water, lies in this town, 8 miles N. froiu Boston. It covers an area of 283 acres, and is 143 feet above high water mark, at Boston. Stoulngtoii, Ct. New London co. This town is situated at the eastern extremity of Long Island Sound ; at the S. E. corner of the state, and on tiie line of lihode Island. It contains an area of about six square miles. The land is rocky and uneven, but fertile and productive. A considerable amount of agricultural products is annually sent from this town to Nantucket and other places. It is watered by the Mystic and Pauca- tuck, considerable streams, on which are cotton, woolen anil other fiictories. Stonington was first set- tled in 1649, and incorporated in ItJoS. Population, 1830, 3,401. This ])lace was bombarded by British ships during the revolution- ary war, and again on the lOtJi of August, 1814, and gallantly de- fended. The harljorof Stonington sets up from the Sound, opposite Fisher's island, and is well protected by an expensive Breakwater. This place is noted for the com- mercial enterprise of its people. Large capitals are employed in the whale, seal, and cod fisheries. Five whale sliips recently arrived, bring- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ing; each, on an average, 3,100 bar- rels of oil, and 25,000 pounds of bone. The scaling business in (he Pacific Ocean, has been conducted here, very extensively, for many years, with great success. Many ships are built, and a large number of coasting- vessels, and some in the West India trade, belong to this port. This place is accommodated with a marine rail way, and a light house at the entrance of the har- bor. Stonhigton Borough is located on a narrow point of land, extending into the Sound about half a mile. It was incorporated in 1301. It is handsomely laid out, is well built, and contains about 1 ,200 inhabitants. Many strangers visit this place in summer months to enjoy the marine air and delightful scenery. It lies 54 miles S. E. from Hartford, 12 E. from New London, and 62 E. from New Haven. Stonington is an important point on the New York, Providence, and Boston Rail Eoad. The distance from New York to Brooklyn, on Long Island, across the ferry, is half a mile; from Brooklyn to Grccn- port, at the easterly part of Long Island, is 98 miles ; from thence, across the Sound, to Stonington, 25,; from Stonington to Providence, 47 ; and from Providence to Boston 41 miles. Total distance .from New Yorkto Boston,by this route, 211 1-2 miles. Until the completion of the rail road on Long Island, passengers arc conveyed to and from New York, daily, by safe and splendid steam boats. Stop lU^er, Mass. This stream rises from ponds in Wrentham, and joins Charles river at Medfield. Stoughton. Mass. Norfolk CO. Some of the head waters of Neponset river rise in (hi; town. When the Indians sold their lands in Dorchester, a resi- dence was established for them at this place, and called Punkapog, There were 12 families of Cliris- tain Indians here in 1674. Mr. Elliot, the apostle of the Indians, had t!ie chief agency in their re- moval. There are two cotton and a wool- en mill in the town, and manufac- tures of boots, shoes, shoe tools, and boot forms : total value of manu- factures, the year ending April 1, 1837, exclusive of cotton goods, •f 525,940 ; of which $487,390 was for boots and shoes. Hands em- ployed in the various manufactures, 923. Stoughton was incorporated in 1736. ' It lies 20 miles S. from Bos- ton, and 10 S. from Dedham. Pop- ulation, 1S30, 1,591 ; 1837, 1,993. See Sto^v, Me. Down East." Stotv, Vt. Lamoille co. Waterbury river and its branches give this town a good water power, and by which several mills are put into operation. Stow is situated between the Mans- field and Hog's Back mountains, and contains a large tract of level, fertile land, which appears to have been of alluvial formation. This valley contains some very beautiful and productive farms. Between five and six thousand sheep are kept, and the exports of agricultu- ral products are valuable. Stow is a flourishing town, and contains a neat and pleasant mountain valley village. This tov/n was first settled in 1793. It lies 15 miles N. N.W. from Montpelier, 12 S. from Hyde Park, and 26 E. from Burlington. Popu- lation, 1820, 957; 1830. 1,570. Stow, Mass. Middlesex co. Stow is watered by the Assabet river, and possesses a good water power. The soil is NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. light and sandy, and good for the growth of liops. It Hcs 24 miles W. by N. from Boston, and S W. by S. from Concord. Incorporated, 1683. Population, 18;)7, 1,134. There are two wooIimi mills in the town, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, and palm-leaf luits : total value, tlie year ending April 1, 1S37, $231,"CI1. Strairord County, 'S. U. Dover, Gilmanlon, Gilford and Rochester, are the sliire towns. Strafford county is bounded N. by the county of Coos, E. by the state of Maine, S. and S. W. by Rock- ingham and Meri'imack counties, W. by the Pemigewasset river, •which separates it from parts of the counties of Grafton and IVIeri-imack, and N. W. by Grafton county. It is 63 miles in length, from the mouth of Lamprey river to the N. line of Albany ; 33 miles wide at the centre. Its shape, like that of all the other counties in the state, is irregular. It contains an area of 1,345 square miles. This county, which extends to the neighborhood of the White mountains, has sever- al considerable mountains within its limits. Chocorua Peak, in Albany, Sandwich mountain in the same range.Ossipee and Effingham moun- tains, Gunstock mountain, in Gil- ford, Moose, in Brookficld and Mid- dletoir, Tenerifle, in Milton, and the ridge denominated Blue Hills, are the most elevated. Red Hill, in Moultonborough, has a command- ing elevation, and has long attracted visitors. Below, the waters of the Winncpisiogce lie open to the eye, and its numerous islands and bays present a fine appeai-ance. This lake is much the largest body of water in the state, being 22 miles long, and varying from one to eight miles in width. Sullivan orSquam lake, lies partly in this county, and is 6 miles in length, and nearly' .5 in width. Ossipce lake is also in this county. Great bay, Long bay and Merrymeeting bay, are connec- ted with the Winnepisiogee lake. Smith's pond, in Wolfeborough ; Sixmile, in Eaton, Merrymeeting, in New Durham, and Lovewell, in Wakefield, arc the principal ponds. The larger rivers, are the Piscata- qua, Salmon Falls, Cocheco, Saco and Swift rivers. The soil of Strafford county, though presenting a great variety, is generally good. The lands are generally hard of cultivation, but the patient laborer finds an ample reward for his in- dustry. This county j)ossessos a large hydraulic power, and manu- facturing establishments are con- stantly increasing on its streams. Population, 1830," 58,916. Popula- lation to a square mile, 44. In 1837, there were 53,602 sheep in Stratford county. Strafford, N. II. Strafford co. This town lies 15 miles N. W. from Dover, and 25 E. N. E. from Concord, and is about 7 miles in length, 6 1-2 wide. Bow pond is in the S. W. part of the town, and is about 650 rods long, 400 wide ; its waters form one of the piincipal branches of the Is- inglass river. The range of Blue hills crosses the N. W. part of the town. The soil here is generally of a good quality. Strafford was formerly a part of Barrington, and was incorporated in 1820. Popula- tion, ISoO, 2,200. Strafford, Vt. Orange co. This town is w ater- ed by a branch of Ompomponoo- suc river, and lies 30 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, 30 N. from Wind- sor, and 11 S. S. E. from Chelsea. Population, 1830, 1,935. The surface of the town is rough, hut the soil is productive. It feeds a large number of sheep. The manufacturing interests of Strafford are (juite extensive. " ill this township is an extensive NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bed of the sulphuret of iron, from which immense quantities of cop- peras are manufactured. Tlie ore is situated on the east side of an eleva- tion, and the bed is about half a mile in length, and from two to three rods in width. Its depth has not been ascertained. A company was incorporated by the name of the " Vermont Mineral Factory Compa- ny," in October, 1809, which im- mediately commenced, the manu- facture of copperas, at this place. In 1822, 180 tons of copperas were manufactured here, and in 1823, 153 tons; since that time the man- ufacture has increased. The ore is covered to the depth of about three feet with a stratum of earth. Be- low this is a stratum of ferrugin- ous petrifactions, which exhibits forms of buds, leaves, limbs of trees, &c. in admirable perfection. This stratum varies from two to three feet in depth. Below this lies the bed of sulphuret of iron. It is very compact. Its colors are brilliant, varying from that of steel to a blight yellow, and its appear- ance is occasionally diversilied by small quantities of green copper ore. It is also traversed in many parts by small veins of quartz. The ore is detached from the bed in large masses, by blasting. It is then beaten to pieces with ham- mers and thrown into heaps several rods in length, about 12 feet in width, and seven or eight in height. Here it is suffered to lie exposed to the action of the air and moist- ure until a spontaneous combus- tion takes place, and the whole heap is converted from the sulphu- ret to the sulphate of iron, which usually takes several weeks. After the process of burning is comple- ted, the residue is removed to the leaches, where water is passed through it which dissolves tlie cop- peras and leaves the earthy matter behind. The water is then con- veyed to the boilers, which are made of lead, and weigh about 2, .500 pounds each. Here it is boiled and evaporated to a certain extent, and suffered partially to cool. It is then transferred to the crystalizers, where the copperas continues to crystalize, while cool- ing, and when the crystalization ceases, the water is again returned to the boilers, mixed with water from the leaches, and again evapo- rated." Sii-atford, N. II. Coos CO. This town lies on the E. bank of Connecticut river, 16 miles above Lancaster. The town is large, extending 10 miles on the river, with a fertile intervale of 1-4 to 1 mile wide. This meadow is skirted in many places by a narrow plain, succeeded by the mountain- ous regions, covering the whole E. and N. divisions of the town. The soil, except along the river, is rocky, gravelly and cold. The Peaks, two mountains of a conical form, situated in the S. E. part of the town, are seen at a great distance. They are discovered immediately on entering Dalton,o0 miles below, and stand as land marks in front or to the right, till, on nearer approach, they are lost behind the intervening hills. Bog brook and several small- er streams, here fall into the Con- necticut; and Nash's stream cross- es the S. E. part of the town into the Amonoosuck. There is a pond in the S. E. part of the town, the waters of which pass into the Amo- noosuck. Stratford was incorpora- ted in 1779. Population, in 1830, 443. Thomas Burnside, of this town, was one of Rogers' Rangers in the French war. Some years after- wards, he was desirous of becoming a justice of the peace. He piocur- ed Colonel Barr to assist his views, and carrying with him, by his di- rection, as a present, a firkin of butter and a piece of linen, waited upon Gov. Wentworth, at Ports- mouth. He stated to the governor NEW en<;la.nd gazetteer. (hat the inhabitants of his town could hot live peaceably any longer without a inajjistrate. The ijovcr- nor en(]uired how many inhahilants belonged to the town, and who was the fittest man for the olhce. Thom- as answered that himself and his neifihbor wove tlie only inhabitants, and himself the only man qualified for the appointment ; for his neigh- bor was no more lit for a justice of the peace than the d 1 was. The governor gave him his commission, and was highly amused with the singularity of the application. Stratford, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was first settled in liiliO, by persons from lioston, Roxliury and Concord, Mass. and >Vethcrsfiebl, Cf. Its Indian name was C'uphea^. Stratford is about 6 miles in length from north to soutli, and its breadth from east to west is be- tween 2 and 3 miles. It is bound- ed north by Huntington, west by Trumbull and Biidgeport, east by the Housatoniclc, dividing it from IMilford, and south by Long Island Sound. The central part of tiie town is 13 miles S. W. from New- Haven, and 8 E. by N. from Fair- field. The township is mostly level and free from stone, and there is a very rich alluvial tract of mead- ows on the river and harbor. The principal street in the town, is one mile in length, running north and south, parallel to the Housatonick ; it is level, pleasant, and ornament- ed with sliade trees. On this street, and others, in the immediate vi- cinity, there are about 200 dwell- ing houses, and 4 houses for pub- lic worship. This i)lace lies at the mouth of Housatonick river, aiid has consid- cral)Ie inland and coasting ti-ade. Stratford Point, jutting out into the Sound, is very pleasant, and a noted landing place for passengers. iicn. David Wooster, was a native of this town, and was born in 1711. He was abrave and good officer, an ardent patriot, and in his various public -and private relations, sustained a character distinguished for integrity, benevolence and vir- tue. He was mortally wounded in a skirmish with tlie IBritish troops, at the time of their incursion to Danbury, in 1777. Stratliam, N. H. Rockingham CO. This town lies 39 miles S. E. by II. from Concord, 3 E. N. E. from Exeter, and is situated on the E. side of the \V. branch of the Piscataqua river. Stratham is distant about 8 miles from the sea. The land is even, and well calcu- lated for agricultural purposes. Farming is po exclusivelj- the em- ployment of the people, that al- though a navigable river adjoins it, there i; little attention given to any other pursuit. In the east part ot the town, in a swamp, is pei-haps the largest repository of peat in the state. This town was a i)art of the Squainscot patent, or Hilton's pur- chase. It was made a town by charter, March 20, 1716. Popula- tion, in 1830,8.38. Strattoii, Vt. Windham co. A mountainous township in the west part of the county, 18 miles N. E. from Ben- nington, and 22 N. \V. from Brat- tleborough. Branches of Deerfield and Winhall rivers rise here from two ponds. The soil is cold and o-enoially unprofitable. Popula- tion, 1830, 312. Strong, nic. Franklin co. This excellent township lies on both sides of Sandy rivei-, 4.5 miles N. W. from Augus- ta, and bounded South by Farming- ton. Population, in 1837, 1,091. There is a laige body of intervale land on the Sandy, very fertile and |)roduclive. Strong contains a pleasant and flourishing village, some mills on the stream, and se»r- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. eral very beautiful ponds. In Por- ter's pond, about two miles long, a salmon trout was taken, which weighed twenty seven and a half pounds. ■ Strong was incorporated in 1801 ^ and named in honor of Caleb Strong, LL. D., formerly a Senator to Congress, from Massa- chusetts, and Govei-nor of that state 9 years. He died at Northampton, Mass., his native, town, Nov. 7, 1S19, aged 74 years. Stnr'briclge, Msss. Worcester co. . This is a very pleasant town, and is well watei-ed by Quinebaug river. It lies 60 miles W. S. W. Irom Boston, and 18 S. W. from Worcester. Incor- porated, 1738. Population, 1S30, 1,6S3 ; 1837, 2,004. The surface of the town is uneven and hilly, and the soil hard to subdue ; but it has become pioductive by good man- agement. There are some cood fish ponds in the town, which serve to swell the Quinebaug. There are 6 cotton mills in Sturbiidge and manufactures of boots, shoes, leath- er, chairs, cabinet ware, clothing, palm-leaf hats, trunks has-nesses, chairs, wagons, sleighs and pocket rifles; total value, the year ending- April 1, 1837, $182,415. Success, N. H. Coos CO. There are several con- siderable mountains in this tract, and two or three ponds. Narmar- cungavvack and Live rivers rise here, and pass westerly into the Androscoggin. Success was grant- ed Feb. ' 12, 1773, to Benjamin Mackay and others ; and is 143 miles N. by E. from Concord. Pop- ulation, 1830, 14. Siidbury, Vt. Rutrand co. A part of Hubbards- ton,and Hinkum's ponds lie in this town, neither of which, nor Otter Creek, which passes through the eastern part, produce any consider- able water privileges. The soil is generally a warm loam and produc- tive : the surface is elevated, and, in the centre of the town, mountain- ous. There are about 5,500 sheep in the town. Sudbury is 43 miles S. W. from Montpelier, 47 S. by E. from Burlington, and 17 N. W. from Rutland. Population, 1830, 812. Stitlbury Kiver, Mass. This river rises in Hopkinton and its neighborhood, and after passing Framingham, Natick, Sud- bury, Wayland and Lincoln, it joins the Assabet at Concord. Sudlmry, Mass. Middlesex co. This ancient town is situated on the west side of a river of the same name, 19 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 8 S. W. from Concord. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,388. It is watered by a small stream, a bi-anch of Sudbu- ry river. Tliere is a paper mill in the town, a plough factory, and manufactures of boots and shoes* annual value about $20,000. Sudbui'v was first settled in 1635. In 1676, about 70 men, on theii march for the relief of Marlbo- rough, fell into an ambuscade with the Indians; twenty six of the En- glish were left dead on the field; tlie residue were captured, and ma- ny of them afterwards tortured and slain. West of Sudbury causeway, is a monument ejected to their memory, by president Wadsworth, of Harvard College, a son of the Captain of the Band. Nuffield, Ct. Hartford co. Suffield lies on the west side of Connecticut river, and is bounded N. by Massachusetts, to which state it was attached until 1752. This territory, 8 by 5 miles, was purchased about the year 1670, of two Indian Chiefs, for one hun- dred dollars. The surface on the banks of the river, are elevated, and although the town is without NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. much alluvial meadow, the soil be- ing of a strong deep loam, is very fertile, and productive. SulTicId contains some of the best farms in the state. It lies 16 miles N. from Hartford, and 10 S. from Spring- field. Population 1830, 2,().90. The principal villaire is pleas- antly located on risiii;^ ground ; it contains many handsome buildings; it is the site of the " Connecticut Literary Institution," and com- mands delightful views of the riv- er and circumjacent country. Gideon' Granger, post master general of the United States from 1801 to 1814, was born in Suffield, in 1767. He died at Canandaigua, N. v., in 1S22. Oliver Phelps, Esq., " a man of extraordinary enterprise and ex- tensive business, was for many j'ears a resident of this town. He was the 'maker of his own fortunes.' He was a native of Windsor, but was bred in this town, and received a mercantile education. He en- gaged in business in Granville, Mass., and soon became a very en- terprising, sagacious and successful trader. During the revolutionary war, he was employed by the state of Massachusetts, in the commis- sary department. Whilst in this situation, his transactions were of a most extensive and responsible nature, and his own paper formed a kind of circulating medium. Af- terwards he purchased a large es- tate, and relumed to this town. In 1789, he, in connection with the Hon. Mr. Gorham, purchased of the commonwealth of Massachu- setts, a tract of land in the western part of the state of New York, in what is commonly called the Gen- esee country, comprising 2,200,000 acres. This is probably the great- est land purchase, or speculation, ever made by two individuals in the United States. This is a very ex- cellent tract of land, having a mild climate, and fertile soil, and an abundance of waters, and is now comprised in the extensive counties of Ontario and Steuben. In 1795, Mr. Phelps, together with William Hart and their associates, purchas- ed of Connecticut, the tract of land in the state of Ohio, called the Western Reserve, comprising 3,- 300,000 acres." Suffolk County, Mass. See Boston and Chelsea. Sugar River, IV. H. This river originates from Suna- pee Lake ; it passes through part of Wendell, the whole of Newport, and nearly through the centre of Claremont, where it meets the Con- necticut. Red Water brook, in Claremont, is a tributary of Sugar river. Sullivan, Me. Hancock co. This maritime town is situated at the head of Fi-enchman's bay, 93 miles E. from Augusta, and 17 E. by S. from Ellsworth. Population 1S37, 611. Sullivan has mill privileges, and is finely located for ship building, and other branches of business connec- ted with navigation. This town was incorporated in 1789, and received its name in hon- or of John SuL,r.ivAN, LL. D., a major general in the revolution- ary war; afterwards member of congress, president of New Hamp- shire, and district Judge of the U. .S. Court. He was born in Maine, and died in New Hampshire, 1795. J.\mes Sullivan, LL. D., a brother of Gen. Sullivan, was born at Berwick, in 1744. He early es- poused the cause of his country, and sustained the offices of member of the provincial congress, attorney general and governor of Massachu- setts, with great talents and faith- fulness. He died while governor, in 1808, at a period of sjreat political excite- ment, honored and beloved by all parties. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Sullivau County, N. H. JVewport, chief town. This county is bounded N. by Grafton county, E. by Menitnack and a part of Hillsborough counties, S. by Cheshire county, and W. by Con- necticut river, or the state of Ver- mont. It was taken fiom Cheshire county in 1827, and contains an area of about 533 square miles. Population, 1830, 19,687. Popula- tion to a square mile, 37. The sur- face of the county is elevated, but not mountainous : Croydon moun- tain is the highest. Along the streams, particularly on Connecticut river, the soil is rich and exceedingly productive. The uplands produce good grain, and afford excellent pasturage for cattle, of whicli many are reared for market. Although this is the smallest county in the state; in 1837, it had 71,07(5 sheep, whose wool, being partly Saxony, would aver- age as good as full blood Merino. Besides the Connecticut, which waters its whole western frontier, the Ashuelot,Cold, Sugar, Little Su- gar rivers, and other streams furnish the county with an abundant water power, and Sunapee Lake and nu- merous ponds give beauty to its otherwise varied and picturesque scenery. Sullivan, N. H. Cheshire co. The distance from Keene is 6 miles, from Concord, 42 W. S. W. The S. E. part of this town is watered by Ashuelot river. This town was incorporated in 1787, and received its name from Presi- dent Sullivan, the chief magistrate of N. H. that year. Population in 1830, 555. Stunner, Me. Oxford CO. Thi's town is well watered by a branch of Andros- coggin river; it has a fine soil, and produced in 1837, 7,144 bushels of wheat. It lies 44 miles W. from Augusta, and 8 N. from Paris. Population, 1837,1,190. This town derived its name from Increase Sumner, who was governor of Massachusetts in 1798, when the town was incorporated. Gov. Sumner was a native of Rox- bury, Mass. He died in 1799, aged 52 years. Sunapee Lake, N. H. This lake is situated in the W. part of Merrimack county, and the E. part of Sullivan, in the towns of Wendell, New London and New- bury. It is 9 miles long, and about 1 1-2 miles in width. Its outlet is on the W. side through Sugar riv- er. The waters of this lake are more than 800 feet higher than the Connecticut or Merrimack, at the nearest points. Suncook River, N. H. This river rises in a pond be- tween Gilmanton and Gilford, near the summit of one of the Suncook mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. The water from this pond passes through two others at the foot of the mountains, and thence through a flourishing village in the S. E. part of Gilmanton, into Barn- stead, where it receives several tributaries; thence through Pitts- field and Epsom, and between Al- lenstown and Pembroke, into the Merrimack. Suntlerlantl, Vt. Bennington co. This town was first settled in 1765. It lies 87 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 15 N. by E. from Bennington. Popu- lation, 1830, 463. The town is watered by several ponds. Batten- kill river and Roaring brook. There is some fine land along the streams, in Sunderland, excellent mill sites, and lead ore in granular limestone. Sunderland, Mass. Franklin co. This town lies on the east side of Connecticut riv- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. er, 90 miles W. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. from Greenfield. It was taken frotn Hadley in 1718. Pop- ulation, lJ<37,72y. Tlio settlement in this town is principally on a street running parallel witli the river. Between the street and the river is a tract of fertile meadow : on the otlier side of the villajie is a more elevated plain, and back of that, Mount Toby rears its lofty front. This mountain is con>posed of pudding stone, and the small stones within it are round and smooth as though washed by the ocean ; they are of various sizes, and of every color. On one side is a cavern (JO feet deep ; and many other ruptures seem to indicate some great change in this mountain since its formation. This village is very pleasant, and tlie scenery around it is of a fascinating character. Tlie people here are good farmers, and are noted for their good schools and philanthropic disposition. Sunkliaze, Me. Stinkhaze stream meets the Pe- nobscot, from the east, about 15 miles above Old Town village, in Orono. The plantatiu7i of Sunk- haze lies on this stream, 82 miles N. E. from Augusta. The popula- tion of the phuifation, in 1830, was 250. Swrry, Mc. Hancock co. Surry lies on the W. side of Union river, 6 miles S. Irom Ellsworth, and 87 E. by N. from Augusta. This town is accommodated with navigal)le privileges, and water power of superior excellence. — There are some manufactures in tlic town, but tlie inhabitants are i generally independent farmers. — ] Many of the farms are rendered very fertile by an inexhaustible bed of shell marl, of a very fine qual- ity. Incorporated, 1803. Popula- tion, 1830, 561 ; 1837, 733. Surrj', N. H. Cheshire co. This town lies 54 miles S. VV. from Concoid, and 6 N. W. from Keenc. It is watered by Ashuelot river, on which there is a tract of valuable meadow land, extending almost the whole length of the town. On the east side of Ashuelot river is a steep and liigh mountain, on the summit of which is a pond of about 3 acres in extent, and about 25 feet depth of water. Surry was originally a part of Gilsum and Westmoreland. It was incorporated in 1769, deriving its name from /Swrry in England. The first settlement was made in 1764, by Peter Hayward. Population, 1830, 5S9. Sutton, ]V. H. Merrimack co. Tliis town lies 25 miles W. N. W. from Concoid. The southerly and largest branch of Warner river enters this town on the south, runs a short distance, and passes off into A^■arner again. The northei'ly branch of this river runs nearly through the centre of the town from north to south, and affoi'ds several good mill seats. Ste- vens' brook, another considerable branch of Warner river, has its source on the W. side of Kearsarge, and runs about -1 miles in this town, in a S. E. direction. There is also a large branch of Blackwater riv- er, which lias its source about the western confines of Kearsarge, and flows through this town in a N. E. course about 3 miles. On the margin of this stream, there is some rich meadow and intervale land. There are several ponds, the most important of which are Kezar's jjond, situated towards the N. part of the town, which is about 190 rods square ; and Long pond, situa- ted at the soutli part of the town. Kearsarge mountain extends more than half the length of Sutton ou NEW ENGLAND GAZKTTEER. the E. side. King's Hill is situated on the W. part of Sutton. On the mostelevated partof this hill, which rises within a few feet as high as Kearsarge, there is one of the most extensive landscape views in the country. On the W. is seen the Sunapee lake, the Ascutney, and liighlands in Vermont to the Green mountains; on the S. the Sunapee and Monadnock ; on the E. you almost overlook Kearsarge, and on the north the Cardigan and White hills. Sutton was granted in 1749. It was called Perry s-toivn, from Oba- diah Perry, one of its original and principal proprietors. The tirst settlement was made in 17G7. Pop- ulation, 18.^0, 1,124. On the W. bank of Kezar's pond, were several acres of land, which appeared to have been cleared of their original forests. Here were found several Indian hearths, laid with stone, and with much skill and ingenuity. Here was found an Indian burial place. Gun barrels and arrows have been found in this sacred repositoi-y. Near the pond, have been found stone pestles, mor- tars and tomahawks. Sutton, Vt. Caledonia CO. This town is wa- tered by several ponds and by branches of Passumpsic river. It lies 18 miles N. E. from Montpe- lier. and 1.3 N. from Danville. First settled, 1791. Population, 1830, 1,005. The surface of the town is level, and in some parts so low as to ren- der the soil cold and unproduc- tive. Sutton, Mass. Worcester co. This is a very pleasant and flourishing town, 44 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. from Worcester. Incorpo- rated, 1715. Population, 1830, 2,186; 1837, 2,457. Sutton is watered by Blacksfone 35* river, and the Blackstone canal passes through the town. There are in the town four cotton and two woolen mills, two scythe factories, and manufactures of boots, shoes, shuttles and spindles : total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, $309,578. The surface of the town is agree- ably diversified, and the soil capa- ble of producing good crops. Gran- ite and soapstone are abundant. " Purgatory Cavern," in this town, is a great curiosity. It is a tissui'e in gneiss, nearly half a mile long, in most parts partially filled by the masses of rock that have been de- tached from the walls. The sides are often perpendicular, and some- times 70 feet high ; being separated from each other about 50 feet. S-*vanzey, N. II. Cheshire co. This town lies 6 miles S. from Keene, and 60 S. W. from Concord. The principal streams are the Ashuelot and the South Branch rivers. The former passes through Swanzey in a S. W. direction, and empties into the Con- necticut at Hinsdale. This is a stream of much importance, and is made navigable for boats as far up as Keene, excepting a carrying place about the rapids at Winches- ter'. The South Branch unites with the Ashuelot about one mile north from the centre of the town. The surface here is somewhat di- versified with hills, valleys, and swells of upland. There is one pond in the S. W. part of the town, the source of the South Branch. There is a mineral spring, the wa- ter of which is impregnated with sulphate of iron. Some iron ore has been discovered. Here are 2 cotton factories, 1 cotton and woolen factory, and other machinery. Swanzey was first granted by Massachusetts, in 1733. After the divisional line was run, it was granted in 1753, by New Hamp- shire. Until that time it liad been NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. called Lower Ashuelot, from the Indian name of the river, vvliich was originally Jlshaclnck. From 1741(0 1747, this town suf- fered much from Indian depreda- tions. Several of the inhabitants were killed and many were made prisoners. After Massachusetts withdrew her protection, tlie set- tlers collected together their house- hold t'urniture, such as chests, ta- bles, iron and brass ware, and con- cealed it in the e^round, coverins; the place of concealment witli leave*, trees, &,c., and left their plantation to the disposition of the Indians, who were not tardy in set- ting fire to their forts, wiiich, with every house except one, they re- duced to ashes. IVIost of the peo- ple went to their former places of residence in Massachusetts. They returned about tluce years after- wards, and nothing about their for- mer habitation was to be seen, but ruin and desolation. Population, 1830, 1,816. S>vanzey, Mass. Bristol CO. This town lies be- tween Soiiieiset, and Bristol, R. I. An arm of Mount Hope hay sets up some miles into the town, on which is some navigation and ship building. There are two paper mill:?, a cot- ton and a woolen mill in the town, and manufactures of vessels, boots and shoes: annual value, about .$50,000. Swanzcy is a very pleasant town, and is interesting as the scene of much savage aggression. Plere it was that Philip conimenced his war, in K)".!, by phindci- and murder. It lies 46 miles S. by ^V'. from Bos- ton, and 14 S. W. by S. from Taun- ton. Incorporated, 1667. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,627. Stvaiitou, Vt. Franklin co. This township is situated on the east side of Lake Champlain, opposite to North Hero and Alburgh. It is 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, 28 N. from Bur- lington, and is bounded by St. Al- bans on the south, and Highgate on the north. Population, 1830,2,158. S wanton was lirst settled by the whites in 1787. At that time the St. Francois Indians had about fifty cabins here, and large plantations of corn. Missisquc river passes through Swanton, and fertilizes a considera- ble portion of its territory. This river is navigable for lake vessels to Swanton falls, six miles from its mouth. These falls descend twen- ty feet, and, with other smaller streams, give to Swanton a water power of gi-eat value. Bog iron ore is found in this town, and an abundance of beautiful mar- ble. This marble is of vaiious col- ors, and lai-ge quantities of it is wrought into all desired patterns, polished, and tianspoited. The sui'face and soil of the town is favorable to agricultural pni-suits, with the exception of a part border- ing the lake, which is low, wet and cold ; and which is the favorite abode, in summer, of wild geese, ducks and other water fowls. The village of Swanton is pleas- antly located, and is the site of a number of manufactories, and of an increasing trade from the inte- rior country, and to New York and Canada. Swanton may boast of the purity of its air and water, and of a Wal- ter Scott, who died in 1815, aged 110 years. S-wnnville, l>Ie. Waldo CO. This town liesS miles N. from Belfast, and 46 E. by N. from Augusta. It was incorpora- ted in 1818. It is watered by Paasagga.ssawakeag lake and river, and possesses a pleasant surface and fertile soil. Population, 1837, 794. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Wheat crop, same year, 2,556 bush- els. Sweden, Me. Oxford CO. The waters from Ke- zer pond in Lovell, pass through this town, and give it mill privi- leges. Sweden lies 9 miles N. E. from Fryeburg, 19 S.W. from Paris, and 62 \V. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated, 181.3. Population, in 1837, 621. Wheat crop, same year, 1,485 bushels. S\vift Rivers. Swift river, in Maine, is a branch of the Androscoggin, from the N. These rivers unite at Mexico. Swift river, in JVew Hampshire, rises among the mountains in the ungranted lands N. W. of Albany, and passes through the town from west to east with great rapidity , and falls into the Saco in Conway. Its whole course is rapid, and in one place it falls 30 feet in the distance of 6 rods, through a channel in the solid rock of about 12 feet wide — the sides being from 10 to 30 feet perpendicular height. At the up- per part of these falls, are found several circular holes worn perpen- dicularly into the rock, several feet in depth and from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. There is another small river in Tamworth of the same name. Swift river, in Massachusetts, rises in a pond in New Salem : it passes through the towns of Pres- cott, Greenwich and Belchertown, and joins the Chickopee at Palmer. Taiia^vortli, N. H. Strafford co. This town is situa- ted on the post road from Concord to Portland, about 58 miles from each, and 30 N. from Gilford. There is no mountain situated wholly in this town. On the N. are the mountains of Albany, and the S. the line crosses a part of Os- sipee mountain. The mountains to the N. have a romantic and pictur- esque appearance. The town lies in ridges and valleys, generally rocky and fertile. The princ-ipal rivers are Bearcamp, which passes through the town in an easterly di- rection, and discharges its waters into Ossipee lake; Swift river, which rises near the N. W. corner of the town, and passing through its centre, mingles its waters with the Bearcamp ; and Conway river, proceeding from Conway pond, near Albany ; and crossing the S. line of Tamworth, near the S. E. corner of the town, near which it empties into Bearcamp river. By these rivers, and other small streams, the town is uncommonly well watered. On these streams is a great number of excellent mill privileges. Tam- worth was granted in 1766, and was settled in 1771. Population, 1S30, 1,554. TariflVille, Ct. See Simsbury. TaugUkaunic Mountains. This range of mountains skirt the western border of New England, and separate the waters of the Housatonick and Hudson. Taunton River. This river rises in the county of Plymouth, Mass., and falls into Mount Hope Bay. The Taunton and its branches, water the towns of Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plympton, all the Bridgewaters, Raynham, Taunton, Berkley, Digh- ton, Freetown, Fall river, Somer- set and Swansey. It is navigable to Taunton, for small vessels, and with its contemplated improve- ments, steam boats will be enabled to run to Taunton, and thus become another channel of conveyance be- tween Boston and New York. This river is celebrated for the great and widely distributed water power it produces, and for the multitude of alewives within its waters. NEW ENGLANU GAZETTEEK. Taantou, DIass. One of the chief towns in Bristol CO. This very beauliful town is sit- uated at the junction of Canoe, Runiford and Taunton rivers, and possesses an excellent water power. There is some excellent land in this town, and its proprietors display much taste in its cultivation. The business of the place is, however, rather in manufactures than agri- culture. There are 8 cotton mills and a print works, in the town ; also a paper mill, 3 nail factories, a forge, a furnace, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, chairs, brick, vessels, straw bonnets, and britannia, stone and cabinet wares : total value of the manufactures, the year ending April 1, 1837, exclu- sive of cloth printing and iron cast- ings, $1,425,532. The number of hand.'' employed in these manufiic- turcs was 1,308. There is some navigation owned in this town, which is employed in the coastwise trade, and domestic fishery. The manufacture of britannia ware at this place, is of recent ori- gin in this country, and proves suc- cessful. The articles manufactur- ed, are tea sets, castors, urns, and all the varieties of that description of wa.i-e. The ""a'ity of the metal, and beauty of the poli>ii of this ware, is said to equal any import- ed from " Britannia." The village contains a large num- ber of handsome public and private buildings, tastefully located around a beautiful enclosure, called "Taun- ton Green." This public walk is ornamented with trees, which heightens the beauty of this de- lightful village. Taunton is 32 miles S. from Bos- ton, 20 E. by N. from Providence, and 32 N. E. from Newport. A rail road connects this town with Boston. Population, 1S20, 4,520; 1830, C,042 ; 1837, 7,647. The settlement of this place com- menced in 1637. Its principal founder was Miss Elizabeth Poole The following iion her grave stone : " Here rest the remains of Eliznbeth Poole, a native of Old England, of pood family, friends, and prospects, all which slie left in the prime of her life, to enjoy tlie religion of her con- science, in this distant wildernesa ; a great proprietor of the township of 'raunton, a chief promoter of its set- tlement, and its incorporation in 1639 — 10 ; about which time she settled near this spot, and having employed the opportunity of her virgin state in piety, liberalily, and sanctity of man- ners, died May 21, IGGl, aged 65." Teniisconata Lake, BIe« See Madawaska River. Temiile, Me. Franklin co. This was formerly a part of Kennebec county. It lies 40 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded N. by Farmington. It was incorpoiated in 1803. Pop- ulation, 1837, 871. Wheat crop, same year, 5,793 bushels. Tein]>lc, N. II. Hillsborough co. Temple is 12 miles W. by S. from Amherst, and 40 S. S. W. from Concord. The several streams which empty in- to Souhegan river at Wilton, rise among the mountainous tracts on the W., and generally from sources within the limits of Temple. This town is of considerable elevation. The prospect towards the E. and S. is very extensive, and presents a rich and diversilied scenery. From the highest point of elevation, in a clear atmosphere, about 20 meeting houses may be seen by the naked eye. The surface is uneven and pleasant. The soil is tolerably good. Temple is the easterly part of what was called Peterhoroiip;h Slip. It was incorporated in 1768. Population, in 1830,641. Templeton, Mass. Worcester co. Several streams, affording good mill scats, water this NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. town, and pass fo the Connecticut, by Miller's and Ciiickopee rivers. The surface of the town is uneven, but not mountainous; tlie elevated parts afford good pasturage, and the valleys, excellent crops of grain and hay. The manufactures con- sist of woolen goods, hoots, shoes, leather, iron castings, shovels, hoes, spades, forks, palm leaf hats, chairs, carriages, and cabinet, tin and wood- en wares: value, the year ending April 1, 1S37, $145,400. The vil- lage is very pleasantly located, and presents some beautiful landscapes. This town lies 60 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 26 N. N. W. from Worcester. Incorporated in 1762. Population, 1837, 1,690. Te'wksbury, Mass. Middlesex CO. The Indians call- ed this place Wamesit. It lies on the south side of Merrimack river, 19 miles N. W. by W. from Boston, and 6 E. S. E. from I^owell. Incor- porated, 1734. Population, 1337, 907. The surface of the town is level, and the soil light and sandy. Tlinmes River, Ct. This river is formed by the union of Quinebaug, Shetucket and Yan- tic rivers, near Norwich, and is navigable from that place to New- London, 14 miles. The banks of this river are romantic and beauti- ful, and possess great interest, as the residence of the once powerful, noble hearted and bi'ave Mohegans. Thatcher's Island, ]>Iass. See Gloucester. Tlietford, Vt. Orange co. This town is pleas- antly situated on the west side of Connecticut river, opposite to Lyme, N. H. The Ompomponoosuc and its branches, give the town an ex- cellent water power. There are several ponds in Thetford, one of which is worthy of notice. It cov- ers about 9 acres, and is situated on an elevation, the base of which is only 4 rods fiom Connecticut river, and 100 feet in height. It is very deep ; it has neither inlet oi- outlet, and contains large quantities of perch and other tish. The suiface of the town is generally rocky and uneven; it has but little iiitervale, but the soil is strong and productive. It feeds between 7 and 8,000 sheep. There are some manufactures in the town, a rich vein of galena, and three neat villages. Thetfoi-d was first settled in 1764. It lies 34 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 18 S. E. from Chelsea. Population, in 1830, 2,113. Thomaston, Me. Lincoln co. This is a very flour- ishing maritime town, situated be- tween the western entrance of Pe- nobscot Bay and St. Georges' river, and comprises the celebrated penin- sula of OwVs Head. It lies 36 miles S. E. from Augusta, 37 E. from Wiscasset, and is bounded N. W. by Warren. Incorporated, 1777. Population, in 1820, 2,651; 1830, 4,221 ; 1S37, 5,272. Thomaston is the site of the State prison, which is located on the bank of the St. George. The build- ings occupy a plat of 10 acres, in- cluding a marble quarry ; they are all of stone, and are surrounded by a high stone wall. The convicts are principally employed in cutting granite into various forms for build- ing, and which, when prepared, is transported by water. The granite is of an excellent quality, and is found in large quantities on the river. Thomaston is a place of consider- able maritime commerce and ship building; but the most important business of its people, is the quar- rying and burning of lime, from inexhaustible ledges of limestone within its limits. There are annu- ally made at this place, no less than 350,000 casks of lime, the same in quality and reputation as that pre- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. pared at Camden, 10 miles distant. This manufacture, united with those of granite anil marble, give constant employment to a large number of men and vessels, i Thomaston is a beautiful Atlantic town, and commands a great variety of marine scenery. TUouipsoii, Ct. Windham co. This town lies 47 miles E. N. E. from Hartford, 14 N. from Brooklyn, 27 W. N. W. from Providence, R. I., and 53 S. W. from Boston. It is bounded N. by Massachusetts, and E. by Kliode Island. It was formerly a part of Killingly, and was first settled about the year 1715. The surface of the town is hilly, but not moun- tainous : it presents a pleasing va- riety of elevations and valleys. The soil is a gravelly loam, strong, and productive of good crops of corn and hay, and affords excellent pasturage. French river meets the Quinnebaug near the centre of the town, and Five Mile river, issuing from several ponds, watersthe east- ern part. These streams give to the town a valuable water power, and on their banks are the pleasant and thriving villages of Masonsville, Fishersville and New Boston. These arc manufacturing villages, and contain 10 cotton and woolen mills, and a number of other manu- factures. This town is large, and very pleasant; it contains a class of enterprising and intelligent agri- culturalists and mechanics. The population of Thompson, in 1837, was about 4,100. The Indian name of the place was Quinnetessett. The plantations of the natives are still apparent. Thorndlke, Mc. Waldo CO. This is an agricultural to^vn of pleasant surface and fertile soil, 59 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 17 N. W. from Belfast. It is watered by abrancliof Sebasticook river. Thorndike was incorpora- ted in 1819. Population, I83Y, 763. Wheat crop, same year, 6,975 bushels. Tliorutou, N. II., Grafton co., is bounded N. by Peeling and Lincoln, E. by ungrant- ed land, S. by Campton, and W. by Ellsworth and Peeling. It is 12 miles N. from Plymouth, and 58 N. by W. from Concord. It is water- ed by Pemigewasset river, passing through the town from N. to S., by Mad river at the S. E. extremity, and by several small brooks. On Mill brook, there is a cascade, at which the water falls 7 feet in 2 rods, and then falls over a rock 42 feet perpendicular. The intervales on the Pemigewasset are produc- tive. There are many elevations, but none distinguished for a remark- able height. Thornton was grant- ed in 1763. It was first settled in 1770. Thornton was incorporated in 17S1. Population, 1830, 1,049. Tiiinioutli, Vt. Rutland co. This town is sepa- rated from Wallingford by Otter Creek. Furnace brook rises from a pond in the south part of the town, and passing through Tinmouth and Clarendon, falls into Otter Creek, at Rutland. This stream has been noted for great quantities of fish of a letnarkable large size. The surface of the town is hilly, in some part« mountainous. There is some good land on the streams, and a large portion of the high land is good for the pasturage of sheep, of which between 3,000 and 4,000 arc kept. There are several quar- ries of beautiful marble in the town, iron ore in abundance, and several iron works. Tinmouth was first settled in 1770. It lies 8 miles S. from Rutland. Population, 1830, 1,049. Tisbnry, Ma.98. Dukes CO. Tisbury lies on the north side of Martha's Vineyard, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and contains the noted harbor of " Hohnes' Hole." This harbor is large and safe, and of a sufficient depth of water for the largest mer- chantmen. It is much frequented by vessels passing through Vine- yard Sound ; particularly when the winds are contrary. From this harbor, across the Sound, to Fal- mouth, on Cape Cod, is 6 miles. A number of small vessels belong to this place, and one of 3SS tons Is emploj'ed in the whale fishery. There are some manufactures of salt, boots, shoes, leather, and hats ; and, in 1837, there were 2,655 sheep in the town. Tisbury is 77 miles S. S. E. from Boston, 8 W. from Edgarton, and 23 S. E. from New Bedford. In- corporated, 1671. Population, 1837, 1,461. Tiverton, R. I. Newport co. Tiverton is bound- ed N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by Little Compton, and W. by the eastern passage into Mount Hope, and Narraganset bays. It is con- nected with Portsmouth, on the isl- and of Rliode Island, by a stone bridge at a place called " How- land's Ferry." The surface of the town is varied by hills and valleys. Its structure is granite, and the land, in some parts, is stony. The soil is princi- pally a gravelly loam, and capable of producing good crops. There are valuable forests of timber in the town, and a considerable num- ber of sheep. The navigable privileges of Tiv- erton are of a superior kind ; and are improved, to some extent, in the fishery, and foreign and domes- tic trade. There are large ponds in the town, well supplied with fish. These ponds produce a water power which is applied to the man- ufacture of cotton and other mate- rials. This town was attached to Mas- sachusetts until 1746. It is 24 miles S. E. from Providence, and 13 N. E. fiom Newport Population, 1830, 2,905. The captor of the British Gener- al Prescott, was a native of Tiver- ton. His name was Tak, a slave, the property of Thomas Sisson. a wealthy farmer. " During the Revolution, Tak was sent by his master into the army, to serve as a substitute for another man who was drafted. When Col. Barton took Gen. Prescott on Long Island, Tak was one of Col. Barton's chosen men ; and the one on whom he most depended. Having entered the house where Gen. Prescott was quartered. Col. Barton, follow- ed by Tak and two or tliree others, proceeded silently to the door of the chamber where General Pres- cott was sleeping. The colonel finding the door fastened, turned and whispering to Tak, ' I wish that door opened. General Prescott taken, and carried by the guard to the boat, without the least noise or disturbance.' " Tak stepped back two or three paces, then plunging violently against the door, burst it open, and rushed into the middle of the room. At the same instant General Pres- cott sprang frora'his bed and seized his gold watch, hanging upon the wall. Tak sprang upon him like a tiger, and clasping the general in his brawny arms, said in a low, stern voice, ' One word, and you are a dead man ! ' Then hastily snatching the general's cloak and wrapping it round his body, and at the same time telling his compan- ions to take the rest of his clothes, he took the general in his arms, as if a child, and ran with him by the guard towards the boat, followed by Colonel Barton and the rest of his little company." Tak was more than six feet in height, well proportioned, and re- markable for his shrewdness, agil- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ity and strength. He attaine41; 1837, 1,739. It is 7 miles W. from Boston. Its Indian name was Pigsgusset. Waterto-»vn, Ct. Litchfield CO. This town lies 30 miles S. S. W. from Hartford, 2(5 N. by W. from New Haven, and 10 S. E. from Litchfield. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,500. Watertown was formerly a parish in Watei-bury, by the name of West- bury. It was incorporated as a town in 1780. It is bounded N. by Litchfield, E. by the Naiigatuck river, separating it from Plymouth, W. by Bethlem and Woodbury, and S. by Midcllebury and Vv'aterbury. It is about 6 1-2 miles in length, and 4 in breadth. The township is gen- erally uneven, or rather hilly ; but some sections are level. The pre- vailing soil is a dry gravelly loam, and best adapted to grazing, but the different grains common to this part of the country are cultivated NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Steel's brook, a sprightly stream, passes through the central part of the town, and for a mile below and some distance above the centre of the town, a chain of rich meadows, though small in extent, border the sides of this stream. This is the birth place of John Trumbull,, the celebrated author of " McFingal." He graduated at Yale College, and studied law with John Adams, in Boston. The first part of his McFingal appeared in 1775. It was completed in 17S2. He was a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut from ISOl to 1819. In 1825, he removed to Detroit, where he died, in 1831, aged 81 years. The people of this town make some boast of the size of their for- est trees. It is said, as an extraor- dinary fact, " that one of the first settlers, having no shelter for the night, peeled off the bark of one of the trees he had felled, and- lay down upon the inside. In the morning when he awoke, he found the bark rolled up so closely that it was with some difficulty he could extricate himself" This story will do to tell as far west as Connecticut, but the ' Down Easters' would laugh at it. It would take Dame Nature more than a night to screw up the bark of one of their common pines even to the circumference of the New Hampshire Giant. The Maine folks willingly grant to Connecti- cut the tallest poets, but claim to their state the biggest trees. IVatervillc, Me. Kennebec co. This town is situ- ated on the west bank of the Ken- nebec river, 18 miles N. from Au- gusta. It was incorporated as a part of Winslow in 1771, and as a separate town in 1802. Popu- lation in 1820, 1719; in 18.30, 2,216; in 1837, 2,905. It contains 30 square miles, mostly of the best quality of farming land of the Kennebec region. Seven twelfths of the population is estimated to be agricultural. The principal village, of about ISO houses, is on the Ken- nebec, at Ticonic Falls. These falls are 18 feet in height, extending quite across the river. In the town, there are 17 saws, four grist mills, carding machines, three plaster mills, two extensive tanneries and a machine shop. One iron fouiidi-v, a branch of the celebrated Fair- banks establishment in Vermont, supplies a great portion of the inte- rior of the state with ploughs. The public structures are 4 meeting houses, an Academy, and the Lib- eral Institute, a Seminary founded by Universalists. This latter edi- fice, though small, is one of the most beautiful specimens of archi- tecture in the state. Ticonic bridge, crossing the Kennebec, 550 feet in length, is a fine specimen of Col. Long's plan of construction. Waterville College is pleasantly situated near the village, on the bank of the river. There are 2 ed- ifices for rooms, a chapel, and a commons hall. This Institution was founded in 1813, as a Theolo- gical school; in 1821 it was con- verted into a College, and has 143 graduates. It was founded by Baptists, but is open to all denomi- nations, and affords facilities for manual labor. Its Faculty is a President, three Professors, and two Tutors. From Augusta, the head of sloop navigation, goods are transported to Waterville in large flat-boats, some of which carry 40 tons. This I'endersthe place an important depot of merchandise for an extensive country above, and of produce and manufactures brought down to be shipped for a market: great quanti- ties of oats, shingles and other lum- ber, leather, potash and potatoes, are thus transported from this place. The erection of a dam at Augusta, is thought to have improved the ', navigation, and affords facilities for NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. making Waterville the centre of trade for the country above. A steam boat now runs between this place and the lower towns. The village of West Waterville is on Emerson stream, a tributary of the Kennebec. Here is a remark- ble cascade, the highest known in the state, and is much resorted to for its picturesque scenery. At this village are manufactories for cut- ling out last blocks, which are ex- ported in great quantities to Massa- chusetts, and a scythe factory of high reputation, which made 300 dozen scythes in the year 1838. The water power at Waterville and in the vicinity, is singularly great. A circle described from the Ticonic falls, before named, as a centre, with a radius of five miles, includes two falls across the whole Kennebec, at Kendall's mills, two miles above Waterville; two falls, 5 miles distant, on the Sebasticook, a large tributary stream ; and an in- definite series of falls upon the Emerson stream, from the cascade to its confluence, besides numerous rapids, which could easily be dani- meii,on all these streams. It is be- lieved that no similar circle of 10 miles diameter in New England, comprehends so large and conven- ient water power. But a very small part of this power is yet occupied, and situated as Waterville is, in the centre of these manufacturing fa- cilities, enjoying convenient boat navigation to the sea ports, with an extensive region of the best agri- cultural advantages in the rear, it promises to become a thrifty and populous town. Waterville, N. H. Grafton co. This town compris- es the territory called Gillis and Foss' Grant, until its incorporation, in 1S29. It is bounded N. by un- granted land, E. by Albany, S. by Sandwich, and W. by Thornton. It was granted June 29, 1819, to Jo- siah GHlis, Moses Foss, jr. and oth- ers. It is watered by Mad river, which rises among the mountainous tracts on the N. ; runs S. W. about 20 miles, and falls into Pemigewas- set river in Campton. Swift river has its source in this town, pursues an E. course through Albany, into Conway, where it unites with Saco river. There are 2 ponds, and sev- eral considerable elevations. Mo- ses Foss, jr. commenced the settle- ment some years since. It has 96 inhabitants. AVatervUle, Vt. Lamoille co. This town is envi- roned by mountains, and is itself mountainous. It is watered by a branch of Lamoille river, and is bounded E. by Belvidere, W. by Fletcher. It lies about 25 miles S. E. from St. Albans. Population, 1830, 488. Wayland, Mass. Middlesex co. The name of this town was East Sudbury, from 1780 to 1835. It lies on the east side of Sudbury river, and is bounded east by Weston. The surface of the town is pleasant ; the soil is gener- ally good, and contains some well cultivated farms. There are 4 for- ges in this town, and manufactures of chairs and cabinet ware ; but the principal manufacture is that of boots and shoes ; the annual value of which is about .f 25,000. Way- land is 16 miles \V. from Boston, and 7 S. from Concord. Population, 1837, 931. Wayne, Me. Kennebec co. Wayne lies N. of Leeds, and is situated a little be- low the centre of a chain of beau- tiful lakes or ponds, whose outlet, which passes through the town, falls into the Androscoggin. The centre of the town is about 4 miles east of the Androscoggin, and 16 W. fi-om Augusta. The surface of the town is undulating, and the soil fertile. It was incorporated in 1798. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Population, in 1S37, 1,170. Wheat crop, same year, 3,268 bushels. Weare, IV. H. Hillsborough co. The only riv- er in Weare, is the N. W. branch of Piscataquog, which enters the west boundary from Deering, and meanders through the N. and E. sections of the town, and passes the S. line about half a mile from the S. E. corner. Tiiis river affords the best mill seats in the town. There are three small ponds in this town. Rattlesnake hill, nearly in the centre of the N. line of the town, abounds with shelving rocks, abrupt precipices, forming dens and caves. Duiingthe summer season, the reptile from which the hill takes its name, is frequently found. The town, though rather broken, is not mountainous. It has- small swamps, and some good meadows. It is now settled and cultivated to its extreme limits by industrious and wealthy husbandmen. It was incorporated in 1764, and receiv- ed its name in honor of Mcshech Weare, chief justice of the prov- ince of N. H. Weare is 15 miles S. W. from Concord, and 17 N. N. \V. from Amherst. Population, 1S30, 2,430. "Weatliersfield, Vt. Windsor co. [Those v/ho wish to find the course and distance to the onion lields in Connecticut, or to their fair cultivators, will please see TVethe.rsfie\d, Ct.] Weathersfield was iirst settled about the year 1778. It is bounded S. by Springfield, N. by Windsor, and is 61 miles S. by E. from Mont- pelier. Population, in 1830,2,213. This town lies on the west side of Connecticut river, at the " Bow," so called from a bend in the river. It contains large tracts of rich meadow land, and the uplands are of a good quality. William Jarvis, Esq., for many years a resident here, owns a large and superior farm, and has greatly benefited this section of country by the introduction of new modes of agriculture, and more valuable breeds of stock. The agricuUural products of Weathersfield are very valuable : about 15,000 fleeces of tine wool are annually sheared. This town is large, and contains a number of pleasant villages. It is watered by several ponds, and by Black river, which gives it a water power, and which is applied to manufacturing operations to some extent. In common with all the towns on Connecticut river, Weath- ersfield has its share of delightful scenery ; and there is no better place to find it, in all its richness, than on the Jlsciitney , at the north part of the town. Webster, Mass. Worcester co. This town was incorporated in 1832, and named ill compliment to Hon. Daniel. Webster, including a part of Dudley and Oxford, and a tract of land previously unincorporated, [t is bounded N. by Oxford, E. by Douglas, S. by Thompson, ia Connecticut, and W. by Dudley. It is 46 miles W. S. W. from Bos- ton, 16 S. from Worcester, 45 E. by S. from Springfield, and 28 N. W. from Providence, R. I. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,210. There are in operation in this town two woolen and four large cotton mills, a cotton thread mill, 1 machine shop, 1 bleachery, a tan- nery, and a manufactory of tin ware : total value of manufactures, the year ending April 1, 1837, $312,277. French river and a pond give this place a large and unfailing wafer powei-. The original name of this pond, as appears from ancient deeds, was Chabanako7igkomom,t\ie same name by which Dudley was known, thoug!) the latter probably boi-row- ed it from the former. Some re- cords and maps of New England NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. have given the name of Chargog- gagoggmanchoggagogg. The fall at the outlet of this pond is 24 feet, which is increased after it empties into French river to about 90 feet before it passes into Connecticut. This afforded ample water power for the late Samuel Slater to con- centrate here a large portion of his manufacturing capital ; and it is to the enterprise of this ' Father of American manufactures,' that this place is indebted for most of the prosperity which it at present en- joys. It was his favorite residence, and where his remains now rest. A remnant of the Dudley, or more properly of the Nipmuck In- dians, reside here. They are about 40 in number, though but few of them are of pure blood. These Indians formerly owned a consider- able tract of reserved land in the centre of Chabanakongkamon or Dudley. This was sold by order of the legislature, and the proceeds appropriated to their support, and to the purchase of about 30 acres, on which they now reside. This mon- ey is now expended, and they are dependent on the bounty of the state for support. Weld, Me. Franklin co. This town contains a large and beautiful pond, the out- let of which forms a considerable river, which passing south falls into the Androscoggin at Mexico. The surface of the town is remark- ably pleasant, and the soil fertile. Wheat crop, 1837, 6,039 bushels. Weld lies 53 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 14 W. from Farmington. Population, in 1830, 766 ; 1837, 953. Wellfleet, Mass. Barnstable co. This township lies on both sides of Cape Cod : it is bounded N. by Truro, S. by East- ham, and is 33 miles below Barn- stable. The towa is ou the west side of the Cape : it is neatly built, aiKl although it is surrounded by sand hills, and almost entirely destitute of vegetation, it makes a handsome appearance. Wellfleet bay sets into the town from the south, and is separated from Cape Cod bay by several islands, which form a good harbor, at a place called " Deep Hole." In 1837, there were 120 vessels, measuring about 6,000 tons, belong- ing to this place, employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries, and a number engaged in the coasting trade. The fishermen took 3,100 quintals of cod fish, and 17,500 bar- rels of mackerel : the value of which was $128,500. The quantity of salt used was 29,350 bushels : the number of hands employed was 496. During that year there were 39 es- tablishments for the manufacture of salt in this place ; the quantity made was 10,000 bushels. There are several ponds and streams in the town, which afford water power sufficient for a large cotton mill. There are some man- ufactures of leather, boots and shoes ; but the people are princi- pally employed in the fishery, coast- ing trade and manufacture of salt. Wellfleet was incorporated in 1723. Population, 1830, 2,044; 1837, 2,303. Dr. Morse stated in 1797, that " since the memory of people now living, there have been in this small town thirty pal- of twins, besides two births thai produced three each." This is one of the most thriving towns in the state. One of its for- mer residents. Col. Elisha Doane, is said to have acquired a fortune of 120,000 pounds sterling on this sandy spot. The Indian name of the town was Rinonakannit. Wellington, Me. Piscataquis co. Wellington is bounded E. by Parkman, S. by Har- mony, and W. by Brighton. It is NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. watered by one of the head branch- es of Sebastieook river, and lies about 22 miles N. by E. from Skovv- hegan. A part of the town is ele- vated, but its surface, generally, is undulating, with a productive soil. Population, 1S37, 721. Wheat crop, same year, 4,290 bushels. Wells, Me. York CO. Wells lies on the sea coast between York and Kenne- bunk, and is 85 miles S. W. by S. from Augusta, and 30 S. W. by S. from Portland. The first settlers came from Exeter, N. H., about the year 1640. A noted Indian chief, Wawwaw, lived here about one hundred years ago, pretending to claim this and some adjoining towns. There is no evidence of any purchase of Indian title to the soil. The town charter from Thomas Gorges is dated Sept. 27, 1G43. There are a number of small streams or brooks running through the town in various directions, on which are 1 fulling, 16 saw and 10 grist mills. The principal river is near the middle of the town, and was called by the Indians Wehhan- net, but is now generally called the " Town river." A saud bar at the entrance renders the navigation somewhat difficult. Ogunquit riv- er, in the southerly part of the town, forms a harbor for small coasting and fishing vessels. The town contains about 35,000 acres, of which one fifth may be considered waste land, or unfit for cultivation. It contains large tracts of salt meadow. Wood for fuel is exported to Boston and other places, in considerable quantities. Some tiade is cariied on with the West In- dies, and vessels of various size are built from timber in the town. In- corporated, 1653. Population, 1S37, 3,042. This town furnished a large number of i-evolutionary officers. "Wells River, Vt. This river has its source in Ket- tle pond, which lies at the north- west corner of Groton and a part of it in Marshfield. It runs nearly southeast about two miles, and falls into Long pond in Groton, which is about two miles long and 100 rods wide. From this pond it continues its southeasterly course half a mile, and falls into another pond, which is about half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. It then runs a mile and a half, and meets the south branch, which rises near the southwest corner of the town, and runs nearly east to its junction with the main stream ; it then runs east southeast about a mile, and receives the north branch, which has its source near the southeast corner of the town. Continuing the same course, it passes through the northwest part of Ryegate into Newbury, and running near the line between Newbury and Ryegate about 4 miles, falls into Connecti- cut river about half a mile south of the northeast corner of New- bury. This is generally a rapid stream, furnishing many excellent mill privileges. Wells, Vt. Rutland co. A part of this town- ship is level, and a part mountain- ous. The soil is generally good, and productive of grain, and of pas- turagd for sheep, of which between three and four thousand are kept. The principal stream in the town is- sues from Wells or St. Augustine lake or pond, a beautiful sheet of water, partly in Poultney, 5 miles in length, and covering 2,000 acres. At the outlet of this pond is a snug village, with some water power machinery. Wells was first settled in 1768. It lies G5 miles S. S. W. from Mont- pelier, and 13 S. W. from Rutland. Population, 1830, 880. ^i^endell, N. H., Sullivan co., is bounded N. by Springfield, E. by Sunapee lake. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. separating it from New London and Newbury, S. by Goshen, W. by Newport and Croydon. It is 35 miles N. W. from Concord, and 7 E. from Newport. A considerable part of lake Sunapee, a noble sheet of water, lies in this town. The surface of this lake is said to con- tain 4,095 acres, of which 2,720 acres are in Wendell. Here is the principal source of Sugar river, which flows from the lake near its centre fi-om north to south ; passes through the centre of the town into Newport, from thence into Clare- mont, where it unites with the Con- necticut. There are three small ponds, containing an area of about 300 acres. This town was granted by the name of Saville in 1768. It was settled in 1772, and was incor- porated in 1781, when it received ils name fiom John Wendell, one of the principal proprietors. Popula- tion, 1830, 637. Wendell, Mass. Franklin co. The surface of Wendell is uneven, and in some parts hiHy ; but the soil is strong and productive. Miller's river passes through the north pait of the town, giving mill privileges, fertil- ity and beauty in its course. There is a curious kind of stone found here, embedded with mica slate ; and Chalk pond furnishes a sub- stance from which chalk is made by burning it. The manufactures of this pleas- ant town consist of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather, cabinet ware, chairs, &c. Wendell was incorporated in 1781, and named in honor of Oliver Wendell, Esq., a very worthy man, for many years president of Union Bank, in Boston, the second insti- tution of the kind in Massachusetts. Mr. Wendell was a great patron of this town, and frequently visited it. Wendell is bounded north by Erving, east by Phillipston, south by Salem, and west by Montague. The mill privileges on Millers river in this town are very valua- ble ; many of which remain unim- proved. Wendell lies 80 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 14 E. from Green- field. Population, 1837, 847 Wenliam, Mass Essex CO. This town is 20 miles N. by E. from Boston, 6 N. from Salem, and 16 S. from Newbury- port. First settled, 1639. Incor- porated, 1643. Population, 1837, 698. Wenham or Enon pond is a beau- tiful sheet of water, about a mile square, and aftbrds an abundance of excellent fish. It is much visi- ted. The first sermon preached in this place was on the border of this pond, by the celebrated Hugh Pe- ters, minister of Salem, about the year 1636. His text was, " At Enon near Salem, because there was much water there." Jvlr. Peters went to England, as agent for the colony, 1641 ; en- gaged in the civil wars on the side of the parliament, and was execu- ted after the restoi-ation of Charles II. The surface of the town is pleas- ant : the soil is generally of a good quality, and well cultivated by in- dustrious and independent farmers. John Duntan, an Englishman who travelled in this country in 1686, and on his return to England pub- lished a journal of his travels, gives the following account of Wenham, and of its minister, Joseph Gerrish, who was ordained Feb. 13, 1675, and died Jan. 6, 1719. " Wenham is a delicious para- dise, it abounds with rural pleas- ures, and I would choose it above all other towns in America to dwell in ; the lofty trees on each side of it are a sulTicient shelter from the winds, and the warm sun so kindly ripens both the fruits and flowers, as if the spring, the summer, and the autumn had agreed together to NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, thrust the winter out of doors. It were endless to enter on a detail of each faculty of learning Mr. Ger- rish is master of, and 1 therefore take liis character in short hand. The philosopher is acute, ingenious and subtle. The divine, curious, orthodox and profound. The man of a majestic air, wilhout austerity or sourness; his aspect is niasterly and great, yet not imperious or haughty. The christian is devout without moroseness, or starts of ho- ly frenzy, and enthusiasm. The preacher is primitive without the occasional colors of whining, or cant, and methodical, without in- tricacy or affectation ; and which crowns his character, he is a man of public spirit, zealous for the conversion of the Indians, and of great hospitality to strangers. He gave us a noble dinner, and enter- tained us with such pleasant fruits, as I must own, Old England is a stranger to." Wenlock, Vt. Essex CO. This mountain town gives rise to a principal branch of Nulhegan river. The lands here are too elevated for cultivation. Wenlock lies 53 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Population, in 1830, 24. W-entwoitli, m. H. Grafton co. This town is bound- ed N. by Warren, E. by Rumney, S. by Dorchester, and W. by Or- ford. It is 15 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 52 N. N. W. from Concord. This town is watered by Baker's river, on wliich is a fall of 18 or 20 feet, affording an excellent privilege for all kinds of water ma- chinery. The South branch of Baker's river passes through the southerly part of this town and joins the main branch near Rumney line. There are but few ponds. Baker's, situated on Orford line, is the most considerable ; the outlet of which U called Pond brook, and affords water sufficient for several valuable mill seats. In the east part of the town, lies part of Carr's mountain, covered in its natural state with a heavy growth of forest trees. A part of the elevation called Mount Cuba lies in the W. part of Went- worth. This mountain contains in- exhaustible quantities of the best limestone, of which a constant sup- ply of good lime is made, and sold at a low price. Iron ore is found in various parts. The soil is gen- erally good ; the lands in the vicin- ity of the rivers are of the first quality. Wentworth was granted in 1766. It received its name from governor Benning Wentvyorth. — The first settlement commenced a few years before the revolutionary war. Articles of subsistence, po- tatoes and seeds for the propagation of vegetables, were transported thither from the lower part of the state on pack horses, hand-sleighs and in knapsacks. Population, in 1830, 624. "IVesley, Me. Washington co. We should like to know the particular circumstan- ces of Wesley, which doubtless was named in honor of one of the best of men that ever lived — John Wesley. It must be a thriving town, for its population, for the last 7 years, has increased from 80 to 232. But very little information can be obtained respecting a town, from merely its act of incorporation. Westborougli, Mass. Worcester co. This town lies on the route of the Boston and Worces- ter rail road, 32 miles W. from Bos- ton, 10 E. from Worcester, and 3 1-2 N. W. from Hopkinton Springs. It was taken from Marlborough in 1717. Population, 1830, 1,438; in 1837, 1,612. As several persons were engaged in a field spreading flax, in 1704, the Indians rushed upon them fiom the woods, and seized 4 boys, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. killed 'one, named Nahor Rice, about 5 years of age, who was the first while person buried in the town. The men made their escape to the house. One of tlie boys was redeemed, the others remained and mixed their posterity with the French and Indians. Timothy Rice, the youngest, 7 years of age, when taken, became a chief of the Cog- nawaga Indians. He visited West- borough in 1740, and remembered the house where he had lived, and the tield where he was captured, and some aged people. He had lost the English language, and was accompanied by an interpreter. He was sent for and visited Gov. Bel- cher, at Boston, but chose to return to his Indian habits. The waters of this town consist of some of the sources of Concord and Blackstone rivers, which furnish a good water power. There are sev- eral handsome ponds in the town, well stocked with fish. The manufactures consist of boots, shoes, leather, axes, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, ploughs, straw bonnets, sleighs, and harnes- ses ; total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, ,$169,476, of which amount $148,774 was for boots and shoes. This is a very pleasant town : the surface is diversified by hills and valleys: the soil is good, and appears to be cultivated by men who understand their business. A brief statement of the products of Mr. Samuel Chamberlain's farm of about 100 acres, in 1833, is here given. Butter, 3,486, lbs. $767. Cheese, 3,836, 221. Beef, - - 603. Pork, - - 652. Veal, - - 152. Total, $2,395. This is the native place of Eli Whitnev. Soon after he gradua- ted at Yale College, he went to Georgia, where he resided manj- 39 years. He died, and was buried in the city of New Haven. The fol- lowing is inscribed on his monu- ment. Eli Whitney, the inventor of the Cotton Gin. Of useful Science and Arts, the efficient patron and improver. Born December ytli, 1765. Died Jan. 8th, 1825. In the social relations of life, a model of excellence. While private affection weeps at his tomb, his country honors his memory. See JVew Haven, Ct. West Boylston, Mass. Worcester co. This territory was a part of Boylston until 1808, and was first settled about the year 1720. It is 42 miles W. from Boston, and 8 N. from Worcester. Population, in 1830, 1,053; 1837, 1,330. The surface of the town is very pleasant; the soil good, and well cultivated. The Quinepo.xet and Stillwater rivers meet the Nash- ua in this town. These streams fer- tilize a large poition of the town, and aftbrd a water power to propel a number of mills. There are in the town 7 cotton mills, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, cot- ton machinery , baskets, boxes, straw braid, hatchets and school appara- tus ; annual value about $200,000. The venerable Robert B. Thomas, author of the Farmer's Almanac, is a resident of this town. There are some mineral treasures in West Boylston, and a spring, the waters of Avhich are strongly impregnated with iron. "West Bridge-vvater, Muss. Plymouth co. This is the sec- ond daughter of the venerable Bridgewater, who found it difficult to find names for her progeny. Thi» NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. daughter was born in 1822, and al- though not so stout as her sisters, is healthy, comely and industrious. The manufactures of West Bridge- water consist of iron castings, shov- els, forks, hoes, ploughs, hoots and shoes: annual value, about $100,- 000. West Bridgewater is suppli- ed with mill privileges by a branch of Taunton river; and is 25 miles S. from Boston, 19 N. W. from Plymouth and 9 N. N. E. from Taunton. The number of her chil- dren in 1837, was 1,145; increase in 7 years, 103. In 1820, ancient Bridgewater contained 5,662 children : the whole family, in 1837, consisted of 7,865 members. AVestl>rook, Me. Cumberland co. This flourishing town was taken from Falmouth in 1814. It is 52 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and is bounded E. by Portland. The Presumpscot river passing through the town from west to east, furnishes it with rich inter- vales, and numerous valuable mill privileges. The Cumberland and Oxford canal also passes through the town. This town is noted for its working cattle which are said to equal any in the country. The principal place of business in Westbrook, is at the pleasant vil- lage of Saccarappa, where are large operations in the manufacture of lumber, and where has recentlj' been erected, by citizens of Port- land, a large brick cotton mill, con- taining 2^900 spindles, and 104 looms, and which is in successful operation. Stroudwater, another village, has some navigation employed in the fishery and coasting trade, and has been celebrated for the fine ships built there. In Westbrook are ex- tensive manufactures of tin ware and combs, which are sent to all parts of the United States. The scenery along the canal, and about the falls on the Presumpscut, is very pleasant. Population, 1830, 3,238 ; 1837, 3,755 West Cambridge, Jtlass. Middlesex co. This was a par- ish of Cambridge, called " Meno- tomy," until its incorporation, in 1807. A part of the lands are low and swampy, but the general fea- tures of the town are pleasant. Spy, Little, and a part of Fresh ponds lie in this town ; they abound with fish, and add much to the beauty of the place. These ponds cover an area of about 200 acres, and furnish large quantities of ice for transportation. In this town are some very pleasant villages, nu- merous country seats, and well cul- tivated farms. Large quantities of milk are daily taken to the Boston market, and this place is a consid- able mart for cattle from the inte- rior country. Sucker brook, though a small stream, furnishes a good water pow- er. The descent of this stream is so great, that dams are erected in the town for appropriating its wa- ter nine different times. The me- chanical operations of West Cam- bridge consist of dying and printing calico, pulverizing drugs, medi- cines and dye-stuffs, a turning and sawing mill, and the manufacture of saws, cards, boots, shoes, cabi- net ware and chairs ; total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, $312,500. West Cambridge is 6 miles N. W. fiom Boston, and 12 E. by S. from Concord. Population, 1830, 1,308. "IVesterly, K,. I. AVashington co. Westerly is washed by the Atlantic ocean on the south, and Pawcatuck liver, which separates this state from Connecticut, on the west. This maritime town has its principal har- bor at the mouth of the Pawcatuck, in which vessels are built, and in which some navigation is employed in the fishery and domestic trade. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, The Pawcatuck affords a great va- riety of scale and shell fish. The surface of the town is gen- erally uneven; in some parts it presents rugged features. Its soil varies from good to bad, but its av- erage quality is well adapted to the culture of all the varieties of grains, grasses, fruits and vegetables com- mon to the climate. The business of the dairy is extensive and lucra- tive. The village of Pawcatuck is ve- ry handsome ; it is finely located 6 miles from the sea, at the head of navigation on the Pawcatuck, and at the falls on that stream. This village is the site of valuable man- ufactures, and of a large interior trade. It is crossed by the Provi- dence and Stonington rail road, and lies 40 miles S. S. W. from Provi- dence, 5 N. N. E. from Stonington, and 35 W. by S. from Newport. There are a number of pleas- ant ponds in the town, well stored with fish. Westerly was incorpo- 'rated in 1669. Population, 1830, 1,904. Its Indian name was Mis- quamicut. West Fairlee, Vt. Orange co. This town is water- ed by Ompomponoosuc river, and by a part of Fairlee pond. The surface is rough and mountainous, but capable of sustaining a consid- erable number of cattle. West Fairlee was chartered in connexion with Faiilee, in 1761; and incorporated as a distinct town in 1797. It lies 28 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 12 E. by S. from Chelsea. Population, 1830, 841. "Westfield, Vt. Orleans co. A number of the branches of Missisque river meet in this town, and afford a good wa- ter power. A part of the sur- face of Westfield is mountainous; through which is the pass in the Green mountains, called Hazen's Notch. Westfield was first settled about the year 1800. It lies 42 miles N. from Montpelier, and 44 N. E. from Burlington. Population, 1830, 353. Westfield River, Mass> This river, often called the Aga- wam, rises in the north part of Berkshire county. It has many tributaries, and is exceedingly wild and romantic in many places. Its main branch traverses the towns of Plainfield, Cummington, Goshen, Worthington, Chesterfield, Nor- wich, Montgomery, Russell, and Westfield, and meets the Connec- ticut at West Springfield, 30 miles N. from Hartford, Ct. Westfield, Mass. Hampden co. This is a place of singular beauty, on Westfield river. It lies in a valley or basin of about 4 miles in diameter, sur- rounded by high hills, and is sup- posed to have been the bed of a lake whose waters burst the Mount Tom range of mountains and dis- charged itself into Connecticut riv- er. The Hampshire and Hampden canal passes through this town, and promises great advantages to its trade and hydraulic power. About a third part of the popula- tion of the village is engaged in making whips. The annual amount of that'article manufactured here is about $160,000. There are also three powder mills in the town, and manufactures of tin ware, ploughs, boots, shoes, leather, cigars, palm- leaf hats, chairs, cabinet and wood- en wares : total annual value, about $2.50,000. The Westfield academy is in high standing : it has considerable funds, and its annual number of scholars is about 400. Westfield was first settled in 1659. Incorporated in 1669. It lies 99 miles W. S. W. from Boston, 9 W. by N. from Springfield, and 16 S. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by W. from Northampton. Popu- lation, 1837,3,039. %Vestford, Vt. Chittenden co. This township was settled soon after the revolu- tionary war, by Hezekiah Purme- lee and others. It lies 13 miles N. N. E. from Burlington, and 32 N. W. from Montpelier. Westford is well watered by Brown's river, a branch of the La- moille. The surface is rough, and the soil good for grazing. Between 3,500 and 4,000 sheep are kept. Population, 1830,1,290. Westford, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a good farming town, on elevated ground, 26 miles N. W. from Boston, and 10 N.W. from Concord. Incorporated, 1729. Population, 1837, 1,451. The surf;\ce and soil of the town are well adapted to the growth of grain, grass and fruit, and large quanti- ties of hay and vegetables are an- nually sent to Boston and Lowell. Quantities of line granite, common- ly called " Chelmsford granite," are found here, quarried and transpor- ted. Westford is watered by sev- eral beautiful ponds, and by Stoney brook which rises in the town and gives it mill privileges. The manufactures of Westford, consist of bar iron, shoes and leath- er: annual value, about $25,000. The village is handsomely situa- ted on a swell of fine land, com- manding a beautiful prospect, of great extent, and contains an Acad- emy of ancient date and respect- able standing. West Greenwich, R. I. Kent CO. This town was taken from East Greenwich in 1741, by which it is bounded on the east. It lies 18 miles S. W. from Provi- dence. Population, 1830, 1,818. This town possesses a primitive ge- ological character, and its surface presents a diversity of hills and valleys. Hopkin's Hill, affords an agreeable view of the surrounding couiitry. The waters of the town consist of the south branch of the Pawtuxet, which rises here; and of the upper branches of Wood river, which pass through it. There are some manufactures in the town, but the people are generally en- gaged in agricultural pursuits. "Westliamitton, Mass. Hampshire CO. This township is rough, but the soil is generally good, particularly for grazing. There is a valuable lead mine in the town ; about 1,000 merino sheep are kept, and some hats and leather are man- ufactured. It lies 8 miles W. by S. from Northampton. Incorporated, 1772. Population; 1837, 818. ■West Haven, Vt. Rutland co. This town was set off from Fair Haven in 1792. It lies 19 miles W. from Rutland, and is bounded W. by lake Champlain^ and S. by Whitehall, N. Y. This town is well watered by Hubbardston and Poultney rivers, and Cogman's creek; on the for- mer of which are handsome falls and mill sites. The soil is produc- tive of grain and grass : there is much limestone and clay in the town, and a large number of sheep are annually sheared. The site of the village is pleas- ant; it is a place of some trade, navigation and manufactures. Pop- ulation, 1837, 724. Westminster, "Vt. Windham co. This town is bounded N. by Rockingham, E. by Connecticut river, and S. by Put- ney. It lies 82 miles S. from Mont- pelier, and 13 N. E. from New- fane. Population, 1830, 1,737. This town was one of the first settled townships in the state, and being situated near a fort for the protection of the country, it pros- pered rapidly. For some years the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. courts of law were held here ; here the legislature of the state held several sessions, and here the mas- sacre of the 13th of March, 1775, was perpetrated. The surface and soil of this town are favorable for agriculture ; and various articles of produce are an- nually sent to market. In 1S37, 13,766 sheep were sheared in West- minster Tlie principal and oldest village is delightfully situated in the east parish, on the bank of Connecticut river. The main street, which is perfectly level, crosses a table of land about one mile in diameter, considerably elevated above the river, and also above the large and fertile meadows by which it is ap- proached on the north and south ; and the whole is enclosed by a semi- circle of hills which touch the river about two miles above and be- low the town. It is this barrier which, while it contributes to the natural beauty of the place, has, by turning the water course in an- other direction, deprived it of all those facilities of access, and of water power, which have so much contributed to the rapid growth of some of the neighboring villages. Westminster, Mass. Worcester co. This town lies on the range of high lands which separate the waters of the Connec- ticut and Merrimack. From the village a prospect is presented of lake and mountain with all the va- ried scenery which renders a New England town peculiarly delight- ful. Several streams, rising from large ponds in this town and its neigh- borhood, produce a considerable water power, which is improved for manufactures of various kinds. These waters are so elevated and constant that, with a small expense, they might be rendered exceeding- ly valuable. They deserve par- ticular attention of those in search 39* of mill sites in this part of the state. This town lies 50 miles W. N. W. from Boston, 20 N. by W. from Worcester, and 7 S. W. from Fitch- burgh. Incorporated, 1759. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,640. Tlie manufactures of AV^estmin- ster consist of chairs, cabinet and wooden wares, hats, boots, shoes, straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats, card boards, saddlery, and leather: an- nual value, about $60,000. Westniore, Vt. Orleans co. This town contains Willoughby's lake, a handsome sheet of water, surrounded by mounts Hor, Pico, and other eleva- tions. This lake is about 6 miles in length, and one and an half in width. Branches of Barton, Clyde and Passumpsic rivers rise in this and other ponds in the town. Westniore appears to be too high for the habitation of many people or sheep: in 1830, it contained 32 inhabitants, and in 1837, 10 sheep. Westmoreland, IV. H. Cheshire co. Westmoreland is bounded N. by Walpole, E. by Sur- ry and Keene, S. by Chesterfield, and W. by Dummerston and Put- ney, Vt. Its distance from Con- cord is 65 miles S. W. Population, 1830, 1,647. This town is watered by several small streams which empty into the Connecticut. The one issuing from Spatford's lake in Chesterfield is the largest, and affords some of the best water privileges in town. The present charter of the town was granted by New Hampshire, in 1752. The first settlement was made in 1741. The early settlers were several times attacked by the Indians. In one of their excur- sions, they killed William Phips, the first husband of Jemima How; and in another, carried Nehemiah How, the father of her second hus- band, a captive to Canada, where NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, he died. The surface of Westmore- land is less varied by mountains, vales, livers and ponds, than the neighboring towns. "West Xewbury, Alass. Essex CO. This is a part of the ancient town of Newbury, and was taken from it in 1819. This pleasant town lies on the S. side of Merrimack river; 33 miles N. from Boston, 20 E. from Lowell, and 4 W. from Newburyport. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,448. This is a fine township of land, and many excellent farmsand coun- try seats are found within its limits. Asbestos and marble are found here. Although most of the inhabitants of the town are professional farm- ers, still there are manufactures of bar iron, combs, chaises, leather, and shoes: annual value, about $75,000. "Weston, Me. Washington co. This town was incorporated in 1835. It is the half township granted to Hampden academy. It lies a few miles west from Grand Lake : it is watered by Baskahegan river, and is about 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. Popu- lation, 1837, 213. \Vheat crop, same year, 4,706 bushels. AVeston, Vt. Windsor co. West river passes through this town, and on its banks are some good land, some manufac- tures and two pleasant villages. It was set off from Andover in 1790, and organized as a town in 1800. Weston lies 66 miles S. by W. from Montpelier, and 22 S. V/. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 972. Weston, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a town- ship of good land with a neat and flourishing village. It lies 14 miles W. from ^Boston, 9 S. by E. from Concord, and is watered bv Stony brook. Population, 1837, r,105. The manufactures of the town consist of boots, shoes, leather, ma- chinery, ploughs, chairs, hai-nesses, pottery ware, &c. : annual value, about $60,000. Incorporated, 1712 Weston, Ct. Fairfield co. Weston was taken from Fairfield in 1787. It was set- tled in 1738. The town is watered by Saugatuck and Mill rivers, and a pleasant brook, which furnish a good water power. There are some valuable mills for manafactures in the town, but the chief business of the inhabitants is agricultural. The soil is a gravelly loam, with'an uneven surface. Weston is 60 miles S. W. fro'm Hartford, and is bounded N. W.by Fairfield. Population, 1S30, 2,997. " On Monday, the 14th of Decem- ber, 1807, at about the break of day, or a little after, the weather being moderate, calm, and the at- mosphere somewhat cloudy and foggy, a meteor or fire ball, passing from a northern point, disploded over the western part of this state, with a tremendous report. At the same time several pieces of stony substance fell on the earth in Fair- field county. One mass was driven against a rock and dashed in small pieces, a peck of which remained on the spot. About three miles distant, in the town of Weston, an- other large piece fell upon the earth, of which a mass of about thirty pounds weight remains en- tire, and was exhibited the same day at town meeting. A small mass has been sent to Yale College, and examined by a number of gen- tlemen. It was immediately per- ceived by Professor Silliman to contain a metal, and on presenting it to a magnet a powerful attraction proved it to be iron. This is, we believe, the first instance in the United States, in which the sub- stance of this species of meteor has been found on the earth, though' it has often been found in Europe." NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Westport, Me. Lincoln co. This town is sur- rounded by the waters of Sheepscot river and bay, and is bounded N. by Wiscasset, E. by Edgecoinb and Boothbay, and S. and W. by Sheep- scot's bay and Geoi-getown. It is 29 miles S. by E. from Augusta. Pop- ulation, 1837, 580. incorporated in 1828. Westport, Mass. Bristol CO. This town is pleas- antly situated on Acoakset river, near the mouth of Buzzard's bay, on the line of Rhode Island ; 18 miles N. N. E. from Newport, 25 S. from Taunton, 10 S. by E. from Fall River, 10 S. W. from New Bedford, and 60 S. from Bos- ton. Five vessels belong to this place, engaged in the whaling bu- siness, and a number of small ves- sels are employed in coasting and Wishing. The value of whale oil imported into Westport, the year ending April 1, 1837, was $53,670. .The value of the manufactures of this town, the same year, was $69,375; they consisted of cotton yarn, salt and hoes. The number of sheep sheared that year, was 2,392 ; val- ue of the wool, $2,551. This town was incorporated in 1787. Popula- tion, in 1837,2,618. Westport, Ct. Fairfield co. This pleasant town was called Saugatuck, the name of a river that passes thiough it, un- til 1835. It was taken from the towns of Fairfield, Norwalk and Weston. It is about 5 miles in length from north to south, and is bounded E. by Fairfield, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by Norwalk. Pojjulation, 1835, 1,800. There are in the town, 2 or 3 cot- ton mills, 2 carriage factories, and manufactures of shoes, hats and va- rious other articles. The village is quite a business place, and com- mands considerable trade. The Saugatuck is navigable for vessels of 7 feet draught of water to the village, which is 6 1-2 miles W. from. Fairfield, 3 1-2 N. E. from Norwalk, and 27 S. W. from New Haven. About 2 1-2 miles south of the village of Westport, is a smooth and beautiful elevation, called Compo. It was at this place that the Biitish troops landed in April, 1777, when on their expedition to Danburj. They also returned to this place when they embarked on board ot their shipping. Seven or eight men were killed in the vicinity of the Congregational church in VVest- port. Ball Mountain, a conical eminence, covered with large trees from its base to its summit, is situa- ted a little south of the village, and is a striking feature in the landscape. West ^uoddy Head, Me. See Quoddy Head. West River, Vt. This river rises in Weston, in the county of Windsor, and passing S. through the towns of Londonder- ry, Jamaica, Wardsborough, and Newfane, in the county of Wind- ham, it falls into the Connecticut at the north part of Brattleborough. This river receives many branches in its course, which are good mill streams : the main river is rather sluggish, and fertilizes large tracts of meadow. West river traverses a distance of about 50 miles, and waters a basin of 440 square miles. TVest River Mountain, N. H. See Chesterfield and Hinsdale. "West Springfield, Mass. Hampden co. This town is beau- tifully situated on both sides of Westfield river, at its confluence with the Conaecticut, opposite to NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Springfield, to which it is connect- ed by a beautiful bridge. Some parts of the town are rough and un- even, and in some parts are stony plains ; but the general character of the town in regard to soil is allu- vial meadow of an excellent quali- ty. On the summits of the hills and along the rivers, a great varietj' of wild and delightful scenery is exhibited. There are 1 cotton and 2 woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of leather, boots and shoes; annual value, about $100,000. In 1837, there were 3,374 tleeces of wool sheared in the town, which weigh- ed 8,512 lbs., and sold for $5,107. Good iron ore is found in West Springfield, and a species of lime- stone, used for making water pi-oof cement. Incorporated, 1774. Pop- ulation, 1837, 3,227. West Stockbridge, Mass. Berkshire co. Williams riv- er which rises in Richmond, runs through the whole length of this town, and gives it a great hydraulic power. This town is bounded W. by the state of New York, and lies on the route of the great western rail road from Boston to Albany. A part of the town is hilly ; but the soil is generally good. Along the river is a valley of fine land which gives beauty to the village, and value to the town. Mines of iron ore are found in this town, and an inex- haustible quantity of beautifully variegated marble. The manufactures of the town consist of bar iron, axes, brads, machinery, marble, leather, wood- en ware, &c; annual value, about $30,000. West Stockbridge lies 135 miles W. from Boston, '9 S. S. W. from Lenox, 26 E. by N. from Hudson, N. Y., and 87 1-2 S. E. by S. from Albany, by the proposed rail road. Incorporated, 1774. Population, in 1837, 1,244. Wethersfield, Ct. Hartford co. This town, the In- dian Pyquag, was one of the first settled towns in the state. It is supposed that most of the Weth- ersfield settlers came round from Boston by water, and arrived in Ju- ly, before the Windsor and Hartford settlers, who came through the wilderness, and did not reach the Connecticut until about the 9th of November. Wethersficid is bounded N. by Hartford, E. by Connecticut river, S.by Middletown, and AV.by Berlin. It lies 4 miles S. from Hartford. Population, in 1820, 3,825 ; in 1830, 3,853. Piper's river and other small streams water the town, but afford no important mill sites. The area of the town is about 6 miles square, containing 23,000 acres. This is an excellent town- ship of land, having an undulating surface, and exhibiting a beautiful diversity of hill and dale. The soil is generally a rich gravelly and sandy loam, but in the western part of the town, argillaceous loam pre- vails ; and some small sections in the centre, may be considered as a garden mould. It is well adapted to grass and grain, and particularly to esculent roots. The tract of allu- vial upon Connecticut river is ex- tensive and beautiful, and very productive. Among other agricultural inter- ests in this town, the cultivation of onions has long held a conspicuous rank. This is an important agri- cultural pursuit, although it occu- pies but a small portion of land, and the service is principally per- formed by females. Wethersfield onions have long been justly cele- brated, and large quantities are exported to the southern states and the West Indies for a maiket. The changing of the bed of the river in this town has been the oc- casion of much litigation respecting NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, the title to the soil. Mr. Butler, who owned a tract upon which the j'iver was encroachini;;, found alter a while, some of his land appearing on the opposite side of the river, and accordingly laid claim to it. His claim was disputed, as he nev- er owned land on that side of the river. It was a long; time before this case was decided. There ap- peared some difficulty in making the jury who sat on the case, to un- derstand the merits of the question. Mr. Ingersoll, a relative of the In- gersoll family in New Haven, was the counsel employed by Mi-. But- ler. He illustrated the case by supposing that Mr. B. had built a castle on the land in question. Al- though the gi-ound on which it stood might be overflowed, yet still it was his castle, and also the ground on which it stood, and he had a right to his property wherever he could find it. The case was finally deci- ded in accordance with these views. The State Prison of Connecticut was erected in this town in 1826, and the prisoners from Newgate prison, in Granby, were removed here the next year. This building is situated on the south margin of the cove, which sets back from Connecticut river, at the north end of Wethersfield village. The build- ings of the prison form very near- ly a quadrangle, on the south side of which, stands the building which is more properly the Prison. The apartments of the warden are situ- ated in the east end of this build- ing ; the centre surrounds the block of cells 4 stories high, in which the male prisoners are lock- ed up. This hall or centre is 154 feet long, 43 feet wide, and .30 feet high ; the number of cells or night rooms is 200. The west end, is used as the female department, containing cells, rooms for labor, kitchen, and apartments for the matron. The east, north, and west sides of this quadrangle, are form- ed by a wall 20 feet high. With- in this yard are situated two ran- ges of shops ; one on the east side, and one upon the wesf, in which the convicts perforin their daily la- bor. The passage into the prison, is through the warden's apartment, into the guard room, thence into the hall suri'ounding the cells, thence info the yard. This is the only passage, except through a lai'ge gate on the north side of the yard. Rocky Hill, the south parish of Wetherstield, lies on a collection of hills which are a continuation of the Middletown range: one of these eminences. Rocky hill, has given name to the parish. It has a pleasant little village on an eleva- ted situation,? miles fi'om Hartford, with a landing at some distance, where considerable commerce and ship building were formei'ly car- ried on. JVewingtnn, the 2d society in Wethersfield, was formerly called Cow plain. The village is pleas- antly situated in a fertile valley, west of Cedar mountain : the cen- tral part is 6 miles from Hartford, and 4 from Wethersfield village. The inhabitants are chiefly engag- ed in agriculture, and are distin- guished lor their general intelli- gence, and attachment to the in- stitutions of morality and religion. Many years since, a gentleman of Newington, who was a very re- ligious and conscientious man, mar- ried for a wife, one of the most ill natured and troublesome women which could be found in the vicini- ty. This occasioned universal sur- prise wherever he was known, and one of his neighbors ventured to ask him the reasons which govern- ed his choice. The gentleman re- plied, that having had but little or no trouble in the world, he was fearful of becoming too much at- tached to things of time and sense. And he thought by experiencing some afflictions, he should become more weaned from the world, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. that he married such a woman as he thought would accomplish the object. The best part of the story is, that the wife hearing of the rea- sons why he married her, was much offended, and out of revenge, became one of the most pleasant and dutiful wives in the town, de- claring that she was not a going to be made a jtack horse, to carry her husband to heaven. Wethersfield was the scene of one of the most horrible butcheries ever committed ; that of the Bea- dle family, in 1782. Beadle was an Englishman, and came to this country in 1762. He settled in Fairfield, where he mar- ried, and remained until about 10 years before this tragedy. The following are extracts from an ac- count of this event, written by a neighbor, and attached to the funer- al sermon of Mrs. Beadle and her children. " When the war commenced, he had on hand a very handsome as- sortment of goods for a country store, which he sold for the curren- cy of the country, without any ad- vance in the price ; the money he laid by, waiting and expecting the the time would soon arrive when he might therewith replace his goods, resolving not to part with it until it should be in as good de- mand as when received by him. His expectations from this quarter daily lessening, finally lost all hope, and was thrown into a state little better than despair, as appears from his writing : he adopted a plan of the most rigid family economy, but still kept up the outward appeai'- ance of his former affluence, and ever to the last entertained his friends with his usual decent hospi- tality, although nothing appeared in his outward deportment, which evinced the uncommon pride of his heart. His writings show clearly that he was determined not to bear the mortification of being thought by his friends poor and dependent. On this subject he expresses him- self in the following extraordinary manner : ' If a man, who has once lived well, meant well, and done well, falls by unavoidable accident into poverty, and then submits to be laughed at, despised and trampled on, by a set of mean wretches as far below him as the moon is be- low the sun ; I say if such a man submits, he must become meaner than meanness itself, and I sincere- ly wish he might have 10 years ad- ded to his natural life to punish him for his folly.' " He fixed upon the night suc- ceeding the 18th of November for the execution of his nefarious pur- pose, and procured a supper of oys- ters, of which the family eat very plentifully : that evening he writes as follows : ' I have prepared a noble supper of oysters, that my flock and I may eat and drink together, thank God and die.' After supper he sent the maid with a studied er- rand to a friend's house at some dis- tance, directing her to slay until she obtained an answer to an insig- nificant letter he wrote his friend, intending she should not return that evening — she did however return ; perhaps her return dis- concerted him and prevented him for that time. The next day he carried his pistols to a smith for re- pair : it may be, the ill condilion of his pistols might be an additional reason of the delay. " On the evening of the 10th of December some persons were with liim at his house to whom he ap- peared as cheerful and serene as usual ; he attended to the little af- fairs of his family as if nothing uncommon was in contemplation. The company left him about nine o'clock in the evening, when he was urgent as usual for their stay : whether he slept that night is un- certain, but it is believed he went to bed. The children and maid slept in one chamber : in the grey of the morning of the 11th of De- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ceraber he went to their bed cham- ber, awaked the maid and ordered her to rise gently, without disturb- ing the childi-en, when she came down stairs ; he gave lier a line to the family physician, who lived at the distance of a quarter of a mile ; ordered her to carry it immediately, at the same time declaring that Mrs. Beadle had been ill all night, and directing her to stay until the phy- sician should come with her : this he repeated sundry times with a degree of ardor. There is much reason to believe he had murdered Mrs. Beadle before he awaked the maid. Upon the maid's leaving the house he immediately proceeded to execute his purpose on the children and himself. It appears lie had for some time before, carried to liis bedside every night an axe and a carving knife ; he smote his wife and each of the children with the axe on the side of the head as tliey lay sleeping in their beds ; the wo- man had two wounds in the head, the skull of each of them was frac- tured ; he then with the carving knife cut their throats from ear to eai- ; the woman and little boy were drawn partly over the side of their beds, as if to prevent the bedding from being besmeared with blood : the three daughters were taken from the bed and laid upon the floor side by side, like three lami)s, be- fore their throats were cut ; they were covered with a blanket, and the woman's face with a handker- chief. He then proceeded to, the lower floor of the house, leaving marks of his footsteps in blood on the stairs, carrying with him the axe and knife, the latter he laid on the (able in the room where he was found, reeking with the blood of his family. Perhaps he had tlioughts he might use it against himself if his pistols should fail. It appears he then seated himself in a Windsor chair, with his arms supported by the arms of the chair ; he fixed the muzzles of the pistols into his two ears, and fired them at the same in- stant: the balls went through the head in transverse directions. Al- though the neighbors were very near and some of them awake, none heard the report of the jiis- tols. " The line to the physician ob- scurely announced the intentions of the man ; the house was soon opened, but alas, too late ! The bodies were pale and motionless, swimming in their blood, their laces white as mountain snow, yet life seemed to tremble on their lips : description can do no more than faintly ape and trifle with the real figure. " Such a tragical scene filled ev- ery mind with the deepest distress: nature recoiled, and was on the rack with distorting passions : the most poignant sorrow and tender pity for the lady and her innocent babes, who were the hapless vic- tims of the brutal, studied cruelty of an husband and father, in whose embraces they expected to find se- curity, melted every heart. Shock- ing effects of pride and false notions about religion ! " To paint the first transports this affecting scene produced, when the house was opened, is beyond my reach. Multitudes of all ages and sexes were drawn together by the sad tale. The very inmost souls of the beholders were wound- ed at the sight, and torn by con- tending passions. Silent grief, with marks of astonishment, were succeeded by furious indignation against the author of the alfecting spectacle, which vented itself in incoherent exclamations. Nature itself seemed ruffled, and refused the kindly aid of balmy sleep for a time. " Near the close of the day on the 12th of December, the bodies being still unburied, the people who had collected in great num- bers, grew almost frantic with rage, and in a manner demanded NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, the body of the murderer; the law being silent on the siil)ject, it was difficult to determine where decen- cy required the body should be placed : many proposed it should be in an iunominioiis manner where four roiuls met, without any cotfin or insignia of respect, and perfora- ted hy a stake. Upon which a question arose, where that place could be found which might be unexceptionable to the neighbor- hood, but no one would consent it should be near his house or land. After some consultation it was thought best to place it on the bank of the river between high and low water mark : the body was handed out of the window and bound with cords on a sled, with the clothes on as it was found, and the bloody knife tied on his breast, without coffin ov box, and the horse he usu- ally rode was made fast to the sled : the horse, unaccustomed to the di'aught, proceeded with great un- steadiness, sometimes running full speed, then stopping, followed by a multitude, until arriving at the wa- ter's edge, the body was tumbled into a hole dug for the purpose, like the carcase of a beast. " On the 13th of December, the bodies of the murdered were in- terred in a manner much unlike that of the unnatural murderer. The remains of the children were borne by a suitable number of equal age, attended by a sad pro- cession of youths of the town, all bathed in tears; side by side the hapless woman's corpse was car- ried in solemn procession to the parish church yard, followed by a great concourse, who with affisc- tionate concern and every token of respect were anxious to express their heartfelt sorrow in perform- ing the last mournful duties. "The person of Mr. Beadle was small, his features striking and full of expression, with (he aspect of fierceness and determination ; his mind was contemplative ; when once he had formed an opinion, he was remarkably tenacious: as a merchant or trader, he was esteem- ed a man of strict honor and integ- rity, and would not descend to any low or mean artifice to advance liis fortune. He was turned of 52 years of age when he died. " Mrs. Beadle was boin at Ply- mouth in Massachusetts, of reputa- ble ))arents, a comely person, of good address, well bred, and unus- ually serene, sincere, unaffected and sensible. She died in the mid- dle of life, aged 32 years. "The children, (the eldest of which was a son, aged 12 years, the other thi'ee, daughters, the youngest aged 6 years) were such as cheered the hearts of their par- ents, who were uncommonly fond of displaying their little virtues and excellencies, and seemed to antici- pate a continuance of growing pa- rental satisfaction : alas, like early, tender buds nipped by untimely frosts, they did but begin to live ! " It is more than probable, that this man had (or months past desir- ed that some or all of his children might be taken out of the world by accident: he removed all means of security from a well near his house, which he was careful heretofore to keep covered. His little boy he often sent to swim in the river, and has been beard to chide (he child for not venturing further into deep water than his fears would suffer him. He has at times declared it would give him no pain or uneasi- ness (o follow his children to the grave : his acquaintance knew these expressions could not arise from want of affection or tender- ness for his children, but rather imagined him speaking rashly in jest. He ever spoke lightly of death as a bugbear the world cause- lessly feared. It appears from his writings, he at first had doubts whether it was just and reasonable for him to deprive his wit^e of life, and offers against it only this reason. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. that lie had no hand in bringing her into existence, and consequent- ly had no power o-ver her life. She set out on the 7th of Novem- ber on a journey to Fairfield, which he thought was by direction of Heaven to clear him of his doubts and remove her out of the way, at the time the business was to be done ; and his intention was to have executed his design on himself and children in her absence. She pro- ceeded no further than New Ha- ven, and by reason of some disap- pointment, returned ten days earlier than expected : he appeared cha- giined at her early return, and soon began to invent some justifying reasons for depriving her of life also. He finally concludes it would be unmerciful to leave her behind to languish out a life of misery and wretchedness, which must be the consequence of the surprising death of the rest of the family, and that since they had shared the frowns and smiles of fortune together, it would be cruelty to her, to be di- vided from them in death." Weybridse, Vt. Addison co. Weybridge is wa- tered by Otter Creek, which af- fords it good mill sites. Lemonfair river, a sluggish stream, also waters the town. Some parts of the town are mountainous, but the soil is gen- erally good : the basis being Vuue- stone, it yields good crops, and pas- tures about 6,000 sheep. It lies 30 miles S. by E. from Burlington, and is bounded on the S. E. by Middle- bury. Population, 1830, 8.50. "Weymoutli, Mass. Norfolk CO. This was the sec- ond settlement made by white men in New England. Mr. Thom- as Weston, a respectable merchant of London, wlio had been active in promoting the interests of the Plymouth colonists, sent two ships and 50 or CO men to plant a colony at this place, in the year 1622. The 40 fate of the colony was as unfoitu- nate as the designs of Mr. Weston were philanthropic. By the unjust and wanton conduct of his agents towards the natives, the colony would have been totally destroyed, were it not for the timely assistance afforded it by a band of men fioni the Plymouth Colony, commanded by the gallant Standish. The col- ony was broken up, and Mr. \\es- ton lost his life on the coast in at- tempting to reach it. This place, the Indian IVessagusset, named Weymouth from a town in England, was however permanently settled by the Kev. William Morrill, Capt. Kobert Georges and others, in the year 1624. The surface of the town is pleas- antly diversified by hills and val- leys. Some of the elevations are commanding, and present delight- ful views of Boston harbor, Mas- sachusetts bay and the adjacent country. The soil is a strong grav- elly loam, with a granitic super- sti-ucture. This town was formerly noted for its excellent dairies, particular- ly for its cheese of a superior rich- ness and flavor ; but little of which is now made in consequence of the increased value of the lands. Weymouth is finely watered by large and beautiful ponds, and by two important arms of Boston har- bor, called Fore and Back rivers. These rivers are navigable for large vessels, and at their head are valua- ble mill privileges. Between these rivers, and between the towns of Braintree and Hingham is a large tract of gently swelling land of good soil, extending to Quincy, and is united to "Quincy Point" by a bridge across Fore river. Over this ground the turnpike road between Quincy and Hingham passes. There are several pleasant vil- lages in Weymouth, but the prin- cipal place of business in the town I is at " Wejmouth Landing," so NEW i:m;laxd gazetteer. called, or Washington Square, at the head of Fore river, on the line of Biaintree. This place, beins; at the head of navigation for a large and ilourishing section of country, has longenjoyed, and must everpos- sess superior privileges as a place of trade. About 1,000 tons of ship- ping is owned here, employed in the iishery and domestic trade. At this place are a number of w!iarves, ware houses, a steam saw mill, and manufactures of various kinds. Ship building is carried on to some extent, and large quanti- ties of lumber, flour, grain, lime, coal, wood, &c., are annually sold. Tills village lies on the Ply- mouth and New Bedford roads, 11 miles S. by E. from Boston, 24 N. N. W. from Plymouth, 14 S. E. from Dedham,5 W. from Hingham, and 9 S. S. W. from Boston Light. The village at the south part of the town is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, about .3 miles S. from Washington Square. The people here are extensively enga- ged in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Stages pass between these villa- ges and Boston, daily; and pack- ets, for the transportation of mer- chandize, navigate the rivers about nine months in the year. The roads in this section of the country are remarkably fine, and many citizens of Boston make Wey- mouth their summer residence. The manufactures of the town are various, but those of leather, boots and shoes, are the most con- siderable. The annual amount of these manufactures varies from $.30(>,000 to $800,000. Weymou'h was incorporated in 16.35. Population, 1820, 2,404; 1830, 2,839-, 1837, 3,.3S7. This ancient town has been the birth place and residence of many men of great usefulness in society. Among the number, the name of Cotton Tufts, M. D., M. M. S. S. A. A. S., will long be re- membered as a revolutionary patri- arch and skillful physician. "4V Iiately, Mass. Franklin co. This town lies on the west side of Connecticut river, 9 miles N. from Noi'thampton, 11 S. from Greenfield, and 92 W. by N. from Boston. Incorporated in 1771. Population, in 1837, 1,140. There are some pine plains, and a part of Sugar Loaf mountain ex- tends into the town from Deerfield ; still there are some tracts of good intervale land on the Connecticut, and smaller streams, by which it is watered. The number of sheep in Whately, in 1S37, was 1,650 ; weischtof wool, 4,953 lbs. : value, $2,862. There are 3 woollen mills in the town, 3 tanneries, 3 distilleries, and manu- factures of gimblets, augers, ham- mers, brooms, brushes, palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, pocket-hooks, &c. Annual value, about $90,000. WHeelocU, Vt. Caledonia co. There is some good land in this town, but a great part of it is mountainous or hilly, and fit only for the pasturage of sheep, of which about 3,000 are kept. The streams flow N. W. into the Lamoille ; and S. E. into the Passu mpsic. This town was granted in 1735, to the charity school at Dartmouth College, and named in honor of John Wheelock, who was, at that time, president of that institution. Wheelock lies 30 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier, and 9 N. from Danville. Population, 1830, 834. WUeelwriglifs Pond, N. H. See Lee. Wliite Kiver, Vt. This is the largest stream in the state on the east side of the Green Mountains. It waters a basin of about 700 square miles, and traver- ses in its course from liingston, ia NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Addison county, about 60 miles. It passes throun'h Hancock, Rochester, and Pittstieid, in Rutliind county, and Stockbridi^e, Bethel, Royalton, and Sharon, in Windsor county, to its fall into the Connecticut at Hart- ford, about 5 miles above the mouth of Queechy river. White river receives many large tributaries ; the most considerable of which are the three branches, so called, from the north ; and Broad brook and Locust creek from the south. This stream and its branches, afford a great hydraulic power; and large tracts of country are fertilized by .ts waters. It passes through a country of lofty mountains, deep ravines and fertile valleys ; the scenery of which is much enhanc- ed by the devious course of this beautiful river. White Cap Mountain, Me. See Andover. Wliitefield, Me. Lincoln co. Sheepscot river pass- es through this town, giving it fer- tility, beauty, and a good water power. It lies 16 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 14 N. from Wiscas- set. Incorporated, 1809. Popula- tion, in 1837, 2, 1.36. Wheat crop, same year, 3,637 bushels. ■VVhitefield, N. H. Coos CO. This is an irregular township, lying S. from Lancaster, W. from Jefferson, N. from Carroll and Bethlehem, and E. from Dalton. It is 120 miles N. from Concord. Its soil is generally thin and light, of easy cultivation and tolerably good ; though in the N. part low spruce swamps abound. In this town lie part of Blake's, Long, Round and Little river ponds, be- side two other small ponds. The second of these is a beautiful pond of considerable size, abounding with fish. John's river passes through this town. Whitefield was granted JiiJ'- 4, 1774, to Josiah Moody and others, and soon after settled by Maj. Burns and others. Popula- tion, 1830, 685. ■V4''hiteliead, Me. Lincoln co. An Island off the town of St. George, with a lischt and tower 30 feet in height. The light bears about S. W. by S. 9 miles from Owl's Head. W^hite Mountains, N. II. These mountains are situated in the county of Coos, in the north part of the state. They extend about '20 miles from S. W. to N. E., and are the more elevated parts of a range extending many miles in that direction. Their base is about 10 miles broad and their cen- tral latitude is 44° 15' N., and 71° 20' W. lono-itude. The Indian name of these moun- tains, according to Dr. Belknap, was Agiocochnok. An ancient tra- dition prevailed among the savages, that a deluge once overspread the land, and destroyed every human being, except a single powow and his wife, who sheltered themselves in these elevated regions, and thus preserved the race fiom extermi- nation. The fancy of the natives peopled this mountain with beings of a superior rank, who were invis- ible to the human eye, but some- times indicated their presence by tempests, which they were believ- ed to control with absolute authori- ty. The savages therefore, never attempted to ascend the summit, deeming the attempt perilous, and success impossible. But they fre- quented the defiles and environs of the mountain, and of course propa- gated many extravagant ripscrip- tions of its appearance ; declaring, among other things equally cred- ible, that they had seen carbun cles at immense heights, which, in the darkness of night, shone with the most brilliant and dazzling splendor. President Alden states, that the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. White mountains were called by one of tlie eastern tribes Waum- bekketmethna: Waumbekket signi- fies ti)/ji'ere, n'erltie rock Ilif scarcely waving pine Fills the brown shade witii a religious awe." Wiudliaiu, Me. Cumberland co. Windham lies on the N. E. side of Presumpscut river, vvliich separates it from Gor- ham. It is 76 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 14 N. N. W. from Portland. This is a valuable farm- ing town, and the inhabitants are principally employed in agricul- ture. Branches of the Presump- scut give the town good mill priv- ileges. There are 2 pleasant vil- lages in the town, some manufac- tures, and several beautiful fish ponds. Population, 1837, 2,207. Wiiidtiani, N. H. Rockingham co. This town is 34 miles S. by E. from Concord, and 45 W. S. W. from Portsmouth. Policy pond lies in this town and Salem, about one half in each. Cabot's pond lies E. of the centre of the town. Golden pond is in the south, and Mitchel's in the northeast part of the town. Bea- ver river or brook forms the W. boundary, upon which are some meadow lands. The town is also well supplied with small streams. Windham was originally a part of Londonderry ; and was detached and incorporated in 1739. The in- habitants, principally derived from the first settlers of Londonderry, have firmly adhered to the religious NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, principles of their fathers, to the doctrines and foi-nis of the preshy- terian churcli as originally estab- lished in Scotland, and administer- ed in this country. Population, 1830, 99S. Wiudhaiu County, "Vt. JVeuifane is the shire town. — This county is bounded N. by Wind- sor county; E. by Connecticut riv- er; S. by the state of Massachu- setts, and VV. by the county of Ben- nington. It contains an area of about 780 square miles. Popula- tion, 1810, 26,700; 1820, 28,457; 1S30, 28,748. Incorporated, 1789. For some years it bore the name of Cumberland. Population to a square mile, 37. The surface of the county is much broken by hills and valleys: the western part is very elevated, and contains a part of the Green Mountain range. The geological character of the county is primi- tive. Immense quantities of gran- ite are found in all parts of the county, both in quarries and bould- ers, most of which is of line gi-ain and verj' handsonje. It also con- tains gneiss, hornblende, serpen- tine, primitive limestone, and mi- ca, talcose, chlorite, and argellite slates. The soil of the county is various ; from the rich and alluvial meadows on the Connecticut, to the cold and rugged lands on the sides of the mountains. The general character of the soil may be considered as tolerable for grain and excellent for grazing. In 1837, there were 76,582 sheep in the county. Some of the wool is of a line quality, but generally it is about half blood. Windham county is finely wa- tered by Williams', Saxton's, and West rivers, with their branches, and by numerous other streams. These waters give the county a great hydraulic power, which is rapidly coming into use for man- ufacturing purposes.- Windliam, "Vt. Windham CO. Branches of West, Williams' and Saxton's rivers give this town a good water power. The surface of the town is elevated ; the soil, though strong, is better adapted for grazing than tillage. About 4,000 sheep are kept here. Windham was formerly a part of Londonderry. It is 30 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 25 S. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 847. The actynolite embedded in talc, is found in this town, in slender four sided prisms of a leak green color. The crystals vary in size ; some are six inches in length and an inch in breadth. These crys- tals are abundant. Chlorite, gar- nets, serpentine, and steatite are also found. WiiitHiam County, Ct. Brooklyn is the county town. This county is uniformly hilly, yet no part of it is mountainous or very elevated. The prevailing soil is a primitive gravelly loam. The greatest portion of the county is stony and considerably rough, and the lands generally best adapted for grazing, and many sections afford some of the richest dairy farms in the state. The Quinnebaug and Shetucket, with their branches, intersect this county, and aflbrd many valuable water privileges for mills and manufacturing purposes. The valley of the Quinnebaug riv- er comprises the best land in the county. The inhabitants of this county are more extensively enga- ged in the manufacturing business than in any other county in the state. Cotton and woolen goods are the principal articles manufac- tured. Windham county originally be- longed to the counties of Hartford and New London. It was incorpo- rated as a county in May, 1726. This county is bounded N. by NE^y ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Massachusetts; E. by Rhode Isl- and ; S. by the county of New London, and W. by Tolhind county. It contains an aroa of about 620 square miles. Papulation, 1810, 28,611; 1820,31,684; 1830,27,077. Population to a square mile, 44. In 1837, there were 26,017 sheep in Windham county. 'WintlSiaiu, Ct. Windham co. The territory of this town, Mansfield and Canter- bury, was given by Joshua, a son of Uncas, the celebrated Mohegan sachem, to John Mason, James Fitch and others, in the year 1675. " Lieut. John Cates, a pious pu- ritan, who served in the wars in England, holding his commission under Cromwell, when Charles II. came to the throne, fled to this country for safety. He landed first in Virginia, where he procured a negro servant to attend him. But when advertisements and pursuers were spread through this country, to apprehend the adherents of the Pro- tector, he left Virginia, came to New York, and from thence to Nor- wich. Still feeling that he should be securer in a more retired place, he came to this new plantation, dug the first cellar, and with his servant, raised in Windham the first Eng- lish habitation, in the spring of 16S9. The settlers, rapidly increas- ing, petitioned the general court, and obtained a gi-ant of town privi- leges in May, 1692. It was made a county town in May, 1726." Windham is bounded N. by the towns of Hampton, Chaplin and Mansfield; E. by Franklin and Lisbon, and W. by Lebanon an